Overview of Holistic Analysis
68

of Environmental Management
Risks and Opportunities,
Business Impact, and Strategies

We plan to meet TNFD disclosure standards over a period ofbusiness impact, and analysis of related strategies, forapproximately five years.

each category for which disclosure is required by the TCFD

The following is a rough overview of our schedule starting in 2022.

Message fromTop Management

In this section, we list and disclose risks and opportunities,

recommendations (June 2018), new TCFD guidance (October2021), v1.0 of the TNFD recommendations (September 2023), and2022

There are many areas where climate change and natural capitalcannot be assessed separately because they are interrelated,

Trial scenario analysis at New Belgium Brewery, US, with theparticipation of TNFD members

and we must therefore adopt integrated strategies to solve theseissues. Accordingly, we provide information concerning risks andopportunities, business impact, and strategies for categories

Assessment of the financial impact of natural capital
2023

common to both frameworks. We have also provided information

We assume that readers will refer to the information in this part asa single whole together with the information disclosed in “Holistic

69

2024

Holistic risk and opportunity assessment and determinationof priority regions in accordance with v1.0 of the TNFD
recommendations
Detailed assessment of priority regions

・ TNFD
TCFD

Trial of holistic disclosure with TCFD

deemed relevant.

the TCFD Framework, TNFD Framework Draft, etc.” →P.15〜P.40 .

Trial assessment of risks and opportunities related to natural
capitalDetailed analysis of tea farms in Sri Lanka

related to containers and packaging under categories that we have

Environmental Management Information Disclosure Based on

Became a global pioneer with disclosure compliant with
the LEAP approach advocated in beta v0.1 of the TNFD
Framework

Environmental
Strategy

other standards.

Holistic disclosure of natural capital, climate change, and thecircular economy

We also assume, however, that there are many occasions where
therefore reiterated the same tables, graphs, figures, etc., in bothparts as necessary.
2025

Revision of the “Action Plan for Sustainable Use of Biological
Resources” to reflect the results of the assessment of natural
capitalActivity

readers will only refer to this part independently, and we have

Conduct a detailed analysis of some material natural capital
identified
Review of the natural capital roadmap

2026

Completion of detailed analysis for identified material
agricultural products and priority regions
Establishment and start of execution of our natural capitalroadmap

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Natural capital scenarios
Kirin Group Scenario 3
4℃ scenario. SSP3, RCP8.5

Kirin Group Scenario 1
2℃ or 1.5℃ Scenario. SSP1, RCP2.6● Laws and regulations related to climate change are● Governments around the world enact strict laws andScenario

products. Possible decline in quality. Increase inprocurement costs.
● Damage to agricultural production areas, production
stoppages, and delivery difficulties due to floods anddroughts caused by climate change.
●The increase in energy costs and agricultural prices
due to carbon taxes is minimal.
●There is major harm from infectious diseases andheatstroke due to global warming.

Analysis
results70

Impact●IPCC (2019) Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, landdegradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
Chapter 5: Food Security and Risk of increased food insecurity under stringent global climate change
mitigation policy. Nature Climate Change,volume 8, pages 699-703 (Hasegawa T, Fujimori S, HavlíkP, Valin H,
BodirskyBL, DoelmanJC, FellmannT, Kyle Petal. 2018)●IEA “World Energy Outlook 2019” Annex A (rate of decline in future electric power emission factors), IEA WEO

2019 (Kirin Group Scenario 3: Current Policies Scenario, Group Scenario 1: SD Scenario, 1.5℃ Scenario: IPCC
Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5℃)●Agricultural production data: FAO average over the past

five years, emissions models based on PCC guidelines, andglobal warming factors applied to IPCC GWP100● Paper: CFP data from the Japan Paper Association

Land use
footprintt): Calculation of acreage per unit yield (ha/t) using 2022
data in FAO FAOSTAT● Paper: Calculated using data from papers related to global

forest product footprint estimation (because it is notincluded in FAOSTAT)● M. M. Mekonnen and A. Y. Hoekstra (2011) The green,

Scientificbasis

blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop
products Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1577–1600

Water footprintby agricultural
product

If not included in this, the water footprint was identified inanother paper by Schyns et al.
●Joep F. Schyns, Martijn J. Booij, Arjen Y. Hoekstra (2017)

The water footprint of wood for lumber, pulp, paper, fueland firewood Advances in Water Resources Volume 107,
September 2017, Pages 490-501●Judged based on whether or not agricultural products areincluded in the SBTN's High Impact Commodity List

Commodity risk

●Judged based on whether or not they are included in the

Agricultural
products andwater risk by
region●Assessed by cross-referencing data on food production,

list of commodities covered by the European Regulation on
Deforestation Free Products (EUDR)

demand, trade, prices, and hunger in countries and regions
around the world from the WRI’s Aqueduct Food and theInternational Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Agricultural
products(impact of
global warming
on prices andcarbon taxes)

soybeans, palm oil, cartons, barley, cardboard boxes, andwine grapes●Area harvested (ha) per crop and production quantity:

RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and socioeconomic scenarios SSP2 and SSP3), etc.

●AIR Touchstone version 8.2● Order of assessment: coffee beans, hops, tea leaves,(because it is not in the ClimateHub database)

Change,volume 8, pages 699–703（Hasegawa T, Fujimori S, HavlíkP, Valin H, BodirskyBL, DoelmanJC, FellmannT,
Kyle P et al. 2018）●Zebish et al (2005) “Climate Change in Germany Vulnerability and Adaptation of climate sensitive Sectors” FAO“Food and agriculture projections to 2050” etc.
●Aqueduct 3.0 (current risk), Aqueduct 2015 (risk assessment combining future projections, climate scenarios

palm oil, hops, barley, wine grapes, and coffee beans

Activitydegradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
Chapter 5: Food Security● Order of assessment: tea, cardboard, soybeans, cartons,● Carbon footprint: CarbonCloud | ClimateHub database● Risk of increased food insecurity under stringent global climate change mitigation policy. Nature Climate

Flood risk

EnergyScope ofanalysisprocurement costs is minimal.
●The impact of floods and droughts caused by climatechange on agricultural production areas, production,and delivery is minimal.
●The impact of energy costs and agricultural prices
due to carbon taxes is major.
●The impact of infectious diseases and heatstroke
due to global warming continues.

964–973（ Xie, et al. ）Drought risk

Dependence●The impact on yields of agricultural products and●IPCC（2019）Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land

Scientificbasis

Original scenario

GHG emissions
by agricultural
product● Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat, Nature Plants, VOL.4, NOVEMBER 2018,

Agricultural
products

Scenario・ TNFD
TCFD●Significant decline in yields of major agricultural

regulations related to climate change, resulting in a
sufficient reduction in GHG emissions.
●The rise in temperature is curbed, natural disasters
do not increase much more than current levels, andthe impact on agricultural yields is also limited.
Natural disasters do not change significantly fromcurrent levels.
●The financial impact on companies of compliancewith laws and regulations and energy usage is large,
but the cost of using natural capital is acceptable.
●The impact of global warming on health is minimal.

Environmental
Strategy

strict in developed countries, but insufficient globally,
resulting in failure to achieve the required reduction
in GHG emissions.
● Higher temperatures, droughts and heavy rains,
and reductions in daily temperature ranges leadto significant decreases in the yield and quality ofagricultural products. Natural disasters caused byclimate change also become frequent and severe.
●The financial impact on companies of compliancewith laws and regulations and energy usage is small,but it becomes difficult to use low-cost, high-quality
natural capital.
● Global warming also leads to an increase ininfectious diseases, heatstroke, etc.

Kirin Group Scenario 3
4℃ scenario. SSP3, RCP8.5

Message fromTop Management

Climate change scenarios￨ Physical risk ￨ Chronic risks
Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

1

Impact of climate change on yields of key agricultural products (forecast for 2050 unless otherwise specified)Kirin Group Scenario3: 4℃, unwanted world, 2050

Declining yields of agricultural products
and increase in procurement costs[medium to long term]

Agricultural products

America (North and South)

Hops

U.S. (Washington) -16% (2100)

Asia

Kenya Change in suitable land from 1500 to 2100
meters above sea level to 2000 to 2300
meters above sea level. Drastic reduction
in suitable land in the western part of
Kenya, with land remaining suitable in themountainous area of Kenya
Malawi Chitipa 80% reduction in suitable land
Nkhata Bay 60% reduction in suitable land
Mulanje 70% increase in suitable land
Thyolo 20% increase in suitable land

U.S. (California)
60% reduction in suitable land
U.S. (Northwest)
231% increase in suitable land
Chile
25% reduction in suitable land

Japan（Hokkaido）
Increase in suitable land,
Pinot Noir cultivation possible
Japan (Central)
Increase in suitable land while
also anticipating obstacles fromhigh temperatures

Northern Europe 99% increase in suitable land
Mediterranean 68% reduction in suitable land
Spain
Change in overall wine production
for each 1°C rise
-2.1% (Spain as a whole)-4.6% (Andalusia)-4.8% (Duero River Valley)-34.6.% (northern Mediterranean)

Coffee beans

Brazil 55% reduction in land suitable for arabica
60% reduction in land suitable for robusta

Southeast Asia 60% reduction in land suitable for arabica
52% reduction in land suitable for robusta

East Africa 13% reduction in land suitable for arabica
16% reduction in land suitable for robusta

Corn

U.S. (Southwest) -27%
U.S. (Midwestern Iowa) -5% to -12%
U.S. -46/5% (2100)
Brazil -19/4% (2100)
Argentine -28.5% (2100)

China-27.4%

Ukraine-40.6% (2100)

Soybeans

U.S.
-10% (2080)
Brazil
-20% (2080)
Argentine +40% or more

China +16% to +50% (2100)
India -80％

We assessed financial impacts caused by lower yields using
the 25-75 percentile range of the distribution of forecast dataof changes in prices. We forecast that procurement costs for
agricultural products would increase by approximately 1.3

Tea leaves

billion yen to 3.4 billion yen in 2050 under the 2℃ scenario,
and approximately 3.6 billion yen to 13.7 billion yen under the71

4℃ scenario (Graph: Impact of lower yields on procurement
costs for agricultural products in 2050). The price range of 2575 percentile under the 4℃ scenario was approximately 4 times
larger than that of the 2℃ scenario. The difference implies that
uncertainty and risks under the 4℃ scenario is higher than the
2℃ scenario. A British academic book* forecasts that European
hops’ yields will fall by 4-18% and the bitterness component(alpha acid) content will fall by 20-31% by 2050.
Additionally, we identified, in surveys related to water risk andwater stress, severe levels of drought risk and flood risk inareas producing agricultural raw materials. The risks may impact
agricultural products (Table 9 ).
We estimated the financial impact due to declines in agricultural
yields using data from 2023 for Kirin Brewery, Kirin Beverage,
Mercian, Lion (Oceania region only), Kyowa Kirin, and Kyowa
Hakko Bio, referring to academic papers. Our estimates covered
the following agricultural products: barley, hops, tea leaves,grape juice, starch, lactose, corn, and cassava.

Wine grapes

2

Czech Republic -8.5%

New Zealand
168% increase in suitable land
Australia (southern coast)
73% reduction in suitable land
Australia (ex. southern coast)
22% reduction in suitable land

Impact of lower yields on procurement costs for
agricultural products in 2050

(Millions of yen)
15,0000.64％

25th percentile
75th percentile

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Change in the status of nature[medium to long term]
At tea farms in Sri Lanka, soil erosion and soil runoff have become
problems owing to factors such as heavy rainfall caused by climatechange and development in areas surrounding the farms due toeconomic growth. In addition, there is soil pollution caused by the useof agricultural chemicals and other problems, and these factors maychange ecosystems and reduce yields of agricultural raw materials.

