J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys.
$©j
No. +*/, p. 2-31 ,**1 + 
*ῌ**Numerical Modeling of Nitrogen Transport with First-Order
Transformation Processes in Soils
Kimihito NAKAMURA* and Nobuo TORIDE**

QJ= K1.yG" F  +    CD {")K1 6 +3317/ J%x

  

 -Y B-K. 0F-s#
6L ,**-7/!"#$% &' ()*+= )( -Y  M,-" $.#/ 012&' 32 01MN/;K1"M" sO#2



1.#$ῌiAop-POM0"

45 6! +3327  328" 6# ,**.7f = )EeQI%iAopqR"
/ Sn '-*>  _FE + 

"#91.#/
6&>  ?@

MN/TI 01Ei 6CDE7 -U

AB?  8    CD 7 E"F '-(iAop-#.nI%/ h%  -:;$%< =GEHI.J= E)KL/ = )-VsB$iF  {PO&> ?@AB? -)M*> ?@W} #0"EXh[ Y B$" $'D

AB? 8 4 - 

EeQI. J11 + MN/TEfK" CD -  N 6+,ZE-[%/ JI. B$" $'D iO +330 b7/ 012-P-M( G $

-#.WXE# = )N/

. QR  $!/ pH -S0I 61#T4|I'[32eE$%/,**-7 JTI%$)* UVWX423WX-Y$, 

.Z[\)M/0YT- $ 4]-5^
_` 6a$-78K1" Nb9)*-K1  (/ I%$. -P9)*:cdEe["f;32 -,+ 

$-:;%< = 0wI.:F¡ \f-Y$. J= )I.¢)£
E= I.#/ = )- *> &> gh<=>?ijkBlmn@"J ¤T ¥]/ ¦-012§ E¨Aop<qr" // -:;iEAV"M"f <=>B"C

i'DEfst,++ 

*> 6mineralization7 " $©&>$©

/ M 9u $vU0wMB$ )"^( 4_`a( G-Y$*-%x _FyG" / JI.. ?ª«EHI.?@AB?

K1  $Hz{|I} s~i
%x

6NH.¬7 -)M

_FE#T/ ?@AB­m 6ammoniﬁcation7 "®Y

EI4M#/    $

¯1/   &>< 6immobilization7 "®

 s;JJ ( JJY¯1 NH.¬ ( -Fh1.bK1 ?ª* °cEE±² ³0*0ῌ2/*, °c´µ°¶de·fg**  EE± ¸¹² ³/+.ῌ2/*1 h´º»g¼g +/11 : i = ) MN/i MN/T

4_S ` +*/ ¼ %,**1)84

 NH.    NH. !"# $ %& ῌ'( +33.) * NH. 
+,   -

. 

!/0123 .  , C/N 526783# ,* 9:4 C/N  ;,67*

4
42

2 NH. ,<=

NO-HhNO,HhNOhN,OhN,72, ;{|;./+ pH ,^$;%f

8+ N,O < 9m$ %& ῌ'( +33.)
53:;, QR62cR62c
1 &SRS* ;92

O, c<4   O, !=62<4$1w>635, ;? ;$d2m>?2;@0 $d3a#\S;ABC3 %& ῌ'( +33.)0o +[Y!\U$j  

2q$5@,ῌ+ῌ, ῐ῍D %nitriﬁcation) , DEF267
NH.  G D    ; %NO,H)  I 2 D    ;%NO-H) 2J DE, K2

0NO-H/CH-OHh-N,/CO,1H,O0OHH ῎_ w!\EVbCc5@!+

NH. ! NO,H 2$LMNOLE NO,H

 5267 N,! NO-H 2$GDE2

R<

I,PQRS1 CO, T!;U+ NH. V

, N,O NO ,, AB mm B  NO-H WXYZ[!\"^{|B2+ 1B 5@ % !ῌ]^ +330 b) _ NH. !"` NO-H 2

/0I %C +330) _ DE2 NO-H

H
,

NO

ῌ'

F 2_ 5@ %GH +333)( +33.) LMNOLE GDE26

w- I 2i, VDE" % J +33.)

