Ⅰ

次の英文を読んで，以下の設問に日本語で答えなさい。

On a street in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, a seafood café is setting up
for the evening rush. Styrofoam boxes are ripped open. The broken tops
are dumped in the street. Plastic bags full of prawns are emptied intotrays, then thrown out. In a few minutes, a small mountain of trash piles
up on the sidewalk. As a rickshaw passes by, its riders throw an empty
plastic drink container onto the piles. This is one of hundreds of moundsof plastic that dot this rapidly urbanizing city. In April, The Guardianfeatured a shocking photo essay on the accumulation of plastic in theCambodian city of Sihanoukville. It showed mountains of trash dumped onstreets and beaches. But this plastic dystopia is not unique to Cambodia.
If we don’t act now and cut it out of our daily lives, we, as well as theenvironment, will suffer irreparable harm.
We live in a world of plastic. It is an amazingly convenient material
cheap, light, flexible, and durable. Used for bags, bottles and containers,
it is in our homes, schools and workplaces. But that uncontrolled use has⑴

come at a heavy price. The worldwide total volume of plastic has reached
8.3 billion metric tons, equal to more than 800,000 Eiffel Towers,according to a 2017 article in Science Advances. Of this enormous amount,
6.3 billion metric tons have been thrown away as waste. Around 10
million plastic bags are used in Phnom Penh every day, according to aninternational NGO. Urban Cambodians use more than 2,000 plastic bags
every year. Around 90% of the world’s plastic waste ends up in the ocean.
Most of it arrives by way of just 10 major rivers, one of which is theMekong. Every year, 8 million tons of plastic reach the ocean, which isequal to a full garbage truck every minute.
The biggest problem is that plastic does not biodegrade easily. It stays⑵

around for thousands of years. Slowly, it leaks chemical substances that――!

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are harmful for the environment, for animals and for people. In marine
areas, many mammals, fish and birds suffer from eating plastic or
becoming entangled in plastic materials. More than 90% of all birds andfish are reported to have plastic particles in their stomach. In this way,
toxic chemicals accumulate and pass through the food chain. Since fishconsists of more than 60% of the protein intake for rural Cambodians, thisis a significant problem. For all these reasons, taking action to reduce the⑶harmful impacts of plastic is an urgent task. So what can be done?
Itisheartening

that

many

countries

haveimplemented

policymeasures to tackle their plastic problem. Last year, Kenya completely
banned the production, sale and use of plastic bags. Violations may resultin imprisonment of up to four years, or fines of up to $40,000. Many othercountries, including Bangladesh, Rwanda and China, are following Kenya’s
lead, putting in place either total or partial bans on plastic bags, or new
forms of plastic taxation. In Cambodia, too, new initiatives are emerging tofight plastic pollution. In April, the Ministry of Environment introduced
new regulation for the use of plastic bags. Major supermarkets such asAeonandLuckynow

charge10centsperbag.

TheMinistryofEnvironment is also considering plans for jute bags as an alternative. Theschool curriculum is being updated to educate future generations on theharm caused by plastics.
One promising idea to fight plastic pollution is known as the circular
economy, which focuses on waste Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling (3R). In⑷a circular economy, waste is treated as a valuable material that should bereused or recycled, not only in order to reduce the volume of trash but
also to generate new economic opportunities. First of all, this requires
policies that actively encourage a 3R approach to plastic waste. For
example, the EU adopted a Circular Economy Action Plan in 2016, which
includes targets for recycling 75% of packaging waste by 2030 and making――!