6,000

Approximately
3.4 billion yen

3,000

0.16％

Approximately
Approximately
3.6 billion yen
1.3 billion yen
0.17％
0.06％

Current situation

2℃ scenario

4℃ scenario

Estimated for the main agricultural raw materials at Kirin Brewery,
Kirin Beverage, Mercian, Lion, Kyowa Kirin, and Kyowa Hakko Bio.
Figures inshow the percentage of revenue* Recalculated with 2023 data
*Climate-induced decline in the quality and quantity of European hops calls for immediate adaptation measures | Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41474-5

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

12,000Approximately
13.7 billion yen

9,000

Climate change

Activity

Sri Lanka
Decline in yields in lowlands,
low impact in highlands
India (Assam region)
3.8% decline in yields per 1°
Cincrease above averagetemperature of 28°
C
India (Darjeeling region)-40% to -80%

Oceania
Western Australia-10 to -30%

・ TNFD
TCFD

Finland -5.9% (spring barley)
France -10% or more（Winter barley）-20% or more（Spring barley）
Mediterranean coast（West）-0.3%(Portugal, Spain, France, Italy)（East）＋4.4％
Germany -14％ to +18%

Yields of agricultural raw materials may decline significantly
owing to global warming and reductions in daily temperature
ranges caused by climate change.

Europe and Africa

West Asia-5% to +10%
Korea
＋0.5％

Environmental
Strategy

BarleyCanada-12% (2100)
U.S.
＋9％（2100）

Message fromTop Management

Details of physical risks

●Beer brewing technology that does not rely on barley (adaptation measures)the leading producer, but will rise in parts of China and India.
Although there will be some variation in yield depending on the variety,we expect yields of potatoes to rise in India and the US, and overall, we

Tigchelaaret et al., the probability of a simultaneous decline of at least

do not expect yields to fall.

Argentina) is 80% or more under the 4°C scenario (2075 to 2132), 10%
under the 2°C scenario (2042 to 2055), and 0% at present, indicating

Country

72

4℃ scenario
>10%
>20%

United States

68.6

29.5

100.0

96.9

China

46.2

16.8

98.8

89.2

Argentina

50.0

9.9

96.9

86.9

Ukraine

51.8

19.2

98.2

85.0

as a whole. We believe that it will be possible to respond to changes

the possibility of avoiding a decline in yields by limiting global warming(Table 3 ). We anticipate that yields of sugar cane, which can act as ain the yields of these agricultural products by diversifying production
areas, changing raw materials, and leveraging production technologies.

substitute for high-fructose corn syrup besides corn, will fall in Brazil,

4 Impacts of climate change on raw materials for high-fructose corn syrup and soybean yields (4°C scenario, 2050, unless otherwise noted)

Regional Harvest Forecasts
Agricultural Products

North America

SugarcaneーPotatoes

United States
No fertilizer effect Atlantic -20%～-27%
Russet Burbank +0～+5%
Fertilizer effective Atlantic 0～-5%
Russet Burbank +18%

to the current level due to climate change in the four largest corn exporters
2℃ scenario
>10%
>20%

As for soybeans, which are a raw material for Nodogoshi Nama , weforecast that yields will either rise or fall depending on the region, but
we have judged that there will be no significant change in global yields

10% in yields in the four major production areas (US, China, Brazil,

Soybeans

United States (Central)
No effect of fertilizer application -33.3% (2080)
Fertilizer application +4.4% (2080)

South America
Brazil
-9.6%～+1.4%

Asia
Pakistan+1.6%～+4.1%
China+22～+40%（2060）

・ TNFD
TCFD

3 Probability of simultaneous 10% or 20% decline in average yield comparedapproximately 24% by the end of this century (2069 to 2099) comparedwith the present (1983 to 2013) under the 4°C scenario (approximately
18% increase in wheat yields). In addition, according to a study byIndia+5.7%～+6.2%
China
Rainfed agriculture - Dabaihua +21.8% (2060)
Irrigated agriculture, Kexin-1 +20.9% (2060)

ー

Brazil-20%（2080）

China+50%（2080）
India-8.24%

Training for obtaining certification involves methods of reducing soil
runoff against torrential rain by planting undergrowth on farmland
and of using pesticides and fertilizers on white lists with adequate

the amounts of use.
In the future, we will promote regenerative agriculture in order tominimize environmental impacts while also working to restore the nature.

positive impact on the stability of agriculture through the cultivationof agricultural breeds suited to global warming.
The propagation technology uses “plastic bag-type culture vessel
technology,” which the Kirin Group has developed proprietarily.
The vessel technology enables us to significantly increase growth
rates of healthy seedlings with no diseases and seedlings that are
genetically identical to their parents (clones) by multiples of tens or
hundreds of thousands. We propagate plants by aerating a solution
containing nutrients necessary for plant growth inside a bag,enabling us to use water effectively and cultivate plants in areas
with high levels of water stress. In this way, we expect that we canreduce our impact on regional problems related to water.
The Kirin Central Research Institute has also developed atechnology for the mass production of hops, an ingredient in beer,
after successfully developing a globally pioneering approach forpromoting the formation of axillary buds for hops.

Activity●Support for farms to acquire certification for sustainable agriculture (adaptation measures)
We will continue to support the acquisition of sustainable farm
certification in order to secure production areas for agricultural
products that are resilient to climate change.

Environmental
Strategy

Nodogoshi Nama , which Kirin Brewery sells in Japan, is an alcoholic
beverage that tastes like beer and is brewed using soybeans. We
believe that the technical knowledge to achieve a beer-like flavor
without relying on barley will serve as an adaptation measure for apotential decline in barley yields due to climate change in the future.
We have also conducted surveys and analyses related to high-fructose
corn syrup and protein sources, which are required to brew low-malt
and no-malt beer products, not just Nodogoshi Nama , while referring tonumerous academic papers, and as a result (Table 4 ), we have judgedthat there are no major issues at present.
In 2021, an international research team, including Japan’s National
Institute for Environmental Studies and the National Agriculture andFood Research Organization (NARO), reported that average global
yields of corn, a raw material for high-fructose corn syrup, will fall by

Message fromTop Management

Response strategy●Mass plant propagation technologies (adaptation measures)●GHG emissions reduction (mitigation measures)
In order to minimize the risk of falling agricultural yields, we will
promote initiatives aimed at achieving Net-Zero emissions by 2050
and our science-based 1.5℃ target by 2030, in accordance withrenewable energy targets under RE100 by 2040.

More information→P.40

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

We will continue efforts to accumulate knowledge concerning
applications for “mass plant propagation technologies” developedby the Kirin Central Research Institute, to prepare for falling yields
of agricultural products as a result of climate change. We expect
the knowledge can be used if heat-tolerant agricultural breeds aredeveloped.
It would be difficult for the Kirin Group to transition to a businessmodel that is completely independent of barely and hops, but weanticipate that “mass plant propagation technologies” will have aClimate change

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Building a society that recycles plastics
recycling to recycle PET products other than PET bottles and dirty

Improper disposal of used containers[medium to long term]

2019, Kirin Group is progressively increasing the ratio of recycled

PET bottles into high-quality PET bottles. Lion has also developed

PETresin used in its bottles to 50% by 2030 and to 100%a “Sustainable Packaging Strategy” to promote recycling in Australia

If used containers of our businesses are disposed into thesustainable container use by 2050. To ensure proper collection ofand New Zealand. In order to promote this strategy, Lion launched

used PET bottles, we are working with other companies and local

the "Lion's Sustainable Packaging Project Steering Group," andgovernments to improve the efficiency of sorting and collection.

is promoting activities in partnership with the APCO (Australian

At present, mechanical recycling is the mainstream, but we are also

Packaging Covenant Organisation) to achieve these goals.

environment without proper recycling, they may cause
damage to the natural environment and it is possible that
we will face penalties associated with such damage. If
we internalize externalities associated with ocean plastic
pollution, we estimate that it will amount to approximately 1.1
billion yen in the future. We multiplied the “impairment costpromoting the development of practical applications for chemical

Environmental
Strategy

In accordance with the “Plastic Policy” that we established in

Message fromTop Management

Details of physical risks

of marine ecosystem services per ton of marine plastic,” asdescribed in a paper by Beaumont et al., by the amount of
result, we calculated negative externalities caused by ocean
pollution from sales of the Kirin Group's PET bottle products.
In addition to the possible expenses described above,
the PET disposal may cause stricter recycling regulations,・ TNFD
TCFD

Kirin Beverage’s PET materials released into the ocean. As acriticism to use of plastics, and an decline in corporate
73

brand value if companies do not respond appropriately to

Activity

the plastic problems.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Details of physical risks
Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

5

Water stress *Disruption of operations owing to floods[short to long term]
Significant impacts, including disruptions to brewing andWater risks *Water pollution*

Japan

Water stress

Water risks

Water pollution

Vietnam(24 establishments)(2 establishments)

Environmental
Strategy

manufacturing, may occur as a result of damage from typhoons,heavy rainfall, and other disasters caused by climate change.

Manufacturing Site Water Risk/Stress

The Kirin Group has operated businesses in Japan and Australia,
two countries where the level of water stress differs significantly.
As such, we have developed an understanding rooted inexperience of the fact that problems related to water differ

Message fromTop Management￨ Physical risk ￨ Acute risk

America

New Zealand(7 establishments)(3 establishments)

between countries and regions, and that they largely dependon basins and specific locations. Since 2014, the Kirin Group has

74

Australia(9 establishments)

Degree of risk

Thailand* For water risk, water stress, and water pollution, we have referred to the following items,
using the latest Aqueduct 4.0 (WRI).
Water stress: Baseline Water Stress
Water risk: Physical Risks Quantity
Water pollution: Untreated connected wastewater
See →P.114 for the number of business sites.

(1 establishments)

6

Low

High

Water risk (Actual damages in past factory flooding events)

7

Country

Operating companies

Plant

Cost of damage*2

Sales ratio

Australia

Lion

Castlemain Perkins Brewery

Approx. 1 billion yen

0.05%

Japan

Kirin Brewery

Sendai Plant

Approx. 5 billion yen

0.27%*1 Japan Meteorological Agency: Observed facts and future projections of sea level, storm surge andhigh waves - from "Climate Change in Japan 2020".
https://www.mlit.go.jp/kowan/content/06.pdf*2 The amount for the Sendai Brewery is from tsunami and earthquake damage in the 2011 Great
East Japan Earthquake*3 Aggregate Exceedance Probability

Results of wind damage simulation

Recurrence
period (years)

Flood AEP(JPY)*3

1000

21,768,643,347

500

16,373,304,101

200

1,030,581,609

100

2,590,244

50

52,859Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

increase in temperature in Japan, we think it is still difficult toform a quantitative assessment. Going forward, we will continue
paying close attention to the results of research.*1

China(3 establishments)

Activity

brewing and production sites using Aqueduct 4.0, hazard maps
created by local governments, and other resources (Figure 6:
Manufacturing Site Water Risk/Stress). As a result, we found thatwater stress and water risk have worsened at many businesssites. Floods and other forms of water risk are high at six plants
or breweries in Australia and two plants or breweries in the
U.S. Lion’s Castlemaine Perkins Brewery in Australia, which we
assessed as having a high level of water risk, has experienced
flooding due to very heavy rainfall twice in 10 years, despite
being in an area with high water stress. The Colorado River, usedby New Belgium Brewery, a craft brewery in Colorado, the U.S.,
spans five states and each state has agreed upon restrictions
on the use of water. In 2023, we held a scenario analysis
workshop together with TNFD members. At the workshop,
we confirmed that New Belgium Brewery is working with thecommunity to solve issues related to water.
Our management benchmark for the financial impact of flooding
on breweries and plants is approximately 1.0 billion yen to 5.0
billion yen, in line with the actual amounts of flood damage inthe past (Table 6 ).
We are also using wind and water damage simulation systems
to forecast losses from the risk of flooding. Our exposure to
general 200-year disasters (the total of 20 business sites
in Japan) is approximately 1.0 billion yen. There may be apossibility of flood damage at our business sites from a rise in
sea levels caused by global warming, but although there areforecasts for a rise in sea levels of 0.46 to 0.97 meters with a 4℃

・ TNFD
TCFD

been conducting regular scientific surveys.
In 2024, we conducted surveys and analyses of water risk at

●Sharing of knowledge on responses to floods (adaptation measures)
At breweries and plants in areas where, comparatively, there isimmediately after the flood alert, and as a result, we prevented

leeway in terms of time until flooding occurs, we will minimize

harm from short-circuiting to electrical equipment in the brewery,damage in ways such as shutting down power sources in advance.

and were able to reduce the amount of damage and quickly restart

When flooding occurred at Castlemaine Perkins Brewery in 2011,

operations. Similar countermeasures were effective against partial

there was some time between the flood alert and the actual

flooding at the Kirin Brewery Nagoya Brewery in 2000.

