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2019 REFINEMENT TO THE 2006
IPCC GUIDELINES FOR
NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GASINVENTORIES5OVERVIEW

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Authors

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Eduardo Calvo Buendia (Peru), Sabin Guendehou (Benin), Bundit Limmeechokchai (Thailand), Riitta Pipatti(Finland), Yasna Rojas (Chile), Rob Sturgiss (Australia), Kiyoto Tanabe (Japan), Tom Wirth (USA)

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Daniela Romano (Italy), Jongikhaya Witi (South Africa), Amit Garg (India), Melissa M. Weitz (USA), Bofeng
Cai (China), Deborah A. Ottinger (USA), Hongmin Dong (China), James Douglas MacDonald (Canada),
Stephen Michael Ogle (USA), Marcelo Theoto Rocha (Brazil), Maria José Sanz Sanchez (Spain), Deborah M.
Bartram (USA), Sirintornthep Towprayoon (Thailand)

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Contents

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Overview

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Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4

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Background .............................................................................................................................................. 517

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Coverage of the 2019 Refinement ............................................................................................................ 6

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Relationship with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines ........................................................................................... 7

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Specific developments in the 2019 Refinement ....................................................................................... 920

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Clarification on key concepts in the 2019 Refinement ........................................................................... 12

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Tables22

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Table 1

Definition of types of refinement ............................................................................................. 7

Boxes

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Box 1

Significance and prioritization criteria ..................................................................................... 6

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Box 2

Example of mapping table for the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (Vol.1)..... 827

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1 INTRODUCTION

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006 IPCC Guidelines) which were
published in 2006 provide methodologies for estimating national inventories of anthropogenic emissions bysources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases. This IPCC Methodology Report titled the 2019 Refinement to
the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2019 Refinement) was published in 2019 torefine the 2006 IPCC Guidelines with the aim to provide an updated and sound scientific basis for supporting the
preparation and continuous improvement of national greenhouse gas inventories.

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In order to achieve this overall aim, the 2019 Refinement:

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Provides supplementary methodologies for sources or sinks of greenhouse gases only where currently there
are gaps or where new technologies and production processes have emerged requiring elaborated
methodologies or for sources or sinks that are not well covered by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines;

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Provides updated default values of emission factors and other parameters based on the latest available
scientific information only where significant differences from default values presented in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines are identified;

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Provides additional or alternative up-to-date information and guidance, where possible, as clarification orelaboration of existing guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

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The 2019 Refinement does not revise the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, but updates, supplements and/or elaborates the2006 IPCC Guidelines where gaps or out-of-date science have been identified. It does not replace the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines, but should be used in conjunction with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the 2013 Supplement to the2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands (Wetlands Supplement).

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2 BACKGROUND

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The Bureau of IPCC Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFB), at its 26th meeting held in Ottawa,
Canada in August 2014, concluded that:

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines provide a technically sound methodological basis of national greenhouse gas
inventories, and therefore fundamental revision was unnecessary.

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To maintain the scientific validity of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, certain refinements might be required, taking
into account scientific and other technical advances that had matured sufficiently since 2006.

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Following these conclusions by the TFB and also in accordance with the approval by the IPCC at its 40th Session
held in Berlin, Germany in April 2014, the Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) started atechnical assessment of IPCC inventory guidelines through an on-line questionnaire survey and four expert
meetings in 2015 and 2016 1,2,3,4.

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The technical assessment revealed that there had been abundant new scientific and empirical knowledge publishedsince 2006 that the IPCC should take into account, particularly with respect to data for emission factor development
for some categories and gases. Consequently, the TFB recognized the necessity and usefulness of refining the 2006
IPCC Guidelines (e.g. updating default emission factors), and concluded that the refinement should be made as
early as possible so as to help all the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) use good practice inventory methodologies based on up-to-date scientific knowledge.