DJe%fg,9^&#;K,LMN! %Hῌjberg et al., +33.) _O

$a#\EVbCc$d$ %&NH.-ῌ,O,hNO,HH,O,Hῌ

NO,H+ῌ,O,hNO-H

῍

LMNOLE26DJ2i G
; %N,O) '$j  %Schmidt, +32,)
Cheng et al. %,**.) , (k3 ! 2 l

+ kg )

# ,** mgN %,** mgN kgH+) LMNOL;!*mDJ2i D; 2n$
op3,  + *./ mgN kgH+  N,O <

V+ - mgN kgH+  NO < 1!q+^¡¢PQ+Rs3£ 5@,ῌ+ῌ. ΐῑ῏῔

R;!<4+V$LMNOL2
7¤¥E!;¦S6§ J!;¦S %nitrogen ﬁxation) :26;¦S;¦S, N2cO¨©ª«[¬26#
N, ! NH- 2{|$
N,2H2eH+0ATPh,NH-H,+0ADP+0Pi

῏

I2 D2, pH r$S # % !ῌ]^ +330

11  Pi , H-PO. !A$ ;¦S cb ; Cheng et al., ,**.) Ss!Qt* pH  0.* 9,­M^23DEFuv2,^$ w- x

 %°;¦S) + ¦S+LMNOL!&# & %K2®¯&) ­2°$_ 

2±²$~#2 &IV;!³´;!./$*2{|C^ ,DEF, µ­2T#¶t;¦S %°U;¦S) Vyz

V°;¦S$dcWI237 %& ῌpH

,GDEFyz,ῌ+ῌ- ῒΐ;01${|C^ , ;}~#2
D2_;!2}3$>4!
$d$ 1J!5 %denitriﬁcation)

,86D{|%f6 526'( +33.),ῌ+ῌ/ ῎῕R;X· + +LMNOL %NH-) ¸' %volatilization)   ¸'¹U,ºYZ[2_ NH. V267@ NH.# D,GD w; G; ; ¸' , pH \] R NH- K2r$${|

%Ritter and Bergstrom, ,**+) :2 F »^267º»h¼ : 

A + \789 l  wº  


"# $%&

CBWCA*

 !  pH'( +331)* NH- +,

,, 

k+jexp'Xk+ t)Xexp'Xk, t)k
k,Xk+

῍
῎

CCWCA* +v-./0-.!12  *

v,,+ 

85



k,
exp'Xk+ t)
k+Xk,

k+
῏
exp'Xk, t)
ῐ
k,Xk+



3345 6789+ 6 :;

3lc w Qp78+ =FEH

78 < =/> ! ?@ A

Y A23!K * x  - yzt"B * C  78DEA  ! =FEGHp78{ | =FE }~ 3!KAIJ  3!K'LῌM +330)*n 

!BN = A JI= B OP Q
A R*

+   'Org-N)

RNH.v RNO,X RNO-X RNO,X RNORN,ORN, B

o 78]  3P+78DEp78!

= A FE CA STDE+ CA  n UV!+a

78DE92OP *dCA
WXkCAndt

B 3!K * 4    33 t +HY k +78DEZ[ n +78\[]* nW*  ^_78DEFE `a QA

NO,X 

3!+!



 ' ῌ .

+330 b)* b  Yamaguchi et al. '+330) !x A NH.v JI NO-X u ! 3!
K * 4   +   

* \78 nW+ !KA + \78 b n \!KA n \78!c* + \78Q  9A tW* !K CA+   A Org-NRNH.-NRNO--N

WCA* defg.hi!

RGas-NCAWCA* exp'Xkt)

4  = A = B AG= C



lc 

[78mn o QAp78 'q\78)+] * 33v.

