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Makoto Shida, ASHBi-URA- Individual Writing Support (@ ASHBi, from 2019)
KAKENHI: Transformative Research A/B, Kiban S/A/C & Wakate
Other grants including JST-FOREST, AMED etc.
- Seminar Lecturer
KAKENHI, DC1/2 Fellowships, and others
KAKENHI Seminars

DC1/DC2 Seminars

Re se arch Acce le ration U nit, Institute for the Ad vance d Stud y of Human B iology (W PI-ASHB i)

Other Seminars(outside of ASHBi)

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Grant Application is about Convincing your Research Proposal!

2 Important factors of proposal

Research
Idea

Storytelling

Today

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Today’s Agenda

1. Basic Information and Application Process
2. Evaluation System for WAKATE & Kiban C
3. Storytelling: Preparing an Effective Proposal

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Today’s Agenda

1. Basic Information and Application Process
2. Evaluation System for WAKATE & Kiban C
3. Storytelling: Preparing an Effective Proposal

Re se arch Acce le ration U nit, Institute for the Ad vance d Stud y of Human B iology (W PI-ASHB i)

5JSPS funding programs for PhD students & Early-stage researchers

GrantsFellowships

DC1
PhD Students

for prospective PhD students

DC2

for enrolled PhD students

PD
Postdocs

for “permanent resident holders” and Japanese postdoc
Postdoctoral Fellowships for Research in Japan (Standard)
for foreign postdocs intending to start research in Japan

Postdocs & Faculty KAKENHI
Members(Kiban S/A/B/C, WAKATE, etc.)

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KAKENHI is the largest & most accessible funding program in Japan

32% of thegovt. competitive funding
https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/compefund/Approx. 25,000 proposals
are selected each year
https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_27_kdata_g1333/2-1_r5.pdf

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For early-stage researchers, WAKATE/Kiban C are the most suitable
Category

PeriodGrant Size (Total JPY)

Kiban S

5 years

Kiban A

3-5 years

Kiban B
Kiban C

3-5 years

WAKATE

2-5 years

within 8yrs from PhD degree

Adoption (2024)
NumberRate

50～200 M

65

11.9%

20～50 M

632

27.2%

5～20 M

3,327

28.0%

12,551

27.5%

5,290

40.1%

～5 M

+other special categories
https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants01.html
https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_27_kdata/3-1-1_r6_0531.pdf
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You need to apply via the JSPS E-Application System- your e-Rad #To start, contact your univ. admin for- internal deadline
Login with your e-Rad #(your researcher ID in Japan)

E-application to funds
KAKENHI, JST grants etc.

Carry the same ID
even when you transfer

https://www-shinsei.jsps.go.jp/kaken/english/index.html
Re se arch Acce le ration U nit, Institute for the Ad vance d Stud y of Human B iology (W PI-ASHB i)

9You need to upload the application set in the E-Application System
WEB SYSTEMWORDWEB SYSTEM

Application Info

Application Forms (Proposal)

Budget Plan

E-Application System
Your Univ. Admin checks
and then submits to JSPS
https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants09_kiban.html
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Your Application Forms (Proposal) consist of 3 Parts
Make sure to follow the instructions carefullye.g.

- page limit & font size (10pts or larger)- context to be answered for each partSee appendix for
instruction details

Application Forms (Proposal)

Part 1
Research Plan

Part 2
Feasibility

Part 3Compliance

4 pages

2 pages

1 pagehttps://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants09_kiban.html
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11Summary: Basic Information and application process

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Today’s Agenda

1. Basic Information and Application Process
2. Evaluation System for WAKATE & Kiban C
3. Storytelling: Preparing an Effective Proposal

Re se arch Acce le ration U nit, Institute for the Ad vance d Stud y of Human B iology (W PI-ASHB i)

13What is the evaluation process for WAKATE/Kiban C?
*Kiban B follows the same process