●Insurance for flooding (adaptation measures)

Kirin Brewery Nagoya Plant

We will consider insurance at business sites as an effective measure

would be equivalent to 42% of the value of its property. Accordingly,

against natural disasters, including floods.

in 2022, we conducted on-site surveys, and confirmed that the

In 2020, we used the natural disaster model AIR to simulate windamount of damage would be precisely equivalent to 17%. We also
conducted risk surveys at Thai Kyowa Biotechnologies, which isestimating loss percentages and amounts of damage for eachlocated in an area where flood and other water risks are expected,

recurrence period. For 200-year disasters (a disaster occurringin 2023 (Table 7 ).

once every 200 years), the total exposure across the Kirin Group

Going forward, we will continue gradually conducting on-site risk

was approximately 1.0 billion yen. At KYOWA PHARMA CHEMICAL,

surveys and assessing the possibility of insurance for businesshowever, we calculated that the annual amount of damage from asites that we have judged to be at high risk of future flood damage,wind and water disaster of a scale occurring once every 500 years

based on our wind and flood simulation system.

・ TNFD
TCFD

and water damage for our main 20 business sites in Japan, thereby

Environmental
Strategy

flooding. We shut down power sources in the brewery in advance

Message fromTop Management

Response strategy

75

assets related to production, waterproofing of buildings, moving
important facilities to high floors and locations, the installation ofcountermeasures as necessary at business sites where we must

flood walls, etc.). In the future, we intend to continue to address

fulfill our responsibility to supply customers without interruption.

these issues through investment in our facilities. We will assess

At Kyowa Kirin, we have judged that the amount of damages

and address the impact across the supply chain as a whole, andfrom recovery, production disruption, and business opportunity

take steps to avoid production disruptions and minimize damages.

losses would be considerable in the event that water damage,At the same time, there will be a significant impact on companies

etc., caused long-term disruptions to operations at Kyowa Kirin’s

commissioned to manufacture drug substances, packaging material

own pharmaceutical plants, commissioned manufacturers of drug

suppliers, etc., so we will gather information about water damage

substances, and packaging material suppliers.

countermeasures at each partner company, identify issues, andAt Kyowa Kirin’s own sites, we have formulated policies on

consider measures such the formulation of BCPs and disastercountermeasures against water damage, and have taken measures

response drills.

to prevent flooding (geographically distributed storage of important*1 We have assessed risk related to flooding in a multifaceted manner, using multiple systems. Aqueduct can be used to assess risks, not just at the present but
also including future forecasts. Aqueduct is the most widely used water risk assessment tool today, so one of its advantages is that it has a high potential forcomparisons, but we do not know all aspects of the grounds for its assessments in details, and in some aspects it does not fully reflect Japan’s complex water
systems. Hazard maps provide an assessment of the worst expected damage by local governments with a deep understanding of the area. We believe that whenhazard maps and Aqueduct are used together, it enables more accurate risk assessments. With simulation systems, it is possible to estimate loss percentages
and amounts of damage for each recurrence period, so we use them to identify our exposure and make judgments concerning insurance.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Castlemaine Perkins Brewery

We assume that flooding would have a serious impact on thecontinuity of our businesses, and we will therefore promote physical

Activity●Addressing flooding at facilities (adaptation measures)Climate change

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Impact on transportation from floods[short to long term]
There may be an impact on product distribution and thetransportation of raw materials from typhoons, heavy
In 2018, the West Japan Torrential Rain Disaster resulted
in long-term disruptions to railroads and roads in the
Chugoku region, and there were major obstacles to thetransportation of products from breweries and plants tocustomers. In 2022, we conducted a survey concerning
flooding risk and countermeasures in major barley shipping

damage on product distribution, including Typhoon Faxai, whichcaused significant damage, particularly in Chiba Prefecture, and

Immediately after we recovered from major damage to logistics

Typhoon Hagibis, the first typhoon to receive the designation of a

networks from the 2018 West Japan Torrential Rain Disaster, weDisaster of Extreme Severity (both occurred in 2019) and a Specified

created a manual for responding to similar events. As a result, weAnomalous Disaster.

were able to avoid any significant impact from subsequent typhoon●Diversification of suppliers (adaptation measures)
We reduce risk by having multiple suppliers. We work with ourEurope, and Australia. We combine procurement measures for hops,

suppliers as part of endeavors to sustain our supply chain, to ensure

such as adopting long-term contracts with producers, as part ofthat we can stably deliver safe and secure products to customers,

efforts to secure the necessary amounts, and minimize the impact ofat the optimal price. We have diversified our procurement of malt,

market prices.

the main ingredient of beer, across three continents: North America,

found that flooding risk was low in Canada, Australia,
and the United Kingdom, and that while there was arisk of future floods of between 0.5 and 5 meters in the
Netherlands and Germany, planned countermeasures havebeen formulated and implemented. We also found that,76

even when flooding risk is not high in the bays themselves,

8

Assessment of water risk at main barley exporting ports
Flood risk

Recent disaster information

Flood control measures

CanadaVancouverBay

Risk of floods between 0.5
and 1m in 2100

Full-scale disruptions occurred
to rail freight transportation andhighways connected to the bay as
a result of flooding and landslides
caused by heavy rainfall in 2021

In cooperation with local NPOs, flood
management strategies have been formulated andcoastal lines have been repaired

Australia

Fremantle
Perth Bay

Risk of floods between
0.7 and 2m between 2010
and 2080, and risk offloods between 0.5 and
5m from 2080 onward

No information about coastal
disasters

On-site analysis is being conducted concerning
the risk of climate change. Separately to climatechange, there have been repairs to piers,
bulkheads, and important facilities

UnitedKingdomSouthamptonBay

Low risk of flooding prior
to 2050. Risk of floods
between 0.5 and 5m in
2080

No information about coastal
disasters. Damage from heavy
rainfall occurred in the city in 2021

Coastal development is being promoted, including
flooding countermeasures, and there are plans tocomplete the construction of bulkheads in rivers
with a particularly high level of risk

The
Netherlands

Rotterdam
Bay

Risk of floods between
0.5 and 5m between 2010
and 2080

No information about coastal
disasters

The government and companies collaborated tolaunch a program for managing flood risk in 2015.
They are strengthening protective barriers andembankments, as it is urgently required

Germany

Bremerhaven
Bay

Risk of floods between
0.5 and 5m between 2010
and 2080

No information about coastal
disasters. Damage from heavy
rainfall occurred in the city in 2021

Measures such as building and strengthening sea
embankments and protective barriers are being
implemented in accordance with plans. Repairs to
1.3km of quay walls were completed in January 2022

disasters affecting railroads and roads linked to the bays,
as well as adjacent cities, would cause obstacles to thefunctioning of the ports.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Coast name

ActivityCountry・ TNFD
TCFD

ports overseas. As a result of this survey (Table 8 ), we

We are developing a manual for responding when we anticipate
disruptions to logistics over a wide area from natural disasters, etc.

Environmental
Strategy

rainfall, and other disasters caused by climate change.

●Sharing of knowledge on responses to floods (adaptation measures)

Message fromTop Management

Details of physical risks

Climate change

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Advanced technologies for water use reduction (adaptation measures)
We will appropriately reduce our use of water, taking into

Disruption of operations owing to droughts[short to long term]
Water is essential in brewing and manufacturing processes
for alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, pharmaceuticalbe disruption or obstacles to brewing and manufacturingin the event of severe droughts caused by climate change.

the differing levels of water stress in each country and region, based

operated businesses in Australia, where there is extremely high-on our understanding of the scientific evidence. Lion experienced

water stress, and Japan, where water is relatively abundant. As

severe long-term droughts in Queensland. We collaborated withsuch, we have known from our experiences that water risk andthe state government to establish a reverse osmosis (RO) plant towater stress differ between countries and regions. Since as early as

collect and reuse water that has been used in brewing processes

2014, we have been conducting regular surveys of water risk andat Castlemaine Perkins Brewery in 2011, and we maintain a water

water stress, and we have continued these surveys as part of ourconsumption rate that is close to the top in the world.
More information→P.46

In our assessment of water stress at manufacturing andbrewing sites based on Aqueduct 4.0, other resources,
water stress such as drought is elevated at seven plants
in Australia, one in the U.S., and one in Thailand. We havebreweries and manufacturing sites based on the volume
decline in brewing and manufacturing under certain
assumptions at business sites with a “high” level of water

damage from droughts by holding large inventories and switchingdepending on the details of the business, but we will enhance thetemporarily to products that use less water. By sharing thisresilience of each business while sharing insights on droughts. Thaiknowledge within the Kirin Group, we are reinforcing our ability to

Kyowa Biotechnologies, which faced water intake restrictions due

respond.

to drought in 2020, has been able to limit water intake and avoid

stress. We estimated that the financial impact was between

・ TNFD
TCFD

identified the estimated financial impact of droughts on●Sharing of knowledge on responses to droughts (adaptation measures)
The scope to which we are able to utilize such insights differs

Environmental
Strategy

products, and biochemical products. Accordingly, there may

scenario analysis since 2017. We conserve water in ways suited toconsideration the amount of water stress. The Kirin Group has

Message fromTop Management

Details of physical risks

approximately 30 to 600 million yen, but in past examples,77

we have been able to minimize the impact of droughts, so

Activity

we have judged that the risk is negligible.
More information on business site water risk assessments→P.74

Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Responses to water stress in areas producing agricultural raw materials (adaptation measures)
At tea farms in Sri Lanka, we began water source conservation

Impact on agricultural products from floods
and droughts [short to long term]
There is a possibility that water risk and water stress from

Vietnam. We are accumulating knowledge, and as part of training foractivities on the farms in 2018, and as a result, by the end of 2022,

the acquisition of certifications, we teach subjects such as ways to

we have conserved water sources in 15 locations. In 2020, we began

ensure that the ground does not dry out in the event of droughts,

similar support for the acquisition of certification at coffee farms inas well as methods to store water to prepare for droughts.
More information→P.45

in agricultural yields and an increasing financial impact
related to procurement. In 2017, we used Aqueduct 2.1
to conduct detailed surveys of water risk in areas that
produce agricultural raw materials, and we found that water
stress would increase in many production areas (Table 9 ).
In 2021 and 2022, such concerns became apparent in many
regions around the world.

●Prevention of soil runoff in areas producing agricultural raw materials (adaptation measures)
Training on activities to support sustainable agriculture certification

plants that do not harm the cultivation of tea trees. At present,

on Sri Lankan tea plantations, including how to prevent soil runoff

we have not taken any specific measures in relation to majorfrom torrential rains by planting deep-rooted undergrowth. Our

agricultural products in Europe and Australia, where we anticipate

teaching is based on methods with a scientific core, such as working

significant water risk and water stress, but we hope to utilize thewith local universities to develop methods that enable farm laborers

knowledge we have accumulated through our initiatives in Sri Lanka

to distinguish the correct type of plants, because they must choose

and elsewhere.
More information→P.35,P.45

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

climate change, as well as disasters, may result in a decline

Water stress in major agricultural product production areas (around 2050)
America (North and South)

Agricultural products

Asia

United States
Medium to high in Oregon,medium to high in Idaho(partially Extremely high)Japan
Medium to high in Tono,
Yokote, Yamagata
Low to medium in Odate

Germany
Medium～High
Czech Republic
Medium to high in Moravia,
low to medium in Bohemia

Australia
Extreamly high
New ZealandLow

Sri Lanka
Extremely high in the North, andmedium to high in the South and central
highlands
India
Low in Darjeeling and Assam,
low to Medium in Nilgiri
Indonesia
Extremely high in Java, low in Sumatra
Low in Sumatra

Kenya
Low
MalawiLow

Chile
Extreamly highArgentine
Extreamly highSpain
High in the North, extremely
high in other areas

Coffee beans

Brazil
Low to medium in the
Northeast, low in other regions

Tanzania
Medium to high in the North,
low in other areas

Details of physical risks
Climate change

Activity

Wine grapes

・ TNFD
TCFD

Australia
Extremely high in the East andSoutheast
Medium in the Southwest

Environmental
Strategy

UkraineHigh～Extreamly high
United Kingdom
Low in the North, high in the South
Germany
medium～High
Czech Republic
Medium to high in Moravia,
low to medium in Bohemia
Belgium
High
FranceHigh

Tea leaves

78

OceaniaJapan
Medium to highBarleyHops

Europe/Africa

CanadaHigh～Extreamly highMessage fromTop Management9

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Research measures from a long-term perspective (adaptation measures)
We believe that comprehensive pest management is an effective way

In major forest fires in California, the grapes that the
Kirin Group procures were exposed to smoke that madethem unusable in the making of red wine. In Sri Lanka, air
pollutants from neighboring India have also caused damage
to tea leaves in lowlands. We expect grapevine diseases tospread as global warming progresses.

related to climate change and natural capital. In the Kirin Group,

to control agricultural diseases, and we have already begun trials in

we have our own vineyards, and we have established strong

some vineyards and tea farms. It seems likely that ecosystems will

relationships of trust with tea farms in Sri Lanka through long-

become stable when a variety of creatures live in the fields. We haveterm engagement. We will leverage our strength of having fields

also begun research concerning the possibility that the enrichment

where we are able to conduct surveys and various types of testsof ecosystems through hedgerow-style cultivation may suppress

to solve various issues related to the environment through a

diseases, as well as focusing on the early detection of insects andscientific approach and research and development with a long-term

mites that are vectors of diseases.

perspective.

