Population

Special Round Table Conference on Global Environment Problems

Life and Economy“Conditions for Survival”

Water| Data Book |EnergyDeciphering

Food
Global Warming
Biodiversity

Special Round Table Conference on Global Environment Problems

Deciphering“Conditions for Survival”| Data Book |Preface to Data Book:
Deciphering “Conditions for Survival”
Conditions for Survival: Toward a “Solar Energy-Based Society” Full ofVibrant Life was recently published as the final report of the Special Round
Table Conference on Global Environment Problems, consisting of trustees andcouncilors of the Asahi Glass Foundation.
The round table conference met eight times over a period of nearly three
years. Its knowledgeable members exchanged high-quality, evocative opinions.
The secretariat office of the Foundation prepared numerous documents
to serve as the basis of these discussions, especially those data related to theenvironment. However, as it was not possible to list all the data in the report,
quite a few were omitted.
Each of the sets of data provided is rich in suggestions and alone represents a
specific aspect of environmental issues. The Data Book: Deciphering “Conditionsfor Survival” is published with the aim of deepening readers’ understanding of
the final report “Conditions for Survival” and enabling them to review issues
related to the global environment by just viewing the data.
In compiling this data book, we contrived a method of presenting thedata so that they could be easily understood by as many readers as possible.
The sequence of data-layout was designed for readers to easily follow it inaccordance with a given context.
Each set of data is provided together with explanations as to why it is listed
or what it means, as well as what the figures or tables indicate.
By reading this data book, I hope that you will deepen your understandingof the final report “Conditions for Survival” and successfully decipher theissues related to the global environment.
Please allow us to express our heartfelt gratitude to Mitsubishi ResearchInstitute, Inc. and Ast Creative Co., Ltd.: the former helped gather andorganize a great deal of data for the publication of the data book and supported
discussions at roundtable conferences, while the latter ensured data bookbecomes readable, which could easily have become dull and uninteresting.

Keiichi Uchida
Advisor, the Asahi Glass Foundation

3

Deciphering “Conditions for Survival” | Data Book | Contents

The finite nature of resources

46

DATA 018 | Figure 2-20 Reserves and reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio of energy resources		 Figure 2-21 R/P ratios of mineral resources
DATA 019 | Figure 2-22 Changes in and prospects for the production of crude oil and liquefied gas

Reserves in energy resources

Ⅰ Departure from “The Limits to Growth”
DATA 001 | Figure 1-1
DATA 002 | Figure 1-2
DATA 003 | Figure 1-3
DATA 004 | Figure 1-4
DATA 005 | Figure 1-5

Trends in global population
Trends in global population, the supply of primary energy and the consumption ofgrain (1970 onwards)
Humanity’s Ecological Footprint
The Environmental Doomsday Clock – Shift in time
Progress of Agenda 21

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Explosive population increase
DATA 006 | Figure 2-1
DATA 007 | Figure 2-2
DATA 008 | Figure 2-3
		 Figure 2-4

DATA 014 | Figure 2-14
		 Figure 2-15
DATA 015 | Figure 2-16
DATA 016 | Figure 2-17
DATA 017 | Figure 2-18
		 Figure 2-19

22

28

32

Level of capital ownership (2000)
Distribution of population and capital ownership by region (2000)
Changes in GDP per capita by region (assuming the 1980 figure to be 100)
GDP share by region (2008)
Change in population who live on less than one dollar a day by region
Change in percentage of people who live on less than one dollar a day by region(1981–2004)
Consumption of plastic per capita in major countries (1995 and 2003)
Consumption of paper and paperboard per capita in major countries (1995 and2004)
Outlook for annual sales of low-duty vehicles (LDVs) by region
Changes in the spread of the Internet by region
Percentages of completed elementary education by region (1991 and 2007)
Literacy rate of young people (age 15–24) by region (1990, 2000 and 2007)

50

Proven reserves of crude oil worldwide
Recoverable reserves of coal worldwide
Reserves of natural gas by region
Amount of uranium resources worldwide

Consumption and supply of energy

54

DATA 022 | Figure 2-27
		 Figure 2-28
DATA 023 | Figure 2-29
		 Figure 2-30
DATA 024 | Figure 2-31
DATA 025 | Figure 2-32
DATA 026 | Figure 2-33

Changes in the consumption of primary energy worldwide
Changes in and prospects for the consumption of primary energy by region
Global energy source composition
Changes in and prospects for the consumption of primary energy
Consumption of primary energy by country (top 20 countries/2006)
Primary energy ratios in major countries (2008)
Changes in and prospects for electric power production worldwide (by source ofenergy)DATA 027 | Figure 2-34 Changes in electric power production in Asian countries
DATA 028 | Figure 2-35 Final energy consumption by sector in OECD countries and non-OECD countries(2004)

Energy disparity

Cities with populations of over one million people (2002)
Outlook for urban population by region (moderate-range estimate)
Changes in the urban population percentage in Asia

Gaps in the economy and quality of life
DATA 011 | Figure 2-8
		 Figure 2-9
DATA 012 | Figure 2-10
		 Figure 2-11
DATA 013 | Figure 2-12
		 Figure 2-13

21

Influences of population problems (2006)
Outlook for world population: developed regions versus developing regions(moderate-range estimate)
Distribution of world population by region (2009)
Outlook for world population by region (moderate-range estimate)

The progress of urbanization
DATA 009 | Figure 2-5
DATA 010 | Figure 2-6
		 Figure 2-7

9DATA 020 | Figure 2-23
DATA 021 | Figure 2-24
		 Figure 2-25
		 Figure 2-26

68

DATA 029 | Figure 2-36 Changes in energy consumption per capita by region (1990–2006)
		 Figure 2-37 Changes in electricity consumption per capita by region (total amount incomparison with 1971)
DATA 030 | Figure 2-38 Electrification rate by region (1980–2006)
		 Figure 2-39 Access to energy sources by regions

Unevenly distributed freshwater resources
DATA 031 | Figure 2-40
		 Figure 2-41
DATA 032 | Figure 2-42
		 Figure 2-43

72

Freshwater resources per capita (2000)
Amount of domestic freshwater resources per capita (by region/2008)
Projection on people with water-stress and water-scarcity
Projection on number of people facing water shortages by region

Distribution and circulation of water

76

DATA 033 | Figure 2-44 Distribution of water resources on EarthDATA 034 | Figure 2-45 Circulation of water around the EarthUse of water resources
DATA 035 | Figure 2-46 Excessive consumption of water resources
DATA 036 | Figure 2-47 Water resources in the world and prospects for demand (by region and usage)
DATA 037 | Figure 2-48 Percentages of water consumption by usage and region

80Problems with water supply

86

DATA 038 | Figure 2-49 Percentages of people supplied with drinking water (2002)
		 Figure 2-50 Distribution of people who are not supplied with drinking water by region (1990
and 2004)
DATA 039 | Figure 2-51 Water-related disputes around the worldGaps in the amount of water consumption

90

DATA 040 | Figure 2-52 Amount of urban water consumption per capita per day (2002, by country)
DATA 041 | Figure 2-53 Relationship between the amount of water consumption for industrial/domestic
use per capita and GDP (2000)
		 Figure 2-54 Amount of water consumption per capita, by usage

Agricultural production and water

94

DATA 042 | Figure 2-55 Unit water consumption for the production of major grains and legumes
		 Figure 2-56 Water required for stockbreeding
DATA 043 | Figure 2-57 Amount of virtual water imported into Japan

Food production and its problems

98

DATA 044 | Figure 2-58 Changes in the amount of grain production and the area of irrigated farmland
worldwide
		 Figure 2-59 Area of grain production per population of 1,000 people by region (1990–1992
and 2003–2005)DATA 045 | Figure 2-60 Grain demand projection by region
		 Figure 2-61 Grain self-sufficiency projection by region
DATA 046 | Figure 2-62 Composition of land suitable for farming
		 Figure 2-63 Area of land degradation by cause (and by region)
DATA 047 | Figure 2-64 Change in number of agricultural tractors used worldwide
		 Figure 2-65 Amount of fertilizer used (2001)

Gaps in food, nutrition and hygiene

106

DATA 048 | Figure 2-66 Calorie supply per capita (2005)
		 Figure 2-67 Calorie consumption per capita change and future projection
DATA 049 | Figure 2-68 Projection on malnourished infants (aged five and under) by region (1997 and2020)
		 Figure 2-69 Infant (children aged five and under) mortality (2002)

Changes in eating habits and associated problems

DATA 052 | Figure 2-73 World capture fisheries and aquaculture production
		 Figure 2-74 Status of marine fishery resources (2007)

117

Changes in global temperature

118

DATA 053 | Figure 3-1
DATA 054 | Figure 3-2
DATA 055 | Figure 3-3
		 Figure 3-4

Changes in global average surface temperature
Changes in global atmospheric temperature in the last 400,000 years
Global and continental temperature change
Projected global average temperature change

Effects of global warming
DATA 056 | Figure 3-5
DATA 057 | Figure 3-6

Greenhouse gas emissions
DATA 058 | Figure 3-7
		 Figure 3-8
DATA 059 | Figure 3-9
		 Figure 3-10
DATA 060 | Figure 3-11
		 Figure 3-12
DATA 061 | Figure 3-13

110

114

DATA 068 | Figure 3-21
		 Figure 3-22
DATA 069 | Figure 3-23
		 Figure 3-24
DATA 070 | Figure 3-25
DATA 071 | Figure 3-26

128

Changes in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere
Human-induced global greenhouse gas emission
Changes in energy-induced CO2 emissions (by energy)
Changes in energy-induced CO2 emissions (by region)
Amount of CO2 emission by region (per capita, per GDP/2007)
Changes in the amount of CO2 emission by region and future projection
Proportion of CO2 emissions by country (top 20 countries/2007)

Extinction and the wonders of organisms
DATA 062 | Figure 3-14
		 Figure 3-15
DATA 063 | Figure 3-16
DATA 064 | Figure 3-17
DATA 065 | Figure 3-18
DATA 066 | Figure 3-19
DATA 067 | Figure 3-20

124

Major effects of global average temperature rise
Major effects of global average temperature rise (on regional level)136

The Living Planet Index (Assuming the population in 1970 to be 100)
Ratios of threatened species of animals and plants worldwide by taxonomic group
Rate of extinction of species
Biodiversity hotspots (2004)
Relationship between ecosystem services and human welfare
Global status of ecosystem services
Main direct drivers of change in biodiversity and ecosystems

Sphere of habitation of organisms shrinks

DATA 050 | Figure 2-70 Ratio of grains used as feed in livestock breeding (2003)
		 Figure 2-71 Quantities of water and animal feed required for the production of 1kg of
livestock/farm product and calorie efficiency
DATA 051 | Figure 2-72 Changes in income levels and demand for livestock products in China and India

Problems in the fishing industry

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in

148

World forest distribution by region (2005)
Countries with large land areas and countries with large forest stock (2005)
Annual net change in forests by region (1990–2005)
Top 10 countries with the greatest changes in forest areas (2000–2005)
Changes in land use/cover in recent decades
Current situation regarding desertification in the world

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis

157

Results of the environmental survey

158

DATA 072 | Figure 4-1
DATA 073 | Figure 4-2
DATA 074 | Figure 4-3
DATA 075 | Figure 4-4

Prevention of global warming (2009)
Reduction in energy consumption (2006)
Most favorable energy source to replace fossil fuels (2006)
Changes in lifestyles (2008)

Renewable energy

166

DATA 076 | Figure 4-5
DATA 077 | Figure 4-6
		 Figure 4-7

Technological potential of renewable energy
Power-generating capacity of renewable energy (OECD countries)
Extent of introduction of renewable energy and its share in supply of primaryenergyDATA 078 | Figure 4-8 Amount of solar energy reaching EarthDATA 079 | Figure 4-9 International comparison of the amount of photovoltaic power generation
introduced
DATA 080 | Figure 4-10 Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy

Nuclear power as a source of energy supply

Departure from
“The Limits to Growth”

176

DATA 081 | Figure 4-11 Changes in electricity generated by nuclear power worldwide (by region)
DATA 082 | Figure 4-12 An outlook for nuclear power generation worldwide
		 Figure 4-13 Current and future development of nuclear power generation in Asia

Efficient use of energy

180

DATA 083 | Figure 4-14 Efficiencies of thermal power generation facilities worldwide
DATA 084 | Figure 4-15 Fuel consumption, assuming power generation efficiency equivalent to Japan
were achieved
		 Figure 4-16 CO2 emission from power generation, assuming power generation efficiency
equivalent to Japan were achieved

Energy efficiency in industry

184

DATA 085 | Figure 4-17 Comparison of efficiency in the steel industry by country (2005)
		 Figure 4-18 Potential CO2 reduction with the use of current BAT in the steel industry(as of 2020)
DATA 086 | Figure 4-19 Efficiency in the cement manufacturing industry by country (2003)
		 Figure 4-20 Potential CO2 reduction with the use of current BAT in the cement manufacturingindustry (as of 2020)
DATA 087 | Figure 4-21 Potential CO2 reduction with the use of current BAT in passenger cars (as of2020)
		 Figure 4-22 Comparison of CO2 emissions by means of transportation (2005)

Development of new technologies
DATA 088 | Table 1
		 Table 2

Cool Earth—Examples of innovative technologies specified in the Innovative
Energy Technology Plan
Technology examples supporting a recycling society

Appendix: 			

Statistical Data

190

196

Ⅰ
9

DATA

Figure 1-1 Trends in global populationthc21 ents t ur
ce y
nt
ur
y

20
9.1 billion in 2050 (estimate)

10

9billionpeopleLife and Economy

Changes in global population over significant
period of time from the birth of Homo sapiens
to today eloquently explain the abnormality ofthe population increase from the 20th century
onward.

001

Population

Ⅰ Departure from “The Limits to Growth”

Energy8

6.8 billion in 20096

5 billion in 1987

5

DATA 001 | Figure 1-1 Trends in global population

43
2.5 billion in 1950

Start of farming andlivestock breeding

The plague strikes Europe

Development of four great
ancient civilizations

1

Biodiversity

2

Start of the Industrial Revolution

Global Warming

The increase in global population was extremely slow prior to
the Industrial Revolution which took place during the 18th to19th century. However, after the Industrial Revolution, the rate of
the population growth soared drastically. The global population
was 2.5 billion in 1950 and reached 5 billion in 1987, thereby
doubling in the course of around four decades. It is estimatedthat it will reach 9.1 billion by 2050.

