ENHANCING HUMAN
SECURITY, THE
ENVIRONMENT AND
DISASTER MANAGEMENT(EHSEDM)
HUE, VIET NAM

Submitted To:
Asian Development Bank
POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT FUND
And
Ministry of Natural Resources andEnvironment, Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Implemented By:
The Canadian Centre for International
Studies and Cooperation (CECI)& Kyoto University
In Partnership with:The Province of Thua Thien Hue

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1.

BACKGROUND................................................................................................. 1

1.1

THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................................. 1

1.2

GOAL, OBJECTIVE AND TIME FRAME................................................................................. 2

1.3

PARTNERS AND BENEFICIARIES........................................................................................ 9

CHAPTER 2.

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO ...................... 11

2.1

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS: ENVIRONMENT DISASTER LINKAGE...................................... 11

2.2

VIET NAM AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS, MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION ...................... 13

2.3

PAST IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THUA THIEN HUE ............................................... 15

2.4

FUTURE PROJECTIONS .................................................................................................. 18

CHAPTER 3.
PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION:PILOTINGCOMMUNITY-BASEDADAPATION AND DISASTER MITIGATION APPROACHES .................................................. 31
3.1

HUMAN SECURITY CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 31

3.2

COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................... 34

3.3

NATURAL DISASTER CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................... 38

CHAPTER 4.

COMMUNITY TRAINING AND PLANNING PROCESS ................................. 40

4.1

PARTICIPATORY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT ............................................................... 40

4.2

COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH TO DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT ................................. 41

4.3

SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN (SCP) ................................................................................... 46

4.4

LIMITATIONS OF CBDRM ............................................................................................... 50

4.5

COMMUNITY-BASED HAZARD MANAGEMENT MAP – HUE COLLEGE OF SCIENCES ............ 51

CHAPTER 5.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN (SCP)......................... 59

5.1

SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD ACTIVITIES SUMMARY ..................... 59

5.2

PROJECT INTERVENTION COMPONENTS ......................................................................... 60

5.3

MANAGEMENT ISSUES ................................................................................................... 62

5.4

LAF ALLOCATION .......................................................................................................... 63

5.5

LOC BINH SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ................................................... 65

5.6

LOC HOA SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN IMPLEMENTATION .................................................... 72

5.7

LOC AN SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN IMPLEMENTATION....................................................... 77

CHAPTER 6.

LESSONS LEARNED ..................................................................................... 83

CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…………………..…………………86

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Annexes
Annex 1: Safer Community Plan Format
Annex 2: Sample Safer Commmunity Plan
Annex 3: Final Dissemination Workshop Minutes
Annex 4: Likely Impacts of Climate Change on Different Sectors in Thua Thien Hue

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TABLES & FIGURESTABLE 1: LEVEL OF EFFORT BY IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS ............................................................. 10
TABLE 2: CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS ................................................... 14
TABLE 3: STORYLINE SCENARIO MAIN COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS ........................................ 19
TABLE 4: PROJECTED SEA LEVEL RISE (CM) – 2010-2100 VS. 1990 .............................................. 28
TABLE 5: LOC AN COMMUNE LAND TYPES AND USE ...................................................................... 35
TABLE 6: LOC BINH COMMUNE POPULATION DATA ......................................................................... 37
TABLE 7: LOC BINH COMMUNE LAND AREA AND USE ..................................................................... 37
TABLE 8: LOC BINH COMMUNE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ................................................................... 37
TABLE 9: LOC HOA COMMUNE LAND TYPES AND USE .................................................................... 38
TABLE 10: PROJECT CBDRM TRAINING PROGRAM PERFORMANCE ............................................... 45
TABLE 11: EHSEDM CBDRM IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD SUMMARY .............................................. 59
TABLE 12: LAF ALLOCATION & LOCAL CONTRIBUTION PER COMMUNE ........................................... 63
TABLE 13: LAF ALLOCATION PER COMMUNE AND PER COMPONENT ............................................... 64
TABLE 14: LOC BINH PROJECT INTERVENTION SUMMARY .............................................................. 70
TABLE 15: LOC HOA PROJECT INTERVENTION SUMMARY ............................................................... 75
TABLE 16: LOC AN PROJECT INTERVENTION SUMMARY ................................................................. 80
TABLE 17: LIKELY IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN DIFFERENTS SECTORS …..ANNEX 1
FIGURE 1: THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE ........................................................................................... 1
FIGURE 2: IPCC CLIMATE CHANGE DIAGRAM ................................................................................ 12
FIGURE 3: DISASTER FREQUENCY BY MONTH IN THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE (SOURCE DO 2000)... 17
FIGURE 4: CLIMATE ZONES IN VIET NAM ........................................................................................ 19
FIGURE 5: PROJECTED ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN THUA THIEN HUE .............. 20
FIGURE 6: MONTHLY TEMPERATURE INCREASE – JANUARY-APRIL/2100 VS. 1990 .......................... 21
FIGURE 7: MONTHLY TEMPERATURE INCREASE – MAY-AUGUST/2100 VS. 1990 ............................. 22
FIGURE 8: MONTHLY TEMPERATURE INCREASE – SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER/2100 VS. 1990............. 23
FIGURE 9: CHANGES IN ANNUAL RAINFALL (%) – 2100 VS. 1990.................................................... 24
FIGURE 10: CHANGES IN MONTHLY RAINFALL (%) – JANUARY-APRIL/2100 VS. 1990...................... 25
FIGURE 11: CHANGES IN MONTHLY RAINFALL (%) – MAY-AUGUST/2100 VS. 1990 ......................... 26
FIGURE 12: CHANGES IN MONTHLY RAINFALL (%) – SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER/2100 VS. 1990 ......... 27
FIGURE 13: PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................................... 34
FIGURE 14: CBDRM TRAINING COMPETENCY OBJECTIVES ............................................................ 43
FIGURE 15: SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS ................................................. 48
FIGURE 16: SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN CO-FINANCING ................................................................... 49
FIGURE 17: SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACH ................................ 50
FIGURE 18: LOC BINH COMMUNE CBDRM HAZARD MAP ............................................................... 52
FIGURE 19: LOC BINH COMMUNE CBDRM HAZARD MAP ............................................................... 53
FIGURE 20: LOC AN COMMUNE CBDRM HAZARD MAP .................................................................. 55
FIGURE 21: LOC HOA COMMUNE CBDRM HAZARD MAP ............................................................... 57
FIGURE 22: LOC BINH COMMUNE COASTAL AREA PROJECT INTERVENTION .................................... 71
FIGURE 23: LOC HOA COMMUNE MOUNTAINOUS AREA PROJECT INTERVENTION ............................ 76
FIGURE 24: LOC AN COMMUNE LOW LYING AREA PROJECT INTERVENTION .................................... 81
FIGURE 25: CBDRM PROCESS SUMMARY ..................................................................................... 82
FIGURE 26: IMPLEMENTATION STEPS ............................................................................................ 87
FIGURE 27: CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY...................................................................................... 32
FIGURE 28: CONCEPT OF HUMAN SECURITY AND ITS COMMUNITY DIMENSIONS .............................. 33

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ACRONYMS
ADB
AEC
CACC
CARD
CBDRM
CDG
CECI
CFSC
CIDA
CPC
CPMC
CSP
DARD
DSM
DMC
DONRE
E&M
FSCD
GCM
GHG
GIS
GSGES
HUAF
ICZM
IMH
IPCC
IWRM

LAF
M&E
MAGICC
MIS
O&M
PCFSC
SCFSCR
SCP
SRES
TAR
TOT
UNFCCCVND

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Asian Development Bank
Agriculture Extension Centre
Capacity Building for Climate Changes Adaptation
Center for Agriculture and Forest Research and Development
Community-Based Disaster Risk Management
Community Development Group
Canadian Centre for International Studies and Cooperation
Committee for Flood and Storm Control
Canadian International Development Agency
Communes People’s Committee
Commune Project Management Committee
Country Strategy Paper
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
Demand Side Management
Disaster Management Committee
Department of Natural Resource and Environment
Evaluation & Monitoring
Flood and Strom Control Department
Global Circulation Model
Greenhouse Gases
Geographical Information System
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
Integrated Water Resource Management
Livelihood Adaptation Fund
Monitoring & Evaluation
Model for Assessment of Greenhouse-Gas Induced Climate Change
Monitoring Information System
Operation & Maintenance
Provincial Committee for Flood and Storm Control
Steering Committee for Flood, Storm Control and Rescue
Safer Community Plan
Special Report on Emission Scenarios
Third Assessment Report (IPCC)
Training of Trainers
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Viet Nam Dong (currency)

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CHAPTER 1.
1.1

BACKGROUND

The Problem

Situated in the tropical monsoon zone close to the typhoon centre of the western pacific, Viet
Nam is one of the most disaster prone countries in the Mekong region. Currently, 70% of the 85
million people in Viet Nam live in disaster-prone areas, with the majority of the most vulnerable
in the Central region. The loss of crops and homes in floods and storms keeps many rural
Vietnamese trapped in a cycle of poverty. This has been intensified in recent years with major
floods occurring more frequently, and thereby leaving the communities unprepared.
Located in Central Viet Nam, Thua Thien Hue is no exception in it’s vulnerability to disasters. In
fact, it is considered amongst the most disaster prone areas of Viet Nam. The province has adiverse geography including, forested mountains and hills, rivers, streams, paddy fields, coastallagoons and marine areas, and is located in a tropical monsoon climate zone. The main river
basins including the Huong, Bo, and O Lau, Nong and Truoi rivers are areas where agricultural
economic activity is dominant, and these areas are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters
due to both geographical and meteorological conditions. During the rainy season, crops,
infrastructure, natural environment, and the inhabitants of these river basins suffer huge losses
due to disastrous floods and storms. Loss and damage to property and homes coupled with
insecurity to human lives caused by disasters has kept many households trapped in a cycle ofpoverty.
Moreover, in the dry season, low rainfall and saline water intrusion around the river estuary also
badly affect agriculture and lagoon and aquatic resources. Climate change has caused these
conditions to deteriorate in recent years, with devastating effects to the entire province, notably
vulnerable rural populations in mountainous areas and along the province's coastal zone.
Increased severity and duration of these natural hazards have had disastrous effects. Indeed,
the cycle of natural disasters inhibit the social and economic stabilization and growth of Thua
Thien Hue Province.

Figure 1: Thua Thien Hue Province

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Many international donors are working in collaboration with the Government of Viet Nam to
implement natural disaster mitigation and preparedness projects in order to support sustainable
development in Central Viet Nam. It is within this strategy, that the Enhancing Human Security,
the Environment and Disaster Management Project, (EHSEDM) was implemented. One
significant initiative was undertaken by CECI and funded by the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA) under the Canada Climate Change Development Fund. The main
project components were:•

Training and awareness raising of key community resource persons on climate change
issues;• Making “Safer Village Plans” using participatory approaches;• Implementing specific components of the planning through sub-projects.
During the project period much was learned and it is proposed to replicate project components inother vulnerable districts in the Thua Thien Hue province in order to create a model ofCommunity Based Climate Change Adaptation, which can be used in different parts of Viet Nam,as well as other DMCs of ADB.
The EHSEDM project not only learned from the experiences of this initiative, but also enhanced
the components by:•••

Analyzing the climate issues (especially rainfall pattern) and disaster events (pattern andrecurrence);
Creating a climate change scenario for the future;
Creating a climate change adaptation model.

Emphasis was placed on replication of the process to other parts of the world. The projectstudied the impacts of environmental changes (in form of climate change impacts) on thecommunity, in the form of natural disasters, like floods and cyclones. Specific impacts on the
livelihoods (mainly agriculture and aquaculture) and living conditions (housing, health, andeducation) were analyzed. The project also examined the community adaptation strategies andcoping mechanisms, and thus, the main emphasis of the project was to focus on human security
and the environmental dimension of poverty.

1.2

Goal, Objective and Time Frame

1.2.1

Project Goal

The goal of the EHSEDM project is to enhance human security in Central Viet Nam by building
capacity to cope with the climate change impacts of natural disasters like floods and cyclones.
1.2.2

Objectives:

The overall aim of the project is to develop a Community Based Climate Change Adaptation
Model, which can be applied to different socio-economic conditions. The goal of the proposed
project is to enhance human security in Central Viet Nam to cope with the climate change
impacts in the form of natural disasters such as floods and cyclones.

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Specific objectives are:
•
•
•
•
•

To study and analyze the impact of climate change on communities and livelihoods in the
district of Thua Thien Hue province in Central Viet Nam;
To undertake training and awareness raising programs at the village, commune and districtlevels ;To initiate participatory planning processes at the village, commune and district levels;
To implement demonstration sub-projects under safer village/commune/district plans;
To monitor and evaluate the implementation process, and development of a Community
Based Climate Change Adaptation Model.

The range of interventions included:••••

Improved land-use practice in particular tree lines, vetiver grass and other naturalprotections for disaster mitigation and environmental protection;
Improved livelihood techniques for adaptation to climate change and environmental
sustainability, including sustainable aquaculture techniques;
Improved water and sanitation for disease prevention during floods;
Improved disaster safe housing practice for adaptation to climate change.

The above interventions are related to ADB’s Viet Nam Country Strategy Paper and Vietnam’s
own strategies for poverty reduction, through the geographic focus one of the poorest regions
and integrating environmental dimensions in poverty reduction projects. Also, these interventions
are aligned with health, nutrition and social protection strategies of the CSP. The last two
interventions have strong elements in CSP’s gender strategy.
The participatory process for determining priority actions focus on villagers assessing theirvulnerability, including identifying the poorest and most vulnerable groups, and proposing
solutions that address the community’s overall socio-economic development needs andcontribute to environmental sustainability. Consequently, the interventions will contribute topoverty reduction and improved protection of the environment.
1.2.3

Activities:

Activity 1.1 Stakeholder and Resource Mapping: Through the mapping process, key
stakeholders were identified with along with their roles and responsibilities. Available resourceswere identified in terms of human and social capital analysis.
Activity 1.2 Vulnerability, Capacity and Needs Assessment: A detailed analysis has been
conducted to: 1) assess the vulnerability and risk of the communities, 2) analyze community’s
coping capacities, and 3) evaluate the needs and priorities in the village, district and commune
level.
Activity 2.1 Training Program for the Change Agents: The mass organizations leaders wereidentified as the Change Agents and a consolidated training program has been conducted forthese Change Agents.
Activity 2.2 Simplified Climate Change Scenario Creation: Based on the available climate
prediction data from the national research institute (Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology), a
simplified climate change scenario has been produced, with participation of the Change Agents.
Activity 2.3 Awareness Raising Campaign: An awareness raising campaign has been
undertaken in three communes. The trained Change Agents acted as the facilitators in theawareness raising campaign.
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Activity 3.1: Identify specific needs in the villages and communes: With the backgroundinformation on the overall vulnerability, needs and capacity assessment (Activity 1), village andcommune specific needs were identified. This needs assessment process was carried out by
the trained Change Agents (the leaders of the mass organizations), with assistance from the
project team.
Activity 3.2: Safer Village and Commune-level planning process: Based on the identified needs,
and simplified climate change scenario, the planning process has promoted actions to cope with
the impacts of climate change. The trained Change Agents took the key roles in the planning
process. A task-stakeholder and resource matrix will be produced, based on the local priorities.
This will be a process-oriented approach, rather than the product-focus approach, where theprocess will enhance the awareness of the people and communities. The village and commune
level plans1 will be combined to form a district level plan and framework of action.
Activity 4.1: Implementation of selected demonstration sub-projects: Selected demonstration
sub-projects will be implemented in some of the communes and villages. The sub-projects will
be selected based on the local needs, commitments of the villages and communes, availabilityof local contributions, and in accordance with the district level planning and strategy2.
Activity 4.2: Training and awareness raising process: These sub-projects will also be consideredas training and awareness raising instruments. The demonstration sub-projects will beconsidered as the foundation for future larger projects in the communes and villages.
Activity 5.1 Development of Community Based Climate Change Adaptation Model: Based on theexperiences of the implementation process, a model will be developed for wider application todifferent socio-economic contexts.
Activity 5.2 Information dissemination: Three workshops have been conducted to disseminate
the project findings at the district, province and national levels. These will be official plans to linkdevelopment projects in the future.

1
Safer village plans are 5-10 page documents, which describe the essential features of the villages (socio-economic
status, livelihood options, etc.), its disaster vulnerabilities, local capacities, disaster management and asset
management plans, and proposed sub-projects to reduce vulnerabilities. These plans will be official plans to linkdevelopment projects in future (refer to Appendix).
2

Sub-projects include small infrastructure projects like construction of village roads, sanitary latrines and shelters foruse during disasters etc. Training and awareness raising programs help the communities to understand the climatechange issues and making them prepared for their livelihood options, with specific focus on agriculture andaquaculture. The ability to secure livelihoods during disaster events minimizes economic hardship and bring somedegree of stability to ongoing poverty reduction efforts. Building a correlation between disaster and climate change
issues helps to establish environment-disaster linkages. The combination of these activities links environment andpoverty.

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1.2.4

TimeframeSpecific Timetable for Project
Implementation

Q1
Q2
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
WBS 100 Capacity Development for Disaster Preparedness and Risk Reduction

Jan.

Q3
Feb.

110 Stakeholder and Resource Map
120
Vulnerability,
Capacityand
Need
Assessment Report
130 Training and formulation of “Safer village”
disaster mitigation plan – province- districts –communes.
140 Strengthening disaster preparedness (early
warning, evacuation and rescue at the village
level).
150 Support to implementation of “safer village”
plans – small projects
160 Capacity development on best practices fordisaster resistant housing and public buildings.
170 Strengthening outreach services on
agricultural techniques for mitigating impact ofclimate change.
WBS 200 Capacity Development on safer village planning process
210 Information sharing and awareness with
PPC and responsible province department(DARD) to ensure both policy-feedback andcoordination with provincial priorities.
220 Training Program for the Change Agents.
230 Training to villagers, on ‘safer’ village
planning, land use planning, housing practice
240 Simplified Climate Change Scenario
Creation
250 Awareness Raising Campaign
WBS 300 Strengthened institutional capacity on bottom up planning process
310 Technical support to delivery of services of

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March

April

Q4
May

June

July

Aug

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Specific Timetable for Project
Implementation

Q1
Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Q2
Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Q3
Feb.

commune and district officials for Safer Village
program.
320 Identify specific needs in the village andcommunes
330 Safer Village and Commune-level planning
process:
WBS 400 Strengthened institutional capacity on project implementation
410 Co financing of sub project identified insafer village plan (safer land use plan, etc.)
420 Implementation of selected demonstration
sub-projects
WBS 500 Monitoring and & Evaluation
510 Document and disseminate information on
impact of climate change at community level
and lessons learned about approaches toadaptation.
520 Collaborate with other national andinternational programs to conduct workshops onbest practices.
530 Workshop on impact of climate change at
community level and priority actions at national
level to support community-based adaptation
strategies.
540 Periodic monitoring and analysis of theimplementation process.

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March

April

Q4
May

June

July

Aug

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1.3

Partners and Beneficiaries

1.3.1

CECI

CECI was responsible for implementing and managing the project. Within the framework ofpromoting participatory management, CECI was responsible for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.3.2

Preparing a Project Implementation Plan and Annual Work Plan with local partners toindicate expected results and how these will be met with available time and resources;
Liaising and coordinating with ADB, central government, province and implementing
partners;
Establishing appropriate management and administrative structures in Canada and Viet
Nam and supervising and monitoring PMU and its staff;
Ensuring program is managed in accordance with results and indicators established in
the PIP;Managing project finances and procuring goods and services in accordance with relevant
procedures and budget;
Co-coordinating project strategies with other national or international development
projects or organizations;
Advising ADB of project progress, problems encountered and proposed solutions;
Submitting narrative progress reports and financial reports.
KYOTO University

As the co-implementing agency, Kyoto University supported the project implementation activities
as follows:
•
•
•

1.3.3

GSGES contributed to the design and strategic direction of the EHSEDM project byproviding support to the development of the implementation plan;
GSGES conducted the monitoring and analytical work, providing advice on the needs
assessment, vulnerability and capacity assessment and creation of scenarios and plans;
GSGES was also responsible for the development of the Community Based Climate
Change Model.
Role of Implementing Partners

The Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry (HUAF) played a key role in activities related to
Stakeholder and Resource Mapping, vulnerability, capacity and need assessment.
The Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (IMH) was involved in the creation of a Simplified
Climate Change Scenario as key responsibilities and Development of Community Based Climate
Change Adaptation Model.
The following governmental departments took key responsibility for the awareness raising
campaign, identification of specific needs in the villages and communes, implementation of
selected demonstration sub-projects and Information dissemination:•••

Steering Committee for Flood, Storm Control and Rescue (SCFSCR);
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD);
Department of Natural Resource and Environment (DONRE)

These departments also had co-responsibilities for the Safer Village and Commune-level
planning process and the training and awareness raising process.
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Table 1: Level of Effort by Implementing Partners
EHSEDM Activity

CECI

GSGES

HUAF

IMH

Activity 1.1 Stakeholder and1
1
1
Resource Mapping
Activity 1.2 Vulnerability, Capacity
11
1
and Need Assessment
Activity 2.1 Training Program for the1
1
2
Change Agents
Activity 2.2 Simplified Climate Change
2
1
1
Scenario Creation
Activity 2.3 Awareness Raising11Campaign
Activity 3.1: Identify specific needs in1
3
the village and communes
Activity 3.2: Safer Village and12Commune-level planning process
Activity 4.1: Implementation of1
3
selected demonstration sub-projects
Activity 4.2: Training and awareness
1
2
raising process
Activity 5.1 Development ofCommunity Based Climate Change
1112
Adaptation Model
Activity 5.2 Information dissemination
1
3
1: Key responsibility, 2: Co-responsibility, 3: Reporting / information sharing

1.3.4

DARD/
DONRE
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
1

Beneficiaries

The project was implemented in the Phu Loc district of the Thua Thien Hue province. The district
has a long coastline and lagoon, and consequently is prone to typhoons, storm surges andflooding. The total area of the district is 728 sq km, with a population of 143,100, and a
population density of 197 per sq km. The direct beneficiaries are 19,155 in the three communesof Loc Hoa, Loc Binh and Loc An. Direct beneficiaries will also include the district, commune andvillage governments. Indirect beneficiaries are the adjoining districts, provincial government andthe national government.

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CHAPTER 2.
2.1

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO

Climate Change Impacts: Environment Disaster Linkage

Global climate and environmental change is one of the greatest challenges and critical problems
facing the world. This is a particular challenge in developing countries, including Viet Nam. The
UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan recently stated: “The evidence shows that climate change isoccurring, and we cannot wait any longer to take action”.
Evidence of these challenges is obvious:
•
•
•
•
•

The 1990s was the warmest decade in the last hundred years;
1998 was the warmest year of the last century, and 2005 was absolutely the warmest year
on record until now;
Global snow cover decreased by 10% since 1960; while the northern hemisphere’s ice coverdecreased by 15% since 1950;
During the past 20th century, average global temperature has increased by about 0.60C andsea level has risen by approximately 20 cm (the highest increase in at least one thousand
years);
Global mean temperature is projected to rise by about 1.4-5.80C; and relative sea levelby .09-.88 meters by the end of this century (IPCC, 2001).

These changes together with their collateral consequences may lead to dramatic effects to thebiosphere, ecosystems and human society. The scale, extent, severity and consequences ofthese changes depend on us, on our actions and efforts to mitigate and adapt to them.
Effects and impacts of climate change have been, and will be affecting people’s livelihoods andsecurity in many regions, countries, and communities of different locations. International
experiences and practice have showed that, not taking into account climate change factors indecision making and planning processes may lead to serious consequences and disasters, andconsiderable damage and loss of property and human life.
For Viet Nam and many other developing countries, certainly the highest priorities in the next
decade are economic and social development and national and human security. But in order tokeep this rapid development process moving forward in a sustainable way and to ensure
appropriate security, the government, policy makers and managers at all levels have to makeand implement such policies that take into consideration all the factors which may havesignificant influence and impact on the country’s sustainable development.
In fact, climate change, disasters and development issues are closely related and inter-linked to
one another. This inter-linkage is especially obvious in developing and therefore, more
vulnerable countries like Viet Nam.
In the near and long term future, global climate and environmental change seems to be one of
the most important factors that has had and will have significant and long-term impacts to theprocess of development and policy implementation in many economical sectors in mostdeveloping countries, including Viet Nam.
On a regional scale, climate change may cause a number of significant impacts andconsequences, including an unusual increase of various extreme events and disasters such as
typhoons, storms, floods and droughts, heavy rain, landslides, salt water intrusion etc., which
may lead to increasing damage to ecosystems, socio-economical systems and loss of property
and human life.

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So what is climate change? Which impact does it have? Why and how do we have to beconcerned about it? What has been done and have to be done to address this problem in theworld and in Viet Nam?
By United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition, climate change is understood as
the changes of the global climate system that is attributed not only to natural process but directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmospheric gases,
increases concentration of greenhouse gases leading to greenhouse effect and gradual but
irreversible global warming.
Greenhouse gases (GHG) and greenhouse effect themselves are not an evil. Natural GHGs,
including water vapor, CO2, NH4, ozone and nitrous oxide play a key role in creating andmaintaining suitable temperatures for life on the Earth. But due to human activities in the lastcentury (industrialization, use of fossil fuels, land use change etc.), the GHG concentrations in
the atmosphere are abnormally increased for a very short time (in global scale), leading to global
warming and many severe short-term and long-term consequences (i.e. changing in climate
patterns, increasing El Nino episodes, glaciers and snow cover melting at the poles andmountains that causes rising sea levels and land loss on large coastal and river delta areas.
Extreme events such as typhoons, hurricanes, thunderstorms, floods and droughts are becoming
more frequent and severe in many areas of the world. These changes impact the bio- and ecosystems as well as human society and development. The mechanism is roughly described in
Figure 2.

