Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

CHAPTER 7

EMISSIONS OF FLUORINATED
SUBSTITUTES FOR OZONEDEPLETING SUBSTANCES

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Authors
Kathrine Loe Bjønness (Norway), Tomas Gustafsson (Sweden), Junichi Ishikawa (Japan) and Michela Maione(Italy)Contributing Authors
Barbara Gschrey (Germany), Tetsuji Okada (Japan), Roberto de Aguiar Peixoto (Brazil) and Winfried Schwarz(Germany)

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

Contents
7 Emissions of Fluorinated Susbstitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances ........................................................ 7.6
7.1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7.6

7.1.1 Chemicals and relevant application areas covered ........................................................................... 7.6
7.1.2 General methodological issues for all ODS substitute applications ................................................. 7.8
7.1.2.1

Overview of ODS substitute issues......................................................................................... 7.8

7.1.2.2

Choice of method .................................................................................................................... 7.8

7.1.2.3

Choice of emission factors .................................................................................................... 7.14

7.1.2.4

Choice of activity data .......................................................................................................... 7.14

7.1.2.5

Completeness ........................................................................................................................ 7.14

7.1.2.6

Developing a consistent time series ...................................................................................... 7.14

7.1.3 Uncertainty assessment .................................................................................................................. 7.14
7.1.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC), Reporting and Documentation for all ODS substitutes
applications..................................................................................................................................... 7.14
7.2

Solvents (Non-Aerosol) ..................................................................................................................... 7.15

7.3

Aerosols (Propellants and Solvents) .................................................................................................. 7.15

7.4

Foam blowing agents......................................................................................................................... 7.15

7.5

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ................................................................................................... 7.16

7.5.1 Chemicals covered in this application area .................................................................................... 7.16
7.5.2 Methodological issues .................................................................................................................... 7.19
7.5.2.1

Choice of method ...................................................................................................................7.19

7.5.2.2

Choice of emission factors .................................................................................................... 7.31

7.5.2.3

Choice of activity data .......................................................................................................... 7.33

7.5.2.4

Applying tier 2 methods – the example of mobile air conditioning (MAC) ......................... 7.36

7.5.2.5

Completeness ........................................................................................................................ 7.40

7.5.2.6

Developing a consistent time series ...................................................................................... 7.40

7.5.3 Uncertainty assessment .................................................................................................................. 7.40
7.5.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC), Reporting and Documentation .............................. 7.40
7.6Fire Protection ................................................................................................................................... 7.41

7.7

Other applications ............................................................................................................................. 7.41

Annex 7A.1 (New) Examples of national studies on emission rates for stationary refrigeration and airconditioning systems .......................................................................................................................................... 7.42
References .......................................................................................................................................................... 7.46

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Equations
Equation 7.1

Calculation of net consumption of a chemical in a specific application ..................................... 7.9

Equation 7.2a Calculation of emissions of a chemical from a specific application ........................................... 7.9
Equation 7.2b Calculation of emissions of a chemical from an application with banks .................................... 7.9
Equation 7.3

General mass balance equation for Tier 1b .............................................................................. 7.10

Equation 7.4

Summary emissions equation based on phases of the lifecycle ................................................ 7.13

Equation 7.9

Determination of refrigerant emissions by mass balance ......................................................... 7.22

Equation 7.10 Summary of sources of emissions ............................................................................................ 7.23
Equation 7.11 Sources of emissions from management of containers ............................................................. 7.23
Equation 7.12 Sources of emissions when charging new equipment............................................................... 7.24
Equation 7.13 Sources of emissions during equipment lifetime ...................................................................... 7.24
Equation 7.14 Emissions at system end-of-life ................................................................................................ 7.25

FiguresFigure 7.6

Decision tree for actual emissions from the refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC)
application ................................................................................................................................ 7.20

Figure 7.7

Example of spreadsheet calculation for Tier 1a/b assessments................................................. 7.21

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

TablesTable 7.1 (Updated) Main application areas for HFCs and PFCs as ODS substitutes1 ...................................... 7.7
Table 7.3 (Updated) Distribution of HFC use by application area for 2015 ..................................................... 7.11
Table 7.3a (New)

HFC consumption for Refrigeration and air conditioning in article 5 partiesa, percent of
total by substance and sub-application area for 2015 ...................................................... 7.12

Table 7.3b (New)

HFC consumption for Refrigeration and air conditioning in non-article 5 partiesa, percent
of total by substance and sub-application area for 2015 .................................................. 7.12

Table 7.3c (New)

HFC consumption for Refrigeration and air conditioning, Per cent of Total by
manufacturing and servicing for 2015 ............................................................................. 7.12

Table 7.8

Blends (many containing HFCs and/or PFCs) ................................................................. 7.17

Table 7.9 (Updated) Default Estimates for charge, lifetime and emission factors for refrigeration and airconditioning systems........................................................................................................ 7.32
Table 7A.1 (New)California study for 2008: emission factors for stationary refrigeration and air-conditioning
systems............................................................................................................................. 7.42

Table 7A.2 (New)Japan study for 2008: emission factors for stationary refrigeration and air-conditioning
systems............................................................................................................................. 7.44

Table 7A.3 (New)German study for 2009-2013: emission factors for stationary refrigeration and airconditioning systems........................................................................................................ 7.45

Boxes
Box 7.2a (New)How to build a refrigeration and air-conditioning (R/AC) emission inventory in a few
simple steps. Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission factor approaches............................................. 7.26

Box 7.2b (New)The basic elements of an emission inventory for R/AC.................................................. 7.27

Box 7.2c (New)How to build the bank of HFC ......................................................................................... 7.30

Box 7.3

Accounting for imports and exports of refrigerant and equipment .................................. 7.34

Box 7.3a (New)Common data sources for the HFC inventory.................................................................. 7.35

Box 7.4 (Updated)

Example of the application of a Tier 2a calculation for mobile air conditioning ............. 7.37

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7 EMISSIONS OF FLUORINATEDSUSBSTITUTES FOR OZONE DEPLETING
SUBSTANCES
Users are expected to go to Mapping Tables in Annex 5, before reading this chapter. This is required tocorrectly understand both the refinements made and how the elements in this chapter relate to the corresponding
chapter in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

7.1

INTRODUCTION

7.1.1

Chemicals and relevant application areas covered

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and, to a very limited extent, perfluorocarbons (PFCs), are serving as alternatives toozone depleting substances (ODS) being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Current and expected
application areas of HFCs and PFCs include (IPCC/TEAP, 2005 and UNEP-TEAP 2016a/b):•

refrigeration and air conditioning;•

fire suppression and explosion protection;•

aerosols;•

solvent cleaning;•

foam blowing; and•other applications 1.

These major groupings of current and expected usage are referred to in this chapter as applications within the
ODS substitutes category. This introduction (Section 7.1) provides a general framework for estimating emissions
from ODS substitutes, and subsequent sections (Sections 7.2 through 7.7) provide more specialised guidance on
the individual applications introduced above. Some of these applications themselves encompass products or useswith diverse emission characteristics, and countries will produce more rigorous estimates if they account for thisdiversity through the adoption of disaggregated assessments (higher tier). Additionally, the use of HFCs and
PFCs in some applications, specifically rigid foam (typically closed-cell foam), refrigeration and fire
suppression, can lead to the development of long-lived banks 2 of material. The emission patterns from these uses
can be particularly complex and methods employing disaggregated data sets are essential to generate accurate
emissions estimates. Other applications, such as aerosols and solvent cleaning may have short-term inventories
of stock but, in the context of emission estimation, can still be considered as sources of prompt emission. This
statement also applies to flexible foams (typically open-cell foam).
HFCs are chemicals containing only hydrogen, carbon, and fluorine. Prior to the Montreal Protocol and thephase-out of various ODS, the only HFCs produced were HFC-152a, which is a component of the refrigerant
blend R-500, and HFC-23, a low temperature refrigerant which is a by-product of HCFC-22 3 production. HFC134a entered production in 1991 and a variety of other HFCs have since been introduced and are now being used
as ODS substitutes (IPCC/TEAP, 2005) among other applications. When collecting data on HFC and PFC
consumption for reporting purposes, care needs to be taken to include those HFCs in blends, but, at the sametime, to avoid including those components of a blend which are not required to be reported (e.g., CFCs and
HCFCs).
HFCs and PFCs have high global warming potentials (GWPs) and, in the case of PFCs, long atmosphericresidence times. Table 7.1 gives an overview of the most important HFCs and PFCs, including their main
1

HFCs and PFCs may also be used as ODS substitutes in sterilisation equipment, for tobacco expansion applications, and as
solvents in the manufacture of adhesives, coating and inks.

2

A bank is in this context the amount of ODS-substitutes stored in products (applications) in a country.

3

HCFCs - hydrochlorofluorocarbons.

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application areas. The various HFCs and PFCs have very different potencies as greenhouse gases. PFCs haveparticularly high GWPs regardless of the integrated time horizon adopted because of their long atmospheric
lifetimes. The consumption patterns relating to individual gases must be known, therefore, or estimated withreasonable accuracy, to achieve useful assessments for the contribution to global warming from emissions ofthese groups of chemicals.
As CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, and, ultimately, HCFCs are being finally phased out 4,
HFCs are being selectively used as replacements. PFCs are also being used, but only to a limited extent. HFC
use is expected to continue to grow, at least in the short term (UNEP-TEAP, 2016a/b).
Since the 2006 IPCC Guidelines were finalized, a major change has occurred in the policy framework regulating
HFCs. Formerly, HFCs, which do not directly deplete O3, were not regulated under the Montreal Protocol.
However, during the 28th meeting of the parties (MOP28) held in Kigali (Rwanda) in October 2016, 197
countries adopted an amendment to phase down HFCs. The parties committed to cut the GWP-weighted
production and consumption of HFCs by more than 80 percent over the next 30 years. Developed countries will
begin reducing HFC consumption in 2019 and developing countries will follow with a freeze of HFC
consumption levels between 2024 and 2028. A small group including the world’s hottest countries (India,
Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) will freeze HFC use by 2028. These production and consumption limits
are expected to drive changes in the quantities and types of HFCs used in ODS substitute applications. To ensurethat their HFC emissions inventories remain accurate, inventory compilers should familiarize themselves with
the HFC limits in their countries and plan to gather data on the associated changes in HFC use and emissions.
TABLE 7.1 (UPDATED)
MAIN APPLICATION AREAS FOR HFCS AND PFCS AS ODS SUBSTITUTES1
Chemical

Refrigeration
and Air
ConditioningFire
Suppression
and Explosion
Protection

HFC-23

X

X

HFC-32

X

HFC-125

XX

HFC-134a

X

X

HFC-143aX

HFC-152aX

HFC-227ea

X

X

HFC-236fa

X

X

HFC-245fa

X

Aerosols
Propellants Solvents

Solvent
Cleaning

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

HFC-365mfc

X

X

HFC-43-10mee

X

X

PFC-143 (CF4)

Foam
Other
Blowing Applications2

X

X

PFC-116(C2F6)X

PFC-218(C3F8)
PFC-31-10(C4F10)
PFC-51-144(C6F14)

4

X
X

Refer to http://hq.unep.org/ozone/ for the phaseout schedules dictated under the Montreal Protocol.

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TABLE 7.1 (UPDATED) (CONTINUED)
MAIN APPLICATION AREAS FOR HFCS AND PFCS AS ODS SUBSTITUTES1
Source: IPCC (1996), IPCC (2001), IPCC/TEAP (2005), UNEP-TEAP (2016a)
1
Several applications use HFCs and PFCs as components of blends. The other components of these blends are sometimes ODSs and/or nongreenhouse gases. Several HFCs, PFCs and blends are sold under various trade names; only generic designations are used in this chapter.
2

Other applications include sterilisation equipment, tobacco expansion applications, plasma etching of electronic chips (PFC-116) and as
solvents in the manufacture of adhesive coatings and inks (Kroeze, 1995; U.S. EPA, 1992a). Note that although the use of PFCs for plasma
etching is mentioned as an example in footnotes 2 and 3 to this table, the methodology for estimating emissions is described in Chapter 6 ofVolume 3: Electronics Industry Emissions.
3

PFC-14 (chemically CF4) is used as a minor component of a proprietary blend. Its main use is for semiconductor etching.

PFC-51-14 is an inert material, which has little or nil ability to dissolve soils. It can be used as a carrier for other solvents or to dissolve anddeposit disk drive lubricants. PFCs are also used to test that sealed components are hermetically sealed.
4

7.1.2

General methodological issues for all ODS substituteapplications

7.1.2.1

O VERVIEW OF ODS SUBSTITUTE ISSUES

No refinement.

7.1.2.2

C HOICE OF METHODAs already described, emissions of ODS substitutes can be estimated in a variety of ways with varying degrees
of complexity and data intensity. This chapter provides less data-intensive Tier 1 methods, typically based on
low levels of disaggregation, and more data-intensive Tier 2 methods, which require higher levels of
disaggregation. A third Tier (Tier 3), based on actual monitoring and measurement of emissions from point
sources, is technically possible for specific sub-applications but this is rarely, if ever, employed for ODS
substitutes, because the individual point sources are widely disparate. Accordingly, Tier 3 methods are notaddressed further in this chapter.

