Conclusion

It is impossible
to convert the contents in theancient language into
only their equivalents in themodern language.
Paper!→They include something else!
JADH2019-yamagen05

JADH 2019 Preprint

Version: 2019/07

An Analysis of the Diﬀerences Between Classical and Contemporary
019-yamagen05
JADH 2019 Preprint
Version: 2019/07/19 09:10
Poetic Vocabulary of the Kokinshū
HilofumiopmYamamoto,of TechnologyOP Instituteion Tokyo
entodeT−vers
al m
conon
n: C
onvel
atic
sati
odectiosati
mis deiclaeunrahateput
CorHodošček,TokMet Osaka
SubMaVis
BorUniversity
AB
C
DEF
llingAgOP
ellin
ion
nt
T−versmodpmeCnloloa:nec
tion
atic
dedev
tion
atio
alisa
hem
a-co
trac
enis
pus
Cor
TokMet
Sub
Mat
Visu
B
C
DEF

Fig.
1: Flowchartof data processing
JADH
2019 Preprint
Version: 2019/07/19 09:1

Fig. 1: Flowchart of data processing
Introduction

JADH2019-yamagen05

Are
original
reallyTablethe
1: Summaryof the poems
contemporary
Japanese translations
equivalent
withpages
contemporarytranslations?
translation
work (year)
manuscript
methodKaneko(1933)1105
Teika
word-for-wordCan
wetrusttheinterpretations?
Kubota (1960)
1449
Teika
word-for-word+-------- pair No.
| +----- valueTableof matchinglevel,ofexact=17,
field=13,
group=10
1: Summary
the contemporarytranslations
JADH2019-yamagen05
JADH Japanese2019 Preprint
Version: 2019/07/19 09:10| | +-- POS No.
| | |an example of a calculation which indicates the components of CT. CT
work (year)
pages
methoduses the sameelements as OP. The total number of elements of CT| | | OP translation
element No.++- CT element
No.12 manuscript
is 41; thus 29 percent of CT
is calculated as the component of OP.
| | | OP Kaneko
element (1933)+ || CT element
1105
Teika
word-for-word
The rest of CT, 71 percent, is considered as added annotated text. Ratio A,
| | |
| |
| |
however, does not consist only of newly added components: it should be deconstructed
Kubota(1960)
1449
Teika
word-for-wordinto three kinds of components:
1) the first level of the paraphrased component, P1,
1 17 11 *tatsutahime 00 <-> 12 *Tatsutahime(pn.Tatsutahime)
can be estimated from the ratio of the elements of the field match F and theMatsudate(1968)
1998
Teika
not mentioned
2 17 47
04 <-> 25 te whichgroup match G; 2)(hand)the second level of the paraphrased component, P2, which can be
3 17 47
mukeru05 <-> 26 mukeru(toward)estimatedfrom theratioof the unmatched elements, wording
since even unmatchedelements
Ozawa(1971)
544
Teikachangedareassumed
tobe
somehowtranslated
intoCT;and3)
the purely added component,
4 17 2
kami 06 <-> 32 kami
(god)
D, which
can be estimatedfrom the ratio of the annotation
minus P1 and P2.(Figure 4)
Takeoka(1976)
2278
Teika
word-for-word
5 10 61
no 07 <-> 33 ga
If the estimation(SUB)
from the subtraction of elements of OP from those of CT is correct,
D, canbe close to the theoretical intention
value, H, and the validityof the6 17 47ari (1978)
08 <-> 34 aru the practical
Okumura434value,(be)Teikaoriented
7 10 64ba09<->
35
kara(because)
Kyūsojin
Teika 298 by Komachiya
words
added
3: Componentof CT in case of(1982): fabs(D-H) stands for8 17 65koso(1979)
11 <-> 36 kosoTable1260(EM)
the function of the absolute value of the practical value, D, minus the theoretical
9 17 2aki 12<-> 38 aki(autumn)
Komachiya(1982)
407
Teika
not mentioned
value, H.
10 17 71
no<-> (1989)
39 no(CON)(validofelement)= 41
Kojimaand13
483 number
Teika
mentioned
11 17 2konoha
14Arai<-> 40 konohaCT(leafof tree) notW
(ratio of original word use)
12/41 = 0.293 (E/CT)
Katagiri
Teika
word-for-word
12 17 2nusa(1998)
19 <-> 45 nusa A 3022
(ratio of(present)annotation)
1-0.293= 0.707 (1-W)---breakdownof the annotation--13 17 61
to 20 <-> 46 to(CRD)
of FG paraphrased)(0.62+0.12)/0.707 = 0.073 (F+G)/A
14 17 47
chiru 21 <-> 49 chiru P1(ratio(fall)P2(ratio of U paraphrased)
0.040 (A-P1)*U
15 13 74ramu
22 <-> 54 u(CJR)
BG-01-2030-01-030-Aかみ-神(0.707-0.073)*0.062(god) == 0.595
D (ratio of purelyadded)
0.707-(0.073+0.040)
A-(P1+P2)