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The IPCC, at its 43rd Session in Nairobi, Kenya in April 2016, approved the proposal made by the Co-Chairs of
TFI on “Refinement of 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, including production of
a Methodology Report(s)” as contained in the Decision IPCC/XLIII-8 “Update of methodologies on National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories”. At the same session, the IPCC decided to consider the outline of the new
Methodology Report(s) at the 44th Session of the IPCC in October 2016 and to consider the draft Methodology
Report(s) at a Plenary session of the IPCC in May 2019 (Decision IPCC/XLIII-7 “Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)
Products. Strategic Planning”). Following this decision, a scoping meeting for a Methodology Report(s) to refine
the 2006 IPCC Guidelines was held in Minsk, Belarus in August 2016. The outcome of the scoping meeting wasapproved by the TFB at its 28th meeting which was held immediately after the scoping meeting, and submitted to
the IPCC for consideration. Finally the IPCC, at its 44th Session in Bangkok, Thailand, decided to prepare the 2019
Refinement and adopted its scope and outline (Decision IPCC/XLIV-5 “Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Products,
Outline of the Methodology Report(s) to refine the 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories”).

1 Expert Meeting for Technical Assessment of IPCC Inventory Guidelines (Energy, IPPU, Waste Sectors), 29 June - 1 July

2015, Geneva, Switzerland
2 Expert Meeting for Technical Assessment of IPCC Inventory Guidelines (AFOLU Sector) 13-16 July 2015, São Paulo, Brazil
3 Expert meeting for Technical Assessment of IPCC Inventory Guidelines: follow-up on specified issues from the 2015 expert

meetings 25-26 April 2016, Wollongong, Australia
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meeting for Technical Assessment of IPCC Inventory Guidelines (Cross-sectoral issues) 27-29 April 2016,
Wollongong, Australia

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3 COVERAGE OF THE 2019 REFINEMENT

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The 2019 Refinement covers all IPCC inventory sectors but refinements are included for only those categories
where the science was considered to have sufficiently advanced since 2006 or where new or additional guidance
was required. The specific categories that have been refined through this process were selected through a technicalassessment carried out in 2015 and 2016 and a subsequent scoping meeting held in August 2016 using thesignificance and prioritization criteria shown in Box 1.

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BOX 1
SIGNIFICANCE AND PRIORITIZATION CRITERIA

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Significance of the source/sink and the gas within the sector on a global scale.
Sources significant only for a limited number of particular countries, currently or in theforeseeable future, may not meet this criterion. The adequacy of the existing guidance for aparticular category should be considered, as should the likelihood that new information would
lead to a definite improvement in the IPCC Guidelines.
Availability of relevant new scientific results.
Sufficient data availability and maturity of scientific advances since 2006 to provide a basis formethodological development or refinement, including (1) ability to develop new or updated
default emission/removal factors; and (2) feasibility of obtaining the necessary data to
implement the methods.
Emergence of new sources or gases meeting these criteria.

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The outline of the 2019 Refinement adopted by the IPCC was developed on the basis of the categories selected
through the process mentioned above. However, the IPCC also agreed on the following principles when the outline
was adopted.

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Authors should develop modifications even for those Chapters/Sections/Subsections where “No refinement”
is indicated in the approved table of contents, if deemed necessary to ensure consistency with the refinements
made in the other Chapters/Sections/Subsections.

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Authors may conclude no refinement should be made even for the Chapters/Sections/Subsections whererefinement is expected in this approved table of contents, after comprehensive review of available literature.

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In addition to the greenhouse gases included in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the 2019 Refinement includes gases forwhich global warming potential (GWP) values are given in one of the subsequent IPCC Assessment Reports (e.g.,
the Fourth or Fifth Assessment Report), unless the gases are covered by Annexes A through E of the Montreal
Protocol. (Annex F of the Montreal Protocol lists hydrofluorocarbons, which are included in the 2019 Refinement.)
The 2019 Refinement also provides estimation methods for halogenated greenhouse gases for which GWP values
were not available from IPCC Assessment Reports at the time the 2019 Refinement was developed. (See Volume
1, Chapter 8 and Volume 3, Chapters 6, 7, and 8 for examples of both sets of gases.)