TIER 1 METHODS
Tier 1 methods tend to be less data-intensive and less complex than Tier 2 because emission estimates areusually carried out at the application level rather than for individual products or equipment types. However, theapproaches proposed vary considerably depending on the characteristics of the specific application. There can be
Tier 1a approaches, Tier 1b approaches and, sometimes, combinations of the two (Tier 1 a/b). The latter is often
the case where data are in short supply. Effectively, the output of a Tier 1a approach can be cross-checked usinga Tier 1b method. In general, however, the simple methods tend to be based primarily on a Tier 1a approach(emission-factor approach) with the default emission factor being up to 100 percent for prompt releaseapplications.
For simpler Tier 1 approaches, the chemical sales data at the application level is usually sufficient. However,separating out individual components of blends can still represent a considerable challenge. Irrespective of theTier 1 methodology chosen, countries will need to report emissions of individual HFCs and PFCs. Informationon the practical use of the various commercial types of HFC/PFC refrigerants, blowing agents, solvents, etc. will
therefore be required. Many of these products are mixtures of two or more HFCs and/or PFCs, and thecomposition of fluids for similar purposes may vary according to individual formulas developed by different
chemical companies.

Tier 1a – Emission-factor approach at the application level
Tier 1a relies on the availability of basic activity data at the application level, rather than at the level ofequipment or product type (sub-application). This activity data may consist of annual chemical consumption data
and, for applications exhibiting delayed emissions, banks derived therefrom. Once activity data have been
established at the application level, composite emission factors (see Section 7.1.2.3) are then also applied at theapplication level. These more aggregated emission factors (e.g., all rigid foams) can be a composite or weighted
average of the emission factors developed for Tier 2a covering individual equipment or product types, or can bea validated approximation approach (e.g., Gamlen et al. 1986).
The calculation formula for Net Consumption within the Tier 1a method is as follows:

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EQUATION 7.1
CALCULATION OF NET CONSUMPTION OF A CHEMICAL IN A SPECIFIC APPLICATIONNet Consumption = Production + Imports − Exports − Destruction
Net Consumption values for each HFC or PFC are then used to calculate annual emissions for applications
exhibiting prompt emissions as follows:
EQUATION 7.2A
CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS OF A CHEMICAL FROM A SPECIFIC APPLICATION

Annual Emissions = Net Consumption • Composite EF
Where:Net Consumption= net consumption for the application

Composite EF= composite emission factor for the application

Note that, as discussed in the Choice of Activity Data section, inventory compilers may have access to chemical
consumption data at the aggregate level rather than by application. In this case, it will be necessary as an earlystep to determine the share of total consumption represented by each application.
In equation 7.1, Production refers to production of new chemical. Reprocessing of recovered fluid should not be
included in consumption estimates. Imports and Exports include bulk chemicals but, for a Tier 1 method isunlikely to contain the quantity of chemical contained in products, such as refrigerators, air-conditioners,
packaging materials, insulating foams, fire extinguishers etc. unless regional allocation system or other methodof approximation has been used. The term composite emission factor refers to an emissions rate that summarises
the emissions rates of different types of equipment, product or, more generally, sub-applications within an ODS
application area. Composite emission factors should account for assembly, operation and, where relevant in thetime-series, disposal emissions.
Although destruction of virgin HFCs and PFCs is not currently practised widely, and may be technically difficult
in some cases (UNEP TEAP Task Force on Destruction Technologies (UNEP-TEAP, 2002)), it should be
included as a potential option to reduce consumption. It should be noted that destruction of virgin chemicals, asconsidered here, is distinct from the destruction of HFCs and PFCs in the end-of-life phase, which is strictly anemission reduction measure. By-product emissions during HFC/PFC production and fugitive emissions related
to production and distribution have to be calculated separately.
Even in simple Tier 1a methods, it is usually necessary to account for the potential development of banks, wherethese can occur. Banks are the amounts of chemical that have accumulated throughout the lifecycle, either insupply chains, products, equipment or even waste streams but which, as of the end of the most recent year, has
not been emitted. At the application level, banks can be estimated using relatively straight-forward algorithms
and assumptions provided that the historic Net Consumption is known for each year following the introductionof the substance or, where this period exceeds the average lifetime of the product or equipment, over that
average lifetime. Relevant application level emission factors are then applied to the banks to deal with emissions
during the lifetime of the products or equipment. This same process is carried out for Tier 2a methods but, in thatcase, at the sub-application level. More general information on banks is contained in Section 7.1.2.1.
In cases where banks occur, Equation 7.2a is then modified to the following:
EQUATION 7.2B
CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS OF A CHEMICAL FROM AN APPLICATION WITH BANKS

Annual Emissions = Net Consumption • Composite EFFY
+ Total Banked Chemical • Composite EFB
Where:Net Consumption= net consumption for the application

Composite EFFY

= composite emission factor for the application for first year

Total Banked Chemical = bank of the chemical for the application
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Composite emission factors are determined by taking an average of the applicable sub-application emission
factors, weighted according to the activity in each sub-application. Sub-application emission factors can becountry-specific where known or default. In practice, if sub-application data are known, inventory compilers
would opt for a Tier 2 (disaggregated approach). If only application level data are known, representative
composite emission factors from other studies or default composite emission factors provided in this chapter canbe used.
Tier 1b – Mass-balance approach at the application level
The mass balance approach also estimates emissions from assembly, operation, and disposal, but does not relyon emission factors. Instead, the method uses measured consumption (i.e., sales) of each chemical in the country
or facility being considered. It is generally limited to ODS Substitutes contained in pressurised systems. The
general equation is as follows 5:
EQUATION 7.3
GENERAL MASS BALANCE EQUATION FOR TIER 1B

Emissions = Annual Sales of New Chemical − (Total Charge of New Equipment− Original Total Charge of Retiring Equipment )Industry needs to purchase new chemical from manufacturers in order to replace leakage (i.e., emissions) fromthe current equipment stock, or the equipment will not function properly. If the equipment stock did not change
from year to year, then annual chemical consumption alone would provide a reasonable estimate of actualleakage or emissions. The total equipment stock, and the chemical charge it contains, however, does change
from year to year. Some amount of new equipment containing a chemical charge is introduced each year, andsome amount of old equipment that was charged originally is retired each year. If the total chemical charge
contained in all equipment is increasing as a result of this annual turnover, then total annual chemical
consumption will overestimate emissions (i.e., the charge contained in new equipment is greater than the original
charge of the retired equipment). Conversely, if the total chemical charge in all equipment is decreasing, thentotal annual chemical consumption will underestimate emissions.
In order to make good use of data on annual sales of new chemical, it is therefore also necessary to estimate thetotal charge contained in new equipment, and the original charge contained in retiring equipment. The total
charge of new equipment minus the original total charge of retiring equipment represents the net change in the
charge of the equipment stock. (Using the mass balance approach, it is not necessary to know the total amount ofeach chemical in equipment stock in order to calculate emissions.) Where the net change is positive, some of the
new chemical is being used to satisfy the increase in the total charge, and therefore cannot be said to replaceemissions from the previous year.
Industry also requires new chemical to replace destroyed gas and for stockpiles. Additionally, not all equipment
will be serviced annually. Terms can be added to the general equation to account for these factors but are nottypically adopted within simple Tier 1b methods.
This approach is most directly applicable to the pressure equipment used in refrigeration and air conditioning,
and fire protection applications because these are where chemical sales are most typically used to offset
operational emissions. However, since the basic method is relatively simple to apply, it is more typical to extend
the approach to the sub-application level (i.e., a Tier 2b method). Further elaboration and modification of thisapproach is provided in the description of each application. In practice, Tier 1b methods are most commonlyused as a further cross-check to Tier 1a methods. Where basic Net Consumption data is lacking, regional andinternational databases and models have been developed that allocate regional chemical sales for different end
uses (sub-applications) at a country level. These can therefore be used to source relevant data.
Tier 2 methods – applied at the sub-application level
There are two versions of the Tier 2 method, both of which result in emission calculations for each individual
chemical and distinct types of products or equipment at the sub-application level or within a sub-application. The
individual chemicals and products/equipment within the sub-application form the matrix referred to earlier inthis section and their analysis is comparable with methods currently applied by the Alternative Fluorocarbons
Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS) for CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs (McCulloch, Midgley and Ashford,
2001 and 2003; Ashford, Clodic, Kuijpers and McCulloch, 2004).
5

Boundary conditions: If there is no net change in the total equipment charge, then annual sales are equal to emissions. If
the net change in the total equipment charge is equal to annual sales, then emissions are zero.

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Both versions of the Tier 2 methodology follow two general steps:a)Calculation or estimation of the time series of net consumption of each individual HFC and PFC
chemical at a relatively detailed product and equipment level to establish the consumption basis foremission calculations. (e.g., refrigerators, other stationary refrigeration/AC equipment, appliancefoams, insulated panels, pipe insulation, etc.)b)

Estimation of emissions using the activity data and resulting bank calculations derived from step (i),and either emission factors that reflect the unique emission characteristics related to various
processes, products and equipment (Tier 2a) or, relevant new and retiring equipment information at
the sub-application level to support a mass balance approach. (Tier 2b).

The difference between Tier 2a and Tier 2b is the same as that for Tier 1a and Tier 1b – namely Tier 2a methods
use an emission-factor approach while Tier 2b methods follow a mass-balance approach. Both, however, need to
be operated at a level of disaggregation appropriate to a Tier 2 method, typically at least at the sub-applicationlevel.
If the requisite data are available, a Tier 2 method is preferred for estimating emissions from ODS substitutes,
particularly where the sub-applications within an overall application area are relatively heterogeneous. Somecountries may already have the relevant information available to apply a Tier 2 methodology. Other countries
might not have access to data for Tier 2 at present, but they are encouraged to establish routines to collect either
country-specific or globally or regionally-derived activity data by chemical and sub-application within an
application area (e.g., different types of refrigeration and air conditioning sub-applications). Tier 1, in contrast,
requires data collection at a more aggregated application level (e.g., refrigeration and air conditioning in its
totality).
As a first step in using the Tier 2 method, countries may wish to make first order approximation of theinformation needed for step (i). This will give direction to more focused data collection efforts in certain
application areas or sub-categories. Table 7.3 gives the consumption distribution for all application areas in 2015
for the Article 5 (mainly developing countries) and Non-Article 5 Parties (developed countries) to the Montreal
Protocol. The distribution is based on estimated consumption of ODS-substitutes in metric tonnes (UNEP-TEAP
2016b).
Table 7.3a and 7.3b gives the consumption of ODS-substitutes for the application category Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning in 2015 for Article 5 and Non-Article 5 Parties, by substance and sub-application.
Table 7.3c shows the share of total consumption used for manufacturing (filling of new equipment) and servicing(refilling of operating equipment).
Good practice guidance in this section deals with variations of the Tier 2 method. Tier 1 methods, covered
previously, are generally seen as default methods where the application is not a key category and data
availability is limited. (Exceptionally, for Fire Protection, Tier 1a method with country-specific activity data andemission factor will be used in the case it is identified as key category.) Each sub-section of Sections 7.2 to 7.7
discusses how to apply these methods to specific ODS applications, reviews existing data sources, and identifies
gaps therein.
TABLE 7.3 (UPDATED)
DISTRIBUTION OF HFC USE BY APPLICATION AREA FOR 2015
Country

Refrigeration and
Air conditioning

Aerosols

Foam blowing
agentsFire protection andothers

Article 5 Partiesa

88 %

6%

3%

3%

Non-Article 5 Partiesa

57 %

22 %

19 %

2%

Source: UNEP-TEAP (2016b)
a

See list of Article 5 and Non-Article 5 Parties to the Montreal protocol at the Unep Ozone Secreteriat web page

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TABLE 7.3A (NEW)HFC CONSUMPTION FOR REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING IN ARTICLE 5 PARTIESA, PERCENT OF TOTAL BY
SUBSTANCE AND SUB-APPLICATION AREA FOR 2015
Total

HFC-134a

R-410A

R-407C

R-404A

R-507

TOTAL

100

27

39

20

7

7

Stationary Air Conditioning

60

1

39

20

-

-

Mobile Air Conditioning

19

19

-

-

-

-

Commercial Refrigerationb)

13

2

-

-

6

6

Domestic Refrigeration

5

5

-

-

-

-

Industrial Refrigerationb)

2

<1

-

-

1

1

Transport Refrigerationb)

1

<1

-

-

<1

<1

Source: UNEP (2017)a

See list of Article 5 Parties to the Montreal protocol at the Unep Ozone Secreteriat web pageb