Figure 2: IPCC Climate Change Diagram
The global society has taken many actions to address these problems. Firstly, efforts for the
mitigation of climate change have been taken. The UNFCCC has been established on the
pursuit of the ultimate objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations. The UNFCCC
imposes three conditions on the goal of stabilization within a sufficient time-frame to “allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is notthreatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner” (Art. 2 of
UNFCCC). Under the UNFCCC, many countries including Viet Nam have signed the Kyoto
Protocol to meet their commitment and take measures for mitigation of GHG emission.
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Mitigation is very important but not enough. Bio-ecological and economical systems are still
exposed to the impacts of occurring and continuing climate change, so we also have to adapt toclimate change.
Adaptation is a process by which natural and human systems make adjustments to the actual or
projected climate change and its consequences. In the policy context, it is a process by which
strategies to moderate, cope with, and take advantage of climate change and its consequences
are developed, enhanced and implemented 3 . Adaptation can be spontaneous, passive orplanned and pro-active and respectively can be carried out in response to or in anticipation ofclimate changes.
Many governors, policy makers or managers may say that: “Yes, climate change is a problem,
but it is certainly not an urgent one for us now like development or security, disasters…”, and“We have many other more pressing works and problems to deal with so why should I concern
myself about the problems that will take place only after some decades?”. But almost every
week we can hear about or see from the mass media the consequences and evidence of climatechange around the world in forms of extreme events and disasters, causing considerable
damage and economic, property and human life loss, all adversely affecting the development
process. These events show that human societies and economic systems, especially indeveloping countries including Viet Nam, are quite vulnerable to climate processes, changes
and variability.

2.2

Viet Nam and Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation

Viet Nam is located in South East Asia and having a tropical monsoon climate with high heatand humidity, is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. It has around 3,260 km ofcoastline and more than 3,000 inshore and offshore islands.
In 2004, Viet Nam had a population of about 85 million, of whom about 40 million live below thenational poverty line. Currently, over 70% of the population lives in rural and low-lying coastal
areas that are highly vulnerable to water-related natural disasters and sea level rises. Viet Nam
has undergone rapid economic growth and industrialization in the past decades. The averageannual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate was 7.5% between 1991 and 2000, andGDP per capita was $400 in real terms and $2100 in purchasing power parity terms in 2001
(Government of Viet Nam, 2002). Viet Nam is primarily a rice-based agricultural economy, with
agriculture representing 24.3% of total GDP in 2001. This rapid growth and agriculture-based
economic system make Viet Nam more vulnerable to climate change impacts and its
consequences.
Viet Nam is well known as one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world and South East
Asia, especially concerning climate and water related disasters. Most disasters in Viet Nam
relate to weather and climate change conditions. The frequency and intensity of these changes
are varying by seasons. On average, between 4 and 6 typhoons reach Viet Nam every year. The
most intensely affected areas by water-related disasters are the deltas of main rivers, including
the Red and Mekong deltas – two major agricultural regions, and the coastal areas with uniquewetland lagoon ecosystems. Large areas of these deltas are less than one meter above meansea level, some areas are even below sea level.
Annually, storm, flood, drought, and other disasters cause heavy human casualties anddamages to property and infrastructure. The most significant potential impacts and adaptation
3

IPCC’s Report – The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability

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options for some selected natural resources and socio-economic sectors in Viet Nam aresummarized below in Table 2.
Table 2: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options
Resources
Coastal area

Potential Impact
•
•
•

Water
resources•••

Agriculture

Fishery& Aquaculture

•
•
•
•
•
•

Forestry

Energy,industry andtransportation

Human health••

Adaptation Option

Accelerated erosion along the •coasts and in river mouths;•
Reduced wetland areas;
Increased salinization.
Changed water availability andquality;
Changed annual run-off;Increased frequency and extremesin flooding and inundation.
Reduced arable area;
Changed crop yields;
Potential threat to national foodsecurity;
Facilitation of pest development.
Decreased
wetland-mangrove
ecosystem as habitat of brackish
water creatures;
Changedsalinity&water
environment cause fish migration,
creature’s diseases or massive
death;
Reduce productivity and quality.
Changed forest cover areas.

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•

•
•
•

Increase in cooling demand;•
Changes in hydropower output;•
Damage of existing infrastructures(power plants, ports, transportationand distribution infrastructure).
•••

Living environment;
Increasing vector-borne diseases.

•••

Protect
anddevelopwetland/mangrove forestry;
Develop local and nation-wide
strategies to deal with sea level
rises and extreme events.
Construct and improve irrigationand drainage system;
Improve sea dyke systems;
Promote hydropower development.
Enhanced irrigation systems for
agriculture;
Further investigate the country’s
agro-climatology;
Develop flexible crop patterns.
Improved farming techniques;
Develop new valuable & flexible
aquaculture varieties;
Consider climate change impacts inaquaculture & fishery planning.

Enhanced reforestation;
Protect natural forests.
Improved energy efficiency;
Take into account climate change
factors in planning infrastructuredevelopment;
Upgrade infrastructure in vulnerable
areas.
Develop national plan to control
vector-borne diseases;
Improve medical service quality;
Promote public awareness.

These direct impacts lead to more serious consequences for the development of the country
since they cause significant losses both economically and in terms of human casualties.
The Vietnamese people have a thousand year of long tradition of confronting and fighting natural
disasters. But these activities are mostly spontaneous, and identifying pro-active adaptation
options to long-term human-induced climate change is a new concept. Despite its priority to

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achieve accelerated economic growth, the Viet Nam Government acknowledges that controlling
and reducing the consequences of disasters are also key priorities.
However, in practice, climate change issues are quite abstract, “far away” and not of actual
concern for Vietnamese policy makers, government officials, managers and the communities,
especially the poor - the most vulnerable people.
Until now in Viet Nam, the climate change problems are not properly considered in decision
making processes and not yet implicated into socio-economic development plans, various kindsof strategies, policies and action plans at all levels, even in the development of the First andSecond National Strategy and Action Plan for Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation. Moreover,for major infrastructures, the climate change scenarios are not effectively taken into
consideration for investment decisions.
2.3

Past Impacts of Climate Change in Thua Thien Hue

Located in one of the most disaster-prone areas of Viet Nam, with a specific monsoon climate
and a severe meteo-hydrological regime, Thua Thien Hue province is very sensitive andvulnerable to climate change impacts and disasters. Actually, Thua Thien Hue has a quite longdry season, and a short rainy season often with very high rainfall in a short time period causing
extreme flow and discharge and usually sizeable floods in a large area. Every year there are anumber of extreme weather events such as typhoons and tropical cyclones which bring heavy
rain with very high rainfall. Typically tropical storms hit the Thua Thien-Hue seacoast prior todisembarking to the North (Quang Binh-Thanh Hoa), causing heavy rain, and enormous flooding
here.
Moreover, the topography of the province changes rapidly from a high mountain zone down tothe plains and large lagoon systems with hardly any transition areas. This results in a high runoffof the rivers in the rainy season, and floods and inundations downstream in large areas.
Thua Thien Hue has the highest rainfall in Viet Nam, with up to 5 meters of rainfall per year in
the highlands and up to 3 meters of rainfall in Hue city. The rainy season endures from August to
December with 3 months of predominantly rain from September-November. The total average
rainfall during this period is 1,850 mm, accounting for 65.9 % of yearly rainfall, of which 796 mm
accounting for 43 % of seasonal rainfall occurs in October.
Cold air surges occur particularly or in combination with tropical depression or typhoon can also
cause extreme flooding above alarm level 3. The typhoon and tropical depressions sometimes
cause severe flooding in the deltas. Large floods usually occur from September to November,but at the end of May 1999, there was a flood spell that hit Hue more than 1.00 m higher thanalarm level 3. In the same year during November, an historical flood occurred with extremely
high water levels, more than 3.00 m higher in some places, causing large scale inundation,
erosion and land slides which caused enormous losses and damage.
During the past decades, the natural upland forests upstream of the river basins of Thua Thien
Hue have been badly degraded, due to recent uncontrolled logging, timber extraction for
construction and fuel wood and the destruction and spraying of defoliants during the war etc.
The soil in upstream areas is poor with low humus and is strongly eroded so land slides, erosion
and large-scale flooding are the result.
Drought is also a big problem related to climate change and variability in Thua Thien Hue.
Because of increasingly long dry seasons, insufficient water resources have occurred seriously inmany years. Up to now, the irrigated area is about 50 to 60% of cultivated area.
During the dry season from January to August, the flow of the main Rivers in Thua Thien Hue
like Huong and O Lau diminishes to such an extent that salt water traverses very high upstream
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and causes severe salinity intrusion. This threatens the river and the wetland’s ecosystems andalso fresh water supply for domestic and agriculture needs, particularly the domestic water
intake of the Hue city. This process is ongoing and more salinity intrusion will continue to affectthe ecosystems and could lead to loss of habitat for fresh water species.
It could also result in a reduction of the mangrove forest, a strong decrease in the population ofsome aqua-cultural species, and a decrease in sources of photosynthesis products and nutrition
for living creatures in sea-beds and river-beds. Thus the quality of living habitats for various
aqua-creatures will deteriorate.
The expected increase of water temperature may lead to a clearer thermal vertical stratification
that, in turn, would affect the biological habitat of living creatures. An increased temperature of
the coastal water could accelerate mineralization and organic decomposition processes andaffect the food chain of these creatures, and reduce the productivity and commercial quality of
aqua-cultural products. Due to larger rainfall intensity, salt concentration of seawater could
reduce by 10 - 20% during a long period. As a result, brackish water and coastal living creatures,
especially dual crust mollusks (like arca and oyster) would die en masse because they could notwithstand the changes in salt concentration. All these changes may adversely affect theaquaculture and fishery.
The coastal zone of the Thua Thien Hue is a very complicated combination of downstream flows
and the unique Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon system is home to some of the poorest, mostvulnerable communities of fishermen and peasant households.
Lagoons, small bays, deltas, sand beaches, islands, soft and hard sea beds, and brackish aquacultural ponds have varying structures and functions. There are many fishery and farming
activities along the lagoons. There are more than 300,000 people, mostly poor, living along thelagoon. The problem of managing this entire system needs to be intensely studied and analysed.
Together with more severe floods and storms in the rainy season, the stronger and longer
drought season leads to deeper salinity intrusion, environmental pollution, and land and wildlife
degradation. All these factors may bring bankruptcy to many small agricultural and aqua-cultural
farms in the lagoon. Poor people are becoming trapped into a spiralling cycle of need anddependence on more subsidy-credits, increasing debts and never-ending poverty. Erosion andland loss along the Huong and O Lau river banks and sea coasts are also one of the big
problems of the coastal zones due to floods and the complicated mechanism of opening andclosing the salt water intrusion barrier where the river enters the lagoon.
Another problem is increasing frequency and intensity of typhoons and tropical storms. Storm
surges are expected to be stronger and may threaten the structures in the coastal zone and low
lands of the province. Unless a proper sea dyke system can be constructed and the existing
dyke system upgraded, erosion will occur in many locations along the coastal line from theThuan An estuary to the Tu Hien estuary and the coastal zone will become narrower. Sea level
rise will threaten industrial, transport and national defence structures that were designed
according to sea levels at the time and increased flooding will also negatively affect thefoundations of the dyke structures.
In past decades in Thua Thien Hue Province, the frequency and severity of disasters haveincreased significantly. In fact, during the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries from 1804 to
1945, there were only 38 floods and typhoons in the historical record. In contrast, within a much
shorter 25 year period from 1975 to 2000, there were 41 disasters in which one storm, eighteen
floods, and twenty-two storm-floods wreaked considerable havoc (Do 2000). The severe flood in
1983, a destructive storm in 1985, and the historical flood of 1999 together with the resulting
tragic impacts are examples of catastrophic events that are still fresh in people’s minds today.

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They are occurring more frequently and there is also a tendency towards an earlier flood season
than before (See Fig.3).

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Number of major disasters from 1804 to 1945
Number of major disasters from 1975 to 1999

Figure 3: Disaster Frequency by Month in Thua Thien Hue Province (Source Do 2000)
Climate change may already have contributed to a rise in intensity and frequency of those
adverse meteorological phenomena. In reality, climate change is already happening. The Third
Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001) observes
that the 1990s was the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year in the instrumental recordsof the world. Surface temperatures, but also the number of extremes in terms of temperatureand precipitation (either droughts or floods) has already increased. Moreover, the IPCC also
concludes that “observed changes in regional climate have affected many physical andbiological systems, and there are preliminary indications that social and economic systems havebeen affected” (IPCC, 2001). El Nino events have been more frequent, persistent and intense
during the last 20-30 years compared to the previous 100 years.
At the local level, according to the observation of Thua Thien Hue Provincial Committee for
Flood and Storm Control (PCFSC 2000), the numbers of floods has increased significantly when
there were the impacts of ENSO (i.e. 7 floods in 1996 and 6 floods in 1998). In the last ten
years, along with increasing precipitation, the daily maximum and monthly maximum
precipitation rates increased drastically. Particularly the 978mm of precipitation on November 2,
1999 and the 2451.7mm total precipitation in November 1999 which were the highest in the
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historical record (IMH 2006). These observations show that disasters in the region tend to last
longer and are more unpredictable than before.
For the coming decades, the IPCC concludes that larger changes in global climate areunderway. Depending on emissions scenarios, and given remaining uncertainties in climate
models, global mean temperatures are projected to rise by 1.4-5.8 degrees Celsius until 2100
and sea level by 0.09 to 0.88 meters (IPCC 2001).
But regardless of whatever changes may occur in the climate, the risks in Thua Thien Hue
Province are also rising for several other reasons. General economic development simply
means that more assets are at risk; unsustainable use of natural resources, and concurrently,
population growth has lead to larger settlements in vulnerable areas. These risks once again
highlighted that a holistic disaster risk management program in the region will require asubstantial understanding of the issues and problems specific to the region, which include: thenature of the region and its disasters, the link between disasters, natural resources and humanactivities, the roles of stakeholders at local and national level in disaster and environment
management.

2.4

Future Projections

2.4.1

Methodology of Future Scenarios Calculations and Projections

The climate projection is conducted by a combination of modeling and statistical downscaling
methods for Viet Nam region, in accordance with the guidance provided by the Third
Assessment Report (TAR) of IPCC for regional scenarios. The basic model for our calculations
is the Global Circulation Model (GCM).
The MAGICC Model (Model for Assessment of Greenhouse-Gas Induced Climate Change) of T.
Wigley and S. Raper, and SCENGEN Model is used to combine GCM with different variations(or options) of CO2 future emissions. In the IPCC’s TAR, there were approximately 40 proposed
variations, classified in four so-called “Storyline Scenarios” (i.e. A1, A2, B1, B2) or three maingroups (i.e. High, Medium and Low Emission). In each group there are also some variations; forexample in A1 there are A1T (low), A1B (medium) and A1FI (high emission). For every emission
scenario, we would have respective GCM modeling results (see Table 3).
The results show that with the same estimated emission level, the changes of climateparameters are different in different regions of the world and depend on morphology andregional characteristics (i.e. the temperature increase is much higher in continental,
mountainous and polar areas than in the oceans, coastal zones and equatorial areas).
Based on different emission options (mostly the best estimated variations) from the IPCC’s
Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES), we then use the SCENGEN Model (A Regional
Climate SCENario GENerator) to make the statistical downscaling for the regional and country
levels. For Viet Nam, the climate projection results would be done for seven different climate
zones (see Figure 4), in which Thua Thien Hue belongs to B4 zone. More detailed downscaling
is not necessary because of high uncertainty.

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Table 3: Storyline Scenario Main Comparative Characteristics
Economicdevelopment
ratio / newtechnology used,efficiency

Level ofglobalization or
regionalism /energyconsumption

A1

High/HighHigh level of
unification/High

High/Fairly good

Low/Low

A2

Medium to High/High difference
between regions,“Unequal World”

Multi-polar world,high level ofregionalism/High

Low/Medium to
Bad (depends onregions)

High/High

B1

Medium/HighHigh level of
unification/
Medium to Low

High/ Good

Medium to Low/
Low

B2

Medium/ Medium

Regional
development/
MediumMedium/ Fairly
goodMedium/ Medium
to Low

Storyline
Scenario

Social equity /environmental
protection andsustainability

Population
growth ratio /Conflicts

Kinh ®ét r ung quèc
B2

22

B1
B3

l µo

20

VÜ®é

18

B4

biÓ
n ®«ng16t hai l an

N1
14c¨ mpu chia

N2

12

N3

10

102

104

106

108

110

112

H×nh 10 Ph©n vï ng khÝhËu ViÖt nam [ 7b]Figure 4: Climate Zones in Viet Nam

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2.4.2

Projection Results

The projection results are based on a best estimation scenario of CO2 emissions for the last yearof the 21st century in comparison with 1990 and are described in Figure 5. The average annual
temperature increase is estimated at approximately 2.55°C. The annual and monthly
temperature for all the months of the 2100 as compared with 1990 will increase.
The red lines on the map show how the temperature changes (increases) in °C within the
different areas and zones in Viet Nam. The rainfall change may increase (+) or decrease (-)
depending on the season or month.
Kinh ®ét r ung quèc
22

20

l µo

Vix ®é

1816

biÓn ®«ngQ§ . Hoµng Sat hai l an

14c¨ mpu chia
12

10

8
102

104

106

108

110

112

114

H×
nh 6: NhiÖt ®é t ¨ ng cña n¨ m2100so ví i 1990

Figure 5: Projected Annual Average Temperature Increase in Thua Thien Hue

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Th¸ ng I
January

FebruaryTh¸ ng 2

Tr ung quèc

Tr ung quèc

22

22

20

20

18

18

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

1414

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia

12

12

10

10
8

8
102

104

106

108

110

112

102

114

104

106

108

110

112

114

Th¸ ng 3

March

24

Th¸ ng 4

Tr ung quèc

April

20

20

18

18

16

Tr ung quèc

22

22Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i LanTh¸ i Lan
1414

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia

12

12

10

10

8

8

102

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

16

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

108

110

112

Figure 6: Monthly Temperature Increase – January-April/2100 vs. 1990

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114

22

May

Th¸ ng 5

Th¸ ng 6
June

Tr ung quèc

22

20

20

18

18

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

1414

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia
12

12

10

10

8

8

102

Tr ung quèc

22

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

July
Th¸ ng 7

114

18

18

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

Tr ung quèc

22

20

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

1414

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia
12

12

10

10

8

8

102

112

August

20

16

110

Th¸ ng 8

Tr ung quèc

22

108

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

108

110

112

Figure 7: Monthly Temperature Increase – May-August/2100 vs. 1990

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114

23

September

OctoberTh¸ ng 9

Th¸ ng 10

Tr ung quèc

22

Tr ung quèc

22

20

20

18

18

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

14

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan14

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia
12

12

10

10

8

8

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

Th¸ ng 11

114

Tr ung quèc

22

20

20

18

18

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan112

December

Tr ung quèc

16

110

Th¸ ng 12

November
22

108

14

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan14

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia
12

12

10

10

8

8

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

Figure 8: Monthly Temperature Increase – September-December/2100 vs. 1990

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Kinh ®ét r ung quèc
22

l µo

20

18

biÓ
n ®«ng16VÜ®ét hai l an

14c¨ mpu chia
12

10

8

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

H×nh 8:Tû l Ö(%) t hay ®æ
i cña l - î ng m- a n¨ m2100so ví i 1990
Figure 9: Changes in Annual Rainfall (%) – 2100 vs. 1990

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Th¸ ng 1
January

FebruaryTh¸ ng 2

Tr ung quèc

22

20

20

18

16

18

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

14

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan14

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia

12

12

10

10

8

8

102

Tr ung quèc

22

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

Th¸ ng 3
March

22

20

20

18

18

16

110

112

114

Th¸ ng 4
April

Tr ung quèc

22

108

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

Tr ung quèc

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan
1414

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia

12

12

10

10

8

8

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

Figure 10: Changes in Monthly Rainfall (%) – January-April/2100 vs. 1990

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Th¸ ng 5MayJune

Th¸ ng 6

Tr ung quèc

22

20

20

18

18

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

Tr ung quèc

22

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

1414

C¨ mpu chia12

C¨ mpu chia

12

10

10

8

8

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

Th¸ ng 7
July

112

114

20

18

18

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

Tr ung quèc

22

20

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

1414

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia
12

12

10

10

8

8

102

110

Th¸ ng 8
AugustTr ung quèc

22

108

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

108

110

112

Figure 11: Changes in Monthly Rainfall (%) – May-August/2100 vs. 1990
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27

Th¸ ng 9
SeptemberTh¸ ng 10

October

Tr ung quèc

22

20

20

18

18

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

Tr ung quèc

22

14

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan14

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia

12

12

10

10

8

8

102

104

106

108

110

Th¸ ng 11
November

112

114

20

18

18

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan

106

108

110

112

114

Tr ung quèc

22

20

16

104

Th¸ ng 12
December

Tr ung quèc

22

102

14

16

Q§ . Hoµng Sa

Th¸ i Lan14

C¨ mpu chiaC¨ mpu chia

12

12

10

10

8

8

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

Figure 12: Changes in Monthly Rainfall (%) – September-December/2100 vs. 1990

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In terms of sea level changes compared with 1990, a projection was made by decades of thiscentury using a best estimation scenario for 3 main stations in 3 different parts of Viet Nam. Son
Tra station, located in Thua Thien Hue, is typical for the north and central parts of Central Viet
Nam, Hon Dau for Northern and Vung Tau for Southern Viet Nam. We have also calculated sea
level rise (cm) for Thua Thien Hue province using 3 different options for emission: high, medium
and low. The results are reflected in Table 4.

Table 4: Projected Sea Level Rise (cm) – 2010-2100 vs. 1990
RegionStation

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

2070

2080

2090

2100

North

Hon Dau

8.75

13.35

17.96

22.56

27.17

31.77

36.38

40.98

45.58

50.19

54.79

CentralSon Tra

1.98

4.40

6.81

9.23

11.65

14.07

16.48

18.90

21.32

23.73

26.15

South

Vung tau

5.21

10.71

16.21

21.70

27.20

32.69

38.19

43.68

49.18

54.67

60.17

Based on the above projections, we can estimate results and draw conclusions as itemized in
the following sections 2.4.3 and 2.4.4.

2.4.3

Future Climate Changes in Viet Nam

Temperature Changes:•

In the 21st century, temperature in all areas and climatic zones in Viet Nam show anincreasing trend, however the magnitude of change is different depending on the area;•

The projected temperature increase in Viet Nam by the end of the 21st century is estimatedat 2.3 – 2.8 0C, but it increases more in the Northern and North-Western regions and in themountainous and inland areas (about 2.7-2.8. 0C) than in the Central, South-Eastern andSouthern regions (2.3-2.6 0C) and coastal or offshore areas. The highest increase is
expected in the North-West , and the lowest in the south of Central Viet Nam;•

Every decade the temperature is increasing by 0.1-0.4 0C; higher than in the highest
increase of the last century (1990s);•

The temperature increase in the hot season (May-September) will not be as high as in the“cold” – cooler (November-March) season.

Rainfall Changes:•

The annual projected rainfall in all parts of Viet Nam during 2100 is estimated to increase by
5-9% but this will vary depending on the area;•

Annual rainfall will increase more in the Northern and north of Central regions (7-9%), andless in the south of Central regions and Southern Viet Nam (3.5-6%). The highest annual
rainfall increase will be in the North-West (8.8%) and the lowest in the south of Southern Viet
Nam (3.5-4%);•

The increased annual rainfall will occur mostly during the rainy season (from August to
November, depending on area). Rainfall will increase during the rainy season from about 815%. This indicates a higher risk of flooding in all rainy season months;

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In most parts of Viet Nam, rainfall during the dry season (estimated from January to May,
depending on area) will decrease from 10-20%, which indicates higher risk of water
shortage, drought and salinization in the coastal zones during the important spring cropping
period.

Sea Level Changes:•

In Northern Viet Nam the projected sea level rise is estimated at approximately 55 cm and inSouthern Viet Nam 60 cm. In the Central part which includes Thua Thien Hue, it is only
estimated to rise about 26 cm. This phenomenon requires greater study and more in-depth
analysis. The reasons may be due to:

2.4.4

o

The morphological process of the sea bed in Central Viet Nam and/or;o

The difference in air pressure.

Future Climate Change in Thua Thien Hue

With almost the same trend as with the whole country, the best estimation is for an annual mean
temperature increase in Thua Thien Hue Province of 2.55-2.60°C at the end of this century. The
increase is expected to be more significant in January and February (2.6-2.7°C) then in the hotmonths of June and July (2.45-2.5°C).
Obviously in the case of high emissions (A1FI), the temperature would increase most at 3.9°C,
and in the Mar-May period even up to 4.7°C. Such a high temperature increase in itself may
cause very serious consequences for socio-economic and eco- systems, especially for peoples
health, but in combination with subsequent more extreme events (droughts, floods, storms etc.)
it may lead to serious catastrophes in the Thua Thien Hue Province.
The best estimation for annual rainfall in Thua Thien Hue is also for an increase of about 7%, but
in dry season, it would decrease down to 10-15% (February to May). On the other hand, it would
increase significantly in rainy season by up to 10-24% (September to November). Rainfall inAugust, the first month of rainy season, will increase much less (2.5-3%), so the dry season
would be longer.
In a “worst case” scenario of high emissions (A1FI), the rainfall during rainy season would
increase by 24.7%, but the first dry season months (December-February) would decrease by
23.4%. It is interesting to note that in medium emission scenarios (A1B and B2), the rainfall
during dry season months (December-February and March-May) could decrease by 7.8-7.9%,
which may cause very severe droughts. In this scenario, the worst thing for socio-economic andeco- systems in Thua Thien Hue province will not be flooding or typhoons but rather the adverse
droughts.
The projected sea level rise in Thua Thien Hue will be about 26 cm in 2100 (with certain
uncertainty as explained earlier), much less than in the Northern and Southern parts of thecountry, but still serious enough to require close monitoring.
In general, these results show that the very high rainfall which is concentrated during some rainymonths will increase the already high flood risk in this area, with all the adverse consequences,
unless the comprehensive complex adaptation measures are fully implemented.
However, the dry season will be longer and more severe, which will increase the risk of drought.
The longer, severe droughts may adversely impact the energy generation in a number ofhydropower plants (under construction now or will be built soon) in Huong and on other rivers ofThua Thien Hue and may also threaten the municipal water supply for Hue city, irrigation for
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agriculture, and cause fresh water shortages for downstream socio-economic and ecologicalsystems. The salinization of surface and ground water and soil in coastal areas may adversely
impact the agriculture, aquaculture and eco-tourism sectors as well as the unique ecosystems ofwetlands and Tam Giang Cau Hai lagoons.
We can see that both flooding and the risk of drought from future climate change impacts are
therefore very high for Thua Thien Hue Province.