Birth of humankind (Homosapiens) over one hundred
thousand years ago

Food

6 billion in 1999

Water

7

0
8000

3000

Source: the website of the United Nations Population Fund
[http://www.unfpa.or.jp/p_graph/pgraph.html (Last updated: 2009-06-22)]
10

BC <

> AD

500

1000

1500

2000
year

11

002

Figure 1-2 Trends in global population, the supply of primary energy andthe consumption of grain (1970 onwards)

Energy%250

Supply of primary energy

150

Water

Consumptionof grainWorld
Population

200

100
Food

50

0

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, UN; BP Statistical
Review of World Energy 2007; and data on the demand, production and termend inventory rates of grain prepared by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries

Global Warming

1970

year

Biodiversity

DATA 002 | Figure 1-2 Trends in global population, the supply of
primary energy and the consumption of grain (1970
onwards)

Life and Economy

Published in 1972 by the Club of Rome, The
Limits to Growth warned that if the populationand industrial production activities continued
to increase, the resultant depletion of resourcesand deterioration of the environment would
cause the growth of humankind to reach its
limit within the next 100 years. In spite of that,the global population has continued to increase
even after 1970. The following data shows thechanges in the substances that support theactivities of humankind, the supply of primaryenergy and the consumption of grain from1970 onward, in comparison with population
changes during the same period.

DATA

Population

Ⅰ Departure from “The Limits to Growth”

The consumption of grain and the supply of primary energy
increased by about 1.8-fold and by about 2.1-fold, respectively,in the 35-year period from 1970. The rate of increase is equal toor greater than that of the population increase (a little less than
1.8-fold).

12

13

003
Number ofEarthsLife and Economy

Figure 1-3 Humanityʼs Ecological Footprint

1.2

1.0

Water

地球の扶養力の限界
Earthʼsbiological capacity（(1.0=Sustainable
1.0＝持続可能な水準の限界）
limit)

EnergyHumankind lives on the blessings of nature:energy, resources, water and food. The ecologicalfootprint is an index of the amount of naturalenvironment required by humankind. It also
shows the load placed on the Earth by humanactivities in a numerical manner.

DATA

Population

Ⅰ Departure from “The Limits to Growth”

Food

0.8

14

0.6

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2005

Biodiversity

Ecological Footprint is a measure of human consumption andwaste generation expressed as an area of biologically productive
land and water needed to provide ecological resources and land
to absorb the CO2 released by burning fossil fuels. The index
is numerically indicated on the assumption that the total areaof the land and shore on Earth with biological productivity is
1.0 (this level is considered as the world’s bio capacity). Socialand economic activities around the world caused humankind’s
ecological footprint index to exceed 1.0 by the mid-1980s. By
2005, the resources consumed by humankind’s activities andthe resultant waste had outstripped the amount of resources the
Earth can sustainably supply and the amount of waste that canbe absorbed by nearly 30%. In other words, humankind today
needs a globe that is 1.3 times larger than its actual size.

Global Warming

DATA 003 | Figure 1-3 Humanityʼs Ecological Footprintyear
Source: Living Planet Report 2008, WWF

15

004

Figure 1-4 The Environmental Doomsday Clock – Shift in time

1992

Life and Economy

The question is: how do numerous experts
throughout the world see the crisis humankind
is facing toward its existence as a result ofenvironmental deterioration?

DATA

Population

Ⅰ Departure from “The Limits to Growth”(N1,054)

Energy2000(N643)
Water

2004(N776)

Food
Global Warming

B are

ly c

E x trem

ed

nce

rn
nce

-11 minutes incomparison withthe previous year
(N746)

Biodiversity

d

co

rned

Fairly

co

16

2009

erned

S li g h tly

The Asahi Glass Foundation has conducted annual surveys withexperts worldwide, using the hands of the clock to indicate thelevel of awareness of the crisis humankind is facing toward its
existence as a result of environmental deterioration. The firstsurvey was conducted in 1992, when the Clock struck 7:49.
Since then, the hands have advanced each year, striking 9:22 in
2009. In other words, many experts are “extremely concerned.”

c
con

erne

DATA 004 | Figure 1-4 The Environmental Doomsday Clock – Shift intime(N706)

onc

ely

2008

Source: 2009 Survey on Global Environmental Issues, the Asahi Glass Foundation

17

005

Figure 1-5 Progress of Agenda 21
%

90
80

Promotion of environmental education

60

EnergyScientific and technologicalcontributions
Activities by local governments
and citizensʼ groups
Formation of recycling
systems

70

Life and Economy

Environmental measuresby industry

50

Greenhouse gas prevention
measures
Conservation of forest
resources
Conservation of biodiversity

40
30

Water

Adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit, Agenda
21 is an action plan for countries to realize
sustainable development. The plan contains
numerous items concerning the conservationof the global environment. How do experts
review the progress of the major items in theplan? The following shows the results of thesurveys conducted in the last 17 years.

DATA

Population

Ⅰ Departure from “The Limits to Growth”

Population and poverty
problems

20
10Lifestyle alteration
19
9
19 3
9
19 4
95
19
9
19 6
97
19
9
19 8
99
20
0
20 0
0
20 1
02
20
0
20 3
04
20
0
20 5
06
20
0
20 7
08
20
09

year

Food

0

Lifestyle alteration

DATA 005 | Figure 1-5 Progress of Agenda 21

Conservation offorest resources

Greenhouse gas
prevention measures

Promotion ofenvironmental
education
Scientific andtechnologicalcontributions
Activities
by localEnvironmental
governments
measures by
and citizensʼ
industry Formation groupsof recycling
systems

Biodiversity

Since the initiation of the survey in 1993, its results have been
largely divided into two groups: the top five items and the bottom
five items. “Promotion of environmental education” has remainedin the top position throughout the 17-year period and can be
regarded as consistently progressing. In contrast, “Lifestylealteration” has mostly remained at the bottom, indicating that
hardly any progress has been made in this regard. The 2009
results showed similar tendencies to those of previous years:“Promotion of environmental education” is regarded as having
progressed the most, while the progress in “Lifestyle alteration”
and “Population and poverty problems” remains stagnant.

Conservation of
biodiversity

Global Warming

Population andpoverty problems

Source: 2009 Survey on Global Environmental Issues, the Asahi Glass Foundation

18

19

Human Activities Face limitations
Increase in population and change in lifestyles
Explosive population increase
The Progress in urbanization
Gaps in economy and quality of life
Energy resources
The finite nature of resources
Reserves in energy resources
Consumption and supply of energy
Energy disparity
Sustainability and fairness in availability of water
resources
Unevenly distributed freshwater resources
Distribution and circulation of water
Use of water resources
Problems with water supply
Gaps in the amount of water consumption
Agricultural production and water
Sustainability and fairness of food securement
Food production and its problems
Gaps in food, nutrition and hygiene
Changes in eating habits and associated problems
Problems in the fishing industry

Ⅱ
21

006

Figure 2-1 Inﬂuences of population problems (2006)

Life and Economy

Among the issues concerning the global
environment, what is considered as possibly
being the most influenced by the increase in theworld population?

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Explosive population increase

EnergyOthers21%

Water

Increase in poverty
30%

Cities becoming slums
8%
Food

Destruction of thenatural environment
22%

Food shortages
19%

Global Warming

Source: 2006 Survey on Global Environmental Issues, the Asahi Glass Foundation

Biodiversity

DATA 006 | Figure 2-1 Influences of population problems (2006)
Aggravation of poverty, destruction of the natural environment
and food shortages were specified as issues having been
influenced most by population problems.

22

23

007

Life and Economy

The populations of developing countries willcontinue to increase, having major effect on
global environmental problems.

DATA

Figure 2-2 Outlook for world population: developed regions versus
developing regions (moderate-range estimate)

Energybillion people

108Developed countries:
Europe, North America,
Australia, New Zealand,
Japan

Water

6

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Explosive population increase

Developing countries

4

Food

2
0
1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050
year

A comparison of population changes between developing
countries and developed countries from 1950 onward showsthat the increase in the world population stems mostly fromdeveloping countries. In 1950, developing countries accounted
for nearly 70% of the world population. It is estimated that thisfigure will rise to nearly 86% by 2050.

24

Biodiversity

DATA 007 | Figure 2-2 Outlook for world population: developed
regions versus developing regions (moderate-range
estimate)

Global Warming

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, UN

25

008

Figure 2-3 Distribution of world population by region (2009)

Europe11%

Life and Economy

North America
5%

China
19%

Oceania 1%
Latin America andCaribbean countries
9%

India
18%
Asia excluding
China and India
22%

Water

Africa15%

EnergyThe concept of sustainable development
means that, despite limitations in the growthof humankind, it remains imperative to haveeconomic growth to solve poverty problems,
and therefore future growth needs to occur
in a sustainable manner. Estimates of the
distribution of the world population by region
show how large the size of the regions are thatare necessitating population growth in order tomitigate poverty.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Explosive population increase

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, UN

Food

DATA 008 | Figure 2-3 Distribution of world population by region(2009)

Figure 2-4 Outlook for world population by region(moderate-range estimate)26

10North America
EuropeOceania8

Latin America andCaribbean countries

6

Africa4

Asia
excluding China and India

2

India

0

Biodiversity

In the future, the increase in the world population will beconcentrated in Asia and Africa. By country, China and India
in particular make up a large part of the world population. The
population of China, currently the country with the highest
population in the world, is projected to continue to increase
until 2030 before beginning to decline. The population of India,
currently the country with the second-highest population, is
projected to outnumber that of China around 2030 and continue
to increase even after that.

billion people
Global Warming

The world population in 2009 is approximately 6.8 billion. By
region, Asia accounts for nearly 60%. China and India are themost populated countries in Asia, accounting for 19% and
18% of the world population, respectively. Combined, the twocountries account for nearly 40% of the world population.

Figure 2-4 Outlook for world population by region (moderate-range estimate)

China
1950

1970

1990

2010

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, UN

2030

2050
year

27

DATA

009

Life and Economy

Around the world, the population increase
and the expansion of economic activities have
hastened the concentration of populations inurban areas.

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
The progress of urbanization

EnergySource: World Bank atlas - measuring development, World BankOver 10 million
5 million to 10 million
1 million to 5 million

Biodiversity

Urban population

Global Warming

28

Food

Large cities with populations of over one million people can befound in all parts of the world. Urbanization has progressedon a global scale. In particular, these cities are concentrated
in Europe, North America and East Asia. Large quantities ofresources and energy are consumed and large amounts of waste
are generated in those cities.

Figure 2-5 Cities with populations of over one million people (2002)

Water

DATA 009 | Figure 2-5 Cities with populations of over one million
people (2002)

29

010

billion people

%

8

80
North America

7
6

4
3

Urban population
percentages

50

30

Latin America andCaribbean countries

1950

1970

20

Asia

1
0

40

AfricaOceania

1990

2010

2030

10

2050

Water

2

60

Energy570EuropeUrban population percentages

Figure 2-6 Outlook for urban population by region (moderate-range estimate)Life and Economy

Changes in the ratio of urban population toworld population imply that urbanizationis one of the major global environmental
problem humankind is facing. In particular,
the increase in urban population is significant
in the developing regions. This trend is more
conspicuous in Asia.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
The progress of urbanization

0

year
Food

Note: The definition of “urban” is based on the criteria specified by the relevant countries.
Source: World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision, UN and World Urbanization Prospects:
The 2007 Revision, UN

Figure 2-7 Changes in the urban population percentage in Asia%

90
DATA 010 | Figure 2-6 Outlook for urban population by region(moderate-range estimate)

Figure 2-7 Changes in the urban population percentage
in Asia
While increase in the urban population percentage has almost
stabilized in Japan and South Korea from 2000 onward, it
continues to increase rapidly in countries like Malaysia, thePhilippines, Indonesia and China.

70
60
50
40
30
20

Biodiversity

As of 2009, nearly 50% of the world population resides in urban
areas. The urban population is projected to reach almost 70% by
2050.

South Korea
Malaysia
Japan
Philippines
Indonesia
China
ThailandIndia
Vietnam80

Global Warming

100

10
0

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005year

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank
30

31

011

Figure 2-8 Level of capital ownership (2000)
Life and Economy
EnergyThe population distribution and the regional
distribution of capital ownership show how
wealth is unevenly distributed worldwide. In
fact, the wealth of the world accumulates on
people in some limited regions.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the economy and quality of life

Capital per capita ($)
Water

Less than 2,000
2,000 to 9,999
10,000 to 49,999
50,000 or more
No data

Food

Source: The World Distribution of Household Wealth, UNU-WIDER

Figure 2-9 Distribution of population and capital ownership by region (2000)

Figure 2-9 Distribution of population and capitalownership by region (2000)
Household assets (individual assets) are concentrated in North
America, Europe and high-income countries in Asia/Oceania.
Nearly 88% of the total household assets in the world areconcentrated in these regions. However, these regions accountfor only around 26% of the world population.

32

6.1

Population

Wealth14.9

5.1 8.2

Other Asian
countries
17.4

34.3

0

20

China

Africa

India

22.8

10.2

15.4

29.5

40

24.1

60

3.1
2.6
1.1
0.9

4.4

80

Biodiversity

As of 2000, North American countries, West European countries,
Australia and Japan had the highest level of wealth (capital) per
capita. Countries in Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia lie low
in that level.

Global Warming

DATA 011 | Figure 2-8 Level of capital ownership (2000)

High-income countries in Asia/Oceania
Latin America/Caribbean countries

North America
Europe100%

Source: The World Distribution of Household Wealth, UNU-WIDER

33

012

Figure 2-10 Changes in GDP per capita by region(assuming the 1980 figure to be 100)%

East Asia/Pacificcountries

700
600

400

South Asia

300

Middle East/North
African countries

200

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005
year

Water

South America/
Caribbean countries

1000High-income
countries

Energy500

Life and Economy

Can the economic gap among various regions
be reduced? Economic growth and size of theeconomy by region are shown.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the economy and quality of life

Sub-SaharanAfrica* T he GDP is based on values in 2005 denominated in dollars (purchase power parity conversion).
Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank

Food

Figure 2-11 GDP share by region (2008)

Figure 2-11 GDP share by region (2008)
High-income countries (OECD countries and other high-income
countries) produce more than half of the world GDP.

