ASIAN DISASTER REDUCTION CENTER
Visiting Researcher Program FY2012A

Comparative study ofDisaster Management ofJapan and Kyrgyz
Republic
Final Research Paper

Adilet SEKIMOVInternational Cooperation Department
Ministry of Emergency Situations of Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz Republic

11/19/2012

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of theADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on themaps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the
ADRC.

BACKGROUNDI.

Introduction of Japan
1.1. Disaster Profile of Japan
1.2. Disaster Management of Japan
1.2.1.

Legislative Basis

1.2.2.

Disaster Management Forces

1.3. Disaster Risk Reduction in JapanII.

1.3.1.

Disaster Prevention and Preparedness

1.3.2.

Research and Development

1.3.3.

Disaster Countermeasures

1.3.4.

Disaster Education and Human Resource Development

Introduction of Kyrgyzstan
1.1. Disaster Profile of Kyrgyzstan
1.2. Disaster Management of Kyrgyzstan
1.3. Disaster Risk Reduction in Kyrgyzstan – Development of DRR System in Kyrgyzstan

III.

International Cooperation in the field of DRR

IV.

Lessons learned.

V.

Conclusion.

VI.

ReferenceINTRODUCTION

The threat of natural disasters, industrial accidents requires measures to ensure public safety,
infrastructure, economy, maintain the stability of ecological systems.
Crises and disasters affect all areas of human existence, society and state. The signs of their
origin is often hidden from the modern and surveillance systems, and measures to prevent andeliminate the effects require a coordinated response.
The most effective response to natural and technological disasters and accidents can beachieved earlier action based security timely prediction and eliminate the very possibility ofemergency situations, increase security and the environment in the event of their occurrence.
Need to develop and bring together government, research and industrial organizations, local
governments to further develop organizational, theoretical, methodological and technologicalbasis for a qualitative improvement in the area of natural and industrial safety. Forecasting of
emergency situations requires a comprehensive study of their sources and the analysis ofpossible causes, often linked to the need to address cross-cutting scientific issues.

Japan - country located on the islands in the western of Pacific Ocean. Square of Japan
approximately 372.2 km2 and constitute it the Japanese archipelago, the largest of them Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. Constructed bridges between islands and underwatertunnels allowed to turn scattered territorial space into one of the country overland formation.
Hokkaido and Honshu connects the world's longest traffic tunnel Seikan laid under the Tsugaru
Strait. Three bridges over the islands and waters of the Seto naykay (Inland Sea), have joined
the islands of Honshu and Shikoku. Honshu and Kyushu connect two tunnels and a bridge.
Japan consists of 8 regions and 47 prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor,
legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns
and villages. The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging manyof the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of
sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs

Over the past few decades, although the territory of Japan a little bit, but increased by thecreation of man-made islands. So, in Tokyo Bay for 10 years, was paved Yumenosima island on
which to build a stadium, a museum, a greenhouse, a park. Island Ogisima created specifically tohouse the steel mill. For the construction of an international airport in Osaka Bay was also
poured artificial island.

The coastline is 29.8 thousand km. Coasts are strongly indented and forms many bays andcoves. Washing Japan Sea’s and ocean have great importance to her as a source of biologicalproducts, mineral and energy resources.
The geographical position of Japanese islands to the east of the continent determined andimaginative name of the country - land of the rising sun.
The capital of Japan - Tokyo is located on the same latitude as the southern tip ofTurkmenistan.
75% of Japan is covered by mountains up to 3 km. or more above sea level, the plains occupy
only a fifth. In plain areas of Japan are the largest cities and major industrial areas of the country:
most of the population lives.
The most famous mountain in Japan – Fuji. It stands on the border of Shizuoka andYamanashi prefectures. Height of Mount Fuji - 3,776 m, making it the highest mountain in Japan.
Over half a million people could climb Mount Fuji.
A considerable part of the mountain peaks in Japan - volcanoes, they are here, there areabout 200, 67 are considered "live" (active or dormant). Among the particularly active volcano
Asama, Miharayama, Asosan and Sakurajima.

In 2009, Japan had population about 127,470,000 people. According data’s of 2007 89.07%
of Japanese people living in cities. In Japan, one of the highest life expectancy in 2009, it was
82.12 years, and one of the lowest infant mortality rate. Japanese society is rapidly aging, fertility
explosion after World War II changed the birthrate decline in the late XX century. In 2005, about
20.1% of the population is over 65.
These changes in the demographic structure have led to a number of social issues,particularly a potential reduction in the labor force and increase the cost of social benefits suchas pensions. Many young Japanese prefer not to marry or have a family. It is expected that by
2050, the Japanese population will drop to 95 million people. Demographers and government
participating in the hot debate over how to cope with this problem. As a solution to demographic
problems is proposed to encourage the birth rate

(％)
33.5
29.2
25.5
21.8

DISASTER PROFILE OF JAPAN.

Japan’s geographical and climatological conditions make the country vulnerable to frequent
natural disasters such as typhoons, torrential rains and heavy snow as well as earthquake,tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.
Japan is located in the circum-Pacific mobile zone where seismic and volcanic activities occur
constantly. Although the country covers only 0.25% of the land area on the planet, the number ofearthquakes and distribution of active volcanoes is quite high.

Every year there is a great loss of people’s lives and property in Japan due to natural
disasters. Up until the 1950s, numerous large-scale typhoons and earthquakes caused
extensive damage and thousands of casualties.

In spite of such efforts, in 1995, more than 6,400 people became casualties of the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, in 2004, 10 typhoons – the largest number in a single year on record– crossed over Japan, and in 2011, more than 20,000 people dead or missing by Great East
Japan Earthquake (GEJE). It was the first disaster ever recorded that included an earthquake, atsunami, a nuclear power plant accident, a power supply failure, and a large-scale disruption ofsupply chains.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF JAPANLegislative Basis

In Japan, the disaster management system has been developed and strengthened following
the better experience of large-scale natural disasters and accidents. Disaster countermeasures
are taken based on the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act and various disaster management
related laws. Various disaster management related laws adopted since late 40th has laid down
the legal framework for the disaster management system of Japan. These laws cover all phasesofdisastermanagement–

preparedness,prevention/mitigation,

responseandrecovery/rehabilitation phases. There are 7 Basic Acts: 18 – Disaster Prevention andPreparedness, 3 – Disaster Emergency Response, 23 – Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction,
and Financial Measures.

To protect national land as well as citizens’ lives, livelihoods’, and property from natural
disasters is a national priority.
Japan’s disaster management system addresses all of disasters phases of prevention,
mitigation and preparedness, emergency response as well as recovery and rehabilitation. With
clear roles and responsibilities of the national and local governments, the relevant stakeholdersof the public and private sectors cooperate in implementing various disaster countermeasures.
Japan’s Disaster Management System is subdividing for 3 stages of management (asDisaster Management System of Kyrgyzstan).

In every stage there is Disaster Management Council, which one of the objectives is toformulate and promote implementation of the Disaster Management Plans.
The main council is the Central Disaster Management Council – it is one of the councils thatdeal with crucial policies of the Cabinet, and established in the Cabinet Office based on the
Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act. The council consists of the Prime Minister, who is thechairperson, Minister of State for Disaster Management, all ministries, heads of major public
institutions and experts. The council promotes comprehensive disaster countermeasures
including deliberating important issues on disaster reduction according to requests from thePrime Minister or Minister of State for Disaster Management.