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CHAPTER 3.
PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION:PILOTING
ADAPATION AND DISASTER MITIGATION APPROACHES
3.1

COMMUNITY-BASED

Human Security Context

Human security is concerned with reducing and, whenpossible, removing the insecurities that plague human lives(Ogata and Sen 2003 4 ). Human security tempers the
expansionist perspective of human development by directly
paying attention to what are sometimes called the ‘downside
risks’. Like human development, human security highlights
the social dimension of sustainable development’s threepillars: environment, economy, and society (Khagram, Clarke,
and Radd 20035).

“At the center of sustainable
development is the delicate
balance between human security
and the environment. Critical tothis is the need to explicitly planfor
improved
environmental
management and sustainable
developmenttodisasterprevention and preparedness.”

The relationship between human security and the
Sadako Ogata and Amartya Sen
environment is most pronounced in areas of humanin “Human Security Now”, 2003
dependence on access to natural resources. Environmental
resources are critical part of the livelihoods of many people.
When these resources are threatened because ofenvironmental changes, people’s human security is also threatened. People are forced to movefrom rural areas to the marginal lands, leading to a decline in the household income. Two otherfields – environmental security and sustainable development – emerged and grew roughly
during the same period as human security and human development. Although environmental
security focuses more on nature, increasing complexities in the subject have urged for a holistic
view and synergy between natural and built environment.
Disaster management has a direct connection to human and environmental security. Many
natural disasters like flood and drought are directly related to environmental degradation andclimate change. These events have the most impact on the poor affecting their lives, properties,
and livelihoods. Creating disaster-resilient communities enhances human security.
Governments and other stakeholders are increasingly becoming aware of the relationshipbetween ecological stability and human security.
Civil society has mobilized strongly to promote sustainable development and increaseawareness of its importance. The emphasis of the governments, however, is more on improved
environmental management. More needs to be done to ensure the participation of affected
communities. Although some countries have taken pro-community measures to enhanceenvironmental sustainability, thereby reducing the impacts of disasters, there is still a long way
to go in the direction of synergy of community-based natural resource management and disasterrisk management.
The concept of vulnerability is the key and a common concept for human security, environmentand disaster management. Human security focuses on analysing who is vulnerable, how does
local action affect vulnerability, and what measures could be taken to reduce or mitigate
vulnerability. (Khagram, Clarke, and Radd 2003) It highlights the linkage between vulnerability
and change in human and environmental conditions and interactions of hazards and exposuresat different levels of place, region, and world (Figure 27). This is closely linked to the45

Ogata S and Sen A. 2003、Human Security Now, NY: Commission of Human Security. 159 pp.
Khagram S, Clarke W C, and Radd S F. 2003: From the environment and human security to sustainable security
and development, In Human Insecurity in a Global World, pp. 108–135, edited by L Chen, S Fukuda-Parr,and E Seidensticker, USA: Harvard University Press, 278 pp

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sustainable livelihood framework (Moser and Norton 20016), where reliance and vulnerability areseen as counterpart of one another, and people’s resilience depends largely on assets andentitlements that individual, households and, communities can mobilize and thus manage to face
the hardship. The higher the resilience of a community or population, the higher is their humanand livelihood security.

Figure 13: Concept of Vulnerability
Simply speaking, enhancing human security for environment and disaster management is likeenhancing people’s choices, and increasing their resilience to cope with the adverse impacts ofthe events. A good correlation is found in Vaux and Lund (2003)7, where the impacts of 2000
drought and 2001 earthquake of Gujarat, India, are described with specific focus on the
livelihood security of rural women. To cope with the natural disaster impacts, the most importantneed was to improve livelihood options. These livelihood options were enhanced throughinstitutional development and asset creation, and were aimed at enhancing human security.
Small-scale community-based institutions have helped in sustaining the efforts in longer terms.

6

Moser C and Norton A. 2001: To claim our rights: livelihood security, human rights and sustainable development,
London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London, 79 pp

7

Vaux T and Lund F. 2003 : Humans security of working women: response to crisis: In Human Insecurity in a Global
World, pp 137–161, edited by L Chen, S Fukuda-Parr, and E Seidensticker, USA: Harvard University Press

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Figure 14: Concept of Human Security and its Community Dimensions

Climate Change Impacts
Disasters (Flood, Cyclone,
Drought)
Severe Cold/ Sea-level rise

Civil
Society

Life activities
Social services (education,
health)Livelihood / Production
Environment

Partnership
Sustainability

Researchers

Local Government
Policies
Plans
Extension Services
National Government
Policies
Strategies
International Negotiation

Local-GovernanceSelf-GovernancePeople/ Communities

Environmental Impacts
River Erosion
Deforestation
Soil erosion

HUMAN SECURITY (PEOPLE AND COMMUNITY DIMENSION)
Livelihood

Environmental

Security

Security

Life-Style

Resource
Management

SocialSecurity

Self Security

Choices

Freedom

Information
Security
Right
Information

The EHSEDM project presents an applied model of how to increase community resilience tonatural disasters and promote adaptation to climate change, building on existing capacities. The
model engages local officials and community members in a process of analyzing theirvulnerability and opportunities for development based on information about hazards, climate
patterns, the environment, livelihood options and social and economic infrastructures. Involving
local researchers in disseminating technical information on trends in hazards and climate alongwith providing community-based training and participatory planning demonstrates viable
methods for enhancing human security that are rooted in local experiences, conditions andpreferences. By making connections between poverty, environment and natural disasters,
communities have increased knowledge and skills to make choices that promote sustainable
development and reduce their vulnerability. Beyond the project pilot level, this model has
applications for putting in place local development planning systems that address human and

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environmental security, and disaster risk reduction that bring together scientific and communitybased data on conditions and trends for informed and participatory decision-making.
The next sections describe the characteristics of the pilot communities, the processes applied forassessment, information dissemination, training and planning and the results.

3.2

Community Characteristics

This section on community characteristics was completed in collaboration with the Center for
Agriculture and Forest Research and Development (CARD), Hue University. Considering theparticular situation of Thua Thien Hue Province, the EHSEDM project was implemented in Phu
Loc District, where repeated disasters severely hamper efforts for economic development andcause a continuing cycle of poverty. Phu Loc District has a total area of 728.09 km² with apopulation of 149,875 for a density of 206 people/km². The population is largely involved infishing and agriculture (80% arable land base) and has a steady source of income in most years.
The economy of Phu Loc is particularly reliant on aquaculture 10-15%. The district experiences
the most frequent recurrent flooding and still must cope with severe problems of erosion from theaftermath of the 1999 historic flood.
The district has a high percentage of poverty compared with the provincial average and the
population live in rudimentary houses (no wooden frame). In particular, the percentage ofhouseholds with access to fresh water and a family standard latrine is very low. This is the main
reason for community vulnerability when disasters occur, and particularly contributes to the
spread of disease in the flooding season.

Project
Location

Figure 15: Project Location
3.2.1

Loc An Commune

Loc An Commune is located in the Northeast area of Phu Loc District and is 30 km from Hue
City in the South. It is bordered on the North by Vinh Thai Commune (Phu Vang District), on the
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South by Loc Hoa Commune, on the East by Loc Dien Commune and on the West by Loc Son
Commune. There are 2,854 households with a total population of 13,599. There are 15 villages
in Loc An Commune and the rate of poor households is 7,7% (based on data available at thattime from former MOLISA rates).
Table 5: Loc An Commune Land Types and Use
Land Types and Use

Area (ha)A. Agricultural

2,705.00• Agro-forestry land and aquaculture surface;

1,537.45• Wet rice land;

783.65• Vegetable and peanuts land;

10.40• Long-term crop land;

2.00• Forestry land;

710.90• Aquaculture surface.

30.50

B. Non-agricultural

711.24•

Unutilized land;

456.31•

Unutilized plain land;

76.79

•

Unutilized upland land.

379.52

Some examples of average household land area (m2) and use are as follows:•

Wet rice land:

274.57•

Vegetable and peanuts land:

36.44

•

Long-term crop land:

7.00

•

Forestry land:

249.08•Aquaculture surface:

106.86

At present, commune households have residential land to build houses and agricultural land forhousehold consumption and income generation. There are no landless households and the mainincome source is agriculture. The products from animal husbandry are also used for income
generation as a major source of household cash income. In recent years, the construction trades
such as carpentry, bricklaying and metal forging has been developed. Secondary jobs also
supplement the cash income sources for some households (i.e. cassava and rice flour
processing). In addition, some families generate income from small businesses such as fertilizer,
cement and iron sales.
Average annual food consumption is 620 kg/person/year comprised mainly of cassava, sweet
potatoes, vegetables, peanuts, poultry, cattle, buffaloes, pigs and chicken.

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Valuable Natural Resources
Forest: Forestry land area in the commune is 710 hectares of which 200 hectares are for 180
farmer households, 155 hectares for the Tien Luc Agricultural Cooperative, and the balance ismanaged by the Forest Inspection Station, and State Forestry Enterprise.
Fishery: There are 23 hectares of freshwater fish culture surface, 7 hectares of shrimp cultureand 160 fish cages in the Truoi River.
Access and Communications
Transportation system: The national road N01 runs 2.5 km through the commune. There is a
10 km stretch of rural concrete road and a 1.6 km stretch of asphalt road. A 28.5 km footpath
connects the commune villages. Presently, the transportation system in the commune is quite
convenient and accessible. Only the road to Chau Thanh village is very difficult especially during
the rainy season.
Communications: Presently, the commune doesn’t have a radio station and this is a constraint
especially for disseminating information from the People's Committee to the villages in the rainyseason. However, there are loudspeakers in the villages at present.
3.2.2

Loc Binh Commune

Loc Binh Commune is 15 km from the Southeast of Phu Loc District bordered by Loc Vinh
Commune in the East, Cau Hai swamp in the West, Phuoc Tuong Village of Loc Tri Commune
in the South, and Tu Hien Gate and East Sea in the North. The meandering and narrow
topography combines a slope of mountain stretching from the South to the North along Cau Hai
swamp and a gradually high slope falling from South to North that is lower compared with theearth. The total length of the commune is about 16 km from the border of 1A national highway tothe meander confronting Cau Hai swamp near Bien Dong.
This final area of the commune includes the villages An Binh, Tan Binh, Hai Binh and is locatedin a low-lying area about 200-700 m from Bien Dong. This area often has been affected directlyby the Northwest monsoon. With the specific topography of Loc Binh Commune located along
the mountain in the back and confronting the Cau Hai swamp and Bien Dong in the front, mostpeople therefore live along two sides, one side adjoining the foot of the mountain and the otheradjoining the lagoon and the final adjoining the border of Bien Dong.
Therefore, Loc Binh people annually confront natural disasters continuously, especially in rainyseasons with heavy rainfall, high water levels and strong winds. In the dry season, the long term
effects of hot temperatures, drought, salinity intrusion all contribute to a lack of water forhousehold consumption and agriculture production. The Commune has 6 villages and eachvillage has a specific characteristic: Tan An, Mai Gia Phuong and Hoa An are located near
mountain chains and a part of the area is in a lower adjoining swamp; Tan Binh, An Binh, andHai Binh are located in a low-lying area adjoining Tu Hien Gate and Bien Dong. Therefore, mosteconomic activities are much diversified (i.e. agriculture, forestry, caching in river, swamp andseashore, aquaculture).

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Table 6: Loc Binh Commune Population Data
Population

Total

Male

FemaleHouseholdPopulation at working age (18-60 years old)Children under 18 years old
Woman headed family
Poor household
Primary
SecondaryHigh school
High school onward
University

497
1518
1191
45
180
376
269
100
6/1
2

425
688
487

65
830
704

138
196
139
42
6
1

42
180
120
58
1
1

Table 7: Loc Binh Commune Land Area and Use
Type of Land
Natural land

Area (ha)Type of Production

2739.00 n/a

Residential land

50.29 n/a

Agriculture land

104.93 Rice, sweet potato, fruit-tree planting

Forestry land

922.90 Forestry (eucalyptus), natural forestry planting

Aquaculture land

40.00 Shrimp, sweet snail, grouper raising

Others1761.63 Catching in river and rammer

Table 8: Loc Binh Commune Economic Activities
Activity

Area (ha)Households
Involved

Average Income(VND head/year)

Agriculture (see Table 7)

104.93232

2,400,000

Forestry (forestry planting)

125.0098

1,000,000

n/a

125

2,800,000

40.00

130

2,200,000

Fishing
Aquaculture (see Table 7)
NOTE: $1.00US = 16,000 Viet Nam Dong (VND)

3.2.3

Loc Hoa Commune

Loc Hoa Commune is located in the North West of Phu Loc District and is 37 km from Hue Cityin the South. This commune borders on the North with Loc Dien Commune, on the South with
Loc Dien Commune and Truoi Mountain, on the East with Loc Dien Commune and on the West
with Xuan Loc Commune. There are 537 households in the commune with a population of 2,844.
A total of 242 households (45%) are classed as poor according to the old classification criteria.

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Table 9: Loc Hoa Commune Land Types and Use
Land Types and Use

Area (ha)A. Agricultural••••

3,250.00
2,281.82
150.144.14
2,127.54

Agro-forestry land;
Agricultural land;
Aquaculture surface;
Forestry land.

B. Non-agricultural
397.34• Non- agricultural land.
397.34• Unutilized land.
The economic potential for land use in Loc Hoa Commune is very strong in the forestry andagro-forestry sectors. The average landholdings per household are 2795 m2 for agricultural landand 500 m2 for residential land.
Household Livelihoods
1) Some people work as carpenters and bricklayers to earn money;
2) Some households earn money from forest plantation;
3) Some people migrate for labour to earn money in Ho Chi Minh City and Ha Noi;
4) People earn income from cassava, sweet potatoes, vegetables and peanuts.
Food Consumption•

Rice is the main food source in Loc Hoa Commune and average food consumption is507.30 kg/person/yr.

Valuable Natural Resources
Forest: The area of forestry land in Loc Hoa Commune is 2,157.54 hectares in which there is anarea of regenerating forest belonging to the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Garden. The rest of
the area is planted forest.
Fishery: There are 4 hectares of ponds for fresh fish culture in the commune. Some households
culture fish in cages along the Truoi River.
Access and Communications
Access system: There is a 6.3 km concrete road connecting from National Road No1 to thecommune Centre and a road system connecting the villages. Generally, the transportation
system in the commune is quite convenient with the exception that the road connecting Village 3
and Village 4 travel through a river, hence it is very difficult to travel in rainy season.
Communication system: There is a radio system at the commune hence it is very convenient for
information dissemination especially in the period of disasters.
3.3

Natural Disaster Characteristics

Loc An, Loc Hoa and Loc Binh Communes of Phu Loc District occasionally encounter disasters
such as drought, typhoon, cyclone and flood. These disasters have caused heavy
consequences on property and human lives and negative impacts to the environment andecology. However, the damage level of each type of disaster mainly depends on the natural
conditions of each area. Even in the same area, the affecting disaster can be very different asfollows:
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Loc An commune is located near the seashore hence the affects of typhoons is very
severe. Typhoons combine heavy rain and lead to flooding. The coping ability withtyphoons is also difficult. The damage from flooding is also very severe. However, local
people have a lot of experience coping with flooding. The next disaster is drought, which
has considerable impact on the commune, but damage levels are not as severe as withflooding and typhoons.

•

The Truoi River running through Loc Hoa Commune causes heavy flooding in the rainyseason. Drought is a type of disaster also affecting this commune. Because Loc Hoa
Commune is far from the sea compared to Loc An and Loc Binh communes, the affect ofstorms and whirlwinds are not as big as flooding and drought.

•

Loc Binh Commune is a narrow breadth and the North East is blocked by Tam Giang
Lagoon, while the South West is blocked by Vinh Phong mountain. The affect of storms
is therefore very heavy. The storms have caused heavy damage to fishery householdhouses, crops, facilities and human lives . The affect of flooding is also a major concern.,
When there are large floods however, local people can evacuate to the mountain area.
Drought is also problematic in the commune.

Because the location of these communes is occasionally affected by disasters, local people are
well aware of the precautionary measures that should be taken. For example, in the rainyseason, households often maintain disaster reserves of food, oil and torches. Whenever disaster
happens, the coping solutions of households are very important to limiting the risk of damage toproperty and human lives.

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CHAPTER 4.
4.1

COMMUNITY TRAINING AND PLANNING PROCESS

Participatory Vulnerability Assessment

A Vulnerability Assessment was undertaken, in collaboration with CARD, using both survey andparticipatory assessment methods with the communities. The purpose of the Participatory
Vulnerability Approach (PVA) was to profile the socio-economic conditions in the district andcommunes and to collect initial information on the factors of vulnerability identified by residents
and local government. It was also intended to establish a common understanding of the local
mechanisms and capacities to cope with disasters and to provide preliminary information onneeds priorities and existing resources. The Stakeholder Resource and Vulnerability Mappingand Capacity Needs Assessment Report (November 2005), provides detailed socio-economic
characteristics and the risk and vulnerability factors. This final PVA report included:•

Secondary data and information on past disasters, losses, and the socio-economic
situation in the district and communes;•

Description and analysis of focus group discussions at commune and village levels
relative to previous experiences in disaster risk reduction and coping mechanisms;•

Findings of a survey of 301 randomly selected households;•

A training needs assessment.

During the inception phase, the key findings of the report shares some Project sector
interventions prioritized through comprehensive analysis of the report data.
The information guided the project team to design appropriate training materials. The results ofthis research were presented to all project stakeholders at an introductory workshop ensuring
validation of a comprehensive baseline by all the different stakeholders. Some of the key
findings have oriented the Project intervention and the Change Agents in community training.
Main Sources of Income
Each commune has a different principle source of income generation. Loc Binh for example ismore dependent on aquaculture, while Loc An relies on agriculture, and Loc Hoa relies onforestry. This difference will result in varied priorities for reducing livelihood vulnerability.
Vulnerability to Disasters•

Drought: Lack of water, low crop yields, salinity phenomenon. Affecting plant life and tree
development, reducing fish and shrimp numbers, increasing water salinity, increasing
dangerous micro-organisms, creating a salty phenomenon. The most significant factor isincreasing water salinity;•

Flood: Vegetables damaged, water source polluted, landslides, loss of human life,
property damage, erosion, landslides, diseases in animals and humans. The mostsignificant factor is diseases in animals and humans;•

Storm: Trees broken, crop damage, and collapsed houses. The most significant factor isdamaged property.

Other Vulnerability Factors•

According to Viet Nam’s poverty classification criteria (2005), the poverty rate for thethree communes is more than 40% of total households;

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Households are highly dependent on money lenders at high rates of interest for very
short term loans. Any losses incurred through disasters can put families deeply in debt.
Other forms of credit are available through the Women’s Union and Farmer's Association
primarily for sow raising.

Transportation
The roads connecting commune centers to major routes are generally good, but the road system
connecting villages still need to be improved. Particularly during rainy season some villages are
difficult (or impossible) to access by road during the rainy season thus necessitating access byboat where feasible.
Communications
There is a radio system in all villages (loud speaker system) hence it is very convenient for
information dissemination especially during periods of disaster. The communes have radio
stations but they are facing difficulties at the present.
The assessment identified the importance of a communication/awareness strategy for disaster
preparedness since most respondents perceived disaster risks as low despite the physicalvulnerability of this area. In all three communes, people think that disasters with the same
magnitude of the historic 1999 flood would probably not occur in the future. Although there is stillsome disagreement on the actual cause and effect between the climate change and natural
disasters, climate change is reality and so is the frequency and change of patterns of natural
disasters. Therefore, awareness raising for possible future catastrophic disasters is very muchnecessary.
4.2

Community-Based Approach to Disaster Risk Management

The essential element of this project is to demonstrate how Community-Based Disaster Risk
Management (CBDRM) and adaptation to Climate Change can be integrated into existingprocesses of local development planning and contribute to enhancing efforts for environmental
protection. This process involved working with communities, with support of government,
analyze their vulnerability and identify actions that can be decided and implemented at the local
level to reduce their risks to natural disasters while at the same time addressing issues ofpoverty and environmental degradation. The essence of the community-based approach is toempower communities to move from reactive to proactive strategies to prepare for disasters andadapt over the longer term to the changing nature of disasters resulting from climate change andother environmental factors, such as land-use changes in coastal areas, deforestation andincreased population density. At project start, the local system in place for disaster mitigation
focused more on measures for emergency response and disaster preparedness rather thanlonger term adaptation to climate change.
As applied by CECI in Viet Nam, the community-based process involves first orienting provincial
policy-makers and district officials to the principles and techniques of participatory planningtechniques and integration of risk reduction into local development efforts. The aim is to engage
government in developing a program that puts communities at the centre of analyzing,prioritizing and implementing activities to reduce vulnerability, while at the same time respecting
local development planning mechanisms. At the start of EHSEDM, as CECI had already worked
with TT-Hue provincial authorities on a similar CBDRM process, under the project CapacityBuilding for Adaptation to Climate Change, the principles and understanding of the need forcommunity-based approaches were already understood at the province level which facilitated amore rapid approval on the steps for implementation. This momentum allowed EHSEDM tofocus more directly on improving and simplifying training materials, planning steps, and

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implementation and monitoring mechanisms so that commune officials and villagers could leadthe process with greater autonomy.
CBDRM, as applied in this project, is both a training program and a planning process that results
in a Safer Community Plan. Essentially, the training program focuses on identifying hazards,
understanding climate change, analyzing the causes and consequences of disasters and how tomove from reactive to proactive coping strategies. The objective is to build community capacity
to prepare for disasters and make informed choices about what changes to make in their village
and commune to reduce their risks. This knowledge is applied in the development of the Safer
Community Plan that summarizes the situation in the village and identifies actions that reduce
vulnerability, with some actions being within the control of residents, and others requiring
investment from the project and district / commune government.
The combination of conducting disaster risk management training followed by developing acomprehensive Safer Community Plan, with available resources to financing some priority
activities, results in a capacity-building approach where new knowledge and skills are applied inpractical ways that immediately improve the situation for involved stakeholders. The CBDRM
training content is summarized in Figure 14 and the Performance Objectives for each Module
are summarized below. A detailed description of the steps involved is outlined in the next
section.
CBDRM Training Performance Objectives:•••

Module 1: At the end of this module, the participants will be able to explain to the village
leaders the different concepts related to disaster management and climate change.
Module 2: At the end of this module, the participants will be able to support theauthorities of the villages in conducting Community-Based Risk Assessment.
Module 3: At the end of this module, the participants will be able to support the villages
in adapting the proper measures to reduce the risks of natural disasters related to climatechange.

CBDRM Steps
The following section documents the different steps taken by the CBDRM Committee. All ofthese steps lead to the completion and implementation of a Safer Community Plan.
Identification of Change Agents
In Viet Nam, the mass organizations (women’s association, youth association, farmer’s
association, Red Cross volunteers, etc.) have a strong role to play in the community. The massorganizations leaders are identified as the Change Agents and a consolidated training program
will be conducted for these change agents. The changes agents identified per commune:
•
•
•
•
•

1 Women Union representatives;
1 Farmer Union representatives;
1 Youth Union representatives;
1 Red Cross organization;
2 officers from the People’s committee.

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Figure 16: CBDRM Training Competency Objectives•••

Module 1
Define and differentiate
hazards, disaster andvulnerability
Identify types of hazards
and disasters that hasserious impacts on the
district, communes andvillages;
The importance of
capacity development inrelation with CBRDM

Community-Based
Disaster Risk
Management
Training Program
Module 3••

Identify risk reduction
measures based oncommunity risk
assessment/ traditional
practices;
How risk reduction can be
integrated in development
programs troughadaptation strategies.

Module 2••••

The key concepts related
to CBRA (risk,
vulnerability andcapacity);
The importance of CBRA;
The process of CBRA;
Preparation and use ofvarious tools to assessrisk.

To identify the Change Agents, a capacity assessment was conducted to evaluate the skills of
candidates. The assessment aimed to:•

Evaluate the knowledge and skills of possible trainers and collaborators for the project
regarding CBDRM and training delivery;•

Select capable people who will act as the local resource trainers;•

Identify weaknesses to organize Training of Trainers (TOT) training adapted to the levelof the project training collaborators.

The main methods used for the capacity assessment were questionnaires and interviews.The
questionnaire and interview of participants reviewed their past experience with training in
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disaster preparedness, training and facilitation skills, self-evaluation of training capacities andareas to be improved and time available for collaboration with the project training activity. The
result of the capacity assessment were reported in the narrative report of November 2005.
These Change Agents attended TOTs on CBDRM that is delivered in modules that include
workshop sessions on disaster management, participatory approaches, and facilitation skills aswell as in-field coaching. As a result, Change Agents applied new skills as they learned them,and received refresher training as needed to reinforce their capacity.
Training of Trainers (TOT)The manual for the TOT on Participatory Approaches is a guide to train trainers on the conceptof climate changes and disaster management and to introduce trainers to participatory methodsof training villagers on co-operative disaster management. It is accompanied by a Trainer
Reference Manual, which includes valuable information regarding climate changes andParticipatory Training Methods.
The Objectives of this specific technical training for Change Agents is to develop Safer
Community Plans and provide technical trainings for their villagers to facilitate the formulationand implementation of the Safer Community Plans. A total of eighteen Change Agents (six foreach commune) were identified by the Communes People’s Committee (CPC) based on thecriteria agreed to by CECI and the CPC. They were fairly represented from different massorganizations. Their capacity was assessed based on the existing CBDRM knowledge, TOT
experiences and self-evaluation skills for training methodology.
Overall Objectives of the TOT Program
The overall objective of this first training course was to introduce district leaders and project
Changes Agents to the concept and principles of climate change and disaster management
currently being promoted by the Vietnamese government and to sensitise them to the importantrole they play as trainers to make this happen. Very few partners and staff in the project area
have been exposed to climate changes adaptation that drastically changed the nature ofdevelopment for the future. Many individuals remain suspicious of the impacts of climatechanges and the measures to be taken for major structural adjustment and economic
adaptation.
The current training course seeks to ensure that the people who will deliver the training programon climate change to villagers have bought into the idea that adaptation can contribute
effectively to rural development and to linking poverty reduction to livelihood adaptation anddisaster preparedness. It also aims to ensure that participatory approaches are used by trainers
to deliver the training courses.
The specific objectives are that at the end of this training, the trainers will be able to:
•
•
•
•
•
•

To understand the training strategy of the project;
Define the criteria of a successful participatory training;
Organize participatory training;
Facilitate participatory training;
Define the role and tasks of a trainer;
Define and apply the following participatory training and appraisal techniques:discussion groups in a classroom context, preference ranking methods and role play.

