The issue of harmonizing the methodologies for emission
inventories of GHGs with those of SLCFs(In terms of measurement perspective)
GHGs: 1) Bottom up report (Activities * EFs)
2) Top-down inverse modeling techniquewhich has been a widely used approach for constraining/verifying GHGs emission
inventory at regional and global scales, i.e., using atmospheric measurements inconjunction with lagrangian particle dispersion model.

SLCFs (e.g., BC) :1) Bottom up report (Activities* EFs)
2) Top down (??)

Is it possible to using Top-down method to constrain BC emissions oremission trends? What are required?
The short answer:- It is possible !
- Long term robust and traceable atmosphere measurements are required !
Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
CanadaEnvironment
CanadaConstraining Uncertainties of BC in the Climate Forcing
Via robust and traceable measurements
DRF_BC = Emission × Lifetime × MACBC × AFE(Eqn. 6.1, in Bond, et al, 2013)

WhereEmission = Activity * Emission Factor
AFE = Absorption Forcing Efficiency
MAC = ap/C (factor converting Absorption to Mass)

where:

MAC = Mass-specific Absorption Coefficient [m2/g]
ap = light absorption coefficient [m2 absorption / m3 air]
C = BC mass concentration [gC / m3 air]

Reducing uncertainties of EFs and MAC values would reduce theuncertainties of directive radiative forcing of BC !

Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
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Canada(Commonly used)

By Evolved Carbon --- Elemental Carbon (EC)▪
▪

CO2 evolved from carbonaceous aerosols via thermal orthermo-optical methods: e.g., IMPROVE / EUSAAR /NIOSH/ EnCan-total900
BC properties: composition, volatility
Pros: links to primary calibration via gravimetric approach
Cons: charring from the analysis may contribute to EC

CO 2 - signal , V▪

1.2400600

EC0.90.8800

1000

Temperature , KLight

Light source

Filter-based: Aethalometer, PSAP, MAAP, COSMOS
Diffuser
In situ: photo-acoustic, ext. minus scat.
Particle deposit
Particle deposit
Fiber filter
BC properties: light absorption
Photo detector
Pros: semi-continuous or continuous measurements
Aerosol Reference
Aerosol Reference
Cons: measuring total attenuation (not specifying “BC” contribution);signalsignalsignalsignal
TTTT
require MAC to link light abs. to mass con.
0By Laser Incandescence --- Refractory Black Carbon (rBC)▪
▪
▪
▪

non-volatile OC

1.0

0.7

By Light Absorption --- Equivalent Black Carbon (EBC)
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪

semi-volatile

1.1

Laser heating of particles, e.g., SP2, LII
BC Properties: volatility, composition
Pros: measuring graphitic-like carbon
Cons: size dependent sensitivity (~ 70nm – ~ 500 nm)
Courtesy to John Ogren , GMAC2013 presentation, 2013-05-2111
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/13/9485/2013/acpd-13-9485-2013.html~4000KT

DiffusFiber

Photo0Laser pulse
ParticletemperaturetBased on the recommended terminology proposed by the members of WMO_SAG(www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/8365/2013/ doi:10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013)

Defined by 5 essential properties
••
•
•
•

Composition
Morphology
Volatility
Solubility
Light absorption

Microcrystal structure determines the properties of BC

A continuous spectrum of changing in all the properties (e.g., optical & thermal properties) !
There is no one to one clearly fixed relationship !
More visible Light absorption

Optical classification
Colorless BrC

BrCBC

More refractoryrBCOC

POC +CC

Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Thermal/Refractory classification

EC
Environment
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CanadaAlert (GAW)EC/OC concentration &related carbon isotopes(13C &14C) in PM on filters, colocated with lightabsorption/scattering and flaskair sampling for GHGs at thesame sites.

East Trout Lake
Estevan Point / Whistler Mt.
Fraserdale

EgbertTorontoMajor air mass flow (based on the mean wind vector over last 30 years)

Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
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CanadaBC mass Trends Observed Across Canada(annual means: 2006 -2015)
ALTETL

WHI

FRA

TOR

EGB

Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
CanadaEnvironnement
CanadaBC mass Seasonal Profiles across Canada(monthly means: 2006 -2015)
160

1600

Alert

1400

120
1008060
40201000
80060040020000Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1600

1200

1600
1400

Whistler1000800600400200100080060040020000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1600

1600

1400

Toronto1200

EC (ng/m3)

EC (ng/m3)

1400

Fraserdale

1200

EC (ng/m3)

EC (ng/m3)

1400

ETL_local fire outliers removed

1200

EC (ng/m3)

EC (ng/m3)

1401000
8006001200

Egbert

1000
800
600

400

40020020000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Environment
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CanadaPossible areas influencing our measurements in the Eastern North America(based on footprints by Flexpart lagrangian particle dispersion model )Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
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CanadaPossible areas influencing our measurements in the Western North America(based on footprints by Flexpart lagrangian particle dispersion model )Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
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CanadaAssembled Historical BC Emissions for CMIP6in Eastern North America (2006-2015)
van Marle et al., Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3329–3357, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3329-2017
Hoesly et al., Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 369–408, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018

Anthropogenicemissions

Fire Emissions

Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
CanadaEnvironnement
CanadaAssembled Historical BC Emissions for CMIP6in Western North America (2005-2015)
van Marle et al., Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 3329–3357, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-3329-2017
Hoesly et al., Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 369–408, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018

Fire Emissions

Anthropogenicemissions

Lin Huang, IPCC_EM-SLCF, Geneva, May 21-31, 2018

Environment
CanadaEnvironnement
CanadaBC Mass Observations in East & West Canada(Annual seasonal means: 2006 -2015)

a).

4,000
y = 53.127x + 145
y = 4.5867x + 100.16

West NA
ETL: dominated by
Fire influences

Summer
WinterEC Con (ng C/m3 )3,000b).

2,000
1,00002006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2,000
y = -42x + 895.89
y = -32.2x + 599.56

EC Con (ng C/m3 )1,500

Summer
WinterEast NA
Egbert: dominated by
Anthropogenic influences

1,00050002006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015c).

2,000
y = -34.567x + 1123.8
y = -27.7x + 751.72

SummerWinterEC Con (ng C/m3 )1,500
1,00050002006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

East NA
Toronto: dominated by
Anthropogenic influences- It is possible to use Top-down method to constrain
BC emissions or emission trends for harmonizing themethodologies for emission inventories of GHGs with those of SLCFs- Long-term robust and traceable atmospheremeasurements are required for top-down approach- A universal reference is strongly recommended toensure robust and traceable BC measurements.
Contact:
Lin Huang
Research Scientist
CRD, ASTD/STB
Email: lin.huang@canada.ca
For IPCC-Expert Meeting on SLCF, Geneva, May 28-31, 2018

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