Part 1:Topics of Industry Application in Japan

IEEE-ISPCL2008, 08:30-09:15, Friday, April 4, 2008
Shinji TSUZUKI, Ehime University, Japantsuzuki@ee.ehime-u.ac.jp

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.2

Outline• Present circumstances of PLC, especially PLC modems
for home, in Japan• Japanese regulation• Some topics of industry application(1) to non-power line mediums(2) to electric vehicles, and other transportations(3) Our activity: a research of PLC in cargo ships– Common-mode transmission will be proposed as
the suitable scheme for the ships.
2008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.3

Present Circumstances of PLC in Japan• Japanese regulation was relaxed in October, 2006.
– Before: allowed band was from 10k to 450kHz– Now: HF band of 2M to 30MHz• PLC modem for home has gradually but steadily been
popularized.
9 The EMC issue is not completely solved, so that theallowed area is limited indoors.
9 Compatibility with the existing products (1stgeneration) with the next (2nd) gen. based on thestandard¾To solve these problems and advance the PLC
technology further, it is necessary to develop new
application fields, especially industry applications,.
2008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.4

Weekly ranking of popular products for homeRanking

Vendor / ProductnumberAverage price[JPY](2008/03/20)

Releasedatecompliantsystem

1

Panasonic / start pack
BL-PA100KT

15,762

2006/12

HD-PLC2

BUFFALO/ set model
PL-UPA-L1/S

12,5602007/08

UPA

3

Panasonic / start pack4ports type BLPA204KT

16,704

2007/12

HD-PLC

4NEC / router set PACR2500P/A

21,202

2007/07

HD-PLC

5

Panasonic / powerstrip type LN3710

19,482

2007/05

HD-PLC6

BUFFALO / set model
PL-HDP-L1/S

12,845

2007/04

HD-PLC7

SHARP / pair model
HN-VA10

10,602

2007/08

HomePlug AV•Average price of a pair of PLC adapters is around 160USD.
2008/4/4
http://www.coneco.net/masterranking/01302020.html, 2008/03/16S.Tsuzuki,
to 2008/03/23Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.5

Unique PLC products for home
• Panasonic / power strip type
LN3710 (HD-PLC)

AC outlets with noise
filter function• Pioneer Co. / PLC speaker XWPSS01 (Dynamic Multi Carriers
Reconfiguration (DMCR) –PLC:proprietary)

PLC

iPod
2008/4/4

PLC-Ethernet adapter
http://biz.national.jp/Ebox/plc/siyou.html,

Music can also be played
automatically using a motion
sensor which detects people’s
existence.(e.g. at kitchen ortoilet).
S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.
http://pioneer.jp/press/release568-j.html

Ref. “All of the high speed PLC”, p.36, Nikkei
Business Publications, Inc., July 2006.

Radiated emission limits (quasi-peak value, measuring
at 10 m) [dBuV/m]
10m地点の電界強度[dBuV/m]Comparison of regulations•Att. PLC設置建物から１０ｍ地点における輻射許容レベル（Qp値）
by a wall, A=12dB(2 to 15MHz), 7dB(15 to30MHz)【各許容値からの換算条件とパラメータ】•Att. bythe distance, L=20log10(10m/3m)=10 [dB]
・建物の遮蔽 A ： 12dB（15MHz〜30MHzでは7dB）•Conversion
factor, Z=15dBΩ/m(2to 15MHz), 16dBΩ/m(15 to 30MHz)・10m/3mの距離換算
L ：10dB・10m点の妨害波とコモンモード電流の比
Z ：15dBΩ/m（15MHz〜30MHzは16dB）
Å Field
strength, Ep [dBµV/m] = current
Icom[dBµA] + Z [dBΩ/m] (from CISPR 15)
70

Korea (converted:韓国(３ｍ地点、遮蔽無しの輻射許容値より換算
Ep=Ep(@3m) – L – A)
Ep=Ep3-L-A)
日本
Japan (converted:（コモンモード電流許容値より換算
Ep=I
com + Z – A)
Ep=Icom＋Z−A）