Chair
Minister

of

State

for

Head

of

Designated

Disaster and all Cabinet

Corporations

Ministers

Governor of the Bank of Japan

(less

than

17

persons)

PublicExperts

President of Japanese Red Cross
SocietyPresident of Nippon-Hoso Kyokai(Japan Broadcasting Corporation) –NHK

Disaster Management

Members

Prime Minister

Prime Minister, Minister of State forCentral Disaster Management Council

President of Nippon Telegraph andTelephone Corporation – NTT
Committee for technical investigation

On countermeasures for the Tonankai and Nankai Earthquake (formed October, 2001)

On lessons learned from past disaster (formed July, 2003)



On the promotion of Nationwide Movement of Disaster Management (formed December, 2005)



On evacuation measures for the Tokyo Inland Earthquake (formed August, 2006)



On large-scale flood countermeasures (formed August, 2006)



On countermeasures for the Tokai Earthquake (March 2002-May 2003)

On information sharing for disaster management (October 2002-July 2003)



On the promotion of disaster activities by the private sector (September 2003-October 2005)



On countermeasures for the Tokyo Inland Earthquake (September 2003-July 2005)



On countermeasures for the Trench-type Earthquake in the Vicinity of the Japan and Chishima
Trenches (October 2003-January 2006)

Secretary Organization
Chair : Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management
Advisor : Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary for Crisis Management
Vise-Chair : Director-General for Disaster Management, Cabinet Office
Deputy Manager of Fire and Disaster Management Agency
Secretary : Relevant director-generals of each ministry and agency

Disaster Management Planning System
Basic Disaster Management Plan: This plan is a basis for disaster reduction activities
and is prepared by the Central Disaster Management Council based on the Disaster
Countermeasures Basic Act.
Disaster Management Operation Plan: This is a plan made by each designatedgovernment organization and designated public corporation based on the Basic Disaster
Management Plan.
Local Disaster Management Plan: This is a plan made by each prefectural andmunicipal disaster management council, subject to local circumstances and based on the
Basic Disaster Management Plan.
The Basic Disaster Management Plan states comprehensive and long-term disaster reduction
issues such as disaster management related systems, disaster reduction projects, early andappropriate disaster recovery and rehabilitation, as well as scientific and technical research.
The plan was revised entirely in 1995 based on the experience of the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake. It now consists of various plans for each type of disaster, where tangible
countermeasures to be taken by each stakeholder such as the national and local governments,
public corporations and other entities are described for easy reference according to the disaster
phases, as well as recovery and rehabilitation.

Along with a series of reforms of the central government system in 2001, the post of Minister of State for Disaster Management was newly
established to integrate and coordinate disaster reduction policies and measures of ministries for securing cooperation and collaboration among
related government organizations in wide-ranging issues, the Director-General for Disaster Management is mandated to undertake the planning ofbasic disaster management policies and response to large-scale disasters, as well as conduct overall coordination.
Additionally, taking into
lessons

learnedHanshin-Awaji

account the

from

the

Great

Earthquake,theCabinetSecretariat system was also strengthened,
including the appointment of the Deputy
Chief

CabinetSecretaryfor

CrisisManagement and the establishment of the
Cabinet Information Collection Center, tostrengthen risk management functions toaddress emergencies such as large-scaledisasters and serious accidents. Thereby,
the Cabinet Office has a role in supporting
the Cabinet Secretariat regarding disastermanagement matters.

The national and local governments need to quickly collect and share disaster and damage information, and secure communications so that they
can carry out effective emergency activities such as search and rescue and medical operations. Based on such information, local governments set up
a disaster management headquarters and related organizations establish their own operations mechanism. The national government collects disaster
information at the Cabinet Information Collection Center 24 hours a day. When a large-scale disaster strikes, an emergency team composed of thedirector generals of the respective ministries and agencies gathers immediately at the Crisis Management Center in the Prime Minister's Office tograsp and analyze the disaster situation, and report the results to the Prime Minister.

Inter-ministerial meetings at the ministerial or high-ranking senior-official level are held todecide basic response policies if necessary. According to the level of damage, the government
may establish a Headquarters for Major Disaster Management (headed by the Minister of State
for Disaster Management) or a Headquarters for Extreme Disaster Management (headed by thePrime Minister).
Additionally, a government investigation team headed by the Minister of State for Disaster
Management may be dispatched, or an onsite response headquarters may be established.
Wide-area Support System
In the case of large-scale disasters that exceed the response capabilities of the affected local
government, various wide-area support mechanisms are mobilized by the National Police
Agency (Inter-prefectural Emergency Rescue Unit), Fire and Disaster Management Agency(Emergency Fire Rescue Team), and Japan Coast Guard. Furthermore, the Self-Defense Forces
can be dispatched for emergency response activities upon request from the governor of theaffected prefectural government. Also, the disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) will bedispatched to provide wide-area medical-transport services. These teams transport severely
injured persons via Self-Defense Forces vehicles to hospitals outside the stricken zone.

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION IN JAPANResearch and Development
With the progress of society’s capabilities to address disasters and the mitigation ofvulnerabilities to disasters by developing disaster management systems, promoting national land
conversation, improving weather information communications, systems, disaster damage has
shown a declining tendency.
The “Basic Science and Technology Plan – Third Term” (2006), which describes Japan’sbasicscientifictechnology

policies,

sets a major goal of
makingJapanacountry that can take
pride

in

being

the

safest in the world, andan intermediate goal of
ensuring the securityofnational

land,society and people’slivelihoods. Based on this, the implementation strategy for the plan sets 10 important issues on
disaster reduction.

Development of Disaster Management Bases.
In order to secure wide-area collaboration for quick and smooth response, and recovery andrehabilitation activities at the time of large-scale disaster, disaster management, bases with suchfunctions as information management, operations coordination and logistics need to be
developed and networks formed.
Additionally, subsidies are provided to local governments to promote qualitative anmd
quantitative improvements of local disaster management bases.

DISASTER PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESSNational Land Conservation
National land conservation projects such as river improvement, soil oersion control (sabo),and soil and coastline conservation are carried out strategically for protecting national land,
citizens’ lives and property from various disasters. Although long-term plans by field had beenformulated in the past, the “Selective Infrastructure Improvement Plan” was set forth in 2002 topromote prioritized, effective and efficient infrastructure improvement projects. Additionally, the“Forest Improvement and Conservation Works Master Plan” was formulated in 2003 to promotecomprehensive and effective forestry improvement and soil conservation projects.

Observing, Forecasting and Warning of Disaster Risks
Observation systems that can accurately detect disaster risks in real-time have been
progressively improved for establishing early warning systems, supporting the early evaluation ofresidents and response activities of disaster management organizations, and thereby reducing
disaster damage. Organizations involved in disaster reduction, especially the Japan
Meteorological Agency (JMA, use 24-hours system to carefully monitor various natural
phenomena and weather conditions.
In addition to announcing observed information related to natural phenomena, the JMA issues
a wide range of forecasting, warnings and advisories regarding earthquake-generated tsunamis
and severe weather events such as heavy rain.

Earthquake Early Warning
The Earthquake Early Warning system provides advance announcement of the estimatedseismic intensity and expected arrival time of principal motion when an earthquake occurs.
These estimations are based on prompt analysis if the quake’s focus and magnitude using
waveform data obtained from seismographs near the epicenter.
The Earthquake Early Warning system is aimed at mitigating earthquake-related damage byallowing countermeasures such as promptly slowing down trains, controlling elevators to avoid
danger are enabling people to quickly protect themselves in various environments such as
factories, offices, houses and near cliffs.

Tsunami Warnings.
To reduce and mitigate catastrophic losses caused by tsunami, immediate provision oftsunami information for coastal regions is essential. When an earthquake occurs, JMA estimates
the possibility of tsunami generation from seismic observation data. If a damaging tsunami is
expected is coastal regions, JMA issues a Tsunami Warning/advisory for each region withinaround two to three minutes of the quake. If tsunami are generated by seismic events far fromJapan, the Agency engages is coordinated action with the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center(PTWC) in Hawaii and issues warnings for long-propagating tsunamis.