Long-term, ongoing research is necessary to solve various issues

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Impact of diseases and air pollution on
agricultural products[short to medium term]

Response strategy

Details of transitional risks
Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Profit and loss neutral reduction of GHG emissions in brewing and manufacturing
accurately estimate costs for 2030 onward. We will, however,

Carbon pricing and energy procurement
costs [medium to long term]

will first reduce GHG emissions in accordance with our roadmap,
under the basic principle of profit and loss neutrality as a group,

incorporate measures to reduce GHGs aimed at achieving our RE100
renewable energy target by 2040 and the net-zero target by 2050

Energy procurement and logistics costs may spike if

as we work toward our 2030 “SBT 1.5°C” target for Scope 1 andinto our business plan.

governments introduce systems such as carbon taxes,

Scope 2 emissions. Specifically, the merit from saving energy willoffset depreciation and amortization from the investment and theLion has already achieved carbon neutrality in both Australia and
New Zealand. For information on our approach to environmental

emissions trading schemes, and carbon border adjustment

procurement costs increase of renewable energy. Since the outlook

investment to reduce GHG emissions, financing, investment

for technological innovations in areas such as energy conversion
and trends in energy costs are currently unclear, we cannot

amounts, and ICP, please refer to the pages on "Transition Plans."mechanisms. In Japan, we anticipate initiatives such as
the introduction of an emissions trading scheme by the
GX League, and the introduction of systems that require
generators of electric power to purchase emission
allowances in the future. Such initiatives may result incost increases by steadily reducing emissions to meet the
SBT 1.5°C scenario and Net-Zero target.

→P.20〜P.24●GHG emissions reduction through logistics optimization
In order to reduce GHG emissions in logistics departments, we willdevelop the various initiatives such as modal shifts, joint deliveries

total Scope 3 emissions, and are a major target for the reduction ofwith industry peers, and higher loading ratios.

emissions. In recent years, reducing the impact of transportation has
also been an important initiative from the perspective of reducing

GHG emissions from upstream transportation (category 4), including
the transportation of products, account for approximately 12% ofshortage of truck drivers.

the risk that we will not be able to transport products owing to theMore information→P.63

Table 10 shows the results of our estimation of the financial
impact of carbon pricing on energy procurement.
79

We estimated tax savings in 2030 of approximately 2.6

10 Assessment of impact of carbon pricingYearthe event that we achieve our science-based 1.5℃ target.
Estimates for both the 4°C scenario and the 2°C scenario
were larger than last year's estimates as a result of revisions
to reflect recent developments to carbon price projections
for each country used in the calculations. In order to reducerisk and lower our procurement costs, an effective way is toachieve or bring forward our GHG emissions reduction targets.
When assessing the impact of carbon pricing on energy
procurement, we estimated the impact at Kirin Brewery, Kirin

applied the 1.5℃
(Net-Zero) scenario,

scenarios, and set
the basis of forecast
carbon prices for all
three scenarios.

2030

1.5℃ Scenario

2050

2030

2050

If GHG emissions are not reduced

Carbon taxes (Billions of yen)

51

55

94

127

102

158

If we reduce GHG emissions inline with targets

Carbon taxes (Billions of yen)

26

0

47

0

51

0

Carbon taxes

Tax savings (Billions of yen)

26

55

47

127

51

158

*1 We have revised carbon tax assumptions for each country to reflect recent developments and recalculated using 2023 data.
11 Main Initiatives

Initiatives

Description and effects (2020～)

Introduction of large-scalesolar power generation
facilities with the PPA method

Already introduced at all eight Kirin Brewery plants in Japan, excluding the Yokohama Brewery (through 2023). Introducing at Kyowa
Kirin Ube Plan, Mercian Fujisawa Plant (operating from 2023 for each), Kyowa Hakko Bio Hofu Plant (operating from 2024), and Kirin
Beverage Shonan Plant (operation planned from 2024)
More information→P.60

Achieved a proportion of
100% renewable energy inpurchased electric power

Achieved a proportion of 100% renewable energy in purchased electric power at all Kirin Brewery plants and operating sites (through2024), and achieved a proportion of 66% of renewable energy across all electric power used.
Kyowa Kirin has achieved a proportion of 100% renewable energy in purchased electric power at its plants and laboratories (through2023), and by end-2023, achieved a 55% reduction in CO2 emissions compared with end-2019. At all three Mercian wineries, weachieved a proportion of 100% renewable energy in purchased electric power (2022)
More information→P.59

Joint deliveries*2

Reduced GHG emissions by approximately 2,700 tons per year through joint deliveries using railroad containers in the Hokuriku region
Reduced GHG emissions by approximately 330 tons per year through a similar initiative in the east Hokkaido area
More information→P.63

Joint collection of beer
pallets*2

Reduced GHG emissions by a total of 5,158 tons of CO2 per year (approximately 37% compared with previous levels) across four beercompanies
More information→P.63

2℃ scenario, and 4℃
scenario from the IEA

2℃ Scenario

2050*2 Calculation procedures for joint delivery and joint collection of beer pallets are described in ”Contribution to Avoided Emissions through the Global Value
Chain, Sixth Edition, Keidanren (Japan Business Federation)”
http://www.keidanren.or.jp/policy/2018/102.html

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Beverage, Mercian, Lion, Kyowa Kirin, and Kyowa Hakko Bio
in 2023. For power emissions factors and carbon taxes, we

4℃ Scenario
2030

Activity

billion yen under the 4℃ scenario, 4.7 billion yen under the
2℃ scenario, and 5.1 billion yen under the 1.5℃ scenario, in

Scenario・ TNFD
TCFD

additional costs. The Kirin Group will minimize the risk ofEnvironmental
Strategy

In order to minimize the financial impact of carbon pricing, weMessage fromTop Management￨ Transitional risks ￨ Policy

Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Financial impact on the procurement ofagricultural products from carbon pricing[medium to long term]
The prices of agricultural products may spike if
governments introduce carbon taxes and carbon borderFigure 12 shows the results of our estimation of the financial
impact of carbon pricing on agricultural product prices. In 2023,
we estimated the impact for Kirin Brewery, Kirin Beverage,
Mercian, Lion, Kyowa Kirin, and Kyowa Hakko Bio. Our estimatescovered the following agricultural products: barley, hops, tea
leaves, grape juice, starch, lactose, corn, and cassava.
approximately 0.9 billion yen to approximately 4.4 billion
yen under the RCP2.6/SSP1 scenario and approximately
2.4 billion yen to 8.8 billion yen under the RCP8.5/SSP3

support for farms to acquire certification for sustainable agriculture
are effective as countermeasures.

12 Impact on agricultural product procurement costs from carbon pricing

in 2050 (percentage of revenue)

Competition between alcoholic/non-alcoholic beverages and(Millions of yen)biofuels for raw materials will increase as carbon pricing causes

9,000

demand for corn, soybeans, etc., as biofuels, a form of renewableenergy, to increase. Mass plant propagation technologies may beable to contribute to an increase in crop acreage in response tois a raw material in nitrogen fertilizer, which will impact fertilizer

6,000

About 4.4 billion yen

0.20%
3,000

agriculture certification will act as a countermeasure to minimize
this impact.
More information on mass plant propagation technologies→P.39
More information on support for the acquisition of certification→P.35～P.36,P.39

scenario in 2050. The range of the 25-75 percentile was

About
2.4 billion yen
About
0.9 billion yen

prices. We think that training for farmers on appropriate fertilizer
management as part of support for the acquisition of sustainable

0.41%

25th percentile
75th percentile

this risk.
Carbon pricing may cause soaring prices of natural gas, which

About
8.8 billion yen

0.11%

0.04%
Current situation

RCP2.6/SSP1

RCP8.5/SSP3*1 The socioeconomic systems in the papers we used for our estimatesdiffer from the Kirin Group scenarios, so we have created and disclosed
our estimates under the RCP2.6/SSP1 and RCP8.5/SSP3 scenarios in these
papers (sources are listed in reference documents).
*2 Recalculated with 2023 data

twice as large for the RCP8.5/SSP3 scenario than the80

・ TNFD
TCFD

In our estimates, we calculated that the impact would be

We consider that mass plant propagation technologies andEnvironmental
Strategy

adjustment mechanisms.

●Mass plant propagation technologies and support for farms to acquire certification for sustainable agriculture

Message fromTop Management

Response strategy

Details of transitional risks

RCP2.6/SSP1 scenario, from which we can conclude that

Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Impact on currently held assets[medium to long term]
There is a possibility that various policies and regulations, aswell as demands from society for decarbonization will mean
it may be difficult to continue to use existing facilities that use
Under the Kirin Group roadmap, we plan to transition in
the future from natural gas to green hydrogen and othersources of GHG-free energy as the fuel for boilers that are
the heat source used in the boiling stage, etc., in brewing
and manufacturing. It may become necessary to renew
boilers and other facilities earlier than expected. In thesame way, there is a possibility that we are required totransition the trucks we use for transportation to electricvehicles sooner than initially expected, but we believe thatthe impact will be small even if renewal becomes necessary
before assets are fully depreciated.

●Identification of trends in technology and renewal of our roadmap
The use of hydrogen, etc., will require technological innovationof the introduction of new technology, our technology and facilities

and infrastructure development, and we expect that full-fledged

may become obsolete as a result of regulatory and social trends.

transition will not take place until 2030 or later. Until then, we

Accordingly, we will address this issue by formulating roadmaps forthink the probability is low that regulation, etc., will require us tolong-term facility renewal and introduction, and constantly update

renew our existing boilers and other brewery and plant equipment,

the roadmaps.

and trucks, before they are depreciated. If we misjudge the timing

More information→P.21

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

fossil fuels, etc., for the period that we initially expected.

Activity

uncertainty is higher and the risk is more significant.

Climate change

Message fromTop Management

Response strategy

Details of transitional risks
Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Development of infrastructure for the disclosure of information
Since January 2024, the Kirin Group, through our subsidiaries, has

Cost of regulatory response[medium to long term]
In 2023, the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB)
finalized the IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards, which will

financial information in order to immediately respond to regulations
and stakeholder requirements in each global jurisdiction, as partof our efforts to provide disclosure that is compliant with thestandards of the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB).

related to sustainability. Based on these standards, jurisdictions
around the world are creating legislation concerning
information disclosure requirements for companies. The Kirin
Group has business sites in Japan, Australia, the US, and theEU, and in the future, it is likely that we will be required toreport sustainability-related information in accordance with thenatural capital and climate change are among the sustainability
issues for which we should disclose information. Specifically,
we must explain the impact of these issues on corporate value,

Since 2013, the Kirin Group has continued to support theacquisition of Rainforest Alliance certification by tea farms in Sri
Lanka. This certification is a certification system for sustainable
farms that focuses on environmental protection and social aspects
at farms.
At present, the Kirin Group has begun working with the Rainforest
Alliance on the development of “The Regenerative Tea Scorecard,”in order to further enhance the sustainability of tea farms in Sri
Lanka. The scorecard will serve as a tool for tea farms to startregenerative agriculture on their own initiative. Using knowledge
and data obtained from pilot testing at Sri Lankan tea farms, weare considering the possibility of expanding the scorecard to otherareas producing tea leaves outside of Sri Lanka in the future.

and our response to risks and opportunities. To achieve this,
we must establish systems that enable us to accurately and81

quickly collect information from across the value chain and
In Japan, in response to the "30by30*" target agreed at
COP 15, the government will create a legal framework for“Nationally Certified Sustainably Managed Natural Sites” (tobe promulgated in April 2024, and enacted in April 2025). We
expect increases in labor and financial costs associated withresponding to these regulations.