米国
USA（許容値）(no conversion)

60

欧州
Europe (converted:（コモンモード電流許容値より換算
Ep= Icom +Z - A)
Ep=Icom＋Z−A）

50

40

30

20

10024681012141618

周波数[MHz][MHz]
Frequency

20222426

28

30

Radiated emission limits (quasi-peak value)USAfrequency

Limit (field strength)1.705 to 30MHz 48.5µV/m
30 to 80MHz

Europefrequency(EN55022, 0.5 to 30MHzcomm.port)

39µV/mMeasuring at 10m beyond a wall, 16
directions

Limit (common-mode current)
30dBµA (LCL of ISN = 30dB)

frequency

Limit (field strength)

Korea

0.45 to 30MHz

54dBµV/m (without a wall/shield, 3 mfrom aerial cable)Japanfrequency

Limit (common-mode current)

2 to 15MHz

30dBµA

15 to 30MHz

20dBµA(LCL of ISN = 16dB)• Japanese limits are severest.
• Only indoor use is allowed in Japan.
2008/4/4

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

7

PLC market of Japan

2008/4/4

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr20088
http://net.intap.or.jp/INTAP/information/seminar/18-20070307_ipsj/03_kitaguchi.pdf

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.9

Present Circumstances in Japan (Summary)• Japanese regulation was partly relaxed in October,2006.
• PLC modems for home have gradually but steadily been
popularized.
9 EMC issue is not completely solved, so that theallowed area is limited indoors.
– The embedded PLC is waiting.
Å Standardization issue¾ To solve these problems and advance the PLC
technology further, it is also necessary to develop new
application fields, especially industry applications.
2008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.10

Some topics of industry application(1) applied to a non-power line medium• Advantage : When metal lines, such as coaxial cables and twisted
pair wires, are used, the performance, quality, and distance are
improved without any severe regulation.
¾ Seamless network (e.g., power-line for access, metal line fordistribution backbone)(1.1) Example of product: Ethernet bridge using existing coaxial cables
for a TV antenna• DS2 chip based: max. 200Mbps•Sumitomo Electric Industry (ACLC series), NEC (TOYONETzCX series). Since Sep., 2007.
• Mitsubishi Elect. (proprietary) chip based: max. 300Mbps•IEEE-P1901 proposed. Embedded software is possible.
(LVC-BD10 and CPE-BD10). Since 20092008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

(1.1) Ethernet bridge using
existing coaxial cables fora TV antenna
TV antenna

mixer

splitterInternetrouter11•suitable for an in-building PLC, such as• The frequency ranges of PLC
dormitory, training center, hotel,and TV are different, so that
hospital, and so on.
PLC signal can be transmitted
without any processing.
http://www.nesic.co.jp/news/20070913.html
ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008
NEC Internal Use OnlyISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.12(1.2) to copper tubes for air-conditioner• When a ferrite is attached
as a impedance upper, apair of tubes become a pairof communication line.
• use a chip of NILLC* byRenesas Technology Corp.
• Multi-carrier (5 tones)
modulation using a freq.
band of 2 to9MHz• Max. 400kbps• Patent: Mitsubishi ElectricCo.
NILLC: Non Interference Legacy Line Communication
http://journal.mycom.co.jp/articles/2005/02/20/mitsubishi/001.html
2008/4/4S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.13
Application to air-conditioning and lighting system in a building

outdoor unit
Refrigerant-filled copper tubes

indoor unit
Back of ceiling
controller
Power-line NILLC

Power-line NILLC

indoorRemote control
By ZigBee
2008/4/4•Seamless network
indoor between the capper
tube NW andpower-line NW will
be realized.
S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

http://www.cepca.org/about_us/Events/past_events/japan_seminar/CEPCA_Seminar_Renesas.pdf

