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Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

CONTENTSA C K N O W L E D G E M E N T ··························································································v

P R E F A C E ··········································································································· vi
B A S I C I N F O R M A T I O N ························································································ vi i
GENERAL BACKGROUND
General Background Paper························································································································· 1
Annex 1:
Considerations for Implementing Good Practice Guidelines ································· 11
Annex 2:
Framework for Breakout Groups Two Page Summaries ········································ 12

ENERGYCO2 Emissions from Stationary Combustion of Fossil Fuels·····································································
Annex 1:
Understanding the Common Reporting Framework···············································
Annex 2:
Method to Estimate Carbon Content based on API Gravity and Sulphur Content ····
Annex 3:
Typical API Gravities and Sulphur Contents for Various Crude Streams··············

15
31
36
37

Non-CO2 Emissions from Stationary Combustion ····················································································· 41
Annex 1:The Aggregated Emission Factors Tables ······························································ 52
Emissions: Energy, Road Transport ··········································································································· 55
Annex 1:N2O Emission Factors ···························································································· 68
CO2, CH4, and N2O Emissions from Transportation-water-borne Navigation··········································· 71
Annex 1:
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Press Release on
Agreement to Limit Air Emissions ········································································ 89
Annex 2:
Allocation Options and Control of Emissions from International Marine Bunkers········· 91
Aircraft Emissions ··································································································································· 93
Fugitive Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Activities ··········································································· 103
Annex 1:
Summary of Oil Production for Some Oil Producing Countries for the Year 1997 ········ 124
Annex 2:
Some Useful Conversion Factors ··········································································· 125
Annex 3:
Typical Composition (Mol Percent) of Processed Natural Gas ······························ 127
CH4 Emissions: Coal Mining and Handling······························································································· 129
Annex 1:
Estimated Underground Emissions Factors for Selected Countries ······················· 144
Annex 2:
Sample Emissions Avoided Calculation································································· 144
Estimating Uncertainties in GHG Emissions from Fuel Combustion ························································ 145
Appendix 1: Energy Use per Capita by Fuel Type for Different Countries····································· 167
Appendix 2: Activity Hierarchy in IEA database········································································ 170
Appendix 3: Fuel Hierarchy in IEA database·············································································· 172

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESCO2 Emissions from Cement Production ··································································································· 175
N2O Emissions from Adipic Acid and Nitric Acid Production ·································································· 183
PFC Emissions from Primary Aluminium Production ··············································································· 197
Annex 1:Developing a Smelter-specific Relationship between
PFC Emissions and Operating Parameters ··························································· 211
Annex 2:
Default Coefficients for the Slope Method and Pechiney Over-voltage Method ········· 214
Annex 3:
Default Emission Factors by Technology-Type ····················································· 215
Annex 4:
Uncertainty Assessments ························································································ 215
SF6 Emissions from Magnesium ················································································································ 217
SF6 from Electrical Equipment and Other Uses ························································································· 227
PFC, HFC, NF3 and SF6 Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing················································· 243
Emissions of Substitutes for Ozone-depleting Substances ········································································· 257

Background Paper

HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production·························································································· 271
Annex 1:
Examples of Measurement Systems ······································································· 283
Global Emission Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Industrial Processes: SF6 ·························· 285

AGRICULTURE
CH4 Emissions from Enteric Fermentation ································································································ 297
Annex 1:
Tier 1 Emissions Factors ························································································ 312
Annex 2:Updated Tier 2 Methods to Calculating Cattle Emissions Factors ························· 313
Annex 3:Updating Tier 2 Methods to Calculating Sheep Emissions Factors························ 317
CH4 and N2O Emissions from Livestock Manure ······················································································ 321
Annex 1:
Tier 1 Emission Factors·························································································· 336
Annex 2:Tier 2 Emission Factors·························································································· 337
CH4 Emissions from Animal Manure········································································································· 339
N2O Emissions from Animal Waste Management Systems······································································· 349
N2O: Direct Emissions from Agricultural Soils ························································································· 361
Indirect N2O Emissions from Agriculture ·································································································· 381
CH4 Emissions from Rice Agriculture ······································································································· 399

WASTE
CH4 Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal································································································ 419
CH4 and N2O Emissions from Waste Water Handling··············································································· 441
Attachment 1: Executive Summary of Paper on Greenhouse Gas
Emissions from Industrial and Domestic Water Treatment ·································· 454
Attachment 2: Executive Summary of Paper on Greenhouse Gas
Emissions from Septic Tanks, Latrines, Stagnant and Open Sewers······················ 454
Emissions from Waste Incineration············································································································ 455
Annex 1:
Method for Calculation of Energy Credit for Use of MSW as a
Substitute for Fossil Fuels ···················································································· 465

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUESGood Practice – Methodological Choice···································································································· 469
Appendix:Techniques for Sensitivity Analysis ······································································· 491
QA/QC of Inventory Systems ···················································································································· 507
Annex 1:
Use of ISO 9000: A Data Quality Management System for Inventories ················ 522
Checks and Verification at National and International Levels ··································································· 523
Annex 1:
Example of Emission Comparisons········································································ 543

Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe IPCC report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories was prepared from autumn 1998 to spring 2000. The IPCC/OECD/IEA Secretariat in Paris oversaw
the initiation of the project and provided assistance throughout the whole project. The Technical Support Unit
(TSU) of the IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (NGGIP) took over the management of the
project in October 1999. A number of expert meetings on sectoral and cross-cutting issues were held during the
preparation of the report. The background papers produced for these meetings contributed significantly to the
preparation of the report.
The project for the publication Background Papers – IPCC Expert Meetings on Good Practice Guidance andUncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories was initiated after the publication of Good
Practice Report in late 2000 by the NGGIP TSU. The basic editing was done by Leandro Buendia (Programme
Officer), Robert Hoppaus (Programme Officer), Jeroen Meijer (Programme Officer), Kyoko Miwa
(Administrative Officer) and Kiyoto Tanabe (Programme Officer) under the guidance of the TSU Head of thattime, Sal Emmanuel. The final editing of the papers has been done by Todd Ngara (Programme Officer), Kyoko
Miwa (Administrative Officer), Leandro Buendia (Programme Officer), Kiyoto Tanabe (Programme Officer)
and Riitta Pipatti (Head), the present staff of the TSU. Chiharu Harashima provided valuable help in
harmonising the format of the papers for publication.
Taka Hiraishi, Thelma Krug and Buruhani Nyenzi, the current and former Co-chairs of the Task Force Bureau
for the IPCC NGGIP and the Task Force Bureau members provided support and encouragement for the
publication.
The most significant contribution to the background papers comes from the authors, and also from the reviewersof the papers as well as the experts who provided input for the contents of the papers during the meetings.

v

Background Paper

PREFACEThe report on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories(Good Practice Report) was published in the year 2000. The report was prepared in response to the invitationby the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) to give priority to completing its work on uncertainty as well as to prepare a report on
good practice in inventory management.
The Good Practice Report provides good practice guidance to assist countries in producing inventories that areneither over nor underestimates so far as can be judged, and in which uncertainties are reduced as far aspracticable. The report has been subsequently endorsed by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, and it
has been extensively referred to in the Marrakesh Accords as well as in the decisions and conclusions of theSubsidiary Bodies of the UNFCCC.
During the preparation of the Good Practice Report, many scientific and/or technical papers were produced as
background material for the issues to be included in the report. These papers served as the basis for the
discussions at the expert meetings and in preparing the final texts of the Good Practice Report.
The publication of this background material as IPCC Supporting Material was decided during the preparation of
the Good Practice Report. The papers were seen to contain much valuable scientific and technical material thatwould enhance the understanding of the compilation of national greenhouse gas inventories.
This publication, “Background Papers – IPCC Expert Meetings on Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty
Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” has the same basic structure as the Good Practice Report.
The background for the project on the preparation of the Good Practice Report is addressed in the first paper,
options and background for good practice guidance for the main IPCC Sectors (Energy, Industrial Processes,
Agriculture, and Waste) are given in the following 27 papers. Cross-cutting issues like quantification of
uncertainties, methodological choice including key source identification and verification are discussed in the last
three papers.
This publication has not been subject to formal IPCC review processes and should therefore be considered only
as material supporting the deeper understanding of estimation and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions andremovals as well as providing additional references to related scientific and technical work.

vi

Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

BASIC INFORMATION
Prefixes and multiplication factors
Multiplication Factor

Abbreviation

PrefixSymbol1 000 000 000 000 000

1015

peta

P

1 000 000 000 000

1012

tera

T

1 000 000 000

109

giga

G

1 000 000

106

mega

M

kilo

k

3

1 000

10

100

102

hecto

h

10

101

deca

da

0.1

10-1

deci

d

0.01

10-2

centi

c

0.001

10-3

milli

m

0.000 001

10-6

micro

µ

Abbreviations for chemical compounds
CH4

MethaneN2O

Nitrous oxide

CO2

Carbon dioxide

CO

Carbon monoxide

NOX

Nitrogen oxides

NMVOC

Non-methane volatile organic compound

NH3

Ammonia

CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons

HFCs

Hydrofluorocarbons

PFCs

Perfluorocarbons

SF6

Sulphur hexafluoride

CCl4

Carbon tetrachloride

C2F6

Hexafluoroethane

CF4

Tetrafluoromethanevii

Background Paper

Standard equivalents
1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe)1 x 1010 calories

103 toe41.868 TJ

1 short ton

0.9072 tonne

1 tonne1.1023 short tons

1 tonne1 megagram

1 kilotonne

1 gigagram

1 megatonne

1 teragram

1 gigatonne

1 petagram

1 kilogram

2.2046 lbs

1 hectare

104 m2

1 calorieIT

4.1868 Joules

1 atmosphere101.325 kPa

Units1 and abbreviations

1

cubic metrem3

hectare

ha

gram

g

tonne

t

joule

J

degree CelsiusºC

calorie

cal

year

yr

capitacap

gallongal

dry matterdm

For decimal prefixes see previous page.

viii