2015/10/06

Biomaterial Science（2015 Schedule）

EG60411

Biomaterial Science
Toshiharu Enomae

Professor, PhD, Paper Device and Eco-friendly materials

2G103, 10:10-11:25, Tuesday

Lecture information and contact
Homepage of “Biomaterial Science (T.
Enomae)”http://www.enomae.com/→ Handouts in lecture(講義資料)#Date

Content1

10/6

History of papermaking

2

10/13

Pulps – Beating and fiber properties

3

10/20

Pulps – Additives and functions

410/27

Papermaking processes & interfiber bonding

511/10Paper– Structural properties

611/17

Paper– Surface properties

711/24Paper–Wetting and absorption properties

812/1

Paper– Mechanical and optical properties

912/8

Polysaccharide chemistry by Assoc Prof Akiko Nakagawa

1012/15

Recent research of paper science and technology

1112/22

Examination

Biomaterial and Biomaterial Science
What biomaterial isMaterials constituting components and thestructure of organisms processed to provide
properties required for the use such as:
Wood, paper,paper, cellophane, rubber,rubber,leather, polylactic acidE-mail address→ t@enomae.com
for any questions and visit to laboratory(Bio-Agr. Bldg. 生農C209 or 総合A618)

What biomaterial science isScience and technology for providing highperformance to biomaterials“Paper” －Definition

Scope of Paper Science“A thin, flat material obtained by sheetforming and drying fibers especially ofplants”“A thin, flat material made from crushedwood or cloth used especially for writing
and printing on and in packaging”- Cambridge Dict.
Plant fibers, especially wood-sourced, as araw material of paper are called “a pulp”

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

polylactic acid

Colloid Sci（Fiber dispersion system）+ Applied Paper Sci
Silviculture・Biotechnol.

Colloid Science
Fiber dispersion

Wood Chem・Pulping
Digestion

Pulp
ForestChip

Applied Paper Science
Printing, Packaging

Calendering

Bleaching
CoatingDrying

PressWireInlet12015/10/06

Who has affected you most?
“Who has affected you most in your life so far?”
was voted in an internet site.
Jesus Christ received the second largest
numbers of votes
Ts’ai Lun（蔡倫）received
the largest.
(A)
Without paper, printing technology would nothave developed, nor would wealthy life today beguaranteed.

Origin of paper
Ts’ai Lun is traditionallyregarded as the inventor ofpaper. Exactly, however, heinvented the composition for
paper along with thepapermaking in A.D. 105.
The fibrous materials used inthose day were bark, hemp,
silk, and fishing net.

Origin of paper

MoscowEngland

The world oldest paper
found in that is
estimated to be between
179 and 142 BC (earlyWestern Han 漢朝).
It was used as a map,
where mountains,
Fangmatan（放馬灘）paper
waterways and roads
are drawn.

History of papermaking tech. -Materials
Hemp （Cannabis大麻・ Linen亜麻）Cannabis has been used for
cloth and fishing net in Chinaand Japan. Linen in Europe.
HempRags
Recycling of cloth woven originally fromhemp. Cotton from the age of Industrial
Revolution
Bast (skin) fibers, such as Paper Mulberryetc. for Japanese paper

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

USA

蔡倫

Westward and eastward from China

Nuremberg 1390
Fabriano
1276

Samarkand

BaghdadTs’ai Lun 105

Improvement of paper Japan 610

Spread of papermaking technology

History of papermaking tech. -Materials
Leaves, of Treang tree to make
“Sastra”
Wood, capable of producing on alarge scale
Kenaf
A kind of hemp promoted forforestry preservation, but not
accepted any more.
Plastics, synthesized paper frompolypropylene called “Yupo”

Treang tree

Sastra2

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Origin of Printing technology
Gutenberg (1395? –1468)
invented a printing press in around1445.
The invention consisted ofmass-producing movable type;oil-based ink from linseed oil; anda wooden printing press similar to
the agricultural screw presses
and allowed the mass production of
printed books and was economically
viable for printers and readers alike.

42-line Bible (42B)
Gutenberg printed andpublished 180 copies of
42-line Bible.

Johannes Gutenberg

The start of the age of theprinted book in the WestRelationship with paper

Movable type

Increased paper demand
Development of mass production of paper
Use of wood as a papermaking material
Invention of paper machine to produce“continuous paper”.

History of papermaking tech. – Machine
The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years
Edited by John Brockman and published on Jan 12, 2000
John Brockman, a novelist of USA, asked “What is the mostimportant invention in the past two thousand years? and Why?”
to famous.
“Reading glasses” and “eraser” were unexpectedly proposed.
Many people including Dr. Philip Anderson, a Nobel prizewinner, chose “printing technology” because it promoted
knowledge occupied by privileged people to the public.
Another physical scientist chose “watch” for quantification oftime passage that was dependent on one’s sense so far.
“Heliocentric theory”, “mathematics”, “differential and integralcalculus”, “democracy”, and “religion” were also supported.