Matsuda (1968)
1998
Teika
not mentioned
Ozawa (1971)
544
Teika JADH 2019 Preprint
wordingchangedJADH2019-yamagen05
Version: 2019/07/19
09:10
Takeoka (1976)
2278
Teika
word-for-word1) 1000
poems in the(ca.
905)
Okumura(1978)
434 Kokinshū
Teika
intentionoriented
Kyūsojin(1979)
1260
Teika
words added2)
10setsofthetranslations(CT)
Fig. 1: Flowchart of data processing
Komachiya (1982)
407
Teika
not mentioned
Kojimaand Arai (1989)
483 TableTeika
notmentioned
3) ALIGN
10,000 pairs(1,000poemswith10 sets)
1:
Summary of thecontemporaryJapanesetranslations
work (year)
pages
manuscript
methodKatagiri (1998)
3022translation
Teika
word-for-word
Kaneko (1933)
1105
Teika
word-for-word

Methods

pusA

CorP
lingsion−O
entodel
CT
nver
lopm
al m
n
ion
ion:
atic
de co
atio
lisat
ract
hem
a-co
enis
Tok
Met
Subt
Mat
Visua
CDE
F

deve
B

Kubota (1960)
Matsuda (1968)
Ozawa (1971)
Takeoka (1976)
Okumura (1978)
Kyūsojin (1979)
Komachiya (1982)
Kojima and Arai (1989)
Katagiri (1998)

1449
1998
544
2278
434
1260
407
483
3022

Teika
Teika
Teika
Teika
TeikaTeika
Teika
Teika
Teika

BG-01-2030-01-030-A-かみ-神 (god)
↑G↓

↑F↓

↑
E↓

word-for-word
not mentioned
wording changed
word-for-word
intention oriented
words added
not mentioned
not mentioned
word-for-word

BG-01-2030-01-030-A-かみ-神 (god)BG-01-2030-01-250-Aほとけ-仏 (Buddha)
JADH 2019 Preprint
Version: 2019/07/19 09:10↑G↓

ADH2019-yamagen05

↑
F
↓

↑
E↓

BG-01-2030-01-250-AVersion:
2019/07/19 09:10 ほとけ-仏 (Buddha)(298, koma)(298,koma)(298)(298,koma)(298, koma)(298)(298, koma)

JADH2019-yamagen05

JADH 2019 Preprint

Version: 2019/07/19 09:10+-------- pair No.
| +----- value of matching level, exact=17, field=13, group=10| | +-- POS No.
| | || | KKS| OP element No.++- CT element No.
| | | OP element + || CT element| | || || |
1 17 11 *tatsutahime 00 <-> 12 *Tatsutahime (pn.Tatsutahime)
2 17 47
te 04 <-> 25 te(hand)
3 17 47
mukeru 05 <-> 26 mukeru(toward)
4 17 2kami 06 <-> 32 kami(god)5 10 61
no 07 <-> 33 ga(SUB)
6 17 47
ari 08 <-> 34 aru(be)7 10 64ba 09 <-> 35 kara(because)
8 17 65
koso 11 <-> 36 koso(EM)9 17 2
aki 12 <-> 38 aki(autumn)
10 17 71
no 13 <-> 39 no(CON)
11 17 2konoha 14 <-> 40 konoha(leaf of tree)
12 17 2nusa 19 <-> 45 nusa(present)
13 17 61
to 20 <-> 46 to(CRD)
14 17 47
chiru 21 <-> 49 chiru(fall)
15 13 74
ramu 22 <-> 54 u(CJR)

Fig. 3: An example of the alignment of the matched elements between OP(298) andCT(298, koma). Each line consists of the matched pair ID number (1), thematching level indicated by the value (17), ID number of POS (11) whichindicates a place name, OP element (*tatsutahime), ID number of OP element,
ID number of CT element, CT element (*Tatsutahime), and the glossary; *written in diﬀerent kanji.