34

East Asia/
Pacific
countries
15%
High-income
countries
57%

Europe/Central Asia 8%South America/Caribbean
countries 9%
Middle East/North Africancountries 3%

Biodiversity

The GDP per capita has increased significantly in East Asia/
Pacific countries since 1980. The rates of increase wereparticularly high in the 1990s and 2000s. South Asia has also
seen a rapid increase since 2000. While the GDP per capita
in East Asia/Pacific countries and South Asia is increasing
significantly, it remains lower than that of high-income countries
and the world average (East Asia/Pacific countries: $5,013(ppp)/person, South Asia: $2,519 (ppp)/person, high-income
countries: $34,375 (ppp)/person, world average: $9,634 (ppp)/
person, as of 2008).

$64.5 trillion
The GDP is based on
the values in 2005
denominated in dollars(PPP: purchasing
power parity)

Global Warming

DATA 012 | Figure 2-10 Changes in GDP per capita by region(assuming the 1980 figure to be 100)South Asia 6%
Sub-Saharan Africa 2%
Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank

35

013

Figure 2-12 Change in population who live on less than one dollar
a day by region
million people

Middle East/North African countries

1600

Excluding high-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

1400

Life and Economy

Europe/Central Asia

1200

EnergyThe population of those who live on less than one
dollar a day shows the status of poverty around theworld. Changes in those numbers shed light onregional anti-poverty commitments and the statusof economic growth.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the economy and quality of life

1000
800

East Asia/Pacific countries

600

Sub-Saharan Africa

400
0

Water

South Asia

200

1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2004
year

Source: World Development Indicators 2007, World Bank

2004: provisional value

Since 1981, the percentage of people who live on less than one
dollar a day have decreased significantly in East Asia/Pacificcountries and South Asia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the percentageof people who live on less than one dollar a day has neverdropped below 40%. The percentage of those people in thisregion was higher compared to other regions as of 2004.

36%

Excluding high-income countries

70
60
50

Sub-Saharan Africa

40
30
20

East Asia/
Pacific countries

South America/
Caribbean countries

South Asia
Middle East/North
African countries

100

Biodiversity

Figure 2-13 Change in percentage of people who live on
less than one dollar a day by region (1981–2004)

Figure 2-13 Change in percentage of people who live on less than
one dollar a day by region (1981–2004)
Global Warming

Since 1981, the population of those who live on less than one
dollar a day has decreased significantly in East Asia/Pacificcountries, which are regions where there has been significant
economic growth. Those numbers are gradually increasing inSouth Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Worldwide, approximately
one billion people, nearly 15% of the world population, lived
on less than one dollar a day as of 2004. Of the one billion,
South Asia accounts for nearly 48%, while Sub-Saharan Africa
and East Asia/Pacific countries account for 30% and 17%,
respectively.

Food

DATA 013 | Figure 2-12 Change in population who live on less than
one dollar a day by region

Europe/Central Asia

1981

1987

1993

1999

2004
year

Source: World Development Indicators 2007, World Bank

2004: provisional value

37

Figure 2-14 Consumption of plastic per capita in major countries(1995 and 2003)

Life and Economy

Lifestyles in developed countries rely on themass consumption of resources. The amountof plastics and paper consumed is shown as an
example.

014

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the economy and quality of life

kg/person, year

200
150
2003
1995

Energy

100
50

Gr

ea

tB

rit
a in
S o Repu t ubh li cAf or ic f
a
Ro
m
an
ia

an
Fr

na

ce

da

n

Ca

Ja

pa

ly
Ita

an
rm

Ge

St
d
ite
Un
38

2004
1995

e

a

av
er

ag

in
ld

Ch

Ko
h
ut

So

W
or

re

a

ce
an
Fr

y
an
rm
Ge

da
na
Ca

n
pa
Ja

es
at
St
d

ite

The per capita consumption of paper and paperboard isparticularly high in developed countries. Among them, the UnitedStates is by far the largest consumer. A comparison of paper
and paperboard consumed between 1995 and 2004 shows thatwhile they declined in the United States and Canada, worldwide
it increased. In particular, consumption has nearly doubled in
China.

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Biodiversity

Figure 2-15 Consumption of paper and paperboard per
capita in major countries (1995 and 2004)

kg/person, year
Global Warming

The per capita consumption of plastic, a representative
petrochemical product, is high in developed countries. The
amount of plastic consumed vary significantly between countries,
and are increasing in most countries, with the exception ofJapan.

Figure 2-15 Consumption of paper and paperboard per capita in majorcountries (1995 and 2004)

Un

DATA 014 | Figure 2-14 Consumption of plastic per capita in majorcountries (1995 and 2003)

Food

Source: Data published by the Japan Plastics Industry Federation(The data for 1995 and 2003 are excerpted from the 1997 White Paper on the Environment
and the website of the Japan Plastics Industry Federation <http://www.jpif.gr.jp/2hello/conts/toukei_c.htm>, respectively)

Water

at

es

y

0

Source: Data published by the Japan Paper Association(The data for 1995 and 2004 are excerpted from the 1997 White Paper on theEnvironment and the website of the Japan Paper Association <http://www.jpa.gr.jp/
ja/paper/seishi/04.html in 2007>, respectively)
39

015

Figure 2-16 Outlook for annual sales of low-duty vehicles (LDVs) by region

Energymillion vehicles

160
140

AfricaLatin America

120

India

Middle East

Other Asian
countries

80

China

60
40

OECD America

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

Food

OECD Europe

20

Eastern Europe
Former republicsof the Soviet Union
OECD Pacific

Water

100

0

Life and Economy

Motorization is spreading worldwide, mostnotably in developing countries. This trend
is directly linked with the increase in energy
consumption and significantly affects theglobal environment.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the economy and quality of life

2050
year

According to an estimate of annual sales of LDVs from 2000 to
2050, it is expected that while annual sales of LDVs in OECD
countries will remain almost unchanged, they are projected to
rapidly increase in other countries. In particular, the increase insales will be significant in China and India. In each of these twocountries, the number of LDVs projected to be sold in 2050 will
be nearly 14–15 times higher than that of 2000.

40

Biodiversity

DATA 015 | Figure 2-16 Outlook for annual sales of low-duty vehicles(LDVs) by region

Global Warming

Source: Mobility 2030: Meeting the Challenges to Sustainability, WBCSD

41

016

Life and Economy

There is a significant gap between developed
countries and developing countries in termsof the spread of the Internet.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the economy and quality of life

Figure 2-17 Changes in the spread of the Internet by region%

Energy80

Developed countries
60
Water

40

World average
20

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Food

Developing countries02006 2007year

Between 1994 and 2007, the increase in the number of Internet
users was far greater in developed countries. In 2007, thepercentage of Internet users in those countries exceeded 60%.
The percentage of Internet users in developing countries has
increased rapidly since 2000. However, it was still just under
18% as of 2007, which is less than 20% of the total populationof those countries.

42

Biodiversity

DATA 016 | Figure 2-17 Changes in the spread of the Internet byregionGlobal Warming

Source: Data published by the International Telecommunication Union(http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ict/graphs/internet.jpg)

43

017

Figure 2-18 Percentages of completed elementary education by region(1991 and 2007)%*Data from 2006
*Excluding high-income countries

100

Life and Economy

*
1991

60
40

2007

80

Energy

20
r ic

a

ia

Af

As
h

ra

n

ut

ha

So

Sa
bSu

lA
sia
Ca So
u
r ib t h
be A
a n meco r ic
un a /
M
tri
id
es
d
A f le E
r ic a s
an t / N
co or
un t h
tri
es

tra
en

/C
Eu

ro

Ea

pe

st

As

ia
/P
c o aci
un fic
tri
es

0

Water

Education is extremely important as thefoundation for social development. Regional
data on elementary education and literacy
rates show a considerable gap in opportunities
to obtain education, which should be equallyavailable to all people. Overcoming poverty
requires efforts to be made to reduce the gap.
In that regard, developed countries need toprovide more support.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the economy and quality of life

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank

Food

Figure 2-19 Literacy rate of young people (age 15–24) by region(1990, 2000 and 2007)
South America/
Caribbean countries

The percentage rate of completion of elementary education
increased in most regions and almost exceeded 80% in all
regions except Sub-Saharan Africa, where it was around 60% asof 2007, below that of other regions.

The literacy rate of young people aged 15–24 has been
improving in all regions. But in the Middle East/North Africa,
South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, the literacy rate was slightly
lower than that of other regions at 60%–80%, as of 2007.
Differences in the literacy rate between genders exist in thoseregions, but have gradually been decreasing.

100

High-income
countries

Europe/Central Asia

100

90

60

Europe/Central Asia

Middle East/
North Africancountries
South Asia
Sub-SaharanAfrica80
South Asia

Sub-SaharanAfricaMiddle East/North
African countries

50

70
60
50

40

40

30

30

20

20

[Male]

10
0

High-income
countries

90

80
70

%

1990

2000

[Female]

10
2007

0

Biodiversity

Figure 2-19 Literacy rate of young people (age 15–24) byregion (1990, 2000 and 2007)%

East Asia/Pacific countries

Global Warming

DATA 017 | Figure 2-18 Percentages of completed elementary
education by region (1991 and 2007)

South America/
Caribbean countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

1990

2000

year

2007
year

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank
44

45

018

Figure 2-20 Reserves and reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio ofenergy resources
1,258 billion barrels

Natural gas

185 trillion m3

Coal

826.001 billion tons

Uranium

5.47 million tons

2010

42 years remaining
60 years remaining
122 years remaining
82 years remaining

2050

2100

2150 year46415.2 years
194.0 years
181.6 years
171.2 years
161.5 years
156.0 years
123.0 years
116.7 years
95.9 years
85.7 years
84.6 years
67.2 years
62.2 years
57.5 years
46.2 years
40.7 years
39.1 years
35.8 years
26.4 years
23.5 years
22.5 years
16.8 years
14.2 years
12.8 years
7.5 years

0

200

400

Biodiversity

The statistics of the R/P ratios of major mineral resources(durable periods are indicated in the table) show that someof these resources are estimated to only be minable for 50
years at most. In particular, antimony, gold, indium and silver
are estimated to be minable for 20 years at most. Many of themineral resources with shorter R/P ratios are indispensable for
manufacturing alloys, functional enhancement of electronic andelectric appliances and improving energy-saving performances.

1029 years

Rare earth
Platinum group
Vanadium
CobaltNiobium
Tellurium
Aluminum
Chromium
Iron
Titanium
Mercury
Bismuth
Molybdenum
Tungsten
Selenium
NickelZirconium
Cadmium
Copper
Tin
Lead
Zinc
Gold
SilverAntimonyIndiumGlobal Warming

Figure 2-21 R/P ratios of mineral resources

Figure 2-21 R/P ratios of mineral resources
Food

The recoverable reserve is an index of the amount of proved
resource reserves. It represents the amount of resources thatare minable based on technological and economic conditions.
As a result, recoverable reserves increase with improvements inmining technologies, the development of new oilfields, increases
in resource prices etc. The R/P ratio is calculated by dividing
the recoverable reserves for the year by the production amountof resources for the same year. The statistics of recoverable
reserves and the R/P ratio by energy resource type show that
the R/P ratio for oil and natural gas are 42 years and 60 years,
respectively, and that a probable shortfall in the availability ofoil and natural gas will pose a major concern by the late 21st
century. The R/P ratio of coal is the longest, at 122 years.

Water

Source: Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP and URANIUM 2007, OECD/NEA-IAEA

DATA 018 | Figure 2-20 Reserves and reserves-to-production (R/P)
ratio of energy resources

EnergyOilLife and Economy

The energy and mineral resources humankind
consume are finite and how we utilize thesevaluable resources is a major challenge for us. If
human activities continue as they are of today,
many resources will be depleted within 100 years.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
The finite nature of resources

600

800

1000

1200

years

Source: Characterization Coefficient in the “Use of Mineral Resources” Category (March
2004), Ecomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science

47

019

Life and Economy

Figure 2-22 Changes in and prospects for the production of crude oiland liquefied gas
Gb/aEnergyCrude oil and liquefied gas are importantenergy resources, and their production is
expected to decrease in the future. Humankind
will be increasingly required to use thesevaluable energy resources more efficiently.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
The finite nature of resources

35
NGL*

30
25

Deepwater crude oil
Middle East

15
Others10
Russia0

United States

Heavy oil
etc
Food

5

Polar regions

Water

20

Europe1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

year

*NGL: Natural Gas Liquid, condensate

Biodiversity

DATA 019 | Figure 2-22 Changes in and prospects for the productionof crude oil and liquefied gas

Global Warming

Source: Oil and Gas Liquids 2004 Scenario, Hubbert Peak of Oil Production website (http://www.
hubbertpeak.com/Campbell/images/2004Scenario.jpg)

Decline in the production of crude oil and liquefied gas is
expected from 2009. While the decline is significant in the UnitedStates, Europe and Russia, production will relatively remain
stable in the Middle East.

48

49

020

Life and Economy

Figure 2-23 Proven reserves of crude oil worldwide
China 1.2%
Other Asian/Pacificcountries 1.2%

Mexico 0.9%
Canada 2.3%
United States 2.4%

EnergyThe distribution of energy resources reserves
differs significantly by region according to
the resources. In particular, oil reserves areconcentrated in only a limited number ofregions.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Reserves in energy resources

Asia/Pacific 3.3%

Other Latin Americancountries
1.9%

Other African countries
3.6%

Africa10.0%
Libya 3.5%

Other European countries
and former republics of theSoviet Union 1.9%

Iraq
9.1%

Russia6.3%

United ArabEmirates
7.8%

Source: Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP

Kuwait
8.1%

Iran
10.9%

Biodiversity

50

MiddleEast
59.9%

Europe/former
republics of theSoviet Union
11.3%

Other Middle East
countries 3.0%
As of 2008, 1,258 billion barrels of crude oil reserves wereproven to be available worldwide with Saudi Arabia having thelargest proven reserves in the world. The total proven reserves
for six OPEC countries which include Saudi Arabia, Iraq, theUnited Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela, account fornearly two-thirds of the world total.