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines contain links to information on methods used under other agreements and conventions,for the estimation of emissions of tropospheric precursors which may be used to supplement the reporting ofemissions and removals of greenhouse gases. The 2019 Refinement follows this approach, and does not provide
methods for the estimation of emissions of tropospheric precursors.

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The structure of the 2019 Refinement is the same as that of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines so as to make it easier for
inventory compilers to use the 2019 Refinement with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. It comprises an Overview Chapter(this chapter) and the following five volumes.

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Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

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Volume 2: Energy

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Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use

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Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

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Volume 5: Waste

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Across all the volumes, some additional sections have been included. The guidance focuses on inventory
methodologies rather than on scientific discussions of the background material, for which references are provided.

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4 RELATIONSHIP WITH THE 2006 IPCC
GUIDELINES

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As stated in Section 1 above, the 2019 Refinement does not revise the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, but updates,
supplements and/or elaborates the 2006 IPCC Guidelines where gaps or out-of-date science have been identified.
It does not replace the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, but should be used in conjunction with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
and the Wetlands Supplement. 5

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In order to clarify the relationship with the guidance given in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the 2019 Refinement
indicates the type of refinement provided where a refinement is implemented. The types of refinement are definedin Table 1.

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TABLE 1DEFINITION OF TYPES OF REFINEMENT
Type of refinement

Explanation

UpdateThis is to update existing guidance (table, section, or an entire chapter) in the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines to address the needs explained in the first or second bullet in Section 1(Introduction) of this chapter. New elements that do not change default approaches in theexisting guidance is considered “update”. A typical example is to provide new default values
for EFs contained in a table in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, and in this case it is considered“Update of Table X.X (on default EFs)”.
When updating a section or an entire chapter, in some cases these sections or chapters havebeen entirely rewritten when it was difficult to provide only the new information without
overlapping with the existing guidance.
From the inventory compiler’s view point, “update” of existing guidance means that they areencouraged to use the table/section/chapter in the 2019 Refinement instead of the corresponding
table/section/chapter in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Elaboration

This is to elaborate existing guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to address the needs
explained in the first or third bullet of Section 1 (Introduction) of this chapter.
New elements that may be added to default approaches in the existing guidance are considered“elaboration”. Also, additional or alternative up-to-date information and guidance provided toclarify existing guidance are considered “elaboration”.
Elaboration of a section or entire chapter does not require a rewrite of an existing section or
chapter, but rather the provision of a sub-section or section that contains additional or
alternative up-to-date information without overlap with existing guidance.
From the inventory compiler’s view point, “elaboration” of existing guidance means that they
are encouraged to use the table/section/chapter in the 2019 Refinement in conjunction with thecorresponding table/section/chapter in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

New guidanceThis is to add completely new guidance on issues for which there is essentially no guidance inthe 2006 IPCC Guidelines to address the needs explained in the first bullet in Section 1(Introduction) of this chapter.
Creation of default approaches to issues that are not well covered in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
is considered “new guidance”.
From the inventory compiler’s view point, “new guidance” means that they are encouraged touse the section/chapter in the 2019 Refinement without reference to specific sections/chaptersin the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, recognizing that there is essentially no corresponding guidance inthe 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

No refinement

This means that no refinement has been made in that section.

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With a view to helping inventory compilers understand the relationship between the 2019 Refinement and the 2006
IPCC Guidelines, each volume has an annex titled “Mapping table for the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC

5 The IPCC decided to produce the 2019 Refinement as a separate Methodology Report which should be used in conjunction

with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Consolidating all methodological guidance into a single Methodology Report would require
a new decision by the IPCC.