Due to rounding, sums of individual items may not equal the totals

TABLE 7.3B (NEW)HFC CONSUMPTION FOR REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING IN NON-ARTICLE 5 PARTIESA, PERCENT OF TOTAL BY
SUBSTANCE AND SUB-APPLICATION AREA FOR 2015
Total

HFC-134a

R-410A

R-407C

R-404A

TOTAL

100

39

39

13

9

Stationary Air Conditioning

54

2

39

13

-

Mobile Air Conditioning

34

34

-

-

-

-

-

8

-

-

-

-

-

-

Commercial Refrigeration
Industrial Refrigeration

11

2

Transport Refrigeration
Domestic Refrigeration

1

1

1
-

Source: UNEP-TEAP (2016b)
a

See list of Article 5 Parties to the Montreal protocol at the Unep Ozone Secreteriat web page

TABLE 7.3C (NEW)HFC CONSUMPTION FOR REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING, PER CENT OF TOTAL BY MANUFACTURING ANDSERVICING FOR 2015
Manufacturing

Servicing

Article 5 Partiesa

68

32

Non-Article 5 Partiesa

53

47

Source: UNEP-TEAP (2016b)
a

See list of Article 5 and Non-Article 5 Parties to the Montreal protocol at the Unep Ozone Secreteriat web page

Tier 2a – Emission-factor approach
The country-specific data required for a Tier 2a approach are derived from the number of products and end-uses
relevant to each sub-application in which ODS substitutes are contained and from which ODS substitutes areultimately emitted. This approach seeks information on the number of equipment units or products that use thesechemicals, average chemical charges, average service life, emission rates, recycling, disposal, and other pertinent
parameters. This information is generally collected at the level of distinct groups of products or equipment (e.g.,
for rigid foams: integral skin, continuous panel, discontinuous panel, appliance, injected foam products andothers). Annual emissions are then estimated as a function of these parameters through the life of the units or
products by the application of emission factors that are relevant to the lifecycle phases. Since equipment andother products vary significantly in the amount of chemical used, service life, and emission rates, thecharacterisation of this equipment can be a resource intensive task. The longer-lived the end-use equipment or

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

product, and the more diverse the types of equipment or product within a particular sub-application, the more
complex the sourced data approach has to be in order to account for emissions. However, the approach canprovide an accurate estimate of emissions if the data called for by the following equation are available for all
relevant types and vintages of equipment or product:
EQUATION 7.4
SUMMARY EMISSIONS EQUATION BASED ON PHASES OF THE LIFECYCLE
Total Emissions of Each PFC or HFC = Assembly/Manufacturing Emissions+ Operation Emissions+ Disposal Emissions

Manufacturing or Assembly Emissions occur as fugitives when new equipment is filled for the first time with achemical or when a product is manufactured. Operational Emissions from equipment and products occur asleaks or by diffusion during the use phase of the product or equipment (including servicing). In some cases, there
can even be intentional releases during operation. Finally, Disposal Emissions can occur when the equipment or
product reaches its end-of-life and is decommissioned and disposed of. In this case, the remaining HFC/PFC in
the product or equipment may escape to the atmosphere, be recycled, or possibly destroyed.
As with the Tier 1a method, there is a need to make provision for the development of banks in some applications.
This can lead to complex multiple calculations at the sub-application level, since the dynamics of banks mayvary considerably. However, because the individual algorithms rely on a simple sequential calculation of nonemitted consumption (i.e., consumption – emissions for each successive year), excellent emission assessments
can result from a well-constructed and well-maintained national model.
The need to update equipment and product inventories on an annual basis can be a major implementation
challenge for inventory compilers with limited resources. This challenge is made somewhat easier because it
may not be necessary to collect annual chemical consumption if a comprehensive set of other market parameters
is available (e.g., number of domestic refrigerators produced, etc.) In some countries or regions, tradeassociations can be a significant source of such data. Otherwise, specific market research may be necessary.
Where such market parameters are the primary source of activity data, the potential magnitude of errors that canbe introduced by small discrepancies at unit level makes it good practice to carry out a chemical consumption
data cross-check to act as a means of providing quality assurance. The relevant QA/QC sections of this chapter
give guidance on how to conduct such cross-checks for each relevant application.
In order to limit the burden of data management for both annual consumption data and the status of banks, it ispossible to access international and regional databases of such information to gain the necessary inputs ofglobally or regionally validated data to maintain a national model. These databases can also help to overcome
any confidentiality barriers that may exist in collecting and/or publishing data at a national level, particularly
where the number of suppliers is low. More information on the use of such databases is contained in Section
7.1.2.4 and Box 7.1.
Even where comprehensive country-specific activity data exists at a country level, it is good practice tobenchmark outputs against assessments made from databases of globally or regionally derived data. This neednot be done on an annual basis but could reasonably be conducted every 2-3 years. Significant discrepancies canthen be analysed and suitable actions taken to reconcile differences.

Tier 2b – Mass-balance approach
Tier 2 mass-balance approaches are similar to those described for Tier 1b, except that the process is applied at
the sub-application level. This is a particularly valuable approach for the refrigeration sector where there are asignificant number of relatively heterogeneous sub-applications. As is also the case for Tier 1 methods, it is notuncommon to see mass-balance approaches used in combination with emission-factor approaches to ensure thatthe outputs achieved are as robust as possible. Such approaches can realistically be described as hybrid Tier 2a/b
methods and they will be identified as such, where they occur in the relevant application-specific sections that
follow.
Since mass-balance approaches also require activity data at the sub-application level, it may be more resourceefficient to use global or regional databases to obtain appropriate globally or regionally validated data. The same
criteria for selection as set out for Tier 2a methods also apply for Tier 2b methods. Accordingly, equal careshould be taken in selecting validated datasets.

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7.1.2.3

C HOICE OF EMISSION FACTORSNo refinement.

7.1.2.4

C HOICE OF ACTIVITY DATA

No refinement.

7.1.2.5

C OMPLETENESS

No refinement.

7.1.2.6

D EVELOPING A CONSISTENT TIME SERIESNo refinement.

7.1.3

Uncertainty assessment

No refinement.

7.1.4

Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC),
Reporting and Documentation for all ODS substitutes
applications

No refinement.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

7.2

SOLVENTS (NON-AEROSOL)No refinement.

7.3

AEROSOLS (PROPELLANTS AND SOLVENTS)

No Refinement.

7.4

FOAM BLOWING AGENTS

No refinement.

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

7.5

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

7.5.1

Chemicals covered in this application area

Refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) systems may be classified in up to six sub-application domains or
categories (UNEP-RTOC, 2003), although fewer sub-applications may be used in some countries. These
categories correspond to sub-applications that may differ by location and purpose, and are listed below:a)Domestic (i.e., household) refrigeration,b)Commercial refrigeration including different types of equipment, from vending machines tocentralised refrigeration systems in supermarkets,c)Industrial processes including chillers, cold storage, and industrial heat pumps used in the food,
petrochemical and other industries,d)Transport refrigeration including equipment and systems used in refrigerated trucks, containers,
reefers, and wagons,e)Stationary air conditioning including air-to-air systems, heat pumps, and chillers 6 for building andresidential applications,f)Mobile air-conditioning systems used in passenger cars, truck cabins, buses, and trains. 7

For all these sub-applications, different HFCs are progressively replacing CFCs and HCFCs. For example, indeveloped and several developing countries, HFC-134a has replaced CFC-12 in domestic refrigeration, highpressure chillers and mobile air conditioning systems, and blends of HFCs such as R-407C (HFC-32/HFC125/HFC-134a) and R-410A (HFC-32/HFC-125) are replacing HCFC-22 mainly in stationary air conditioning.
HFC blends R-404A (HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a) and R-507A (HFC-125/HFC-143a) have replaced R-502(CFC-22/CFC-115) and HCFC-22 in commercial refrigeration. Other, non-HFC substances are also used toreplace CFCs and HCFCs such as iso-butane (HC-600a) in domestic refrigeration or ammonia in industrial
refrigeration.
A large number of blends containing HFCs and/or PFCs are being used in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
applications. Table 7.8 shows some of these blends. A more comprehensive list can be obtained at the UNEP
Ozone Secretariat web site (https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/Data-Reporting-Instructions-English.201903-20.pdf) or by contacting The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE).

6

Comfort air conditioning in large commercial buildings (including hotels, offices, hospitals, universities, etc.) is commonly
provided by water chillers coupled with an air handling and distribution system.

7

The sub-application of mobile air conditioning systems is likely to represent the largest share of HFC emissions within the
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning application for many countries. See Section 7.5.2.4, Applying Tier 2 Methods – The
Example Of Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC), for an example of how to calculate these emissions. The reader will see that
limited information is needed to approximate these emissions, and essentially becomes a simple multiplication of an
average emission factor and the number of cars with HFC air conditioning, and possibly adding emissions relating tocontainer management, charging and end-of-life.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

TABLE 7.8
BLENDS (MANY CONTAINING HFCS AND/OR PFCS)
Blend

Constituents

Composition (%)

R-400

CFC-12/CFC-114

Should be specified1

R-401A

HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124(53.0/13.0/34.0)

R-401B

HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124(61.0/11.0/28.0)

R-401C

HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124(33.0/15.0/52.0)

R-402A

HFC-125/HC-290/HCFC-22(60.0/2.0/38.0)

R-402B

HFC-125/HC-290/HCFC-22(38.0/2.0/60.0)

R-403A

HC-290/HCFC-22/PFC-218(5.0/75.0/20.0)

R-403B

HC-290/HCFC-22/PFC-218(5.0/56.0/39.0)

R-404A

HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a(44.0/52.0/4.0)

R-405A

HCFC-22/ HFC-152a/ HCFC-142b/PFC-318(45.0/7.0/5.5/42.5)

R-406A

HCFC-22/HC-600a/HCFC-142b(55.0/14.0/41.0)

R-407A

HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a(20.0/40.0/40.0)

R-407B

HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a(10.0/70.0/20.0)

R-407C

HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a(23.0/25.0/52.0)

R-407D

HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a(15.0/15.0/70.0)

R-407E

HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a(25.0/15.0/60.0)

R-408A

HFC-125/HFC-143a/HCFC-22(7.0/46.0/47.0)

R-409A

HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b(60.0/25.0/15.0)

R-409B

HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b(65.0/25.0/10.0)

R-410A

HFC-32/HFC-125(50.0/50.0)

R-410B

HFC-32/HFC-125(45.0/55.0)

R-411A

HC-1270/HCFC-22/HFC-152a(1.5/87.5/11.0)

R-411B

HC-1270/HCFC-22/HFC-152a(3.0/94.0/3.0)

R-411C

HC-1270/HCFC-22/HFC-152a(3.0/95.5/1.5)

R-412A

HCFC-22/PFC-218/HCFC-142b(70.0/5.0/25.0)

R-413A

PFC-218/HFC-134a/HC-600a(9.0/88.0/3.0)

R-414A

HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HC-600a/HCFC-142b(51.0/28.5/4.0/16.5)

R-414B

HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HC-600a/HCFC-142b(50.0/39.0/1.5/9.5)

R-415A

HCFC-22/HFC-152a(82.0/18.0)

R-415B

HCFC-22/HFC-152a(25.0/75.0)

R-416A

HFC-134a/HCFC-124/HC-600(59.0/39.5/1.5)

R-417A

HFC-125/HFC-134a/HC-600(46.6/50.0/3.4)

R-418A

HC-290/HCFC-22/HFC-152a(1.5/96.0/2.5)

R-419A

HFC-125/HFC-134a/HE-E170(77.0/19.0/4.0)

R-420A

HFC-134a/HCFC-142b(88.0/12.0)

R-421A

HFC-125/HFC-134a(58.0/42.0)

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

TABLE 7.8 (CONTINUED)BLENDS (MANY CONTAINING HFCS AND/OR PFCS)

1

Blend

Constituents

Composition (%)

R-422A

HFC-125/HFC-134a/HC-600a(85.1/11.5/3.4)

R-422B

HFC-125/HFC-134a/HC-600a(55.0/42.0/3.0)

R-422C

HFC-125/HFC-134a/HC-600a(82.0/15.0/3.0)

R-500

CFC-12/HFC-152a(73.8/26.2)

R-501

HCFC-22/CFC-12(75.0/25.0)

R-502

HCFC-22/CFC-115(48.8/51.2)

R-503

HFC-23/CFC-13(40.1/59.9)

R-504

HFC-32/CFC-115(48.2/51.8)

R-505

CFC-12/HCFC-31(78.0/22.0)

R-506

CFC-31/CFC-114(55.1/44.9)

R-507A

HFC-125/HFC-143a(50.0/50.0)

R-508A

HFC-23/PFC-116(39.0/61.0)

R-508B

HFC-23/PFC-116(46.0/54.0)

R-509A

HCFC-22/PFC-218(44.0/56.0)

R-400 can have various proportions of CFC-12 and CFC-114. The exact composition needs to be speciﬁed, e.g., R-400 (60/40).