!BN NH.-N  ¡-N¢ + NH

A£ * kmin knit kden + bPsP   33+¤¥ lc  A¦§ ¨] *4

 NH- 'NH.v) $/'NO N,O) }

+

l





5 NH.-N JI$!

 l  u © ª 78DEZ[ klosl  &n  3!}«¬] *

!c*
A R

 

78DEZ[] *   = B FE CB +
CBWCA* j+Xexp'Xkt)k'NO N,O N,) AZ ! *BR

,,,C78DEZ[­Z78r + \78! ! bPsP=FE

3345

+ \7878DEZ[+ 78 ®

cFE A­Z 3! l  ¯°Z 3!

DE+t.92OP *dCA
WXk+ CAdt

dCB
Wk+ CAXk, CB
dt



dCC
Wk, CBdt

K * 33+ ±! OP ²³´DEZ[ knit A µ¶·¸° l ¹Z A
5 'Nakamura et al., ,**.)*

33 k+ += A JI B u78DEZ[ k, += B JI C u78DEZ[ C +=FE] * 3
PA tW* !K CAWCA* CBW* CCW* defg
.hi!
CAWCA* exp'Xk+ t)




ῌ+





º

»JK9 A +*/ ¼ ,**1

86

 ,,/ ml  /* g *.3. g cm-  

NH., SO.



2*῍

s?9 + :_{|58~ ' pῐ,b  NO--N  1s8 ῌ ` knit+

*.**3-- hN knit; pῐ, b *<( = ῌ] ! "# ,/$ %&'( +330 a 8 Q!' NH.-N )Q!'55)* +,-./ 01234Z3usws, R

5 67879): ' ; <'(

5( 'A' i+ Q!+ NH.-N 8Z>| knit  =>?@ * + , / 2 +, +0 ,* ,. ,2 

w NO--N 1J, 8~ ' * NH.-N  @ AB CDE'FG'( NH.H

1s R8pῐ, a *<8D jn/8

)IJ9KL4MN OP?'( i+8Q!+:)Q!R( P" NO- Q!S' TUV) pH WXY= jk7

N ¡@)B 5_ A + ¢£8'B¤ C# Z:N 9[\]4)^KLQ!_$`a'58~ Rd8)54M¥ ( ON @¦_ KL SO., b%9_ NO- DZc5§¨@4) NH.-N B© Org-N i+8Q!+

d8 e&' NO- Q!)'f4`Z8'(

-R:

F4)  KCl  +** g L+
h * NH.-Npῐ- ) >|TUV-'>D"Ew

* NH.-N i+HQ!+ 8'N knit # WX98iWX94M( i

i+ NH.-N NO--N NO,-N ) ;,i4AB)
E'h

*

=)C'58'((g')E'

8'( jk)  + kg D* /* +** ,** /** mgN  -'l5 ,mn .o/ 05(pῐ, ) * NH.-N NO--N  qr1s4M( _ 0*῍ P[\4) ,*$ 9

4 knit )$`aªg' x#  ,/$ P [\]4) 
]4 knit )$`a«¬'( 0*῍+**῍ 4Zs_4]­®$/ ¯') Fi°+45N ±²³°+G'AwN8e!B (t NO,-N  ) 2 3uvN+,Awd  knit )# t©*i-R$

( x  pH ) 0./  pH

`WX9_Md8_´H, () 1., 4Md8AB 2yz94{| NH- }dd4) NH.-N AB NO--N s?9_{)'f4`8e!B ( d~ ) * NH.-N |5854]_B Awd8ABZ58e!Bs NH- } s86I +6{_( x *'+6 >q71s)8~` k nitµ'_ ''f4`5¶ZM( 8!· 's

Org-N¸B  ,B _s74Mwd8AB 8

NH.-N 8s NH.-N¸NO--N M5)s NH.-6){| 'sZ'f4`8e!B ( N¸NO--N 886 NO--N¸+6 _O ¹ >D dhkt5) NH.-N AB NO--N ῎º῍῏  05 :q{|5¶) ῍ῌῌ,