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Guidelines”. This annex in each volume provides a road map for relating sections, equations, tables, figures andboxes in the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

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BOX 2
EXAMPLE OF MAPPING TABLE FOR THE 2019 REFINEMENT TO THE 2006 IPCC GUIDELINES (VOL.1)

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U = Update, NG = New Guidance, E = Elaboration

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The 2019 Refinement retains the definition of good practice that is used in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines 6. Thisdefinition has gained general acceptance amongst countries as the basis for inventory development. According tothis definition, national inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals consistent with goodpractice are those, which contain neither over- nor under-estimates so far as can be judged, and in which
uncertainties are reduced as far as practicable.

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These requirements are intended to ensure that estimates of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals bysinks, even if uncertain, are bona fide estimates, in the sense of not containing any biases that could have been
identified and eliminated, and that uncertainties have been reduced as far as practicable, given national circumstances.
Estimates of this type are presumably the best attainable, given current scientific knowledge and available resources.
The 2019 Refinement also recognises the principles of transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency andcomparability defined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

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The 2006 IPCC Guidelines are intended to help prepare national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources
and removals by sinks. Nonetheless, the Guidelines can also be relevant for estimating actual emissions or removals
at the subnational, entity or project level. This is the case also with the 2019 Refinement. Some examples of the useof the guidance in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and/or the 2019 Refinement for other purposes than national inventory
preparation are provided in some boxes in the 2019 Refinement.

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6 The definition was originally introduced with the Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories published in 2000.

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5 SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 2019
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The 2019 Refinement contains the following specific developments, among others, since the 2006 IPCC Guidelines:

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Volume 1 (General Guidance and Reporting)•National greenhouse gas inventory arrangements: The 2019 Refinement elaborates guidance on establishinggreenhouse gas inventory arrangements to support the development, improvement and maintenance of national
greenhouse gas inventories. This guidance is not deigned to be prescriptive given that the shape and form ofgreenhouse gas inventory arrangements depends on national circumstances. Instead, the guidance provides
approaches and examples of national greenhouse gas inventory arrangements that could be useful. In addition,
institutional arrangements include the interactions between organisations that are involved with thegreenhouse gas inventory inputs, compilation processes, and outputs.

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Data collection strategy: General guidance for collecting existing national/international data and new data areelaborated. The material can be used by both countries establishing a data collection strategy for the first timeand countries with established data collection procedures. It has also the advantage to be applicable to emission
factor, activity, and uncertainty data collection. Use of facility-level data in inventories: Detailed industrial
facility-level data that are increasingly collected for various goals such as tracking the progress of emission
trading programmes or climate change policies has the potential to be utilized in national greenhouse gas
inventories. The challenge for inventory compilers is assessing how best to integrate facility reported data toachieve improvements, especially if there are some outstanding coverage and completeness issues. The 2019
Refinement includes new guidance on how best to use facility-level data that is not originally designed fornational greenhouse gas inventory compilation. A new decision tree for selecting facility-level data isprovided as well as good practice reporting considerations associated with facility-level data used in thenational greenhouse gas inventory.

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Uncertainty analysis: The 2019 Refinement provides an update on uncertainties associated with activity data.
It also incorporates guidance on how to derive uncertainty estimates from activity data generated based on
random samples. This elaborated guidance has useful applications particularly in the AFOLU sector in dealing
with uncertainty estimates from land use surveys or forest cover surveys. The updated guidance also includes
key requirements for use of Approach 1 uncertainty analysis with examples. A practical step-by-step example
demonstrating the use of Approach 2 uncertainty analysis (Monte-Carlo analysis) is also provided to guideinventory compilers.

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Key category analysis: General principles and guidance are updated and an updated trend approach is
described. Priorities for maintenance and improvement of the inventory are addressed, and new guidance indetermining the appropriate level of disaggregation of greenhouse gas estimates to identify key categories isprovided.

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Comparison with atmospheric measurements: Guidance on comparison of greenhouse gas emission estimateswith atmospheric measurement has been updated and elaborated to reflect the state of science for atmosphericmeasurements and their application to verifying national emissions. The most notable advances were achievedin the application of inverse models of atmospheric transport for emission estimates at the national scale. Thus,
atmospheric measurements are being used to provide useful quality assurance of the national greenhouse gas
emission estimates. The guidance highlights key components and necessary steps needed for national
greenhouse gas inventory verification using atmospheric measurements.