Information and Communication Systems
The development of a quick and accurate communications system is essential for theeffective use of disaster early warning information. For this purpose an online, system has been
built, linking the JMA with disaster management organizations of the national and local
governments and media organizations.
Disaster management organizations have also been developing radio communications
networks exclusively for disasters: the Central Disaster Management Radio Communications
System, which connects national organizations; the Fire Disaster Management Radio
Communications System, which connects firefighting organizations across the country; andprefectural and municipal disaster management radio communications systems, which connect
local disaster management organizations and residents. The Cabinet Office has established theCentral Disaster Management Radio Communications System to link with designatedgovernment organizations, designated public corporations and local disaster management
organizations, providing communications by telephone, fax, data transmission, TV conferencing
and transmission of pictures of disaster situations from helicopters. Furthermore, to provide
backup for terrestrial communications, services such as a satellite mobile telephone
communications system for municipal governments have been launched in 2011.
Simultaneous wireless communications systems using outdoor loudspeakers and indoor
radio receivers are used to disseminate disaster information to residents. Tsunami and severe
weather warnings are widely provided to citizens via TV and radio broadcasts.

Integrated Disaster Management Information System
Based on the experiences of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the Cabinet Office has
been developing an integrated disaster management information system that helps to grasp thesituation of the disaster early on and promotes information sharing among relevant organizations,
thereby enabling quick and appropriate decision-making for emergency response operations.
The main features of the Integrated Disaster Management Information System are as follows.

①

Function for early assessment of damage from earthquakes The System

receives information on earthquake intensity as observed by the JMA and automatically
activated by an earthquake intensity level of 4 or greater. It has a feature that estimates the
distribution of seismic intensity and scale of damage (human suffering and building damage)within 10 minutes.

②

Early damage assessment function using artificial satellites When large-scaledisasters occur, this feature uses images from artificial satellites capable of wide-area
observation to provide early assessment of damage.

③

Information sharing function. This feature plots disaster information provided

by disaster-management agencies to a map using GIS, so it can be freely accessed by all.

Disaster Reduction Drills and Exercises.
Disaster reduction drills and exercises are food opportunities to review effectiveness of thedisaster management system in view of quick public awareness through wide participation. The
Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act stipulates the obligations of disaster reduction drills. On
order to promote various drills and exercises nationwide, the Central Disaster Management
Council sets forth an annual “Comprehensive Disaster Reduction Drills Plan,” which stipulates
the basic principles for executing the drills and outlines the comprehensive disaster reduction
drills carried out by the national government in cooperation with local governments and relevantorganizations.
st

On September 1 , Disaster Reduction Day, wide-area, large-scale disaster reduction drills
are conducted in every region across the country in collaboration with disaster relatedorganizations. Additionally, drills based on the experiences of past disaster are conducted inevery region throughout the year. In recent years, practical simulation system have been
introduced, in which participants are not given any information beforehand and are required tomake decisions and respond to the situation based upon the information provided after the drill
starts.

Issuing of Evacuation Order and Instruction.
When a disaster occurs or is imminent, residents may start evacuating on their own, and themayor of the municipality may also issue an evacuation order or instruction.
It is effective for municipalities to prepare a manual explaining the criteria regarding disastersituations that require the issuance of evacuation orders or instructions, thereby helping themayor’s quick decision. The Cabinet Office, in cooperation with relevant ministries, published the“Guidelines for Producing a Decision and Dissemination Manual for Evacuation Orders andInstructions” in 2005, and is promoting its implementation.

Disaster Education and Human Resource Development
The importance of disaster-prevention education was particularly recognized upon the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake disaster. Since then, disaster-prevention programs have been
actively implemented, such as education to raise awareness of local residents, training to foster
disaster management leaders and disaster-prevention expert training at education institutions.
More recently, as to training for local residents and disaster management leaders, various
entities are organizing and implementing programs involving a whole community, in view ofdesigning sustainable programs and developing a local disaster-prevention network. Educationand training for administrative officers, with an emphasis placed on operational and effective
skills, are also promoted. Some private corporations have started their own disaster-prevention
activities in cooperation with a local community. They also provide their employees withdisaster-related education. This report introduces some successful disaster-prevention
education programs for local residents and to foster experts, as well as those implemented atcompanies and administrative offices, drawing much upon the information posted on the Internet.
Recent disaster drills incorporate patrols, puppet plays, and bucket brigades, in addition toconventional evacuation and fire-fighting drills. To promote such activities by local residents anddisaster-prevention activities at schools, the Cabinet Office and the Fire and Disaster
Management
Agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications commend outstanding
disaster-prevention activities by local residents and schools every year and make public theactivities on the Internet websites. In recent years, the importance of disaster prevention
education at younger ages has been recognized. Last year, a Disaster-Prevention Education
Handbook for kindergartens and nursery schools was published by the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers. Some programs in kindergartens and nursery and elementary schools have started.
This section introduces some successful disaster-prevention education programs for local
residents. It also showcases outstanding cases of disaster-prevention education mainly forelementary schools and local communities.

Many of previous disaster-prevention education programs placed a primary emphasis on
acquirement of basic knowledge. However, in recent years, drills, training and forums areorganized with their purposes clearly defined. For each drill and training, specific objectives are
established. Drills and training are promoted through cooperation between local governments
and communities to take advantage of local characteristics. Especially, for disaster management
leader training programs, practical programs have been conducted. Job descriptions of theleaders are articulated and program goals are established. Also arrangements are made forprogram participants who completed such training to be assured to play a role in a local
community. This section introduces some successful disaster-prevention education programs forgeneral public. Many lecture meetings and seminars for the general public, local voluntarydisaster management organizations and disaster management leaders have been held by local
governments, department of fire management, academic institutions and NPOs.

DISASTER COUNTERMEASURES
Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures
Japan is located at a point on the earth's surface where four of more than 10 tectonic plates
covering the globe are crushed against each other, making it earthquakeprone. More than 20%of the world's earthquakes (magnitude 6 or greater) have occurred in or around Japan.
Japan is well acquainted with the massive inter-plate earthquakes produced by platesubduction (such as the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923) and the inland crustal earthquakes
caused by plate movements (such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995).
In order to constantly monitor seismic activity, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) andother relevant organizations install and maintain seismometers that are used for estimating thelocation of the epicenter and magnitude of an earthquake as well as for tsunami warnings, andseismic intensity meters that measure the intensity of ground motion, in numerous places
nationwide. As soon as an earthquake occurs in or around Japan, the JMA analyzes P-wave atseismometers placed close to the hypocenter. If an earthquake of intensity 5
forecasted,

Earthquake

Early－or greater is

Warning(EEW)

information is issued. Within about two minutes, it
issues a seismic intensity information report forearthquakes of intensity 3 or greater, and within about
five minutes issues an earthquake information report
indicating the epicenter and magnitude of theearthquake

and

the

seismic

intensityinmunicipalities where strong shaking was observed.

theAlso countermeasures has been pointed out with a great sense of urgency that Japan can be
struck by large-scale earthquakes in the next few decades, in areas such as Tokai, Tonankai,
Nankai, the Japan and Chishima Trenches, and directly below Tokyo and the Chubu and Kinki
regions. Regarding trench-type earthquakes, based on the related laws and regulations,appropriate actions are being taken, including the designation of areas where various
countermeasures need to be strengthened, the reinforcement of observation systems, and theformulation of a plan of action by relevant government organizations and private corporations. In
addition, preparations such as improvements in evacuation sites and firefighting facilities arebeing promoted based on laws specifying special financial measures. With regard to eachlarge-scale earthquake, including the Tokyo Inland Earthquake, the Central DisasterManagement Council has conducted examinations to clarify the characteristics of the earthquake,
estimate the damage and identify necessary countermeasures. The following set of plans andstrategies for each large-scale earthquake are now being developed: the“Policy Framework,”amaster plan that includes a range of activities from preventive measures to post-disaster
response and recovery ; the“Earthquake Disaster Reduction Strategy,”to determine an
overarching goal of damage mitigation and strategic targets based on the damage estimation;and the“Guidelines for Emergency Response Activities,”which describes the actions to be taken
by related organizations. It is necessary to keep working on countermeasures nationwide, as has
been witnessed by the examples of the major earthquakes of Hanshin-Awaji and Niigata-kenChuetsu, because such a disaster can occur anywhere in Japan. Committee on Earthquake
Disaster Reduction in Local Cities is examining possible countermeasures.