See http://www.edge.org/documents/Invention.html

Mechanical pulping－Groundwood pulp
GP or SGW ([Stone] Groundwood Pulp)
Keller invented ground wood pulp in 1844

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

1670 Hollander beater invented [Holland]
1719 Reaumur submitted his invention - paper can be madefrom wasp hives- to the Academy [France]
1798 Louis-Nicolas Robert invented manufacture of continuous
paper [France]
1844 Keller invented ground wood pulp [Germany]
1851 Burgess [USA] and Watts [England]invented soda pulping
to make wood pulp.
1856 Healey received a patent of corrugated [England]
1856 Tilghman invented the sulfite pulping [USA]1879 Dahl invented Kraft pulping [Germany]
1950 Hardwood pulping initiated[Japan]
1968 Thermo-Mechanical Pulping (TMP) Developed[Sweden]
1977 Quinone-added pulping invented [Japan]

Old printed material in Japan
In 764, Emperor Koken
had holy texts (無垢浄光陀羅尼経) printed on paper
one million copies forpeace of Japan, containedin one million wooden
miniatures of a three story
tower, and laid out in theten great temples like
Horyu-temple and Todaitemple.

3

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The world oldest printed material

The world oldest printed material

In 1966, printed holy
texts was discovered in
the Buddha tower of
Bukkoku-temple (仏国寺)
of Keishu, Shinra (新羅慶州), currelty Korea(韓国).
This tower is known tohave been built in 751.

Paper with holy texts (華厳経)
written in 755, Silla era (新羅)was analyzed.

世界最古の印刷物

755年に新羅時代の華厳経が書かれた紙

Production of paper and paperboard

Production , million ton

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

China
(A2)
USAJapan(A3)
Germany
Korea
CanadaSwedenIndia
FinlandIndonesia
BrazilThailand42015/10/06

How to make paper

From “ wood”
CO2

ForestWood

Forestrecycling

Chip

Waste paper
Paper
recycling

Pulp

Paper

Wood chips to pulp
Digestion(Cooking)

Chip+ NaOH + Na2S
at 150ºC for 5 hours

Ratios of waste paper recovery and utilization
Top 10 countries of paper production（2013)
Sourced from Annual Review of Global Pulp and Paper Statistics（RISI）

Prod. orderCountry

Recovery, ％ Utilization, ％
96.0
87.5

5Korea346JapanGermany
Canada

79.8
78.7
71.4

64.5
73.6
24.1

7
2

Sweden
USA

67.7
63.8

12.8
36.1

9Finland

61.7

5.7

10

Indonesia

56.6

59.1

1

China

44.8

71.1

8

India

27.8

56.3

Wood tissue－cells of beech tree
Pulp

Component ofhardwood tissue
Vessel20%

BleachingWood fiber+ ClO2, + H2O2
at 40ºC for 2 hours

Axial
10％
parenchyma cell
Radial10％
parenchyma cell

60％

Wood tissue－structure of cell wall

Axial parenchyma cellS3 layer

Bright-field

Polarized light(Secondary cell wall - 3rd layer )Cellulose microfibril(indicated by parallel lines)

S2 layer

S1 layerPrimary wall
Middle lamellaparenchyma cells

Bast fibers

0.1 mm
Structure of plant cell wall and axial direction of cellulose microfibrils

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae52015/10/06

Kind of pulp

Chemical pulp－Fiber geometry
Softwood pulp fiber

Hardwood pulp fiber

Pulp
Fibers mainly consisting of cellulose
extracted from plant such as wood bymechanical or chemical treatment

Mechanical pulp [MP]Fibers extracted from wood by crushing

Chemical pulp [CP]Fibers extracted from wood by dissolving lignin

Deinked pulp [DIP] (recycled pulp)
Fibers extracted from waste paper by removing ink

Chemical pulp－Fiber geometry
Softwood pulp fiber

Copy paper
consists of(B) wood pulp fibers

Observe pulps

Wood composition－Major 3 components

Hardwood pulp fiberChemicalcomponent

Copy paper

Hardwood

Softwood Hardwood

Cellulose

Cellulose

4545

Hemicellulose

2530

Ligninconsists ofhardwood pulp fibers

OthersTerpenoid
Resin acid
Fatty acidetc.

Observe pulps

Form of pulp

Dry lap pulp

Approx. ratio (%)

252045 %Hemicellulose
30 %Lignin2-8Bleached
kraft pulp
40 %

20 %

10 %
2%

Others5%

Change of Compositionby kraft pulping

Disintegration - Separation into individual fibers
Slush pulp
Pulp suspension withconcentrations of approx.
1-4%
Lap pulp
Pulp Formed and folded bywet machine. Called “Drylap” when dried

Dry lap pulp

Dispersed in water ( (D) pulp)

Bale pulp
A bunch of pulp sheets
compressed and boundwith a wireTransported (C) pulp

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae6

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Standard disintegrator (defibrator)

Waste paper in yard

Pulp is put in water in steel
container with ca. 3.4 L capacity
Stirred with a propeller mixer at
3000 min-1（rpm）
Latency of MP should be
removed at high temperature（Latent=hidden）
Pulp
ChemicalDry Water Revolmass volume utions
30 g
2.0 L 30,000

Mechanical

60 g

2.7 L

60,000Waste paper and pulp

Belt conveyer

Disintegration in industry (pulper)

Disintegration in industry (Drum pulper)

Drum pulper

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae7