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IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme

Task Force on
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The IPCC 2006 Guidelines and their evolution
from the Revised 1996 Guidelines
Simon Eggleston
IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
Good PracticeGuidance 2000
Revised 1996
Guidelines

2006
Guidelines
Good PracticeGuidance
LULUCF

Introduction•Guidelines have evolved from 1996 to 2006
– Have developed and improved as knowledge and experience increases•Development of Good Practice Guidance (GPG) a major step forward– Complete, consistent, comparable, transparent, and accurate inventories taking
account of available resources– Major change was from 1996 LUCF to GPG LULUCF• 1996 Guidelines focus main processes, LULUCF & AFOLU focus on all land-uses.
• This increase in completeness and accuracy also increases data & resource needs.
• In contrast, changes from LULUCF to 2006 Guidelines (AFOLU) are small•

2006 Guidelines [2.5 years work, 250 authors]– Have 4 sectors to reduce double counting or omissions and improvetransparency and completeness– Have improved methods and default data– Cover more greenhouse gases and give methods for more sectors– Have integrated good practice guidance for clarity and ease of use– Require similar resources to implement as the 1996 Guidelines plus the twovolumes of GPG– Does not pre-empt accounting choices - all the information needed is retained– The best globally applicable methods
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Task Force on
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InventoriesHistory•

Revised 1996 Guidelines

1995 Guidelines
for NationalGreenhouse Gas
Inventories
19951996– Land-Use Change and Forestry(LUCF) identifies major land use 1997
processes
1998•2000 Good Practice Guidanceand Uncertainty Management

Revised 1996
Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas
Inventories

1999

Guidanceused forreportingto theUNFCCC

Good Practice Guidanceand Uncertainty
Management in National
Greenhouse Gas
Inventories, 2000

– Defines GPG for sectors except
LUCF
2000

•Good PracticeGuidance forLand-use, Land
Use Change andForestry, 2003

Good Practice Guidance for Land2001
Use, Land-Use Change andForestry (GPG LULUCF)
2002– Expanded guidance covering allpools– Land-based not process-based 2003

•2006 IPCC Guidelines for
National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories

2004

2005

– Now only 4 main sectors: Energy,IPPU (Industrial Processes and 2006
Product Use), AFOLU(Agriculture, Forestry and OtherLand Use) and Waste

IPCC 2006 Guidelines for
National Greenhouse gas
Inventories, 2006

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Methodological approaches unchanged
9 Continued from 1996 Guidelines, through GPG 2000 &LULUCF to 2006 Guidelines:
Emission = [Emission Factor] x [Activity Data]¾ In General:¾ Energy emissions¾ Based on carbon content of fuel

¾ Industrial Processes¾ Based on chemistry of process¾ Some use mass balance of product used

¾ Land Use¾ Stock changes ⇒ Emissions/Removals
1. Inputs (e.g. growth) - outputs (e.g. decay, harvest)
2. Total Stock at end minus Total stock at beginning¾ Waste¾ Tracks carbon (fossil & biogenic) in waste

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GPG and Sectoral Guidance•Good Practice inventories are defined as “those that contain neither
over- nor under-estimates so far as can be judged, and in which
uncertainties are reduced as far as is practical”•GPG retains consistency with Revised 1996 Guidelines and is updated
and expanded in the 2006 Guidelines– Approaches to Data Collection
5Tiers and Key Categories63✔

CF3I, CH2Br2, CHCl3
CH2Cl2, CH3Cl✔

C3F7C(O)C2F5
C4F6, C5F8, c-C4F8O✔

GWP in AR4

halogenated ethers (e.g. C4F9OC2H5,
CHF2OCF2OC2F4OCHF2, CHF2OCF2OCHF2)

GWP in TAR✔

trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride(SF5CF3)

HalogenatedCompounds
Production

nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

Magnesiumproduction

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By-product &fugitive emissions