Volcano Disaster Countermeasures
Japan is a highly volcanic country. Poised on the Circum-Pacific Volcanic Belt or “Ring ofFire,” the Japanese islands are home to 108 active volcanoes̶ 10% of the Earth’s total. In thepast, eruptions and other volcanic activity have caused heavy damage. In three recent examples,the eruptions of Usuzan and Miyakejima in 2000 and Kirishimayama (Shinmoedake) in 2011
caused thousands of residents to fl ee their homes. The phenomena associated with volcanic
eruptions are extremely varied, and once a volcano begins to erupt there is often little time toevacuate. Naturally, authorities place the greatest emphasis on protecting against the mostlife-threatening situations, such as volcanic cinders, pyroclastic flows, snowmelt and volcanic
mudflows. The most important approaches to protecting residents’ lives against volcanic
disasters are the accurate reading of the precursors to volcanic eruptions, broadcasting ofappropriate information, and wide-area networks to ensure rapid and orderly evacuation in theevent of an eruption.
JMA deploys a network of seismometers, telephoto cameras and angle meters ranged around47 volcanoes throughout Japan (selected by the Coordinating Committee for Prediction ofVolcanic Eruptions, an organization of academics and related government agencies), andmonitors the volcanoes continuously,
24 hours a day. If an eruption
affecting the caldera periphery or
populated areas is predicted, an
eruption

warning is issued. For agroup of 29 of these volcanoes (as ofFebruary 2011) that are especially
close

to

populatedareas,

fivevolcano alert levels are assigned according to the status of volcano activity, each clearly
connected to a specific set of disaster countermeasures: Evacuate; Prepare to Evacuate; Entry
Restricted, and so on.
In areas that are, or have the potential to be, especially hard-hit by volcanic phenomena,
special measures are implemented under the Act on Special Measures for Active Volcanoes.
These measures include the provision of facilities based on designation of areas requiring
emergency provision of refuge facilities and areas requiring removal of volcanic ash. As of
February 2011, measures based on this law have been implemented in the areas around
Sakurajima, Asosan, Usuzan, Izuooshima, Tokachidake, Unzendake, Miyakejima andKirishimayama.

Tsunami Countermeasures.
Surrounded by water on all sides with long and complex coastlines, Japan is highly
vulnerable

toearthquake-generated

tsunamis. In addition to local tsunamis
generated by earthquakes near the coast,
Japan has also suffered major damage
from the onslaught of distant tsunamis
generated by open-sea earthquakes.
When a tsunami is expected to cause
coastaldamage,

the

Japan

Meteorological Agency issues a tsunami
warning or advisory within 2-3 minutes
after the earthquake and then follows up with announcements about the estimated height andarrival time of the tsunami. The information is transmitted immediately to disaster management
organizations and media outlets, and further forwarded to residents and maritime vessels.
Tsunami countermeasures, such as expediting the announcement/transmission of tsunami
forecasts and improving coastal embankments (tidal embankments) and tide prevention gates,
have been carried out. The Cabinet Office, in cooperation with relevant ministries has preparedguidelines for the creation of a tsunami hazard map and the designation/development of tsunami
evacuation buildings by local governments, and is working on disseminating the guidelines.

Storm and Countermeasures
Japan is prone to a variety of water and wind-related disasters including flooding, landslides,
tidal waves and storm hazards, owing to meteorological conditions such as typhoons and active
weather-front systems and geographical conditions such as precipitous terrains and steep rivers,

as well as settlement conditions in which many of the cities are built on river plains. One-half ofthe population is concentrated in possible inundation areas, which account for about 10% of thenational land. Although there has been a large reduction in the area inundated by floods owing tosoil conservation and flood control projects over many years, the amount of general assets
damaged in flooded areas has increased in recent years. Additionally, as a long-term trend, there
is an increasing tendency of downpours throughout the country.
The Japan Meteorological Agency observes meteorological phenomena that cause storm andflood disasters using the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS), which
automatically measures rainfall, air temperature and wind direction/speed, weather radar, andgeostationary meteorological satellites. These are used to announce forecasts and warnings to
prepare against disasters (weather warnings and advisories for individual municipalities began in
May 2010). The rainfall and the water levels in rivers are observed by the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and prefectural governments utilizing visual observation
methods, mechanical observation equipment, and a wireless telemeter system that transmits
automatically observed data from remote locations. Flood forecasts and water level information
are provided utilizing the Internet and mobile phones.
In order to reduce damage caused by severe weather disasters, structural measures such as
improving rivers, dams and sewage systems, and non-structural measures such as preparing
hazard maps and providing disaster information, must be promoted in an integral manner.
As non-structural countermeasures, the warning and evacuation systems of the possible
inundation areas and landslide prone areas have been developed in accordance with the FloodControl Act and the Act on Promotion of Sediment Disaster Countermeasures for Sediment
Disaster Prone Areas. Both laws were amended in 2005 to intensify measures including thefamiliarization of hazard maps and the identification of a method to disseminate disaster
information to facilities caring for those who require assistance at the time of a disaster likeelderly people in the municipal disaster management plans.
Based on the Flood Control Act, some 368 rivers subject to flood warning and 1,488 rivers
subject to water level notifications are designated. Of these, inundation risk areas are currently
designated and published for 1,768 rivers and streams (as of February 2010). Moreover,municipalities that include such areas are encouraged to prepare and disseminate flood hazard
maps. Currently some 1,137 municipalities are doing so (as of February 2010).

Snow Disaster Countermeasures
Japan is a bow-shaped archipelago filledwith steep mountain ranges. When cold winds
blow in from Siberia in winter, the warm current
fl owing up the eastern coast from the south
brings heavy snowfalls to the Sea of Japan sideof the country. Among the seasonal problems
that result every year are falls by people
removing snow from their roofs, avalanches,and obstruction of traffic and city functions due
to snow accumulation. Heavy snowfalls canhave a significant influence on people’s daily lifeand socioeconomic activities, such as isolating towns and residents due to closed roads,
disturbance of traffic facilities and lifelines, and damage to agricultural facilities and crops.
Measures are being taken to prevent accidents that result in injury, improve the avalanche
warning system, and remove snow for securing road traffic networks at the time of heavy
snowfall.
Against avalanches, comprehensive measures including avalanche prevention projects forprotecting communities, risk communication efforts about dangerous locations among residents,
and improvement of the warning and evacuation system, are taken.
Furthermore, as heavy snowfall areas account for approximately half of the national land,
based on the Act of Special Measures for Heavy Snowfall Areas, measures have been
introduced to secure traffic and communications, protect agricultural and forestry industries, andimprove living environmental facilities and national land conservation facilities.
In recent years deaths from snow removal operations, especially removal of snow from roofs,
have grown numerous, and a disproportionate number of the fatalities have been people 65
years and over. The Cabinet Office has responded by advising on how to avoid accidents while
clearing snow, and conducting public-awareness campaigns through various relatedorganizations and agencies, particularly municipal governments.