TUV 05s?9hkt1'+6< : + : =/ : (g NH.-N 
mgN kg+1s456»o¼ :  +ῌ-·¸D ,'uvLCMNOPQ%&' +¦¹º,g-IJK
ῌ+"X# ' [$456


"#$ 

%&'()*+, '-. Tanji et al. /+3130* + 12 '3456 ! Org-N "'Cheng et al. /,**.0 * 6BK uv + 7 +@h>+ 3 k den  *.03+* h>+  ! +87

- 894:;<  7

" 
a

 '-. [! ,** mgN kg>+  NH.-N y /@ ,/S !" 0*ῌ0  +2.,=+*>- h>+

! g
+*

>,

>+

h



'x


/..=+*>-d+.0=

!, Kanwar et al. /+32,0 * + k min  0=+*>1 h>+ /+=+*>. week>+0 "!, Zak et al. /+3330 * ?

6 !, Blackburn et al. /+33.0 * kmin @A

8BCDEFG<H6IJKLCMNOPQR

TU 2.0=+*>. h>+ ,/S >*.3* MPa >+r3#[3 +/*.+./ week 0 !, VWQ /+3200 * LCM=+*

,.*=+*>. h>+ /*.**.1* d>+0 ^_`a>.

+*h>+ /*.**0+, d>+0 b_d>+0 c'[K\]^

2.1=+*>/d+.1=+*>/ h>+ /*.**,*2d*.**.,, d>+0  '* efag
7K,.0=-.0=+*>. h>+ /*.**21.

] /+33*0/hP ijk 0  ,/S ! k min l +.* = +*>. d ,./ = +*>. h>+/*.**,/d*.**0+ d>+0 !,

7m,!* 

7noKoKp! qrsrt.

NH

 7uv +" /w +"0xyz{Qr /VWQ +320 ; | +33* ; }Q +330 a ; }Q +330 b ; Roelcke et al., ,**, ; Heumann and Böttcher, ,**. ; Nendel et al., ,**.03 !z +" ~,Qr!,

 /Nielsen et al., +32, ; Ma et al., +3330

Ma et al.

[ NO--N $45

"  !,/+3220 * g g  kdenNOX kmin /,/S YZ0 %& [K\]^

'

>,

>+

h

%



Minzoni et al.
.=+*>-d1.*'O!,* X  u()#$+& *

7 kminl*.***, h>+  knitl*.*+h>+ g>+

 knitl*.*+ h *7 kminl*.***, h>+¡g

* 3 kdenl+*>-d+*>+ h>+ v ¢ 3 kden¡  7 kmin  knit £'*¤,   kden¡  knit * ¥¦p(§!¨ ¢-Qr
,,- 

© !" ª[«$"¬­®¯X qrsr$)£ °*  *±῍+   7  3 +©+/+3330 * Crowley silt loam /g 0 ,'g

²" /CDE0 ¬­®³´ Org-N NH.-N NO--N [NOw,  knit  *.*+03

$" 

¦ Org-N  NH.-N *gµ¶¹º< » +*/ ¼ ,**1

88 NO--N 





(qCOrg-N(rSOrg-N(COrg-N῎(ῌqDOrg-N
(t
(t
(z ῍
(z ῏
(qCOrg-Nkminw qCOrg-Nkmins rSOrg-N(z -῎ -   -(ῌ
qDNH.-N
(z ῍


 ῏
  -kminw qCOrg-Nkmins rSOrg-Nknitw qCNH.-Nknits rSNH.-N  -  -῎    -( ῌqDNO--N
(z ῍

 ῏

knitw qCNH.-Nknits rSNH.-Nkden qCNO--NῐῌDlῐvῐDw t l !"b cm v qῌq cd/e]῍ῌcm h+ Dw fPQRQWgh!ij"#$ cm, h+ t kl0-ῌ ῍ ῎ ῐ
WghmT[\Anopqr6st4A῎ῌ PQRQ[\Wgsth7uvwx
7y 9 Oz {|}~   ῍ῌ
῏4AO 9& AO  ῌ

