CSIS Discussion Paper No. 118

Carrier Pigeon-like Sensing System:
Beyond Human-Red Forest Interactions

Hill Hiroki Kobayashi and Hiromi Kudo
Abstract
The Carrier Pigeon-like Sensing System (CPSS) is a future-present computing archetypethat will enable the human race to observe inaccessible natural spaces, such as thecontaminated forests around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The system aims to
elucidate the scientific knowledge underlying the self-repair mechanisms of contaminatednatural areas and allows users to maintain a connection with forests in the absence of any
human intervention for future societies. This novel sensing system can be used to create asustainable balance between humans and animals to ensure that the self-repairing process ofcontaminated natural areas can be applied anywhere in the future. This paper describes thetheoretical underpinnings of such a sensing system through designing a CPSS.

Introduction: Contradictive Link between Human Beings and the Red Forest
Carrier Pigeon-like Sensing system (CPSS) is a future-present archetype in network
computing that will enable the human race to observe inaccessible and contaminated forests
around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The system employs wildlife-borne sensing
devices which have animal-to-animal internet sharing capability and which can be used to
expand the size of monitoring areas where electricity supply and information infrastructure iseither limited or nonexistent. In so doing, information can be collected from remote areas costeffectively and safely. The system is based on the concept of Human-Computer-Biosphere
Interaction shown in Figure 1. The primary aim of the system is to elucidate the self-repair
mechanisms that arise in contaminated natural areas and to allow users to maintain aconnection with the forest without human intervention in order to develop sustainable andremote future societies.

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Our relationship with nature has changed constantly over the course of human civilization;
however, despite these changes, the one constant has always been that nature is destroyed in
the process of scientific advancement. After the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986, theSoviet Union created a permanent exclusion zone in the forest surrounding the nuclear site
(Red Forest). Despite the extremely high levels of radioactive contamination, animals
returned after only 20 years. At the time of the accident, people had no means of investigatingor remediating the natural system and could not obtain any “knowledge required for healthyliving” as a result (Alexakhin et al. 2006, Mycio, 2006). After the accident at the Fukushima
nuclear plant in Japan, foreign countries were the first to begin scientific investigations into
the mechanisms involved in the remediation of contaminated area. If this situation continues,
the ripple effect brought about by the “knowledge required for healthy living” will surely
bypass the human race.

In previous study, the authors developed a networked bioacoustic streaming and recording
system that continuously streamed, in real time, environmental sounds from an area ofsubtropical forest on Iriomote Island, moving water from a pond in Tokyo, water-powered
musical instruments in a Japanese garden in Kyoto, and a street in Mumbai, India using aseries of networked microphones (Kobayashi et al. 2009). The authors also introduced theconcept of Human-Computer-Biosphere Interaction (HCBI) (Kobayashi et al. 2009) for
creating a relationship with nature and HCBI clothing, called the wearable forest, which
forges new relationships between humans and nature through a human-wildlife, wearable,interaction system that facilitates non-verbal interactions with nature in our daily life throughthe telepresence of different species. The system described in this study, the CPSS, presents
the possibility to balance the apparent contradiction between/seemingly opposite forces of
Human Beings and the Red Forest using the Fukushima Nuclear disaster on 11 March 2011 as
an example. The Fukushima Nuclear disaster is the largest nuclear disaster since theChernobyl disaster of 1986.

This paper presents our vision of a HCBI by introducing the concept, related work, adeveloped advanced interface, and related discussions. The paper is not only intended topropose a solution to a single problem, rather, it proposes a new view of HCBI-based designs
and interfaces to support our future society using a multidisciplinary approach from the single
problemPage 2 of 15

Background: A Matter of Survival on the Day
When the massive earthquake hit on 3.11, the author was in Tokyo lying in bed, a little tired
after having worked through the night. The quake started as a weak vibration and a low
frequency sound, but then became so powerful that it jolted him wide awake. He expected it
to eventually stop as usual, but this time it was different. Everything slid off the table. Pans,
plates, and utensils were clashing together and fell from the kitchen cabinet. A tall mirror,
which hung on the wall, swayed and almost fell.