Worldwide Total
1,258 billion barrels
Minable years 41.6
(As of end 2008)

Global Warming

Kazakhstan
3.2%

DATA 020 | Figure 2-23 Proven reserves of crude oil worldwide

Latin
America
9.8%

Food

Nigeria
2.9%

Saudi Arabia
21.0%

North
America
5.6%

Water

Venezuela
7.9%

51

DATA

Figure 2-24 Recoverable reserves of coal worldwide

Latin America
1.8%

Other Middle East/African countries 0.4%
South Africa 3.7%
Other North American countries 0.9%
Middle East/Africa 4.0%
Latin America 1.8%

Europeand former
republics ofNorth
Worldwide the Soviet
America
Total
United States 29.8% 826 billion tons Union
33.0%
28.9%
(As of end 2008)

Other Asian/Pacificcountries 1.2%

India
7.1%

Ukraine 4.1%
Kazakhstan 3.8%
Other European countries
and former republics of
the Soviet Union 6.1%

China
13.9%

Australia
9.2%

EnergyAsia/Pacific
31.4%

021

Life and Economy

Compared to oil, the regions where coal,natural gas and uranium can be mined are
spread all around the world.

Russia19.0%

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Reserves in energy resources

Source: Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP

North America 4.8%

DATA 021 | Figure 2-24 Recoverable reserves of coal worldwide

Figure 2-26 Amount of uranium resources worldwide
As of 2007, uranium reserves that can be mined amounted to
5.47 million tU globally with Australia having the largest reserve
accounting for 23% of the total global reserves. The reserve
spreads worldwide to countries such as Kazakhstan, Russia,
South Africa, Canada, the United States, Namibia, Brazil, Niger,
Ukraine, Uzbekistan and others.

(As of end 2008)

Europe and former republicsof the Soviet Union
34.0%
Source: Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP

Figure 2-26 Amount of uranium resources worldwide
Other 9%Uzbekistan 2%
Ukraine 4%

Australia
23%

Niger 5%
Brazil 5%
Namibia 5%
United States 6%
South Africa 8%
Source: URANIUM 2007, OECD/NEA-IAEA

52

MiddleWorldwide Total
East
1,850 billion
cubic meters 41.0%

Biodiversity

As of 2008, natural gas reserves proven to be potentiallyavailable amounted to nearly 185 trillion m3 globally. Europe/
former republics of the Soviet Union and the Middle East accountfor 34.0% and 41.0%, respectively. Reserves of natural gas
are also found in Asia/Pacific, Africa, North America and Latin
America.

Asia/Pacific 8.3%

Global Warming

Figure 2-25 Reserves of natural gas by region

Africa 7.9%

Food

As of 2008, coal reserves that can be mined amounted to826 billion tons globally with the United States having thelargest reserve, followed by Russia, China and Australia. Coal
will continue to be an important energy resource due to its
superiority in terms of stability of supply and economic efficiency
compared to other fossil fuels.

Latin America 4.0%

Water

Figure 2-25 Reserves of natural gas by region

Worldwide
Total
5.47 million tons Kazakhstan(2007)

15%

Russia10%
Canada 8%
53022

Figure 2-27 Changes in the consumption of primary energy worldwide
Oil equivalent conversion:
million tons%

12,00080

OECD (share)

10,00060

AfricaMiddle East

50

Asia/Pacific40

6,000 Latin America
Europe andformer republics of the Soviet Union

4,000

0

1975

1985

1995

20
10

North America
1965

30

2005

0

year

Source: Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP

In viewing the historic trend and the prospects of theconsumption of primary energy by region, it can be noted thatthe increase in Asia is most significant and its share in 2030 ispredicted to exceed that of the OECD countries combined.

54

18,000Other

16,000Latin America

14,000Africa12,000

Middle East

10,000

Asia

8,000

Europe andformer republics of the Soviet Union

6,000
4,000

OECD

2,000
0

Biodiversity

Figure 2-28 Changes in and prospects for the
consumption of primary energy by region

Oil equivalent conversion:
million tons
Global Warming

The consumption of primary energy is increasing worldwide, andit has nearly doubled in the last three decades. The increasein North America has been gradual since 1965. Up to the mid1980s, the increase in consumption was significant in Europe/
Eurasia, and after the 1990s, the increase in Asia/Pacificbecame significant. On the other hand, the share of OECD
countries in the consumption of primary energy has continued to
decline for the past 40 years.

Food

Figure 2-28 Changes in and prospects for the consumption of primaryenergy by region
DATA 022 | Figure 2-27 Changes in the consumption of primaryenergy worldwide

Water

2,000

Energy8,000

70Life and Economy

The consumption of primary energy increases
with the growth in the economy. Where will
the consumption of primary energy grow mostsignificantly in the future? This will offer an
important perspective in the discussions on
global environment problems.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Consumption and supply of energy

1980

2000

Source: World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA

2007

2015

2030
year

55

023

Figure 2-29 Global energy source composition

Coal
24.5

2007

26.5

20.9

34.0

20

40

60

Hydraulic power 2.2
Nuclear power 5.9
Others 0.7

9.8

80

Water

0

Oil
46.1

Energy1973

Biomass/waste
10.6
Hydraulic power 1.8
NaturalNuclear power 0.9
gas
Others 0.1
16.0Life and Economy

Most of the energy needed for the activities
conducted by humankind comes fromfossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal.
Considering the issues regarding natural
resources and the global environment, it isurgently needed for us to depart from ourdependence on fossil fuels.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Consumption and supply of energy

100%

Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2009, IEA

Food

Figure 2-30 Changes in and prospects for the consumption ofprimary energy
Oil equivalent conversion:
million tons

Oil accounted for the largest share in the global energy sourcecomposition at 46.1% in 1973, but since the use of natural gas
and nuclear power increased and its share dropped to 34.0% by
2007. The share of coal and natural gas in the composition in2007 were 26.5% and 20.9%, respectively.

14,000Figure 2-30 Changes in and prospects for the
consumption of primary energy

8,000

Projection
Others

16,000

Biomass/waste
Hydraulic power
Nuclear power

12,00010,000Natural gas

Biodiversity

The consumption of primary energy is predicted to grow to an
amount nearly 1.6 times greater than that of 2000 by 2030.
Overall, the consumption of all of the energy sources will
increase, with the increase in coal to be most significant whichshare in the global energy source composition reaching the level
equal to that of oil.

Changes

18,000Oil

6,000

Global Warming

DATA 023 | Figure 2-29 Global energy source composition

4,000
2,000
0

Coal
1980

2000

2007

2015

2030
year

Source: World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA
56

57

DATA

Figure 2-31 Consumption of primary energy by country(top 20 countries/2006)
Oil equivalent conversion:
million tons

[Total]

Un

ite

d

St

at
e
Ch s
i
n
Ru a
ss
i
In a
d
J a iaG e parm n
aF r nya
C a ncena
B r dait
S o B a inut ra
h z ilKo
rea
In I t a
do ly
ne
M sia
ex
ic
Sa
ud Ir oi A anrab
S p iaS o U k a inu t r aih ne
AA u f r ic
st a
ra
li a

Energy

2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

Water

Oil equivalent conversion: kg/person[Per capita][Per GDP]Ukra
R u iness
S o C iau t hiS a h A na
ud f ri A ic a
ra
bi
a
In Ir
do an
ne
C a sianadaSou t Indh ia
K
U n A u or eas
ite trd a li aSta
Fr t e san
B r ceaJ z ilG e apa
rm n
a
M ny
ex
B r icoit a
S p in
a in
Ita
ly

500
400
300
200
100
0

Biodiversity

Viewing the primary energy consumption by country, in 2006,
the United States was the largest consumer, followed by China,
Russia, India, Japan and Germany, countries who have large
population or GDP. In particular, consumption of the UnitedStates and China were huge compared to the rest. Countries
with high per capita consumption were Canada, the UnitedStates, Saudi Arabia and Australia and it is necessary to changesuch high energy consuming economic society. Countries withhigh consumption per GDP are Ukraine, the Russian Federation,
China, South Africa and Saudi Arabia.

Oil equivalent conversion: g/$

Global Warming

Un C
ite anS a d S ada
ud t ati A esA u r abi
st ara
S o R u li a
ut ss
h ia
Ko
Fr r e a
G e ancrm eaJ a nypa
Br n
it a
S p ina in
ItaU
S o k lyu t r ai
h ne
Af
r ic
a
Ira
M n
ex
ic
Ch o
in
a
In Brad o zi
ne l
sia
In
di
a

Food

10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

DATA 024 | Figure 2-31 Consumption of primary energy by country(top 20 countries/2006)

Life and Economy

Viewing the characteristics of energy
consumption in different countries from amultifaceted approach, while the total energy
consumption of a country depends on the sizeof its population and economic activity, percapita consumption is determined by the size ofthe economic activities and efficiency, and theconsumption per GDP is often related to theefficient use of energy.

024

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Consumption and supply of energy

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank
58

59

Figure 2-32 Primary energy ratios in major countries (2008)
Total consumption(Oil equivalent conversion:
million tons)
Oil 35

United States (2,299)
Russia

(685)

19

Japan

(507)

India

(433)

31

Canada(330)

31

Germany(311)

38France(258)

36South Korea(240)

Brazil

(228)

Britain

(212)

Italy

(177)

25

4

8 2

70

1 7

55
44

15
17

5 6

25

9

11 3

53
27

10

16
6

25

24

26

11 1

5

39

6

43

15

28

46

10

15

37

61

36

40

46

20

14

17
40

40

Source: Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP

60

61
10

80

5

100%

Global Warming
Biodiversity

60

26

5 6

Food

19

29

Coal

Water

In Britain, coal formed the basis in supplying its primary energy
in the past. But with the development of North Sea gas fields,
dependence on natural gas has increased. France, with its
limited availability of domestic energy resources, pursues apolicy of proactively using nuclear power generation resulting
in an extremely high ratio of nuclear power in its overall power
generation. With China having abundant domestic coal resources
and Russia with rich natural gas resources, they each have highratios for them respectively.

Natural gas 24

38

China (2,003)

0

Hydraulic
power

Nuclear power

EnergyWorld total (11,295)

DATA 025 | Figure 2-32 Primary energy ratios in major countries(2008)

025

Life and Economy

The primary energy ratios differ considerably
by countries reflecting their state of affairs.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Consumption and supply of energy

61

026

Figure 2-33 Changes in and prospects for electric power production
worldwide (by source of energy)Life and Economy

Electricity generated (TWh)35,000Wind power

Other recyclable energy

30,000

EnergyFossil fuels are the key energy sources ingenerating electricity. We need to relook into theissue from a global environmental perspective as
to whether it is desirable for fossil fuel to continue
to account for a large part as our energy source.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Consumption and supply of energy

Hydraulic power

25,000

Nuclear power
Natural gas

15,000Oil

Water

20,00010,000
Coal

5,000
1990

2007

2020

2030

Food

0

year
Source: Electricity Information 2009, IEA

62

Biodiversity

The importance of coal as the fuel for power generation is
expected to increase further in the future, and the importance of
natural gas is also expected to increase to a certain extent. Whilehydraulic power and nuclear power are continued to be used asenergy sources of power generation, the importance of oil as araw material for electricity generation is expected to decrease.
Although the growth rates may be high for renewable energy
sources such as wind power, the ratio of their contribution in
total electricity generated is estimated to remain low even in
2030.

Global Warming

DATA 026 | Figure 2-33 Changes in and prospects for electric power
production worldwide (by source of energy)

63

027

Figure 2-34 Changes in electric power generation in Asian countries

Life and Economy

Twh

3,500

Energy

3,000
China
2,500
2,000

Water

The changes in electric power generation are
shown for those Asian countries that are expected
to undergo significant economic growth. Taking
the global environmental issues into account,
it is important to ensure that most advanced
production technologies are introduced rapidly in
China and India, where electric power generation
is rapidly increasing, so that CO2 emissions canbe reduced.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Consumption and supply of energy

1,500

Malaysia
Philippines

1,000

Indonesia

India

VietnamSouth Korea
Thailand
1960

1970

1980

1990

Food

500
0

Japan

2000 2005year

The increase in electric power generation is more significant in
China than in other Asian countries. Electric power generationin China outstripped that of Japan in the first half of the 1990s,
and has further made a rapid increase since 2000. South Korea
and India are also experiencing an increase in electric power
generation in tandem with their economic growth.

64

Biodiversity

DATA 027 | Figure 2-34 Changes in electric power generation in
Asian countries

Global Warming

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank

65

Figure 2-35 Final energy consumption by sector in OECD countries
and non-OECD countries (2004)

Industry30%

Non-energy consumption
4%

Transportation
22%

OECD
countries

Non-OECD
countries

Global Warming

Source: Energy Balances of OECD/Non OECD Countries, IEA/OECD

Industry
44%

Food

Civil
consumption
30%

Water

Transportation
34%

EnergyNon-energy consumption
3%

Civil
consumption
33%

Biodiversity

DATA 028 | Figure 2-35 Final energy consumption by sector in OECD
countries and non-OECD countries (2004)

028

Life and Economy

Which sector consumes more energy?
The answer should provide data worthy of
consideration in determining policies for the
reduction of CO2 emissions. In non-OECD
countries, energy consumption in the industrial
sector stands out. Ensuring the transfer ofhighly energy-efficient technologies to
non-OECD countries would help reduce theconsumption of energy dramatically.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Consumption and supply of energy

While the final energy consumption is almost equally divided
among three sectors—industry, public consumption andtransportation—in OECD countries, in non-OECD countries, thepercentage of the industry sector is greater compared to othersectors.

66

67

029

Figure 2-36 Changes in energy consumption per capita by region(1990–2006)
Oil equivalent conversion: t

6High-income countries

5

Energy4
3Europe/Central Asia

2

1990

1995

2000

2005

Water

Middle East/North Africa
East Asia/Pacific countries
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia

Latin America/Caribbean countries

10Life and Economy

Energy consumption per capita and electricity
consumption per capita reflect the degree of
economic development in the relevant region.
These data are important as they relate toincreased CO2 emission which is suspected as
the cause of global warming.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Energy disparity

year

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank

68

kwh

times

10,000

12

6,000
4,000
2,000

High-income
countries

10
Europe/Central Asia

Sub-SaharanAfricaSouth Asia

0

East Asia/
Pacific countries

8
6
4
2
0

year

19
7
19 0
7
19 5
8
19 0
8
19 5
9
19 0
9
20 5
0
20 0
05

8,000

South Asia
Sub-SaharanAfricaBiodiversity

Electricity consumption per capita differs significantly
among regions: it is more than twenty times higher in highincome countries than in South Asia. The growth in electricity
consumption per capita is significant in East Asia and Pacificcountries, where consumption became ten times or more higher
compared to what it was in 1971. While it is natural that thegrowth is lower in high-income countries and Europe/Central
Asia where power supply systems are already established, low
growth in Sub-Saharan Africa stands out.