7M Org-N NH.-N NO--N st$A῏ῌ [\O$7A6 ῑ+  C  g cm- q  O 7MO@67`- D !"#$ cm, h+ q !%&'()z & 0 P 9 `cm h+ z *+,- cm t ./ h 0 S

 + Z[\]O$A 7` 9mTr9A6 g g+ r 123 g cm- 0

῍ 4 Org-N ῌ 56 ῌ῎ 478

:;<=>?06@7

!  DTz06@ 

9 NH.

AB

STUTz0 6

9 ¡ ¢£ 6 C=>? NO-  D<EFGHIJK  09¤¡ ¥¦§z M7

7C=>?

 LMNO

VWGH ¨©  ªῑ. 7a«¬7

 kmin knit kden PQRQST UT VWXY­7DT­ ®­7¦§­0¯ DT­ST+ Z[\]O$ h  0 56 ^_ w sUT ¦§­STVWGHNO 6PQRQ

°7 ±®² ³p7¦§­®!

+

7`[\]O$Aa

7 ¯ DT­ ´µ +331 «¬ 

 !"#$ D 7` 9 + Z[\]O$A¶6῏ῌ+O·¸QEF®7

6&Upland ﬁeld
(Sandy loam)

O

Paddy ﬁeld
(Silty Clay)

Unit

Bulk density
Particle density

r
rs

+4/0
,40/

+41*
,40/

g cmg cm-Saturated soil water content
Saturated hydraulic conductivity

qs
Ks

*4.+
.4.,

*4-0
*4*,

cm- cmcm h+

Solute transport properties

l
Dw

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

cm
cm, h+

Org-N

Kd
kmin

+*
*4***,+**4***,

cm- g+
h+

Kd

*4/

Oxidized layer
Reduced layer

*4*+
*

*
Oxidized layer
Reduced layer

*
*4+

NH.-N

NO--N

knit

*4*+

Kd

*

kden

*4**/

cm- g+h+
cm- g+h+8´µ¶m»YZ : ; cD + ¼n01º³\]^_´µ¶ῌ.

M³\]^_´µ¶c ·¸ +331 D¹º

Org-N  NH.-N 







 kminwkmins knitwknits

NH.-N 89

P ,**0 e < +** cm  *./cm  RS 1,* h  (X 1,* h 2 NO--N  Org-N  Org-N   A(@A ,**

kg ha?+ 2 S $% !"# C 

#&' ( )*+

NH.,  -./)*+)*+-.01-++ 

a῏/ 



kmin D@AB ,y+*?. h?+  +*+2"3)*+45#672 88

 ,y+*?/ h?+ +*  ,y+*?- h?+ 

 9:'; 1,* h  Org-N NH.-N NO--N q# i&' <=῍
ῌSKd C88 Kd  >% cm- g?+  @AB ῏+ 
C2BD E 8B FGHIJKL
M Org-N  NH.-N 

 #NB

OPQ
RS - 4T0
[U HYDRUS-

=\]^_D`2 HYDRUS[=5a῏+ C2bD; cdef8:ghi῎ῌ

qC,rKd C¡c kmin ¢£(¤ ¡c¥
NH.-N ¨c<=^_2" NO--N #pqr©£(ª'

!( NO--N #

2 NH.-N ª'FV¥«m¬i (X Org-N # NH.-N NO--N#©" 1,* h  Org-N # kmin
 ,y+*?. h?+ ­®¯(°±P=(-+ 

/jTklT

^_m/ van

Genuchten n E Jury and Horton ,**0 or1T mgN

cm?- soil  <=V 2   "  p   NH.-N #   ¦ §  < P +D SÀimůnek et al., ,**/ D VW (X YZ+D  8q#