●Nature Positive through businesses
By converting derelict farmland into hedgerow-style vineyards at

In particular, at Mariko Vineyard, a certified “Nationally Certified

Château Mercian, we have created grasslands, which are valuable

Sustainably Managed Natural Sites”, we are conducting joint

for Japan at the present time, and contributed to the expansion

research with NARO to accurately identify greenhouse gasesof Japan’s traditional rural Satochi-Satoyama landscapes. In

emitted from vineyard soil, evaluate the carbon storage effect of

joint research with the National Agriculture and Food Research

biochar by utilizing pruning debris, etc. In the future, we will look

Organization (NARO), we showed that these initiatives enrich thefor the possibility of applying the findings to other agricultural

ecosystems of each vineyard and contribute to Nature Positive.

production areas.

Activity

utilize it in management.

・ TNFD
TCFD

requirements of each jurisdiction. The Kirin Group believes that

●Enhancements to the sustainability of raw material production areas

Environmental
Strategy

serve as the global baseline for the disclosure of information

been working to establish a system for identifying and sharing non-

* Target to make at least 30% of land and sea conservation areas
by 2030

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities￨ Transitional risk ￨ Technology

Climate change

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Lack of research and development
resources and lack of long-term
perspective [short to long term]
development of commercial applications, such as reducing
the weight of containers and packaging and chemical
recycling, at the required time, there is a risk that it will bedifficult to maintain leadership based on our technology, andthat subsequent technology development and procurement
will suffer.

measures for climate change, but since they target nature,they generally require long-term research and technologicaldevelopment. If we begin taking action after the risks havebecome clear, we risk falling behind competitors and making
it difficult to recover over the long term.
82
Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Decline in ability of engineering
departments to respond and lack ofappropriate investment [short to long term]

containers and packaging, the Institute for Packaging Innovation
utilizes AI, kansei (sensibility) engineering, and other technologies.
Taking advantage of the strength of having this large-scale researchalcoholic beverages and nonalcoholic beverages businesses
amounts to approximately 1.1 billion yen (results of estimation in2019). We aim to use recycled resin for 50% of domestic PET bottles
by 2027, and we will thereby contribute to reducing social costs bytransitioning to a circular economy.

●Research and development on climate change and natural capital
Hops are vulnerable to climate and cultivation conditions, andthere are concerns that climate change could reduce yields andalter the taste of hops. For this reason, research is underway on
improvements to breeds to adapt to climate change. In 2022, Kirin
developed mass plant propagation technology for hops, and we
intend to build a sustainable supply system for raw materials by
combining improvements to breeds and mass plant propagation

technology.
At Château Mercian Mariko Vineyard, we launched a joint study
in cooperation with NARO in March 2024, to assess the effectsof carbon storage as a climate change mitigation measure. In thisresearch, we intend to engage in initiatives such as assessing
the carbon storage effect of biochar utilizing pruning debris fromvineyards, etc.

●Strengthen engineering functions
We have assigned personnel with engineering skills in each groupcompany and ensure that we are maintaining and managing brewing
and manufacturing facilities, while also training engineers andtransferring technical expertise on an ongoing basis.
In the Kirin Group, engineers with a deep knowledge of brewing
and manufacturing processes, production technologies, andsafety technologies reliably support brewing and manufacturing
facilities. Furthermore, the Kirin Group owns Kirin Engineering, ageneral engineering company, and we have engaged in engineering
specialized in the construction of plants producing beer, non-alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and other products overmany years. Through this company, we have been conducting
the new expansion and remodeling of large-scale manufacturing
facilities for companies both within and outside the group. By
performing engineering in various businesses in-house, we makeit possible for engineers to transfer expertise and technicalcapabilities related to building facilities. These technical capabilities
that we have developed and our engineers will support the growthand development of our business domains, ranging from food andbeverages to pharmaceuticals.

●Understand technological trends and flexibly introduce facilities and equipment
The Kirin Group will intensively watch technological trends andsocial conditions in the engineering department of Kirin Brewery,and reflect these trends in the roadmap for measures against

climate change, enabling us to determine what kind of equipment
will be effective where in the Group, and flexibly introduce
technology after close communication with each Group company.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

There is a possibility that our engineering systems aimed
at achieving decarbonization are insufficient, a possibility
that those systems are not appropriately applied because
technical expertise is not passed on.
The effective utilization of waste heat is essential for theefficient utilization of energy. This requires not only the
introduction of modern equipment and facilities, but also
engineers and technology with a deep understanding of the
manufacturing process.
Technological progress is rapid, and if we cannot determine
the timing for introducing technology or make quick
investment decisions, we may not be able to achieve
reductions in GHG emissions as planned.
While momentum for the decarbonized society is rapidly
increasing, there is a possibility that we will be unable tointroduce renewable energy at an appropriate time andappropriate price in Japan, where the places for installing
renewable energy facilities are particularly limited.

with lower GHG emissions across the value chain.
Based on the technologies it has accumulated in the developmentof glass bottles, cans, PET bottles, cardboard cartons, and other

Activity

Climate change

utilize this strength to develop advanced containers and packaging

As part of the recycling of PET bottles, we are focusing on technicaldevelopment related to chemical recycling. We have estimated thatthe negative impact on natural capital of PET bottles in the domestic

・ TNFD
TCFD

Concepts such as "The Climate Nature Nexus" and "NbS
(Nature-based Solutions)” have emerged as adaptation

research laboratories of its scale owned by a global food andbeverage, and pharmaceutical company. We think we will be able tofacility, we are able to provide technical support necessary forcommercialization and develop new containers.

Environmental
Strategy

If we cannot achieve technological development and the●In-house packaging development technology
The Kirin Group has the Institute for Packaging Innovation, where
we develop packaging and containers in-house, as one of the few

Message fromTop Management

Details of transitional risks

Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Environmental and economic
incompatibility due to rapid agricultural
policy transitions [short to long term]
Sri Lanka's sudden ban on the import of chemical fertilizers
withdrawn) caused a decline in yields of many agricultural
products and caused great damage to the Sri Lankan

must learn about climate change and natural capital and adopt a

introduced in place of chemical fertilizers were of poor quality

holistic approach.

and could not be used. It could be said that efforts to transition

In our support for the acquisition of Rainforest Alliance certification,

to organic agricultural methods without preparation did not just

we provide training on how to properly use agricultural chemicals

harm agricultural production that was stable, but also harmed theand fertilizers, to ensure that farms can continue to operate despite

interrelated economy.

climate change and other external impacts. In the case of Sri Lanka,

There is a risk that one such type of harm will spill over into another,

the Rainforest Alliance is rapidly establishing systems to reduce thewhich will severely harm ecosystems. In response, we believe we

impact on farms.

economy. Political and macroeconomic influences can cause
indirect changes in the use of land as a result of changes tocrops produced and reduced yields per unit area. This could●Appropriate engagement with experts and policymakers

encourage deforestation. Without sufficient preparation, theThe Kirin Group, in collaboration with the Rainforest Alliance,transition to organic farming may weaken agriculture itself

supports tea farms in Sri Lanka and coffee farms in Vietnam ingovernment banned the import of chemical fertilizers, etc. It is not

and result in destruction to the natural environment in theobtaining sustainable certification. The Rainforest Alliance haseasy to influence policies for agricultural production areas overseas,

83

even if events occur such as what happened when the Sri Lankan

extensive knowledge of agriculture and ecosystems in tropicalbut we believe that there is a suitable environment to enable us toregions in Asia and Africa, among others as well as a network ofparticipate in global rulemaking.

scientists, etc., and it has secured the trust of local farms. NARO,

Global rulemaking for climate change and natural capital utilizes
open innovation. We will seize these opportunities and actively

surveys at Mariko Vineyard, etc., has trained many researchers on

participate in discussions and pilot testing to contribute to ensuring

agriculture. We will leverage these valuable networks to respondthat global rules are appropriate.

Activity

with which Kirin conducts joint research in the form of ecological・ TNFD
TCFD

area surrounding agricultural land.

Environmental
Strategy

and agricultural chemicals in the first half of 2021 (later●Support for training farmers in sustainable agriculture
In Sri Lanka, there have been frequent cases where organic fertilizers

Message fromTop Management

Response strategy

Details of transitional risks

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Details of transitional risks
Climate change

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Social resistance to fossil-derived raw
materials [medium to long term]
related to all aspects of climate change, not just ocean
pollution. As a result, there is a possibility that people
may have a stronger negative impression than before ofmechanical recycling. As of April 2024, we are using “R100 PET

formulated in 2019 with the aim of resolving problems related tobottles,” which use 100% recycled PET resin, for some products inplastics, the Kirin Group will promote PET bottles that use recycled

the Kirin Nama-cha line. We will promote technical development

PET resin. In this policy, we have set forth our target of increasing

related to practical uses for chemical recycling to create high-the percentage of recycled resin to 50% of PET bottles in our

quality recycled PET resin by recycling dirty used PET bottles andoperations in Japan by 2027.

other PET resin. In addition, we will create systems to recover used

We have promoted the utilization of recycled PET resin throughPET bottles and other PET resin.

More information→P.60

containers and packaging using raw materials derived
from fossils. In Japan, the “Act on Promotion of Resource

Environmental
StrategyInterest in problems related to plastic is spreading to issues●Plastic resource recycling
In accordance with the “Kirin Group Plastic Policy,” which we

Message fromTop Management￨ Transitional risk ￨ Market

Circulation for Plastics” was enacted on April 1, 2022, andinterest in problems related to plastics has been increasing.

・ TNFD
TCFD

Plastics are a raw material derived from oil, and we expectthat as interest in problems related to climate change
increases, people will focus on GHG emissions when they
are burned, as well as problems related to the depletion of
resources from raw materials derived from oil.
84
Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Promotion of sustainable forestry and agriculture
The Kirin Group is continuing initiatives to expand sustainable

Concerns about deforestation[medium to long term]
As awareness spreads of the importance of forests as
GHG sinks, concerns about business activities that leadto deforestation are more prevalent than ever before,
potentially resulting in stronger negative impressions offorestry and agriculture.
between 2019 and 2020, and the frequent wildfires in
California and other cases have brought attention to therelationship between climate change impacts and forests.
The United Nations Food System Summit was held in 2021,
the EU's "Farm to Fork" strategy and Japan's "Green Food
System Strategy" have been formulated and announced, andthere is a stronger focus on sustainable agricultural production
than ever before. The spread of COVID-19 and geopoliticalissues have also increased people's interest in food security. It
is assumed that interest in sustainable agriculture due to thesefactors will lead to interest in forest issues.

sustainable paper to all our businesses around the world. In terms

certified paper and raw materials from certified farms that we use.

of sustainable agriculture, we support the acquisition of Rainforest

With regard to sustainable forestry, we are promoting an initiative to

Alliance certification, which is a certification for more sustainable

expand the use of FSC (Forest Stewardship Council)-certified paper.

farming, at tea farms in Sri Lanka and coffee farms in Vietnam. Since

In 2020, we adopted FSC-certified paper for 100% of paper

August 2021, we have also been selling a year-round product incontainers at Kirin Brewery, Kirin Beverage, and Mercian. In 2021,

the Kirin Gogo-no-Kocha line that uses tea leaves from farms with

we revised our Action Plan for the Sustainable Use of BiologicalRainforest Alliance certification.
More information→P.44～P.45,P.48,P.50,P.55,P.61

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

The worst forest fires in Australian history, which occurred

Resources, and we set forth our intention to expand our use offorestry and agriculture, and we plan to increase the proportion of

Activity

Climate changeResponse strategy

Details of transitional risks
Natural capital

Containers and packaging●Steady implementation of our roadmap to achieve our science-based 1.5°C target
We must surely execute our roadmap for countermeasures against

High energy prices [medium to long term]
As initiatives targeting decarbonization accelerate around theworld, it is possible that demand for natural gas may increase andprices may rise in the short term, owing to such factors as thetransition toward sources of energy with low GHG emissions andas we look to reduce our use of natural gas. In the Kirin Grouproadmap, we plan to shift our energy mix to electric power as muchas possible, and use renewable energy as the source of that electric
power.
We will transition away from steam produced from gas to electric
power for the heat source for heating processes. We will continue

2021 (WEO 2021)” by the International Energy Agency (IEA), andto use steam for processes and equipment where it is difficult tohave researched future natural gas prices based on three scenarios(Table 13): NZE (Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario: an ambitious

source for steam toward hydrogen produced from renewable energy.

transition, but we plan to transition away from gas for the energy

scenario in which the 1.5℃ target is achieved), APS (Announced
Pledges Scenario: a scenario in which all commitments alreadyMore information→P.21～P.22

announced by the governments of each country are executed),

Current priceScenario

Future price2020 USD/GJ

2030 USD/GJ

2050 USD/GJ

Net-Zero
Emissions by 2050

8.3

4.6

4.4

Sustainable
Development

8.3

5.7

5.6

Announced
Pledges

8.3

8.0

7.2

Stated Policies

8.3

9.0

9.4

World Energy Outlook 2021（WEO 2021）

and STEPS (Stated Policies Scenario: a scenario that only reflects
implemented policies in each country).
In each scenario, we forecast that demand for natural gas will
increase through 2025, and we subsequently only expect it to fallsignificantly in the NZE scenario. In our analysis, we forecast thatnatural gas prices will fall approximately 4% from current levels in
the APS scenario, and rise approximately 8% in the STEPS scenario
by 2050. In the NZE scenario, we expect prices will fall by aroundhalf by 2030, but these price forecasts do not reflect investment
and expenses related to Carbon dioxide Capture, Utilization andStorage (CCUS), so there is a possibility that we cannot expect
a significant price decline when these costs are taken into
consideration.