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

7.5.2

Methodological issues

7.5.2.1

C HOICE OF METHODAs discussed in the introductory section to this chapter, both Tier 1 and Tier 2 result in estimates of actual
emissions rather than estimates of potential emissions. Actual estimates, which account for the lag between
consumption and emissions, are particularly important for both the refrigeration and air conditioning sector
because of the potentially long retention of refrigerants in products and equipment utilised in these applications.
The options available to the refrigeration and air conditioning application are shown in the decision tree shownin Figure 7.6.

TIER 1
Tier 1 a/b
It is expected that the refrigeration and air conditioning will be a key category for many countries. The
implication of this conclusion from Table 7.2 and the decision tree in Figure 7.6 is that either country-specific or
globally or regionally derived activity data will be required at the sub-application (disaggregated) level in order
to complete the reporting task. However, in the rare instances that the refrigeration and air conditioning
application is much less significant, there should be available a suitable Tier 1 method for aggregated data.
From experience of studying the dynamics of refrigerant consumption and banks in several countries (UNEPRTOC, 2003; Ashford, Clodic, Kuijpers and McCulloch, 2004; and supporting materials), it is possible to derive
assumptions that allow for the assessment of the use of refrigerant that may help in assessing sales of a given
refrigerant at a country level. Such a hybrid Tier 1a/b approach may use the following assumptions:
1.

Servicing of equipment containing the refrigerant does not commence until 3 years after the equipment isinstalled.

2.

Emissions from banked refrigerants average 15 percent annually across the whole RAC application area.
This assumption is estimated to be a weighed average across all sub-applications, for which default emission
factors are shown in Table 7.9.

3.

In a mature market two thirds of the sales of a refrigerant are used for servicing and one third is used tocharge new equipment. A mature market is one in which ODS substitute-employing refrigeration equipment
is in wide use, and there are relationships between suppliers and users to purchase and service equipment.

4.

The average equipment lifetime is 15 years. This assumption is also estimated to be a weighed average
across all sub-applications.

5.

The complete transition to a new refrigerant technology will take place over a 10 year period. Fromexperiences to date, this assumption is believed to be valid for a single chemical in a single country.

With these assumptions in place, it is possible to derive emissions, if the following data can be provided:•

Sales of a specific refrigerant in the year to be reported•

Year of introduction of the refrigerant•

Growth rate in sales of new equipment (usually assumed linear across the period of assessment)•

Assumed percentage of new equipment exported•

Assumed percentage of new equipment imported

The Tier 1a/b method then back-calculates the development of banks of a refrigerant from the current reporting
year to the year of its introduction. In mapping this period, the method also models the transition from sales to
new equipment (100 percent initially) to the mature market position assumed based on experience to be 33
percent to new equipment and 67 percent to servicing requirements. It is assumed that the transition to newrefrigerant technology is reflected identically in any imported equipment.

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

Figure 7.6

Decision tree for actual emissions from the refrigeration and air conditioning(RAC) application
Start

Box 3: Tier 2a
Use Tier 2a method(Equations 7.10-7.14)
Yes

Are the activity data
disaggregated at the subapplication level (the 6 RAC
areas) available?

Yes

Are
the country-specific,
regionally or globally derived
emission factors
available?
No
Use Tier 2b methodNo

Box 2: Tier 2b

Is this a key
category1?

Are
country-specificor proxy activity data at theapplication level (RAC)
available?

No

Yes

No

Obtain country-specific activity
data disaggregated at the subapplication level (the 6 RAC areas).

Find appropriate sources of countryspecific, regionally or globally derived
activity data at the application level.

Use default composite
emission factors.

Are
country-specificcomposite emission factors
available?

No

Use Tier 1a/b method

Yes

Yes

Box 1: Tier 1
Note:
1. See Volume 1 Chapter 4, Methodological Choice and Identification of Key Categories (noting Section 4.1.2 on limited resources), for
discussion of key categories and use of decision trees.

The following spreadsheet example indicates how the Tier 1a/b method would estimate a seven-year time seriesof emissions of the selected refrigerant, following its initial introduction in 1998, with the knowledge that there
were sales of 1 000 tonnes in 2005. The spreadsheet contained in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines CDROM mirrors
this calculation, and globally or regionally derived datasets 8 at both application and consolidated sub-applicationlevels should be available at a country level to assist in completion of this spreadsheet.

8

As noted in Box 7.1, inclusion in the IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB) will indicate general adherence to due
process, but it is good practice for countries to ensure that all data taken from the EFDB are appropriate for their national
circumstances.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

Figure 7.7

Example of spreadsheet calculation for Tier 1a/b assessments

Tier 1 Refrigeration
Argentina - HFC-143a

SummaryCountry: Argentina
Agent: HFC-143a
Year: 2005

HFC-143a

Emission: 460.7 tonnes
In Bank: 3071.1 tonnes

Current Year

2005
500

Use in current year - 2005 (tonnes)

Data
Used
Here

450
400

Production of HFC-143a
Imports in current Year
Exports in current year
Total new agent to domestic market

800
200
0
1000

350

Year of Introduction of HFC-143a
Growth Rate in New Equipment Sales

1998
3.0%

150

300
250
200

100
50

Tier 1 Defaults
Assumed Equipment Lifetime (years)

15

Emission Factor from installed base15%

% of HFC-143a destroyed at End-of-Life

0%

0
1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

1996
0
0
0

1997
0
0
0

1998
81
0
20

1999
167
0
42

2000
259
0
65

2001
355
0
89

2002
458
0
114

2003
566
0
141

2004
680
0
170

2005
800
0
200

2006
0
0
0

Total New Agent in Domestic Equipment

0

0

102

209

323

444

572

707

850

1000

0

Agent in Retired Equipment
Destruction of agent in retired equipment
Release of agent from retired equipment

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

Bank
Emission

0
0

0
0

102
15

296
44

575
86

933
140

1365
205

1867
280

2437
365

3071
461

2610
#N/A

Estimated data for earlier years

Production
Agent in Exports
Agent in Imports

In this hypothetical example, the production of a specific refrigerant are 800 tonnes with an additional 200
tonnes in imported equipment, in 2005 making a total consumption of 1 000 tonnes. Based on this consumption
figure and knowledge of the year of introduction of the refrigerant, it can be seen that the Tier 1a/b method
predicts emissions of 461 tonnes based on the development of banks over the previous seven years. The bank in2005 is estimated at 3 071 tonnes.
It should be noted that, while such methods allow for the estimation of emissions when data are difficult toobtain, it is still necessary to have an accurate assessment of country-specific or globally or regionally derived
net consumption activity data. When the content of Table 7.8 is considered (particularly when some of theseblends may be being imported in equipment) it is clear that there needs to be considerable knowledge oftechnology selection in the market. Refrigerant suppliers should be able to assist inventory compilers in this area,
but the burden of developing high quality activity datasets may lead inventory compilers to the conclusion that
Tier 2 options provide more value with little extra work. Indeed, where globally or regionally validated data
activity is sought, this will normally be a reconstitution of disaggregated data originally at the sub-applicationlevel, so it might be most logical to take full advantage of that versatility and pursue a Tier 2 approach from theoutset.

TIER 2
Overview
The Tier 2a methodology:a)Takes into account the phase out or the phase down of CFCs and HCFCs depending on the Montreal
Protocol schedule and possible national or regional regulations, in order to establish the refrigerant
choice for all applications;b)Defines the typical refrigerant charge and the equipment lifetime per sub-application;c)Defines the emission factors for refrigerant charge, during operation, at servicing and at end-of-life.

Calculation of emissions throughout the equipment lifetime requires deriving the total stock of equipment
independent of their vintage. In doing so the refrigerant bank is established per sub-application.

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In order to achieve consistency it is suggested to derive the annual market of refrigerants from the refrigerant
quantities charged in the brand new equipment and from the refrigerant quantities used for servicing of the total
stock of equipment.
The Tier 2b mass-balance approach relies on a knowledge of the annual sales of refrigerant, refrigerant destroyed
and any changes in equipment stock that occur (i.e., new equipment sales and equipment decommissioned) on a
sub-application basis. It does not require an absolute knowledge of equipment stocks or emission factors relating
to each refrigeration and air conditioning sub-application.
Examples of how the Tier 2 methodology may be applied are given in the remainder of this section.

Tier 2b - Mass-balance approach
The mass-balance approach is particularly applicable to the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning application
because of the significant servicing component required to maintain equipment. The general approach to Tier 2b
is introduced in Chapter 1 of Volume 3.
For the mass-balance approach, the four emission stages (charging, operation servicing and end-of-life)
identified above are addressed in the following simplified equation:
EQUATION 7.9
DETERMINATION OF REFRIGERANT EMISSIONS BY MASS BALANCE
Emissions = Annual Sales of New Refrigerant − Total Charge of New Equipment+ Original Total Charge of Retiring Equipment − Amount of Intentional Destruction

Annual Sales of New Refrigerant is the amount of a chemical introduced into the refrigeration sector in aparticular country in a given year. It includes all chemical used to fill or refill equipment, whether the chemical ischarged into equipment at the factory, charged into equipment after installation, or used to recharge equipment atservicing. It does not include recycled or reclaimed chemical.
Total Charge of New Equipment is the sum of the full charges of all the new equipment that is sold in the
country in a given year. It includes both the chemical required to fill equipment in the factory and the chemical
required to fill the equipment after installation. It does not include charging emissions or chemical used torecharge equipment at servicing.
Original Total Charge of Retiring Equipment is the sum of the full charges of all the retiring equipment
decommissioned in a country in a given year. It assumes that the equipment will have been serviced right up to
its decommissioning and will therefore contain its original charge.
Amount of Intentional Destruction is that quantity of the chemical duly destroyed by a recognised destruction
technology.
In each country there is a stock of existing refrigeration equipment that contains an existing stock of refrigerant
chemical (bank). Therefore, annual sales of new chemical refrigerant must be used for one of three purposes:•

To increase the size of the existing chemical stock (bank) in use (including retrofitting equipment from aprevious chemical to the given chemical);•To replace that fraction of last year’s stock of chemical that was emitted to the atmosphere (through, forexample, leaks or servicing losses);•

To provide supply-chain priming or stockpiles.

Since the third item in this list is rarely required in a steady-state market, it is not included in Equation 7.9.
Terms to account for stockpiling and retrofitting could be added to Equation 7.9 if such situations exist.
The difference between the total quantity of gas sold and the quantity of that gas used to increase the size of thechemical stock equals the amount of chemical emitted to the atmosphere. The increase in the size of the chemical
stock is equal to the difference between the total charges of the new and retiring equipment.
By using data on current and historical sales of gas, rather than emission factors referenced from literature, theequation reflects assembly, operation, and disposal emissions at the time and place where they occur. Default
emission factors may not be accurate because emissions rates may vary considerably from country to country
and even within a single country.
As discussed in Chapter 1, Section 1.5 of Volume 3, one drawback of the mass-balance approach is that it canunderestimate emissions when equipment stocks are growing, because there is a lag between the time theemissions occur and the time they are detected (through equipment servicing). This underestimate will be

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

relatively large in countries where HFCs have been used in equipment for less than ten years, because much of
the equipment will have leaked without ever being serviced. Thus, countries where HFCs have been used for lessthan ten years are encouraged to estimate emissions using alternative approaches. In general, the longer HFCs
are used in a country, the smaller the underestimate associated with the mass-balance approach. Once equipment
containing HFCs begins to retire, the underestimate declines to a low level.
Equation 7.9 can be applied either to individual types of equipment (sub-applications), or more generally to all
air conditioning and refrigeration equipment in a country (i.e., Tier 1b), depending on the level of disaggregationof available data. If disaggregated data are available, emissions estimates developed for each type of equipment
and chemical are summed to determine total emissions for the application.

Tier 2a – Emission-factor approach
In a Tier 2a calculation, refrigerant emissions at a year t from each of the six 9 sub-applications of refrigeration
and air conditioning systems are calculated separately. These emissions result from:•

Econtainers,t = emissions related to the management of refrigerant containers•

Echarge,t = emissions related to the refrigerant charge: connection and disconnection of the refrigerant
container and the new equipment to be charged•

Elifetime,t = annual emissions from the banks of refrigerants associated with the six sub-applications during
operation (fugitive emissions and ruptures) and servicing•

Eend-of-life,t = emissions at system disposal

All these quantities are expressed in kilograms and have to be calculated for each type of HFC used in the six
different sub-applications.
EQUATION 7.10
SUMMARY OF SOURCES OF EMISSIONS

E total ,t = E containers ,t + E Charge,t + E lifetime,t + E end −of −life,tMethods for estimating average emission rates for the above-mentioned sectors are outlined below and need tobe calculated on a refrigerant by refrigerant basis for all equipment regardless of their vintage. If information on
container and charging emissions is not available, inventory compilers can estimate these losses as a percent of
the bank and revise the lifetime (operation plus servicing) emission factor in Equation 7.13 below to account forsuch losses.