(total amount in comparison with 1971)

19
7
19 0
7
19 5
80
19
8
19 5
9
19 0
9
20 5
00
20
05

Figure 2-37 Changes in electricity consumption percapita by region (total amount in comparison with 1971)

Figure 2-37 Changes in electricity consumption per capita by region

Global Warming

Energy consumption per capita differs significantly among
regions: it is nearly ten times higher in high-income countries
than in South Asia, and is increasing in all regions except Europe/
Central Asia. Energy consumption per capita is significantly lower
in developing countries than in developed countries. It is of someconcern that the economic growth in developing countries will
result in a rapid increase in energy consumption.

Food

DATA 029 | Figure 2-36 Changes in energy consumption per capita
by region (1990–2006)

Comparison
to 1971
year

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank

69

Figure 2-38 Electrification rate by region (1980–2006)

030

%

25
20

10

World averagein 1980
1980
2006

World averagein 2006

Energy15Life and Economy

5

ia

ni
ea
Oc

eE
dl
M

id

As

a

t
as

a
r ic
Af

Source: Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA; and Energy Statistics andBalances of non-OECD Countries, IEA

Food

So

v ie F ot U rmni e ron re/ E pua s blte ic srn o
Eu f tr o he
W
pe
es
te
rn
Eu
ro
pe
No
r th
Am
er
ic a
La
t in
Am
er
ic a

0

Water

Electricity is a prominent source of secondary
energy in pursuing a highly convenient lifestyleand the electrification rate can be seen as abarometer suggesting the level of efficiency inlifestyle. There still remain many regions where
electricity is not available and it is vital how thedeveloped countries provide technology as wellas financial resources and contribute towards
solving the problem.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Energy disparity

DATA 030 | Figure 2-38 Electrification rate by region (1980–2006)
million people

1000

Figure 2-39 Access to energy sources by regions

800

In developing countries, networks to supply electricity and gas
are often insufficient. Viewing access to energy sources byregion, there still exist regions with huge population without
electricity in India, (Sub-Saharan) Africa, Southeast Asia andOceania. Among the regions with huge population without
electricity, there are still many that depend on non-recyclable
biomass combustion which is poor in efficiency as heating
source and has a significant impact on the environment. Regions
those still depend on non-recyclable biomass combustion asheating source are India, China/Central Asia, (Sub-Saharan)
Africa, Southeast Asia and Oceania.

600

Number of non-electrified households
Number of households dependent on non-recyclable
biomass combustion for their energy for heating

400

Biodiversity

70

Figure 2-39 Access to energy sources by regions
Global Warming

200

nt C
r a hin
lA a
sia /
Ce

M
N o iddr t h le E
Af a s t
r ic /
a

he
ut

-S
ub
(S

So

di
In

as
Oc t A s
ea ia
ni /
a
La
t in
Am
er
ic a

a

0
ah
Af ar anr ic )
aViewing the electrification rate by region, the regions having highrates are Oceania, North America and Western Europe as of2006. Those with high growth rates when compared to 1980 are
Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.

Source: 30 Key Trends, IEA

71

DATA

Figure 2-40 Freshwater resources per capita (2000)

Life and Economy

Amount of water
resources(cubic meters)

Water

Less than 1,000
1,000 to 1,699
1,700 to 3,999
4,000 to 9,999
10,000 or more
No data

EnergyGlobal water resources are distributed
unevenly. There exist an unbalance that whilesome regions find it hard even to secure
the minimum amount of water required forpeople’s survival, in some other parts large
quantities of water resources are consumed.

031

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Unevenly distributed freshwater resources

Source: World Bank atlas - measuring development, World Bank72

20,00015,00010,0005,000
0r ib S obe uthan A
c o meun r ic
N o t r ie a /r th s
Am
Eu
er
ro
ic a
pe
/C
en
tra
lA
sia
Pa
cifi Ec a
Su cou s t A
bn sS a t r ie ia /
ha
s
ra
n
Af
r ic
a
So
ut
h
M
As
i
d
ia
A f dlr ic e E
an a sco t / N
un ortri thes

There is a huge gap of nearly 50 times in the amount of domestic
freshwater resources per capita among the regions. In countries
and regions with limited freshwater resources, people spend alarge amount of time in fetching water, meaning that they areunable to spend much time on other productive activities.

25,000

Biodiversity

Figure 2-41 Amount of domestic freshwater resources
per capita (by region/2008)(by region/2008)

Global Warming

Freshwater resources per capita differ significantly by countries
and with regions. While it is abundant in the Americas, Russia
and Oceania, it is scarce in North Africa. Freshwater resources
are affected by not only precipitation but also by the water
retention capacity of the soil, the incline, vegetation, and thedegree of maintenance of water utilization facilities of rivers, andmany other factors. Countries with financial reserve strength
have pursued to introduce facilities for desalinating seawater inan effort to obtain freshwater from the sea.

m3/person/year

Ca

DATA 031 | Figure 2-40 Freshwater resources per capita (2000)

Food

Figure 2-41 Amount of domestic freshwater resources per capita* A mount of domestic water resources: average annual river flow and amount ofgroundwater recharge resulting from precipitation on the territory of the relevant country
Source: AQUASTAT, FAO
73

032

Figure 2-42 Projection on people with water-stress and water-scarcity
Life and Economy

The severity of water problems is expected tointensify around the world. How can countries
cooperate with one another to cope with these
problems?

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Unevenly distributed freshwater resourcesbillion people

65Water-deficient

4

Energy321Water-stressed
1900

2005 2025

2050

Water

0

year

Note: “Water-stressed” and “water-deficient” mean that the annual water consumption
per capita is less than 1,700 m 3 and less than 1,000 m 3, respectively.
Source: World Development Indicators 2007, World Bank

Food

Figure 2-43 Projection on number of people facing water shortage by region
billion people

2.5

It is suspected that people with water shortage will rapidly
increase due to population increase, climate change, landdevelopment and other causes. It is predicted that there would
be five times more people facing water shortage in 2050
compared to 2005.

1.5

The number of people facing water shortages is particularly
large in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and Arab countries. The
severity of water shortage problems is expected to continue tointensify.

0.5
0

19
200 0
0
20 5
2
20 5
50
19
200 0
0
20 5
2
20 5
50
19
200 0
0
20 5
2
20 5
50
19
200 0
0
20 5
2
20 5
50
19
200 0
0
20 5
2
20 5
50

Figure 2-43 Projection on number of people facing water
shortage by region

Water-deficient:
Storage of water resources≤1,000 m3/person/year

1.0

Biodiversity

2.0

Global Warming

DATA 032 | Figure 2-42 Projection on people with water-stress andwater-scarcity

Water-stressed:
Storage of water resources≤1,700 m3/person/year

South Asia

Sub-SaharanAfricaArab
countries

East Asia/
Pacific
countries

South America/
Caribbean countries

Source: Human Development Report 2006, UNDP

74

75

033

Figure 2-44 Distribution of water resources on Earth
Types of water

Ratio of freshwater tototal amount of water (%)

Water in soil

0.001

Glaciers etc.

1.74

Groundwater inpermanently frozen areas

0.022

Water in lakes

0.007

Water in marshes

0.0008Water in rivers

0.0002

Water in organisms

0.0001

Water in the air

0.001
Food

Freshwater 2.53%

Water

0.76

EnergyGroundwater

Life and Economy

The following shows the total amount of wateron Earth and the amount of water available
for use by humankind. Although the amountof water available for use by humankind isvery small in comparison with the total, it issufficient for human activities.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Distribution and circulation of water

35,029.2km3

DATA 033 | Figure 2-44 Distribution of water resources on Earth
Seawater accounts for most of the water resources on Earth,at 97.47%. Freshwater accounts for only 2.53%. Within thisfreshwater, 68.7% is contained in glaciers or other unusable
form. Freshwater that can be used for agriculture, drinking anddomestic use accounts for only 0.01% of the total.

76

1,338,000.0km3

Biodiversity

97.47%

Global Warming

Seawater/Salt water

Source: Statistics on water resources in Japan in 2007, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism(Original text: World Water Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century, UNESCO)

77

034

Life and Economy

Water circulates around the earth by changing its
form. Humankind and other living organisms use
only a part of the water that is being circulated.

DATA

Figure 2-45 Circulation of water around the Earth

10

436.5

Amount of water vapor
above the ground111

Net amount oftransport ofwater vapor

3
Precipitation

Snowfall

12.5

45.5

EnergyAmount of water vapor
above the sea

Total amount of precipitation
on ground areas

Total amount of
evaporation above
the sea

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Distribution and circulation of water

98.5

Glaciers
and snow

24,064

29

65.5
21

Total amountof precipitationon the sea

31

Grass (48.9)

391

6.4

11.7

Other (29.3)

1,338,000

11.6

Irrigated land

0.3

2.66

River

2

Wetland

11

0.38
45.5

1.3
Soil moisture

Industrial water

Water for domestic use

300

15.3

2.4

Lakes (2.7)

0.77Permafrost

1
Amount ofsurface outflow

Wetland (0.2)

Arable land (12.6)

Water inorganisms

17

Lakes

176

Amount of base(groundwater)
flow

30.2

Groundwater

23,40078* T he unit is 1,000km 3/year. The figures in the box represent the amount of water retention(1,000km 3). Figures in parentheses represent the area of land available for use (10 6km2).
Source: the website of the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo(http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/Info/Press200608/)(Original text: Taikan Oki and Shinjiro Kanae: Global Hydrologic Cycle and World Water Resources,
Science, Vol. 313. no. 5790, pp. 1068-1072, 2006.)

Biodiversity

The circulation of water resources is facilitated byevapotranspiration, precipitation, surface outflow, base(groundwater) flow, river flow and other phenomena. The annual
precipitation on Earth is approximately 577,000 cubic kilometers,
and the annual precipitation on the ground area is approximately
119,000 cubic kilometers. Of the annual precipitation, while
approx. 74,000 cubic kilometers/year evaporate again, 43,000
cubic kilometers/year flows as surface stream water andthe remaining approx. 2,000 cubic kilometers/year remain
underground in aquifers.

Global Warming

Amount of circulation: 103km3/year
Amount of retention: 103km3( ) Area: 106km2

DATA 034 | Figure 2-45 Circulation of water around the Earth

Food

Sea

0.2
7.6

54

Forest (40.1)

Water

Amount ofevapotranspiration
above the ground

79

035
Note: The extent of the excessive consumption of water is rated on a level of
one to four in terms of whether the amount of water consumed exceeds theamount of water necessary for sustaining the ecosystem.

Used excessively (1.0 or
greater)
Used considerably (0.8 to 1.0)
Used properly (0.5 to 0.8)
Hardly used (0 to 0.5)

Biodiversity

Water stress index in majorbasins (regions)Global Warming

Figure 2-46 Excessive consumption of water resources

Food

80

Water

There already are regions where the excessive consumption ofwater resources has made it almost impossible to secure theamount of water necessary to sustain the ecosystem. This trend
is more pronounced in the mid-latitude regions of the Northern
Hemisphere.

EnergyDATA 035 | Figure 2-46 Excessive consumption of water resourcesLife and Economy

The amount of water consumption differs
significantly among regions. There are still
many regions where people fail to use water
sustainably.

Source: Human Development Report 2006, UNDPDATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Use of water resources

81

036

Figure 2-47 Water resources in the world and prospects for demand(by region and usage)
km3[Intake of water resources (by region)]

Measurement

3200

Estimate

Energy

2800
2400

Asia

2000

1200
800
400
1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

Food

1900

North America
EuropeAfricaSouth America
Australia/Oceania

year
km3

[Intake of water resources (by usage)]

Measurement

3200

Estimate

2400

Agriculture

2000

82

1600
1200

Industry

800

Urban use

4000

Biodiversity

The intake of water resources is high in Asia where thepopulation is increasing and the economy is developing. This
trend is expected to continue. By usage, the ratio of agriculturaluse is high, and it is expected to continue to grow. It is estimatedto grow by 27% by 2025 in comparison to 1995. As the amountof water consumption for industrial and domestic use expect togrow, a significant increase in demand for water is predictedworldwide.

Global Warming

2800

DATA 036 | Figure 2-47 Water resources in the world and prospects
for demand (by region and usage)

Water

1600

0

Life and Economy

The ratio of water resources usage differ among
regions. These ratio changes significantly as the
economy grows.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Use of water resources

Reservoirs
1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020
year

*The data from the different countries are calculated from the latest versions available.
Source: World Water Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century, UNESCO

83

Figure 2-48 Percentages of water consumption by usage and region

20

89.5

Urban use

85.9

19.0

28.5

24.6

10.6

20.4

73.5

70.7

60.9

55.0

Su

b-

Sa

ha

So

ra

ut

h

As

ia

86.6

10.3

Global Warming
Biodiversity

84

19.7
6.7

Source: AQUASTAT, FAO

Where water is consumed varies from region to region and forhigh-income countries more water is used in the industry, while
mid- and low-income countries use water mainly in agriculture.
In Middle East/North African countries, South Asia and SubSaharan Africa, agriculture accounts for more than 80% of
total water consumed. In case of the agricultural use of water, it
should be kept in mind that there are two ways of use, one is forthe production of farm products for domestic use and the otheris for the production of farm products for export.

6.2
7.9

Food

0

3.0
10.4

Water

40

4.2
6.3

n
Af
r ic
M
a
i
d
A f dlr ic e E
an a sco t / N
un orEatri thesstAsia
co / Paun ci
Catri fic
r ib S o
es
u
be th
an A
c o meun r ic
Eu
tri a /
ro
es
pe
/C
en
tra
Hi
lA
gh
sia
- in
co
m
ec
ou
nt
r ie
s

60

Agricultural use

100

EnergyIndustry
use

%

80

DATA 037 | Figure 2-48 Percentages of water consumption by usage
and region

037

Life and Economy

Water usage in high-income countries differsfrom other regions. It is shown that economic
growth resulting from industrialization
significantly influences water usage in highincome countries.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Use of water resources

85

038

Figure 2-49 Percentages of people supplied with drinking water (2002)%

Life and Economy

100
80
60
40

EnergyMany regions in the world still have no supplyof drinking water. This is particularly serious
in Sub-Saharan Africa. The technological andcapital support from developed countries ishighly needed.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Problems with water supply

20

ro
Eu

Water

pe

/C

en
tra
lA
M
i
sia
d
A f dlr ic e E
an a sco t / Nun orCatri thr ib S oes
be uthan A
c o meun r ic
tri a /
es
So
ut
h
As
Ea
ia
st
As
ia
co / Paun ci
Sutri fic
bes
Sa
ha
r
an
Hi
gh
Af
r ic
- in
a
co
m
ec
ou
nt
r ie
s

0

Source: National Trends in Population, Resources, Environment and Development, UN

Food

Figure 2-50 Distribution of people who are not supplied with drinking
water by region (1990 and 2004)
million people

350

Figure 2-50 Distribution of people who are not suppliedwith drinking water by region (1990 and 2004)

0

250
200
1990
2004

150
100

So

ut

a
ni
ea

Oc

he

as

tA
r ib S osia
be uthan A
c o meun r ic
tri a /
es
CI
S
W
es
tA
sia
No
De
r th
ve
Af
lo
r ic
pe
a
d
co
un
tri
es

ia
As

ia
h
ut

st

As
So

Ca

Su

b-

Sa

ha

ra

n

Af

r ic

a

50

Biodiversity

300

Global Warming

As a major problem surrounding water it should be raised thatthe construction of waterworks infrastructures has not caught up
with demand in many regions, except for high-income countries
where almost 100% of the people are supplied with drinking
water. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the percentage of people withaccess to drinkable water is in the range around 50%, which issignificantly lower compared to other regions.

The population of those who are not supplied with drinking
water is large in Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and South Asia.
Although the number of people who are not supplied with water
is declining in most regions, it is increasing in Sub-SaharanAfrica.

86

400

Ea

DATA 038 | Figure 2-49 Percentages of people supplied withdrinking water (2002)

Source: the website of the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply & Sanitation,
WHO & UNICEF(http://www.wssinfo.org/en/231_wat_intro.html, Feb. 2007)
87

039

Life and Economy

Figure 2-51 Water-related disputes around the world
Colorado River
United States and Mexico
Excessive use andcontamination of water
Jordan River
Israel, Jordan, Lebanon etc.
Ownership of the catchment
area and allocation of water

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Turkey, Syria and Iraq
Development and allocation ofwater resources
Aral Sea (Amudar’ya and Syrdar’ya Rivers)
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan etc.
Excessive use and allocation of water
Han RiverNorth Korea andSouth Korea
Construction of dams
and the environment

BosniaDiscontinuation of watersupply during the war
Nile River
Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia
Construction of dams and allocation of water

Cenepa River
Ecuador and Peru
Ownership ofwater resources

Malaysia and Singapore
Discontinuation of water supply

Parana River
Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay
Construction of dams and the environment

88

Source: Document created by the secretariat of the 3rd World Water Forum(Original text: The World’s Water, Peter H. Gleick and Water, Marq de Villiers)

Biodiversity

DATA 039 | Figure 2-51 Water-related disputes around the world

Global Warming

ZambiaDiscontinuation of watersupply due to the civil war

There are regions where disputes to the right of water use isoccurring among countries located upstream/downstream of
an international river basin. As historical circumstances havea major influence on the issues concerning the allocation ofwater resources, it is not so easy to solve them overnight. The
reconciliation of water rights is also important for Japan, even if
no international river runs through the country.

Food

Indus River
India and Pakistan
Ownership of water

Ganges River
India and Bangladesh
Construction andoperation of weirs

Water

Danube River
Slovakia and Hungary
Use of water for canals

EnergyWater is a basic resource that is essential for
supporting the lives of humankind.
Securing access to water is a life-or-death issue
for countries and regions. This is why disputes
associated to access to water breaks out constantly
worldwide.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Problems with water supply

89

040

Life and Economy

The amount of water consumption per capita
per day differs significantly among countries.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the amount of water consumption

Figure 2-52 Amount of urban water consumption per capita per day(2002, by country)

Energyliters/person/day

800

600
Water

400

200

World
average
Food

EU
az
il
In
di
a
Ch
in
Et a
hi
C a opi
m a
bo
di
a
Si
er C ha
ra
d
Le
on
Rw e
an
da
Br

Ne C anw ada
U n Z eai t e la nddS
C o t ate
st s
Pu a Rier c a
to
Ru
Ri
ss
co
ia
n Jap
Fe
de an
ra
t io
n

0

Source: AQUASTAT, FAO

The amount of urban water consumption per capita per day isshown for the global top five and bottom five countries as well
as for Japan, EU, world average and BRICs (Brazil, RussianFederation, India and China). As for the bottom five countries
whose water supply infrastructures is poor, the amount provided
is one tenth or less of the world average.

90

Biodiversity

DATA 040 | Figure 2-52 Amount of urban water consumption percapita per day (2002, by country)

Global Warming*The above figure shows the statistics of the top five countries, bottom five countries,
Japan, EU, Brazil, Russian Federation, India, China and the world average.

91

041

Figure 2-53 Relationship between the amount of water consumption forindustrial/domestic use per capita and GDP (2000)
2000, US$

100,000Japan

SwedenDenmark
Australia

KuwaitSaudi Arabia
South Africa

1,000

MexicoArgentina
Hungary

BrazilPeru
ThailandIndonesia

Bulgaria

10

India

GDP=0.59×Industrial water+2.56
R2=0.42
100

1,000

Water

1

RussiaVietnam

China
Bangladesh

100

United States
CanadaEnergySpain

10,000

Italy

Life and Economy

The amount of water consumption per capita
appears to be related to the size of the economy(GDP). The amount of water consumption
per capita by usage reflects the economic
conditions of the relevant region.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in the amount of water consumption

10,000m3/year

Source: AQUASTAT, FAO

Figure 2-54 Amount of water consumption per capita, by usage

The figure shows a correlation between the use of industrial
water per capita and the gross domestic product (GDP) per
capita in different countries. Both the longitudinal and horizontal
axes are shown in logarithmic scale. Overall, it shows that theuse of industrial water increases with the increase in GDP. The
countries plotted in the upper left part of the graph are oilproducing countries such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia which arecharacterized as having high GDP per capita with low industrial
water per capita usage.

m3/yearFigure 2-54 Amount of water consumption per capita, by
usage

0

1,000
ul
tu
In n u r al uu s du se
se
e str
y

r ic

w
c o - in c
un om
tri e
es

Lo

in

co

m L owec e
ou r mn t idr ie sBiodiversity

p e H igr s ho n in
(O com
EC e
D)
Hi
gh
- in
co
(n me
on pe
-O rs
EC on
D)
in
co H
m ig
e c heou r mn t idr ie s

200

ba

400

Ag

600

Ur

800

Global Warming

No clear relationship is seen in between income and the amountof water consumption per capita for agricultural use. On the other
hand, the amount of urban and industrial water consumption
differ significantly according to their income levels and there isa trend that the lower the income level gets the lower the water
consumption become.

Food

DATA 041 | Figure 2-53 Relationship between the amount of water
consumption for industrial/domestic use per capita and
GDP (2000)

Note: The data from the different countries are calculated from the latest versions
available (2000 or later).
Source: AQUASTAT, FAO

92

93

042

Figure 2-55 Unit water consumption for the production of major grains
and legumes
m3/t

3,600
2,600

2,500

rn
Co

he
W

ea
So

yb

at

ns

y
r le
Ba

Ri

1,900

Water

ce

2,000

Energy

4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

Life and Economy

Large amount of water is required for foodproduction. Stockbreeding requires more water
than raising crops. The relationship between
food production and the amount of water
consumed in the production is an important
aspect in considering the water and food issues
in the future.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Agricultural production and water

Source: Results of a trial calculation by a group of researchers including Professor
Taikan Oki from the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo(Calculated from the unit yield in Japan and the statistical values of FAO)

Food

Figure 2-56 Water required for stockbreeding
m3/t

25,00094

Cc a hi cr c ke
as n
s)
Ch
ick
en
eg
g

r c Por
as k
s)

550

ss
ele
on
(b

ele
on
(b

ele

ss

ss

ca

ca

r c B ee
as f
s)

0

3,200

il k

4,500

M

5,900

5,000

on

The figure shows an estimate on the amount of water required
to produce a kilogram of chicken, pork or beef, provided they
were raised in Japan. Unit of water consumption for production
is approximately 4,500 m3/t (or 5 m3/kg) for chicken, 5,900
m3/t for pork and 20,700 m3/t for beef. Compared to wheat
production, it is about twice for chicken, about three times forpork and about ten times for beef.

10,000

Biodiversity

Figure 2-56 Water required for stockbreeding

15,000(b

Basic units of water consumption differ among cereal types.
Rice requires the most, while corn requires only about half of thewater required to produce rice.

20,60020,000Global Warming

DATA 042 | Figure 2-55 Unit water consumption for the productionof major grains and legumes

Source: Results of a trial calculation by a group of researchers including Professor
Taikan Oki from the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo(Calculation is based on the unit yield and breeding procedures in Japan)
95

043

Figure 2-57 Amount of virtual water imported into Japan
Total amount of import:
64 billion m3/year
14

Amount of annual consumption of irrigation water in Japan:
57 billion m3/year(Source: Unit yield in Japan and statistical values on the foodbalance sheet versus the values in 2000)

Life and Economy

49
Energy

22
389

13

Water

Water consumption may be divided intoeither direct or indirect types. As a major
example of indirect water consumption thereis the so called virtual water, which takes into
account the amount of water required for the
production when importing farm products.
What will be the overall water use including
indirect consumption? The following is aJapanese example.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Agricultural production and water

3
89
Other 33

3

Food

25

Amount of virtual water to Japan, by item
(100 million m3/year)

96

Pork
36

Corn
145

Beef
140

Barley and naked barley
20 Rice24

Soybeans
121

Biodiversity

There are concepts called “virtual water” or “water footprint”
which takes into account the water required for food production
as being imported from the food producing country indirectly
through imported food. The amount of the indirect water
imported into Japan is said to be 64 billion cubic meters/yearcompared to the annual amount of water used in agriculture
domestically in Japan of 57 billion cubic meters.
According to the aforementioned concept of virtual water, it isestimated that Japan annually imports 38.9 billion cubic metersof water from the United States and 8.9 billion cubic meters ofwater from Australia.

Industrial products
13

Global Warming

DATA 043 | Figure 2-57 Amount of virtual water imported into Japan

Milk and dairy products
22
Chicken
25

Wheat
94

Source: Results of a trial calculation by a group of researchers including Professor Taikan Okifrom the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo(Calculated from the unit yield in Japan and the statistical values on the food balance sheet versus
the values in 2000)
97

044

Figure 2-58 Changes in the amount of grain production and the area of
irrigated farmland worldwide
3,000

250

2,500

200

2,000

150

1,500
Area of irrigated farmland(ha) per capita

100

1,000
500

50
1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

0

year

Source: FAOSTAT, FAO and World Population Prospects, UN

98

1990–1992
2003–2005

gh
c o - in c
un om
tri e
es

Hi

L
i n ow co a
m nd
ec m
ou iddn t ler ie sdlec o - in c
un om
tri e
es

M

id

w
c o - in c
un om
tri e
es

Lo

Area of grain production per population of 1,000 people isdecreasing for countries with all income levels. In high-income
countries, the degree of the decrease is smaller than in countries
with lower income levels.

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Biodiversity

Figure 2-59 Area of grain production per population of
1,000 people by region (1990–1992 and 2003–2005)

ha/1,000 people

Global Warming

The worldwide expansion of irrigated farmland has led to anincrease in grain production. The area of irrigated farmland
per capita shows a slight decreasing trend but this could beinterpreted as the extent of the population increase to beslightly outpacing that of the expansion of irrigated farmland. As
the pressure from the population increase continues to grow,further improvements in productivity and expansion of irrigatedfarmlands are needed. This is an important issue and may also
affect biodiversity.

Food

Figure 2-59 Area of grain production per population of 1,000 people
by region (1990–1992 and 2003–2005)DATA 044 | Figure 2-58 Changes in the amount of grain production
and the area of irrigated farmland worldwide

Water

0

EnergyIrrigated farmland worldwide(Million hectares)

Million tons

Amount of grain
production worldwide

300

Life and Economy

To support the ever-increasing population,
food production must continue to increase.
Humankind has expanded the area of irrigatedfarmland and improved food productivity.
However, the area of land on earth is limited,
and a drastic expansion of the land for grain
production is unlikely.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Food production and its problems

Source: World Development Indicators 2007, World Bank

99

Figure 2-60 Grain demand projection by region

045

million tons

Life and Economy

3500
South America/Caribbean countries

3000

Middle East/North African countries

2500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2000

East Asia

EnergyGrain consumption is directly related to thesurvival of humankind and its demand will
increase in proportion to the population
increase in the future. The global food selfsufficiency ratio is predicted to stay at almost
100%, however, its gaps between regions are
expected to widen.

DATA

South Asia

1500
1000

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Food production and its problems

Transition countries

500
1969/71 1979/81 1989/91 1999/01

2030

Water

Industrialized countries

0

2050
year

Note: Transition countries are Eastern European countries and countries of the former
republics of the Soviet Union.
Source: World agriculture: towards 2030/2050 - Interim report, FAO

FoodFigure 2-61 Grain self-sufficiency projection by region%

Developing countries

160
140

As
ia
r ib S o
u
be th
an A
c o meun r ic
tri a /
es

st

Ca

Ea

h
ut
So

th
or
t /N
as
eE

dl
id

As

r ic
Af

Af
n
ra
ha
Sa

ia

a

a
r ic

es

on
iti
ns
Tr
a

bM

In

du

st

r ia

liz

ed

co

co

un

un

tri

tri

es

0

Biodiversity

20

Su

60
40

Figure 2-61 Grain self-sufficiency projection by region

100

1969–1971
1999–2001
2030
2050

80

While grain demand in industrialized countries and countries intransition is projected to increase slightly or remain unchanged,a large increase in demand is expected in other regions,particularly in all of the developing countries including those in
East Asia and South Asia.

Grain self-sufficiency in industrialized countries and countries
in transition is expected to rise to exceed 120% by 2030.
Meanwhile, self-sufficiency is generally declining in developing
countries, and is projected to fall below 60% by 2030,
particularly in the Middle East/North Africa.

Entireworld

100

DATA 045 | Figure 2-60 Grain demand projection by region

Global Warming

120

Note: Transition countries are Eastern European countries and countries of the former
republics of the Soviet Union.
Source: World agriculture: towards 2030/2050 - Interim report, FAO
101

046

Figure 2-62 Composition of land suitable for farming

Chemical
substance
23%

Life and Economy

Shallow soil
22%

EnergyOverhydrated
10%
Dry
28%

No
limitations
11%

Permafrost
6%

Water

The availability of land suitable for farming issurprisingly limited when considered globally.
Various activities undertaken by humankind
are increasingly leading this valuable land
to deteriorate. Investigating the causes ofthis deterioration should provide important
information in discussing how the foodproduction in the future be.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Food production and its problems

Source: Dimensions of need - An atlas of food and agriculture (1995), FAO

FoodFigure 2-63 Area of land degradation by cause (and by region)

102

li a
ra
st

ic a

Overgrazing
35%

Deforestation
29%

Au

er

Other 1%

No

r th

an

d

So

La

ut

t in

Am

Eu

ro

pe

ic a

a

er

r ic
h

Am

ia

Improperfarm
management
28%

AfThe causes of land degradation are overgrazing, deforestationand improper farm management, among others, and the areaof land degraded is large in Asia and Africa. The causes of landdegradation are unique to the region, and those with relatively
high ratio to the regions are, deforestation for Asia and SouthAmerica, overgrazing for Africa and Australia, and improper farmmanagement for North and Latin America.

Over-reclaimed
7%

Biodiversity

Figure 2-63 Area of land degradation by cause (and byregion)

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Global Warming

The land on earth that is suitable for farming without irrigationor other land improvement practices is limited, at only 11% of
all the land. In the future, climate change may cause problems,
even with existing arable land. For example, the incompatibility
between the environment and crops may reduce the amountof land suitable for farming, thereby decreasing agricultural
production.

Area of land deterioration worldwide
1,964.4 (one million hectares)

million hectares

As

DATA 046 | Figure 2-62 Composition of land suitable for farming

Source: World Map of Human-Induced Soil Degradation - An Explanatory Note (1991),
ISRIC/UNEP

103

047

Figure 2-64 Change in number of agricultural tractors used worldwide
Life and Economy

1,000 tractors

30,00025,000Asia

20,000

EnergyVarious measures were undertaken to improve
agricultural productivity, but they were notpracticed the same in all region. The amountof fertilizer used reflects the reality of farm
production worldwide by region.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Food production and its problems

Africa15,000Americas10,0000

Oceania
1961

1971

1981

1991

Water

5,000

2001
year

Source: FAOSTAT, FAO

FoodFigure 2-65 Amount of fertilizer used (2001)
kg/ha

191.0

200

104

70.0
31.1

11.3

As
ia
co / Pa
un ci
tri fic
es
So
ut
h
As
Ca
ia
S
r ib obe uthan A
c o meun r ic
Mi
tri a /d
A f dlr ic e E es
an a sco t / N
Eu
un or
ro
tr th
pe
/C ie s
en
tra
Su
lA
bsia
Sa
ha
ra
Hi
n
gh
Af
r ic
- in
a
co
m
ec
ou
nt
r ie
s

0

st

Fertilizer also can enhance productivity, but its use in developing
countries remains low. On the other hand, excessive use offertilizer may cause concern for groundwater contamination
with nitrogen compounds and other hazardous substances.
Consideration needs to be given to the risk of environmental
pollution, as much as to the improvement of productivity.

50

112.9
82.5

Ea

Figure 2-65 Amount of fertilizer used (2001)

100.2

100

Biodiversity

The change in the number of agricultural tractors used worldwide
shows that it is increasing significantly in Asia resulting inincreased farm production in the region. In contrast, the numberof tractors used in farming is surprisingly small in Africa.

150

Global Warming

DATA 047 | Figure 2-64 Change in the number of agriculturaltractors used worldwide

Source: Agriculture and Food Data Tables, WRI (original text: FAO, IFOAM data)

105

048

Figure 2-66 Calorie supply per capita (2005)
kcal/day

3,478

3,500
3,135
3,000

3,077

2,953

2,833
2,337

Energy2,500Life and Economy

2,319

2,000

Ce

n t Eurr a opMlA e
sia /A f i d dlr ic e E
an a sco t / Nun orCatri thSr ib oes
be uthan A
c o meun r ic
tri a /
ePa
cifi E s
c c asou t An t siar ie /
s
So
ut
h
Su
As
bia
Sa
ha
ra
Hi
n
gh
Af
r ic
- in
a
co
m
ec
ou
nt
r ie
s

0
Water

In developing countries, there are still many
people who fail to take in sufficient nutrition,
but fortunately, it is predicted that thecalorie intake in all regions are to improve.
However, there is a concern that the change ineating habits on a global scale will lead to anincrease in the production of food with highenvironmental load (stockbreeding etc.).

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in food, nutrition and hygiene

Source: FAOSTAT, FAO

FoodDATA 048 | Figure 2-66 Calorie supply per capita (2005)

Calorie consumption per capita is increasing and the trend is
expected to continue. Currently, people in some regions, such as
Sub-Saharan Africa, are exposed to chronic insufficient nutrition
due to poverty and other factors. This situation is expected to
improve to some extent. Meanwhile, excessive intake of calories
has become a major problem mostly in developed countries.

106

4,000
Transition countries

Developing
countries

1,000
0

East Asia
South America/
Caribbean countries
Middle East/North
African countries

World average

3,000
2,000

Industrialized countries

1969 1979 1989 1999
–71 –81 –91 –01

South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa(except Nigeria)

2015

2030

Biodiversity

Figure 2-67 Calorie consumption per capita change andfuture projection

kcal/day
Global Warming

The average calorie supply per capita differs between regions:in high income countries it is 1.5 times larger than it is in SubSaharan Africa, the region with the lowest calorie supply.
This index reflects the level of economy of the regions. Whilemalnutrition is the major problem in developing countries,
lifestyle-related diseases and other illnesses resulting fromexcessive intake of calories are the major concern in developed
countries.

Figure 2-67 Calorie consumption per capita change and future projection

2050
year

Source: World agriculture: towards 2030/2050 - Interim report, FAO

107

049

Figure 2-68 Projection on malnourished infants (aged five and under)
by region (1997 and 2020)
million people

100
80

2020

1997

40

Energy60

Life and Economy

Children and infants who have low tolerance
to disease continue to fall victim because of
insufficient food supply, unsanitary water, limited
availability of healthcare services and otherpoverty-related problems, as well as conflicts anddisasters.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Gaps in food, nutrition and hygiene

20Ca

r ib S obe uthan A
c o meun r ic
tri a /
es

tA
as
So

ut

he

n
ra
ha
Sa
bSu

M
A f i d dlr ic e E
an a sco t / N
un ortri th
es

sia

a
r ic
Af

As
h
ut
So

Water

ia

0

Food

Source: World Development Indicators 2006, World Bank

Figure 2-69 Infant (children aged five and under) mortality (2002)

Global Warming

DATA 049 | Figure 2-68 Projection on malnourished infants (agedfive and under) by region (1997 and 2020)

Figure 2-69 Infant (children aged five and under)mortality (2002)
Infant mortality is extremely low in high-income countries. In
contrast, it remains high in Africa and South Asia because ofpoverty-related malnutrition, poor hygiene, and low inoculation
rate for vaccinations.

108

10% or more
5 to 9.9%
2 to 4.9%
1 to 1.9%
Less than 1%
No data

Biodiversity

The number of malnourished infants is expected to decrease in
all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa, where it is projected tofurther increase.

Source: World Bank atlas - measuring development, World Bank

109

050

Figure 2-70 Ratio of grains used as feed in livestock breeding (2003)%

Life and Economy

100
80

70.2

62.2

60

47.8

40

Energy

18.7

20

4.7
w
c o - in c
un om
tri e
es

Lo

e s H ig
(n h-ion nc- O om
EC e
D)
Hi
gh
e
in r-lc o evm elec mou iddn t ler ie Loswein r-lc o evm elec mou iddn t ler ie s

co

un

co

tri

u n H ig
tri he s in c
(O om
EC e
D)

0

Water

Livestock products require large quantities
of water and animal feed to produce. It is
predicted that there will be a change in eating
habits in the developing countries and thedemand for livestock products which have highenvironmental load will grow. In coping withthe future global food issue, ensuring a properbalance between the production of grain andlivestock products is an important perspective.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Changes in eating habits and associated problems

Source: Agriculture and Food, WRI (original text: FAO data)

Water
(ℓ)

Figure 2-71 Quantities of water and animal feed required
for the production of 1kg of livestock/farm product andcalorie efficiency

Beef

20,700

11

3.0

Pork

5,900

7

3.1

Chicken

4,500

4

3.1

Chicken egg

3,200

─

─

White rice

3,600

─

─

Barley/nakedbarley

2,600

─

─

Soybean

2,500

─

─

Wheat

2,000

─

─

Corn

1,900

─

─

Biodiversity

Livestock products
Farm products(1 kg)

Global Warming

Necessary quantity of input
Amount of energy required to
Cereals
produce 1kcal of livestock product(Corn)(Corn converted)(kg)(kcal)

Livestock farmers raise animals by feeding them with abundant
low cost grain, turning them into high value added meat. The
ratio of grains used as animal feed becomes higher in countries
with high income levels.

Livestock breeding requires large quantities of water and grain.
In order to produce 1 kcal of livestock product, it requires
approximately 3 kcal (3 times as much) of grain (converted ascorn). There is a significant difference in the efficiency livestock
animals convert grain into protein and chicken shows the highest
efficiency followed by pork and beef. The efficiency in converting
into beef is about one third of that of chicken. Taking in moreanimal protein from livestock with greater feed efficiency should
help improve the productivity of land and water.

110

Figure 2-71 Quantities of water and animal feed required for the productionof 1kg of livestock/farm product and calorie efficiency

Food

DATA 050 | Figure 2-70 Ratio of grains used as feed in livestock
breeding (2003)

Source: Results of trial calculation carried out by a group of researchers including
Professor Taikan Oki of the Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo; thereport on food self-sufficiency in Japan in 2003 by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries; and the Food Composition Database of the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
111

051

Figure 2-72 Changes in income levels and demand for livestock products
in China and India
dollars/person

kg/person/year

35

2000

[China]GDP per capita

1750

30

1500

25

1250

15

1000
Other kinds of meat

0

Pork

500
Poultry

250

Beef

1970

1980

1990

2000

Food

5

750

Mutton/chevon

10

Water

20

Energy40

Life and Economy

It is expected that with the growth in economy
in developing countries eating habits of thepeople will change, leading to increased
demand for livestock products which have highenvironmental load. China is a typical example ofsuch. On the other hand, India shows very littlechange in eating habits, which can be associatedwith religious factors.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Changes in eating habits and associated problems

0

2005
year

112

kg/person/year

dollars/person

20
15

1000

[India]GDP per capita

750

10

500

5

250

0

1970

1980

1990

2000

2005

0

Biodiversity

The figure shows the changes in the demand of livestock
products per capita in China and India. In China, theconsumption of livestock products has increased significantly inaccordance with the increase in GDP per capita, indicating thatthe eating habits of the Chinese are becoming closer to those ofdeveloped countries. GDP per capita in India is also increasing
but this has not led to a significant increase in the consumptionof livestock products. The only noticeable feature is an increasein the consumption of poultry, which had remained at a very low
level for a long time in this country. The low demand for livestock
products in India may be largely attributable to the fact thatnearly 70% of Indian people are Hindus: ahimsa (no butchery)and vegetarianism comprise an important part of the dogma ofHinduism.

Global Warming

DATA 051 | Figure 2-72 Changes in income levels and demand forlivestock products in China and India

year

Source: Food Balance Sheets, FAO and World Development Indicators Online Database,World Bank

113

052

Figure 2-73 World capture fisheries and aquaculture production
Life and Economy

A trend towards an increase in aquaculture
can be seen due to economical concerns and tocope with the decrease in marine resources.

DATA

Population

Ⅱ Human Activities Face limitations
Problems in the fishing industry

million tons

160
140
120
100
80

EnergyAquaculture
production

60
Capture fishery

40
0

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Water

20

year
Source: Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service Online
Query Panels, FAO

FoodFigure 2-74 Status of marine fishery resources (2007)
DATA 052 | Figure 2-73 World capture fisheries and aquaculture
production

Properlyused
18%

Depleted
8%

Figure 2-74 Status of marine fishery resources (2007)

114

Excessively
used
19%

Completely used
52%

Source: The State of World Fisheries andAquaculture 2008, FAO

Historically, catches havebeen very small, irrespectiveof the actual catches.

Recovering: Once depleted, catches are
beginning to increase again.
Excessively
used:Catches have alreadyexceeded a production levelthat is sustainable for long
periods. Producing more may
possibly deplete resources.

Completely
used:

No room for further expansion.
The limit of optimal production
has already been reached or
has almost been reached.

Properlyused:

Resources remain
considerably far from the limitof production. Some of theresources still have room for
expanded production.

Scarcelyused:

Fishery is undeveloped ornew. Significant scope for
expanded production isevident.

Biodiversity

With the increase in marine capture fisheries, 9% of fish
resources are currently designated as depleted (1% of whichis recovering) and 19% are captured in excess of a sustainableproduction level. 52 percent are captured close to the limit
of optimal production and have no room for expansion. If
the situation regarding approximately 80% of fish resources
captured at almost their limit or unsustainably change to a more
appropriate fishery procedure, it could be possible to see theglobal fish resources to increase.

Recovering
Depleted:from depletion
1%

Global Warming

The quantity of fishery production is on a growing trend. Capture
fisheries were on a growing trend until around 1990 but due toa decrease in resources, aquaculture production is now growing
steeply. The percentage of aquaculture production compared tototal fishery production grew from 13% in 1990 to 36% in 2007.