-+, 

¡c NH.-N # ¨c

pqrs t?,* cm i1

uvwJ

x *.3003y+*?+ cm h?+ [z=!{

c@AB kmin,y+*?. h?+ q Org-N #

D` | \]}~#2 e?+

T #> T
uvwJx  Org-N  *.*- mgN

cm?- # NH.-N  NO--N #

knit ¢£672 a῏0 

a῏/  1,* h ¡

 ¨c knit @AB *.*+ h *.**+ h?++*  *.+ h?+ 

NH.-N

+*

+
NO--N

q# ²iknit ¢¤¨c¥V2"p  +*/  ,**1

90

ῌ/

o<23456789Pk41l )? kmin',:+*(/, ,:+*(., ,:+*(- h(+
 1,* h f Org-N, NH.-N, NO--N *+MNM56789>?1O< 56P
BC DEQ8&RDGH-+S.

NH.-N 

T%PUO

NH.-N *VW9X

YZ[\]^_`Pabcῌ1  cῌ0 )deNH cῌ/  1,* h f234ghi kmin',:+*(. h(+  Org-N *+j< NH.-N *VW9 Kd Pk
41l) ?  NH.-N m n ^ o p q   ^  

NO--N    * + G H

NH.-N  * V W 9 Kd *.*/ *./ /.* cm- g(+ =456789 knit ;<ghi *.*+ h(+ GH

NH.-N  Kd &>?r s

tu NH.-N &^)<vw1M mn^ NH.N xTyz&{Mῌ0o<=456789Pk41l)? knit'*.**+, *.*+, *.+ h(+  1,* h f
 NH.-N NO--N *+! mn^)^

=45689 knit &|)}8< =4%~, Kd >?1"01NO--N sP?b|@ 
NO--N #$%,01@F<



!"

T

>? NH.-N j< *VW9 Kd >?1
O mn^)^=45689 knit P 8)&RDGH NH.-N 

 

NO--N              NO--N #$%&
h

(+

!"

k nit '*.+ h(+ ) k nit '*.*+

 NO--N *+,&-./01 2345

-+.



o<X& &^
H

KLY&cῌ2  Y56789(+

kden & * *.**/ *.*+ hKL NO--N *+G

6789 k min ',:+*(. h(+ -;<=489 k nit 'H*.+ h(+ &>?',:+*(. h(+ knit'*.*+ h(+ Kd'*./ cm- g(+ KLG

BCDE)F< NH.-N &01@A =4

GH

IJ56KL

H

Org-N NH.-N  cῌ/1 ghi kmin
kden &>?@ r  NO--N 

¶·L ¸¹º : Z_* + » ;P$A7]6I¼q¶·L

ῌ1

91

`Kd.*.*/, *./, / cm- go+b  1,* h 

I$(+ NH.-N  n>*'µ6
NH.-N G_ VW_, NO--N /,-, 

GHI$J- I-KLMN I ON 
G  -I $ van Genuchten P Q
6 ῌ+ - +6RST=U F  Org-N
VW:XY-$YZVW:XY

NH.-N

 Kd -I$[ GHI NH.-N VW\+]Q6
G - ^_ `aG * cmb!)*+

 efgh- 1,* hjklm- Gn>U=cd
6 G i:+ *.*, cm ho+F p6 R_qrs,-[tu  qvwxyz-,{tuyz 6 I|'- +** cm }~h-  N, 6  GHI$J-I Aῌ2

I$(+ ;<,=>*'µ6`kden.*, *.**/, *.*+ ho+b  1,* h 
NO--N /,7'+ *.,/ cm6 'B$ 6A$5

 *.+, cm ,GHI-^_$F7 )* - 55- , cm5$(  NO--N 

 p65kmin -: knit

kden -

=6 `ῌ+b 

vNwxyz- $yz]

   !"Q6    m¡¢!$(+£¤¥NO--N #$"¦$A4") "¦§¨# !