Refrigerant management of containers

The emissions related to the refrigerant container management comprises all the emissions related to therefrigerant transfers from bulk containers (typically 40 tonnes) down to small capacities where the mass varies
from 0.5 kg (disposable cans) to 1 tonne (containers) and also from the remaining quantities - the so-called
refrigerant heels (vapour and /or liquid) - left in the various containers, which are recovered or emitted.
EQUATION 7.11
SOURCES OF EMISSIONS FROM MANAGEMENT OF CONTAINERS
c
Econtainers , t = RM t •100
Where:
Econtainers, t= emissions from all HFC containers in year t, kg

RMt= HFC market for new equipment and servicing of all refrigeration application in year t, kgc= emission factor of HFC container management of the current refrigerant market, percent

The emissions related to the complete refrigerant management of containers are estimated between 2 and 10
percent of the refrigerant market.
Refrigerant charge emissions of new equipment

9

More than six sub-applications can be used, depending on the level of disaggregated data available.

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The emissions of refrigerant due to the charging process of new equipment are related to the process ofconnecting and disconnecting the refrigerant container to and from the equipment when it is initially charged.
EQUATION 7.12
SOURCES OF EMISSIONS WHEN CHARGING NEW EQUIPMENT
Echarge, t = M t •k100

Where:
Echarge, t= emissions during system manufacture/assembly in year t, kg

Mt= amount of HFC charged into new equipment in year t (per sub-application), kgk= emission factor of assembly losses of the HFC charged into new equipment (per subapplication), percent

Note: the emissions related to the process of connecting and disconnecting during servicing are covered in
Equation 7.13.
The amount charged (Mt) should include all systems which are charged in the country, including those which areproduced for export. Systems that are imported pre-charged should not be considered.
Typical range for the emission factor k varies from 0.1 to 3 percent. The emissions during the charging process
are very different for factory assembled systems where the emissions are low (see Table 7.9) than for fielderected systems where emissions can be up to 2 percent.
Emissions during lifetime (operation and servicing)Annual leakage from the refrigerant banks represent fugitive emissions, i.e., leaks from fittings, joints, shaft seals,
etc. but also ruptures of pipes or heat exchangers leading to partial or full release of refrigerant to the atmosphere.
Besides component failures, such as compressor burn-out, equipment is serviced mainly when the refrigerating
capacity is too low due to loss of refrigerant from fugitive emissions. Depending on the application, servicing
will be done for instance every year or every three years, or sometimes not at all during the entire lifetime suchas in domestic refrigeration sub-applications. For some sub-applications, leaks have to be fixed during servicing
and refrigerant recovery may be necessary, so the recovery efficiency has to be taken into account whenestimating emission factors. In addition, knowing the annual refrigerant needs for servicing per sub-application
allows the determination of the national refrigerant market by adding the refrigerant quantities charged in new
equipment (see Paragraph Quality assurance/Quality control). The following calculation formula applies:
EQUATION 7.13
SOURCES OF EMISSIONS DURING EQUIPMENT LIFETIMEx
Elifetime, t = Bt •100
Where:
Elifetime, t = amount of HFC emitted during system operation in year t, kg
Bt= amount of HFC banked in existing systems in year t (per sub-application), kgx= annual emission rate (i.e., emission factor) of HFC of each sub-application bank during
operation, accounting for average annual leakage and average annual emissions during servicing,
percent

In calculating the refrigerant bank (Bt) all systems in operation in the country (produced domestically andimported) have to be considered on a sub-application by sub-application basis.
Examples of typical leakage rates (x) for various types of equipment describing the respective refrigeration subapplications are given in Table 7.9.

Emissions at end-of-life

The amount of refrigerant released from scrapped systems depends on the amount of refrigerant left at the timeof disposal, and the portion recovered. From a technical point of view, the major part of the remaining fluid canbe recovered, but recovery at end-of-life depends on regulations, financial incentives, and environmental
consciousness.
The following calculation formula (Equation 7.14) is applicable to estimate emissions at system disposal:

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

EQUATION 7.14
EMISSIONS AT SYSTEM END-OF-LIFE

Eend −of −life, t = M t −d •η rec, dp• (1 −)
100
100

Where:
Eend-of-life, t = amount of HFC emitted at system disposal in year t, kg
Mt-d= amount of HFC initially charged into new systems installed in year (t-d), kgp= residual charge of HFC in equipment being disposed of expressed in percentage of fullcharge, percent

ηrec,d= recovery efficiency at disposal, which is the ratio of recovered HFC referred to the HFC
contained in the system, percent

In estimating the amount of refrigerant initially charged into the systems (M t-d), all systems charged in the
country (for the domestic market) and systems imported pre-charged should be taken into account.

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BOX 7.2A (NEW)HOW TO BUILD A REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (R/AC) EMISSION INVENTORY IN A FEW SIMPLESTEPS. TIER 1 AND TIER 2 EMISSION FACTOR APPROACHES

Learn about the use of HFCs in R/AC
Tip! The “Fact sheets on HFCs” provided at the UNEP Ozone Secretariat web site, particularly theoverview of HFC market sectors, is a good starting point for learning about the use of thesechemicals.
(See
http://conf.montreal-protocol.org/meeting/workshops/hfc_management02/presession/English/Forms/AllItems.aspx)
TIER 1a/b
1.

The IPCC Worksheet

A basic calculation tool in the form of MS Excel worksheet “Calculation Example for 2F1” can be
downloaded at the IPCC web site (https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol3.html).
2.

Activity Data

Collect the data required as inputs to the calculations:• Consumption of specific HFCs or other ODS substitutes, at least in the year to be reported• Year of introduction of the refrigerant• Growth rate in sales of new equipment
Look for data in, for example, Refrigerant Management Plans (RMPs), HCFC Phase-out
Management Plans (HPMPs) or data reported under the Montreal Protocol. To get an idea of themost important gas types and application areas, see Tables 7.3a-d.
3.

Emission Factors

Identify and apply the appropriate emission factors. The IPCC Worksheet contains the default Tier
1 emission factor. Modify the default emission factor according to country-specific conditions if
information on these conditions is available.
TIER 2aWhere refrigeration and air conditioning is a key category, a Tier 2 approach should be used toestimate emissions. Building a good quality Tier 2 inventory for refrigerants is demanding, so
setting up a plan for gradual improvement over time is recommended.
1.

Calculation tools

The spreadsheet "Calculation example for 2F1 (Tier 2)" of the 2019 Refinement can be used. Most
countries have however built their own models, which are adapted to national conditions and to thedata they have available.
2.

Activity data

For the Tier 2 approach HFC consumption needs to be collected or estimated for each of the six
sub-applications listed in Section 7.5.1.
Box 7.2b and Box 7.2c gives information on what data needs to be collected.
Data sources are described in Box 7.3a.
3.

Emission factors

Table 7.9 provides ranges of default factors for the sub-applications if country-specific factors are
not available. Choose from the ranges according to country-specific conditions and document thereasons for the choices. In general, the emission factors in the low end of the ranges apply fordeveloped countries or those that have a voluntary or mandatory system in place to limit emissions
during equipment service, use and disposal. Further discussion on the choice of emission factors isfound in section 7.5.2.2.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

BOX 7.2B (NEW)THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF AN EMISSION INVENTORY FOR R/ACEmissions of HFCs from refrigeration and air conditioning (R/AC) equipment are closely related
to the amounts and types of chemicals in the bank of a country. A "bank” is the amount of HFCs
and other fluorinated ODS-substitutes contained in equipment in use. It is therefore important for
the inventory compiler to keep track of the bank and the flows of chemicals into and out of thebank. The following equation summarizes how the bank changes over the year due to emissions
and other flows. More details are given in the spreadsheet "Calculation example for 2F1 (Tier 2)".
Estimation of annual refrigerant bank
Banky = Banky-1 + Additiony - Removaly
Where:
Banky = Refrigerant bank on December 31st of year y, kg
Banky-1 = Refrigerant bank on December 31st of year y-1/January 1st of year y, kg
Additiony = Addition of new substances year y, kg
Removaly = Removal of substances exported, emitted or destroyed year y, kg
The figure below illustrates these relationships.

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BOX 7.2B (NEW) (CONTINUED)
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF AN EMISSION INVENTORY FOR R/AC

The Bank of HFCs
The starting point for the annual estimates is a snapshot of the bank of HFCs at the end of theprevious year/beginning of the current year.
The bank is the amount of HFCs contained in equipment in use in a country, and a snapshot of thebank means that for each of the relevant sub-applications, you need to have an estimate of thetypes and amounts of HFCs it contains. For instance, you need to quantify the amount of HFC134a in air conditioning units in cars, the amount of the blend R-410A in air conditioning used inbuildings, R-404A used for refrigeration in supermarkets etc. See the list of chemicals and theequipment (sub-applications) in which they are normally contained in Table 7.1. Note that in agiven year, equipment may contain substances other than HFCs. If this is the case, you need toestimate the share of HFCs in relation to the other substances (e.g. HCFC, NH3, etc.).
If you start the calculations at the beginning of the first year of HFCs entering the market in yourcountry, there is no bank of chemicals and the bank at January 1st of year y = 0.
If you start making the inventory when HFCs are already in use in your country, you will have tospend time putting together information on what the bank currently looks like. See Box 7.2c on
how to estimate the bank if the starting point of the inventory is not the first year of using HFC, i.e.
when the bank at January 1st of year y > 0.
In the future, this kind of snapshot of the equipment population (bank) will be one of the outputs
from the calculation model you run every year.
The flows of HFCs into and out of the bank
The bank will develop year by year depending on the amounts of HFC added to and removed fromthe bank. In order to keep track of the development of the bank, you need to collect data on or
estimate these flows:
Flow of HFCs into the bank
HFC is mainly added to the bank through two processes: New equipment containing HFCs andthe servicing (refilling) of equipment in use.
A common approach for quantifying the sum of the amount of HFC contained in new equipment
added to the bank and the amount used for servicing, is to collect data on domestic sales of HFCs
both in bulk and in equipment. Domestic sale is then the sum of production and imports, minus
exports. If HFC is recovered in a country, this also needs to be taken into account, as the amountof HFCs recycled remains in the bank.
Only a few countries produce HFCs. This means that when collecting data for domestic sales of
HFCs in bulk, most inventory compilers will solely need to quantify the imports. Ideally, you wantto know the amount of each kind of HFC imported to your country, and what kind of subapplication it will be used in. You also need to collect data on (or estimate), the amount of HFC
used for filling (production) of new equipment as opposed to the servicing of equipment already inuse.
New equipment
HFC in new equipment is added to the bank when equipment is filled in the country or imported
prefilled. HFC in exported equipment should not be added to the bank. See the spreadsheet"Calculation example for 2F1 (Tier 2)" for a detailed description on how to estimate the amount of
HFCs entering the bank through new equipment and the emissions from this flow of chemicals.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

BOX 7.2B (NEW) (CONTINUED)
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF AN EMISSION INVENTORY FOR R/ACFor example, if your country does not produce HFC-134a or manufacture cars (i.e. fill air
conditioning units of new cars with this chemical), the annual addition of HFC-134a through newcars will only consist of the amount contained in imported cars. If your country does manufacturecars, but does not produce HFCs, the annual addition in new equipment will consist of HFC-134a
contained in imported cars and the amount of HFC-134a imported in bulk for filling(manufacturing) of new cars, minus the amount contained in exported cars.
See box 7.3a for tips on where to find data.
•

Refilling/servicing of equipment

When existing equipment is being serviced and refilled with HFC, this will add to the bank. If dataon servicing is difficult to obtain, a way of quantifying the amount used for this purpose is to
assume it to be equal to the amount of chemicals emitted from operating equipment the previous
year, taking into account that it should not exceed the amount of HFCs available in bulk. Anotherway to estimate the amount of HFCs used for servicing and refilling of equipment is to assume thatit equals the estimated domestic sales minus the amount used for filling of new equipment.
Flow of HFCs out of the bank
HFC will mainly leave the bank through two processes: Emissions from the bank and throughretired equipment.
•

Emissions during equipment lifetime

Leakage of HFC from equipment in use, and hence emissions to the atmosphere, will remove
chemicals from the bank. In the emission factor approach, this amount is estimated by applying an
average emission factor per sub-application of equipment to the corresponding amount in the bank(equation 7.13). See Table 7.9 for default emission factors if national factors are not available.
Note that the emission factors in Table 7.9 encompass annual leakage rates as well as emissions
during service.
•

Retired equipment

HFCs will also be removed from the bank when equipment is retired and scrapped or exported.
Recycled HFC in the country will remain in the bank. The amount of HFCs in retired equipment isnormally estimated based on average charge and the share of chemical remaining according toTable 7.9 and equation 7.14.
The fate of the HFCs contained in the retired equipment will also need to be quantified, often by a
combination of data collection, assumptions and emission factors. It can be reclaimed and reused,
destroyed or emitted. The used equipment containing HFC can also be exported to other countries.
See "Calculation example for 2F1 (Tier 2)" for a more detailed description of the possible
fates/flows and how to quantify them.