The shockwave shook the whole building from its foundation up. At that moment, thecollapsed buildings of the 1995 Kobe earthquake flashed across his mind. He walked on his
hands and knees and opened the front door to secure a means for evacuation. After heconfirmed the safety of family members by cell phone he watched the events unfold on
television.

Interruptions to cellular networks and power blackouts began soon after the quake, and for atime he lost all means of communication. It was a real "Dialog in the Dark" outside after
sundown. All of the factories and stores suspended their activities as night fell, even dogs on
the streets seemed to sense the unusual atmosphere and did not bark. Police officers werestanding in the middle of intersections, directing traffic with hand signals illuminated by theheadlights of fire trucks. People crossing the intersection offered "thanks" to the officers andmany walked home in silence.

The cashiers and staff at the grocery store used flashlights to assist customers with purchases.
A small radio behind the casher broadcast the voice of the Japanese Emperor who was
comforting the entire nation in the dark. It seemed like the last day of World War II, which
the author had only read about in history books, in that he had never seen such warm
interactions among ordinary citizens. Outside the store, when he looked up at the night sky,stars were shining more brightly, more brightly than he had ever seen them shine in Tokyo
before. However, elsewhere the situation was devastating.
At the time of the Fukushima Nuclear disaster, people in Japan had no means ofinvestigating the damage. As a result, they were unable to acquire "the knowledge requiredfor healthy living”. Only foreign countries were able to start investigating the earthquake
immediately after the accident at the Fukushima nuclear plants; they were then followed byPage 3 of 15

Japanese officials as time progressed. If such a situation were to continue into the future, theripple effect brought about “knowledge required for healthy living” would certainly bypass by
the human race. It is therefore important that we prepare the necessary logistics and theresearch in order to prepare fort such events in a sustainable future society.

Problem Statements
Ecological monitoring of wild animals involves the analysis of information related to target
animals, such as data related to their location and prey preferences in actual environments, aswell as data related to meteorological conditions. Using ubiquitous and wearable technologies,
it is generally considered likely that species inhabiting environments near urban areas (humansettlements) can be monitored effectively given the relatively close proximity of theseenvironments to urban areas and the availability of electric power, information infrastructuresand information systems such as those associated with cellular phones (Ueoka 2001, Lee et al.
2006).
However, in more remote areas, such as in the contaminated home ranges of wild animals,
the availability of electric power and information infrastructure required for monitoring wild
animals is either limited or nonexistent. This is primarily because it is typically noteconomically viable to install such infrastructure-based services in areas such as wildlife
refuges where the number of potential users is low.
Furthermore, in areas where there are no infrastructure networks, predicting the behaviorsof species with extensive home ranges (on the scale of several kilometers) is difficult.
Although field surveys of such species are conducted periodically, monitoring target species
in hot and humid forests or in radioactive environments can impose a considerable burden on
the observer. It was therefore necessary to develop methods and techniques for maximizing
monitoring performance while using the fewest possible resources.
HCBI Concept Overview
The CPSS is based on the HCBI concept described in Figure 1, and which is an extension ofhuman-computer interaction (HCI) (Kobayashi. 2010) and human-computer-pet interaction(HCPI) (Lee et al. 2006). In the field of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) is

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based on such computer-interaction paradigms to support specific activities. For instance, we
exchange our ideas, thoughts, theories, and messages by encoding them into transferable
words, communicating them in space through computer systems, and then decoding them.
However, in our daily lives, we implicitly exchange and share a great deal of additional nonverbal information, such as the presence and mood of others, in order to maintain our social
relationships (Itoh et al. 2002).

The consideration of implicit (background) information opens up new possibilities forinteraction through non-linguistic, wearable forms and non-verbal, remote communication
among different species. Wearable computing devices enables us to extend our spatial
interactions and to develop human-to-human communication beyond physical distance (Lisa
2004, Seymour 2008, Ueoka et al 2009). HCPI, as described in Figure 1, is a novel type ofphysical interaction paradigm that proposes the creation of a symbiosis between humans andpets through computers and over the internet as a new form of media. Botanicalls wasdeveloped to provide a new way for plants and people to interact in order to develop better,longer-lasting relationships that go beyond physical and genetic distance (Bray. 2006). Thus,
computer systems become a medium through which a telepresence can be expressed among
different species in the biosphere through non-linguistic means that are perceived andunderstood by individuals, violating the rules of linguistic science (Alex. 2001).