(2) Application toElectric vehicles
By Mitsubishi
Motors,“MiEVcommunicationsystem”

http://bb.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/event/19853.ht
ml, Oct., 2007
Distribution boardInternet
PLC modem

timer-controlof Charge

outletoutlet

PLCPC
modem

When an electric vehicle (EV) is charged at home, the LV power-line is used.
¾ Timer-control of charging, air-conditioning of the car, and so on, can beremotely controlled from a PC in the house,¾ Music contents and navigation information can be downloaded into the car.
(The schedule of commercialization is undecided. )(3) Other transportation applications
Are also not allowed, but …
• Train: e.g., Internet service in Shinkansen bullet train will
be a promising service realized by PLC technology.
• Ship– Cruise ship
– Cargo ship* : Technical issues:

http://onkochishin.blog.so-net.ne.jp/2007-07-06

9Compatibility with the existing radio services¾Adaptive power-control to electromagneticenvironment
9Repeating method for long distance communication

15*This work was supported by the Strategic Information and Communications R&D
Promotion Program (SCOPE) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications ofJapan.
ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008
NEC Internal Use OnlyISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

K GT( Gros sTonna g e)

100,000

Amount of n ewly built sh ip orde r in th e world

p.16

世界の新造船受注量の推移

90,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000090 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06

ye ar
JapanC h in a
2008/4/4

Ko r e aTo t al in t h e wo r ld

• As a position ofJapan, thedevelopment ofhigh-value
added ships
are required.

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.
http://www.sajn.or.jp/data/neworder.htm

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.17

From the features of the distribution system incargo ships, (1) Dual-mode trans. will be possible• Cargo ships are made of iron.
• Most power-line cables in the ships are armored.
¾ The hull and the wire braid shields the electromagnetic radiation.
• The hull provides the common ground level anywhere.
¾ The common-mode transmission in addition to the conventional
differential-mode is possible to improve the channel capacity.
Note: If unarmored cables are used partly, the radiation is easily
occur.

2008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.18

Most power-line cables are shielded• Most ships (87%) were built in Asia.
• 89% of cables used in Asian ships were armored.
¾At least 77% (=0.87 * 0.89) of shipboard cables were shielded.

Fig.1. Ratio of amounts of newly built
ship in 2004 by Gross Tonnage (GT).
(For the ships of 100 GT or more.)
2008/4/4

Fig.2. Ratio of maximum monthly shipping
capability of the shipboard cables by five
major companies in Asia in 2006.
S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.
[S.Tsuzuki, et.al., ISPLC2007]

Not only power cables, but all of communication cables
are also armored.

2008/4/4

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

19

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.22

Diagram of the distribution system of Ship-C• In general, the LV distribution
systems in ships are the threephase configuration, whosephases are called R, S and T.
¾ The named P boards (P-A, PB,…) are for power distribution.
¾ The L boards (L-A, L-B, . . .) arefor lighting.
• The possible numbers of boards
which the injected signal passes
are 0, 1, and 3.
 This topology is the same as thatof other ships.
2008/4/4(Num. ofcircuits)
S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.23

Measured transfer functions• Transfer functions– TTR ( Transverse Transfer Ratio ) :conventional PLC– LTR ( Longitudinal Transfer Ratio )– LCTR ( Longitudinal Conversion TransferRatio )TTR
Differential mode
(TCTR)LCTRLTR
Common mode
2008/4/4

proposing

Differential mode

Common mode
S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.24

Typical examples when one of the transfer functions issuperior to the others.

(a) Outlet pair 1

2008/4/4(b) Outlet pair 2
Diff. TTRLCTRDiff.

Com. LTRCom.

(c) Outlet pair 3

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.25

Average value (2M to 30MHz) of transfer functions(a) Ship C (All cables were armored)(b) Ship T (unarmored cables were used partly)• The superiority of three functions
depended on the examined outlet pair.
• Fully or partly are important.
2008/4/4[S.Tsuzuki, et.al., ISPLC2008]

Diff.
Com.