You(Applicant)Evaluation Process（Blackbox?）

Selected
40%

Not
Selected
60%

Rabbit Icons: https://chojugiga.com/
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WAKATE/Kiban C Applicants are evaluated by 3 reviewers in 2 stages*Kiban B follows the same process with 5 reviewers[NEW] 4 Reviewers until last year

3 Reviewers

You(Applicant)

A

B

C

Evaluation ProcessTop
30%（Blackbox?）

1st Stage

Evaluation

Border
20%

Low
50%

Selected40%

2nd Stage
Evaluation
Not
Selected
60%

Frog & Rabbit Icons: https://chojugiga.com/
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Reviewers: Researchers in your Review Section fields
Experts are selected from the “Review Section” which you chose
3 Reviewers
A

You(Applicant)

B

C

Top
30%

1st Stage

Evaluation

Border
20%

Low
50%

Selected40%

2nd Stage
Evaluation
Not
Selected
60%

Frog & Rabbit Icons: https://chojugiga.com/
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You are to choose from the 306 “Basic Sections” (each covering a broad field)

Experts in Basic Section “44020”
44020 Developmental biology-related

A

B

C

Regeneration

Developmental
genetics

Morphogenesis

Reviewers are experts but
may not be from your “specific” field
https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/review_section_table_e.pdf
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Frog Icons: https://chojugiga.com/

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Past reviewer info can be helpful in choosing your Review Section
Past reviewers are disclosed(provided only in Japanese)
FY202044020 Developmental biology-related

FY2019https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/review_section_table_e.pdf

https://www.jsps.go.jp/j-grantsinaid/14_kouho/meibo.html

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Past selections can also be helpful in choosing your Review Section
You can search for past projects using
KAKENHI Database (KAKEN)

44020 Developmental biology-related

https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/review_section_table_e.pdf
Re se arch Acce le ration U nit, Institute for the Ad vance d Stud y of Human B iology (W PI-ASHB i)

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/

19Evaluation: the fate of approx. 80% are decided in 1st Stage
Sorting is done by the “Overall Score”
3 Reviewers
A

You(Applicant)

B

C

Top
30%

Evaluate
1st Stage“ALL”
Evaluation
applications

Border
20%

Low
50%

Re-Evaluate
2nd Stage“Border-lines”
Evaluation
Only

Selected
40%

Not
Selected
60%

Rabbit Icons: https://chojugiga.com/
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Reviewers sort applications into 4 categories using the “Overall Score”“Overall Score” Average of the 3 Reviewers is used for selection
NEW (from FY2024 call)
For Kiban A/B/C

Overall Score

ApplicantEvaluate
“All”
2
3
4
applications
40%
20% 10%(sorting the application)

1

30%
Poor

+

Additional Element

Excellent(absolute rating)International
Ripple EffectAcademic Importance
3 Rating
Elements(absolute rating)

Validityof Methods

Appropriatenessof Researcher/Environment
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Rabbit Icons: https://chojugiga.com/

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Reviewers need to assess these points for each Rating Element
Assessment criteria for each category is provided at the KAKENHI website

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants03.html
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Summary of Evaluation Systems
Most are decided in 1st stage (1 chance)Your proposal needs to be understood properly

Reviewers may not be experts of your specific field
Your proposal needs to be in easy-to-understand format

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Today’s Agenda

1. Basic Information and Application Process
2. Evaluation System for WAKATE & Kiban C
3. Storytelling: Preparing an Effective Proposal

Re se arch Acce le ration U nit, Institute for the Ad vance d Stud y of Human B iology (W PI-ASHB i)

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Before writing, we need to understand the reviewer’s circumstancesYour proposal needs to be quickly & easily understood by your reviewers
Evaluate over 50 applicationsin short period△

Each “Basic Section”
covers a broad field
44020 Developmental biology-related

PrivateOver 50×7pages!