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Activity

Climate change

・ TNFD
TCFD

85

13 Forecast fluctuations in natural gas prices●Environmentally friendly products
In the Kirin Group, we mark our relevant products as environmentally

If we fail to provide products that respect the environment andhuman rights in terms of climate change, natural capital, andcontainers and packaging, we risk being surpassed by competitors
and losing out on opportunities to generate earnings throughethical consumption. Based on scenario analysis related to climatechange and natural capital, we have concluded that a rapid
expansion of the market for ethical consumption is unlikely at thistime. If, however, young people interested in sustainability become
the main consumers, they may choose ethical products. In addition,
because issues related to containers and packaging are familiarand easily recognized by consumers, we believe that if we do notrespond appropriately, it is likely to lead to criticism.

these products.

friendly. On most Kirin Brewery and Kirin Beverage paper containers,

A low level of awareness is a common issue for certification

we display FSC-certified labeling to indicate the fact that we use FSC-

labels. Therefore, we are conducting activities to raise awarenesscertified paper. We use tea leaves from Rainforest Alliance-certified

among young people, who are our main target for such products.

farms in Sri Lanka for Kirin Gogo-no-Kocha Straight Tea 250ml (LL

We enhance the awareness of elementary school students andSlim) , so we display a label for this certification on the product. We

younger children by encouraging them to look for environmental

also use recycled PET resin for Kirin Beverage PET bottles, so wemarks through a program called the “Environmental Mark Discovery

display our own labels. Lion has labels on carbon zero beer that it

Notebook.” For junior and senior high school students, we hold Kirin

sells in Australia and New Zealand, and New Belgium Brewing has

School Challenge workshops, based on the themes of Rainforest

labels on carbon neutral beer that it sells in the US, which inform

Alliance certification and the FSC certification. Each of these

consumers about the carbon zero and carbon neutral aspects ofprograms has more than 1,000 participants.
* We refer to carbon neutral beer as "carbon zero beer" in accordance with
the name used for certification.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Opportunity loss due to ethicalconsumption [medium to long term]

Environmental
Strategy

divestment from coal. We have referred to “Net-Zero by 2050: A
Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector” and “World Energy Outlook

climate change, which is based on our science-based 1.5℃ target,

Message fromTop Management

Climate change￨ Transitional risk ￨ Reputation/Liabilities

Climate change

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Assessment by consumers [short to longterm]
There is a possibility that our corporate brand value may

engage in appropriate communication. Since 2020, the SDGs
have been incorporated into Japanese national curriculum.
Consumer awareness of environmental issues has risen,
particularly among young people.

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

We are also teaming up with multiple companies on the free

Since 2014, we have held Kirin School Challenge workshops for juniordistribution of the SDGs Start Book (300,000 copies per year), whichand senior high school students, based on the themes of our support

teaches elementary school students and junior high school students

for the acquisition of Rainforest Alliance certification at tea farms inabout the SDGs and introduces our activities in Sri Lanka as an

Sri Lanka and the use of FSC-certified paper in paper containers. In

example of actions for SDGs.

these workshops, we do not just introduce certification systems. We

For children in elementary school and younger, we are collaborating

prioritize communication with junior and senior high school students,

with organizations such as after-school care clubs, Girl Scouts,

as well as discussion, thinking, and sharing information among

and Boy Scouts on the “Environmental Mark Discovery Notebook”

junior and senior high school students about what they should

initiative, which starts from children learning to recognize

communicate to members of their own generation, and how theyenvironmental marks and finding out their meanings.

●Introduction of renewable energy that does not have a negative impact on the environment or local communities
In July 2021, the Kirin Group established our policy on theConcerns about renewable energy[short to long term]

86

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

solar power, wind power, and biomass, and we check these risks in“responsible introduction of renewable energy” and “additionality”

advance.

when introducing renewable energy.

With regard to “additionality,” our policy is to “replace thermal power

With regard to the “responsible introduction of renewable energy,”

by creating new renewable energy power generation facilities in

we prioritize ethics and select that which “causes no harm to thesociety, and thereby contribute to the creation of a decarbonizedenvironment and does not violate human rights when power plantssociety.”●Appropriate disclosure in line with the TCFD and TNFD recommendations
We expect that by disclosing information in a holistic, appropriate

Trust from long-term investors [short tolong term]
We believe there is a high risk of losing the trust of stakeholders
if we lack appropriate disclosure on climate change, natural
capital, the circular economy, and other environmental issues.
The Kirin Group has declared our aim to be “a global leader
in CSV, creating value across our world of Food & Beverages
to Pharmaceuticals,” and we aim to expand our businessin the Health Science domain. We believe that the supportof long-term investors is necessary for long-term business
transformation and environmental investment.

More information→P.60

are constructed and fuel is procured,” and we also set forth examples

framework since 2022, and the ISSB Exposure Draft since 2023.

manner, in relation to climate change and the mutually related

We have won a “Gold Award” three times, in 2019, 2020, and 2024,

themes of natural capital and the circular economy, investors whoin the environmentally sustainable company category of the “ESG

support these initiatives will provide funds. The Kirin Group has

Finance Awards Japan.” We received the highest number of votes

disclosed detailed information related to climate change and otherin 2022 and 2023, and the second highest number in 2024, fromenvironmental factors in our Integrated Report and Environmental

investment management institutions in the selection of "superior

Report. We have also continued to disclose information in line with

TCFD disclosure" requested to investment management institutions to

the recommendations of the TCFD since 2018. In our disclosure

which the GPIF outsources domestic equity management.

of information, we have referred to the beta version of the TNFD

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Climate changeof expected risks in relation to each source of power, including

introduction of environmental value, with the basic policies of the

Activity

In order to achieve our target of Net-Zero emissions, we must
introduce renewable energy, but the inconsiderate constructionof power plants may cause harm to scenery, nature, andhuman rights, and cause disasters, possibly resulting in criticism
from society. For example, violations of indigenous peoples'rights when using land, harm caused by noise and vibrations
from wind power generation, and deforestation caused by the
procurement of raw materials for biomass energy. If measuresthat we implement based on an inappropriate assessment
negatively impact the living environment of local residents, it ishighly likely that it may result in claims for compensation.

should do it.

young people who will take responsibility for the next generation.

・ TNFD
TCFDClimate change

We promote our communications, we will prioritize engagement withEnvironmental
Strategy

decline if our initiatives related to climate change andother aspects of sustainability are inferior, and if we cannot●Appropriate communication to consumers

Message fromTop Management

Details of transitional risks

Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Responsibility for pollution of the naturalenvironment [short to long term]
Failure to comply with environmental regulations may
result in damage to the natural environment aroundregions, resulting in liability, fines, and administrative
dispositions. Specifically, this could include cases where wehave polluted the surrounding environment, such as air orwater, in excess of legal or in-house standards, and cases
where we have not appropriately entrusted waste treatment.
If genetically modified organisms and the like harm theunexpected changes to ecosystems as a through "genetic
disturbance" caused by hybridization, it will violate theCartagena Protocol.
In addition to compensation, fines, and administrative
dispositions, we believe these risks could also lead to87

a decline in public trust, an impact on sales, and evenpollution to the natural environment.

intake, and prevent pollution. All business sites must also conduct

In order to manage of legal requirements, we strictly manageinternal environmental audits to ascertain the appropriateness andrecords of revisions and abolishments at each business site, and welegal compliance of their systems and confirm how well targets

set voluntary management standards that are stricter than thoseare being met. The results of these audits will then lead into

set by laws and regulations, thereby thoroughly working to prevent

management reviews. We integrate the management of environment-

environmental pollution. In addition to general pollution and healthrelated processes with company management processes in aand safety issues, legal requirements include responses to wastemanner suited to the companies’ respective regions. We incorporate

and the Cartagena Protocol.

environmental targets into goal-setting for each organization andWe operate environmental management systems to maintainindividual, as well as responsible managers, and assess the degreecompliance with these laws and regulations, and we have provided

to which those goals are achieved in assessments of performance.

for these environmental management systems in the Principle for

The Kirin Group is working toward its declared goal of theKirin Group’s Global Environmental Management (KGEMP).

implementation and firm establishment of thorough appropriate

Under the KGEMP, a Group general environmental manager

management of waste. To this end, we established the Kirin Holdings

has been appointed as the chief executive officer for all Group

Waste Management Rules and are promoting the appropriate

environmental matters. As of April 2023, this role is held by thetreatment of waste within the common Group systems. These rules

Senior Executive Officer of Kirin Holdings Company, Limited withstandardize contract templates and the frequency and contents of

responsibility for CSV strategy. The KGEMP requires the appointment

contractor audit programs, and by keeping an updated list of staff inof a general environmental manager, who has responsibility andcharge of waste management, we provide education to all staff who

authority for environmental matters in each operating company.

require it, based on standardized textbooks.

In addition to monitoring to ensure that the company and its

In Japan, Kirin Holdings collectively manages information on all

constituent companies are conducting their environmental activities

waste disposal contractors for the Group, so in the unlikely event

appropriately, the general environmental manager conductsthat a problem arises, we can immediately search for and confirm

management reviews, identifies issues for improvement, and gives

details about the contractor, its permits, the waste it is being

necessary directions to the relevant departments. In the event ofcontracted to handle, and other details. We have standardized

an environmental crisis, the general environmental manager of each

operations in this way so that anyone who is newly assigned tocompany will have full authority to resolve the crisis. The KGEMP

waste-related work will be able to perform it with certainty.

Activity

boycotts.

reduce environmental load, such as GHG emissions and water

・ TNFD
TCFD

natural environment by escaping to the outside or cause

and other rules relevant to the business’s environmental activities,

environmental management systems will enable us to prevent

Environmental
Strategy

manufacturing, brewing, and logistics sites and related●Environmental management systems
We believe that the establishment and proper operation of

Message fromTop Management

Response strategy

Details of transitional risks

stipulates that all business sites comply with laws and regulations

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities￨ Systemic risk

￨ Stability of food and social systems

Climate change

Response strategy
Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Damage to ecosystems owing to reduction inagricultural land for food [short to long term]
There have been cases of agricultural land for the

Appearance, taste, the health of consumers, and otherfactors do not matter for agricultural products for biofuel, so
the production of agricultural products for biofuel tends to

In production areas in developing countries, there are limited direct

Subsidy schemes in producing countries and regions are often

contracts with individual farmers, and it may only be possible tobehind the conversion to the cultivation of agricultural products for

procure products through auctions. Where direct engagement

biofuels. It is difficult to have a direct impact on rules in producing

is possible, however, through support for the acquisition ofcountries, so we will try participating in global rulemaking andcertification, as in the case of tea farms in Sri Lanka, we are able

approach farms through suppliers. We will also consider measures

to develop an understanding of local issues and find solutions

to respond through suppliers, such as leveraging the collection of

together. Our policy is to engage with farms in other areas

information to distribute procurement.

producing agricultural raw materials as needed.

focus only on economics. This results in large-scale changes
to the use of agricultural land, monocropping, and the use

Environmental
Strategy

production of food being converted to agricultural landfor biofuels because of high selling prices of biofuels.