However, irrespective of how advanced the technologies are, these are spatial interactions.
We expect some feedback from others before we issue the command to end an interaction. On
the contrary, there are many temporal interactions in our daily lives. The sounds of singing
birds, buzzing insects, swaying leaves, and trickling water in a forest implicitly imprint thepresence of space in our minds. When we are away from a forest, recalling the memory of aforest takes us back to the same place. The crucial factor here is not the means of conveyance(words or language), but the “something” that hovers around; an atmosphere that we cannot
identify exactly but that lasts beyond generations. This interaction follows the theory ofnatural selection proposed by Charles Darwin. The theory of evolution, which has become
one of the fundamental cornerstones of science, was introduced to readers in his book on theorigin of species that he wrote after visiting the Galápagos Islands (Darwin. 1859).

The author proposes that, much like elements of natural selection, the concept of HCBI canPage 5 of 15

be extended to spatial interactions from countable objects, such as pets and plants in space, totheir temporal environment, which is an uncountable, complex, non-linguistic, something
beyond generation. In the HCBI framework, the sounds of a forest or other naturalenvironments are all information cues that help us to understand natural selection. Thus,
through HCBI, we can experience the wonderment of the global ecological system, with allliving beings and their relationships, including their interactions with the elements of thebiosphere. With HCBI, we begin to interact with inaccessible ecological natural systems
beyond space and time.

HCBI System Design: From a Law of Animal Behavior
Natural communities contain a wide spectrum of life forms that interact with each other, and
it is generally agreed that the essence of ecology is the study of ecological interactions among
species in animal communities (Begon et al. 1996). In particular, animal communities intropical forests have extremely complex interactions involving numerous species (Ricklefs etal. 1993, Leigh et al. 1996). Indeed, the structure of natural sounds in rainforests
convincingly demonstrates the magnitude of the extraordinary relationships that exist among
the many insects, birds, mammals and amphibians that inhabit these environments. If one
creature starts vocalizing, others often immediately join the chorus (Bernie. 1987). These
spatial-temporal interactions between animals vary depending on the biological diversity of
the natural habitat that has arisen as a result of natural selection.

To establish CPSS, an HCBI interface artificially creates a virtual acoustical field to acquirea homing reaction. It is modeled on three kinds of natural interaction: interspecies predatorprey

relationships,

intraspecies

communication,

andmixed-reality

intraspecies

communication.

First, a predator hunts for prey in its native habitat as shown at the top of Figure 2; thepredator uses bioacoustic information as a cue for detecting the existence of its natural prey inthe surrounding area. A scarcity of prey in a specific habitat can indicate the absence ofspecialized predators as a result of natural selection.

Secondly, intraspecies communication is considered to be a chorus produced by a group ofPage 6 of 15

the same species in Figure 2 (middle), and is similar to the Packet Internet Grouper (PING)
command of the Internet Control Message Protocol between two computers (Muuss. 1984). A
single individual, the caller, starts calling other individuals to confirm their presence. The
other members of the species then recognize the call and report their existence to the caller.
This is also as a result of natural selection.

Third, a species can conduct intraspecific communication in mixed reality. The bottom of
Figure 2 shows a user playing back a pre-recorded sound of an initial call from an acoustic
speaker; the speaker is placed in the natural environment and is controlled by a remotecontrolled PC over the internet. The real frogs answer the initial call and report their existence.
This is a new synthesis of natural selection and cybernetics.

The initial call (the virtual call played by the speaker) can deceive the real frogs into
believing that it was made by a real frog in the vicinity. Thus, such human-biosphereinteractions through computer systems can breach spatial-temporal barriers.