Cell differentiation, Stem cells, Regeneration, Germ layer formation,
Morphogenesis, Organogenesis, Fertilization, Germ cells,
Developmental genetics, Evolution and development, etc.

△
Some I know well,some not as much…

Research

The story needs to be easily
understood at a glance

The story needs to be easily
understood from other fields

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What can we do to make an effective grant proposal?

Effective “Research Story”
helps reviewers capture your story quickly

I can easily understandwhat this proposal is about!

Frog Icons: https://chojugiga.com/
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What is a research story?
Method for communicating your research
to an audience from other fields in an easy-to-understand manner
It is important to explain
how your findings contribute to academic progress
andhow they have a significant impact on society
in a double-pyramid (hourglass) format

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How can you incorporate the research story into your proposal?
Focused Issue
Your Research
Focused Findings

You(Applicant)Your point of viewResearch Plan

Specific Issue
Your Solution (Unique)
Methods(Solid)You need areviewer’s
point of view!

Expected Findings

Frog & Rabbit Icons: https://chojugiga.com/
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You need to connect your viewpoint with the reviewer’s viewpoint
Large Issue
Focused Issue
Your Research
Focused Findings

You(Applicant)Your point of viewResearch Plan

Specific Issue
Your Solution (Unique)
Methods(Solid)Expected Findings

ReviewerYour Research

Large Impact

Reviewer’s point of view

Academic Importance
Validityof Methods

Appropriatenessof Researcher/Environment

You need to satisfy both point of view
Frog & Rabbit Icons: https://chojugiga.com/
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Academic Importance: Why should others listen to your story?
Large Unsolved Issue

Research Plan

CriticalSpecific
Problem
Issue
Your
Your
Solution
Solution(Unique)
Methods(Unique/Solid)

Methods(Solid)Expected Findings

Academic Importance
Validityofof Methods
Methods

Appropriatenessof Researcher/Environment

Large Potential Impact
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Validity & Appropriateness: Why is your plan feasible?
Large Unsolved Issue

Research Plan

Critical Problem
Your Solution (Unique)
Methods(Solid)Expected Findings

Feasibility of yourResearch Plan
Ability/Expertise
Research
Environment

Academic Importance
Validityof Methods

Appropriatenessof Researcher/Environment

Large Potential Impact
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Good storyline has the “Hourglass” structure“Hourglass” like structure

Large Unsolved Issue

Large scope

Research Plan

Critical Problem
Your Solution (Unique)
Methods(Solid)Expected Findings

Large Potential Impact

Specific
focus

Academic Importance
Validity

Specific
focus

of Methods

Appropriatenessof Researcher/Environment
Large scope

Modified from Scanlan C, “The hourglass: serving the news, serving the reader” Poynter, 2003
https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2003/the-hourglass-serving-the-news-serving-the-reader/
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Addressing the storyline into your proposal format
Your storyline should be explained in Part 1

Part 1
Research Plan

Part 2
Feasibility

Part 3Compliance

4 pages

2 pages

1 pagehttps://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants09_kiban.html
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Usually, proposals are structured to follow the instruction
If you simply follow the instruction, “Large Potential Impact” will not be explained

Moved from (3)Sample Proposal (using last year’s format)(3)
Methods

(2)
(4)

(4)

SUMMARY

Preliminary
Data

(3)

Not
specifiedMethods
Graphical
Abstract(1)Comparison
chart

Methods

Topic
Diagram(2)

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However, reviewers need to evaluate your “Large Potential Impact”“Large Potential Impact” is clearly shown as one of the assessment criteria

Rating Element: Academic ImportanceNot
specified

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants03.html
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You need to find a place to explain your “Large Potential Impact”
There are several places where you can explain your “Large Potential Impact”

Example #1
Example #2

Sample Proposal (using last year’s format)
Example #2 (3)(2)

Methods(4) What will be(4)
elucidated

SUMMARY(4)

Preliminary
Data

(3)

Not
specifiedMethods
Graphical
Abstract(1)
Example #1

Comparison
chart

Methods

Topic
Diagram(2) Purpose(2)

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Effective summary can be prepared as your compact storyline
Reviewer’s first impression will be made here
By providing the storyline, reviewers can quickly capture the whole story
Sample Summary (modified from the original)
Large Unsolved Issue
Critical Problem
Your solution
Methods
Expected Findings
Large Potential Impact

I can easily understandwhat this proposal is about!

