AFOLU BOG Report
Joint 1st and 2nd IPCC Expert Meetingon Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs)

Virtual sessions, 13-20 October 2021

BOG ReportParticipantsExperts: Hiroko Akiyama, Didin Agustian Permadi, Martial Bernoux, Paula Soledad Castesana,
Monica Crippa, Julia Drewer, Sophie Génermont, Kentaro Hayashi, Amara Holder, Jessica Lynn
McCarty-Kern, James Douglas MacDonald, Meimalin Moreno, Cecilia Elena Penengo, Polina
Polumieva, Maheswar Rupakheti, Francisco Salazar Sperberg, Ute Maria Skiba, Aimable
Uwizeye, Xunhua Zheng

TFB members: Fahmuddin Agus, Dominique Blain, Riitta Pipatti, Yasna Rojas, Kiyoto Tanabe•••

Facilitator:
Rapporteur:TSU:

BOG Report

Dominique Blain
Savitri Garivait
Sandro Federici, Eriko Nakamura

Highlights of sectoral issues (1)Manure management• SLCFs: NOx, NH3, NMVOCs.
• IPCC methods for estimating N2O and CH4 emissions provide
a good basis for globally applicable estimation methods forNOx/NH3 and NMVOCs respectively.
• Need to reconcile TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) and Nex (TotalNitrogen Excreted) in the EMEP and IPCC methods to estimate
NOx and NH3 vs. N2O.

BOG ReportHighlights of sectoral issues (2)Managed Soils (IPCC 3.C.4 and 3.C.5 – Direct andIndirect N2O Emissions from Managed Soils)• SLCFs: NOx, NH3• IPCC methods for estimating direct and indirect N2Oemissions provide a good basis for estimating direct and indirectNOx and NH3.
• This is a nomenclature issue. As existing IPCC category cannot
be changed, but new categories for NOx and NH3 emissions could
be added for both direct and indirect emissions.
• Note: NOx and NH3 emissions are part of the same process that
determines N2O emissions• Need to separate EF(NOx) and EF(NH3), unlike that indicated in
the 2019 Refinement GLs.

BOG ReportBurningHighlights of sectoral issues (3)• SLCFs: NOx, NH3, SO2, CO, NMVOC, BC, OC• Note: BOG recommends to keep focus on the use of fire as amanagement tool/practice.
• Burning in Forest Land
– Underlying assumptions of parameters/calculations used in IPCC and alternative methods
need likely to be reconciled.
– Factors/parameters values used for emission estimation need to be updated with new literature.

• Burning in Cropland– IPCC 2006 GLs could be expanded to include open burning on cropland, which is notadequately represented in “prescribed burning” or “slash and burn”.
– There is a need of more specific emission factors (NOx, SO2, etc.) for sugarcane burning,particularly in South and Central America, Southeast Asia.
– During COVID-19 pandemic, connections were observed between solid waste burning andcrop residue burning in Southeast Asia, can be cross-sectoral with the Waste sector.

• Burning in all other lands– Need to reconcile nomenclatures of soil types and land use categories.
– Consistency in the land use definitions/categories should be assured.

BOG ReportHighlights of sectoral issues (4)Others: No IPCC method available• Livestock manure applied to soils:– SLCFs: NMVOCs– Insufficient knowledge to be considered.

• Urine and dung deposited by grazing livestock:– SLCFs: NMVOCs– This source deserves further consideration and investigation.

• Pesticide application:– SLCFs: NMVOCs– This source deserves further consideration and investigation.

• Cultivated crops; Managed deciduous/coniferous forests; Grassland;Tundra; Other Low Vegetation; Other Vegetation (Mediterraneanshrub)– SLCFs: NMVOCs– This source deserves further consideration and investigation.

BOG ReportHighlights of sectoral issues (5)Others: No IPCC method available• Fugitive dust from tilling:– SLCFs: BC, OC, NOx– Tilling is recognized as a significant source of OC and EC from PM10.
– Estimation method is complex and likely not applicable globally, sinceparameters used seems to be land-use specific.

• Fugitive dust from animals:– SLCFs: OC, NOx, NH3– Insufficient knowledge to be considered.

BOG ReportCross-sectoral issues (1)Manure incineration••••

This is cross-sectoral between Energy, AFOLU and Waste sectors.
SLCFs: NOx, NH3, SO2, CO, NMVOC, BC, OC
Need to reconcile TAN and Nex in the methods to estimate NOx.
All manure incineration for the purpose of generating energy
should be reported in the Energy sector (IPCC). This includes
combustion emissions and pre-treatment emissions.

[Note: Pre-treatment emissions from manure are actually reported under AFOLU,burning manure is a manure management system and it covers the emissions frommanure before being actually incinerated/burned (IPCC 2006 GLs).]••

If the pre-treatment emission is significant, it could be reported inthe solid fuel transformation source category.
All other manure incineration and open burning should bereported in the Waste sector.

BOG ReportCross-sectoral issues (2)Anaerobic digestion
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This is cross-sectoral between AFOLU, Energy and Waste
sectors.
SLCFs: NH3, NOx
Should use the same allocation as IPCC for reporting emissions
from on-farm digesters (AFOLU), with clarification regarding theallocation of emissions.
Need to collect activity data on the transfer of manure, digestateand other waste type between facilities and farms.
Should maintain on-farm manure storage and application ofdigestate in AFOLU sector.
Should ensure methodological integrity in all manure-related
emission sources (N mass balance).

BOG ReportList of knowledge gaps (1)Managed soil
• Disaggregate default IPCC EF for NOX and NH3 (in 2019
Refinement).

Land burning• Availability of specific values for fuel load, combustion factors,and emission factors.
• Method for open burning on cropland (≠ prescribed burning,slash and burn).
• Crop-specific EF for regionally important crops (e.g. sugar
cane in Central and South America and some countries inSoutheast Asia).

BOG ReportList of knowledge gaps (2)Manure management, incineration and digestion• Reconcile N sources in manure (Total N excreted (Nex) vs. Total
Ammonia N (TAN))• Integrate methods to estimate emissions across categories
to maintain integrity of N balance.
• Find AD on manure and digestate transfer between farms andwaste treatment facilities.
• Methods to estimate SLCFs emissions from the treatment,storage and spreading of digestate.
• Methods to estimate “On-farm co-digestion”.

Urine and dung deposited by grazing livestock•

Improve representation of grazing practices.

BOG ReportList of knowledge gaps (3)Fugitive dust from tilling• Tilling is recognized as a significant source of OC and EC from
PM10, based on an assessment of available data and monitoring
tools.
• Existing methods may not be applicable globally due to itscomplexity.
• Parameters involved in the existing methods may not reflect
crops, technologies or practices in all countries.

Fugitive dust from animals• Insufficient knowledge to be considered.

BOG ReportThank YouAny Questions?
BOG Report