Kyrgyz Republic - a country on
the eastern part of Central Asia,
located in the western and central
part of the Tien Shan and thenorthern part of the Pamirs. The
territory is 199.9 kilometers, of which
5.5% of the area is forested, 4.4% water 53.5% - farmland.
There are 7 regions, 40 administrative districts, 22 cities, 429 village administrations (ailokmotu – the same of Japan municipalities).
-

Chui region-

Issyk-Kul region-

Narin region-

Osh region-

Dgalal-Abad region-

Batken region-

Talas region

The territory of Kyrgyzstan is located within the two mountain ranges. North-eastern part, thelarger the area lies within the Tian Shan, southwest - in the Pamir-Alai. The state borders of
Kyrgyzstan are mostly along the crests of mountain ranges.
The entire territory of the republic lies above 401 meters above sea level, more than half of its
located at altitudes of 1,000 to 3,000 m and about a third - altitudes of 3,000 to 4,000 m.
Mountain ranges occupy about a quarter of the territory and extend parallel chains mainly in theattitudinal direction.

The climate of the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as any other area determined by its geographicalposition and is formed by the interaction of three main factors: solar radiation, atmosphericcirculation and the underlying surface.
Location of Kyrgyzstan in the center of the largest continent of Eurasia, distance from large
bodies of water, the neighborhood determines the continental arid desert climate nature,somewhat smoothed high hypsometric position of the country, causes an increase of clouds andprecipitation, and reduction in the amplitude of the annual variation in temperature air thanadjacent lowland areas.
Most of the territory of Kyrgyzstan is located in the belt of temperate climate, the southern
regions - in the subtropical climate zone.

Population of the Kyrgyz Republic - 5.5 million (1 January 2011). This is much more thanliving in the country in 1959 (2,065 million), 1970 (2935000) 1979 (3523000) 1989 (4258000),
1999 (4,823,000). Until the 1960’s, the republic's population grew rapidly due to migration andnatural increase, which was particularly significant in rural Kyrgyz, Uzbek and other Central
Asian peoples.
Most of the population is concentrated in the foothill valleys - Chu on the border with
Kazakhstan and the Ferghana on the border with Uzbekistan, Naryn and Talas valleys, and in
the Issyk-Kul basin.
The vast majority of believers in Kyrgyzstan - Sunni Muslims. There are 75% of Muslims, 25%
of Christians and 5% of Orthodox, Catholic etc.
Nature of Kyrgyzstan is unique, and largely thanks to its geographical location. The country is
located in the mainland, away from oceans and seas and the hidden breath of the dry deserts of

the south and north of the icy winds by highmountains. Complex terrain, many climates andunique environmental conditions contributed to ahuge variety of flora and fauna of the country.
In the mountains, you can find many rare andendangered species listed in the Red Book. Amongthem, wild rams the Central Asian otter, gray lizards,
red wolves, and the true ruler of the Kyrgyz
Mountains, magnificent snow leopard.
Kyrgyzstan has huge water resources, the bulkof whom are mountain streams, lakes and reservoirs. In total there are over 28,000 rivers andsources. , And the length of all the channels is at least 10 kilometers. The largest lake in
Kyrgyzstan - is Issyk-Kul.
Here its proudly called "The Pearl," and forgood reason. It lies at an altitude of 1600
meters above sea level, on all sides by themighty mountain ranges. Issyk-Kul is incredibly
beautiful - sandy bottom, amazingly clear waterand bright sun, piercing him through andchanging the water color from pale blue toblue-black. "Issyk-Kul" in Kyrgyz means "hotlake" - its water does not freeze even in winter,and in summer the upper layers are heated to
25 degrees.

DISASTER PROFILE OF KYRGYZSTANThe Kyrgyz Republic is located in most of the mountain range of the Tien Shan and northern
regions of the Pamirs. The territory is characterized by high seismicity, geological complexity,
large broken relief with alternating ridges and troughs. Hazardous natural processes andphenomena are widespread and often lead to emergency situations. Often one dangerous
natural process leads to a number of other causes emergencies, including technological andenvironmental.
Seismically active the whole territory of Kyrgyzstan, where each year is about 3,000
earthquakes, with 10-20 earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 5 logs as emergencies.
During the period of 2000-2011 years the largest number of earthquakes occurred in Osh(41.9%) and Jalalabad (19.5%) regions. There, and in the territory of Batken, Issyk-Kul andNaryn regions, been the most violent earthquakes.
Emergencies due to the activation of landslides constitute 9.7% of the total number ofregistered emergency. The greatest number of emergencies by landslides observed in Osh(47.7%) and Jalalabad (32%) regions. In Chui, Batken and Naryn regions are between 7.1% to
5.3%, which is consistent with their areal extent and degree of landslide hazard areas.
Mudslides and floods associated flooding and coastal erosion caused 26.5% of all registeredemergency. The greatest number of them noted in Jalalabad (34.9%), Osh (22.5%), Batken(22.2%) regions. In Chui, Talas, Issyk-Kul regions they range from 6.0% to 5.3%.
To avalanches have 10.3% of all emergency situations with the greatest number of them in
the Jalal-Abad (38.0%), Osh (20.1%) regions. The Issyk-Kul, Naryn, Chui of avalanches of total
14.2% -11.1%. The smallest number of avalanches observed in Talas (1.4%) and Batken (0.3%)
regions.
Meteorologicalhazards(wind,

precipitation, air temperature, etc.) makeup 13.0% of all emergency situations, butthey often lead to the appearance of otherdangerous

processes.

Activationoflandslides, rock falls, the occurrence oflandslides, floods, raising the water tabledepends on the number, nature of the
distributionofliquidprecipitation,

accumulation and melting of snow and glaciers.
Flooding (3.4%) as a source of emergency reported at their primary occurrence or a sharp
rise in the water table to the previously flooded areas. The greatest number of emergency
situations mentioned in Chu (33.0%) and Talas (20.2%) regions.
Technological emergencies, which include as large fires and accidents, were 20.0% of thetotal number of emergency situations, but the number of victims in them is about 70%. In Bishkek
in the nature of emergencies they predominate, accounting for about 65%, in the Chui region
36.6%, in other areas from 10.9% to 19.9%.
The average number of emergencies 1990-2011 amounted to 179, for the period 2000-2011.
229 - there is a tendency to increase the average number of emergency for year.