This study presented here used bio-acoustical information to develop a spatial-temporalinteraction model, and proposes a novel cybernetic interface using mobile technology for
CPSS in scientific applications.
CPSS: From a Law of Homing Pigeons
Human communities employ a wide spectrum of technologies that interact with nature. It is
generally agreed that one of the most ancient forms of information communication technology
involves the use of carrier pigeons; a homing pigeon that can carry messages and then to findits way home over extremely long distances. In the United States, the 1800 km-long Pigeon
Race (sport of releasing specially trained racing pigeons, which then return to their homes
over a carefully measured distance.) is the longest pigeons in the world (Walcott. 1996). In
the field of computer network engineering, D. Waitzman announced a proposal to carry
Internet Protocol (IP) traffic by birds such as homing pigeons (RFC 1149) on 1 April 1990
(Waitzman. 1990). Even though this was an April Fools' joke, several experiments provedthat the method was effective.

However, only homing pigeons are capable to perform such the task specific activity. Other
Page 7 of 15

animals are not reported yet. In sum, to be able to monitor the contaminated home ranges ofother wild animals, where the availability of electric power and information infrastructure
required for monitoring wild animals is either limited or nonexistent, it is a necessary todesign a CPSS. In doing so, we are able to observe inaccessible natural spaces, such as thecontaminated forests around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. To date, infrastructurallimitations have meant that the following two methods are typically used to monitor wildlife.

For example, a long-range sensor approach, such as a telemetry system that employs signals
from a radio transmitter attached to a target animal and a receiver is then used to estimate thelocation of the animal. Using the long-range sensor approach, observers use a portable
receiver to estimate the current location of a target animal by measuring the strength anddirection of radio signals transmitted from animals that have been fitted with radio collars.
Although numerous species have been observed using this method, the geographicalcharacteristics of an animal’s environment can have a marked impact on the reception of thetransmitted radio signals. In addition, using this technique requires considerable experienceand skill on behalf of the observer.

In addition, the total mass of a transmitter system that can comfortably be borne by ananimal is limited to 2% or less of the animal’s body weight. Consequently, large animals likeelephants can wear systems weighing up to 100 kg and mid-sized animals (e.g., the size of asmall cow) can bear loads of up to 6 kg. As a result, there has been considerable interest in
research and development of ubiquitous sensor systems for monitoring large- and mediumsized terrestrial mammals, including systems based on wireless LAN (Juang et al. 2002,
Thorstensen et al. 2004), ZigBee (Nadimi et al. 2008), infrared sensors (Kobayashi et al.
2006), motion control using actuators (Wark 2007), virtual fencing with GPS-based electric
stimuli (Bishop et al. 2007), and so forth. However, small mammals and birds are usually
only capable of carrying loads of ≤75 g or ≤30 g, respectively (Figure 5.4), which limits therange over which such systems can be applied. Furthermore, in the case of wild animals, it is
not usually possible to recapture a collared animal every two or three years for battery
replacement (e.g. GPS-based studies for elucidating the migration routes of migratory birds;
Argos System 2007).

To achieve these aims, an outdoor, remote, acoustic information acquisition devices have

Page 8 of 15

been constructed and deployed (Kobayashi. 2010). Other methods have also been employed
to detect living organisms; for example, a musical instrument called a Theremin that utilizes
indoor capacitance has been used to register the presence of laboratory rat, and problems
associated with this method were clarified (Skeldon et al. 1998).
Beyond Human-Red Forest Interaction: Discussion
After the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986, the Soviet Union created a permanent
exclusion zone (CEZ) in the forest surrounding the nuclear site (known as the Red Forest after
the disaster because the trees turned red when they died). Despite being the worst nuclear
disaster to date, the event had a positive impact on the biota in the CEZ. Specifically, therecovery observed in the biota of the CEZ due to the cessation human activities has been
dramatic (e.g. due to the termination of agricultural and industrial activities and theaccompanying environmental pollution in the most affected area). As a result, the populationsof many plants and animals have increased and the CEZ now supports many species that werepreviously rarely seen (Alexakhin et al. 2006, Mycio. 2006).