)*+
01$23

%&'!  ( 

NO--N ,- kden.* ,4+!- k den .* NO--N ,/5$6789:+,=> kden ?@$ABC:+/  ;<

DE F 

$p!+  "¦§¨$- Org-N

NH.-N

(A, ©p!(7 ¨ A"!  6
Q" ª«%&¬­'(® -¯°1$¨GH$±)+ ²#$(+³´

NH.-N  NH.-N'!+ A$¨Q+

B

92

ῌ3

B
l=XY Z[\1]{ $| 2k kmin},^+*/, ,^+*., ,^+*- h+
 1,* h a Org-N NH.-N NO--N b01cd

ῌ+*

B
l= NH.-N cR~]{ $| 2k Kd}*.-, -, -* cm- g+  1,* h a
NH.-N OE E01 NO--N b01cd

  + 

,3 kg ha   +33*    1,* h&+*/  ,**1

NH.-N 

 NH.-N !"#$%

 NH.-N '()*+,-./01 *.*, mgN

cm- 23 $4 56789 Org-N !$

%2

:

-

 9;< *.*, mgN cm

 Org-N

./0123=>?  @  AB29C  DEF-,+ 

Vῌ3 8 5>? 67 W:XY Z[\1] kmin ,^+*/ ,^+*. _ ,^+*- h+`J 1,* h aDEFGb01cdU NeF
G01!LMUf
ῌ+* i9C XY 'e -* cm gh3

V

Z[\1] kmin !jklmXY!no3 'ep NH.-N NO--N !qrJ Vῌ/GHI018JK=LM N(OP./801QRL

s2 ABtu2vw3=FGxc!ge y@f=

MSTU

l8 c)*+,-!z$l2 NH.-N  Kd

¸¹7!º»¼ : bc)] + 98+^%C=>{¤[\¸¹793
+  k   t+ῌ,+n *./!ῌk῍ῌ"# $%&'
/

(

.

) kmin  ,*+*  ,*+*  ,*+*- h++ ,- -.0/1 -.0/ -.0 h.

+ kmin,*+*/ ,*+*. h+ 0/$% 1,* h

1 23$%45678+9,  Org-N :();
=>9?@A

NH.-N <;

NH.-N  BCDEF:,  kmin,*+*/ ,*G+*. h+ 01 ()HIAJK<; Org-N
NH.-N NO--N L 

MINC BCD Org-N O

PQ Org-N =>RS$%()TU VWῌ++"8X9 






9m

Oqhi=h9YZ[\]^ 01 ()$%23$%<]_A "98+ `aO [\bc, PQ]deG " -,, " q= Dm+ h 9'tD

NH.-N 

f ῎1 =01g9 NH.-N 

U KdC Org-N NH.-N  U`bc)' ]῎, 9C =q hi=> NH.-N  NO--N [\bc9JK]H"pq , cm ""W hi./#g9)

IA f῎+*  f῎3 ()Yj# kmin,*+*. h+qC q= kmin knit pq9|D<; >L Org-N

9kCD NH.-N  Kd ] *.- -Yj#! -* cm- g+ 9);l NH.-N hcm8nc  NO--N L 

U

Kd o pq NH.-N 
NH.-N q9 WtDrsC

hc NH.-N  Kd

*.- <;u; -* cm oW

vwCD

C:C xyqz{ kden  *.+ h+ 
῍  0.3 h 23$%9|D} ῌ

<; ,  NO--N xyq z{;

 NH.-N  Kd <;01C  EF ,- *.**,- mgN cm- 'W `c{¤¨  {¤[\EF =u; ¥©%ª«hi=./#gCf῎+,  1,* h ¬ Org-N NH.-N NO--N L 
xyq]­®C NH.-N  )'q¯)C xyq]­®C NO--N °9qR