JADH2019-yamagen05
JADH 2019 Preprint
Levelof matching elements:groupmatching (G); field matching (F); exact matchingvalue of D)
1-16/41 = 0.610 1-OP/CTFig. 2: Level of matching elements: group matching (G); field matching (F); exact matching↑↑ HGap (theoretical↑
pair No.
(E); each level is evaluated by the length of corresponding characters of meta-codes
fabs(0.595-0.610) = 0.015 fabs(D-H)
gnof(E);+-------evaluatedbyon thelength
corresponding characters of meta-codes
OP thet| each+----- levelvalue of ismatching
level, exact=17,field=13,
group=10
Fig. 3: An example of the alignmentof thematched elements
between OP(298) andfrom
firstdelliletter.
menT−versipCnl mooGFE:nelco| | +-- POS No.
onnoaticao des dev
isati
lisatiactio
em-cu
aJADH2019-yamagen05
JADH2019
Preprint
Version:2019/07/19
09:10
a|||
trenu
thrpkbfrom| thefirstletter.
aoTo
MetCT element
SuVisCT(298, koma). Each line consists of theTable
matchedpairinformation
ID number(1), the| | OP Celement No.++No. M
4: Amount of added(N=1000)
Table 2: Result of subtracting the elements of OP(298) from those of CT(298,koma): it indicates the ratio of the ingredients of OP(298).

ResultABCDE↓

F| | | OP element + || CT element
| | |
| |
| |
Fig.
Flowchartof data processing
1 17 11 *tatsutahime
00 1:<->
12 *Tatsutahime3(pn.Tatsutahime)
Results
2 17 47
te 04 <-> 25 te(hand)
3 17 47
mukeru 05 <-> 26 mukeru(toward)Table 2 indicates a calculation of the components of OP(298). OP(298) refers to a poem
4 17 2
kami 06 <-> 32 kami
(god)byJapanesePrince Kanemi.
CT(298, koma), in turn, refers to the translation of the 298 poem
5 10 61Table 1: Summaryno 07 <->
33 ga(SUB)of thecontemporarytranslations
by Teruhiko Komachiya in 1982. 12 elements out of 16 (75 percent) are matched in
6 17 47
ari 08 <-> 34 aru(be)7 106409 <-> 35
kara manuscript(because)CT(298, koma). One element out of 16 is matched at the field level, and two elements
translation
workba(year)
pages
method8 17 65
koso 11 <-> 36 koso(EM)out of 16 arematched at the group level in CT(298, koma). One element of OP(298) does
Kaneko(1933) aki 12 <-> 381105
Teika (autumn)
word-for-word
9 172aki
not matchword-for-wordthe elements of CT(298, koma). If we assume that matched elements at all the10 1771
noKubota(1960) no 13 <-> 391449
Teika (CON)three levels
express in CT(298, koma), then 15 elements (94 percent) of OP(298) express
11 17 2konoha 14 <-> 40 konoha(leafof tree)
Matsuda(1968)
not mentioned
12 17
2
nusa 19 <-> 451998
nusa Teika (present)
as the elements in CT(298, koma). If we assume that matched elements at all the threeOzawa
Teika (CRD)
13 1761 (1971) to 20 <-> 46 544
tolevels are wording
expressed changedin CT(298, koma), then 15 elements (94 percent) of OP(298) are
14 17
47
chiru
21<->
49
chiru
(fall)(75.0%)
Takeoka(1976)
Teika (CJR)
expressed word-for-wordas the elements in CT(298, koma). The remaining Exact
6 percent12of elementsof15 1374
ramu 22 <-> 542278
uesults↓↓OP (valid number of element)
E (ratio of exact match)
F (ratio of field match)
G (ratio of group match)
T (ratio of total match)
U (ratio of unmatched OP)= 16
12/16 = 0.750
1/16 = 0.0622/16 = 0.125
15/16 = 0.938
1 - T = 0.062