TOT Process
The goal of the TOT process is to enable the Change Agents to conduct training on the CBDRM
process with villagers and to conduct public awareness activities on climate change issues.
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The steps in the TOT process include:
•
•
•

•

Developing a Trainer’s Guide on CBDRM. This package includes modules onparticipatory approaches to working with rural populations;
Training the commune leaders & CFSC on every lesson related to disaster management
included in the Training manual;
Assisting the implementing partners in preparing a Safer Community Plan for the deliveryof the various training courses and sub project intervention. The CPC of each commune
are the implementation agency with the responsibilities to coordinate with CECI and local
trainers the CBDRM venue;
Training the local communities on disaster management, environment protection andlivelihood adaptation – CBDRM.

The performance objectives of the TOT were to prepare participants to:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Provide training to the community members on Climate Change and Disaster
Management issues;
Conduct awareness raising activities on the importance of involvement in CommunityBased Disaster Management;
Plan and Conduct a Rapid Risk Assessment at the village level;
Apply the CBDRM method to elaborate useful and complete disaster preparedness
plans;
Involve community members in the development and the implementation of “Safer
Community” plans;
Develop Safer Community Plans that follows the guidelines of sub-projects for theCommunity Livelihood Adaptation Funds of the project.

Table 10: Project CBDRM Training Program Performance
Program

Duration# ofTraining

Participants

Tot.

F (%)

M

Orientation to District PC

1 day

1

1

8

9

Community level

2 days3

8 (10.5%)

68

76

Village level

3 days858 (34.1 %)

112

170

TOT

3 days

1

3

15

18

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4.3

Safer Community Plan (SCP)The Safer Community Plans are a comprehensive
Safer Community Plan Principles:
planning tool for integrating disaster risk reduction
into the local development process. The SCP• Reduce vulnerability to disasters
framework mentioned previously was based on
and poverty based on community
the approach developed under the Capacity
priorities;
Building for Climate Changes Adaptation (CACC)• Integrate risk reduction into local
Project. The SCP is a three to five year
development planning;
comprehensive plan, covering short-term andlong-term measures to reduce vulnerability and• Capacity-building strategy for
improve and diversify livelihoods. The officials of
local government and villagers
the Steering Committee of Flood and Storm
that reinforces existing systems.
Control of the three Communes agreed that SCPs
will be developed together with annual Flood andStorm Control Plans as well as the commune's socio-economic development Plans.
The plan includes (Appendix 1: Safer Community Plan Format):
•
•
•
•
•
•

The socio-economic situation;
A review of the hazards affecting the village;
The observed impacts of climate change on the locality;
The vulnerability of people, infrastructure, homes, the environment and livelihoods tothese hazards and climate change impacts;
The existing resources and capacities to prepare for and mitigate disasters;
Priority actions to further reduce risk and adapt to climate change and a disaster
preparedness plan (early warning, evacuation procedures, rescue procedures, safe
storage of seeds and other goods, etc).

In this sense, the SCP is similar to a village development plan but focuses on the reduction ofrisk to extreme climate events (e.g. natural disasters) and adaptation to climate change.
During the CBDRM, the Change Agents trained the community, they facilitated the community
sessions by involving local residents in analyzing their situation in terms of hazards, vulnerability
and capacity, and identifying the main problems and solutions. After presenting the program
objectives, the fund criteria and the process for accessing these funds, the community
developed their own plan based on their specific context. All the process, fund criteria and fundaccess is documented and validated with commune and village leaders. The activities to befinanced had to meet criteria for risk reduction, benefiting the most vulnerable, meeting theneeds of women, enhancing the environment and contributing to sustainable development.
The criteria of the fund were discussed with the district project committee. For the infrastructurecomponent, the engineer staff of CECI worked with the commune staff to work on the feasibilityof the proposed design and appropriate cost norms. The Livelihood Adaptation Fund (LAF)
allocation meeting determined the budget allocation of identified interventions. The daft SCPs
were discussed by the village members for consensus and were submitted to the respective
CPC for approval.
Community Development Group
From these sessions the community members established a Community Development Group(CDG) to lead the completion and implementation of the plan, mobilize residents to makecontributions and participate by validating the SCP. The facilitation process supports villagers in
identifying measures for risk reduction that meet their sustainable development goals. The result
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is a comprehensive community development plan that integrates risk reduction and isunderstood by the community.
Identification of Priority Projects
The project strategy for the development of the SCP was to orient the Change Agents to workwith the communities to elaborate a detailed SCP and action plan which include the listing of all
the sub projects that can be undertaken to enhance the community security. The action plan
was completed based on the real investment needed and not based on the total funds investedby the project. The team explained clearly to the community that the fund of the project is limited
but in order to have a good SCP they need to assess all the investment required for a safer
community. The community was informed of the project fund allocations from the beginning inorder to avoid high expectations. In addition, the project team assisted them to mobilize othersources of funding. As SCPs were presented to the District, other government sources wereidentified for some of the sub projects identified.
The criteria, decision-making process and system for fixing allocations are developed with thecommittee of local government partners. Once the SCP is completed, it is submitted to thecommune who compiles all community plans into a commune level plan. All activities to befinanced must include local contributions. The commune reviews how the SCPs fit with thecommune plan and present any modifications to the plans at a meeting with community leaders.
A District meeting is organized to share the results of the SCP developed at the commune andto have a cross check with the District Socio-economic Development Plan. Based on the priority
ranking of the planned activity, the SCP fund is allocated. The District chairs this committee
which also includes project staff and commune leaders. The co-financing from the Districtbudget is determined at these meetings.
The District and commune then complete government approval and feasibility analyses, projectenvironmental analyses, and other steps to implement activities identified in the plans to be
funded. At this step the relevant department of the Province is informed of the results of the
SCP and the sub projects selected.

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Figure 17: Safer Community Plan Implementation Process

PC District Project
Committee
CommuneProject
Committee &CDGs

EHSEDM
Project Team
Prioritization
Meeting

District Meeting: Priority
and Fund Allocation

1. Feasibility study onprioritized sub-project
proposals;
2. Approval of prioritized
sub-projects.

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Safer Community Plan Co-financing
Based on the SCP sub projects prioritized, a co-financing plan is established. The interventions
supported by LAF were co-financed by respective communes, which show the commune
governments’ project ownership. Based on the goals and objectives of the SCP, the community
members meet to agree on the main priorities to be co-financed by the project and thegovernment. The LAF management and criteria are established and many meetings have beenorganized with the communes’ leaders for the sustainable management of the program.
The project interventions under the LAF cover four components and the minimum local
contribution as follows:
1. Infrastructure Project:

20 – 25 %2. Livelihood Improvement Program:

10 – 30 %3. Environmental Protection Activity:

labour force

4. Disaster Preparedness Program:5 – 10 %Figure 18: Safer Community Plan Co-Financing

District
BudgetSafer Community Plan

LAF
Project Fund
Co-financing

CommuneBudget andcommunity
contribution

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Activities are then implemented in partnership with district, commune officials and the CDGs.
The community participation level is at the project development, at the financial (or in-kind
contributions), at the management and at the monitoring of the sub projects selected for
implementation. The project team, for each sub project implemented is provided technicaltraining. For the infrastructure sub projects, the CDG and beneficiaries also received training on
operation and maintenance for the sustainability of the infrastructure investment after projectcompletion and as well as monitoring and evaluation during the implementation.

Figure 19: Safer Community Plan Participatory Planning Approach

PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACH

COMMUNITYPARTICIPATION

4.4

Project

Financial

Management

Awareness

Development

Participation

Monitoring

Raising

Limitations of CBDRM

The CBDRM approach contributes to reduce the vulnerability of communities to natural disasterby increasing community awareness in risk assessment and reductions measures identified to
be implemented. However, sometimes, there are some factors unknown by the communities andnot included in the risk assessment in the SCP output from the CBDRM training and the tools
used during the process (like the hazard mapping),. The local historical profiles (types of disasterfrequency and their impacts) are often incomplete or not available locally. Scientific andtechnical research are not simplified in ways that facilitate use in local strategic disastermitigation planning. For example, the high level of some toxins in the lagoon water or the level of
the water salinity is unknown by the communities as this information requires water testing andanalysis. With the limited dissemination of scientific analysis, the lack of information on plansand policies related to disaster management, especially at the community level, makes thecommunity unable to identify all the hazards they face. It is important to make more efforts tosimplify scientific data on climate, hazards and the environment in order to engage communities
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in making informed choices for sustainable development. The project’s collaboration with Hue
University Centre for Agriculture and Rural Development (CARD) aimed to create hazard mapsthat included both scientific data and information collected in the community to provide
communities and local officials with more complete information on vulnerable areas in formats
that they could easily understand. The next section describes this process.
4.5

Community-Based Hazard Management Map

Due to the CBDRM process’s limitations, the project has worked with the Flood and Strom
Control Department (FSCD) and the Hue College of Sciences cooperation for developing a
Community Based Hazard Management Map. This program includes a Disaster Management
Map for each commune. This was under collaboration with FSCD of Hue to assign a Hue
University specialist to deliver this map. The process is a bit similar to CBDRM in terms ofcooperating closely with the local government in surveying, defining the status, the risk and thevulnerability rate by natural disasters as well by involving them by investigating on the past
information by natural disaster such as: the welfare of the people and the family-based economy
in the survey areas. The scientific tools like the digital map and GIS had completed the missing
information on Hazard Mapping made by the communities. The Hue College Hazard Map
focuses more on environmental issues.
Hazard Management Map Objectives
The specific objectives of the map were:•

To identify the hazards for preventing and mitigating the impacts of natural disasters or
human exploitation and integrated information and future directives in the socioeconomic plan of the commune;•

To use the map as a tool of the local government to monitor the environmental situationand natural disaster impacts;•

To improve the communities knowledge of disaster problems by orienting the socioeconomic development plan for climate changes adaptation measures;•

To propose preventive solutions when the natural disasters occur.

The contents of the map include forms of disaster happening in the commune area, risk zone
areas and the 3 levels of risk, which are low, medium and high. It is to help people to identify thewarning points, to evacuate and to relieve quickly when disasters occur. The digital map planbackground and database of terrain on the infrastructure were also identified. (Reference: Hue
College of Sciences Report and Community Based Hazard Management Map). The following
section summarizes the Community Based Hazard Management Map. The first hazard map has
been done by the commune leaders during the CBDRM classes. It’s interesting to compare themap made by the commune leaders and the Map done by Hue University researchers. We cansee that some hazards from the commune leaders’ map are missing and the Hue University map
shows more information and compliments the commune hazard map in order to have all theinformation to review the SCP. For example in the commune hazard map the waste collection
problems are not identified as well as the salinity issues along the lagoon.

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4.5.1

LOC BINH Commune

Figure 20: Loc Binh Commune CBDRM Hazard Map

SOURCE: Loc Binh Commune (completed within and by the community)

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Figure 21: Loc Binh Commune CBDRM Hazard Map
Natural disaster types and main environmental issues in Loc Binh commune.

SOURCE: Hue College of Sciences

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Loc Binh Commune Disaster Types and Main Environmental Issues
Flood:
Loc Binh Commune has a topography of relative slopes
and is close to the Cau Hai lagoon. Therefore, when water
overflows from the Truoi River, it causes major flooding ina large area. In heavy rain especially it holds a long timeand combines with floodtides so the flood occurs heavily
in a long period of time. At the commune level, someareas have heavy flooding such as: Tan Binh, An Binh,
Hai Binh, Hoa An, Mai Gia Phuong and Tan An hamlets.
This is also the area influenced seriously by storm relative
to people’s lives and property. This is the area where
disasters occur every year with different intensity, from
September to November, two to three days long,sometimes from five to six days, with average flood levelsof 1m for inhabitants, 1.5m for plain.
Drought:
Depending on the local climate on hot dry season, someareas in the commune are heavily influenced by droughtsuch as Tan An, Mai Gia Phuong and Hoa An hamlets. It
occurs in about one month, from May to July.
Salt Water Intrusion:
The reason why Loc Binh commune is salt-infected is that
this area is contiguous to the blackish water source in Cau
Hai lagoon. The Truoi River, which makes salt water,
invades the cultivated areas through the culverts andunderground water.
The most seriously effected areas are the hamlets which
are contiguous to Cau Hai lagoon such as Tan An, Mai
Gia Phuong and Hoa An.
Landslide:Loc Binh Commune has a sloping topography so essential
landslide status is erosion mountain and Tu Hien estuary.
When there is a bigger water output, the hill-mountainareas, such as Tan Binh, An Binh, Hai Binh and Tan An,
incur erosion. Currently, Tu Hien estuary always changes
stream flow and many areas have heavy erosion.

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Environmental Pollution:
The most significant environmental issues of Loc
Binh Commune are waste and environmental
sanitation. At present, all waste from Loc Binh market
is collected recurrently and are not treated. They aremainly burned, so that it has a considerable effect on
the environment.
The percentage of households using clean water isabout 60% while the remaining households mainly
use well water. In the depression, the well water is
not safe because it is salt-infected and alum-infected.
Especially after flooding, all the well waters areflooded so that the water source is polluted andcarries epidemic disease carrying bacteria.
4.5.2

LOC AN Commune

Figure 22: Loc An Commune CBDRM Hazard Map
Natural disasters types and main environmental issues in Loc An commune

SOURCE: Hue College of Sciences

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Loc An Commune Disaster Types and Main Environmental Issues
Flood:
Loc An is on the middle and lower section of the Truoi River. In the rainy season, water from theTruoi concentrates and rapidly flows to downstream areas, which causes inundation andflooding over a large area, especially when the spells of heavy rain and flood tides occur at thesame time leading to longer periods of flooding.
The serious flooding areas are Chau Thanh, Hai Ha and Xuan Lai hamlets, the lower flooding areas
on the riverside and in the centre of the commune like Dong, Nam, Nam Pho Can, Bac Trung, Bac
Thuong and Phu Mon. These are the annual disaster types in various intensities. They occur from
September to November and last at least 2-3 days, and sometimes from 5-10 days. The averageinundation level in the residential area is over 1 meter and in the fields it is over 2 meters.
Drought:
Because of the influence of regional climate conditions, some of the areas in Loc An Commune areseriously impacted by drought conditions in the hot season such as Phuoc Trach and Chau Thanhhamlets. The drought occurs from May to July and each spell lasts over 1 month. The water source
for life activities and production is therefore not safe. The dry, salt-infected soil causes crop failure.
Salt Water Intrusion:
The reason why Loc An Commune is salt-infected isthat this area is contiguous to the blackish water sourcein Cau Hai lagoon. The Truoi River, which produces salt
water, invades the cultivated areas through the culverts
and underground water. The seriously effected areas are
the hamlets, which are contiguous to Cau Hai lagoonsuch as Chau Thanh, Hai Ha.
River Erosion:
The landslide status here is mainly the erosion in the
curved section of the river. When there is inundationand the flow of the river is high, the riverside is eroded with high intensity. The most erosion
occurs from Nam Pho Can hamlet to Phu Mon hamlet. At present, some sections of the river are
greatly eroded and have been covered with stone jettys.
Environmental Pollution:
The most significant environmental issues in Loc An Commune are waste and environmental
sanitation. At present, all wastes from Loc An market is collected recurrently and conveyed to
Phuoc Trach. This waste is not treated and is mainly burned thus having a considerable
undesirable influence on the environment.
In the past several years, the commune has built 2 clean water stations at Chau Thanh and An
Lai hamlets. The percentage of households using clean water is about 60% while the remaining
households mainly use well water.
In the depression, the well water is not safe because it is salt-infected and alum–infected
especially after flooding when all well water is polluted and carrying epidemic disease bacteria.

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4.5.3 LOC HOA Commune
Figure 23: Loc Hoa Commune CBDRM Hazard Map
Natural disaster types and main environmental issues in Loc Hoa commune.

SOURCE: Hue College of Sciences

Loc Hoa Commune Disaster Types and Main Environmental Issues
Flood:
Loc Hoa Commune is a low-mountainous area with relatively inclined topography. Therefore, in
the rainy reason water from the Truồi River concentrates rapidly and is a reason for inundating
and flooding over a large area. This is especially acute when long-heavy rains occur at thesame time as the flood tide which creates advantageous conditions for deep flooding over longtime periods. In Loc Hoa Commune, areas that have been most seriously affected by flooding
are mainly located in the hamlets along the Truoi River. Every year in these areas, the flood
occurs from September to November with varying intensity and usually lasting at least 2-3 days,
and sometimes even 5-10 days; the average inundation level is over 1 meter in the residential
areas and over 1.5 meters in the field areas.

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Drought:
In the dry hot season, some areas in Loc Hoa
Commune are seriously impacted by the drought
influences from regional climate conditions. Every
year this condition usually lasts over 1 month, from
May to July and will be prolonged in the hamlets
within high-level areas and this is a direct cause of ofsoft water shortage.
Landslide:
Because topographical conditions in Loc Hoa
Commune is inclined, landslides are a widespread
phenomenon and occur more predominantly in themountainous areas having many incline streams,
especially during a strong flood and high flow.
Environmental Pollution:
The most significant environmental issues in Loc Hoa
Commune are waste and environmental sanitation.
At present, all waste from the Loc Hoa market has
been discarded indiscriminately and mainly burned
by peasants instead of recurrently collected andtreated. This has had negative impact on the local environment, especially the atmosphericenvironment.
Currently, the percentage of households using clean fresh-water is about 60% and theremainder are mainly using well water. This is a result of endeavours by local government inrecent years. However, almost of the well water in depressions is not safe for consumption due
to salt and alum-infecteion. Particularly, all of the well-water resources are polluted and carrydisease bacteria, especially after long periods of flooding.
Complementary Information
Even if some problems were not raised during the CBDRM process, most of the hazards andrisks were identified on the Hazard Maps completed by the Hue College of Sciences. Based on
the complementary information provided, the project team revised the SCPs and recommended
selection of sub project interventions to reduce natural disasters impacts.

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CHAPTER 5.
5.1

IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN (SCP)

Safer Community Plan Implementation Period Activities Summary

The CBDRM process requires a minimum of 2 months for research (capacity and vulnerability
assessment and baseline survey) to understand the context of the project area. Based on the
research findings, the CBDRM material revision session is organized and the CBDRM material(participants’ material and trainer’s guide) is prepared. The CBDRM session at commune level
was conducted by the project program advisor. At the village level, the selected Change Agents
conduct the CBDRMs with the villagers after attending a 5 day session on CBDRM concepts andparticipatory training skills. The Change Agents were then monitored by the project team during
the village level CBDRM sessions.

Table 11: EHSEDM CBDRM Implementation Period Summary
Activities

PeriodResearch

September-October

Capacity Assessment of Change Agents

October

Revised material and approval

Beginning of November

CBDRM commune level

End of November

TOT for Changes AgentsMid December

CBDRM village level Change Agent training

End of December

Submission and review of SCP

End of January

Prioritization meeting

Mid FebruaryA) Infrastructure :1) Pre-feasibility study

March2) Design and cost estimation

March – April

3) Implementation

May-July

4) Technical and financial approval by District

September- November

B) Disaster Preparedness Plan
February- MarchC) Livelihood and Environment Program
Monitoring of all program implementation

March- August
February to November

Based on the experiences of the implementation process, a model has been developed for the
specific context of each commune and eventually for its wider application to different socioeconomic contexts. As originally proposed through the CBDRM process the SCPs aredeveloped by the communities. In total 3 SCPs have been developed at the commune level, and
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8 at the village level. The SCPs have been revised by the team and the SCPs of the villages
have been approved by the Commune Project Management Committee (CPMC). All the SCPs
were submitted the beginning of February. Following this first step a District committee meeting
was organized and all of the sub projects were identified and prioritized by a ranking process by
the CPMC commune members and this meeting was held on February 17, 2006. The results ofthe prioritization and ranking meeting are included in the narrative report. The Monitoring
Information System (MIS) provide detailed information on the name of training, the date oftraining, and gender desegregated participation. The LAF covers four components of the SCPs
for sub project implementation. For each project intervention, the prioritization rationale isexplained.
5.2

Project Intervention Components

5.2.1

Infrastructure

For the infrastructure component, the project team and the district committee have selected
between two or three sub infrastructures for a feasibility study. The results of the feasibility
studies have been shared with the commune and district project committee and the studies were
included in the ADB narrative report. The projects selected for investment corresponded to theproject criteria in terms of size of investment, duration of the construction and sustainability
issues. All the design and cost estimations have been prepared by the district engineers andrevised by the project engineer. The design and cost estimations as revised have been
submitted to the District People’s Committee for appraisal and implementation.
The
infrastructure sub project implementation requires many procedures even for a small investment.
The project engineer had to revise the designs (in some cases three times) before the final
drawings for execution. The LAF allocated for the infrastructure project was around 37% of thetotal fund.
For the Evaluation and Monitoring (E&M) and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of theinfrastructure sub project investment, the project engineer prepared training material to train the
CDGs (this material is available in Vietnamese). The objective of this training was to inform thecommunity about the infrastructure project selected from the SCP for LAF investment and toprovide basic information on the E&M of the construction work. The training material also
covered the O&M of the infrastructure in order to ensure the sustainability of the project. The
budget allocated for the project engineer was 3 months which was sufficient for the design
revisions for the 3 sub projects, for preparing the training manual and for monitoring theimplementation and following up on the Viet Nam regulations for the final work inspection andthe final financial inspection.
The final work inspection and final financial inspection took longer than expected however, but
was completed. The District did issue a letter for the final work inspection stipulating that all thework was completed with high quality and authorizing handing over to the commune. For the
final financial inspection, two sub projects cost less than the cost estimation. The last instalmentof the project to the commune is based on the District final financial inspection. The difference
on the real cost have been re-allocated to the livelihood program, specifically to Loc Binh
Commune for their aquaculture loan program.
5.2.2

Livelihood Adaptation Program

During the CBDRM process, the climate change impacts were identified and linked to theeconomic activities of the population as well as the environmental issues regarding the humanpressure on natural resources. Each commune have identified their specific problems and cameup with different solutions for livelihood partner changes. The project interventions are described
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in detail in the Livelihood Programs Implemented sections for each commune along with theimpacts on income generation and disaster risk reduction. The implementation of the livelihood
program has required more meetings than originally expected. The sustainability concepts andthe long-term adaptation concepts versus the relief concept and punctual aid after disaster need
to be explained and further clarified. The objectives of the livelihood adaptation program were tofind alternative solutions to climate change impacts and reduction of human pressure on thenatural resources. For the livelihood program, 47% of the fund was used to support villagers on
adaptive measures to climate change and for livelihood improvement.
5.2.3

Environmental Protection Activity

Environmental protection measures were also implemented in each commune focusing largely
on waste collection systems, cleaning up polluted areas that caused sanitary and drainage
problems, tree planting for wind protection/land erosion and income generation. The
environmental protection activity has mobilized more community participation in terms of labour
contribution. Each family receiving trees was responsible for soil preparation, planting andgrowth maintenance. However, this activity has required considerable time and implementation
was delayed. The trainings for community awareness and mobilization on sanitation and waste
management were implemented across all communes. Each project activity began with acommunity meeting to ensure the participation of the community for their contribution to theimplementation process and management plan for the sustainability of the program. The LAF
allocated for environment activities was 11%.
The project sub contracted the Hue Environment Department to design a specific training
program for the district and the communes based on field trip analysis and the key
environmental issues key findings. In total, 4 training classes were organized. The generalcontent of this training was:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Law on environment protection in 2005, Decree 80-81 issued by the Government of Viet
Nam on law protection to empower functions of local government (district/commune);
Water resource management, water treatment and solid waste treatment;
Fresh water source protection, sanitation, hygiene conditions and a diagram of wastewater treatment;
Food safety standards;
Pesticide and poison chemistry treatment;
Urgent warnings on environmental degradation such as deforestation, fishing source
exploitation without management and then producing appropriate solutions.
* NOTE: The training material is available in Vietnamese.

5.2.4

Disaster Preparedness Program

The disaster preparedness program implementation was completed first in the project life due tothe high possibility of disaster of this disaster-prone area. The emergency team and the healthworkers were the target participants to be trained on emergency rescue and first aid techniques
and the entire emergency team have received emergency facilities.
The project has implemented this program as a priority in order to cope efficiently in case ofdisaster occurance. One class at the district level was organized for the health workers on water
treatment after flood. All the SCPs include emergency facilities support and training programs as

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part of their disaster preparedness plan. The LAF allocated for the disaster preparedness plan
implementation was 6%.
The followings sections cover the project interventions and performance in each commune. For
each commune, the project organized and invested in the four components covered by the
SCPs. For all the activities, agreements were signed for cost estimation, implementation
modalities, roles and responsibilities. The approved SCPs of the three project communes are not
identical in their specific interventions, which indicate that the trained Change Agents andvillagers were able to evaluate their own vulnerability and design mitigation and/or improvement
measures suitable to their own conditions. The SCP for each commune varied depending on thelocal conditions. Many sub projects listed in the SCPs could not be financed due to limitation offunds but the entire listed sub projects were submitted to ADB in the narrative report.
5.3

Management Issues

The CECI project team was already structured and composed mainly of the staff from the CACC
project. They have good expertise on climate change adaptation and CBDRM approaches.
The team consisted of a Program Co-ordinator (Capacity Building), Field Co-ordinator (Planningand Monitoring), and Accountant/Office Administrator. An engineer was on the team full time
during a 3 month period for the infrastructure implementation. The project team leader was
ensuring the over all coordination, project management and reporting. The CECI livelihood
specialist working for the Disaster Mitigation program was also supporting the livelihoodcomponents of the Livelihood Adaptation Fund (LAF). The FSCD played a critical role infacilitating the CECI teamwork. The coordination with Kyoto University has been relatively goodconsidering the short-term mission conducted by the Kyoto University team and the support ofthe students.
During the implementation of the project, some budget lines were re-allocated. The re-allocationis due to the international travel expenses and some remaining funds from this line have been
re-allocated mainly to the LAF ($2,071) and for local travel. This re-allocation to the LAF was for
the Loc Binh Commune Aquaculture Loan Program. This program was the last program to be
implemented and the signature of the agreement for this loan program was completed as thelast activity of the project.
The one year implementing period is considered to be too short for this kind of capacity building
project. Following the CBDRM stages and conducting prioritization meetings require longer time
investment. The design of the infrastructure construction took longer than expected as the
project engineer had to revise the initial design submitted to the project many times. The final
inspection of the completion work for infrastructure and the final financial inspection also took
longer than expected.

