2015/11/24

Biomaterial Science（2015 Schedule）
#Date

1

10/6

History of papermaking

210/13Pulps – Beating and fiber properties

3

10/20

Pulps – Additives and functions

Toshiharu Enomae

4

10/27

Papermaking processes & interfiber bonding

Professor, PhD, Paper Device and Eco-friendly materials

5

11/10

Paper– Structural properties

611/17

Paper– Surface properties

7

11/24

Paper–Wetting and absorption properties

812/1

Paper– Mechanical and optical properties

912/8

Polysaccharide chemistry by Assoc Prof Akiko Nakagawa

1012/15

Recent research of paper science and technology

1112/22Examination

EG60411

Biomaterial Science

2G103, 10:10-11:25, Tuesday

Lecture information and contact

Liquid absorption theory - Capillary model Homepage of “Biomaterial Science (T.

Q. Substitute the relation represented in the figure into
the H-P equation and develop the Lucas-Washburn equation.

Enomae)”H-P equation

 http://www.enomae.com/

2γ cos θrdVdl= π(Q)
Q=
r2dtdtSubstituteπPr 4
Q=8ηl→ Handouts in lecture(講義資料)
 E-mail address→ t@enomae.com
for any questions and visit to laboratory(Bio-Agr. Bldg. 生農C209 or 総合A618)Water absorption rate - How to measure
Content

Bristow’s apparatus
1 mm (b)PapermovesV Contact time

Scan speedSlid widthv

 Transfer VolLiquid volumeSlit width
Trace length

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomaedldt

2dldV = πr(P)rLucas-Washburn equationl=rγ cos θ ⋅ t2η

Water absorption rate – How to measureA liquid supply head filled witha liquid of volume V scans
paper at various speeds v.

P=Calculate transferred volume per unit area Vt
LwVt

15 mm (w)

Vt=b/vv
bVt=V/(wL)Vw
L Contact time t = b/v

Scan speedSlid widthvb Transfer Vol Vt=/V (wL)

Liquid volume VSlit widthw
Trace length L1

2015/11/24

Water absorption rate - How to measureFor water,

Vt = Vr + K a T − Tw
Vr Roughness index
T Contact time
Tw Wetting delay
Ka Absorption coeff.
For oil, Tw = 0.
Then,

Vt = Vr +(Q)
Ka T

Transferred liquid volume, ml/m2

Water absorption rate – Water and oil
Oil AVtOil B

Automatic Scanning Absorptometer（Spiral-scan Bristow’s apparatus）

To meniscus
detector

 Scanning speed changes stepwise during
measurement

Water supply
head1 mm
5 mmWater

Infrared sensor
Glass capillary

KaVr

Bristow’s plot of kraft paper

TwMeniscus
Step motor

T

Contact time, s

Water absorption rate of ink jet paper -ASA

ASA

Mechanical properties –Tensile strength
Load-elongation curve

40

F

No.2

 100 mm in span

No.3

3020
・インキが転移しなかった部分のデータ点、明らかに誤ったデータ点を省略してプロットした図・No.1と2は、ほぼ同じ傾向のインキ

10

 10 mm/min elong speed

Limit ofelasticity

510∆Li

Mechanical properties –Tensile strengthfiber bonds
 Breakage of fibers

Fiber

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

Modulus of elasticity E* E*ൌ∆: ∆MD

8Unbeaten kraft

6Copy paper

CD420

 Elastic elongation of fibers

network

Load, kgf

Load, N

compression
 Breakage of inter- Elastic elongation of fiber∆

Unbeaten kraft paper (89.4 g/m2)
Copy paper (64.4 g/m2)

10 Extension of micro-

Elastic region12 Extension of curl

Compressiveforce

Anisotropy–Tensile strength

Plastic region

Elongation, mm∆L:

Strain at break εT εT ൌ

Elongation, mm15

: 

Square root of contact time, (ms)1/2

Tensile index Iࡵ ൌ∆F00Method
 15 mm in widthLoad, N

Volume of INK transferred, mL/m2

No.1

0Microcompression

12

3

4

5

6

7

8Elongation, %2

2015/11/24

Mechanical properties – Stiffness

Anisotropy–Tensile strength12 (Bending) stiffness

10Load, kgf

S represents the degree to which

paper resists bending

8Light-weight coated paper(64.9 g/m2)
Newsprint paper(46.4 g/m2)

MDLight-weight coated paper
Newsprint paper

CDE is Young’s modulus
I is area moment of

M is bending

64

S=EI

S=Mrmomentr (m)inertiar is radius ofcurvature

200

1

2

3

4

5

678M (mN⋅m)

M

Elongation, %Q. Why does light-weight coated paper elongate greatly?