In 2011, registered 255 emergencies, which was close to the predicted number (up to 240).
Reported cases of avalanches, mudslides, floods, heavy snowfall match averages. Mean values were exceeded for emergencies caused by highwinds and earthquakes. 3 earthquakes in Batken, Osh, Naryn led to the destruction or material damage.
Active landslide, mudflow, flood processes, avalanches will be largely determined modes of distribution, deposition, accumulation of rainfall,melting snow and glaciers.
Given the dynamics of disasters and projected natural conditions in 2012 - increased rainfall, groundwater level rise, increased seismic activity ofpossible emergencies in the Kyrgyz Republic will be 300-320 cases per year. Number of emergency survey of the activation of hazardous processes
and phenomena of 300-400, and in view of the planned monitoring surveys dangerous areas - during the year 1200-1500

DISASTER MANAGEMENT OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
Administrative system
Action plan for civil protection established by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic on thebasis of the principle of reasonable sufficiency and use of available forces and means.
Activities carried out by the Civil Protection forces and resources of state agencies, local
administrations, local authorities and organizations on whose territory an emergency.
Ministry of Emergency Situations, as the single authorized state body in the field of civil
protection:- performs state management and coordination of the activities of state authorities at all levels in the field of civil protection;- carries out when the collection and processing of information in the field of civil

protection,and exchange;- organizes and coordinates the preparation of government, civil defense forces and the
public in the field of civil protection.
To reduce the risk of emergency situations MES improves the following activities:- monitoring and forecasting of emergency situations;- carrying out preventive and protective measures;- rapid response to emergency situations.
The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Kyrgyz Republic entrusted the implementation ofunified state policy in the field of civil protection, fire protection, nuclear and radiation safety andhydrometeorology

Legislative Basis
Ministry of Emergency situations (MES) is a government body of the executive authorities of
the Kyrgyz Republic in the field of civil protection, fire protection, nuclear and radiation safety andmeteorology. Activities of the Ministry as a whole supports the implementation of forecasting
natural hazards, technological processes and events, event planning Civil Protection, prevention,
preventative countermeasures emergency conditions in peace and war time, organization, andsearch and rescue, disaster recovery and other urgent work, emergency response.
Legislation of Ministry of Emergency situations has few documents for disaster managementin the Kyrgyz Republic. There are:-

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on "Civil Protection" from 20 July 2009.

-

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Fire Safety" from December 30, 2009.

-

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On Radiation Safety" from February 28, 2003-

Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On the emergency rescue services and status"-

from December 30, 2009

- Law of the Kyrgyz Republic "On the tailings and waste dumps" from April 17,
2009-

MINISTRY OF EMERGENCYSITUATIONS

Department of MES of areas

Department of monitoring,
forecasting emergency situations

Agency of the governmental fire

Agency of Hydrometeorology’s

service
The governmental enterpriseenterprise

Agency under the reference with

“Aviations enterprise”
enterprise”

tailings

The centre of preparation andretraining of experts civil
protection
The centers on reaction on ES

The governmental enterprise“Spaspromservice”
Spaspromservice”

Management of “Selvodzashchita”
Selvodzashchita”(Northern and Southern)
The mechanized bases of reaction

Diving Service

to ES

Military units (GCPR, Republican

Department under the preventions

separate saving group, rescue

and liquidations of consequences

Servicesof emergency situations

Structure of Disaster Management
Activities for Civil Protection Ministry performs in concert with other executive bodies and local authorities, associations, international andnon-governmental organizations directly and through its subordinate agencies.
The aim of the Ministry is to implement a unified state policy in the field of civil protection, fire protection, nuclear and radiation safety and meteorology

In order to ensure the functioning of the State System of Civil Protection, increasing efficiency indecision-making on issues population and territories protection from emergency situations, aswell as in accordance with Article 13 of the Law "On the Protection of Civilian" The Governmentof the Kyrgyz Republic has established inter-ministerial Civil Protection Commission. This
Commission is the coordinating body of the national level State Civil Protection. Main objectivesof this commission:- Guide the development and implementation of a unified state policy in the field of civil
protection;- Organization of national activities in the field of civil protection;- Coordination of ministries, state committees, administrative agencies, local administrations,
local authorities, international organizations and NGOs to organize and conduct of Civil
Protection in the Kyrgyz Republic
On the regional and local level the local governments are head of Civil Protection
Commission

Disaster Countermeasures, Prevention and Preparedness.
Earthquake Disaster
Destructive effects of the earthquake on a special place among the natural hazards as theyoccur suddenly, often accompanied by secondary effects (such as landslides, avalanches, fires,etc.).
Kyrgyzstan is a large part of the Tien Shan and the Pamirs and northern areas is one of theearthquake-prone regions of Central Asia. Tien Shan is bordered on the north and west with the
Kazakh shield and Turan plate, in the south - the Tarim platform and had a strong north-southcompression, which is one of the causes of the numerous earthquakes. Two major seismically
active zones - North Tien Shan and the Southern Tien Shan, within which there is a strong
earthquake - is located in the northern and southern border areas of the Republic.
Based on the agreement between the MES and the Institute of Seismology NAS KR № 1 for2011 by the Institute of Seismology, National Academy of Sciences of the project "Preparation ofa new seismic hazard map of Kyrgyzstan 1:1 000 000 and the development of practical
recommendations to reduce the economic impact of the expected “seismodisaster” is made newseismic zoning map and an updated forecast of seismic hazard in Kyrgyzstan for the next 3-5
years.
The map reflects the extent of the recent seismic hazard in the country. By contour

selected original lines 8 and 9-point intensity shocks and return periods of tremors. According
to this map almost all the territory of Kyrgyzstan may be exposed to strong earthquakes 8 9-point intensity.
For seismic risk reduction and socio-economic impact of the devastating earthquake
advisable that the following main activities:
1. Reverse engineering of existing building survey of buildings of educational institutions inorder to obtain information about the actual condition.
2. According to surveys, predict the state of the buildings after the earthquakes of varying
intensity possible to estimate the expected economic and social damage to respond rapidly andthe epicenter of the works and studies to assess the extent of disasters and to identify buildings
for Priority strengthening.
3.Development directory of technical measures aimed at restoring buildings.

Landslide DisasterIn the Kyrgyz Republic there are currently about 5,000 landslides (from the ancient to themodern age). Landslides occur mainly in low-and middle zones coinciding with the area of
spreading Meso-Cenozoic presented interblended variegated shale’s, sandstone, limestone,marl, gypsum numerous aquifers and loess-like loams number of landslides is increasing every
year due to the enhanced interaction of modern geodynamic movements seismicity, the rise of
the water table, abnormal amount of atmospheric precipitation, as well as engineering andhuman activities, and keeping the balance of slope stability in mountainous areas.
Total land area affected by landslide processes is about 7.5% of the country. The greatest
number of landslides located in Osh and Jalal-Abad. Just landslide areas are about 600
settlements, the danger to which will exist in the future.
The challenge is to create a study of landslides in each potentially dangerous sloping site
tooling observation network remotely obtain information about the current changes in the
deformation and dangerous shift.
Area of possible activation and the formation of new landslides identified by years of research.
The process of landslide in the future will continue on the new system and in the body of anancient landslide, depending on climatic and hydrological conditions.
Due to forecasting of activation of landslides in these areas of their distribution, to conduct
preventive action as a system of regulations for the training of specialists and the correct
behavior of the population developed the "Rules predict activation of landslides and earthquake
affected areas in the Kyrgyz Republic".

Flood and Mudflow Disaster
The territory of the Kyrgyz Republic is largely exposed to mud and flood processes. On
average, each year in the country is about 60 emergencies related to floods and mudslides,
which makes up 26-27% of all emergencies. Flood-village settlements are lesions (95% of all
settlements on the banks of the Republic are cones or rivers or ephemeral streams), transport
communications, agricultural, hydraulic, irrigation and other facilities.
In order to predict the mudflow and flood processes and breakthrough high-mountain lakes
developed, published and implemented in practice professionals to teach people how to behave
and competence in higher education and graduate school: "Procedure for determining the areasof flood and mudslide damage in breaking mountain lakes in the Kyrgyz Republic " guidelines"
Engineering geology disaster prevention "," Geodynamics and Disaster study of mountainregions".
Forecast landslide and flood risk is the basis for the adoption of preventive measures,
including the construction of protective engineering structures, rational construction and planningof settlements, agroforestry, cleaning riverbeds, drainage and irrigation systems, coordination ofmonitoring and warning.