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Simple Graphical Abstract
can also be effective!

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Other practical tips for an effective proposal
Tip #1

Grant Writing is different from Paper Writing

Tip #2

Organize your story using an outline framework

Tip #3

Identify your “Key Scientific Question”

Tip #4Visualize your plan using “figures & diagrams”

Tip #5

Guide the eyes with “Easy-to-understand” structure

Tip #6

Prepare/update your researchmap upon application

Tip #7

Obtain Third Person’s View via Feedback
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Tip #1 Grant Writing is different from Paper Writing
Paper Writing
Past oriented

Grant WritingvsFuture oriented

Work that has been done

Work that should be done

Theme-centered

Project-centered

Theory and thesis

Objectives and activities

Specialized terminology

Accessible Language

Expository rhetoric

Persuasive rhetoric“Insider jargon”

Explaining to the reader

Easily understood“Selling” to the reader

Modified from Porter R, “Why Academics Have a Hard Time Writing Good Grant Proposals”
The Journal of Research Administration, vol 38, 2, 2007

In Grant Writing, you need to sell “your future plan”
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Tip #2 Organize your story using an outline framework
Sample of an Outline Framework

Past

Present

Future①③⑤Introduction/Issue

Your idea/solution

Expected Findings

②

④

⑥

Common knowledge,
scientific background, etc.

Critical Problem
Unmet needs ofother research(domestic/global)

Theme of your proposal

Your strength

Key findings,
research environment

What can be achieved

Potential Impact
to Science & Society

小野英理 “科研費研究計画調書のグラフィックデザイン” 2019

Check to see if you have “every component” in your story
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Tip #3 Identify your “Key Scientific Question”
In KAKENHI, you need to clarify your “Key Scientific Question”
A good question/problem distinguishes your proposal from others!
→ It enhances the significance/originality of your study
Tadashi Ogawa
Admin. Director
WPI-ASHBiYour Methods

Desired Goals(Expected Findings)

Previous
Studies

Your
Study

Problem/
Question

Achievement
Modified from Ogawa T, “My experience as a reviewer”
KAKENHI Preparation in Advance, 2018

Make a question of which your method is the “best way” to success
41
while showing the “difficulty” in other methods
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Tip #4 Visualize your plan using “figures & diagrams”
e.g. Project timelineYear 1
Theme 1
Identification of
the Key Factors
Theme 2
Elucidating the
Function of each
Key Factors

Year 2

Year 3

Articlesearch

Field
Study

Extraction of
Key Factors

Analyzing
Known Factor

Comparative
Evaluation

Mini
Workshop

Theme 3
Elucidating the
Mechanism of
the problem

SubmitPaper

Feedback
Analysis

Systematic
Integration

Workshop with
global experts

e.g. Conceptual diagram

Modified from Ono E, “科研費研究計画調書のグラフィックデザイン”,
K-CONNEX Seminar, 2017

Make sure to prepare them in grayscale!
Visualizing your storyline will enable reviewers to
capture you story at a glance
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Tip #5 Guide the eyes with “Easy-to-understand” structure△

Family50+ proposals×7p= =over 350p!!

△

Research

It’s easy to follow!