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BOX 7.2C (NEW)HOW TO BUILD THE BANK OF HFC

As described in Box 7.2B, it is essential to know the contents and structure of the bank of HFCs inorder to estimate the emissions. In many cases this means that you need to quantify the bank fromthe year when HFCs were first used in a country up to the current year. There are two common
ways of building the bank and the development back in time:1.

Collecting historic data on domestic sales and flows of HFCs, starting at bank=0

If data on domestic sales for all years since the HFCs were first introduced is available, this can beused to move forward from zero to the current bank by tracking the flow of chemicals into and outof the bank every year. This methodology is described in Box 7.2b.
2.

Counting the number of equipment currently in place and interpolate back to bank=0

An alternative way of estimating the bank is to count the number of equipment units currently inplace in a country and combine this with the average amount and type of HFCs contained in eachtype of equipment. This will provide an estimate of the current bank.
The historic development of the bank can be estimated by interpolation, i.e. filling in the holes inthe time series between the year of introduction of HFC to the current situation (current amount in
the bank). Refer to Volume 1, Chapter 5 for information on interpolation and other splicing
techniques.
The following information on each of the relevant sub-applications need to be collected:•

The number of equipment units currently installed•

The average amount and type of HFC contained in each type of equipment•

The year of introduction, i.e. when HFC were first used in this kind of equipment in the
countryBox 7.3a holds information on relevant data sources. For instance, the numbers of some kinds ofequipment, like cars, might be available from national statistics or from a national register used fortaxation. Industrial organizations often have statistics on mass-produced types of equipment, likenumbers of household refrigerators, small air conditioning units, heat pumps and cars. If not, theymight help you to estimate the sizes of markets, and hence consumption.
It is often challenging to get information on the number of large refrigeration and air conditioning
systems. You might need to estimate this using information on the number of, for instance, large
office buildings, hospitals, universities etc. in your country. Then you need to combine this withinformation on the typical number and types of air conditioning units per building. Again,
industrial associations can often be helpful in getting this sort of information.
You need to collect information on the year each relevant kind of ODS-substitute was first used ineach relevant type of equipment (sub-application) in your country (for instance, the year HFC134a was first used in mobile air conditioning in your country). If this information is not available,
you can make reasonable assumptions based on, for example, the ODS phase-out schedule in yourcountry and/or substitution patterns in countries similar to yours.
Then, choose a method to fill in the years between year 0 and the current year. If you have no
information on the development of the bank, a simple linear interpolation should be used.
Otherwise, if some kind of information on the development is available, like the annual growth insales of cars with air conditioning, this data can be used to model the bank year by year.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

7.5.2.2

C HOICE OF EMISSION FACTORS

Tier 1a/b method
As explained within Section 7.5.2.1, Choice of Method, a composite emission factor is required to complete a
Tier 1 method. Since the sub-applications within the refrigeration and air conditioning application are relatively
heterogeneous, the validity of any single composite emission factor must be in doubt unless it takes into
consideration the particular mix of sub-applications in the country. It is therefore good practice to develop
composite emission factors on the basis of research within the country. The over-arching default emissions factorof 15 percent of the bank annually is used in the example of spreadsheet calculation, available at the IPCC web
site: https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol3.html.

Tier 2a method
Good practice for choosing emission factors is to use country-specific data, based on information provided byequipment manufacturers, service providers, disposal companies, and independent studies. When national data
are unavailable, inventory compilers should use the default emission factors shown in Table 7.9, Default
Estimates for Charge, Lifetime and Emission Factors, which summarises best estimates of equipment charge,
lifetime, emission factors during useful life, and parameters for end-of-life emissions. If data used to calculate
the refrigerant bank cannot be broken down into the sub-applications as in Table 7.9, it is good practice to divide
the bank by type of equipment using expert judgement, and calculate composite emission factors weighted
according to that relative share, as described for Tier 1a/b.
Since the 2006 IPCC Guidelines were published, only a few new studies on leakage rates from stationary
refrigeration and AC and mobile AC for some developed countries or regions have been published. The studies
covering stationary refrigeration and AC indicate that the default values in Table 7.9 are still valid and thus are
retained. For mobile AC, Table 7.9 is updated to include separate information on charge and annual emission
factor during operating lifetime for maritime, railways, busses and other mobile ACs, based on Schwarz andRhiemeier (2007) and Gallagher et al (2014).
The values in Table 7.9 are provided as ranges rather than point estimates. Inventory compilers should choose
from the range according to country-specific conditions and document the reasons for their choices. The lower
end of the lifetime and emission factor ranges is expected to be applicable to developed countries and tocountries that have a mandatory or voluntary system in place to limit emissions during equipment service anduse. The upper end of each range is expected to be applicable to developing countries without systems forlimiting emissions.
Studies of emission rates in Japan for 2008 (Nomura Research Institute, Ltd, 2012), California for 2008
(Gallagher, et. al., 2014) and Germany for 2009-2013 (Umweltbundesamt, 2015) confirmed that the average
emission factors in these countries were close to the lower range for most sub-application categories within theapplication area of Stationary Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. These factors are given in Table 7A.1-7A.3 inAnnex 7A.1 and are intended to serve as examples of emission rates for developed countries. Only countries
with similar systems and regulations or incentives in place should consider using these factors for relevant years.
For mobile air conditioning, emissions can occur during the useful life and during and after disposal of theequipment. Emission sources during the useful life include regular leaks (e.g. from seals), irregular leaks (e.g.
due to accidents), and emissions during service (maintenance and refilling). The share of emissions from
irregular leaks can be particularly large from passenger cars compared to other mobile vehicles as they are more
likely to end up in accidents leading to eruption of the AC system. The default ranges in Table 7.9 encompass
emissions from all stages. Several newer studies indicate that annual emission rates for modern passenger cars
may be lower than the default lifetime emission factor lower range, e.g. see Schwarz and Harnisch (2003), Japan
Automobile Manufacturers Association (2008), Papasavva et al. (2009), Clodic et al. (2011), Kim and Kim(2014), and Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (2017). However, in most of the studies, the presented
emission rates include only regular leaks, or only regular and irregular leaks, excluding emissions duringservicing. It is good practice to include emissions from all three sources when choosing operating lifetime
emission factors.
There are few studies on remaining charge of refrigerants at end-of-life (p) and recovery efficiency (nrec) inequipment, e.g. Kim and Kim (2014), Wimberger (2010), Schwarz (2012), Gallagher, et, al. (2014).
As the practice for mobile A/C service and disposal procedures may vary considerably between countries andover time, inventory compilers should investigate the national circumstances when developing country-specificfactors for emissions and recovery efficiency. In some countries, A/C RRR service units(recover/recycle/recharge) are used to significantly reduce emissions at the service and disposal lifecycle stages.
This will decrease emission factors during use and increase recovery efficiency (nrec) at end of life. Some2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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countries have started to require recovery of refrigerants at the end-of-life, in which case the recovery efficiency
could be higher than the suggested ranges in Table 7.9.
It is good practise to consider applying different emission factors in different years to reflect improvements inservice and disposal practices and in equipment design and materials. Changes in emission factors over time
could also be appropriate for countries that have introduced mandatory periodical inspection and repair
regulations/schemes or similar incentives.
Some import and export of used vehicles and end-of-life vehicles occurs between countries (mostly fromdeveloped countries to developing countries). It is important for inventory compilers to take into account suchflows of MAC equipment when estimating emissions from MAC as it may affect the composition of vehicle
stock at various emission stages (lifetime and end-of-life).
TABLE 7.9 (UPDATED)DEFAULT ESTIMATES1 FOR CHARGE, LIFETIME AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONINGSYSTEMS

Sub-application

Charge (kg)Lifetimes(years)2

Factor in
Equation(M)(d)

Emission Factors (% ofinitial charge/year)3End-of-Life
Emission (%)

(k)

(x)

(ηrec,d)(p)

At Time ofChargeAnnual loss,
Operating
Lifetime

Recovery
Efficiency4

InitialChargeRemaining

Domestic
Refrigeration

0.05 ≤ M ≤ 0.5

12 ≤ d ≤ 20

0.2 ≤ k ≤ 1

0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5

0 < ηrec,d < 70

0 < p < 80Stand-alone
Commercial
Applications

0.2 ≤ M≤ 6

10 ≤ d ≤ 15

0.5 ≤ k ≤ 3

1 ≤ x ≤ 15

0 < ηrec,d < 70

0 < p < 80

Medium &Large
Commercial
Refrigeration

50 ≤ M ≤ 2000

7 ≤ d ≤ 15

0.5 ≤ k ≤ 3

10 ≤ x ≤ 35

0 < ηrec,d < 70

50 < p < 100Transport
Refrigeration

3≤M≤8

6≤d≤9

0.2 ≤ k ≤ 1

15 ≤ x ≤ 50

0 < ηrec,d < 70

0 < p < 50

Industrial
Refrigeration
including Food
Processing andCold Storage

10 ≤ M ≤ 10,000

15 ≤ d ≤ 30

0.5 ≤ k ≤ 3

7 ≤ x ≤ 25

0 < ηrec,d < 90

50 < p < 100

Chillers

10 ≤ M≤ 2000

15 ≤ d ≤ 30

0.2 ≤ k ≤ 1

2 ≤ x ≤ 15

0 < ηrec,d < 95

80 < p < 100

Residential andCommercial
A/C, including
Heat Pumps

0.5 ≤ M≤ 100

10 ≤ d ≤ 20

0.2 ≤ k ≤ 1

1 ≤ x ≤ 10

0 < ηrec,d < 80

0 < p < 80

0.2 ≤ k ≤ 0.5

20 ≤ x ≤ 40
(maritime)
5 ≤ x ≤ 20
(railway)
10 ≤ x ≤ 20
(other MAC)

Mobile A/C

5 ≤ M ≤ 6500
(maritime)
10 ≤ M ≤ 30
(railway)
4 ≤ M ≤ 18
(busses)
0.5 ≤ M ≤ 2(other MAC)

9 ≤ d ≤ 16

0 < ηrec,d < 50

0 < p < 50

Source:
UNEP RTOC Reports (UNEP-RTOC, 1999; UNEP-RTOC, 2003), Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association(2009 ), Gallagher et al (2014), Umweltbundesamt (2015). For information on mobile A/C charge and mobile A/C emission factors forannual loss during operating lifetime: Schwarz and Rhiemeier (2007) and Gallagher et al (2014).

1

2, 3
4

Lower value for developed countries and higher value for developing countries

The lower threshold (0%) highlights that there is no recovery in some countries.

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7.5.2.3

C HOICE OF ACTIVITY DATA

Tier 1a/b method
Inventory compilers in countries that manufacture refrigerant chemicals should estimate Annual Sales of New
Refrigerant using information provided by chemical manufacturers. Data on imported chemical should becollected from customs statistics, importers, or distributors.
Total Charge of New Equipment can be estimated using either:•

Information from equipment manufacturers/importers on the total charge of the equipment they manufacture
or import; or•Information from chemical manufacturers/importers on their sales to equipment manufacturers anddistributors.

Ensure this information only includes sales as refrigerant, not feedstock or other uses. The difference between
the total sales of new refrigerant and that charged in new equipment is assumed to be used for servicing. Where
information on new equipment charges is unavailable, it can be assumed that, in a mature market, two thirds ofrefrigerant is used for servicing while one third is used for new equipment. However, the adoption of suchassumptions must be accompanied by some justification about the state of the market and how well theseassumptions are likely to apply.

Tier 2 methods
Both Tier 2a and Tier 2b methods require the development of a matrix for each sub-application based on
equipment type on the one hand and refrigerant type on the other hand. In order to derive the number of pieces ofequipment for all the vintages, historic net consumption activity data is also required. The annual update of thematrix makes it possible to recalculate all emission types as detailed in Equations 7.10 to 7.14 each year.
Moreover, the refrigerant choice has to be assessed on a year-by-year basis owing to changing national
regulations (often relating to CFC and HCFC phase-out at different dates) and changing technological choices.
In some countries HFC refrigerant regulations have started to enter into force.
Where country-specific data cannot be analysed to this level, globally or regionally validated activity data can beobtained from reputable databases based on refrigerant charges and lifetimes provided in Table 7.9, for all subapplications, to facilitate Tier 2 methods. A number of refinements are usually necessary dependent on theparticular circumstances of the country. Assistance for this can be obtained from application experts.
Other shared issues
Whether collecting country-specific activity data in support of a Tier 1 or a Tier 2 method, inventory compilers
must take care in dealing with refrigerant blends. Table 7.8 illustrates the complexity already existing and blends
are only expected to increase in popularity as manufacturers of equipment seek for further improvements inperformance, particularly in respect of energy efficiency. Where blends contain both HFCs and othercomponents, only the reportable elements need to be considered. This is even the case for other components withsignificant GWPs (e.g., CFCs and HCFCs).
Inventory compilers also need to consider how to monitor the movement of trade in equipment and products
containing HFCs and/or PFCs. The Box 7.3 below sets out some of the measures required to estimate imports
and exports adequately.