TTR
LCTR
LTR

Diff.
Com.

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.26

Features of low-voltage distribution system in cargo ships (2)• The number of circuits per board is more than that of home, andits loss is dominant.
The amount of attenuation per distribution board when thenumber of boards was three．
Transmission
Ship C (All cables
Ship T (unarmoredmodewere armored)
cables were used partly)
Differential (TTR)

16.2 dB

8.9 dB

Common (LTR)

8.7 dB

4.0 dB¾The place where the repeaters should be set is the board.
2008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

Comparison of radiation from Ship-Tand a model housep.27

Attenuation for Ship-T (unarmored cables were used partly)
Freq.band [MHz]5 to 30

Att. by thedistance, L:(10m / 30m)
[dB]
17

Att. by awall, A[dB]

Att. by thearmored cable,
C [dB]

110 (exceptEngine Room)28

16 (ER)

44

L+A+C
[dB]
PartlyarmoredFully
armoredAttenuation for a model house [http://www.soumu.go.jp/s-news/2005/pdf/051021_1_1.pdf]
Freq.band[MHz]2 to 30

2008/4/4

L (dB)

A [dB]

L+A(dB)

wooden house: 13.5

29.5

If 16
unarmored cables are used partly, the radiation is
43 of iron, theeasily occur.ferroconcrete
Although building:the ship27was madeshield by the ship wall is not perfect.S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.28

Topics of industry application fields: Summary(1) a non-power line medium, (2) Electric vehicles andother transportations Æ These availability studies areimportant to relax the Japanese regulation more.
(3) Channel characteristic of cargo ships is affected by– the power-line cable structure (armored or not)– the number of circuits at a board¾The place where the repeaters should be set isthe board.
¾Common-mode and dual-mode transmission havebeen proposed.
2008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.

Throughput evaluation of both modes (UDP packet)
Yitran Com. basedmodem: PLAM2500J

Throughput [Mbps]

Throughput [Mbps]

Differential mode
Common mode

Sender side outlet(a) Ship T(Receiver side outlet: L2D,Packet size: 1472byte)

Sender side outlet(b) Our Laboratory(Receiver side outlet: #3,Packet size: 512byte)

Æ Mode combining or selection seems to be effective.
2008/4/4Mode selection approach in our Lab.
DiffComDiff :THDD
Com:THCCComÆCom is better : 44.4%,excluding 8 routes

THCC/THDD（max）

Com Æ Com only : 8 routes(10%)• Number of outlets: 10• Measured outlet pairs: 40 (i.e., Number ofroutes: 80)• Max. throughput, THDD(max)=1.34Mbps

72 max(TH i , TH i )
DDCC
∑
i =1
TH iDD= 1.15: up stream: down stream
2008/4/4

THDD/THDD（max） Å normalized72

Another mode selection• Typical routes of 28
were selected.
• THDD(max)=1.15Mbps
Diff
ComDiff :THDD
Com:THCC

28 max(TH i , TH i )DDCC∑
i =1
TH iDD

28

Diff
Com

28 max(TH i , TH i )
DDDC
∑
i =1
TH iDD＝1.29
28 max(TH i , TH i , TH i )DDCCDC∑i =1TH iDD
2008/4/4

Diff :THDD
Com:THDC＝1.33

28 = 1.4228

ISPLC2008, keynote, 4Apr2008

p.32

Application to cargo ships: Conclusion• Common-mode transmission have been proposed.
Throughput improvement due to the mode-selection diversity
was about 40 % in our laboratory.
Usage of common-mode trans. has a risk of radiation, especiallyfor the ship using unarmored cables.
Future WorkThroughput improvement due to the mode-selection or
combining diversity will be examined in the ships.
Adaptive power-control method to the radiation should bedeveloped.
¾ Applications to the non-power line medium will also beaccelerated.
¾ Japanese regulation will be relaxed more ?
2008/4/4

S.Tsuzuki, Ehime Univ.