Mechanical properties – StiffnessTaber Stiffness

Mechanical properties – Folding endurance Folding endurance

15˚ logarithm number of Bending moment

double folds at 120˚on both sides thatare required tomake a test piece
break Longer fibers
tend to show
120˚
higher values.

when a test piece
38mm wide is bent
to 15˚ and load
length 50 mm
 The unit is mN⋅m1kgf120˚MIT tester

Taber tester

Prospective future with
Paper devices andEco-friendly materials

 Paper device（Paper in future）• Paper electronics• Paper–based medical check-up sensor• Energy supply device• Paper-based bioassay system

Toshiharu Enomae
Professor
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences
University of Tsukuba , JAPANBiomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae Paper cultural heritage（Paper in past）• Conservation Science Fundamental papermaking technology（Paper at present）• Paper coating, paper physics and chemistry, etc.

32015/11/24

Development of Paper-based medical
check-up sensor and technology ofliquid transport in a micro-channel

Doctor in hospital
Data

Kento Maejima
Yinchao Xu
Toshiharu EnomaeDiagnosis
Patient at home・Fewer patients in hospital for fewer days
→ Appropriate medical service by hospital

Affordable and simple device is required

Yinchao Xu

Advantage of paper and improvement

Paper substrate• Cheap, disposable, portable, and flexible• Cotton linter pulp→ almost no impurities• Porous → micro-channel to transport liquid• Smaller pore size → Less ink bleeding• Capillary force due to porous structure• Liquid transport
designed channel
Lab-on-paper as a medical check-up sensor

Beating,
revolutions-PFI millDensity,
g/cm3

1100000.568

2200000.622

3300000.641

Fabrication Processes of electrodes

Microchannel Fabrication
IJ printing#Electrodes printed with PEDOT:PSS

UV irradiation

Paper

Prepared paper
TopTopMicro-channel printed
with UV-curable ink
BMP printed
Enzyme (Glucose oxidase) printed

PerspectiveBackBackTopBackEnzyme
3 mmCitterio, D. et al., Proc. MicroTAS 2011, 2099-2101

Microchannel was successfully fabricatedBiomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae

BMP (binder&mediator)
PEDOT:PSS (electrode)Lab-on-Paper was successfully fabricated42015/11/24

4 mm

Current (t=10 s) [mA]Sample solution• 0.5 M KCl• 2 mM K3[Fe(CN)6]• 15 U/mL HRP• Glucose Conc.
(0-4.16 mM)

Potentiostat

Dispense(4 μL)

Micro-channel
printed

30 mm

Ink jet printer1.2

Dimatix DMP-2831
Fuji Film, JAPANy = 0.160 x + 0.203
R² = 0.979

0.90.6n=30.3

Glucose + O2 
Gluconic acid + H+ + e-Ink• Styrene-acrylate copolymer, CP-900, Harima Chemical, JAPAN• Neutral red (dye staff)

Glucose concentration
quantified successfully

0012345Glucose Concentration [mmol]

Laboratory of Paper Devices and Eco-friendly Materials
Prof. Toshiharu Enomae, University of Tsukuba

Effect of beating

910000 Rev

0.10.08 2000 Rev

Effect of calendering
Conversion of vibrationenergy of paper toelectric energy

875000 Rev

6Volume (μL)

Volume/ Grammage (μL/g/m2)

0.120.06

5430.04

Uncalendered0.5 MPa
1 MPa
3 MPa

20.02
1000200

4006008001000050Time (s)Lucas-Washburn’sequation: V ∝ rp

Beatingrp

Calendering rp

Moving-electrodeMoving-electrode

Electrode (Copper)
100Time (s)rpWatertransport rp

150200Paper

Irreversible
Reversible

Electret (Teflon)
Electrode (Copper)～

Electretii
RR

Static-electrodeVibration

Paper-made Electric Power Generator

Application to:
Voice-activated posters

Biomaterial Science by Toshiharu Enomae5