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all plastic packaging recyclable by the same date. The EU is also
proposing a ban on the most commonly used single-use plastic products.
Butmakingacirculareconomytakeoffalso

requirestheactive⑸involvement of citizens and the private sector. Even small individual acts,
such as bringing one’s own shopping bag to the market, contribute tolowering the amount of plastic waste. Businesses can ban plastic bags andencourage the use of biodegradable bags. The United Nations Development
Programme in Cambodia has done so, at its office. Hotels and factories
have the opportunity to create networks of recycling and reusing materials,
simultaneously saving money and decreasing waste.
In order to introduce lasting change, it is critical to raise awareness.
Thiscanhappen

throughenvironmental

education

andinformation

campaigns, directed at young people especially, as well as at the private
sector. Finally, new approaches to good solid waste management areessential. Given the mountains of plastic we generate, this won’t be easy.
But if we all commit to beating plastic pollution, we can make amonumental difference.

(Adapted from a work by Nick Beresford, Moeko Saito Jensen, GeorgeEdgar, and Maria Sargren)――!

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（注）．styrofoam

発泡スチロール．rickshaw

輪タク（自転車やバイクに客席を取り付けたタクシー）．dystopia

理想郷とは真逆の世界，暗黒世界．irreparable 取り返しのつかない．durable

丈夫な．biodegrade

微生物によって組織を分解する．entangle

絡まる．intake

摂取量．jute

ジュート（帆布・袋などの原料になる麻）〈設問〉〔〕下線部 ⑴ の that uncontrolled use とはどのような使用状況を言っているのか，本文の内容に沿って説明しなさい。

〔〕下線部 ⑵ の事実によって生物ならびに人間に起きていることを，科学的な要因にも言及して説明しなさい。

〔〕下 線 部 ⑶ に つ い て，各 国 が 実 施 し て い る 対 応 策 で，後 述 の circular
economy 以外の方策をすべて挙げなさい。

〔〕下線部 ⑷ を日本語に訳しなさい。

〔〕下線部 ⑸ について，次の ⒜，⒝ に答えなさい。
⒜

下線部 ⑸ を実施するために「市民」と「ホテルや工場を含めた民間部門」がなすべきことは何か，答えなさい。

⒝

下線部 ⑸ を維持するための状況を作り出すには，何をどうすることが必要だと筆者は述べているか，答えなさい。

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Ⅱ

次の英文を読んで，以下の設問に英語で答えなさい。

They call themselves a book club. Usually they meet one Saturday amonth, men and women mostly in their 20s and 30s, to discuss a literaryclassic. Today is unusual. Today, they have decided to discuss the story of
their country. Its protagonist is their prime minister, Abiy Ahmed, whoserise to the top post in late March has pulled Ethiopia back from an
explosive political situation.
At 41, Mr. Abiy is one of the youngest leaders in all of Africa, itself
the continent with world’s youngest population. And he is changing someof the old ways of doing things. Since taking office, Mr. Abiy has held
town hall meetings around the country and listened to what people had tosay. He has apologized for the killings of protesters by government forces
and called for unity among the country’s many ethnic groups. Perhaps
most unusual of all, he has welcomed political differences of opinion
almost unheard of in acountry

wheredissidents

haveoftenbeenimprisoned. On Friday, his office said on Twitter that it would no longer
block 264 websites, blogs and television stations, many of them proopposition.
“He feels our pain,” said one member of the book club, a university
lecturer named Mekonnen Mengesha, 33. “Because he’s our contemporary.
We have a generation gap with the old leaders.” However, not everyone ischeering the changes. On Saturday, someone tossed a grenade into a rally
for Mr. Abiy in Addis Ababa, injuring several people, according to officials.
A spokesman said the prime minister was “safe.”
Ethiopia is Africa’s second most populated country after Nigeria. Andeven for Africa, it is astonishingly young. The median age of its 100
millionpoliticalpeople

is18.

Satisfying

theirdemands

botheconomic

andwill be Mr. Abiy’s biggest test. Already, he has made some――!

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uncommon, politically strategic moves. He ordered the end of emergency
rule earlier than planned. It was imposed for the second time in less than
two years to control the widening, mostly youth-led anti-government
demonstrations that had been disturbing the country. He also pardoned
one of his country’s top level political prisoners, a British citizen named
Andargachew Tsige who had been sentenced to death in connection withhis role in Ginbot 7, which the government regards as a terrorist group.
“Prime Minister Abiy is the kind of guy who is good at saying theright things to a domestic audience and giving the right gestures tointernational development partners,” said Tamrat Giorgis, editor of Addis
Fortune, an English language weekly paper. What he has yet to see, Mr.
Giorgis said, is whether those words and gestures amount to a strategy ofliberalization.
Still, Mr. Abiy did make a number of bold moves this month. His
government said it would honor a peace deal to settle a bloody borderdispute with Ethiopia’s neighbor and rival, Eritrea. This has the potential
to end Mr. Abiy’s biggest national security headache. The government also
said it would sell shares of two of the biggest state-owned enterprises,
opening the doors for a flow of cash into the country’s economy to solve aforeign currency shortage. And Mr. Abiy went to Cairo, a rare trip for an
Ethiopian leader, in an attempt to ease tensions with Egypt over ahydropower dam his country is building on the Nile.
“If the economy is the prime minister’s most pressing challenge, thepeace deal with Eritrea is the riskiest,” said Rashid Abdi, the Horn ofAfrica director for the International Crisis Group. That is because it could
encourage opposition against Mr. Abiy from the old guard of his party,
which he has unseated. “He has raised huge expectations through his bold
policy announcements and, perhaps, by his effective way of speaking,” Mr.
Abdi said. “Managing them could prove very difficult.”――!

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Mr. Abiy is also different from former Ethiopian politicians because of
who he is. He is part Oromo, one of the country’s largest ethnic groups.
Its members have long complained of being isolated and having littleinfluence. Mr. Abiy is no stranger to the Ethiopian establishment, though.
A former military officer, he rose through the ranks of the politicalcoalition that calls itself the Ethiopian People’s Democratic Revolutionary
Front and has virtual complete power. The party controls Parliament
entirely, along with the justice system. It enjoys the support of a powerful
military. Civil and political rights are limited. Land is controlled by thegovernment.
Mr. Abiy represents the younger, more reformist wing of the party,
though it has yet to implement systematic political or economic reforms.
He has not said anything about negotiating with opposition groups inside
the country and abroad, for instance. And he has done little to assure
ordinary citizens that their institutions

the police, justice, the press

can be independent.
“Is it possible for him to deliver under this system?” asked Mr.
Mengesha, the university lecturer. One of the book club members, Ms.
Getachew, pointed out that the prime minister had yet to organize anational dialogue with the opposition. Nor had he proposed a road map for
political reforms leading to the next elections. “He is raising a lot ofexpectations,” she said. “At the end of the day, he is still leading thecountry with the old party structure, the old government structure, the oldlaws.” Where their own story would go, the members of the book club
couldn’t say. The protagonist of this story was turning out to be ascomplicated as the central figure in the last book they read, The Prince by
Machiavelli.

(Adapted from a work by Somini Sengupta)――!

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（Notes）．protagonist:

main character．dissident:

someone who publicly criticizes the government．grenade:small bomb thrown by hand．median age:

the age used to divide a country’s population into two
equal parts: one-half below the median age and one-halfabove the median age．liberalization: making an economic or political system more open
．hydropower:

the production of electricity by the force of fast-moving
water．pressing:urgent．unseat:to remove from office．coalition:a union of two or more political parties．reformist:

progressive――!

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〈Questions〉［］According to the passage, what is unique about Prime Minister AbiyAhmed’s way of governing the country? Write your answer in about30 words.

［］According to the passage, what is Ethiopia’s most important nationalsecurity problem? How does Mr. Abiy intend to tackle it? Write youranswer in about 30 words.

［］What do the underlined sentences mean? Explain the meaning inyour own words.

［］According to the passage, why is Mr. Abiy not so different fromformer Ethiopian politicians? Write your answer in about 30 words.

［］According to the passage, what do the book club members think
about the new prime minister? Write your answer in about 30 words.

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