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5.4

LAF Allocation

The LAF was allocated to the communes following the prioritization meetings as follows:

Table 12: LAF Allocation & Local Contribution per Commune

TOTAL PER COMMUNE
Commune% LAF perLocal Contribution commune$
3,301.08
25%
23%

XAÎ LÄÜC AN$

EHSEDM
14,563.38

XAÎ LÄÜC BÇNH$21,742.45$

1,053.15
5%38%

XAÎ LÄÜC HOAÌ$21,157.76$

3,648.46
17%

37%

8,003

100%

TOTAL USDTOTAL investment LAF
BUDGET LAF
Exchange rate variance $57,46457,463.59
57,471.33
7.74

The commune of Loc Hoa (37%) and Loc Binh (38%) received more funds than Loc An
Commune (25 %) as this commune has better socio-economic conditions as evidenced by the
local contribution of 23% of the total fund investment.

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Table 13: LAF Allocation per Commune and per Component
IIIcost estimation approvedXAÎ LÄÜC AN% Local Contribution

Emmergency facilities
EHSEDMLC$ 972.45 $ 81.87
8%% LAF per component
XAÎ LÄÜC BÇNH% Local Contribution

7%$ 1,607.22 $ 126.18
8%% LAF per component
XAÎ LÄÜC HOAÌ% Local Contribution$% LAF per component
TOTAL USD4%
$ 3,465.46 $ 306.47

CommuneLAF % allocation

7%885.79 $
11%

6%

98.42

1%

III

cost estimation approvedIVcost estimation approved

Sustainable Livelihood
Infrastructure
EHSEDMLC
EHSEDM
$
5,236.63 $ 1,505.53 $6,854.72 $29%
Livelihhod improvement :raising buffalo
36% Boat parking station$
13,951.40 $$4,144.98 $0%Aquaculture loan program andnew seed rice
64% Sluice gate and irrigation$
7,745.40 $ 1,043.20 $10,027.37 $13%
Livelihood improvement : sows andcows
raising and bio gaz model
37% Irrigation channel$
26,933.43 $ 2,548.73 $21,027.07 $
47%

4%

37%

cost estimation approved TOTAL PER COMMUNE

LC
1,713.68
25%

Environment
EHSEDMLC$ 1,499.58 $0%% LAF p
EHSEDMLC
commun$ 14,563.38 $ 3,301.08
25
23%

47%
926.9722%$ 2,038.85 $10%0%$ 21,742.45 $ 1,053.15
5%

38

19%
2,506.84
25%$ 2,499.19 $9%0%$ 21,157.76 $ 3,648.46
17%

37

47%
5,147.49
9%$ 6,037.63 $
11%

12%
-

57,4640%

The following sections describe in detail the project interventions strategy and executing agency that have implemented the activities
for each component.

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100

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5.5

Loc Binh Safer Community Plan Implementation

The project has organized one CBDRM class at
the commune level, attended by 25 participants
who were members of FSCD, commune leadersand mass organization representatives. Amongthe 25 participants, only two women attended
the classes. The SCP of the commune wassubmitted to the project for revising and for
implementation.
At the village level, two village groups wereformed and coordinated villages with similar
topography and facing similar environmental
issues and similar problems with natural
disasters. The villages were assembled during
the CBDRM at the commune level and during
the CBDRM process. The leaders ranked the Change Agents providing CBDRM classes for thevillagers of Loc Binh Commune.
village vulnerability and determined the numberof CBDRM classes needed at the village level. In total, two CBDRM classes were organized atthe village level for a total of 42 participants, of which 14 were women. At the village level, two
SCPs were submitted to the project, revised by the team and approved by the CPC. This firstround of CBDRM for villagers was organized in December 2005. In all the SCPs submitted tothe project, the commune and villages have prioritized and requested the project to organize
more CBDRM classes for villagers who could not attend the class due to the limitation placed on
the number of participants. The objective was to increase the awareness of the villages on
disaster mitigation. In this regard, the project organized 2 additional CBDRM classes in April but
the villagers didn’t submit an SCP to the project. For Loc Binh Commune, the total of villagers
trained on CBDRM is 92.
Infrastructure
During the prioritization meeting, thecommune leaders of Loc Binh listed thesluice gate construction and an irrigation
channel for the Tan An village as a priority
for LAF investment. This project wasamong three prioritized and was the one
selected after the feasibility study. The
project team and project engineer haverevised the design and cost estimation of
the district engineer for the sluice gate.
Some modifications to the design werecompleted for better efficiency andsubmitted to the District People’s
Committee (technical section) for theirappraisal of the sluice gate. This LAF
Project site before LAF investment:
investment for the sluice gate is also
Drought and salinity problems.
directly linked to the LAF investment for theLivelihood Adaptation Program (providing
new seed rice more resistant to salinization and drought for 58 hectares).

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In total, for the Tan An village, 5.8 tons of new
seed grade I was provided by the project.
In the dry season, the water source for
irrigating the land is insufficient for crop
production, causing drought impact to thecommunity on the annual rice productivity.
This problem was beyond the local capacity
in terms of budget investment for drought andfor natural disaster mitigation. Therefore, the
new sluice gate has increased local capacity
to cope with drought and saline intrusion. The
sluice gate built solved the problem causedby drought by ensuring an adequate water
source for irrigating 15 ha for 2 rice-crops per
year. Previously, villagers could not cultivate
rice for 2 crops, or apply new rice-seed withhigh productivity in this area due to lack ofwater.
Evaluation and Monitoring (E&M) andOperation and Maintenance (O&M)
The project engineer prepared training
material on this infrastructure sub project anddelivered the training to the CDG. In total 10participants attended the training covering the
O&M of the infrastructure to ensure thesustainability of the project.
Livelihood Improvement Program

Project site after LAF investment:
Drought and salinity problems.

The section below describes some of theactivities implemented to reduce vulnerabilityof production and to diversify livelihood options.
Pilot Project – New Seed Rice and Seedling:
Loc Binh Commune is an agricultural
production area applying traditional methods,
and new technology for rice production has
not been applied in the past which resulted in
low rice productivity every year. In addition,
when disasters occur, the actual seed-riceused was insufficient to meet demand andlocal farmers had to purchase seed-rice fromother communes.
Picture: E&M and O&M training class to CDG –project engineer.

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The need to produce seed rice at the local level toensure sustainability of rice production isnecessary as is utlization of new seed rice withhigher productivity and higher resistance tosalinity. In fact, some households have undertaken
seed production with effectiveness. Relying on thislocal experience, the project has supported a pilot
project for seed re-production, seed rice - grade I(Khang Dan’s seed) for this area. With the supportof Agriculture Engineer from the Agriculture
Extension Center (AEC) and the seedlingcompany, 3 villages are experimenting with seed
re-production at the local level.
The project has cooperated with the Tan Hoa
Demo plot: new seed rice more resistantCooperative - Loc Binh Commune to implement
to drought and salinity.
this pilot project. The cooperative has selected
convenient locations for the re-production (land preparation in 15-20 cm in deep and good
irrigation supply) and has selected 8 households with experience in rice re-production bycreating 3 production teams to produce Khang Dan seed for 2 ha. Three households
participating in this program are from the Tan An village, 1 household from Mai Gia Phuong
village and 4 households in Hoa An village. The timing of seed production was implemented
after the training class.
In addition, the project has support 58 hectares ofthese new seeds covering 3 villages/pilot areas.
This pilot project also has been coordinated by
the Tan Hoa Cooperative. This new model wasdeveloped
for
producing
seed
in
the
Summer/Autumn crop (2006) and to provide an
opportunity to villagers to learn from this modeland to demonstrate the economic benefit andpositive effects for this seed-rice replication in the
future. This seed rice-grade 1 should show anincrease in productivity from 2,800 kg/ha to 4,000kg/ha every year, thus ensuring food supply forthe local people and a better income. The riceseed supply for 58 ha (5.8 tons) was distributed as follows: Tan An village (production group No
1) with 62 households; Mai Gia Phuong village (production group No 2) with 48 households; Hoa
An village (production group No 3) with 45 households; and Hoa An (production group No 4) with
69 households. There are a total of 224 households benefiting from this livelihood program. The
selected households participating were required to correspond to the project criteria.
In collaboration with the AEC, the project organized supplementary classes for rice cultivation
techniques and rice seed re-production to ensure an efficient implementation. In total 20 persons
attended the classes on rice re-production. AEC has also provided consultancy services forseedling re-production for 2 ha and seeding new rice-seed for 58 ha and 3 classes wereorganized on technical training for rice cultivation – seed grade I with 75 persons attending.
Additional Agricultural Extension Training (see MIS):
The project has also organized in collaboration with AEC two training classes on reforming
traditional gardens with a total of 50 persons attending the program. For nutrition reasons aswell for low productivity of rice yield, the need to convert some areas was included in the SCP of
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the villagers. The trainings were linked to climate change impacts on salinity and land
production.
Aquaculture Loan Program for Poor Households
The need for a loan program was also identified in the SCP. The fishers community often suffer
losses of their fishing facilities during disaster periods. The lack of credit access to buy fishingfacilities has created significant problems for family income generation. The poor households
selected for the loan program each submitted a business plan to the Women’s Union who wasgiven management of the loan program. Previously World Vision has supported a similar loan
program and the Women’s Union is also managing a loan program for the Social Bank. For thisproject, the loan program is specifically for the aquaculture sector which includes aquaculture
raising, catching, and digging shrimp/fish- ponds and purchase catching facilities.
The project team, after having analyzed the book keeping of the Women’s Union decided toorganize a study tour in Vinh Son commune where the Women’s Union are well known for their
good loan program management under the support of Plan International. After this study tour,
the Loc Binh Women’s Union revised their loan program changing the planning process, size ofloan, loan terms and interest rate. An agreement was signed with Vinh Son Women’s Union toprovide technical support to Loc Binh Women’s Union and provide monitoring service for the
beginning of the program. CECI and Plan International worked to develop an integrated Loc
Binh Women’s Union. Plan International will manage this program in order to provide ongoing
monitoring support, and training programs to strengthen the Loc Bin Women’s Union capacity to
manage the fund well and to ensure the sustainability of the program. This program willcontribute to improve Aquaculture activity for 65 fishermen and the Women’s Union is
responsible for organizing training classes for production experiences on aquaculture activity. A
small budget has been allocated to them to support the loan beneficiaries training program.

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Environmental Protection Activity
Waste Collection System:
In the SCP, the environmental protection issues
are analyzed and some activities have beenprioritized for project investment. In Loc Binh
Commune, 692 people living close to a lagoon
and facing non-collected waste and sewage
released by neighbouring communes wererelocated. In order to improve the hygiene
conditions, in the Mai Gia Phuong’s SCP it wassuggested to fund cleaning materials, provide
training through Change Agents and mobilize thecommunity by setting up a cleaning team for
waste collection. The role of these working
teams is self-management under the leadershipof the Village head. Also, the community has
been organized by the CPC for an awarenesscampaign. In the Hue College of Sciences
Hazard Map, this issue was also raised.
Tree Planting:
One more environment activity that has been
financed by the project is the planting of treelines along the sea to create a belt for windprotection aiming to reduce natural disaster
impact for Hai Binh village(57 households with
315 people). This location was being inundated
by the sea every year, causing threats to local
lives and property. The labour and fertilizers fortree planting was covered by local contribution.
The community was mobilized to implement thisactivity.

Implementing hygiene works for Mai Gia
Phuong village by providing dust pins forthe waste collection system.

Environment Training Class:In addition, the Natural Resources and Environment Department of Hue organized anenvironment protection class for Loc Binh CPC leaders. In total, 20 participants attended thetraining class.
Emergency Rescue Facility and Training Program
The project has provided an emergency rescue facility for 6 villages and the SCFSCR of thecommune and provided 2 classes on emergency rescue and first aid training through the District
Health Center. In total, 48 persons attended the training classes, including 21 women. For thewater treatment after flood situation, 6 health workers have been trained at the district level.

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Table 14: Loc Binh Project Intervention Summary
Sl-no

Sub-project title

Major implemetation

I. Infrastructure project1

Build 01 sluice-gate in Tan An village to reduce droughimpact- Pouring concrete for wing-walls, span 2,5 m- Stoneworks- Gate for opening and closing made by wooden-bar

II. Environmental protection activity
Tree planting for creating wind-protection belt in Hai
2 Binh village, and Improve hygine condition for Mai Gia
Phuong village- Plant 25,000 acacia tree along the sea of Hai Binh
village for 5 ha and 5 km length'- Provide 03 dust-pins for M.G.Phuong village

III. Livelihood improvement programs- Provide rice-seed, Khang Dan grade I for 58 ha
3 Improve Agriculture productivity'- Seedling re-production (Khang Dan seed) for 2 ha
- Provide fertilizers for 02 ha seed production

Training and consultancy service for seedling re4 production andseeding new rice-seed for 58 ha
Loan program in support for improving Aqua-culture
5 activity for An Binh, Tan Binh, Hai Binh and Hoa An
fishermen- Provide training on seedling reproduction'- Provide consultancy for seediling re-production'- Consultancy service for seedling re-production- 65hhs access to this loan program to improve theirAqua-culture cultivation and catching activity

IV. Emergency rescue facility

6

Provide emergency rescue facility for 06 villages and
SCFSC of the commune- 08 Hand-megaphone'- 08 stretchers; '- 600 m rescue ropes'- 60 life-jacket; '- 120 life-buoy- Hazard identify; '- Identify Vulnerable areas

7 Disaster Management Map'- General information related to disaster mitigation'- Reactive measure for emergency rescue andevacuation

V. Strengthening capacity in term of Disaster Mitigation, Poverty reduction, Environment protection
Local trainers conduct these trainings for
1 Awareness raising in term of D.preparedness

2

Emergency response, water treatment and first-aid
trainings

02 village groups. Total 50 participants have been
trained- District Health Center conduct these trainings forhealth-workers and villagers of 02 village groups. Total
50 health-workers, villagers have been trained- Agriculture Extension Center of T.T.Hue province
conduct these trainings in range of Agriculture

3 Livelihood improvement service trainings

cultivation, and Aqua-culture cultivation and Reforming
tradditional garden for farmers of 02 village groups.
Total 100 farmers have been trained

4 Environment protection training program

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officials

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Figure 24: Loc Binh Commune Coastal Area Project Intervention

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5.6

Loc Hoa Safer Community Plan Implementation

For Loc Hoa Commune, the project hasorganized one CBDRM classes at thecommune level. A total of 26 participants
including members of the FSCD, commune
leaders and mass organization representatives
attended the classes (5 women participated).
The SCP of the commune was submitted tothe project for implementation. At the village
level, three village groups were formed and thevillage groups assembled those villages thathave a similar topography and are facing
similar environmental issues and problems due
to natural disasters.
The villages were gathered during the CBDRM
at the commune level and during the CBDRM
Change agents providing CBDRM classes
process, the leaders did a vulnerability ranking
for the villagers of Loc Hoa Commune.
and determined the number of CBDRM classes
needed at the village level. In total, three CBDRM classes were organized at the village level fora total of 68 participants with participation by 23 women. At the village level, three SCPs havebeen submitted to the project, revised by the team and approved by the CPC. As with Loc Binh,
the CBDRM for villagers was organized in December 2005 and in the SCP of the commune andvillages they requested that more CBDRM classes be organized for villagers who could notattend the class due to the limitation on the number of participants. The objective was toincrease the awareness of the villages on disaster mitigation. In this regard, the project
organized 3 more CBDRM classes in April but the villagers didn’t submit their SCPs to theproject. In total, 143 villagers have attended the CBDRM classes.
Infrastructure
Based on the prioritization meeting, concrete
irrigation channels for village numbers 7 and 8
were selected for the project interventions from the
LAF infrastructure investment. The project teamand project engineer had to revise the drawings
many times. The cost estimation of the irrigation
channel was reduced due to different materials
suggested by the project engineer. Somemodifications of the design were undertaken for
better efficiency and submitted to the District
People’s Committee technical section for theirappraisal. This investment from the LAF was
linked to climate change impacts and drought
problems.

Before project intervention: irrigation
channel: drought problem

The actual irrigation system of the commune is not covering this area and hence is causing
difficulties for local agriculture production activities for a high-yield rice cultivation (annual twocrop season) and other farming activity due to the drought problems. With this new irrigation
channel the land of the villagers of villages 7 and 8 will have sufficient water supply (water
volume, 30-35 ha) for rice and farming cultivation in the dry season. This irrigation channel will
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create good conditions for improving production
activities for the villages by increasing cultivation
yield and consequently increased incomes.
Agriculture activity is the main source of income forthe villagers and lack of water supply for livelihood
improvement is one of the poverty factors. Thiswater supply system it is one of key factors to
mitigate natural disaster impact and to reducepoverty. In fact, existing irrigation supply for thisarea is mainly reliant on rains or water flow fromthe higher hills. In the dry season, the water
source in this area is very low, therefore drought isthe main disaster to cause loss of crops. By building
During implementation of the subthis new irrigation channel it will solve the drought
j t
problems that affected more than 30 ha in the dry season. It’s also solving the problem of lowrice productivity and productivity will be increased from 2,400kg/ha on average to 4000 kg/ha,.
Evaluation and Monitoring (E&M) and Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
As with Loc Binh infrastructure sub project investment, the project engineer has prepared anddelivered training material to the CDG. The objective was the same, informing the community
on the infrastructure project included in the SCP and selected for project investment and toprovide basic information on evaluation and monitoring of the construction work. The training
material also covered the operation and maintenance of the infrastructure to ensure thesustainability of the project.
Livelihood Adaptation Improvement Program
The livelihood program coming from the SCPs
invested in high productivity breeding sows for
pig raising. In total, 90 sows were delivered topoor families and a sustainable system was put
in place and is managed by the Farmer’s Union.
The participating households are committed togive two pigs to another household when born.
By providing pigs, the local people will haveanother source of revenue consequently
reducing the pressure on cutting in the forest forfamilies that rely on forest exploitation as theirmain income.
Also, part of the program
managed by the Farmer’s Union included
providing poor families with three male cows of
mixed blood (Brahman F1) and seven local
female cows for livestock raising.

Sow distribution: 89 households receiving
sowThis livestock program was linked to 5 biogas demonstration models in 5 different villages. This
livelihood program will reduce the pressure on the forest by increasing the incomes of thefamilies by raising animals and providing demonstration of the biogas model by cooking withbiogas. The agreement between the project and the commune was signed for the
implementation of this program and as mentioned the Farmers Union is the executing agency ofthe program.

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In addition, an agreement was signed between the AEC and the project to provide trainingclasses and consultancy on cows and sow selection and raising and on the biogas model
construction.
Environmental Protection Activity
Tree Planting:
For Loc Hoa Commune, the commune leaders haveconcentrated the entire environment fund for tree
planting activities. For river erosion, 900 bamboo
trees have been planted. Acacia trees and 530 Xa
Cu for timber production was also provided forincome generation.
Environment Training Class:In addition, the Natural Resources and Environment
Department of Hue have organized an environment
protection class for Loc Binh PC leaders. In total, 25participants attended the training.
Emergency Rescue Facility and Training Program

One of the 5 bio gas modelsilt d

The project provided an emergency rescue facility
for 10 villages and the SCFSC and provided 3classes on emergency rescue and first aid training
through the District Health Center. In total, 72
persons attended the training classes, of which 27
participants were women. For water treatment after
flood, 9 health workers have been trained at the
district level. All commune development plansinclude emergency facilities and first aid training aspart of their disaster preparedness plan.

River erosion: bamboo plantation

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Table 15: Loc Hoa Project Intervention Summary

Proponent
Sub-project title

level

Major implementation

I. Infrastructure project1 Build new irrigation channel 800m in length for 30 ha- Install PVC pipe to supply irrigation waterof rice,systemand crops cultivation'- Put air released valve

II. Environmental protection activity
2 Tree planting for landslide protection, creating fresh
landscapeIII. Livelihood improvement programs
3 Loan support for cow raising, sow raising- Provide 90 sows (10-14 kg/sow)'- Provide 10 cows (7 female, 03 male)

4 Build Biogas containers- Select 05 hhs to apply this model

5 Training on animal husbandry technique and its- Provide1 class of Cow raising ( 30hhs) and 2

consultancy service; consultancy service for Biogas

classes Sow raising (100 hhs)

construction'- 1 class for biogas construction for 10 hhs'- Consultancy service for cow, sow selection and

IV. Emergency rescue facility
5 Procure emergency rescue facility for 10 villages- 150 Life jackets'- 12 hand-megaphone- Hazard mapping

6 Disaster Management Map'- Vulnerability mapping'- General information related to disastermitigation

V. Strengthening capacity in term of Disaster Mitigation, Poverty reduction- Local trainers conduct these trainings for
1 Awareness raising in term of D.preparedness

02 village groups. Total 50 participants havebeen trained- District Health Center conduct these trainings

2

Emergency response, water treatment and first-aid
trainings

for health-workers water treatment afetr flood (9HW) and 3 classes on emmergency resuce for
emmergency team and health-workers , 72participants- Agriculture Extension Center of T.T.Hue
province conduct these trainings in range of3 Livelihood improvement service trainings

Agriculture cultivation, 3 classes on Reforming
tradditional garden (75hhs) o f3 classes on cow
and pigs (75hhs). Total 150 farmers have been

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Figure 25: Loc Hoa Commune Mountainous Area Project Intervention

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5.7

Loc An Safer Community Plan implementation

The project organized one CBDRM class at the commune level and 25 participants attended.
The participants were members of FSCD, commune leaders and mass organization
representatives. Among the 25 participants, only two women attended the classes. The SCP of
the commune was submitted to the project for revising and implementation. At the village level,
two village groups were formed and they assembled the villages that have a similar topography
and are facing similar environmental issues and similar problems due to natural disasters. The
villages were gathered during the CBDRM at the commune level and during the process theleaders ranked the village vulnerability and determined the number of CBDRM classes neededat the village level.
In total, two CBDRM classes were organized at the village level for a total of 42 participants ofwhich 14 were women. At the village level, two SCPs were submitted to the project, revised by
the team and approved by the CPC. The first round of CBDRM for villagers was organized in
December 2005. In all of the SCPs submitted to the project, the commune and villages
prioritized and requested the project organize more CBDRM classes for villagers who could notattend the class due to the limitation on the number of participants. The objective was toincrease the awareness of the villages on disaster mitigation. In this regard, the project
organized 2 more CBDRM classes in April but the villagers didn’t submit their SCP to the project.
For Loc An Commune, the total villagers trained on CBDRM was 92.
Infrastructure
During the prioritization meeting, the commune
leaders of Loc An listed the boat parking station at
Ha Chau - Nam Pho Can and Chau Thanh villages
as a priority for LAF investment. This project wasamong three prioritized and was selected after thefeasibility study. The project team and projectengineer revised the design and the cost estimationof the district engineer for the boat station gate. The
District People’s Committee technical section
issued a letter for the appraisal of the boat stationgate.
Due to the topography of this commune with many Boat station economic activity: harvestingvillages situated in low-lying areas and close to aperiodlagoon, they are the most isolated and vulnerable
during the flooding of the rainy season. Local meansof transportation is usually by boat and income
generation is mainly catching river/lagoon fish. In
general, approach roads to these villages are mainly
earthen and situated along irrigation channels,
dams and embankments; however they are flooded
during the rainy season. Therefore, villagers always
move their boats to park at in-land stations forsafety when disaster occurs, and access to safe
places by boat in case of quick evacuation or rescue
and other emergencies.
Before project construction

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Upgrading boat-parking stations provides strong support for villagers to be safe in the event
quick evacuation is required when storms occur.
It will create good basic conditions for socialeconomic development in the whole communein near future (i.e. access to markets to sell
products at good prices and reduced costs for
fertilizers, supplies and transport fees). Easieraccesstomarketsmeans
livelihood
improvement in neighbouring villages andcommunes. The total beneficiaries will be morethan 300 villagers using this new facility.
Evaluation and Monitoring (E&M)
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

andAfter project construction

The project engineer prepared and delivered training material on this infrastructure sub project to
the CDG. In total 10 participants attended the training covering the operation and maintenanceof the infrastructure to ensure the sustainability of the project.
Livelihood Adaptation Improvement Program
The selected agriculture activity by the commune
for livelihood improvement was buffalo raising(mother-buffalo) and 16 buffalo were distributed
to 16 families. The poor land quality caused bad
production performance which will be improvedby convenient livestock raising like the buffalo(use for land preparation). There are however
50% of households still lacking sufficientinvestment capital for livestock raising.
Environmental Protection Activity
Water Tank Filler:
The Loc An CPC submitted an environment

Poor land quality, drought: land
preparation

improvement proposal to the project for a water
treatment facility which aims to raise awareness onenvironmental issues for the local people of 3
villages (Phuoc Trach, Xuan Lai and Chau Thanh).

Waste Collection System:
The blocking the water drainage openings caused apolluted environment and increased disaster risks.
Cleaning the river, providing dust bins and reinforcing the waste collection system will
Water filter Tank
definitively improve the environmental conditions
and improve drainage during floods. An agreement between the project and Loc An CPC was
been signed to implement these activities.
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Environment Training Class:In addition, the Natural Resources and Environment Department of Hue organized anenvironment protection class for Loc An CPC leaders. In total, 25 participants attended thetraining program.
5.8 Emergency Rescue Facility and Training Program
The project has provided emergency rescue facilities for 3 villages and the SCFSC and provided
3 classes on emergency rescue and first aid training through the District Health Center. In total,
75 persons attended the training classes, of which 19 were women. For the water treatment
after flooding issue, 5 health workers were trained at the District level. All commune
development plans include emergency facilities and first aid training as part of their disaster
preparedness plan.
5.9 Final Workshop and District Dissemination Workshop
During the final workshop, all the project strategies and results were described by the project
team and the commune representatives. All of the appropriate presentations have been
distributed to all participants. The Minutes of the workshop and the list of participants were
submitted to ADB. The final workshop was a great opportunity for the dissemination of theclimate change best practices and approaches for poverty reduction.

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Table 16: Loc An Project Intervention Summary
Proponentlevel

Sub-project title

Major implemetation

I. Infrastructure project- Rising natural ground by hill-soil filling
1 Upgrading Ha Chau Boat station 600 m2- Putting concrete surface layer M200
- Pouring concrete-pole for boating

II. Environmental protection activity- Cleaning serious polluted areas in Xuan Lai
2

Improve hygine condition for Xuan Lai , and Chau'- Putting 03 dust-pins in Xuan Lai market

Thanh villages'- Build 03 new filter-water containers in Chau
Thanh

III. Livelihood improvement program
3 Training on animal husbandry technique for beneficarie - 32 hhs have been trained on buffalo raising
4 Support Buffalo raising for Phuoc Trach village- Provide 16 mother buffalo for 16 poor hhs

IV Emergency rescue facility
5

Provide emergency rescue facility for Phuoc Trach,
Xuan Lai and Chau Thanh villages- 2 Hand-megaphone- 80 life buoy - 40 life jacket- 06 radios; - 03 Loud-speakers; '- 160 m rescue- Hazard mapping'- Vulnerability mapping

6 Disaster Management Map'- General information related to disastermitigation'- Reactive mapping for emergency rescue

V

Strengthening Capacity in term of Disaster Mitigation, Poverty reduction- Local trainers conduct these trainings for 03
1 Awareness raising in term of D.preparedness

03 villages (Chau Thanh, Phuoc Trach, Xuan
Lai). Total 75 participants have been trained- District Health Center conduct these trainings

2 Emergency response and first-aid trainings

for health-workers of 03 villages (Chau Thanh,
Phuoc Trach, Xuan Lai). Total 75 health-workers
have been trained- Agriculture Extension Center of T.T.Hue

3 Livelihood improvement service trainings

province conduct these trainings in range ofAgriculture cultivation; rice cultivation technics(75hhs) and pig raising ( 75). Total 150 farmers

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Figure 26: Loc An Commune Low Lying Area Project Intervention

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Figure 27: CBDRM Process Summary
Project Implementation Process

Local
Government- Extension- Agri / Aqua Demos

CBDRM
Training- Inception report;- Baseline;- Capacity andtraining
Assessment;- CBDRM
approaches
workshop

CapacityDevelopment
Assessment
Needs

Small-scale
infrastructure
Improvement- Environment

TOTs- Lessons Learned
CBDRM

Implementation- Workshopsof SCPs

ChangeAgentsFacilitating
SCP- Emergency- Response- DP Awareness

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CHAPTER 6.

LESSONS LEARNED(i) Sustainability: Sustainability is one of the crucial factors of any project. Sustainability isachieved in different ways: (i) continuation of project initiated activities in the same locality, (ii)integration of new skills and techniques into ongoing processes and (iii) expansion of theinitiative to other adjoining areas. As a pilot project, implemented over a relatively short-timeframe, this initiative has focused on the latter two levels of sustainability.
Experience shows the importance of building on existing systems and structures to the greatest
extent possible to facilitate sustainability. In this project, the linking of the village planning
processes to meetings at the commune and district level to review and discuss funding of subprojects allowed a bottom-up approach while at the same time working within the local
development planning systems. In providing local governments with a central role in reviewing
and allocating funds to priorities identified at the village level, the safer community planning
process demonstrated how community-based disaster management could be integrated into thegovernment planning and budgeting cycle. In general, local governments were supportive of thisprocess because they acquired tools and resources to invest in community priorities for bothdisaster mitigation and poverty reduction
As a result, SCP sub-projects had ownership at village and commune level, while the districts
that manage development budgets and provide line agency services, were also part of thedecision-making process. With the budget constraints that they face, it is unlikely that
communes and districts would adopt full SCP process demonstrated in the project. However,the skills learned by villagers and officials in participatory consultation and the demonstration of
how such techniques are effective in mobilizing the community around shared objectives can beapplied in development planning. Also, villagers and communes can continue to use the SCPs
as a basis for providing inputs into future development planning that focuses on risk reduction.
(ii) Co-ordination and information flow: Responsibilities for planning, in particular for
infrastructure development and land-use is divided between different levels of government. In
many of these areas information flow between levels of government and down to communities islimited. In addition, practices for the use of land and natural resources do not always follow
official policies and regulations. Consequently, local governments and communities are not in aposition to assess and mitigate all the factors that impact on their vulnerability. The projects held
a number of policy forums with other international partners to raise awareness on issues related
to the impact of land-use and exploitation of natural resource on disaster mitigation. However,promoting more sustainable approaches in these areas requires greater co-ordination,transparency and accountability across government systems and between international donors
and NGOs.
(iii) Scaling-up the process: In principle, national and provincial governments endorse bottomup planning as an essential component of the country's disaster mitigation and poverty reduction
strategies. In practice, bottom-up planning is not fully institutionalized and the capacity andpolitical will to follow this approach vary considerably across provinces, districts and communes.
Demonstrating new approaches to community-disaster management builds-up political will to acertain extent but resistance to change tends to be higher where capacity for community
consultation is lower. Higher levels of government need to be more directly engaged ininstitutionalizing participatory planning for greater consistency in approaches across local areas.
Five years ago experiences with community-based disaster management were relatively limited
in Vietnam and piloting these models contributed to building a body of knowledge for how to
implement effective approaches that could be adopted by local governments and communities.
The key challenge now is to shift away from a project approach of implementing CBDRM training
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and investments in targeted areas to applying the lessons learned from these pilots on a widerscale. Building local government capacity requires training, accompaniment and providing
resources that allow new skills and techniques to be applied. Local government officials need tobe actively engaged in deciding their capacity development plan so that skills and training are
relevant to their overall mandate and not to specific project objectives.
Participatory planning and CBDRM do increase the effectiveness of investments in disastermitigation and poverty reduction. At the same time, these approaches mobilize a great deal oftime and resources of both communities and local governments.
In order to develop
approaches that can be applied on a wide scale, techniques for analysis and planning need tobe simplified as much as possible and adapted to the local context with the participation of thelocal trainers who will apply them. External projects need to focus on building the capacity tounderstand and adapt participatory tools rather than imposing fixed methodologies andapproaches.
(iv) Linking Research and Community Participation: As part of the disaster preparedness
program under the SCP, a community disaster management map was developed by the Hue
University for each commune (reference: Hue University report). Based on the survey and GIS
information as well as past disaster records, the map shows topographical and geologicalconditions and disaster prone and safe areas for evacuation. At the final workshop, two of thecommunes identified relocation of the villagers living in vulnerable areas as a long-term solution.
While settling people from their historical location to new settlement areas requires adequate
social, economic and environmental assessment, the disaster map and analytical study seemed
to provide the commune governments convincing evidence to determine relocation as a viablelong-term option to improve land use planning and disaster management. The map was a very
effective tool for both local government and communities to understand the existing conditions
but required regular update to provide accurate information.
(v) Community-based monitoring and evaluation: For effective sustainability, monitoring andevaluation play an important role. The project engaged community members in monitoring theconstruction, operation and maintenance of community-level infrastructure. Community
members also had access to information on budgets and construction specifications
demonstrating transparency and the importance of accountability in using resources allocated toinvestments in their locality. This approach assures the quality of construction or services, aswell as provides communities with more incentive to maintain infrastructure work handed over tothem.
The strategy behind the selection of the change agents though the mass organizations was toensure that the knowledge and techniques gain during the TOT and the experience on providing
training to community will be use in their regular functions. The change agents should play a
critical role in monitoring the Safer Community Plan implementation and follow up the sub
projects prioritized and actions to be taken by the community that can enhance the safety of thecommunity. In future initiatives, it will be important to explain more clearly the role of change
agents to local authorities to ensure that they are called upon to support monitoring. Also, withmore time, a phased approach of ending the project where change agents were given partial
support to facilitate community monitoring and maintenance activities would support a clearer
integration of these activities into their regular functions with mass organizations.
(vi) Livelihood Adaptation: Developing and testing techniques for reducing crop loss,
improving aquaculture techniques, and diversifying income-generating activities are key areas
for reducing vulnerability to natural disasters. And yet, much of the investment of resources fromthese projects was allocated to infrastructure development as these activities fall most directly
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under local government responsibility. Vietnamese and international research centres havedeveloped many techniques for disaster resistance cropping patterns but dissemination of thesetechniques through extension systems is very limited. The short-project durations were aconstraint in developing more effective research linkages and extension models for reducing
risks in agriculture and aquaculture production. In future, new initiatives for safer community
planning must focus more on extension outreach for disaster resistant production techniques.
(vii) Linkages with other programs: Within the time available, efforts were made to exchangewith other Central provinces and with national level officials on what lessons could be learned
from ongoing disaster mitigation and adaptation projects, including this one, that could
information government policies and programs in this sector. These activities included
participation of other stakeholders in project workshops including, the PEF focal point in
MONROE, representatives from other NGOs and UNDP, and officials from Danang in various
workshops. While replication in another area is difficult to achieve in a short-time frame, through
CECI’s ongoing disaster mitigation program and partnerships with ministries, other provinces,and regional practioners in DM, the EHSEDM will contribute to the continued accumulation ofexperiences and best practices that have shown steady results in moving Vietnam’s policy
towards a more comprehensive and proactive approach to addressing disaster mitigation.
The highly effective evacuation program for Typhoon Xangsane that combined national and local
efforts to minimize loss of life and injury through one of the most serious storms in recent years,
demonstrates that the combined efforts of many different initiatives is making a difference in how
the government and people respond to disasters. The statement in Appendix 4 from Loc Binh
Commune officials shows that programs that focus on capacity-building for disaster
preparedness can make a difference. Ongoing efforts are needed to ensure that government
policies and programs begin to place equal emphasis on longer-term adaptation measures toreduce vulnerability.

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7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Climate Change Community-based Adaptation Model
The project components and the flow of the activities that comprise the model tested in thisproject are illustrated in Figure 26. Three major steps were implemented that correspond toliterature on community-based adaptation8:•

Step I Assessment: producing a scenario;•

Step II Planning: produce a plan;•

Step III Implementation: conducting actions as sub-projects.

During the assessment step, the key focus was the hazard, vulnerability, and capacity
assessments. These were done through historic profiling, mapping, timeline, ranking, focus
group discussions, interviews, and questionnaires. The purpose was to identify issues andpriorities through participatory discussion. Key focus of the hazard assessment was historicprofile of disasters (past disaster events), trends of natural disasters for future (based on climatechange predictions), and community’s perception of disaster events. Vulnerability assessments
included geographical location, transport, communication, shelter, water, sanitation, health, andlivelihood issues. Capacity assessments identified existing disaster management plans, coping
strategies of the communities, role of people in mitigating disaster impacts, and proposed
adaptation measures. The institutional mapping was also done to identify the roles of different
institutions for disaster reduction. Combining all these, a climate change scenario was prepared.
In the planning step, the main focus was participatory planning. Before planning, structured
training programmes were conducted on climate change issues, CBDRM (community-based
disaster risk management), building code improvements to cope with flood and cyclone,
agriculture improvement, and aquaculture improvement. The target groups of these training
programmes were leaders of mass organizations, commune and district government officers,
and selected community members. These training activities were considered as one of the major
vehicles to disseminate important climate change information to a wide range of stakeholders.
After the training, the planning process started with the leadership of these change agents. The
plans were developed in close co-operation with the commune and district governments, so thatthese plans were officially approved by the governments to be part of the development plans.
Also, prioritization of actions was made in close cooperation with local governments, andselected items were recommended for implementation as sub-projects with co-financing from the
project fund and the fund from the local governments. In the implementation step, selected subprojects were implemented (Figure 26). Some of the examples included llivelihood adaptation,
environmental protection, disaster plan, infrastructures (Boat station, Irrigation canal, Sluicegate, Bio-gas) etc.

8

Shaw R. (2006): Community-based climate change adaptation in Viet Nam: Inter-linkages of environment, disaster,and human security: In: Multiple Dimension of Global Environmental Changes, edited by S. Sonak, TERI publication,
521-547 (2006)

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Figure 28: Implementation Steps
Hazard Assessment•

Historical profile ofdisasters•

Predictions oftrends in natural
disasters related toclimate change•

Estimatedmagnitude of thedisasters bycommunities

Capacity Assessment

Vulnerability
Assessment•

Geographicallocations•

Transportation
network•Communication
system•Shelters in theevent of disasters•

DisasterManagement Plans inproject areas•

Coping strategies ofcommunities•

Role of man andwomen in activities of
mitigating disaster
impacts

STEP I
Assessment
Historic Profiling, Mapping, Timeline, Ranking
Focus Group Discussion

ScenarioInterviews (formal, semi-structured) and Questionnaire Survey

TRAINING AS THE KEY COMPONENTClimateChangeTraining

CBDRM
Training

DisasterPreparedness
Training

Agriculture

Aquaculture

Training

Training
STEP II
Planning

PLANNING AS THE KEY COMPONENT
Safer Community Plan
To enhance safety of thevillage during disaster

Plans

Safer Production Plan
To ensure safer production
Development Plan over the long term
Integration

IMPLEMENTATION AS THE KEY COMPONENT
Sub-projects Implementation (Co-financing with local governments)
Livelihood adaptation, Environmental protection, Disaster plan,
Infrastructures (Boat station, Irrigation canal, Sluice gate, Bio-gas)

STEP III
Implementation

Project

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7.2 Recommendations for Future Programs
Based on the practices applied in this program, and similar programs implemented in Central
Vietnam, the following measures for education, training, and awareness raising programs arerecommended:Include climate change and global environmental change materials into
environmental education at universities, institutes, high schools, and vocational
schools. Climate and climate change should be considered as important components
environmental education and training programs.



Gradually strengthen and reform the educational and training activities to enhanceawareness of the people on environment and climate change to motivate behaviouralchange;

Focus on training two target groups as main Change Agents, local school teachers
and local CBO leaders or representatives to further disseminate and improveknowledge in the communities, following people deep into the real life problems,decision and actions;

Organization of short-term training courses on climate change and climate change
impacts for teachers and students. If already done, revise and update the contents oflatest releases, and especially, pay more attention to adapting the contents to actual
local needs and priorities;At local schools located in the vulnerable or higher risk areas (i.e. poor coastal
villages in Tam giang Cau Hai lagoon), conduct education and training courses in thesimplest language for children and the poor including wife-housekeepers. These
trainings could be attached with activities of some local CBOs or unions;

Organize various one-day or half-day training courses on climate change, climatechange adaptation, disaster management and actual environmental issues for preidentified related target groups, especially for local authorities, managers andpersons who have influence in decision making or implementation in the field. The
contents should be adapted for every group and be well illustrated to attract people’sinterest. Because this group is usually very busy, a longer course may not beeffective;Establish and train core teams of local people (from local CBOs such as Women or
Youth Unions, Extension Services etc.) in working with communities using different
participatory tools like workshops, role plays, discussions and interviews etc. toencourage people to think about the present and future impacts of climate change,
realize and deeply understand the practical problems and find concrete feasible
adaptation measures. This also helps to better understand the people, their opinions
and problems, and to receive their responses and bottom-up information for more
effective recommendations and actions;

Deliver important and adapted publications on climate change, including the(UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, etc. to interested people and various specialists throughmeetings, conferences and workshops, etc.;

Involve the media (local Hue TV channel or local radio-stations) in climate change
and adaptation awareness-raising.

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7.2 Recommendations for Policy Development
The most vulnerable to all types of impacts and dangers are always the poor. Those moredisproportionately effected are the elderly, women, and children. In critical or disaster periods,
these groups may at times be neglected and as a result, many disaster casualties (especially thefloods and storms) in Central Viet Nam are the elderly, women and children. It is for this reason,that these segments of the population should be targeted by local, provincial and central
authorities in relief and rescue works, after-disaster aid and recovery. Moreover, they need to
be informed, warned early about the events, and be provided trainings for different types ofimpacts.
Needless to say how important are awareness, knowledge and capacity of policy makers,
authorities and managers at all levels in:•••

Rising awareness and understanding the present and future problems and impacts forthe local people;
Leading, guiding and helping them to deepen into those problems, to take actions forcoping with and adapting to climate change impacts and disasters;
Good theoretical and practical training for local communities for proper and timely
preparing to all kind of different disasters and every particular event.

In such a highly disaster-prone province like Thua Thien Hue of a disaster-prone country like
Viet Nam, people always have experiences and empirical knowledge for hundred years in
adapting to and coping with climate related impacts and “usual” extreme events (typhoons,storms, flood and drought), in their particular locations. In countries with such diverse microclimates such as Vietnam, the adaptation process has to first be analyzed and applied at the
local level as “micro-adaptation”. These experiences can then be combined with macro-analysis
at the provincial and national levels for a comprehensive assessment of the measures that areneeded for effective adaptation.
Some concrete recommendations for policy makers at the provincial and local levels in Thua
Thien Hue Province:
•

•

•

•
•
•

Integration of climate change adaptation into the sectoral planning process and into
ongoing projects and programs. For example, conduct re-assessment of current andcoming 5-year-plan, development plans and policies, existing or planned programs incontext of climate change problems for increasing the infrastructure designs andintegration into policy making and planning process;Prevent infrastructure developments and land-use changes that increase mal-adaptation
and raise the risks for communities, especially the poor, for socio-economical sectors
and natural systems in the province;
Improve the awareness and preparedness to present and future climate change andvenialities for policy-makers, managers and governmental officials in various economical
sectors;
Initiate the process of capacity buildings for policy makers and managers at all levels interms of climate change impacts and adaptation;
Encourage and organize the awareness raising campaign and trainings for the publicfrom societal level to local communities;
Increase understanding of the factors that enhance or threaten the adaptive capability ofvulnerable populations and natural systems;

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•
•

•

•

Focus on assessing the vulnerability, adaptability and resilience of social and managed
natural systems in the province;
Formulate an adaptation strategy and concrete actions plans for the province, may be in
the context of or together with provincial Strategy and Action Plan on Disaster
Management, dyke management and flood control, as well as ICZM Strategy and Action
Plan. A very good idea is to develop the Adaptation Policy Framework (APF) for theprovince, in line with or even in advance of the central government APF;
Formulate a small core team of persons or officials, especially responsible for practicalimplementation of policy, action plans and adaptation activities, its monitoring and control
at provincial, district and local levels, with close consultation and support of an expert
group. This core team may consist of several competent persons, may be from some ofthe provincial Departments (DONRE, DARD or DOST) or from community-basedorganizations in the lower level (such as Red Cross, Youth or Farmer Union...);Develop and conduct pilot adaptation projects in some concrete, most vulnerable
locations (district and commune level) with using participatory tools to gather specificlocal information, rise awareness and pro-activeness among local people and receivethe "bottom-up" contribution and response of the local communities on adaptation issues.

A table outlining a framework for assessing adaptation options in a coastal areas such as ThuaThien Hue as well as measures of effectiveness are presented in Annex 4.
At the national level, the government of Vietnam has implemented a number of administrativereforms to decentralize planning and budgeting and provide guidelines for participatory planningin line with its grassroots democracy decree. A number of international organizations have been
supporting these efforts, in particular by requiring loan or grant investments to be based on
Village Development Plans and Commune Development Plans. GTZ in particular has supported
the government to develop and systematize tools for Participatory Rural Appraisal andpreparation of VDP/CDPs that has been adapted and applied across a number of different
provinces. In one mountainous province, Son La, the provincial government decreed that all
district and commune planning and investment must follow the PRA and VDP/CDP process.
A great deal more co-ordination between national and provincial governments, international
donors and NGOs is needed for this participatory planning process to be efficient and to beinstitutionalized within more provinces. However, as this process builds momentum, it could
potentially provide a mechanism for mainstreaming community-based disaster management
within local development planning. The Safer Community Plan is similar to the VDP except that it
promotes a risk reduction filter for deciding and designing investments. The next challenge is tointegrate these tools and techniques for vulnerability assessment and risk reduction into the
VDP/CDP process in disaster prone areas. Working towards this goal, will require agencies
working on disaster mitigation to link more closely with the different task groups organizedaround institutionalizing VDP/CDPs.

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Annex 1:
Safer Community Plan Format

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SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN
SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM
Village:.............................................................Commune:.................................................
District:.............................................................Province:..................................................
OBJECTIVES:
PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION
1 Geography and topography
2. Population
Population
HouseholdPopulation at working age (18-60 years old)Children under 18 years old
Woman headed family
Poor household
Illiterate
Primary
SecondaryHigh school
High school onward
University

Total

Male

Commume administration (number of village:...........)
VillageHousehold Population Poor
The most vulnerable people
HH
Elderly
Children Disable

3. Land use
Type of land
Natural land
Residential land
Agriculture land
Forestry land
Aqua culture land
Others
4. Economic activities
Activity

Area (ha)Area/size

FemaleWomenType of production

Householdinvolve

Averageincome(head/year)5. Living water, environment and sanitation
Village
HH
Living water
Well
Container Community
water
supplystation/runningwater...

Sanitation
SepticTemporary No
tanklatrinelatrinelatrineTotal
6. Infrastructure Electric system
 Transportation system: (Earthen road, Asphalt road, Concrete road, Others) School (kindergarten, Primary, secondary and high schools)
 Health center Public buildings (People’s Committee office, market...)PART II: DISATER PREPAREDNESS PLAN
1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
1.1.
Hazard assessment
a. Disaster impacts in the last 10-15 years
Year
Disasters
Loss of life

b. Main hazards (according to the tropical year)
Hazard Starting Ending Duration Warning
month
month
signalLoss of Property

Remark and impacts

Ranking

1.2 Capacity assessment
 Social organizations involve in disaster preparedness (CFSC/annual disaster
preparedness plan, emergency rescue facilities and skills of members of rescue team,vollunrees....) Infrastructure (electric system, roads, public buildings and health center...) Community motivation and attitude1.3 Vulnerability assessment and proposed reduction measuresa. The most vulnerable villages
VillageType of hazardsThe
mostvulnerable Ranking
peopleFlood Typhoon Drought Flash storm Children Elderly Womenflood

b. Infrastructure:
Emergency rescue facilities Situational analysis
 Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions
according to their importanceTransportation and electric system
 Situational analysis
 Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions
according to their importanceUtility and management purposes
Sub-project
Size
Disaster risk reduction
Socio-economic development

Living water, environment and sanitation
 Situational analysis
 Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions
according to their importance
Recidential housing and public buildings
 Situational analysis
 Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions
according to their importanceSocio-organizations
 Analysis weaknesses of agencies involve in disaster mitigation and skills of CFSC,
emergency rescue team, vollunteers, local health workers...
 Motivation and attitude related to disaster preparedness and mitigation.
 Suggest training programs for capacity development
Program

Duration

Participants

Trainers?

1
2

SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ACTIVITIES IN THE DISASTER PREPAEDNESS PLAN
1. PRIORITIZED ACTIVITIES
Sub-project title Plan for .............
Plan from........... onwardNon-structural sub-projects
1
2
3
4
5
Structural projects
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF THE FIRST YEAR (2005 – 2006)
Implementation method
Implementation
Sub-project
time
Local
Required support
Quantity
title
frame/beniciarie contribution
Technical Financials
Non-structural sub-projects

Involvement/
responsibility

Structural projects

3. SUMMARY OF SUB-PROJECT COST ESTIMATION FOR 2005 – 2006
Required support
Sub-project title
Quantity
Estimated cost Local
contribution
Technical
Financial
Non-structural sub-projects
12Structural sub-projects
1
2
3
4
Total

PART III: SAFER PRODUCTION PLAN
1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS:
1.1 Main economic activities
Type of production
Area (ha)a.Season caleda and hazard threat
Crop
1
2
3
Winter spring
Subsidiary
crop
Flood
Summer flood
drought

4

AnnualHouseholds
productivity involve

5

6

7

8

9

Remarks

10

11

12

b. Disaster impacts on production in the last 10-15 years
Type of disaster
Loss of production
Year
loss
reasonsc. The most vulnerable production areas
Các loại thiên tai
floo Typho
Droug
Production
area/type
of
d
on
ht
production

Rank
Flas
h
floo
d

1.2 Productive capacity assessment (strength? why?) Land use
 Infrastructure for production (irrigation system, road, seed....)
 Techniques and skills
1.3 Productive vulnerability (weaknesses? why?) Land use
 Infrastructure for production (irrigation system, road, seed....)
 Techniques and skills

Syclo
ne

Thund
er

2. STRATEGIC PRODUCTION PLAN
2.1 Land use planning Land convertion planning Deversification of production
2.2 Improvement infrastructure for better production
Sub-project
Area
Benefits
Disaster mitigation

Socio-economic
development

123
4
2.3 productive capacity developments
 Extension trainings
 Set up demonstration models
Trainings
Duration
12
3
4

Participants?

Trainers?

SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ACTIVITIES IN THE SAFER PRODUCTION PLAN
1. PRIORITIZED ACTIVITIES
Sub-project title Plan for .............
Plan from........... onward
Non-structural sub-projects
1
2
3
4
5
Structural projects
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

2. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF THE FIRST YEAR (2005 – 2006)
Implementation method
Implementation
Sub-project
time
Local
Required support
Quantity
title
frame/beniciarie contribution
Technical Financials
Non-structural sub-projects

Involvement/
responsibility

Structural projects

3. SUMMARY OF SUB-PROJECT COST ESTIMATION FOR 2005 – 2006
Required support
Sub-project title
Quantity
Estimated cost Local
contribution
Technical
Financial
Non-structural sub-projects
12Structural sub-projects
1
2
3
4
Total

#
1
2
3
4
5
6

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS INVOLVE IN PLANNING
Name
Position

Date..........month........year...........
Certification of Commune People’s Committee
Chairman______________________

Signature

92

Annex 2:
Sample Safer Community Plan – Loc Binh

ENHANCING HUMAN SECURITY, ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT (EHSEDM) PROJECT
Hue | Viet Nam

SAFER COMMUNITY PLAN – LOC BINH, PHU LOC, HUE

OBJECTIVES:"Safer community" plan is both detailed and general process, which is a connection between
livelihood improvement plan and measures with the long-term purpose to minimize natural
disasters; time for plan is 3 - 5 years (2005-2010). Members of the Steering Commune of Floodand Storm Control involved in training program ‘’Disaster Risk Management Based on
Community ‘’ held by members of EHSEDM project of CECI. People’s committee leader of Loc
Binh Commune agreed on "Safer community " plan will be developed together with annually
Flood and Storm Control Plan as well as the commune's socio-economic development Plan,
which combines and compares the advantages and disadvantages to supplement oncompleting this plan, to contribute to human life development, economic development as well as
methods to control and reduce natural disasters effectively.
PART I: GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Geography and Topography
Loc Binh Commune is 15km from the Southeast of Phu Loc district bounded by Loc Vinh
Commune in the East, Cau Hai swamp in the West, Phuoc Tuong village of Loc Tri Commune
in the South, Tu Hien Gate and East Sea in the North. With the meandering and narrow
topography, which combines a slope of mountain stretching from the South to the North
confronting Cau Hai swamp, a gradually high slope and falling from South to North that is lower
compared with the earth. The total length of commune is about 16km, from the border of 1A
national highway to the meander confronting Cau Hai swamp nearly Bien Dong. This final areaof commune includes villages: An Binh, Tan Binh, Hai Binh locating in low-lying area, about
200-700 m far from Bien Dong. This area often has been influenced directly by Northwest
monsoon. With the specific topography of Loc Binh commune, located nearly highly-alone
mountain in the back and confronting Cau Hai swamp, and Bien Dong in the front, therefore
most of people live along two sides in main stress of commune, one side adjoining mountainfoot, the other adjoining the lagoon and the final adjoining border of Bien Dong. Therefore, Loc
Binh people have to confront annually natural disasters continuously, especially in rainyseasons, the water level rose high, the heavy rainfall, the strong wind; in the dry season, thelong term effects of hot temperature, drought, salinity intrusion leading to lack of water for living
and producing. The Commune has 6 villages, each village has each specific characteristic: Tan
An, Mai Gia Phuong and Hoa An are located nearly mountain chains and a part of the area is inlower area adjoining swamp; Tan Binh, An Binh, and Hai Binh are located in low-lying areaadjoining Tu Hien Gate and Bien Dong. Therefore, most of economic activities are muchdiversified: agriculture, forestry, caching in river, swamp and seashore, aquaculture.
2. Population
Population
HouseholdPopulation at working age (18-60 years old)

Total
497
1518

Male
425
688

Female65
830

Children under 18 years old
Woman headed family
Poor household
Illiterate
Primary
SecondaryHigh school
High school onward
University
Commune administration (number of village: 6)
VillageHousehold Population Poor
HH
1
Tan An72
420
29
2
Mai Gia
95
584
36
Phuong3
Hoa An150
832
52
4
Tan Binh
62
394
25
An Binh43
226
14
6
Hai Binh
57
313
24
Total
497
2769
180
3. Land use
Type of land
Natural land
Residential land
Agriculture land

487

704

138

42

376
269
100
6/1
2

196
139
42
6
1

180
120
58
1
1

The most vulnerable people
Elderly
Children Disable
13
44
1
10
88
6

Women
12
8

9
10
17
7
66

15
2
2
6
45

Area (ha)
2739
50,29
104,93

Forestry land

922,9Aqua culture land
Others
4. Economic activities
Activity

40
1761,63

Agriculture (Rice, farm produce)
Forestry (forestry planting)Fishing
Aquaculture (shrimp, snail,grouper...raising)

1191
45
180

Area/size
104,93125
40

5. Living water, environment and sanitation
Village
HH
Living water
Well
Container Community
water supply
station/runningwater...
Tan An
72
31

136
55
36
16
375

4
0
0
1
12

Type of production
Rice, sweet potato, fruit-tree
planting
Forestry (eucalyptus), naturalforestry planting
Shrimp, sweet snail, grouper raising
Catching in river and rammer
Householdinvolve
232
98
125
130

Average income(head/year)
2.400.000
1.000.000
2.800.000
2.200.000

Sanitation
SepticTemporary No
tanklatrinelatrinelatrine
666

Mai Gia
Phuong
Hoa AnTan Binh
An BinhHai Binh
Total

95

33

150
62
43
57
479

91
10
13
30
218

25
36
27
88

5

90

14
5
13
2
45

136
57
30
55
434

6. Infrastructure
Electric system: Was set up in 2002
The commune has 5 transformer stations (3 stations with 25KVA, 2 stations with 50KVA). Wireline has 9km supplying 390 households reaching 81.42% .
Transportation system: (Earthen road, Asphalt road, Concrete road, Others)
Earthen road: 5.92km
Asphalt road: 5.5km
Concrete road: 1.923km
Others: 8.5km
School (kindergarten, Primary, secondary and high schools)
Kindergarten has 7 rooms; each village has 1 room, the 2 main rooms in Hoa An village. All
rooms have been built strongly. The area of each room is 40m2, establishing from 2000 to 2004
Primary: 1 main school (2 floors) was built in 2000 (in Hoa An village) with the area of 250m2
and 4 strong school in 4 villages (Tan An, Mai Gia Phuong, An Binh ,Hai Binh ). The total areaof 800m2, were built in1997-2003
Health center: has been built strongly in1995, the area of 120m2 with 6 sick-beds
Public buildings (People’s Committee office, market.
The former People's committee office: was built in 1994, the area of 120m2, located in Mai Gia
Phuong village
The newly People's committee office: has been built strongly ( 2 floors) with the area of 250 m2
in Hoa An village
Loc Binh Market: was built strongly in 2003 with the area of 500m2 in Hoa An village
One Post Office commune was built in 2002, the area of 36m2 in Hoa An
One running water system in Tan Binh was built in 2001 with 3 km pipeline
PART II: DISATER PREPAREDNESS PLANSITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
Hazard assessment
Disaster impacts in the last 10-15 years
Year
Disasters
Loss of life
NumberReason1983
Serious0
The high awareness ofFloodstorm control. Reported
in time.
1985
TyphoonLoss of Property
Drifting 70 weak houses, loss
10 ha of farm produce.
Collapsed 118 thatchedcottages adjoining seaside andlagoon;Damaged 2 weak rooms

1988

Heavy
drought

1990

Whirlwinda womandiedBeing drown when she
was working net in
swamp

1999

Deluge0Community took part inflood control, evacuating
people and property
from depressed area tohigher area (school,commune people's
committee).

2000 &
2005

Drought andNo.8 storm

Damaged farm produce, 100%due to lack of water
500 ha of forestry were burnt
due to careless people.
30 potential houses were taken
away of roof
20 weak houses have beencollapsed
Collapsed 1 main bridge and 8
drains due to flash flood; 2 houses
due to landslide. 2km asphalt roadwere damaged to 80%; 75% ofcottages were flooded over 1m.
100 % of households became
hungry, 35 weak and potential
houses were collapsed, 64 houses
were flooded over 1m

Main hazards (according to the tropical year)
HazardEndingmonth
November

Duration

Warning signal

TyphoonStarting
month
July

3 daysSteering District offlood and storm
control informed in
TV and Radio

Flood

July

November

3-4 days

Experiential folk

Remark andimpacts
greatly wind andsea wave, heavy
rain; Storm
appeared at night;- property(collapsing weak
house)- Infrastructure(transportation
communication;
ponds weredamaged greatly
Water level rose
highunexpectedly, theaverage waterlevel 1-1,5m, sea
wave and floodtide rose highunexpectedly
causing flood,
damaged property
and infrastructure,environmental
pollution, theRanking12

Landslide

September November

Quickly(after aheavylong rain
160180mm)

artesian watersarea, soft earthen
layer has been
crackedDroughtAprillongesttime: 3-4
months,at least 1
month

hot temperature
38-40 degree;affected by hot
and dry wetly wind
( from Laos)

Augustappearance ofdiseases(cholera, dengue
fever)
Collapsing weak
houses, flash
flood filled up
cultivated land.
Landslide in
residential area; -collapsing
cottages; filling
farmland- Infrastructure:traffic jam- Loss crop, forest
firing- lack of water forliving andproducing- Influenza,cholera, dengue
fever.

1.2 Capacity assessment▪ Social organizations involve in disaster preparedness (SCFSC/annual disaster
preparedness plan, emergency rescue facilities and skills of members of rescue team,volunteers....)▪ Each year, the Steering district of Storm and Flood Control has appointed 20 membersin the Steering Commune of Storm and Flood Control (including associations, healthcenter, and school as well as village leader.
▪ Hazard prevention plan has been developed 2 months before the rainy season.
Commune has 1 rescue team including 6 members, who are responsible for quickly
rescue in dangerous situation.
▪ There are 6 rescue teams in 6 villages that contain 50 strong youth; all of them canswim. The head of village cooperated with associations to guide these people.
Emergency rescue facilities have been equipped:▪ Commune rescue team: 6 life-jackets▪ Village rescue teams: 6 life-jackets and 12 life-preservers▪ Infrastructure (electric system, roads, public buildings and health center...)▪ Community motivation and attitude: Loss of people and property caused by natural
disasters; enhancing community awareness of hazard prevention. People watch TV,
listen to radio, especially weather forecast program daily to prevent disasters: propping
cottage, evacuating the elderly and children. When hazards appeared, people help eachother: evacuating victims and property to safe place, interdependence and mutual
affection after the hazard such as: repairing house, sharing food and clothe during days
that haven't received sponsor from government and social charities.
1.3 Vulnerability assessment and proposed reduction measures

34

a. The most vulnerable villages
VillageType of hazards
Flood Typhoon Drought Flashflood
Tan ANX
X
X
X
Mai Gia Phuong X
XX
0
Hoa AnX
X
X
X
Tan Binh
X
X
00
An BinhX
X
00
Hai Binh
X
X
00

The most vulnerable people
Storm Children Elderly Women

Ranking

X
0
0
X
0
0

1
5
6
2
3
4

44
88
136
55
36
16

13
10
9
10
17
7

12
8
15
2
2
6

b. Infrastructure:
Emergency rescue facilities
Situational analysis
Commune has been equipped with emergency rescue facilities: 10 life jackets, 12 lifebuoys,
10m ropes, 20 motor boats, which are collected from fishers in MGF, Tan Binh, Hoa An.
However, these emergency rescue facilities are still not enough to serve. For example, lack ofmotorboat for The Steering Commune of Flood and Storm Control, lack of loudspeaker, life
jacket, lifebuoy, and storm petrel.
Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions according totheir importanceType of facilities
1
2
3
4
5

Life-jacket
Life-buoy
Life-line
Stretcher
Loudspeaker

6
7

Ampler
Storm - petrel

8Motor boat

Unit

Quantity

m

60
120
600
6
6

set

1
2

Utility and management purposes
Disaster risk reduction
Rescue people in flood
Rescue people in flood
Rescue people in flood
Victim evacuation
Inform in time; guide the rescue
team; and evacuation
Out of electricity prevention in flood
Guide boat to escape when storm
occursFor commune rescue team,emergency rescue in the commune.

Transportation and electric system
Situational analysis
People in Tan An, Mai Gia Phuong ,Hoa An are living in low-lying area adjoining swamp; inwhich 3km of narrow pathway flooded over 1m when the rainy season. Therefore, the rescue,evacuation of people and property get many difficulties because these roads connect concreteroad, asphalt road, school; Commune people's committee office (safer shelters).
The lack of electric system (only 81.42% of households have used electricity, Households in Hai
Binh, Hoa An, Tan An haven't used electricity account for 18.85%.
Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions according totheir importance
Sub-projectSize
Utility and management purposes

1

Newly concreteroad
construction in
MGF

800m length,4.5m width,
0.5m height

Disaster risk reduction
Evacuation people andproperty of fisher whenflood coming

Socio-economic development

Living water, environment and sanitation
Situational analysis
Living water for human life is short and not ensure quality. Presently, only 63.88% of householdusing stone-well(10.5), well (35%), running water(18.38%)(container in Tan Binh village )Only 6.9% of households use septic tank latrine, the other people make a mess in the stream,
forest hill, and path at edge of rice field and swamp.
Therefore, diseases such as: cholera, dengue fever appear and spread after the rainy season,
especially, in Mai Gia Phuong, Tan Binh.
Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions according totheir importance
PROJECTS
1
2

UNIT

Well (in Tan An ,Mai Gia
Phuong, Hai Binh)
septic tank latrine (6villages)

QUANTITY
60
100

PURPOSE: NATURALDISASTER REDUCTION
Ensure hygiene of living
water
Environmental pollution
and diseases reduction

Residential housing and public buildings
Situational analysis
The number of house roofed corrugated iron, canvas, and nylon accounting for 9.2% in 6
villages. Tan An has many weak houses. Twenty houses laid adjoining landslide area in Tan An, Tan Binh, Mai Gia Phuong. Over 150 motor boats of fishers inTan Binh, Mai Gia Phuong, Hoa
An haven't had safe shelter in case of storm.
Propose and prioritize sub-project to improve/upgrade or build new constructions according totheir importance

1

2
3

PROJECTS

PLACE

UNIT

QUANTITY

Harborconstruction,
each harbor has
50m in length,
20m in width, 1m
in depth.
Grade 4 house
construction
Houseevacuation

Tan Binh
Mai Gia
Phuongm3

3000

Tan Binh
Tan AnPURPOSE:NATURALDISASTER REDUCTION
Help 150 boats to havesafe shelter

44

Flood resistance20

Landslide resistanceSocio-organizations
Analysis weaknesses of agencies involve in disaster mitigation and skills of SCFSC, emergency
rescue team, volunteers, local health workers...
Most of members of rescue teams and associations of 6 villages haven’t attained first aid andrescue skills training. Some households in Tan An, Tan Binh are not interested in natural
disasters prevention. Social organizations are weak and not synchronous.
Suggest training programs for capacity development
12

ProgramTraining awarenessraising of hazard
prevention based oncommunity
Training emergency
rescue skills for rescue
team

Duration
2 daysParticipants
Residential Community of 6villages: 42 people

2 daysRescue team of commune,
village

Trainers?
Red Cross
Association ofProvince andDistrict
Red Cross
Association ofProvince andDistrict

SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ACTIVITIES IN THE DISASTER PREPAEDNESS PLAN
PRIORITIZED ACTIVITIES
Sub-project title
Non-structural sub-projects
1
Training awarenessraising of hazard
prevention
2
Training first aid andrescue skill for rescue
team
3
Emergency rescue
facilities

45Structural Sub-projects
1
Harbor construction
2
3

4

Avoided flood road
construction in MGP
Evacuate 20 houses toprevent landslide andconstruct 44 weak
houses.
Dyke construction toPlan for 2005-2006

Plan from 2006-2010 onward

Training 42 members in
6 villages

1 Amply electronic with 100W to supply
power incase flood

Training 70 members ofcommune' s Storm andFlood Control
Life jacket: 60,
Lifebuoy: 120
Lifeline: 600m
Stretcher: 6
Handed - loudspeaker:
6

1 Storm-petrel tower (helping boat whenflood coming)
2 motor-boats, emergency rescue
facilities in the commune

Construct 2 harbor in MGP, 1 in Tan
Binh
Avoided flood road construction in
Evacuate 20 houses to prevent landslideand construct 44 weak houses
Dyke construction to prevent landslide

5
6

prevent landslide
Well construction
Construct 100 septictank latrine(Tan An)
Well construction
Construct 100 septic tank latrine7
2. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF THE FIRST YEAR (2005 – 2006)
Implementation
Implementation method
Sub-project
time
Local
Required support
Quantity
title
frame/beneficiari contribution
Technical Financiales
Non-structural sub-projects
42
Member of
5
CECI
CECI
1,Training
peoplecommunity
95%
awarenessraising of
hazardprevention
program2, Training
70
Member of
5
Red
CECI
95%
first aid andpeopleresidential area
Cross
rescue skill
Associati
for rescueon
teamCheck of CECI
Community in
3, Emergency
95%
Storm
disaster area
rescueand560
facilities
Flood
5
120
Life-jacket
Control
5600
Lifebuoyagencies
56Life-line
5
6
Stretcher
Handed loudspeaker
Structural projects
150
Rescue road for 20
Design of 80%
1. Concrete
residential area
Agricultur
road
e and
construction
Agricultur
in Mai GiaalPhuong (3.5 xDevelop
800m)
ment
Dealing with
20
Design of 80%
2. Septic tank 200
environmental
Agricultur
latrinesanitatione andconstruction
Agricultur(70 latrines) inal
2 group
Developvillages (2.5
mentmillion/latrine)
3. SUMMARY OF SUB-PROJECT COST ESTIMATION FOR 2005 – 2006

Involvement/
responsibility
2 days2 days1 month

3 months

3 months

Sub-project title

Quantity

Non-structural sub-projects
1 Training
42 people
awarenessraising of hazard
prevention
2 Training first aid
70 people
and rescue skill
for rescue team
3 Emergency
rescue facilities
60
Life-jacket
120
Lifebuoy
600
Lifeline
6
Stretcher6
Handedloudspeaker
Structural sub-projects
2.800 m2
1 Concrete road
construction in
Mai Gia Phuong(3.5 x 800m)

2 Septic tanklatrineconstruction (70latrines) in 2
group villages(2.5 million/latrine
Total

560m2

Estimated cost

Local
contribution

Required support
Technical
Financial

2,5 million

0,125 million

2,375 million

4,0 million

0,200 million

15 million

0,75 million

Red Cross
Associationof Province,
District
Red Cross
Associationof Province,
District
Check of
Storm andFloodControlagencies

200

40

Design ofAgriculture
andAgricultural
Development

CECI
160 million

175 million

35 million

Design ofAgriculture
andAgricultural
Development

40 million

3,800 million

CECI 14,25
millionPART III: SAFER PRODUCTION PLAN
1. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS:
1.1 Main economic activities
Type of production

Area (ha)1Agriculture (Rice)2

Growing forestry

3
4

104.93

Annualproductivity
325 tons

Households
involve232

150

1500tons98

Fishing (river, swamp)

60

105

Fishing (sea)15

20

Remarks
Aluminous land,salinity intrusion
High slope
Change ofsalinity

5

Aquaculture (Exporting
shrimp, snail ...)

40

30

130

Temporarydyke

a. Season calendar and hazard threat
Crop
Winter spring
Subsidiary
Sweet potato
Cassava
Intensive farming
shrimp raising
Extensive farming
shrimp raising
Forestry planting
Forestry caring
Catching in river
Natural disasters
Storm
Flood
Landslide
Drought

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Disaster impacts on production in the last 10-15 years
Year

Type of disaster

1983

Serious flood

1985

Big storm

1988

Heavy drought

1999

Whirlwind

Loss of production
Loss
10 ha of cassava (Tan An,
MGP, Hoa An, Tan Binh)
Drifting 100% of net
500 ha of forestry havebeen fired.
30 ha of potato field of
subsidiary crop have been
fired, productivity reaching
20%
Drifting 100% of net
Drifting 10 ha of cassava
Filling up 5 ha of cultivatedland

Reasons
Salinity intrusion, cassava were rotten
Great sea wave
Salinity change. Salinity intrusion ofrice field adjoining swamp
High temperature, dry stream,

Great sea wave
Salinity intrusion,

20002005

Drought and No.8
storm

20 ha of shrimp pond werebreached
Completely loss of 15 ha ofrice field (Tan An)
4 ha of potato's
productivity reached 20%,
Damaged 5 ha of potato
fieldGreat sea wave
Salinity change, environmental
population
Lack of water for producing
Salinity intrusionc. The most vulnerable production areas
Kinds of hazards
Floo Typhoo DroughProduction area/type of production
d
n
t

Rank

1, Tan An

x

x

x

Flas
h
flood
x

2, Mai Gia Phuong

x

x

x

x

2

3, Hoa An
4, Tan Binh
5, An Binh
6, Hai Binh

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

x
0
0
0

x
x
0
x

3
4
5
6

1.2 Productive capacity assessment
Land use
Type of land
Area (ha)104.23
Agriculture land
Forestry land
922.90Aqua culture land
40
Other

SycloneThunder
1Type of production
Rice, farm product, fruit-tree, industrial tree
Planting forestry, natural forestry
Shrimp, fishes, snail
Waste land surface

1761.63
Agriculture land has enough water for irrigating and high fertility reaching 74 ha. 15 ha ofaquaculture land have suitable salinity and enough fresh water to meet the demand. 80 ha offorestry land in mountainside have good fertility, less slope, suitable for developing forestry
model. The area of water surface has been experimented sweet snail raising model (Hai Binh)and grouper raising model (Tan Binh) that bring back many satisfactory results. Therefore, fooddemand of local people is rather stable, improvement of income and human life.
Infrastructure for production (irrigation system, road, seed....)A spillway was built in 2003 in Hoa An to connect 1.2km of strong canal route, which has 0.8 km
in length. This irrigation system brings irrigation water to more than 15 ha of field. Mai Gia
Phuong has built 1 drain and 2 strong canal systems with 0.8km in length in 2001, which bringwater to10 ha of field; 6 km of brook in 6 villages server 45 ha of the rest field. As a result, withthe canal and irrigation system can serve 74 ha of rural land and 15 ha of shrimp pond (in Hoa
An, Tan Binh, Hai Binh )Traffic system: With 1.92 km of concrete road link residential areas to fields in Tan An, Mai Gia
Phuong, Hoa An, An Binh facilitated for agriculture, aquaculture, and goods circulation

Techniques and skills: Training shrimp raising classes for staff and farmer have been developedby skillful governing agencies in order to increased awareness and skil; training program is oncea year in 1 day in Mai Gia Phuong village with 40 participants. Another IMP training class about
diseases prevention for 50 farmers within 1 week in Hoa An.
Productive vulnerability
Land use: land use is unsuitable: about 20ha of rice land are salinity intrusion, water shortage,and 25 ha of aqua cultural land have over salinity, fresh water shortage and water pollution. In
this area, rice average capacity reaches 5 quintals per hectare; average capacity of exportedshrimp reaches 3 quintals per hectare. Moreover, most of farmland of households didn't have
improved model, income from garden was too low.
1

Type of land
Agriculture land

Area (ha)20

2Forestry land

70

3

Pond for shrimp
raising25

Quality of land or water
Salinity intrusion, lack ofwater
Gravel, high slope, lessproductivity
Aluminous land, highsalinity, water population

Type of production
Rice, farm product
Planting eucalyptus,
cajuput
Shrimp raising andsweet snail

Infrastructure for production (irrigation system, road, seed....)
Irrigation system for production mainly depends on stream therefore 30% of agricultural landand 50% of aqua cultural land are still short of water, (especially in Tan An, Mai Gia
Phuong).The lack of 2.5 km of irrigation system in Tan An, Hoa An; 6km of road in Tan An, Hoa
An, Mai Gia Phuong has been projected but couldn't carry out; most of seeds have been
degenerated, 70% of farmers and fishers are lack of capital for production therefore limited inintensive farming investment
Techniques and skills: propaganda program, technical training for agricultural extension, aqua
cultural extension, sweet snail raising, shrimp raising and technological-scientific exchange.
2. STRATEGIC PRODUCTION PLAN
2.1 Land use planningLand conversion planning
Based on the weakness of salted land and water shortage, it's necessary for converting 10ha ofsalted land to exported-shrimp raising in order to increase income; 50 ha of natural forestry
should be arranged for industrial crops as rubber tree. Ways to deal with aluminous land andsalted land by fertilizing organic fertilizer and lime.
Diversification of production:
To improve garden for income increase, we should popularize fruit-tree planting model, at firstchoose 6 garden of 3 villages Tan An, Hoa An, Hai Binh, and then broaden in the large area.
Investing 100% of 1 seed for Subsidiary crop 2006 in Tan An, MGF, Hoa An-where areimportance places for rice production. Credit capital investment (100 million) for households
loan, who are lack of capital for production to buy seed, fertilizer, shelter...After a production
period, these households will pay all capital for Commune management.
2.2 Improvement infrastructure for better production
Sub-project

Area

Benefits
Disaster mitigation

Socio-economic
development

1

Grade first of Khang Dan
seed rice for subsidiarycrop (140kg/ha x 60 ha)

2Capital for agricultural
production, raise shrimp,
sweet snail

3

Build 2 impoundments in
Tan AnStrengthening dyke

4
5

Reinforcing pond in Hoa
An

8.4 tons

Width 5m,height 1m
Length1500m, width
0.6cm
Length 1km,
width

Provide for 60 ha ofrice field in Tan An,
Mai Gia Phuong, Hoa
An, capacity
improvement
For 100 farmers andfishers who are lacksof capital for
producing.
Drought resistance for
15 ha of rice field
Drought resistance for
15 ha of rice field

2.3 productive capacity developments
Technical trainings: technical training is a weakness issue, farmer cultivated on their own ways.
Therefore, it's necessary to have training programs such as: exported-shrimp raising,
agricultural extension program, garden improvement, sweets snail and grouper raising models,
IMP program.
Set up demonstration models
Trainings
Duration
Participants?
Trainers?
1
Training aqua cultural
2 days60
Aqua culture
raising (shrimp, grouper,
Extension Center ofsweet snail)
Province anddistrict2
Training Scientific8 days
200
Aqua culture
Technological exchange
Extension Center ofprogram
Province
3
4
SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ACTIVITIES IN THE SAFER PRODUCTION PLAN
1. PRIORITIZED ACTIVITIES
Sub-project title
Plan for (2005-2006)
Non-structural sub-projects
1
Training aqua
Training 60 participants on
cultural raisingraising shrimp, sweet snail and(shrimp, grouper, training farmer in 6 villages
sweet snail)including 200 people.
Place: Mai Gia Phuong2
Grade 1 seed for Serving 230 households with 60
subsidiary crop
ha of field in Tan An, MGF, Hoa(Khang Dan )An
3
Credit capital for
Serving for 100 farmers andPlan from 2006-2010
onwardPeriod10 days

3 months
5 months

producing
agriculture, aqua
culture, sweet
snail
Structural projects
1
Build 2
impoundments in
Tan Anfishers

Build 2 impoundments in Tan
An

Reinforcing dykes
and pond in Hoa An
to flood control.