Electronics
Industries

Task Force on
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Carbon Dioxide Equivalence• IPCC Guidelines do not specify any particularparameters to convert mass of a gas to a equivalentmass of CO2 – users need to choose– e.g. Kyoto Protocol uses GWP from IPCC SAR with 100year time horizon– IPCC also has newer GWP values in TAR and AR４– Alternatives to GWP have been discussed• Used only for:
– IPPU to aggregate the various fluorinated gases– Key Category Analysis– Uncertainty Assessment

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Direct & Indirect Emissions: CO2 and N2O
CO2

Direct CO2 Emissions

2006 Guidelines“CO2 Emissions”
do not include
this2006 Guidelines“CO2 Emissions”

CH4, CO & Hydrocarbons“Total” CO2 Emissions – the total increment inthe atmosphere form direct and indirect sourcesof CO2

2006 Guidelines
give methods tocalculate thisCO2Oxidises in the Atmosphere to form CO2Sometimes called “Indirect CO2 Emissions”

CO201/05/2008 - 08/05/2008

NH3 & NOx

“Indirect N2O Emissions”

2006 Guidelines
includes ALL NH3& NOx Emissions

N2O
Deposition of N onto soils and the subsequent chemistry
gives rise to N2O Emissions – “Indirect N2O”

9Estimation of Actual Annual Emissions•In the 1996 Guidelines and Good Practice Guidance for a few
sources, the simplest methodology estimates a “potentialemission” rather than the actual annual emission.
– This “potential emission” assumes all the emissions from anactivity occur in the current year, ignoring the fact they will occur
over many years (e.g. methane emissions from waste in landfills
occurs over decades as the decay processes take place).

••

In the 2006 Guidelines, simple default methods estimate
emissions when they occur, thus removing the need forpotential emissions.
The removal of potential emission estimates also allows theemission reductions of abatement techniques to be properly
estimated and ensures that the Tier 1 methods are compatible
with higher tier methods. The areas where this occurred are:
– Actual emissions of fluorinated compounds– Methane from landfills

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New Guidance in 2006 Guidelines
Fuel Combustion
CO2 -Transport and StorageUrea-based Catalysts (Road Transport)
Fugitive Emissions from Fuels
Abandoned Underground Mines
Mineral Industry
Glass Production
CeramicsNon Metallurgical Magnesia Production
Chemical Industry
Caprolactam, Glyoxal & Glyoxylic Acid
Titanium Dioxide Production
Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production
Metal Industry
Lead Production
Zinc Production
Electronics Industries
Integrated Circuit or Semiconductor
TFT Flat Panel Display
Photovoltaics
Heat Transfer Fluid

Other Product Manufacture and Use
Electrical Equipment
Military Applications
Accelerators
Medical Applications
Propellant for Pressure and Aerosol Products
Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances
Land Use
Complete, consistent treatment of fires
LimingSettlements remaining Settlements
Some wetlands categories
Urea Application
Indirect N2O Emissions from Manure
Harvested Wood Products
Waste
Open Burning of Waste
Biological Treatment of Solid Waste
Other
Indirect N2O Emissions from the Atmospheric11
Deposition of N (excluding agriculture)

Energy Sector – Fuel Combustion• Methods and categories largely unchanged• Improved default emission factors for fossil fuel use,
– based on survey of global data
– uncertainties derived from range of data

• 1A2 “Manufacturing Industries and Construction” –suggested list of sub-categories to be reported,
extended to include:– Mining (excluding fuels) and Quarrying, Wood and WoodProducts, Construction, Textile and Leather• New category: Road transport: Urea-based catalysts
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Energy Sector – Fugitive Emissions

13Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage•The impact of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) iscovered comprehensively in the 2006 Guidelines:– fugitive losses from CO2 capture and transport stages (estimatedusing conventional inventory approaches)– any losses from carbon dioxide stored underground (estimated bya combination of modelling and measurement techniques, - which
would also be monitored for management purposes).
• no assumptions of leakage rates are made– methods reflect the actual emissions in the year in which theyoccur.
– methods are consistent with the IPCC Special Report on Carbon
Dioxide Capture and Storage (2005).
– CO2 captured from combustion of bio-fuels, are included in theinventory as a “negative emission” so that no distinction is needed
between any subsequent leakage of this CO2 and that of CO2from fossil sources.
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IPPU ≈ Industrial Processes + Solvent Use•

