Development of a dataset for comparison between predicate verb phrases in theKokinshū and their contemporary translations
Hilofumi Yamamoto† Bor Hodošček‡ Xudong Chen††Tokyo Institute of Technology and ‡Osaka UniversityIntroduction
Waka poems are limited to 31 characters
2 Each word should be expressed in the most concise manner possible.
3 Developed a parallel dataset comprising ten modern translations.
4 To compare the Kokinshū (ca. 905) verbs with contemporary verbs
Kokinshū includes 1,111 poems; compare each with ten translation sentences.
5 Verbs of Original Poems (OP) / Verbs of Contemporary Translations (CT)6 Classifed all elements in CT into syntactic, contextual, and other elements.
α1 = { (ru), ta, iru }; α2 = { aru, iku, kuru, shimau, .. };α3 = { (ra)reru, nai, .. };β1 = { (u), darō, dearō, deshō, .. }; β2 = { ka, nā, yo, zo, sa, .. };LK = { te, de, ni, .. } DN = { no, koto }.
7 Forcus on the analyses on infinitive (plain) form. (Suzuki, 1965)
1Methods

Materials

Examine the following points:
1 Whether the same verb is used in OP and CT
2 Whether syntactical elements are added to CT to maintain senses of OP
3 Whether there are any other elements added to CT based on the context

Results

Problem of NAKED VERB: Infinitive form of a verb

Table 1: Four conversion patterns from Classical Japanese verbs (CJ) to Modern
Japanese verbs (MJ) based on the description in Yamamoto (2005); Vcj andVmj indicates a verb of CJ and the corresponding verb with MJ respectively;
nagaru (flow) of CJ is assumed to be as the same as nagareru (flow) of MJ.

1
2
3
4rulesClassical J. → Modern J.
Vcj
Vmj
Vcj
Vmj -teiru
Vcj
Vmj -taVcj
Vmj (-u)

Use of the Kokinshū: 1,000 poems excluding those not in the 5/7/5/7/7 form
2 Zenodo Hachidaishū vocabulary dataset (Yamamoto and Hodošček, 2021)
3 Annotations were taken from sources: Shin-Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei Bon
Nijūichidaishū (New Japanese Classical Literature Compendium), etc.
1

examplesClassical J. → Modern J.
nagarunagareru
nagarunagareteiru
nagarunagaretanagaru
nagareru(darō/dearō)

MJ verbs can also express both past and non-past. (Takahashi, 1983)
2 The Naked CJ verbs CANNOT be simply replaced with the Naked MJ verbs(Kato, 1986, 62).
1

Table 2: Predicates of CT corresponding to the predicate of KKS 882 indicating parts
corresponding to CT of nagaru in OP.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
910

translator
KokinshūKanekoKatagiri
Komachiya
KubotaKyusojin
Kojima-Arai
Ozawa
TakeokaOkumuraMatsudapredicatenagaru (to flow; infinitive)
nagare-te-iku-wa-.
nagare-te-iku-koto-de-aru-yo-.
nagare-te-iku-.
nagare-te-iru-koto-de-aru-yo-.
nagareru-koto-de-aru-yo-.
nagare-te-iku-koto-da-.
nagare-ni-nagasa-reru-kara-na-no-daro-u-.
nagareru-.
nagasa-re-te-tachimachi-bosshi-te-shimau-.
utsut-te-iku-yo-.
shimau(completely-AS),
1nagareru(flow.1)

6wa
(FP)

1

te/de(LK)18

iku(away-AS)

4iru(be-AS)

14

2

13.

1

VERB

1(ra)reru(PASS/POT)

a3

1
4
1

ni(LK)

1

1

1

a1

a2

DNda(ASR)

yo
3(FP)

u(CJR)

1b1b2

gammairu2(be-AS)1
1

no/koto(DN)

3

1
2
911

miru
(see.3)(ra)reru1(PASS/POT)

1tai(want to..)11kara(because.1)

LK

te/de(LK)1
1

no/koto(DN)nagasu(pour)yo(FP)

1

1

1

1

5

7

da(ASR)sa(FP)

3.

1

1
mono
(used to)END

nagaru (flow.1) A3-6

VERB

a3

LK

a1

a2

DN

gamma

b1

b2

END

miru (see.3) A3-3

Figure 1: Construction of the predicate of nagaru (flow)

Conclusion
12

3

4

We found that most elements in CT predicates are based on the literalelements present in the OP.
We found that most CT predicates are expressed with greater length than OP
predicates, and the ways in which they are expressed vary.
The concise form of the CJ naked verb is not inherently bound to the modern
Japanese construction of “to be ...ing”; rather, its conciseness allows for arange of interpretations beyond this specific usage.
Predicate verb phrases in classical Japanese poetry exhibit various patterns
beyond the plain form, necessitating the development of methods to address
other complex forms within the current dataset.

Figure 2: Construction of the predicate of miru (see)Reference
Kato, Yasuhide (1986) “Bunmatsu ni shiyō sareru dōshi no imi yōhō no shidō (Teaching methods ofmeanings and uses of verbs used as a predicate)”, Nihongogaku, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 55–63.
Suzuki, Shigeyuki (1965) “Gendai nihongo no dōshi no tensu —iikiri no jutsugo ni tsukawareta baai—(Tense of verbs of Modern Japanese: the case of verbs at the end of the predicate.”, in Kotoba nokenkyū 2 (Study of language), Vol. 2 of Report of the National Language Research Institute, Tokyo:Shuei shuppan, pp. 1–38.
Takahashi, Taro (1983) “Suru tomo shita tomo ieru toki (The cases that can be expressed by both‘suru’ and ‘shita”’, in Kindaichi Haruhiko Hakushi koki kinen ronbunshū, Vol. 2, Tokyo: Sanseido,
pp. 405–34.
Yamamoto, Hilofumi and Bor Hodošček (2021) “Hachidaishu vocabulary dataset”, https://doi.
org/10.5281/zenodo.4744170.
Yamamoto, Hirofumi Hilo (2005) “A Mathematical Analysis of the Connotations of Classical JapanesePoetic Vocabulary”, Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University.

Last change: 2023/09/19-18:41:18.