Modified from Ogawa T, “My experience as a reviewer”
KAKENHI Preparation in Advance, 2018

Frog Icons: https://chojugiga.com/

Place the summary, headers and figures effectively
to help guide reviewers’ eyes
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Tip #6 Prepare/update your researchmap upon application
Researchmap is the largest database of researcher information in Japan
https://researchmap.jp/

Image of your researchmap individual page

Registration fields#

Fields#Fields1

Name

13 Papers

2

Researcher Number

14 Misc.

3

Affiliation

15 Presentations

4

Degree16 Books and Other Publications

5

Gender17 Teaching Experience

6

Research Interests

18 Works

7

Research Areas

19 Research Projects

8

Research History

20 Major Industrial Property Rights

9

Education

21 Social Activities

10 Awards

22 Academic Activities

11 Committee Memberships

23 Media Coverage

12 Professional Memberships

24 Others

https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/grants/j-grantsinaid/38_jigyousetsumeikai/data/r05/siryou4.pdf

Many reviewers check researchmap when they evaluate
Make sure to update your data once you submit
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Tip #7 Obtain Third Person’s View via Feedback
Check to see how much of your proposal is understood by others

What do you mean by this?

What’s theimportant part ofthis proposal?
URA

Colleague

You

Hmm…
How can I modify my story to
make it more easily
understood…

Modified from Ono E, “科研費研究計画調書のグラフィックデザイン”,
K-CONNEX Seminar, 2017

The reader of your research story is the reviewer, not you
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Acknowledgements

ASHBi Research Acceleration Unit
Tadashi Ogawa
Hiromi Inoue

Spyros Goulas
Chieko Chiwata

Materials, advices & support

Rio Tsutsumi, WPI-ASHBi, Kyoto University
Eiri Ono, IIMC, Kyoto University
Hiromi Sumita, LiMe, Kyoto University
Fumi Komori & Narumi Sano, ASHBi Office
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Appendix 1
Instructions for the KAKENHI
Research Proposal Document(sample: WAKATE)[NOTE] Instruction for Kiban C is also the same

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1. Research Objectives, Research Method, etc.

Moved from (3)https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/s-21_e.docx

Moved from (3)NEW!

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1. Research Objectives, Research Method, etc.
Notes to observe when preparing the Research Proposal Document

https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/s-21_e.docx
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1. Research Objectives, Research Method, etc.
Notes to observe when preparing the Research Proposal Document

https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/s-21_e.docx
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2. Applicant’s Ability to Conduct the Research and the Research EnvironmentNEW!

https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/s-21_e.docx
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3. Issues Relevant to the Protection of Human Right and Compliancewith Laws and Regulations

https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/s-21_e.docx
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Appendix 2
Assessment Criteria forDocument Review

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Where to find your assessment criteria for your category

Go to “Peer Review Process”
https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants03.html
ClickScroll down

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Assessment Criteria: Overview

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: Overview

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: Overview

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: 3 Rating Elements[Rating Element 1]
Academic Importance of the Research Proposal

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: 3 Rating Elements[Rating Element 2]
Validity of the Research Method

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: 3 Rating Elements[Rating Element 3]
Appropriateness of Ability and Research Environment to Conduct Researchhttps://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: First Stage Review

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: First Stage Review

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: Second Stage Review

https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Assessment Criteria: Other Evaluation Items (Research Expenditure)https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/data/2023/r5hyoutei03_en_general.pdf
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Reference: Evaluation of Challenging Research
Emphasis is on the “Significance” as a “Challenging Research”

https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_e_grants03_2022/r5hyoutei04_en_challenging.pdf
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Appendix 3
Other KAKENHI references

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Categories for KAKENHI“Grant-in-Aid (KAKENHI) Program” forCreative/pioneeringresearch

Radical transformationof the existing framework

Specially Promoted
Research

Scientific Research
S/A/B/C (Kiban)

Early-Career Scientists(WAKATE)Transformative Research
Areas A/B
Challenging Research

Research Activity
Start-uphttps://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/grants01.html

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Restriction on Parallel Grant Application
If you wish to apply for multiple categories, check the restriction chart before application
Example of an restriction chart (excerpt from the original chart)