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Use and reporting of models: The 2019 Refinement provides new guidance on complete and systematic use
and reporting models. A typical model development/selection process is provided with a checklist for ensuring
good practice in the use of complex, higher tier models in national greenhouse gas inventories

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Non-linear interpolation: New methodology with an example has been provided in the 2019 Refinement on
non-linear interpolation analysis. This is relevant in cases where time series consistency is best represented
by multiplicative (exponential) rather than additive (linear) relationships.

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Volume 2 (Energy)•

Fugitive emissions from mining, processing, storage and transportation of coal: The 2019 Refinement
includes guidance on emissions from exploration, and on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from undergroundmines.

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Fugitive emissions from oil and natural gas systems: The 2019 Refinement includes emission factors
representative for current practice, additional guidance for unconventional oil and gas production, and methods
and emission factors for abandoned wells.

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Fuel transformation: The 2019 Refinement includes new section on fuel transformation, such as charcoal
production, coke production, biomass transformation processes and gasification transformation processes.

Volume 3 (Industrial Processes and Product Use)•

New categories and new gases: The 2019 Refinement expands the scope of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines toinclude more manufacturing sectors identified as sources of greenhouse gases. These include production ofhydrogen, rare earth metals, and alumina, and waterproofing of circuit boards. In addition, a basis for future
methodological development is provided for fluorinated treatment of textiles, carpet, leather and paper.
Additional greenhouse gases identified in the IPCC Fourth and Fifth Assessment Reports, as well as otherreferences, are also included where anthropogenic sources have been identified. Greenhouse gases identified
in the IPCC Fourth and Fifth Assessment Reports include, for example, additional hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, and halogenated ethers, such as PFPMIE (a perfluoropolyether widely used as a heattransfer fluid in electronics manufacturing).

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Updates and elaborations: The guidance for several source categories has been updated and elaborated. This
includes the guidance for production of nitric acid, fluorochemicals, iron and steel, aluminum, and electronics,
and for the production and use of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment.

Volume 4 (Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use)•

Interannual variability (IAV): A new section has been introduced to provide an option that may be used todisaggregate Managed Land Proxy (MLP) emissions and removals into those that are considered to result
from human effects and those that are considered to result from natural effects. These approaches may be ofinterest to countries with AFOLU sector emissions that have high IAV due to natural effects. The section first
addresses definitional issues, followed by a description of whether or not different methodological approaches
used to estimate C stock changes quantify the interannual variability of emissions and removals. A genericmethodology to estimate, disaggregate and report the contribution of natural disturbances to the emissions andremovals on managed lands is then provided, along with country-specific examples of approaches todisaggregating anthropogenic and natural effects on managed lands. The purpose of this guidance is to support
countries that wish to increase the transparency of anthropogenic greenhouse gas flux estimates on managed
lands.

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Harvested wood products (HWPs): The methods and equations in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines have been
updated. The updated methods and equations better help inventory compilers to include the HWP poolestimates in greenhouse gas inventories using any of the three approaches: 'stock-change' approach,'production' approach and 'atmospheric flow' approach 7.

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Biomass estimates: Biomass Tier 1 factors have been updated for Forest Lands, Croplands and Settlements.
New sections on Tier 2 guidance for the use of allometric equations and biomass maps are introduced.

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Flooded Lands: New guidance is provided for CO2 and non-CO2 emissions from Land Converted to Flooded
Lands and non-CO2 emissions from Flooded Land Remaining Flooded Land. Methods for future development
associated with these sources were included in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3 of Chapter 7, Volume 4 of the2006 IPCC Guidelines. The science has matured over the past decade and these sources are now included in
the main guidance (instead of appendices) of Chapter 7, Volume 4 of the 2019 Refinement for a more complete
inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from managed lands.