alignment
subtraction
matching level indicated by the value(17),min.IDmean
numberof min.
POS(11)
whichtranslator(SD)mean 2019/07/19(SD) max.
BG-01-2030-01-250-Aほとけ-JADH仏max.
(Buddha)JADH2019-yamagen05
2019 Preprint
Version:09:10
Kaneko0.16 0.53 (0.09)
0.80
0.18 of0.49(0.09)element,
0.73
indicates a place name, OP element12(*tatsutahime),ID
numberOP
Katagiri
0.49 which(0.08)indicates
0.71the components
0.16 of0.44
an example of0.21
a calculation
CT(0.08) . 0.68
CT3Kojima
Arai
0.15
0.46(0.09)
0.74
0.10
0.41(0.10)
0.69
uses
thesame12elements
asOP.
The
total
numberofelements
ofCT
numberof CT element,
CTgroupelement(*Tatsutahime),andtheglossary;*Fig. 2: ID
Levelof3 matchingelements:matching(G);fieldmatching(F);exact
P1(7.3%)is 41; thus
29 percent
CTcomponent
4 Komachiya
0.12
0.44 of(0.08)
0.72is calculated
0.11as the0.39(0.08) of OP
0.67 .
The rest of CT, 71(0.09)
percent, is 0.77
considered as
added annotatedtext. Ratio
5 Kubota
0.15 0.45
0.13
0.40 (0.09)
0.72 A,written
in diﬀerent
kanji.
(E); eachlevel is evaluatedby thelengthof corresponding
characters
however, does not
only of newly added components: itshould be deconstructed of m
6 Kyusojin
0.10consist
0.47(0.08)
0.73
0.11 0.42(0.08)
0.69koma)koma)

OP(298) do not match against any elements in CT(298, koma). Noneof the ten(298,modern(298,koma)
language translations could be fully expressed with the ancient language. The amount(298)(298,of added information was
80 percent higher than the original.(Table 4) The diﬀerences(298, koma)(298) werebetween the theoreticaland experimental values were at most 8 percent. Thoserare cases, and in general accounted for around 4 percent.
(298, koma)

P2 1 (4.0%)

W 12 (29.3%)
from the first letter.