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BOX 7.3
ACCOUNTING FOR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF REFRIGERANT AND EQUIPMENT

In estimating Annual Sales of New Refrigerant, Total Charge of New Equipment, and Original
Total Charge of Retiring Equipment, as required for Tier 2b, inventory compilers should accountfor imports and exports of both chemicals and equipment. This will ensure that they capture theactual domestic consumption of chemicals and equipment. For example, if a country imports asignificant share of the HFC-134a that it uses, the imported quantity should be counted as part ofAnnual Sales. Alternatively, if a country charges and then exports a significant number ofhousehold refrigerators, the total charge of the exported refrigerators should be subtracted from thetotal charge of the household refrigerators manufactured in the country to obtain Total Charge of
New Equipment.
GENERAL APPROACH: In general, the quantity Annual Sales should be estimated using thefollowing formula:
Annual Sales= Domestically Manufactured Chemical+ Imported Bulk Chemical– Exported Bulk Chemical+ Chemical Contained in Factory-Charged Imported Equipment– Chemical Contained in Factory-Charged Exported Equipment

All quantities should come from the year for which emissions are being estimated. Similarly, thequantity of Total Charge of New Equipment should be estimated using the following:
Total Charge of New Equipment= Chemical to Charge Domestically Manufactured Equipment thatis not Factory-Charged+ Chemical to Charge Domestically Manufactured Equipment that isFactory-Charged+ Chemical to Charge Imported Equipment that is not Factory-Charged+ Chemical Contained in Factory-Charged Imported Equipment– Chemical Contained in Factory-Charged Exported Equipment
Original Total Charge of Retiring Equipment should be estimated the same way as Total Chargeof New Equipment, except all quantities should come from the year of manufacture or import of theretiring equipment.
SIMPLIFIED APPROACH: In estimating Annual Sales and Total Charge of New Equipment, it ispossible to ignore the quantities of chemical imported or exported inside of factory-charged
equipment if these quantities cancel out in the calculation of emissions. However, inventory
compilers that use the simplified calculation should ensure that: (1) they treat imports and exports
of factory-charged equipment consistently in estimating both Annual Sales and Total Charge New
of Equipment; and (2) they continue to account for imports and exports of factory-charged
equipment in estimating Original Total Charge of Retiring Equipment. As new equipment will
eventually become retiring equipment, countries may wish to track imports and exports of factorycharged equipment even if this information is not strictly necessary to develop the current year’s
estimate.
The simplified formula for Annual Sales is:
Annual Sales= Domestically Manufactured Chemicals+ Imported Bulk Chemicals– Exported Bulk Chemicals

The simplified formula for Total Charge of New Equipment is:
Total Charge of New Equipment= Chemicals to Charge Domestically Manufactured Equipment+ Chemical to Charge Imported Equipment that is not Factory-Charged
The full formula, accounting for imports and exports of pre-charged equipment, must be used to
calculate Original Total Charge of Retiring Equipment.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

BOX 7.3A (NEW)COMMON DATA SOURCES FOR THE HFC INVENTORYThis box provides a short description of common data sources for the HFC inventory,complementing Table 7.10 in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Examples of data are production,
imports, exports and destruction of HFC and equipment containing HFC. Numbers of equipment
units and growth rates in sales are also data commonly collected.
Governmental reports
Most countries have collected data for Refrigerant Management Plans (RMPs) or HCFC Phase-out
Management Plans (HPMPs) through ODS-alternatives surveys. The consumption data generally
contain information on:- total past consumption of CFCs, and total current and past consumption of HCFCs and possibly
also HFCs. Data on ODS are often given in ODP tonnes, which can be converted into metrictonnes using the substance-specific ODP values;- sector-specific consumption of HCFCs and possibly also HFCs (e.g. amounts used in air
conditioning, refrigeration, fire extinguishers, aerosols etc.);- breakdown of HCFCs according to their use at each lifecycle stage such as
manufacturing/assembly (initial charge) or servicing (refill)Some countries have begun monitoring HFC consumption due to the inclusion of HFCs in theMontreal protocol. Countries that have ratified the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol will
be required to report consumption data on HFCs (production, import and export) annually.
European Member States report annually to the European Commission on production and imports
of HFCs in bulk, in line with the EU F-Gas Regulation.
Surveys
There is often a limited number of companies producing, importing and exporting HFC in bulk;
hence a way to obtain high quality data is to ask the producers, importers, and exporters for
information. They should be able to provide information on the amount of gas they produce,
import, or export in a certain year. In addition, they may be able to indicate the equipment types inwhich each HFC or blend is used.
The number of companies importing equipment containing HFC can be large, and surveying thismight be resource intensive. If this is the case, other data sources such as sales statistics or nationalcustoms registers (see below) may be used instead.
Surveys can also be a way to obtain information on HFC from end-users. Generally, this requires
good knowledge of the market and preparatory market research may be needed before launching asurvey.
Surveys can also be a way to discover areas and applications previously unknown to the inventory
compilers.
National Customs Registers
National Customs Registers contain information on imports and exports of chemicals andequipment potentially containing HFC. If the HFC are subject to tax, such a register might provide
the amounts of refrigerant contained in the products. If not, it will probably be necessary to makeassumptions regarding the identities and amounts (charge sizes) of HFCs in different types ofequipment, multiplying the charge size by the number of equipment units of each type to obtain the
total amount of that HFC imported.

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BOX 7.3A (NEW) (CONTINUED)COMMON DATA SOURCES FOR THE HFC INVENTORYOther national registers
Many countries have national registers of cars uses for taxation purposes. This data source mightprovide figures on the number of cars, and possibly other information like age and size.
National Product Register/European Chemical Agency: In some countries, a national Products
Register is used to store information on chemical products (including HFC) that are manufactured
in or transferred or imported into the country and information on the ways in which these are being
used.
Industrial organizations
Industrial organizations or trade associations often have statistics on mass-produced types ofequipment, like numbers of household refrigerators, small air conditioning units, heat pumps andcars.
If not, they might help with assessments of the size of markets, and hence the consumption figures.
It is often challenging to get information on the number of large refrigeration and air conditioning
systems. Industrial organizations might provide useful information like annual growth in sales ofequipment and average charge size of various types of equipment.
National statistics
Many countries have national offices publishing annual statistics with useful information, like thestock of vehicles and buildings (number or area by type of building), or production ofcommodities.

7.5.2.4

A PPLYING TIER 2 METHODS – THE EXAMPLE OF MOBILE AIR
CONDITIONING (MAC)

The Box 7.4 below sets out the step-by-step approach required to assess the emissions from the mobile air
conditioning sub-application of a hypothetical country’s inventory. The method adopted is primarily a Tier 2aapproach, although there are also elements which would be equally applicable to Tier 2b. This example,
therefore, highlights the reality that pure approaches and methods are rare in practice. There will often be a mixof emission-factor approach and mass–balance approach as well as a mix of country-specific data and globally or
regionally derived data. As pointed out in Section 7.1.2.1, one method, approach or dataset will often be used tocross-check another. This example also demonstrates that a detailed implementation of the Tier 2a method
requires a significant amount information gathering about a sub-application. Once established, it is lessburdensome to implement the approach in subsequent years. Also note that assumptions made are for example
only; inventory compilers should collect country-specific information rather than using the assumptions shown.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

BOX 7.4 (UPDATED)EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF A TIER 2A CALCULATION FOR MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

Introduction
National inventories and other studies to date show that emissions of HFC-134a from mobile air
conditioners (MACs) contribute significantly to the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC)
Application emissions and the ODS Substitutes Category emissions. For many countries,
emissions from MACs will comprise 50 percent or more of the RAC emissions and possibly morethan 50 percent of the total ODS Substitutes Category emissions. This is due to many factors,
including:•

The phaseout of ODSs to HFCs in MACs occurred earlier and more quickly than other SubApplications, such as residential (stationary) air conditioning and commercial refrigeration(supermarkets), which still rely substantially on ODSs.

•

MACs are subject to extremes in terms of physical shock and vibration and hence emissions
tend to be large.

•

The lifetime of MACs tends to be shorter than many other RAC Sub-Applications, so that
end-of-life emissions are seen earlier and equipment stocks relying on ODSs are replaced
sooner with HFCs.

•

Due to the small charge of refrigerant involved, recovery from MACs is often seen as
uneconomical and hence is not often practiced during service and disposal.

In addition, data on vehicle purchases and registrations in a country are often known to a higher
degree of quality or are easily obtained. Hence, it is good practice to estimate emissions from this
Sub-Application. The following text describes how the general equations for the RAC Application
can be applied to the MAC Sub-Application.
Data Gathering and Assumptions
An accurate estimate of MAC emissions may be obtained by collecting some data at the SubApplication level and applying a few basic assumptions to simplify the data and calculations
required, as follows:
Refrigerant Type. It will be important to separate each data point by refrigerant, so that emissionsof each refrigerant are calculated separately. For MACs, this may be simplified by the fact that all
MACs produced since the mid- to late-1990s use HFC-134a as the refrigerant. However, CFC-12
was used in the past and still exists in some operating systems. Furthermore, for the future otherrefrigerants such as HFC-152a and R-744 (carbon dioxide) are being considered.
Refrigerant Sold in Containers (RMt). For MACs, refrigerant generally comes in three basic
types of containers – ‘bulk containers’ sent to vehicle manufacturers to fill new MACs, ‘smallcans’ containing about 300-500 grams of refrigerant generally used by individuals servicing theirown equipment, and ‘cylinders’ containing about 10-15 kilograms of refrigerant used by shops that
service many vehicles. If one assumes no losses from bulk containers (see below), then in order tocalculate Econtainers, one needs to know the total refrigerant sold in small cans (RMsc) and cylinders(RMcy). It will be important to distinguish the refrigerant sold into different Sub-Applications (e.g.,
HFC-134a is also used in the chillers and domestic refrigeration Sub-Applications) so that only therefrigerant sold for MACs is used in the calculations. This data may be obtained from small canpackagers and refrigerant producers/distributors.
Container Heels (c). For this example, we assume the heels from service containers are notrecovered (e.g., the cylinders are discarded, not reused) and are csc = 20 percent for the small canand ccy = 2 percent for the cylinder. Because bulk refrigerant containers generally go back to therefrigerant producer and are refilled, we can assume there are no heels that would be emitted andhence cbulk = 0 percent.

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BOX 7.4 (UPDATED) (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF A TIER 2A CALCULATION FOR MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

MACs Produced Each Year (Nt). If the number of MACs placed in service each year is notknown, an estimate can be made by multiplying the number of cars placed in service each year byan estimate of the percentage that were sold with MACs. These data may be available fromautomobile manufacturers, MAC producers/suppliers, or government agencies involved intransportation, infrastructure and highway safety. If more than one type of refrigerant is used, it isimportant to separate each Nt into the different refrigerants, e.g., N1994 = N1994,CFC-12 + N1994,HFC134a.
Nominal Charge of Each MAC (mt). This factor would likely vary by the type of vehicle; forinstance small passenger cars will likely have lower refrigerant charges than buses or larger cars,
especially those with multiple evaporators. Likewise, this could vary over time, for instancedecreasing as manufacturers make smaller systems for the same vehicle size, or increasing aslarger cars and more multiple-evaporator units enter the market. For this example, we assume aconstant over time at an average m = 0.7 kg, which is typical of small to medium-sized passenger
cars.
Refrigerant Charged into New Equipment (Mt). This is easily calculated as Mt = Nt • mt = 0.7 •Nt.
Assembly Losses (k). This is used to calculate the Charge Emissions, also referred to as ‘First-Fill
Emissions.’ The loss rate is often small, on the order of k = 0.5 percent or smaller. For simplicity,
we assume k = 0 in this example.
Lifetime (d). The presumed lifetime of a MAC. This variable can be based on national data andcan be different for different types of MACs (passenger cars, buses, etc.) For this example, we
assume the lifetime of all MACs is d = 12 years.
Bank in Existing Equipment (B). The bank will be the amount of refrigerant in MACs put into
service, minus the amount of refrigerant in MACs disposed, plus the amount of refrigerant used toservice MACs, minus the amount that has leaked. In actuality, a given MAC will probably leakover several years before being serviced. Rather than attempting to account for this, for thisexample we apply Equation 7.13 which assumes all MACs are serviced each year such that theestimated charge of each MAC is the same as the nominal charge. The annual emission rate isaveraged to account for this assumption. This will only produce small errors unless the year-toyear sales of MACs fluctuate widely. Hence the bank in any given year is the sum of the
Refrigerant Charged into New Equipment each year from the current year back to the assumed
average lifetime of the equipment. Thus,d

Bt = ∑ M t − i +1
i =1

For example, using d = 12 years, the bank in 2006 would be B2006 = M2006 + M2005 + M2004 + … +M1997 + M1996 + M1995.
Annual Emission Rate (x). This factor accounts for both leaks from equipment as well as any
emissions during service. Both of these items can be different for different types of MACs and canalso vary by when the MAC was produced (i.e., older MACs may leak more than newer MACs).
If annual servicing does not occur, the amount emitted at any servicing event needs to be averageover the number of years between servicing event to obtain the annual rate. This amount is likely
to vary considerably depending on national conditions and what type(s) of service is (are)performed. Whether recovery of the given charge before service is performed must be considered,and may be deduced in part by examining the amount of refrigerant sold in small cans versus
cylinders. For this example, we assume that 15 percent of the nominal charge is leaked each year
and 5 percent on average is emitted during servicing. Hence, x = 20 percent.
Residual Charge in MACs Disposed (p). Assuming that the MAC is serviced the year before it isdisposed, and that the annual nominal charge is estimated, this is easily calculated as p = 1 –nominal charge. In our example, p = 1 – 15 % = 0.85.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

BOX 7.4 (UPDATED) (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF A TIER 2A CALCULATION FOR MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

Recovery Efficiency (nrec). If no regulations or incentives exist to require recovery ofrefrigerant from MACs disposed, then likely very little will occur. So, for this example, we
assume that nrec = 0.
Calculation of Different Types of Emissions
Now that these data have been gathered and assumptions have been made, calculating theemissions may be performed. An example for year t = 2006 follows:
Container Emissions (Equation 7.11).