3 months

2. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN OF THE FIRST YEAR (2005 – 2006)
Implementation
Implementation method
Sub-project
time
Local
Required support
Quantity
title
frame/beniciarie contribution
Technical Financials
Non-structural sub-projects
CECI
Fisher living in
5%
Aqua
Training aqua 260
95%
peopleswamp andculture,cultural
Agriculture
farmers of 6
raising
Extensionvillages(shrimp,
Centre ofgrouper,
Province
sweet snail)and training
ScientificTechnologicalexchange
program
CECI
230 farming
5%
Plant and
Grade 1 seed 8.4 tons
95%
households
seedfor subsidiarycenter ofcrop (Khang
Province.
Dan) serves
60 ha of fieldin Tan An,
MGF, Hoa
An.
100 farming and
CECI
Credit capitalfishing
100%
for producing
households
agriculture,aqua culture,
shrimp sweet
snail raising
Structural projects

Involvement/
responsibility

Build 2
impoundment
in Tan An
Characteristic: length 1m,
aperture 2.5m
Material:
Concrete,
plank

Serving 70
farming
household in
Tan An,irrigating waterfor 15ha of fieldwith double
crops

5%

Drawing of
district
manageme
nt project

CECI
95%

SUMMARY OF SUB-PROJECT COST ESTIMATION FOR 2005 – 2006
Sub-project title

Quantity

Non-structural sub-projects
260
1 Training aquapeoplecultural raising(shrimp raising,grouper,sweetened) andtraining ScientificTechnologicalexchange
program
2 Grade 1 seed for 8.4 tons
subsidiary crop
(Khang Dan )serves 60 ha ofrice field in Tan
An, MGF, Hoa
An.
100
3 Credit capital forhouseholdproducing
agriculture, aqua s
culture, shrimp,
sweet snail
raising
Structural sub-projects
1 Build 2
impoundments in
Tan AnCharacteristic:
length 1m,
aperture 2.5m
Material:
Concrete, plank
Total

Estimated cost

Local
contribution

Required support
Technical
Financial13.5 million

0.675 million

Aqua
cultural,
agricultural
Extension
Centre ofProvince

40 million

2 million

CECI 12.825
million

CECI 100
million

100million

CECI
100 million

100million

CECI
Drawing of
95 million
projectmanagement districtlevel

235.5 million

240.820 million

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS INVOLVE IN PLANNING#
Name
Position1Lương Thế VĩnhVice chairman of Commune
People's Committee, teamleader2Nguyễn Chu
Land Officer3Nguyễn Thái
Officer, representative of 6
trainees
4
Phan Văn UýnhTrainee, Representative of
6 villages
Date..........month........year...........
Certification of Commune People’s Committee
Chairman______________________

Signature

93

Annex 3:
Final Dissemination Workshop Minutes

ENHANCING HUMAN SECURITY, ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT (EHSEDM) PROJECT
Hue | Viet Nam

DISSEMINATION WORKSHOP REPORT- Time: 8h00 to 11h, September 19th, 2006
- Location: Meeting hall of People’s Committee of Phu Loc district – Thua Thien Hue Province.

I. Purpose:- To share achieve results and experience from EHSEDM project in 03 communes LocAn, Loc
Hoa and Loc Binh with other communes, towns scope of Phu Loc district.
II. Participants:
1. Asian Development Bank (ADB):
Ms. Nao Ikemoto
Environment specialist of ADB
Mr. Ahsan Tayyab
Senior specialist of resource management
2. CECI:
Ms Gaby Breton
Ms Kathleen McLaughlin
Ms. Doan Anh Nguyet
Mr. Dang Ngoc Dien
Mr. Nguyen Van Phuong

Team Leader of EHSEDM projectManager in Asia area
Accountant cum admin
Program coordinator
Project driver

3. Local official in Phu Loc district, communes, town scope of Phu Loc district:- Mr. Cai Vinh Tuan : Head of project management district level
03 head of project management_EHSEDM commune Loc An, Loc Hoa, Loc Binh
44 local officials in other communes and towns scope of Phu Loc district include commune’schairman, chairperson of farmer social and chairperson of women social.
III. Content:
General introduction of EHSEDM project of Ms. Gaby Breton - Team leader of project.
Statement main content of the meeting by Mr. Cai Vinh Tuan – Head of management districtlevel.
Presentations:
Presentation the results performed of EHSEDM project EHSEDM of Loc Binh Commune by Mr.
Le Tuy – Head of management commune level.
Presentation the results performed of EHSEDM project EHSEDM of Loc Hoa Commune by Mr.
Doan Van Chuong – Head of management commune level.
Presentation the results performed of EHSEDM project EHSEDM of Loc An Commune by Mr.
Cao Xuan Minh – Head of management commune level.
Presentation of community based hazard management map by Mr. Nguyen Quang Tuan –lecturer of Hue University
Open discussions
Question: After project trained 06 local trainers what does Loc Binh commune do with 06
people? (By Mr. Tayyab)
Answer: 06 local trainers are member of commune Red Cross; they will train with local people.
(Answer by head of management Loc binh commune)

Question: To protect the sluice gate, what are your management methods? (By Mr. Tayyab)
Answer: We collect the money from direct beneficiaries, base oneself on each harvest and we
use that budget for protection the construction. (Answer by head of management Loc binhcommune)Question: How is the engagement of first beneficiaries about cows and pigs? (By Ms Gaby)
Answer: For the seed bull: use seed bull to multiply with female cows, after it multiplied to make100 baby cows, that bull will belong to beneficiary.
For the female cows: After it has baby cows for the first time, the beneficiary keep the baby cow
during 10 months and then handover that baby cow for the second beneficiary. After female cowborn baby cow for second time, the beneficiary also keeps the baby cow during 10 months thenhandover for the third beneficiary. The second beneficiaries, the third beneficiaries also do likethe first beneficiary.
For the pigs: the first beneficiary will keep pig until it born the piggy, the 02 piggies will behandover for second beneficiary and the third beneficiary, the 2nd and 3rd beneficiary will also
do like the 1st beneficiary.
(Answer by head of the management Loc Hoa commune)
Question: What do you do for rubbish from local people? (By person in Loc Dien commune)
Answer: Local people were trained about awareness of keep clean the environment. We use 03
dustbins that EHSEDM project allowanced and handover for groups self manage.
The workshop was finished at 11h20 of the day.

94

Annex 4:
Likely Impacts of Climate Change
on Different Sectors in Thua Thien Hue

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95

Table 17: Impacts and Adaptation in Sea Level Rise
Potential Impacts

Sea level rise, more floods & storms:
Increased frequency and intensity of flood,tidal waves and storms:
Sea level rise in the long term future would:
1. Cause large scale inundation of Tam
Giang-Cau Hai lagoon, delta areas,
increase the impacts of floods in Huongand other rivers;
2. Affectthewetlandandwetlandecosystems and cause mangrove forestloss;
3. Cause predicted coastal erosion andaggregation, which would increase theimpacts of stronger waves and storm
surges etc. to the coastal constructions,houses, facilities and mangrove forests.
Impactsonplanning,
designandconstructions of coastal infrastructure andresidential areas:
4. Cause significant land loss in the great
coastal area, narrow the living and paddy
area, adversely affect local livelihoods(agri/aquaculture and tourism industry[eco-tourism, sea side hotels andresorts]), especially in the lagoon andHuong river areas;
5. Stronger storm surges would threaten
structures in the coastal zone and low
lands;
6. Threaten the foundations of industrial,

Adaptation Options and Measures

Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs

There are 3 strategic options for active
adaptation in the coastal zone:(Numbers are respective to the measure’s
number)A. Full protection – both physical andinstitutional adaptation:

A1. High-Medium/High;A1. Build new sea dykes and anti-erosion
barriers gradually from Thuan An to Tu Hienestuaries.
A2. Build a new dyke along the lower Huong
River bank for flooding areas;
A3. Strengthen & make all existing dykes
higher;A4. Make land foundation higher in coastal
construction;
A5. Establish the non-constructed areas,
constructive rules;
A6.
Protect
anddevelopbetterwetland/mangrove forests, new types of bankprotective plants or forest like casuarina,
vertiver etc.;
A7. Develop and strengthen integrated
coastal and river basin management andintegrated lagoon management.
B. Adaptation: Accept some losses, “adjust”
infrastructures and habits of the people livingin the coastal zone;
B1. Build “adaptive” infrastructures (higher
stronger houses & schools, shelters, green
belt etc.) or reform existing ones with the viewA2. Medium-Medium/High: High cost and lackof funding. Need deeper study, modeling andassessment;
A3. Medium-High/High: Lower cost and needto involve local people. Risk of dyke collapse
caused by sand moving and erosion at dyke
foundation;
A4. High-High/High;A5.
High-Low/Medium:Low
feasibility
because people use to think firstly of
livelihood, daily profits and high coastal landcosts but don’t remember the risk until
disasters, or even don’t listen to theauthority’s rules, orders or warnings;
A6. High-High/High: Lower cost and ability tocall for external funds. Need good capacity,communication & management;
A7.
High-Medium/High:On-going andplanned programs of ICZM and IMOLA
projects.
B1. High-High/Medium;B2. Medium-Medium/Medium;B3. High-Medium/High;B4. High-High/High;ENHANCING HUMAN SECURITY, ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT (EHSEDM) PROJECT
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96

Potential Impacts

Adaptation Options and Measurestransport and national defence structuresthat were designed according to present
sea level;
7. Increase costs of strengthening andmaintaining the structures.
Increasing dry, hot weather, droughts andsalinity intrusion, that would:
8. Affect the supply/demand balance, cause
water use conflicts between electricity,
municipal, and agri/aquaculture needs
9. Affect the growth ofenvironmental flow andmaintenance.

mangroves,biodiversity

10. Affect aquaculture and the fisherys(higher salinity and more disease and fish
migration)

to climate change adaptation;
B2. Transfer to suitable agri/aquacultural
farming techniques;
B3. Early warning & good communication(radio, bell-rings, loudspeakers systems etc.);
B4. Awareness raising and capacity building
on adaptation and preparedness for local
authorities and people;
B5. Active grassroots education and training,stakeholder participation;
B6. Invest in scientific study and forecastingmodeling methods;
B7. Implicate climate change into policy
making and planning, develop provincial
strategies and local action plans to deal withsea level rise and extreme events;
B8. Build barriers (such as Thao Long barrier)to prevent salinity intrusion;
B9. Pump for drainage.
C. Withdrawal (or avoidance):
C1. Avoid natural impacts of sea level rise by
resettlement, and moving houses and otherinfrastructure from threatened areas;
C2. Natural immigration from inundation area
inland.

Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs
B5. Medium-High/High;B6. High-Medium/Medium;B7. High-Medium/High;
B8. Under construction but need moredetailed EIA;
B9. Medium-Medium/Medium.
Need for:•Better mechanisms for cooperation andcoordination between provincial, local
authority, various departments, managers
and projects’ developers;•

Considering all stakeholders’ interestsand conflicts;•

Community-based,making.

bottom-up

decision

Many national highways and provincial roadsin Thua Thien Hue are constructed near thecoastal line or lagoon. They have to bereconstructed or reconsidered when used instorm or typhoon periods to avoid accidents.
C1. Medium-Low/Low: Very costly
socially complicated resettlement;
C2. High-High/Low.

ENHANCING HUMAN SECURITY, ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT (EHSEDM) PROJECT
Hue | Viet Nam

and

97

Table 18: Impacts and Adaptation in Water Resources
Potential Impacts
1.

2.

Increase in frequency and intensity of extreme
climate events (i.e. typhoons and storms)
which affect the water resources;
Instability in precipitation and flows: increases
and decreases of rainfall causing more severe
floods in rainy season and longer, deeper
droughts in dry season;

3.

More floods and inundation, flash floods,
landslide and erosion;

4.

Droughts: increased water shortage andgrowing water demand threaten water supply
for electric generation and irrigation systems,
causing water use conflicts;

5.

Adverse effects to agri/aquaculture, fishery,
and water transport.

Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs

Adaptation Options and Measures
A.

Constructive (physical) measures:

A1. Build dams and reservoirs to contain & control
flood water and regulate water during low-flowseason;A2. Upgrade and raise the scale of drainage
systems;
A3. Upgrade existing sea and river-bank dykes,
step by step build planned sea dyke from Tu Hiento Thuan An dyke;
A4. Organize new resettlement areas to avoid theeffects of sea level rise in the basins and coastal
areas.
B. Non-constructive measures:
B1. Develop & improve integrated water resource
management at river basin scale (IWRM),
especially better regulation and operation ofreservoirs and hydro power system;
B2. Reduce population growth rate;
B3. Reclaim areas, especially in hilly midlandareas for agricultural production; change
agri/aquaculture techniques of cultivation;
B4. Protect and plant upstream catchments andprotective forests (At Aluoi, Nam Dong etc.);
B5. Improve water use efficiency, regulate run-off
during dry season by reservoirs;
B6. Raise awareness and training on watersavings for people & public bodies (schools,
enterprises, etc.), safer rational use of surface andground water resources;
B7. Conduct studies in modeling, long-term(seasonal, inter-annual) water resources prediction
for better planning.

A1. High-Medium/High;A2. High-Medium/Medium;A3. Medium-Medium/High;A4. Medium-Medium/Low.
•

Five reservoirs are planned to be built in thebasins. Highest priority should be given to thebiggest Ta Trach dam, then to other dams
(Binh Dien, Huong Dien etc.);•

Lower dam-barrier system like Thao Longdam, which is under construction, should becompleted in time and start its operation to
avoid salinity intrusion at low flow;•

Some infrastructure like dams or roads may
block natural flood release way and cause“unequal” flood or dyke break.

B1. High-Medium/High;B2. High-Medium/High;B3. Medium-Medium/Medium;B4. Medium-Medium/High;B5. Medium-Medium/High;B6. High-High/High;B7. Medium-Medium/Medium.

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98

Table 19: Impacts and Adaptation in Agriculture Sectors
Potential Impacts
1.

More flood & inundation;

2.

More droughts, longer dry period which would
affect the yield and production;3.

Impacts on crop distribution:a. Planting boundary of tropical trees/crops
would move towards higher hill &mountainous areas;b. Adaptation area of subtropical plants would
become narrower. Adaptation time oftropical crops would extend, while
subtropical crops would decrease;c. Significant cultivation areas in Huong and O
Lau river deltas, and in the lagoon bars
would be under salt water due to sea level
rise.

Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs

Adaptation Options and Measures
A. Build dams and reservoirs to control flood
water and regulate water during low-flow;

A. High-Medium /High;B. Medium-Medium/Medium;

B. Upgrade flood release channels, irrigation
systems and pumping stations for agriculture;

C. High-High/Medium;

C. More effective irrigation water use;

D. Medium-Medium/Medium;

D. Develop crop patterns suitable to climatechange: new varieties that could stand against
severe environmental conditions (drought or
flood resistant etc.);

E. Medium-Medium/Medium;

E. Reserve and store local crop varieties andestablish crop seed banks;

H. Medium-Medium/Medium;

F. High-Medium/Medium;
G. Medium-Medium/High;I.

High-Medium/Low: Very good ideas of shiftingfrom agri- to aquaculture or simple handicrafts
and back have to be considered, sociallystudied and tested in reality. Why not teachfarmers simple English phrases and someskills for eco-tourism, folklore culture etc. Yet
these simple but effective ideas are paid very
little attention.

•

In Thua Thien Hue many rice & crop fields arein lower deltas and near lagoons and coastal
areas, so they are very vulnerable to flood,
drought and salinization. All measures should
be undertaken with detailed assessment.

•

Large areas at higher elevation are not in use
but it’s quite costly, complicated and sociallydifficult to shift cultivation areas.

•

Need for more detailed study and assessment
for new crop types and varieties.

F. Appropriate farming techniques to climatechange;G. Raise awareness and disseminate knowledge
on climate change and adaptation for farmers;
H. Develop and enhance livestock, pond andgarden (VAC) farming;
I.

Work creation and income generation forfarmers in non-cultivatable rainy season (whenthey used to go to big cities for cheapest workor leisure).

ENHANCING HUMAN SECURITY, ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT (EHSEDM) PROJECT
Hue | Viet Nam

99

Table 20: Impacts and Adaptation in Aquaculture Sectors
Potential Impacts
1.

Sea level rise could cause lagoon and estuarysalinization;2.

Increasing temperature, salinity intrusion,brackish environment change and rainfallchange may cause disease or massive deathof many species thus adversely affecting
aquaculture farming practice;

3.

4.

5.

Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs

Adaptation Options and Measures

Decreased wetland & mangrove forest
ecosystem (habitat of fresh & brackish water
living creatures);Decrease of the fixing organic matter orphotosynthesis capacity of seaweed & seagrass would decrease nutrition sources andaffect the food system for aqua-creatures;
Increasing water temperature may cause fish
& aqua-creature migration, “diving” to deeper
depth or move northwards;

6.

Change vertical & horizontal
structure of aqua-creatures;

distribution

7.

Degeneration or destruction of coral reef andalgae;

8.

Increased “cheaper” tropical fishes anddecreased higher value sub-tropical ones;

9.

All these may reduce the productivity andcommercial quality of aquacultural and sea
products.

Both physical and institutional adaptation:
A. Consider climate change impacts (sea levelrise, warming etc.) in aquaculture & fisheryplanning, while building infrastructure, quays,
ports for fishing boats and store houses, etc.;

A. High-Medium/High;B. Conduct research on prediction of movementof fish and provide fishermen with fish
monitoring equipment;

D. Medium-Low/Low: Difficult to implement, not
yet tested. Rice may not grow with salinization;

C. Improve farming techniques (increase thedepth of fish lakes and ponds and use newtechnologies etc.);
D. Change farming structure & in some wet areasfrom rice monoculture to fish-rice rotation
system;E. Import and develop valuable aquaculture
varieties that could adapt to high temperatureand severe conditions;
F. Build back-up dyke behind sea dyke to createtransitional
aquacultural
belts
betweenagricultural land and the sea;
G. Build storm shelters and early warning
systems for boats along the coast and in the
lagoons & rivers;
H. Establish natural ecologicalespecially coral reefs;
I.

reservations,

Reduce risk and dependence on fishery bycreating new jobs & skill development(tourism, water transport and handicrafts etc.),
pay them some incentives or provide microcredit services education for the children.

B. Medium-Medium/Medium;
C. High-Medium/Medium;E. Medium-High/Medium: Risk
imbalance;of biodiversity

F. High-Medium/Medium: High cost but may
bring good results;
G. High-High/High:
Local
fishermen
haveexpressed need & concern about it in stormtime;
H. Medium-Medium/Low: Natural coral reefs inThua Thien Hue lagoon and coastal areas arealmost destroyed and need to be cultivated;
I.

High-Medium/Medium: Need long-term training
and social work.

•

Impacts of sea level rise, effects of increasing
temperature, rainfall & salinity change to theaquaculture farming practice have to bestudied very carefully;•

Need comprehensive lagoon environment
assessment and monitoring. Need to improvebrackish aquaculture management for Tam
Giang Cau Hai lagoon, long coast and sandy
land to create an effective and multiform
business without affecting agricultural land;•

Need better coherent collaboration between
different sectors and various projects in theareas to avoid overlapping.

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100

Table 21: Impacts and Adaptation in Forest Management Sectors
Potential Impacts

Adaptation Options and Measures

Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs

Impacts on forest ecosystem and forestry:
1. Sea level rise would make mangrove
forest decrease;
2. Changes in boundary distribution ofprimary forest as well as secondary
forest. Some wood trees would expand tohigher altitudes. Deciduous forest withdrought stand varieties would develop
more due to the lack of soil moisture andhigh plant evapo-transpiration;
3. Theincreasing
temperatureincombination with abundant solar radiation
would promote photosynthesis that leads
to acceleration of verdurous trees;
4. Due to increase of evapo-transpiration,soil moisture would reduce and thebiomass growth index of forest trees
would decline;
5. Increased risk of endangering animal andplant extinction;
6. The increase of temperature and drought
would lead to increasing danger of forest
fire and development and spreading ofplant pests and diseases.

A. Enhance reforestation, firstly in watershed
and re-greening bare lands and hills at
upland areas like A Luoi, Nam Dong.
Better river basin protection by forests;
B. Protect existing and develop new
mangrove forest. Better manage thewetland/mangrove forests, new types ofprotective plants or forest like casuarina,
vertiver etc.;

A. High-Medium/High: In line with prioritized
5-million-ha program but still low-effective,
costly and needs maintenance;
B. High-High/High: One of the mostimportant for Thua Thien Hue coast andlagoon program, but not yet well
implemented;

C. Protect natural forest and going forward toclosing natural forest exploitation;

C. Medium-Medium/Medium: Except nationalparks like Bach Ma, natural forests in
Thua
Thien
Hue
have
almostdisappeared;

D. Prevent forest fire in dry season: training
and education, change habit of firing forpaddy fields, strict control and punishment
for illegal logging;

D. Medium-Medium/High: Big problems withillegal logging in mountainous areas.
Difficult to work with upland nativeminority;

E. Establishing bank of seeds of naturalforest trees in order to protect somevaluable varieties;

E. Medium-Medium/Medium;

F. Enhancing timber processing and limiting
use of wood as building material;

F. Medium-Medium/Low: Wood still needed
for construction and other purposes;
G. Medium-Medium/Medium.

G. Selecting and developing plant varieties
suitable to climate change and more
severe natural conditions.

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Table 22: Impacts and Adaptation in Industry, Energy and Transport Sectors
Potential Impacts

Adaptation Options and Measures

1. Due to sea level rise, flood, storms or
typhoons, the transport activities on the
highways and routes near the lagoons &coast line may be affected or interrupted
by inundation, land slide or road damage;

A. Upgrade and reconstruct the transport
infrastructure in areas often threatened bysea level rise and floods;

2. Roads on mountainous or river bankareas may be damaged by flash floods orland slide and bank erosion;
3. Very strong flood flow with high flood pickmay "wash out" entire parts of the dunes
in Tam Giang lagoon and coastal areas
with the road and houses (natural"opening" mechanism of the lagoon“gate”) and may cause casualties, large
losses, transport interruption, increased
expenditures on maintenance, repair andoperation of the roads;
4. Some part of the North-South railway andinland transport lines close to the sea andlagoon and the electricity transformer
stations and transmission lines in the
coastal areas would be also affected;
5. More frequent and intensive floods as wellas droughts in a prolonged dry season
would increase risk for inland watertransport means;
6. Run-off regimes of Huong River and its
branches where dam and hydropower
stations were built would change andaffect the water regulation mechanism;7. Sea level rise and flooding would inundate
lowlands and, increase expenditures forB. Identify the areas and locations withhigher risks of erosion or "breaking floodgates" in estuary or lagoon areas, landslide or flash flood in mountainous andhilly areas;
C. Early warning and timely evacuation fromrisky areas;
D. Timely maintenance and repair of thedamaged roads;
E. Take climate change factors into account(sea level rise etc.) in planning of energy
and transport development, designing andbuilding ports, quays, stores etc.
especially in the coastal or lowland areas;
F. Strict implementation of water transport
regulations, warnings for boats in flood
season or low water levels;
G. Integrated water resource managementwith better supply and regulation,
considering interests of different sectors(i.e. power generation, irrigation andaquaculture etc.);
H. Ensure demand side management ofenergy (DSM), based on high efficiency ofenergy use, wise and rational energy
consumption, ensuring energy security
and safety;
I.

Investinresearch

andEffectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs
A. Medium-Medium/Medium: Many parts of
the national highways and provincial roadsin Thua Thien Hue are made near thecoastal line or lagoon and have to bereconstructed or reconsidered when usedin storm or typhoon periods to avoid
accidents;
B. High-High/High: Very important to avoid
losses and casualties but needs careful
study;
C. High-Medium/High: Evacuations are costly
and require precise forecasting;
D. Medium-Medium/Medium: These costly
operations are not well managed anddistributed between central (Ministry ofTransport) and local Thua Thien Hueauthorities;
E. Medium-Medium/High;F. Medium-Medium/Medium;
G. High-Medium/High: The planned andunder construction 5 dams need high level(more than provincial) regulation;
H. High-Medium/High:
integrated works;
I.

Need

long

term

Medium-Medium/Medium

Hue needs to reconsider the planned sea-port
construction because the Da Nang port islocated nearby.

forecasting

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Potential Impacts

Adaptation Options and Measureswater drainage pumping;
8. High rainfall intensity also creates
potential danger for reservoir regulation
causing flood, inundation and threatens
the safety of downstream areas.

Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs

hydrological regimes and run-off in themain rivers Huong and O Lau for betterand safer reservoir operation.

Increasing temperature would:
9. Increase expenditures for ventilation andcooling and thus decrease efficiency andproductivity of thermal power plants;
10. Rising power consumption of industrial,commercial and living activities due tointensive use of electric ventilators and air
conditioners.
Increasing evapo-transpiration andchanges would:

rainfall

11. Affectdischargeofhydro-power
reservoirs, hydropower generation;
12. Cause water use conflicts and raise
expenditures on agricultural irrigation anddrainage;
13. Changes in typhoon characteristics may
put power distribution system (high & lowvoltage poles) in danger;
14. Heavy rainfall may cause flash floods,
landslides, destruction of dam structuresand various hydropower equipment that
result in increasing expenditure on
maintenance and repair.

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Potential Impacts
Direct impacts to peoples health:
1.

2.

3.

Sea level rise and more storms and typhoons
may threaten human life and security
particularly in coastal and mountainous areas
and may even create environmental pollution
and epidemic disease spreading in affectedareas.;
Warmer climate may change seasonal
structure and have adverse impacts on humanhealth and human biological rhythm;
Extreme weather may threaten elderly or
disabled people and people suffering fromcardiac disease and mental disorder;

Indirect impacts through disease carriers andspreading sources:
4.

5.

6.

Increased vector-born and air-born diseases
facilitate the growth of new and dangerous
microbes and viruses and disease carrying
insects;
Increase in many infectious diseases such as
malaria, synaptic filariasis, dengue fever andJapanese encephalitis etc.;
Other diseases in digestion and respiration
systems can easily spread, leading toincreasing patient numbers and death rates;

Indirect impacts on food security and public health:7.

Adaptation Options and Measures
A. Improve socio-economic conditions and living
standards of the people, especially the poor
and/or those in remote areas. Accelerate theimplementation of poverty reduction programs
at local levels;
B. Improve public knowledge and conduct training
on family sanitation and culture throughnational and local programs such as cleanwater and environmental sanitation and biogas
etc.;
C. Develop and implement national and provincial
programs and action plans for medical control
and monitoring in areas with higher risk ofinfections in order to take timely response
measures and prevent the spreading of
disease;Effectiveness/Feasibility/Priority;
Constraints & Needs
A. Medium-Medium/High;B. High-Medium/Medium;
C. High-Medium/High;D. Medium-Medium/Medium;E. Medium-Medium/High;F. Medium-High/Medium;
G. High-Medium /High.

Need close collaboration with MOH, local publichealth organizations, CBOs and NGOs and goodsocial works.

D. Establish "green and clean" areas in the dense
populated areas;
E. Set up house-building criteria/standards at highrisk locations with due consideration to climatechange and possible disasters;
F. Promote public and individual awareness on
climate change so that every person could takeadaptation measures for him/herself;
G. Strict quarantine measures at the borders andairports to prevent infection and diseasetransmission from outside.

The food and foodstuff production may beaffected, aqua- and agricultural areas would be
reduced which may lead to risks in foodsecurity, income generation and indirectly to
public health overall.

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