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Soil carbon: Tier 1 emission factors have been updated for tillage and land use based on evolving
understanding of management impacts on soils. Many of the updated factors reflect a smaller impact ofanthropogenic activity on soil C than default factors provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

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Soil nitrous oxide (N2O): Tier 1 estimates have been updated based on the latest science for direct and indirectemissions. A key development is the disaggregation of emission factors by climate region.

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Livestock and manure management: Tier 1 emission factors have been updated considering updated
productivity data and integrating differential emission factors and for high and low productivity systems. Tier
1 method to estimate methane (CH4) emissions from manure management has been updated for consistency
with N2O emissions.

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Volume 5 (Waste)•

Waste generation, composition and management: The 2019 Refinement updates key parameters used in FOD
method include waste generation rate and waste composition by countries and region using UN classification

7 At the time the 2019 Refinement was developed, these approaches were under discussion within the UNFCCC process in thecontext of revision of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories for Parties included in Annex I to theConvention.

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were updated in the comparable year (2010) and provides default value and uncertainty of carbon content,
nitrogen content and DOC of domestic and industrial sludge in percent of dry matter.

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Estimation of CH4 emission from landfill: Guidance on the use of methane collection factor (MCF) in different
management conditions of solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) is updated. Choice of emission factors andparameters include MCF to estimate CH4 emission from active aeration landfill have been provided by levelof landfill management (poorly and well managed). Spreadsheet of waste model has been updated accordingly
to the refinement. Elaboration and updating of default values of fraction of degradable organic carbon which
decomposes (DOCf) for different waste components based on waste components analysed and its uncertainty
are provided.

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Incineration and open burning of waste: Guidance on emission estimation from new technologies include
gasification and pyrolysis has been elaborated with provision of CH4 and N2O emission factors to ensure amore complete coverage of sources. Oxidation factor of MSW open burning is updated.

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CH4 emissions from wastewater treatment: Updated guidance is provided for the estimation of CH4 fromwastewater treatment, and updated emission factors for septic systems and centralised wastewater treatment
plants are provided. Updated emission factors are also provided for CH4 emissions from wastewater after
disposal of untreated wastewater or wastewater treatment effluent into aquatic environments.

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N2O emissions from wastewater treatment: New guidance and emission factors are provided for N2Oemissions from domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants, and updated emission factors areprovided for N2O emissions from wastewater after disposal of untreated wastewater or wastewater treatment
effluent into aquatic environments.

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Abiogenic (fossil) CO2 emissions from wastewater treatment and discharge: A discussion of abiogenic (fossil)
CO2 emissions from wastewater treatment and discharge, where fossil organic carbon is present in wastewateror treatment sludge is presented.

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Discharge into aquatic environments: An alternate set of emission factors is provided for CH4 and N2Oemissions from wastewater after disposal of untreated wastewater or wastewater treatment effluent into aquatic
environments when the country has activity data to differentiate the conditions of the waterbody receiving thedischarge.

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6 CLARIFICATION ON KEY CONCEPTS IN THE
2019 REFINEMENT

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The following key concepts should be noted when using the 2019 Refinement. These are consistent with the 2006
IPCC Guidelines.

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The 2019 Refinement provides guidance for data gathering, compilation, and reporting. Reporting refers to thepresentation of emission inventory estimates in tables or other formats used to communicate inventory
information. The 2019 Refinement does not provide guidance for reporting of information used to assess
compliance with commitments.

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Reporting tables are provided in Volume 1 as part of general guidance for reporting. They are not intended toprescribe specific reporting formats under the UNFCCC that should be developed and agreed by the Parties
to the UNFCCC.

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The 2019 Refinement provides methods for estimating emissions (and removals as appropriate) for each gas
in mass units. It does not recommend any specific metrics (e.g., GWP values) to calculate emission estimatesin CO2 equivalent units. Some guidance included in the 2019 Refinement (e.g., key category analysis) suggests
calculation of emission estimates in CO2 equivalent, for which any metrics can be used.

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