●Engagement with agricultural production areas

Message fromTop Management

Details of systemic riskof large amounts of agricultural chemicals and fertilizers, all

Climate change

88

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Ecosystem damage due to the abandonmentof farmland [short to long term]

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Ecosystem damage due to the excessive useof agricultural chemicals [short to long term]
Examples have been confirmed of grape cultivation withpergolas where the application of defoliants to the soil formany years for operational reasons destroys the existing
ecosystem in vineyards. We know that even if there aremountains and fields nearby and the ecosystem is very
abundant, once an ecosystem completely collapses, it isdifficult to recover easily.

In Japan, farmers, the government, and Kirin have deployed activities

improvements. Through many years of engagement with Sri Lankan

based on engagement, in order to prevent the abandonment of

tea farms, we support the continuation of tea leaf cultivation in ways

cultivation by hop farmers in Tono due to the aging population.

suited to local characteristics. In addition, we offer environmental

We are taking steps to create a brand around Tono hops, and are

education programs and other programs in cooperation with local

promoting initiatives such as the utilization of these hops in craft

nature conservation organizations and the government, in order tobeer and other products.

●Ecosystem restoration activities focusing on hedgerow-style cultivation
In ecological surveys at vineyards, we confirmed that even if

Therefore, even if ecosystems are destroyed, we believe that it is

the seeds that we sow for slope greening and hedgerow-stylepossible to restore abundant ecosystems by restoring grassland

cultivation contain invasive species, native species will gradually

through hedgerow-style cultivation.

enter and become dominant if the environment is favorable.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Climate change

promote appropriate actions by farmers.

contributes to both the conservation of nature and profitability

Activity

In Japan, the number of abandoned farmlands is increasing,owing mainly to the aging farmers. These abandoned lands
quickly become covered with strong weeds and transition
to simple ecosystems, which may result in disease in nearby
farmlands. Production areas in Asia and elsewhere face
problems such as soil runoff due to changes in land use
associated with economic development, causing waterpollution in basins and the destruction of ecosystems, withthe risk of negative impact spreading to downstream areas.

●Engagement with agricultural production areas and provision of training
At tea farms in Sri Lanka, our support for obtaining certification

・ TNFD
TCFD

of which are likely to have a negative impact on agriculturalland and surrounding ecosystems.

Details of business opportunities
Climate change

Natural capital

Response strategy
Containers and packaging

Increasing interest in infectious diseases
caused by global warming [short to long term]
A report from the WHO forecasts that if climate change continues,
between 2030 and 2050 approximately 250,000 additional people
will die each year as a result of the spread of infectious diseases.
It also forecasts that the number of cases of dengue fever will
increase significantly. In Japan, the habitat of the Aedes albopictus,
which carries dengue fever, was confirmed to have spread as far

89

Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Increase in heatstroke caused by global
warming [short to long term]in addition to yoghurt and supplement products. Additionally, in
our BtoB business, we licensed and provided materials to external

In order to offer products to more consumers, we began selling
immune-related beverages in 100ml PET bottles at generalmerchandise stores, drugstores, and convenience stores nationwide
from the end of March 2022. In anticipation of the expansion of thepartner companies in Japan and overseas and sold a wide range

market for immunity-related products, we invested approximately 10

14 Number of dengue fever cases reported to the WHOat the Kirin Beverage Shonan Plant, thus developing a supply system
for immune-related beverages in small PET bottles, including 100ml(Thousand cases)
500,000
1,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Up to
approximately
4.4 billion people
Population at risk of
exposure to
the infection withthe dengue virus

5.2 million
cases
2.4 million
cases
More than 10 times
in just under 20 years
500,000
cases
2000

billion yen in enhancing manufacturing facilities for small PET bottles

2010

2019

2030 (Years)

Estimated based on the WHO’s “Quantitative risk assessment of the effects ofclimate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s” report.

PET bottles.

●Contribution with products to counter heatstroke

SALTY LITCHI is widely known as a beverage that prevents
heatstroke. At Kirin Beverage, “heatstroke countermeasure advisors,”
who have received certification for completing training courses
held by the Heat Illness Prevention - Communication Project, holdseminars on heat stroke countermeasures at schools and otherinstitutions. Through this initiative, we are raising awareness aboutmeasures against heatstroke and providing more people withcorrect knowledge and countermeasures.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Heatstroke cases are expected to increase as a result of the
impact of global warming. Based on observational and forecast dataon climate change from the National Institute for Environmental
Studies, under the RCP8.5 scenario (equivalent to the 4℃ scenario
in Kirin Group Scenario 3), the number of heat-related excess
deaths in Japan between 2080 and 2100 will be between almost
four times and over 10 times the number between 1981 and 2000.
In Kirin Group Scenario 3 (the 4℃ scenario), we have estimatedthat the Japanese market for beverages that prevent heatstroke
will grow by between 94 billion yen and 188 billion yen, assumingthat it correlates with the number of persons requiring emergency
services as a result of heatstroke caused by climate change.

which have a high level of brand awareness among consumers,

Activity

fever based on WHO scenarios concerning climate change and theimpact on people’s health project that a total of 1 billion people
will be at risk of infection in East and Southeast Asia. On the other
hand, if we take economic growth into consideration, we projectthat the population at risk will decrease by approximately 25% by
2050 in high-income countries in Asia and the Pacific and in East
Asia. It appears that economic growth may result in the expansionof markets related to immunity. In consumer surveys that we
conducted in Japan in 2021, people's health awareness was mostheightened in relation to their “interest in immunity.”such products under the Nama-cha and Gogo-no-Kocha brands,

of products, including snacks, protein, etc. As a result, annual sales
increased 40% in 2022 compared with the previous year.

・ TNFD
TCFD

north as Aomori in 2015.
The results of analysis of the impact of the spread of dengue

maintain the immune system in healthy people.” We began selling

Environmental
Strategy

WHO forecasts●Contribution to Health Science domain
In 2021, we expanded our lineup of FFC products that “helpMessage fromTop Management￨ Business opportunities ￨ Market

￨ Business opportunities ￨ Products and services

Climate change

Natural capital

Response strategy
Containers and packaging

Products that contribute to decarbonization[medium to long term]

CFP program operated and managed by the Japan Environmental

main brands, the first carbon-neutral beer in the U.S. Lion launchedManagement Association for Industry, however, product category

XXXX Zero, the first carbon-neutral alcohol-free beer in Australia.

rules (PCR) have been established for calculating the carbon

Lion sells Steinlager, which is certified as a zero-carbon under thefootprint of beer and soft drinks. The Kirin Group believes that it will

New Zealand government's Toitu program.

be possible for us to calculate the carbon footprint based on thisIn Japan, we have judged that consumers do not yet require

PCR.

decarbonized alcoholic or non-alcoholic beverages. Under theMore information→P.64

Details of business opportunities
Climate change

90

Natural capital

Response strategy
Containers and packaging

Sustainable logistics [short to long term]

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

Reduction of container and packaging raw materials
and stable procurement [short to long term]Society continues to demand that companies address the issue ofthe 3Rs for containers and packaging. At the same time, this willcontribute to reducing GHG emissions, make resource use more
efficient, and reduce costs.
Beer and soft drinks are products that represent mass production
and mass consumption, and they thus use a large number ofcontainers and packaging. The amount of paper containers used in
the Japan Non-alcoholic Beverages Businesses is 120,000 tonnes,
and the amount of PET bottles used is 65,000 tonnes.

emissions, such as a modal shift, joint deliveries, and more efficientloading. We actively promote joint deliveries with other companies
by positioning the logistics functions as non-competitive fields,
instead of competitive fields. For example, we are using jointdeliveries with railroad containers to transport products frombreweries and plants in the Kansai area to the Hokuriku region,and plan to complete a modal shift away from long-distance truck
transportation equivalent to 10,000 vehicles a year, which will
enable us to avoid long-distance truck transportation, and we
expect this to contribute to reducing annual GHG emissions byapproximately 2,700 tons.
More information→P.62~P.63●Reducing the weight of containers and packaging
The Kirin Group has the Institute for Packaging Innovation, where

bottles. Furthermore, “R100 PET bottles,” which use 100% recycled

we develop packaging and containers in-house, as one of the few

PET resin, make it possible to reduce the use of resin derived

research laboratories of its scale owned by a global food andfrom oil by 90% in manufacturing, and reduce GHG emissions frombeverage, and pharmaceutical company. We leverage this strength

manufacturing by 50-60%. And, the introduction of smart-cut

to promote lighter containers and packaging. For example, ourcartons, a type of cardboard packaging developed for alcoholic“204-diameter can lids” for aluminum beer cans have reduced

beverages in Japan, has contributed to cost savings of 0.17 billion

weight by approximately 29% for 350ml cans compared with when

yen per year, while lighter 2.0-liter PET bottles have contributed to

we used “209-diameter can lids.” We also use beer bottles thatcost savings of 0.16 billion yen per year.

reduce weight by 21% for large bottles and 19% for medium-size

More information→P.51~P.54

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Climate change

efficient and contribute to reducing logistics costs and GHG

Activity

In order to reduce GHG emissions, it is important to improvetransportation efficiency. By doing this, we can also expect tosolve chronic driver shortages. Transportation distances frombreweries and plants to areas of consumption are tending tobecome longer owing to factors such as a decline in the numberof breweries and plants and the concentration of breweries andmanufacturing plants for small-lot product varieties. In recent
years, however, it has become difficult to secure drivers for longdistance journeys. It is inefficient to transport products forlong distances using trucks, and it increases GHG emissions.
Therefore, we must solve these problems related to logistics.

●Reduction in costs from more efficient transportation
We are implementing various initiatives to make deliveries more・ TNFD
TCFD￨ Business opportunities ￨ Resource efficiency

Environmental
Strategy

As interest in decarbonization grows, there is a possibility
that demand will increase for products that contribute todecarbonization or the shift to a low-carbon society. In the U.S.,
Australia, and New Zealand, carbon-neutral products are sold,and are somewhat popular in their respective markets. Althoughinterest in carbon-neutral products may not be high in Japanat present, awareness of the SDGs has grown rapidly. As such,it appears there is a strong possibility that interest in ethicalproducts will increase in the future.

●Decarbonization products
New Belgium Brewing successfully made FAT TIRE ALE, one of its

Message fromTop Management

Details of business opportunities￨ Business opportunities ￨ Energy source

Climate change

Natural capital

Response strategy
Containers and packaging

Reduction in reliance on fossil fuels [short tolong term]
It will be possible to stabilize our energy procurement

generated from renewable energy.

power generated from renewable energy.

It will be possible to lower our direct reliance on fossil fuels in ourIn the Kirin Group roadmap, we plan to make progress on energy

businesses by reducing our use of natural gas, and reduce ourconservation by 2030, while also shifting our energy mix toward

reliance on the fossil fuels of thermal power plants by increasing the“electric power” by promoting the shift to electric power for

proportion of renewable energy in the electric power that we use.

heating processes as much as possible, and utilizing electric power

More information→P.21,P.61

As prices of fossil fuels spike, and producing countries areconcentrated in places with high geopolitical risk, reducing
our reliance on fossil fuels will contribute to reducing risk.

Climate change

Natural capital

Containers and packaging

91

Agreement, and it refers to a type of business model where a PPA

which indicates the actual increase in the supply of renewablebusiness operator installs solar power generation facilities at noenergy. We will replace thermal power plants and contribute tocharge on land, buildings, etc., owned by the party that requires

creating a decarbonized society by increasing renewable energy

the power, and sells the power-generated by those facilities to thepower plant facilities in society.

party that requires the power.