In the nuclear accident at Fukushima in 2011, the Japanese Government also established atemporary exclusion zone in the surrounding area. Despite the extremely high levels ofcontamination, people are scheduled to return home. As the number of repatriation activities
has increased, so has the amount of agricultural and industrial activity. The increase in theanthropogenic activities has, in turn, had a negative effect on the biota in the forest
surrounding the nuclear site (CEZ). These activities increased markedly when the news media
reported on the full extent of the environmental damage to the area. The reports prompted anincrease in restoration-type activities, which in turn increased local repatriation activities,
which together increased the negative impacts of both types of human activities on the biota
in the CEA. Only foreign countries started investigating the effect of the disaster on the biotaof the region immediately after the accident; the surveys by Japanese officials occurred
gradually over time. If this slow approach continues to be adopted, then the ripple effectassociated with “knowledge required for healthy living” will surely pass us by. Furthermore,as the cost of measures against contamination by radioactive materials increases throughout
the world (7 trillion yen in 2030*).it is important to be able to monitor the contaminated area.
(* BP Energy Outlook 2030: January 2011

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We have a more than 10 years of research and development experience with “CPSS”
initiatives. The system has integrated the efforts of researchers with computers and theecosystem (Figure 3), and can be applied to investigate ecosystems in remote andpermanently restricted areas. (i.e. areas that are either too remote to be serviced by traditional
communications infrastructure or that that have geographic attributes (e.g. terrain andvegetation cover) that make monitoring difficult)
Our past achievements include:Conducting regional surveys of subtropical rain forest using a remotely operated sensor
attached to endangered species and that enabled us to observe, probe and control
behavior.



To predict climate change, we developed methods to “see and hear” the amount of longterm growth in mountainous rainforests.

Assistance with environmental investigations into domestic and foreign cities, oceans,polar regions and contributions of environmental educational material to the government
and educators.

We Developed methods to assess damage of the agricultural and forestry areas.

We will acquire world leading knowledge related to radioactive contamination resulting
from the Fukushima nuclear accident by “CPSS”. Based upon the assessments byagriculture and forestry workers in that area, combined with specialists from around theworld, we will finally gain "the knowledge required for healthy living”. We will thenreleasing the obtained data to the public in real time.

Human beings seem incapable of peacefully coexisting with nature and the often expressed
desire for sustainable relations between man and the environment sometimes appears to be an
unobtainable future dream. It sometimes seems that the best way to solve all of the world’s
environmental problems would be to destroy all civilizations. In ancient times, interactions
between nature and human societies were significantly less frequent due to cultural andmythological reasons. Before human beings became capable of leveling mountains withheavy construction vehicles, humanity and nature were physically separated but spirituallyand emotionally connected. Japanese farmers prayed to gods in seasonal festivals for theweather conditions needed to ensure successful crop production and the general population
was taught to respect the gods that resided in and protected the mountains. Because of this,Page 10 of 15

wild animals and their habitats in the mountains were left undisturbed for the most part andJapan’s history and culture evolved in benevolent interaction between nature and humanity.
Indeed, society and even business activities paid respect to the traditions and cultural aspectsof nature until the human development process known as “Scientific Advancements” began
spreading. With the advent of advanced technologies, human society created a paradox in its
relationship with the Red-Forest in Fukushima, Japan.
Acknowledgements
Part of this work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
KAKENHI (Grant No. 09J08994 and 24800010) and Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST) Adaptable & Seamless Technology Transfer Program Through Target-driven R&D,
(Grant No. AS242Z03455K).

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Figure 1. Human-computer-biosphere interaction (HCBI) concept; an extension of HCI and HCPI
© 2008 Hiroki Kobayashi and Ryoko Ueoka.

.
Figure 2. Interspecies predator-prey relationship (top), intraspecies communication (middle), andintraspecies communication in a mixed reality (bottom). © 2008 Hiroki Kobayashi.

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Figure 3. Conceptual image of the Carrier Pigeonic Sensing System
http://www.switched.com/2009/09/11/pigeon-beats-isp-in-60-mile-race-to-deliver-data/

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