Avalanche Disaster
Avalanches are particularly dangerous hydro meteorological natural phenomena that could be
dangeroustohumans,buildings,

transport,

communications,energy,bridges

andcommunication lines. There are cases of mass death in avalanches cattle destruction of forests.
105,000 square kilometers, accounting for 53% of the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, theavalanche prone to attack. Within 779 avalanche areas contributed more than 30,000 avalanche
centers, about a thousand of them threatening.
Avalanches occur almost everywhere where there are steep slopes and snow of sufficient
capacity. Avalanche education determined by the interaction of weather conditions, the size ofsnow accumulation and physical condition of the snow layer, from which they arise
To protect the area and facilities used by avalanches avalanche events and engineering
facilities.
For preventative measures include:- The organization of monitoring, forecasting and warning systems. Practice of limiting access,the closure of roads, installation of warning signs, road services and alert the public through themedia.
- Adjustable trigger avalanches, which is produced by explosions, shelling from artillery.
Engineering structures on the appointment and conditions of use are preventing or avalanches
Avalanche. Avalanche prevent include snow-hold boards, walls, barriers, etc. Avalanche - walls,
channels, galleries, awnings, etc.
Preventive actions are carried out through a system of regulations "Order of the short-andmedium-term forecasts of avalanche danger on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic"

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN FIELD OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION.

The number of disasters around the world is increasing, and disasters remain a major
drawback to sustainable development. Reducing vulnerabilities to natural hazards and damage
caused by them is an inevitable challenge in the international community.
Every year, disasters worldwide are experienced by 160 million people, kill 100,000 people,
and cause more than 40 billion US dollars in damage (annual average from 1970-2009).
Compared to the 1970s, the number of disasters and the number of people affected have both
tripled in the last decade.
Asia in particular is a region where many disasters occur, as exemplified by the Indian Ocean
tsunami disaster in late 2004, killing approximately 230,000 people, and the Sichuan earthquake
in 2008 which took the lives of approximately 90,000 people. Looking at disasters worldwide in
the most recent three decades (1979-2008), approximately 40% occurred in Asia, accounting for
more than 90% of the people killed and affected and as much as 50% of the economic damage.
Most of the casualties are concentrated in low- to middle-income countries, making thevicious cycle of disasters and poverty another challenge.

In January 2005, the United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction convened over
4,000 participants from 168 countries and 78 international organizations, including UN agencies
as well as NGOs in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture. The conference was chaired by Japan’s
Minister of State for Disaster Management, with the theme of “Building the Resilience of Nations
and Communities to Disasters”. The conference culminated in the drafting of the “Hyogo
Framework for Action”and the “Hyogo Declaration”.

JapanUtilizing knowledge and technologies for disaster reduction acquired from numerous disaster
experiences and lessons learned, Japan has been actively advancing international cooperationin disaster reduction. This field is an important part of international interaction, where Japan can
substantially contribute.
At the WCDR, the Japanese Prime Minister started that through a) taking an “Initiative forDisaster Reduction through Official Development Assistance (ODA),” b) strengthening regional
cooperation in collaboration with the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) , and c) promotinginternational cooperative projects, Japan will support the promotion of the HFA in cooperation
with the UN/ISDR.
At the WCDR, Japan launched an Initiative for Disaster Reduction through ODA with an aim
to incorporate a disaster reduction perspective into development assistance. Based on this,Japan has been supporting developing countries through ODA in promoting their efforts with asense of ownership including human resources development. ODA is used in three categories:a) technical cooperation such as hosting of trainees, dispatching of experts and international
emergency assistance, b) grant aid, and c) loan aid.
In the case of large-scale disaster overseas, international emergency assistance such as thedispatch of Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) teams and the provision of emergency relief supplies
will be granted upon request from disaster-stricken countries. The JDR consists of a from rescue
team, medical team, expert team and units from the Self –Defense Forces. In response to theIndian Ocean tsunami, an unprecedented number of JDR members were dispatched toIndonesia, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Thailand.-The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) facilitates international cooperation in themeteorological field to coordinate, standardize and improveworld meteorological activities. Japan is an active member ofthe organization, and successive Permanent Representativesof Japan with WMO (a role to which the Director-General isdesignated) have long served as members of the Executive
Council by election of the Congress. JMA is a core member in the implementation of a number ofscientific and technical WMO programs, with many experts contributing to TechnicalCommissions and associated working bodies of the organization. The Agency also operates anumber of WMO regional and global centers for the WWW (World Weather Watch) Programmeand others. JMA is also actively involved in international programs organized by theIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) and others.

JMA has played a key role in the development and implementation of the WMO information
System (WIS) and initiative to establish a common information infrastructure encompassing all
WMO programmes and related international programmes.
The WIS is implemented in two parallel parts. One is the continued evolution of the Global
Telecommunication System (GTS), and the other involves the extension of WMO services
through DAR (discovery, access and retrieval).
The WIS has three types of centers: Global Information System Centers (GISCs)
guaranteeing the regional and global connectivity of the WIS structure and providing DAR
functions; Data Collection or Production Centers (DCPCs) taking care of programme-specificactivities; and National Centers (NCs) in charge of national responsibilities.
JMA contributes

by running a GISC and eight DCPCs following designation by WMO in2011.
List of DCPCs operated by JMA:
1. RSMC Tokyo – Geographical
2. RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center
3. RSMC Tokyo – ATM/EER Center
4. Satellite Center
5. Tokyo Climate Center
6. Global Producing Center for Long-range Forecast
7. The World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases
8. Regional Telecommunication Hub Tokyo.

Technology transfer to developing countries in the field of meteorology is essential not only forthe modernization of meteorological services in those countries but also for the promotion ofinternational meteorological activities. JMA has been providing expert services and training
programs to developing countries for decades. In particular, the series of Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) training courses in meteorology has received more than 270
meteorologists from National Meteorological Services in developing countries since 1973.
Toward the implementation of Japanese government aid programs in the meteorological field,
JMA provides a variety of technical support in cooperation with JICA and other national
authorities.

Kyrgyz Republic.
Modern conditions, accompanied by a large number of emergencies lead to property damage,are a direct threat to the health and welfare of people and the sustainable human development,
which requires improving existing forms of cooperation, as well as new approaches and actionsin addressing related to the prevention and elimination of emergency situations of natural andman-made.
Gaining in 1991 of the Central Asian countries provided an opportunity for national
independence and the formation of an independent environmental policy, as well as regional
cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Overall environmental and economic
problems common natural region contribute to the adoption of joint and concerted action by all
countries of Central Asia.
Kyrgyz Republic through the Ministry of Emergency Situation attaches great importance tointernational cooperation in solving problems related to the prevention and elimination of
emergency situations.
Cooperation with the Central Asian region is also carried out in the framework of theAgreement between neighbor countries: Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan ant etc.
The main strategic objectives of international cooperation are:
1. Raising of MES activities in accordance withmodern international standards.
2. Professional development of employees MES
through international cooperation.
3. Strengthening the authority of MES at theregional and international level.
4. Development of relations with countries withtraditionally strong civil protection, prevention, rescueand fire fighting.

Also Kyrgyz Republic on a regular basis
cooperates with international organizations: WorldBank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB),
EuropeanDevelopment

Bank

for

(EBRD),

ReconstructionUNandEnvironment

Programme (UNEP), Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE), United Nation Development Program (UNDP) and etc.

Concerning cooperation with UNDP it should be noted, that at present time MES incooperation with UNDP office in Kyrgyz Republic jointly planning to implement project in field of
early warning system of disasters, which donors is Government of Japan.
This project was agreed with Embassy of Japan in Kyrgyz Republic and directed for further
consideration to Government of Japan.

LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS"One of the great learning’s from the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami which canbe applied in many other disaster-prone countries is the absoluteimportance of preparing populations at risk for the worst-casescenario. Mental preparation is just as important as physicalprotection. It is also vital to keep alive the historical memory of past
events.
“Japan excels when it comes to public awareness of risks,evacuation drills and mobilizing the population in a way that few othercountries can emulate. We are aware of examples of where school
children seized the initiative and escaped the tsunami while also
helping younger children to flee.
"There can be no doubt that the toll of 15,854 killed and 3,203 missing would have beenmuch higher among the 600,000 or more people at immediate risk in the affected areas if people
had not responded to the early warnings. Let us not forget this great achievement when
discussing all the other things that could have been done better”, - The UN Secretary-General'sSpecial Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction, Margareta Wahlström - GENEVA, 9March 2012.

Japan has many experiences about natural disasters. It has gained the knowledge anddeveloped the skills of responding and preparing for disasters through its past experiences.
Taking into account some similarity of geographical scopes between two countries andpresence of common features of certain natural disasters, it is necessary to note high level ofDisaster Management System of Japan, which in this case is a shining example for others tofollow, not only to Kyrgystan, and the world.
During research period by the leadership of ADRC was organized not a small number ofoutreachactivities

invariousorganizations in DRR. I want to mentiona few, but important to the personal
experience of them.
At the beginning of October, our VR's
group visited Miki Earthquake Disaster
Memorial Park. The park is ordinarily
used for sports and recreation as well as
for disaster prevention education andtraining of personnel. In the event of a

major disaster, it will support afflicted areas in the prefecture as a core facility of the regional
emergency management base network for the entire prefecture. In the event of a disaster, thiswill become a base for collecting relief supplies. The approximately 5,000 square meters ofspace below the stands are used for storage.
Also on the territory of park located unique in own way Three-Dimension Full-Scale
Earthquake Testing Facility – E-Defense. Using the world, s largest shaking table, an actualize
building is shaken to the same degree as it would be during a high-intensity earthquake to study
the destruction process.
Experiments are performed by shaking a real-size 6-story structure and simulating thetremors that occurred in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.

On July 5 in 1938, a heavy rain causing
innumerable landslides and debris flows seriously
damaged the Hanshin area. In the wake of this, theRokko Sabo Office was established in September
1938, and strated Sabo works in the Rokko
mountain area from May 1939.
Rokko Sabo Office is responsible agency from

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for the risk of collapse and debris flow at
the time of heavy rain.
One of the part of Sabo works is constructing of Sabo dam, which stops the flow of a lot of
mud and rocks that may cause a disaster, and then carries them downstream slowly and safety..
In addition, a Sabo dam also reduces the occurrence of debris flow by accumulating sediment to
reduce the gradient of river bed and slow the flow of water. Thus, Sabo dam has a function of
sediment discharge continuously even after full accumulation.
For the area such as slopes after the landslides and steep slopes, where the development offorest is not enough to prevent sediment-related disasters, it takes measures using civilengineering structures following “(Proposed) Manual for Selecting Method applied to Mountain
Slope”.
We had a chance to visit some of Sabo dam points in Kobe area, where staff of Rokko Sabo
office clearly showed and told us about disaster reduction system working.
Exactly this experience I would like to include for my research recommendation paper for
further using of this activity in disaster risk reduction system in mountain area in Kyrgyz Republic.
I think and believe that mentioned information about Sabo works in my back report will become astarting point of cooperation between our countries in field of disaster reduction activities inmountain area exposed to landslide and slope disaster. Considering large similarity of geo andtopographical date mountain area, I’m sure experience and knowledge of Japan will very usefulfor experts from Ministry of Emergency Situation KR

Grating crib works preserving existing vegetation (slope stabilization)
stabilization)

Completed reinforced damsAlso during stay in ADRC we had a lot of visiting and participating in different museums, study
stations, drills and government offices. Their main objective is transfer of experience andknowledge from past disaster, teaching of population and dangerous zone resident to basic skillof conducting during disasters, making of information about main disasters which can occur intheir living area and evacuation zones.

A second point of my recommendation is efficient utilization of study source of Japan
Government.
Human education to basic knowledge is one of the main objectives in disaster reduction
system. Appropriate knowledge and skills are necessary to implement disaster management
individually. Hence chances of disaster education should be given for community members.
Each community has schools and most children can go to schools. Thus, improving school
disaster education is effective to spread the appropriate knowledge of disaster management.
Availability and efficient using of hazard maps in government office increase capability ofresident area for sustainable to disasters.

“…if you knows your enemy and yourself, you will not be in danger even in 100 combats”, Su Wu, a famous Chinese strategist.

The functions of a hazard map are to know the phenomenon and to make it known toresidents. The hazard maps cannot stop a disastrous phenomenon. But the effective use ofhazard maps can decrease the magnitude of disasters.

Third point in my recommendation list is improving of quality of disaster drills in the exampleof Japan.
Preparation for a disaster is not always enough. Only practice makes perfect. If you makethe effort to use Mother Nature’s little disasters and test your readiness with dry-runs andrehearsals, you will learn a thousand little things that will make a big difference.
st

In Japan on September 1 , Disaster Reduction Day,
wide-area,large-scaledisasterreduction

drillsareconducted in every region across the country incollaboration

withdisasterrelatedorganizations.

Additionally, drills based on the experiences of pastdisaster are conducted in every region throughout the year.
In recent years, practical simulation system have been

introduced, in which participants are not given any information beforehand and are required tomake decisions and respond to the situation based upon the information provided after the drill
starts.
Repetition is the Mother of Learning – proverb. Proverb draws attention that a repetition of thematerial under study is very important when training
If you want to survive a disaster comfortably, be more than prepared. Be capable andcompetent in your ability to execute your plan. Think, plan and practice. Don’t neglect
short-term tactics by focusing on long-term strategy. Think home survival and offsite survival;
the odds are pretty good you’ll be faced with a crisis away from home or need to evacuate yourprimary residence.

CONCLUSION

Historically, destructive natural disasters have posed greatest challenge for Japanese society.
Unfavorable geographical, topographical and meteorological conditions of the country havemade it one of the most disaster prone countries in the world.
Notwithstanding, Disaster Management System of Japan is now one of the leaders in theworld. Convenient and favorable economic recovery after the war allowed Japan to the creationof an extensive scientific institute to study and create measures to reducing the risk of damage tothe public.
Using high-tech tools, the availability of professional staff a wide range of scientists, solid
position in the international community makes Japan the most developed, in particular in the fieldof management.
Based on 3-layered national government system and administrative delimitation of the country,
formation and evolution of the disaster management system in Japan has been heavily
influenced by unfavorable geographical position, as well as, meteorological, and topographicalconditions and various large-scale disasters have been driving force of new changes andenhancements to it. Activities at national, prefectural and municipal are taken in concerted andcoordinated manner and supervised by the higher level.
JMA is the key body in prediction major natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis,
typhoons and volcano eruptions and it should be noted must be noted that application of latest
technologies for disaster warning and communication by JMA had greatly improved disaster
response system in Japan.
Some common factors of influence of nature on man between Kyrgyzstan and Japan can be a
successful step forward in the advancement and improvement of CRP in our country, as iscurrently in the Kyrgyz Republic in the framework of international projects, some of the partners
which is Japan developed recommendations for the implementation of activities to reduce risk
and vulnerability to natural disasters in the community (ail districts). Program foresees to create
and implement action plans and preparedness in view of the real dangers, assess their own
capabilities to prevent emergencies, training and public awareness, capacity warning systems,
interaction with the MES inclusion of measures to reduce risks in the long and medium term
development plans ail districts.

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Japan’s International Cooperation on Disaster Reduction, Japan Official Development
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