Specifically, we have been introducing solar power generation at

Installing solar panels in our own breweries and plants ensures thatbreweries using the PPA model, and we have completed installation

the power plants can reliably add renewable energy, without any

at all breweries (excluding the Yokohama Brewery, where wenegative impact on the local community, while at the same time

introduced such facilities in-house). PPA stands for Power Purchaseenabling us to use such energy in a stable manner.
More information→P.21,P.60

Activity

There are various methods for introducing environmental
value, each of which have their own merits and demerits,
including in-house power generation, purchasing fromelectricity retailers, purchase of certificates that power isderived from renewable energy, and corporate PPAs. We will
acquire environmental value that satisfies the criteria set forthin RE100 by introducing renewable energy, but in Japan, we
expect the balance of supply and demand to grow tight overthe long term as demand for renewable energy increases.

●Use of renewable energy with a focus on additionality
When introducing renewable energy, we prioritize “additionality,”

・ TNFD
TCFD

Stable procurement of renewable energy[short to long term]

Environmental
Strategy

by reducing our use of fossil fuels and transitioning to
renewable energy.

●Achievement of an energy mix to achieve Net-Zero emissions
We will shift our energy mix to “electric power” and utilize electric

Message fromTop Management

Details of business opportunities￨ Business opportunities ￨ Resilience

Climate change

Natural capital

Response strategy
Containers and packaging

Strengthening the supply chain [short to longterm]
We expect that our initiatives targeting the procurementof agricultural raw materials and the reduction of Scope 3
emissions will contribute to strengthening the supply chain.
It is possible that by enhancing our engagement with suppliers
and producing areas, identifying various issues, and working
to solve them, it will contribute to improving the resilience of
suppliers, producing areas, and the Kirin Group.

●Enhancement of engagement
In addition to producing regions, we will enhance our engagementin addition to making requests and performing checks based onwith suppliers.

the Sustainable Supplier Code, and we base our engagement

Every year, we visit tea farms in Sri Lanka, where we engage with

with stakeholders on the results of these surveys. In addition, we

local managers. As part of these initiatives, we have gained anlaunched the Kirin Supply Chain Environmental Program in 2024

understanding of the severity of heavy rainfall associated with

together with suppliers with high emissions, and we will jointly solve

climate change that is affecting tea farms in Sri Lanka, which isissues as we target decarbonization through initiatives such as

contributing to strengthening our training to prevent soil outflow

the mutual disclosure of data, setting of targets that meet the SBT

and our water source conservation activities. We have conducted

standards, and the identification of new measures.

detailed surveys related to the reduction of Scope 3 emissions,

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Details of business opportunities

Activity
Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Impact of climate change on corn
●Tigchelaar et al. (2018) “Future warming increases probability of globally synchronized maize production shocks.”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jun 2018, 115 (26) 6644-649.
（Tigchelaar et al. 2018）● MAFF (2008) “Recent Trends in Prices of Agricultural Products and Food”●Agriculture & Livestock Industries Corporation (2010) “FY2008 Overview of Survey on Actual Status of Sweetener Demand”●Agriculture & Livestock Industries Corporation (2019) Usage of Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners Among Food Manufacturers

・ TNFD
TCFD

Impact of lower yields on procurement costs for agricultural products in 2050 and p.79 Estimation of the impact on agricultural product procurement costs from carbon pricing in 2050
● Barley: We calculated the impact by multiplying standard prices of beer per country, as indicated by the results of research using economic models from Xie, et al., by the future rates of change
in beer prices (we assumed that beer prices would generally be linked to barley procurement costs) Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat, Nature Plants, VOL.4,
NOVEMBER 2018, 964–973（ Xie, et al. ）● Other than barley: We calculated the impact using rates of change in costs associated with agricultural products from climate change (impact on yields) and mitigation measures (carbon pricing), as
indicated in the results of research from Hasegawa et al., and presented in the IPCC “Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL)”
IPCC（2019）Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes interrestrial ecosystems Chapter 5: Food Security and Risk of increased food insecurity under stringent global climate change mitigation policy. Nature Climate Change,volume 8, pages 699–703（Hasegawa T, Fujimori S, HavlíkP, Valin H, BodirskyBL, DoelmanJC, FellmannT, Kyle P et al. 2018）

Environmental
Strategy

92

Impact of climate change on yields of the main agricultural products● Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. (Lobell, D.B. et al.)● Potential impacts of climate change on agricultural land use suitability : barley (Van Gool, D. and Vernon, L.)● Climatic changes and associated impacts in the Mediterranean resulting from a 2℃ global warming. (Giannakopoulos, C., Le Seger, P., Bindi, M.,Moriondo, M., Kostopoulou, E. & Goodess, C. )● Negative impacts of climate change on cereal yields: statistical evidence from France (Gammans M. et al.)● Extension of the CAPRI model with an irrigation sub-module (Blanco, M. et al.)● Crop responses to temperature and precipitation according to long-term multi-location trials at highlatitude conditions. (Peltonen-Sainio, P., Jauhiainen, L. & Hakala, K.)● Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat (Xie, W. et al.)● Climate change, wine, and conservation (Lee Hannah, Patrick R. Roehrdanz, Makihiko Ikegami, Anderson V. Shepard, M. Rebecca Shaw, Gary Tabor, Lu Zhi, Pablo A. Marquet, and Robert J. Hijmans)● Climate change decouples drought from early wine grape harvests in France (Benjamin I. Cook & Elizabeth M. Wolkovich)●Vineyards in transition: A global assessment of the adaptation needs of grape producing regions under climate change (David Santillán, Ana Iglesias, Isabelle La Jeunesse, Luis Garrote, Vicente Sotes)●Assessment of climate change impact on viticulture:Economic evaluations and adaptation strategies analysis for theTuscan wine sector (Iacopo Bernettia, Silvio Menghinia, Nicola Marinellia, Sandro
Sacchellia,Veronica AlampiSottinia)●The impact of climate change on the global wine industry: Challenges &solutions (Michelle Renée Mozell, Liz Thachn)● Climate change impacts on water management and irrigated agriculture in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, USA (Vano, J.A., et al.)●The impact of climate change on the yield and quality of Saaz hops in the Czech Republic (Martin Mozny, Radim )Tolasz, Jiri Nekovar, Tim Sparks, Mirek Trnka, Zdenek Zalud●Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change (M. A. Wijeratne)● Observing climate impacts on tea yield in Assam, India (J.M.A. Duncan, S.D. Saikia, N. Gupta, E.M. Biggs)●THE FUTURE OF TEA A HERO CROP FOR 2030 (Ann-Marie Brouder, Simon Billing and Sally Uren)●IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE TEA GROWING AREAS IN MALAWI UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS (UTZ IN PARTNERSHIP WITH CIAT)● Climate change adaptation in the Kenyan tea sector Ethical Tea Partnership)● Diversity buffers winegrowing regions from climate change losses. 2864-2869, PNAS, February 11, 2020. （Morales-Castilla, et.al. ）●Zebish et al (2005) “Climate Change in Germany Vulnerability and Adaptation of climate sensitive Sectors”● FAO “Food and agriculture projections to 2050”

Message fromTop Management

Reference documents

Financial impact of transition risks related to natural capital (procurement of certified products)● Estimated by multiplying by royalties, etc., if coffee and tea leaves are procured as certified products.
Financial impact of transition risks related to natural capital (reduction in agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers at tea farms)● Estimated based on the results of on-site interviews, taking into account prices of chemical and organic fertilizers, as well as respective personnel expenses for the application of these fertilizers.

Holistic Analysis of Risks
and Opportunities

Increase in heatstroke caused by global warming [short to long term]●S-8 2014 Report by Project Team of Comprehensive Study on Impact Assessment and Adaptation for Climate Change● National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Expansion of Aedes albopictus in Japan (IASR Vol. 41 p92-93: June 2020 edition)

Activity

Increasing interest in infectious diseases caused by global warming●WHO: “Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s”●WHO: “Dengue and severe dengue” 10 January 2022

・ TNFD
TCFD

External diseconomies related to Kirin Group PET bottles
We estimated that impairment losses related to marine ecosystem services would be approximately 0.36 to 3.56 million yen (approximately 3,300 US$ to 33,000 US$) per ton of plastic in 2011, based on theestimations of Beaumont et al. We estimated that the median proportion of PET bottles that flowed into the ocean from Japan would be 0.5%, based on the “Annual Report on the Recycling of PET Bottles”
by the Ministry of the Environment. We set the total amount of PET materials used by Kirin Group major domestic companies at 66,894 tons in 2018, and multiplied this amount by the above estimates.
● Beaumont et al. (2019) Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic● Ministry of the Environment (2018) Recent Trends Surrounding Ocean Waste, and the Council for PET Bottle Recycling, (2018) Annual Report on the Recycling of PET Bottles

Environmental
Strategy

93

Assessment of impact of carbon pricing
Estimation of impact of carbon pricing
1) We calculated the rate of decline in future electric power emission factors from the IEA “World Energy Outlook 2019” Annex A (Current Policies Scenario and SD Scenario).
2) We calculated actual electric power emission factors from the actual energy usage and GHG emissions of the Kirin Group in the base year (2019), and estimated future electric power emission factors
under the two scenarios (Current Policies Scenario and SD Scenario) by multiplying actual emission factors by the rate of decline in emission factors calculated in Step 1.
3) We used the electric power emission factors that we calculated to forecast GHG emissions in the Kirin Group in 2030 and 2050. We categorized these forecasts depending on whether or not we takemeasures to reduce emissions.
4) We applied the IEA WEO 2019 Current Policies Scenario to the Kirin Group scenario 3, and the SD Scenario for the Kirin Group scenario 1, while also setting the IPCC “Special Report on Global Warmingof 1.5℃” as our new 1.5℃ scenario, and we set the carbon prices indicated in each data source as the basis for the future carbon prices for each scenario (IEA WEO 2019 P758 and IPCC Special Report on
Global Warming of 1.5℃ 2.5.2.1 Price of carbon emissions).
5) We calculated the future impact by multiplying the forecasts of future GHG emissions that we calculated in Step 3 by the carbon prices that we set in Step 4. We calculated the increase in costs if we did
not implement initiatives to reduce GHG emissions from the difference in impact depending on whether or not we take measures to reduce emissions.

Message fromTop Management

Impact of climate change on high-fructose corn syrup and soybeans●The impact of climate change on Brazil's agriculture（Zilli et al.2020）● Productivity and welfare impact of climate change in sugarcane and cotton producing regions of Ethiopia（Weldesilassie et al.2015）●Assessing the impact of climate change on sugarcane and adaptation actions in Pakistan（Farooq and Gheewala 2020）●Simulating the Impacts of Climate Change on Sugarcane in Diverse Agro-climatic Zones of Northern India Using CANEGRO-Sugarcane Model（Sonkar et al. 2020）● Effect of climate change on cash crops yield in Pakistan（Akbar and Gheewala 2020）● Future climate change projects positive impacts on sugarcane productivity in Assessing the impact of climate change on wheat and sugarcane with the AquaCropmodelsouthern China（Ruan et al. 2018）●along the Indus River Basin, Pakistan（Alvar-Beltrán et al. 2021）● Climate Change and Potato Productivity in Punjab—Impacts and Adaptation（Rana et al. 2020）●Impacts of Climate Change on the Potential Productivity of Eleven Staple Crops in Rwanda（Austin et al. 2020）● Predicting the response of a potato-grain production system to climate change for a humid continental climate using DSSAT（Tooley et al. 2021）● Potential Benefits of Potato Yield at Two Sites of Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in North China Under Future Climate Change（Tang et al. 2020）● Response of potato biomass and tuber yield under future climate change scenarios in Egypt（Dewedar et al. 2021）●Impacts of Climate Change on the Potential Productivity of Eleven Staple Crops in Rwanda（Austin et al. 2020）● Estimating cassava yield in future IPCC climate scenarios for the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil（Tironi et al. 2017）●Is Cassava the Answer to African Climate Change Adaptation?
（Jarvis et al. 2012）● Estimation of potential changes in cereals production under climate change scenarios（Tatsumi et al. 2011）● Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures（Deryng et al. 2014）●The combined and separate impacts of climate extremes on the current and future US rainfed maize and soybean production under elevated CO2（Jin et al. 2017）● Climate impacts on crop yields in Central Argentina. Adaptation strategies（Rolla et al. 2018）● Mitigating future climate change effects on wheat and soybean yields in central region of Madhya Pradesh by shifting sowing dates（Balvanshiand Tiwari 2019）● Changing yields in the Central United States under climate and technological change（Burchfield et al. 2020）