JADH2019-yamagen05

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Version: 2019/07/19 09:10

78

4 Discussion
into three kinds of components:
1) the first level of the paraphrased component, P1,Matsuda
0.44(0.09)
0.07
0.39
(0.09)
0.69
which can be 0.00
estimatedfromtheanalysis
ratio 0.77
ofthe
thediﬀerences
elementsof thematchandtheBasedon theof
betweenthe field
two, weassumeFthattranslators
Okumura0.06
0.44(0.08)
0.75
0.11component,
0.41 to(0.08)
0.72
to express
somecultural elements
unfamiliar
modernpeople.
Tablegroup match G;2) theattempted
secondlevelof theparaphrased
P2,
which
canbe 3 isestimated fromthe ratioof theunmatchedsince even
9 Ozawa
0.10(0.08)
0.72elements,0.20
0.44unmatched(0.07) elements
0.70indicatescalculation
the components
Okumuraa(1978)
434 of Teika
intention orientedof OP(298). OP(298) refers to a poem
are assumed tobe somehowtranslated 0.74
into CT; and0.063) the purely
added component,
10 Takeoka
0.11
0.42 (0.10)
0.38 (0.10)
0.69
Fig.
3: An example
matched elements
and
0.46
Kyūsojin(1979) of the alignment
1260 of theTeika
wordsbetween
added OP
beestimatedthe ratio0.74
of the annotation
and P2.(Figurece Kanemi.
CT. (298,,of inturn,refersthe2 translation of the 298 poem
CTEach linekoma)
consistsTeika
the matchedpair
ID number to(1), themeanD, which
0.12
0.46from(0.03)
0.12 minus
0.420.70 4)
Komachiya(1982)
407
notmentioned
Table 2: Result of subtracting the elementsof canOP(298)
fromthoseofP1(0.03)
CT(298,
If the estimation fromthe subtractionof elements of OP from those of CT is correct,
matching
level
indicatedbythevalue(17),
ID
numberofPOS
(11)
which
Kojima and Arai (1989)
483
Teika
not mentioned
thepracticalvalue,D,canbeclosetothe
theoreticalvalue,
H,andthevalidityof theindicatesaplacename,
OPelement(*tatsutahime),ID
numberofOPelement,
hiko Katagiri
Komachiya
in 1982.
12 elements
out of 16 (75 percent) are matched in(1998)
3022
Teika
word-for-wordkoma):
itindicatestheratioof
theingredientsofOP(298).
ID number of CT element, CT element (*Tatsutahime), and the glossary; *4
Unmatched 1 (6.2%)
written element
in diﬀerent kanji. out of 16 is matched at the field level, and two elementskoma). One
Table 3: Component of CT in case of298 by Komachiya (1982): fabs(D-H) stands for
BG-01-2030-01-030-Aかみ-神 (god)the function of the absolute value of the practical value, D, minus the theoretical↑↑↑value, H.
6 are Table
matchedatthegrouplevel infromCT(298, koma). One element of OP(298) doesFE
OP (valid number of element)= 16
2: Result ofGsubtracting
the elements of OP
those of CT↓↓ the↓ratio of the ingredients of OP
CT (valid number of element)= 41
D 25 (59.5%): it indicates.
ch the elementsofCT(298,koma).
Ifweassumethat
matchedelements
atalltheW(ratio of original word use)
12/41 = 0.293(E/CT)
BG-01-2030-01-250-A-ほとけ-仏 (Buddha)E(ratioofexactmatch)
12/16= 0.750
Group 2 (12.5%)
A(ratio of annotation)
1-0.293 = 0.707 (1-W)
OP (valid number of element)= 16ig. 2: Levelof matchinggroup matching
field matching(F); exact matchingvels
express
inelements:
CT(298,koma)(G);, then15 12/16elements(94 percent) of OP(298) express
Fig. 4: Pie-charts illustrating the components of OPand CT: the ratio ofE (ratio of exact match)= 0.750---breakdown of the annotation--F (ratiooffield
1/16=0.062
purely addedcomponents
is estimatedmatch)based on the number of elements in common(E);each level is evaluated by the length of corresponding charactersof meta-codes
F (ratio of field match)
1/16 = 0.062
P1(ratioofFG
paraphrased)(0.62+0.12)/0.707=0.073(F+G)/Ain OP and CT.
lements
in(298,koma). If we assume2/16
that
the threefromfirstCTletter.
G the(ratioofgroupmatch)= 0.125matched elements at all
P2(ratio of U paraphrased)= 0.040 (A-P1)*U
Field 1 (6.2%)
G (ratioof groupmatch)=(298)
0.125
T (ratio of total match)
15/16 = 0.938
Table
2 indicatesa calculationof the components
ofadded)OP(0.707-0.073)*0.062(298)2/16. OP
refersD (ratio of purely
0.707-(0.073+0.040)= 0.595
A-(P1+P2)
e expressed
CT(298,koma), then 15(94 percent) of OP(298) are
U (ratio of in
unmatchedOP)
1 - T elements= 0.062
H(theoretical value of D)
1-16/41 = 0.610 1-OP/CT
operation
will be ofsupported.
In the case ofmatch)the values between OP
and CTT(ratiototal
15/16=0.938
Gapfabs(0.595-0.610)=0.015fabs(D-H),
thetheoreticalvalue
is0.610,thepracticalvalue
is0.595,
andtheirdiscrepancy
by Prince
Kanemi. CT(298, koma), in turn, refers to the translationof theed as the elements in CT(298, koma). The remaining 6 percent of elements of
is 0.015, which means the two values are very close.
3(298)

P1 3 (7.3%)(298, koma)

P2 1 (4.0%)

W 12 (29.3%)

Exact 12 (75.0%)

Unmatched 1 (6.2%)

KKS

D 25 (59.5%)

Group 2 (12.5%)

(298)

koma)

(298,Field 1 (6.2%)(298)

OP(298) do not match against any elements in CT(298, koma). None of the ten modern
3 Results
language translations could be fully expressed with the ancient language. The amountadded information
was 80ofpercent
higher thanofthe
The diﬀerences
Table of2 indicatesa calculation
the components
OPoriginal.(Table(298). OP(298)4)
refersto a poem

3 ResultsOP(298) : 16 elements

CT(298,koma) : 41 elements(298)(298, koma)(298)(298,koma)OP(298) : 16 elements

CT(298,koma): 41 elements
U (ratio ofunmatchedOP)

1 - T = 0.062

by Teruhiko
Komachiya in 1982. 12 elements out of 16 (75 percent) are m
5 Conclusion
Table 4: Amount of added information (N=1000)alignment

subtraction