[\A~9 hi==  q=:'  h :  hU9|Dq] "01h 4 *.+1. cm h+=

qpEF{¤  -. , ¥gB¦&]§C Org-N NH.-N

G NO--N u; -*cm oW vwCD'--¡ῌ¢$ ,**0! "]^%CD )£c9= #] =")q# "#  xyq]­®A; Wxyq9m q=9m

NO--N

NH.-N <z{



'9<; C:= hU01 q=hC q=9mD NO--N z{±'9'+ =>CD 01 h  NO--N 9W wCD'+ )9'i +32,! "q;9 h²p³ NO--N ´9HIAJ=h  :  8DK]µ  9 EF]~h# +* ,* -*""  =  q=9kCD῎, 9A

cm 9C q=h¶(·]xy

h !Q#]C pEFh] * cm £cCD]Dg./]tC£c h 4«g9 *.+1. cm h+,CD f῎++ 9Ah9m

h 4 *.+1. cm h+  ./]tq=(·() k min defg h +*/ i ,**1#

94

῍ῌ,

JKLMNOP;2Q0RSTU?VWXY
Plowed soil
(Loam)Z

Plow sole(Sandy clay)

Subsoil(Silt loam)

Unit

Oxidized
layer

Reducedlayer

Reducedlayer

Oxidized
layer

*ῌ,

,ῌ+*

+*ῌ-*

-*ῌ+**cm

Depth
Bulk density
Particle density

r
rs

+4/0
,40/

+40.
,40/

+4.0
,40/

g cmg cm-Saturated soil water content
Residual soil water content
Inverse of air-entry value
Pore-size distribution index
Saturated hydraulic conductivity
Pore-connectivity parameter

qr
qs
a
n
Ks
l

*4*12
*4.*4*-0
+4/0
+4*.
*4/

*4+
*4-2
*4*,1
+4,*4+,
*4/

*4*01
*4./
*4*,
+4.+
*4./
*4/

cm- cmcm- cmcm+[cm h+[

Solute transport properties

l
Dw

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

+
*4*0

cm
cm, h+

Org-N

Kd
kmin

+*
*4***,+**4***,+**4***,+**4***+

cm- g+
h+

NH.-N

Kd
knit

*4*+

*

*

*4**/

cm- g+
h+

NO--N

Kd
kden

*
*

*
*4+

*
*4+

*
*

cm- g+h+ῌῌ+,

JKLM\]^_0R234 1,* h ` Org-N NH.-N NO--N ab+c*.***+ h+ 



kden

*.*/ h+knit* h+

 

  ῌ!" ,**0# $%& kden



'(

)*+ ,ῌ+-

 -./01234

+** cm 56789 NO--N :;<=>?@ABCD , A/EF89/0FGCHI B

Z[\@»]^ : T!+ ¼8,-S5>?Z[\952]^ Iῌ-  +  % 89
:3

J<;N 4'

J,**-KK 89:3 Arrhenius J<;N

#ῌ J+330KK ,!Z[\R- 2]
< )$ HYDRUS-+D

5S5

<!%& 

,C NH.-N 6<c 7C N,O %{>6 +8%89, Z[\Rh >!5 N, &''&89 9O< )1N+8Z[\R,-:%] B4C<1N 89:
ΐῌ+-¶UvVk! 0#4a,  ·¸ J¹ +** cmK &'¥ NO--N wxyz{º pH  > FG; <>% 3t 6>0=>?@ A
B?0<C0 ,C%3 D$ &<EZ[\uUVWV( %<S;'1  NO--N 
  NO--N   !

"# 

$%( ) &' NO--N 

%*+ ,- .%&'/01!
<,- (=, >?

@ A BC < )DE 89:  FGH ; Iῌ- JbK ,C89: L
M:<!;,C%

S5"  _18k89: 7< )1N 8%2F$R <%<S;'1
D "de% >?;

234!5 6!789:;Y DE89:

D$>?Z[\ $ 23

 G'& <<5 P ¡¢£\ H2¢£
\ PAI<Z[\<f¤iJ¥KR¦
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