Applicable or
Not

Already haveor have applied for

Can you apply for the“Column B” category?
[Blank]: Yes (can receive both)■: Yes, but priority is on A
(cannot receive both)□: Yes, but priority is on B
(cannot receive both)

－: No
×: No
▲: No
★: No

Original chart https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/table_of_restriction_e.pdf
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Review Section Table
You are to select “one” review section from the chart which suits you the most
For the “Basic Sections” below, the reviewers may consist ofexperts from different Medium-sized & Broad Sections

Original chart https://www.jsps.go.jp/file/storage/kaken_kiban_2024_g_2307/review_section_table_e.pdf
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Past Selection Results: Adoption Data (Numbers, Allocation)
From the chart, you can observe that the adoption rates are similar between “all” Review Sections
Acceptance rate for each broad sections (all category combined, FY2022 new adoptions)
SectionReseearch Fields

Applications

Accepted

Acceptance Rate

Composition

A

Philosophy, Literature, History, Geography, Law, Political science, Economics, Sociology, Education, Psychology related fields

16,991

5,368

32%

21%

B

Algebra, Analysis, Condensed matter physics, Plasma science, Particle-/nuclear-/astro-physics, Earth and planetary sciece related
fields

5,370

1,459

27%

6%

C

Mechanics of materials, Fluid engineering, Electrical and electronic engineering, Civil engineering, Architecture, Aerospaceengineering, Social systems engineering related fields

7,019

1,865

27%

7%

D

Materials engineering, Chemical engineering, Nano/micro science, Applied condensed matter physics, Applied physics andengineering, Nuclear/earth resources engineering, Biomedical engineering related fields

5,562

1,359

24%

5%

E

Physical chemistry, Organic chemistry, Inorganic/coordination chemistry, Polymers, Inorganic chemistry, Biomolecular chemistry
related fields

4,187

1,040

25%

4%

F

Agricultural chemistry, Agricultural and evironmental biology, Forestry and forest products science, Agricultural economics andrural sociology, Veterinary medical science related fields

5,860

1,517

26%

6%

G

Biology at molecular to cellular levels, Biology at cellular to organism levels, Biology at organismal to poppulation levels related
fields

4,851

1,254

26%

5%

H

Pharmaceutical sciences, Biomedical structure and function, Pathology and infection/immunology related fields

4,612

1,237

27%

5%

I

Oncology, Brain sciences, General internal medicine, Organ-based internal medicine, Internal medicine of the bio-information
integration, Surgery of the organs maintaining homeostasis, Surgery related to bioogical and censory functions, Oral science,
Society medicine, Sports sciences, physical education, Biomedical engineering related fields

28,818

8,467

29%

34%

J

Information science and computer engineering, Human informatics, Applied informatics related fields

3,787

1,026

27%

4%

K

Environmental analyses and evaluation, Environmental conservation related fields

1,795

452

25%

2%

88,852

25,044

28%

100%

Total

Modified from https://www.jsps.go.jp/j-grantsinaid/27_kdata/data/r04/3-2_r4.pdf
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Past Selection Results: KAKEN Database
From the website, you can search for past adopted projects for each Review Sections

3) Press “Search” to check adopted projects.
Title, Investigator, Outline can be found
1) Press “Advanced Search” to open
search criteria
2) Select your category, review section, etc.

Original DB found athttps://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/
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Appendix 4
Other useful tips

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Questions you want to answer in your abstract
A good abstract will provide answers to reviewer’s questions• Which problem are you going to solve?
• Why is this problem important to science/society?
• What is the goal here (What will you find/achieve?)• How will/What makes you manage to do it?
• What potential impact can your provide to science/society?

Modified from “Writing an abstract”, Australian National University
https://www.anu.edu.au/students/academic-skills/research-writing/journal-article-writing/writing-an-abstract
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What’s different in Paper Writing & Grant Writing?

Porter R, “Why Academics Have a Hard Time Writing Good Grant Proposals”,
The Journal of Research Administration, vol 38, 2, 2007

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