Econtainers , 2006 = RM cy , 2006 • ccy + RM sc, 2006 • csc = 0.02 • RM cy , 2006 + 0.2 • RM sc, 2006
Charging Emissions (Equation 7.11).

Ech arg e, 2006 = M 2006 • k = 0
Lifetime (Operating and Servicing) Emissions (Equation 7.13).
dEoperation , 2006 = B2006 • x = 0.20 • B2006 = 0.20 • ∑ M t −i +1
i =1= 0.20 • ( M 2006 + M 2005 + M 2004 +  + M 1997 + M 1996 + M 1995 )= 0.20 • m • ( N 2006 + N 2005 + N 2004 +  + N1997 + N1996 + N1995 )= 0.20 • 0.7 • ( N 2006 + N 2005 + N 2004 +  + N1997 + N1996 + N1995 )= 0.14 • ( N 2006 + N 2005 + N 2004 +  + N1997 + N1996 + N1995 )End-of-Life Emissions (Equation 7.14).

Eend −of −life , 2006 = M 2006−d • p • (1 − nrec ) = M 2006−12 • 0.85 • (1 − 0)
= 0.85 • M 1994 = 0.85 • 0.7 • N1994 = 0.595 • N1994
Calculation of Total Emissions
Total MAC Emissions (Equation 7.10).

E total , 2006 = E containers , 2006 + E ch arg e , 2006 + E lifetime , 2006 + E servicing , 2006 + E end −of −life , 2006
= 0.02 • RM cy , 2006 + 0.2 • RM sc , 2006 + 0+ 0.14 • ( N 2006 + N 2005 + N 2004 +  + N 1997 + N 1996 + N 1995 ) + 0.595 • N 1994
= 0.02 • RM cy , 2006 + 0.2 • RM sc , 2006
+ 0.14 • ( N 2006 + N 2005 + N 2004 +  + N 1997 + N 1996 + N 1995 ) + 0.595 • N 1994
The only unknowns are:•

RMsc – refrigerant (in kilograms) sold in small cans to service MACs, which may be obtained
from small can packagers;•

RMcy – refrigerant (in kilograms) sold in cylinders to service MACs, which may be obtained
from refrigerant producers/distributors; and,•

Nt – the number of MACs put in service each year, which may be available from automobile
manufacturers, MAC producers/suppliers, or government agencies involved in transportation,
infrastructure and highway safety.

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BOX 7.4 (UPDATED) (CONTINUED)
EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF A TIER 2A CALCULATION FOR MOBILE AIR CONDITIONING

If the emissions from refrigerant containers and from end-of-life are not included, for example if it
is believed that service cylinders are completely evacuated and minimal MACs reach their end-oflife in the given year, this equation becomes simply an activity (the number of MACs) multipliedby an emission factor (annual emission rate times average charge size, in this case 0.14 kg per
MAC). This calculation yields the total emissions in kilograms of refrigerant. Keeping eachrefrigerant separate and multiplying each sum by the refrigerant’s GWP will yield kilograms of
CO2 equivalent emissions. Dividing by 1 billion (109) will yield emissions in teragrams of CO2
equivalent (TgCO2eq).

7.5.2.5

C OMPLETENESS

No refinement.

7.5.2.6

D EVELOPING A CONSISTENT TIME SERIESNo refinement.

7.5.3

Uncertainty assessment

No refinement.

7.5.4

Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC),
Reporting and Documentation

No refinement.

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

7.6

FIRE PROTECTION

No refinement.

7.7

OTHER APPLICATIONS

No refinement.

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Annex 7A.1 (New) Examples of national studies on emission rates
for stationary refrigeration and air-conditioning systems
The three sets of emission factors presented below are intended to serve as examples of emission rates (and in
one case recovery efficiency at end-of-life) for stationary refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. Only
countries with similar systems and regulations or incentives in place should consider using these factors forrelevant years. In each table, the IPCC sub-application (found in Table7.9) are amended for the purpose ofreference.
TABLE 7A.1 (NEW)CALIFORNIA STUDY FOR 2008: EMISSION FACTORS FOR STATIONARY REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Equipment Type or Emission Subapplication

Annual loss, Operating
Lifetime Emission
Factors (% of initialcharge/year)

Recovery
Efficiency, Endof-Life Emission(%)

Factor in Equation(x)(nrec,d)

21.0%

80%

Medium & Large
Commercial
Refrigeration

Refrigeration Medium Centralized
System 90.7-< 907.2 kg (200-<
2,000 lbs.)

15.0%

80%

Medium & Large
Commercial
Refrigeration

AC Large Centrifugal Chiller ≥907.2 kg (2,000 lbs.)

2.4%

80%

AC Medium Centrifugal Chiller
90.7-< 907.2 kg (200-< 2,000 lbs.)

1.4%

80%

AC Chiller - Packaged 90.7-< 907.2
kg (200-< 2,000 lbs.)

6.9%

80%

Refrigeration Large Centralized
System ≥ 907.2 kg (2,000 lbs.)

Refrigeration Large Cold Storage ≥907.2 kg (2,000 lbs.)

IPCC
Sub-application

Chillers
Chillers
Chillers

84%

Industrial Refrigeration
including Foodprocessing and Cold
Storage84%

Industrial Refrigeration
including Foodprocessing and Cold
Storage

6.8%

80%

Industrial Refrigeration
including Foodprocessing and Cold
Storage

Refrigerated Condensing units 22.7≤ 90.7 kg (50-≤ 200 lbs.)

14.5%

80%

Medium & Large
Commercial
Refrigeration

Unitary AC 22.7-≤ 90.7 kg (50-≤200 lbs.)

11.3%

80%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pumps

Refrigerated Condensing Units ≤22.7 kg (50-lbs. or less)

15%

66%

Medium & Large
Commercial
Refrigeration

Unitary A/C ≤ 22.7 kg (50-lbs. orless) (central)

10%

44%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pumps

Unitary A/C ≤ 22.7 kg (50-lbs. orless) (window unit)

2%0%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pumps

Refrigeration Medium Cold Storage
90.7-< 907.2 kg (200-< 2,000 lbs.)

Refrigeration Process Cooling ≥907.2 kg (2,000 lbs.)

7.42

21.6%

28.8%

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

TABLE 7A.1 (NEW) (CONTINUED)CALIFORNIA STUDY FOR 2008: EMISSION FACTORS FOR STATIONARY REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Equipment Type or Emission Subapplication

Annual loss, Operating
Lifetime Emission
Factors (% of initialcharge/year)

Recovery
Efficiency,
End-of-Life
Emission (%)

Factor in Equation(x)(nrec,d)Residential Appliance (refrigeratorfreezer)

1%

33%

Transport Refrigerated Units(TRUs)

18.3%

85%

Refrigerated Shipping Containers

5%

81%

IPCC
Sub-application

Domestic Refrigeration
Transport Refrigeration
Transport Refrigeration

Source: Gallagher et al (2014).

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TABLE 7A.2 (NEW)JAPAN STUDY FOR 2008: EMISSION FACTORS FOR STATIONARY REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Equipment Type or Emission Sub-application

Annual loss, Operating
Lifetime Emission Factors(% of initial charge/year)

Factor in Equation

(x)

Large
Refrigeratorsfreezers

MediumRefrigeratorsfreezers

Centrifugal refrigeratingmachineScrew refrigerating machineTransport refrigerator-freezer
unit
Refrigerator-freezer unit

12%
15%

Chillers
Industrial Refrigeration
including Food Processing
and cold storage
Transport Refrigeration

17%

Medium&Large
Commercial Refrigeration

13%

Medium&Large
Commercial Refrigeration

16%

Medium&Large
Commercial Refrigeration

PAC (Package air-conditioning)for store

3%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pump

PAC (Package air-conditioning)for building

3,5%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pump

PAC (Package air-conditioning)for industry

4,5%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pump

5,0%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pump

2%

Residential andCommercial A/C,
including Heat Pump

Condensing unit
Separately placed showcase
Commercial airconditioning
equipment

7%

IPCC
Sub-application

GHP

Room airconditioning
Small
Refrigeratorsfreezers

All-in-one type (e.g. built-in
showcase, ice making
machinery, water fountain,commercial refrigerator)

2%

Chilling unit

Chilling unit (e.g. chilling unit
for refrigerator-freezer, chilling
unit for air-conditioning)

6%Stand-alone Commercial
Application

Chillers

Source: Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. (2012).

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Chapter 7: Emissions of Fluorinated Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances

TABLE 7A.3 (NEW)GERMAN STUDY FOR 2009-2013: EMISSION FACTORS FOR STATIONARY REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONINGSYSTEMS

Equipment Type or Emission Sub-application

Annual loss, Operating Lifetime
Emission Factors (% of initialcharge/year)

Factor in Equation(x)

Medium & Large Commercial Refrigeration (centralized)

7.64 – 10.02

Small Commercial Refrigeration (condensing units)

3.09 -5.18

Industrial Refrigeration including Food Processing and Cold Storage

4.71

AC Chiller

3.39

AC Multisplit/VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow)

3.80

Source: Umweltbundesamt (2015)2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

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References
References newly cited in the 2019 Refinement
Clodic, D., Barrault, S., & Saba, S. (2010). Global inventories of the worldwide fleets of refrigerating and airconditioning equipment in order to determine refrigerant emissions. The 1990 to 2006 updating. Mise àjour des banques, marchés et émissions de fluides frigorigènes dans la base de données RIEP au niveau
mondial. ADEME/ARMINES Agreement 0874C0147– Extracts from the Final Report – April 2010
Gallagher, G., Zhan, T., Hsu, Y-K., Gupta, P., Pederson, J., Croes, B., Blake, D., Barletta, B., Meinardi, S.,
Ashford, P., Vetter, A., Saba, S., Slim, R., Palandre, L., Clodic, D., Mathis, P., Wagner, M., Forgie, J.,
Dwyer, H., and Wolf, K. (2014). Supporting Information document for Manuscript: High-Global
Warming Potential F-gas Emissions in California: Comparison of Ambient-Based versus Inventory-Based
Emission Estimates, and Implications of Refined Estimates. Environmental Science & Technology 2014
48 (2), 1084-1093.
Gschrey, B., Zeiger, B., Schwarz, W., Bader, T. & Kauffeld, M. (2015) Konzept zur Bewertung der technischen
Innovationen zur Erfüllung der gesetzlichen Vorgaben bei stationären Kälte- und Klimaanlagen(Summary in English). ed. Umweltbundesamt.
Hurwitz, M.M., Fleming, E.L., Newman, P.A., Li, F., Mlawer, E., Cady-Pereira, K. & Bailey, R. (2015). Ozone
depletion by hydrofluorocarbons. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42: 8686-8692.
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. (2008). Efforts Concerning Car Air-Conditioner Refrigerant.
Materials distributed at the Global Warning Prevention Measures Subcommittee Meeting (Dec. 9, 2008),
Chemicals and Bio-industry Committee, Industrial Structure Council
Kim S., & Kim, E.-K. J. (2014). Regular emission characteristics of HFC-134a from mobile air conditioners.
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21: 489-493.
Minnesota
Pollution
Control
Agency(2017).
MobileAir
Conditioner
URL : https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/aq-mvp2-29h.pdf

Leakage

Rates

Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. (2012). The 2011 Promotion for Chemical Safety Assurance and Compliancewith International Regulations. (Refrigerant Management System Demonstration Model Project[investigation of data gathering and analysis]).
Papasavva, S., Lueckand, D.J., Waterland R.L., Tadonnio, K., & Andersen, S. (2009) Estimated 2017
Refrigerant Emissions of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFC-1234yf) in the United States Resulting from
Automobile Air Conditioning. Environmental science and technology. 43(24):9252-9059
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