Solvent Use does not have much direct GHG emissions (it is mainly
NMVOC) while the use of products is broader than solvent use andcan result in emissions•Quantities of CO2 for later use and short-term storage should not be
deducted from CO2 emissions except when the CO2 emissions areaccounted for elsewhere in the inventory– e.g. urea and methanol production– Ensures completeness and consistency,•Non-Energy Uses of Fossil Fuels– Guidance on demarcation between the Energy and Industrial Processes
and Product Use sectors has been improved,– Emissions from non-energy uses of fossil fuels are now reported underIPPU, rather than in Energy.
– A method has been introduced for checking the completeness of carbon
dioxide emission estimates from the non-energy uses.

•To increase transparency several sources that were combined inother categories are reported separately in the 2006 Guidelines
15Industry & Solvent Classification
Revised 1996 Guidelines

2006 Guidelines

2A Mineral Products2A Mineral Industry

2B Chemical Industry
2B Chemical Industry
2E Production of Halocarbons &SF6
2C Metal Production

2C Metal Industry
2D Non-Energy Products &Solvent Use

3 Solvent Use
2E Electronics Industry
2F Consumption of Halocarbons& SF6

2F Products used as Substitutes
for Ozone Depleting Substances

2D Other Production

2G Other Product Use andManufacture

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Evolution of IPCC Guidelines

17Evolution of IPCC Guidelines

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Evolution of IPCC Guidelines

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Improvements in AFOLU Guidance•

Wetlands– 2006 GL has complete coverage of peatlands– 2006 GL improved coverage of flooded lands but some guidance isincomplete and awaits further scientific investigation•Fires– Guidelines have increased consistency and coverage of fires– All emissions from fires reported in a separate category forincreased transparency•Managed land is used in these guidelines as a proxy foridentifying anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals bysinks.
– use of managed land as a proxy for anthropogenic effects wasintroduced in the GPG-LULUCF and is consistent with the Revised
1996 Guidelines.
– Managed land is land where human interventions and practices
have been applied to perform production, ecological or social
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Structureof the AFOLU Sector AFOLUAFOLU
Sector Structure

21Waste• Landfill sites Solid Waste Disposal– New Tier 1 model (spreadsheet available)– Only estimate actual emissions at all Tiers• New guidance for Biological Treatment of Waste– Previously reported under “Other”• 2006 GL has separate categories for “Uncategorised
Waste Disposal Sites” and “Open Burning of Waste”

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Summary
9

The same basic methodological approaches are used from1996 Guidelines, through GPG 2000 & GPG LULUCF to 2006Guidelines

9The 2006 Guidelines maintain the methods of earlier
guidelines and integrate GPG¾ Improved guidance in some areas, more and improved default data
¾ Wider coverage of gases¾ Additional sources covered¾ All estimates are now of actual annual emissions (“potential” emissions
not needed)¾ Categories simplified and clarified in some areas¾ Do not pre-empt accounting choices - all the information needed isretained
23Summary
9 Energy Largely Unchanged Improved defaults for fossil fuel combustion Some additional categories¾ e.g. CCS, Road Transport Urea Catalysts, uncontrolled burning of coal dumps¾ Fugitive Emission categories simplified and clarified

9 IPPU More process emissions identified
 Chemical production and use coverage clarified

9 Integration of agriculture & LULUCF reduces chance of double
counting or omissions – some simplification of categories
 The AFOLU Guidance in the 2006 Guidelines maintains the basic
structure, definitions and methods of the GPG LULUCF
 Mapping between the GPG and the 2006 Guideline classification isstraightforward.
 AFOLU effort and data requirements much the same as for LULUCF &Agriculture

9 Waste Largely Unchanged
 Significant improvement to default method for landfills.

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Thank you
Guidelines in all UN languages
can be downloaded fromhttp://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp

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