Scarcely used 2%

115

Crisis Creeping in
Global Warming
Changes in global temperature
Effects of global warming
Greenhouse gas emissions
Deterioration of Biodiversity
Extinction and the wonders of organisms
Sphere of habitation of organisms shrinks

Ⅲ

117

053
˚C

0.6

14.6

0.4

14.4
14.2
14.0

-0.2

13.8

-0.4

13.6
13.4

-0.6

1860

1880 1900 1920

1940

1960

1980 2000

13.2

year

118

Period (years) Rate (°C/10 years)

Annual average: Annual values

25

0.177±0.052

Tendency for leveling: 10-year average

50

0.128±0.026

Systematic error: Extent of uncertainty as estimatedfrom a comprehensive analysis of
known uncertainty

100

0.074±0.018

150

0.045±0.012

Biodiversity

Scientific analysis shows that global average surface temperature
has risen by approx. 0.7 degrees in the last 100 years. The risebecame particularly steep since around 1950 and when thetemperature rise for the last 50 years is looked at, the rate ofincrease is almost twice as great compared to that for the last
100 years.

Rate: Rate of temperature rise in 10 years by period.
For example, the rise of 0.74 degrees in thelast 100 years means that the temperature hasrisen by 0.074 degrees in the last 10 years.

Global Warming

-0.8

Food

0.0

Water

Tendency for leveling
Annual average

0.2

Estimate of average temperature worldwide

˚C

EnergyDifference from 1961–1990 average

Figure 3-1 Changes in global average surface temperature

5–95% systematic error

DATA 053 | Figure 3-1 Changes in global average surface
temperature

Life and Economy

Global warming is said to be an ongoing
phenomenon.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Changes in global temperature

Source: Technical summary of Working
Group I Report of IPCC Fourth Assessment
Report (Japanese translation), Japan
Meteorological Agency

119

054

Life and Economy

Figure 3-2 Changes in global atmospheric temperature in the last
400,000 years
375

year 2,000

EnergyWhen looking at the changes in global
atmospheric temperature in the span of 400,000
years, the recent rise in the temperature showsa different pattern not seen in the climatechange cycle of approximately 100,000 years.

DATA

CO2 concentration (ppm)

300

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Changes in global temperature

250

CO2 concentration andglobal temperature
were correlated

Global atmospherictemperature(degrees)

0-2Glacial period

Glacial period

Glacial period

Glacial period
Changes in sea
surface 100
meters or greater

Sea surface level(meters)

50

Food

-4
0

Water

200
2

100
-40

-30

-20

DATA 054 | Figure 3-2 Changes in global atmospheric temperaturein the last 400,000 years

1200

Source: Document for a lecture at the 17th Blue Planet Prize (Dr. Lorius, 2008)

Biodiversity

The analysis of continuous ice-sheet core records for the last
420,000 years led to a finding that the global temperature,atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration and sea level change
showed a similar trend. During the last 420,000 years, there
were four long cold periods and shorter warm periods which arecalled glacial and interglacial periods respectively. During these
periods, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere fluctuatedbetween approximately a minimum of 200ppm and a maximumof 300ppm. Current atmospheric CO2 concentration has reached
390ppm and continues to rise.

-10

10,000 before present (2,000 A.D.)

Global Warming

Years

121

Europe

1900

1950

1950

0.5
0.0
1950

2000
year

Australia

0.5
0.0
1900

1950

Observed

DATA 055 | Figure 3-3 Global and continental temperature change

If greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase at a fasterpace than at present, further warming could follow causing
numerous changes in the climate systems around the world. The
effects of the warming may depend on how societies change
in the future but its scale is highly likely to be greater than thatobserved in the 20th century.

122

1950

2000
year

Close tozone → Strong humaninduced effects are implied
Overall land areas

1.0
0.5
0.0
1900

1950

2000
year

Overall sea areas
1.0
0.5
0.0
1900

1950

2000
year

Results of simulation using nature-induced radiative forcing only

Source: Summary of Synthesis Report of IPCC Fourth Assessment Report for Policymakers,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry, Japan Meteorological Agency and Ministry of the Environment

Figure 3-4 Projected global average temperature change
Temperature change
Scenario

Change in the 2090-2099 period, with the change in the
1980-1999 period regarded as the standard (degrees).
Optimal estimate
Range of likely values

Concentration in 2000
remains unchanged

0.6

0.3 - 0.9

B1 scenario
A1T scenario
B2 scenario
A1B scenario
A2 scenario
A1F1 scenario

1.8
2.4
2.4
2.8
3.4
4.0

1.1 - 2.9
1.4 - 3.8
1.4 - 3.8
1.7 - 4.4
2.0 - 5.4
2.4 - 6.4

Biodiversity

Figure 3-4 Projected global average temperature change

0.0

Global Warming

According to the simulation results using a climate model showa high probability that most of the rises in global average surface
temperature (observed values) from the mid-20th century onward
were caused by a human-induced increase in greenhouse gas
concentrations. It is highly probable that human-induced andpronounced warming has occurred in the last 50 years on allcontinents except the South Pole.

2000
year

2000
year

1.0
0.5

1900

Average temperature
difference (degrees)

0.0

2000
year

Food

Average temperature
difference (degrees)

1.0
0.5

1950

Water

Whole world

1950

1900

1.0

Results of simulation using nature-induced
and human-induced radiative forcing

1900

0.0

AfricaAverage temperature
difference (degrees)

1.0

2000
year

EnergyAverage temperature
difference (degrees)South America

1900

1900

2000
year

1.0
0.5

Average temperature
difference (degrees)

0.0

0.0

Average temperature
difference (degrees)

0.5

Asia

1.0
0.5

Average temperature
difference (degrees)

Average temperature
difference (degrees)

1.0

055

Life and Economy

Average temperature
difference (degrees)

North America

It was revealed recently that global warming
was induced by human activity. How it will
progress depends upon how humankind
addresses the problem.

DATA

Figure 3-3 Global and continental
temperature change

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Changes in global temperature

A1: Advanced growth society scenario. Divided into three: fossil energy sources (A1FI), non-fossil
energy sources (A1T) and maintaining a proper balance of all energy sources (A1B) ⁄ A2: Pluralistic
society scenario ⁄ B1: Sustainable growth-oriented society scenario ⁄ B2: Coexistence-oriented
society scenario
Source: A summary of the Synthesis Report of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report for
Policymakers, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry, Japan Meteorological Agency and Ministry of the Environment

123

056

Life and Economy

Figure 3-5 Major effects of global average temperature rise
The quantity of water available increases in humid tropical regions and high-latitude regions
The quantity of water available decreases and drought intensifies in mid-latitude regions andsemi-arid low-latitude regions

Water
400 million to
1.7 billion people

Extinctionof amphibia
increases

1 billion to
2 billion people

Most coral becomes bleachedNumerous species die out
around the world

Water

Ecosystem Coral bleaching intensifies

Population undergrowing water
stress increases

1.1 billion to 3.2 billion people

Nearly 20% to 30% of species face a greaterrisk of extinction

EnergyAlthough the impact of global warming may
depend on the extent of adaptation, the rateof temperature change and socioeconomic
scenarios, if the temperature rise exceed 2
degree centigrade compared to the temperatureduring 1980-1999 period, it is estimated toresult in extensive damages in many different
areas.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Effects of global warming

Extinction of coral becomes widespread

Terrestrial biosphere turns toward a net carbon source
Distribution of species changes and risksof fire accidents in forests increase

As up to 40% of the ecosystem
is affected

Low-latitude regions
Drops in some grain

Drops in all grain

Increases in some grain

Drops in some regions

Food

Food

Grain
productivity

As up to 15% of the ecosystem
is affected

Mid- and high-latitude regions
Flood- and storm-induced damage increases

Coastalareas

Nearly 30% of coastal wetland disappears
0 to 3 million people 2 million to 15 million people

Global Warming

Annual population thatencounters floods in the
coastal areas increases

Burden of malnutrition, diarrhea, cardiac and respiratory diseases and infectious diseases increases

HealthHeat waves, floods and drought cause morbidity and mortality to rise
Distribution of some infectious disease vectors changes

If global warming continues, available water resources will
decrease due to the increase in drought in dry regions. The
impact on the ecosystem will also be significant. An increase intropical infectious diseases and various impacts on agriculture,
forestry and fisheries are predicted. A rise in the sea level and anincrease in natural disasters are also expected. They will affectthe developing countries more severely that are less potent intaking preventive action due to financial and technical limitations.

124

The disappearance of theice sheet would inevitably
result in a persistent sea
level rise of several meters.

Greenland and theWest Antarctic Ice
Sheet recede

Abnormal
eventsHeavy burden on health services

Biodiversity

DATA 056 | Figure 3-5 Major effects of global average temperaturerise

Coastlines changearound the world andlow-lying areas areinundated

The weakening of deep circulation causes the ecosystem to change

0

1

2

3

4

Change of average annual global temperature relative to the 1980-1999 level5
˚C

Source: Technical summary of Working Group 2 Report of IPCC Fourth Assessment Report(Japanese translation), Ministry of the Environment

125

057

Figure 3-6 Major effects of global average temperature rise (on regional level)
Risk of species extinctionin Sub-Saharan Africa

10 to 15%

AfricaLife and Economy

25 to 40%

Semi-arid and arid areas expand by 5% to 8%
75 million to
250 million people

350 million to
Population encountering growing water stress increases
600 million people

Wheat and corn decreaseby 2% to 5% in India

Asia

Rice decreases by Quantity of potential
5% to 12% in China grain harvest– 2 million people

100 million to
1.2 billion people

200 million to
1 billion people

Annual populationencountering a risk of floods
in coastal areas increases

EnergyThe effects of the temperature rise depend on
the region, and specifically on the latitude of
the region. In particular, the effects of climatechange are expected to be more severe in Asia
and Africa, where developing countries accountfor larger proportion of the area.

DATA– 7 million people
Population encountering growing water stress increases

Great Barrier Reef becomes bleached every year

Australia/
New
ZealandHeat-induced deaths increase in the range of
between 3,000 and 5,000 per year
-10%

Flow rate of Murray and Darling Rivers-50%+5 to +15% (Northern Europe)+10 to +20%

0 to -25% (Southern Europe)-5 to -35%

+2 to +10%
(Northern Europe)+3 to +4%(Southern Europe)

Quantity of water available+10 to +25%

+10 to +30%

-10 to +20%

-15 to +30%

Quantity of potential
wheat harvest

Many mid-latitude regions lose glaciers

Many tropical regions lose glaciers
10 million to
80 million people

80 million to 180 Population under growing water stress increases
million people

Quantity of potential grain
harvest increases in arange of 5% to 20%

North
America

Food

Nearly 45% of tree
species in the Amazon
may die out

Nearly 25% of tree species in thesavannas of Central Brazil may die out

Latin
America

Water

Water security deteriorates in southern and eastern parts of Australia and some eastern parts of New Zealand

EuropeIn Canada, the burnt area of forests
increases in a range of 70% to 120%

The number of regions that need heating decreases and the number of regions that need cooling increases

Seasonal thaw
depth of permafrost
in the arctic region 10 to 15%
increases

15 to 25%

The number of days with heat wave
increase 3 to 8 times in some cities
10% to 50% of the tundra in
the arctic region is replacedby forests
15% to 25% of the polar desert
is replaced by tundra

30 to 50%

Permafrost areas in thearctic region decrease ina range of 20% to 35%

Global Warming

The period during which ozone
concentration reaches a dangerous
level becomes longer by nearly 70%

Polarregions

Annual average of the amount of ice
cover in the arctic region decreases
in a range of 20% to 35%

Biodiversity

Rise in sea level increases inundation in coastal areas and infrastructure damage

DATA 057 | Figure 3-6 Major effects of global average temperaturerise (on regional level)
Although the severity and types of effects differ between
regions, as global warming progresses it would adversely affectagriculture, ecosystems, water, coastal areas, health, industries,
habitation and many other aspects of our lives.

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Effects of global warming

Smallislands

Foreign species take root inmany mid- and high-latitudeislands

01

Agricultural loss amounts to a maximum
of 5% and 20% of GDP in high-altitude
and low-altitude islands, respectively.

2

3

4

5
˚C

Changes in average annual global temperature relative to the 1980-1999 level
Source: Technical summary of Working Group 2 Report of IPCC Fourth Assessment Report(Japanese translation), Ministry of the Environment

126

127

058

Figure 3-7 Changes in CO2 concentration in the atmosphereLife and Economy

ppm

380

360

Results of observation
by Scripps Institution of
Oceanography(Data up until April 1974)

Results of observations
by the U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration(Data from May 1974
onward)EnergyThe fact that CO2, a greenhouse gas, isincreasing in the atmosphere has been observed
through various measurements. These increases
in greenhouse gas emissions are attributable tohuman activities and are regarded as a directcause of global warming.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inGreenhouse gas emissions

340

Water

320
1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010
year

DATA 058 | Figure 3-7 Changes in CO2 concentration in theatmosphere

The increase in greenhouse gas emissions is attributable tohuman activities and is regarded as a direct cause of global
warming. Human-induced global greenhouse gas emissions are
increasing year after year and from 1990 to 2005, greenhousegases increased by nearly 8 Gt in CO2 equivalent globally. They
are expected to continue to increase.

128

Emissions (CO2 equivalent, 100 million tons)

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Extra (international emissions)
Waste
Land use/Forest
Agriculture
Industry
Temporary release
Use of other fuels
Transportation
Manufacture/Construction
Electric power/heat
1990

1995

2000

Biodiversity

Figure 3-8 Human-induced global greenhouse gas
emission

Figure 3-8 Human-induced global greenhouse gas emission
Global Warming

The Earth System Research Laboratory of the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration commenced its observation
activity on CO2 in the atmosphere in 1957, the International
Geophysical Year. Data obtained by the Laboratory show that theamount of CO2 in the atmosphere is on a yearly increasing trend
while reflecting an annual fluctuation due to plant growth.

Food

Source: Website of Earth System Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration(http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html)

2005
year

Source: Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) on-line database version 7.0, WRI

129

059

Figure 3-9 Changes in energy-induced CO2 emissions (by energy)
100 million tons

28,962

300

19.8%

0.1%
100

15,640
14.4%
50.6%

1973

Oil
37.6%

Coal
Peat
42.2%

Water

34.9%
0

Energy200

Others 0.4%
Natural gas

Life and Economy

In order to reduce the emission of CO2, anurgent review of energy supplies that involve
mass consumption of fossil fuels is necessary.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inGreenhouse gas emissions

2007

year

Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2009, IEA

Food

Figure 3-10 Changes in energy-induced CO2 emissions (by region)
100 million tons

28,962
8.3%

200

Emission of CO2 is the highest among the greenhouse gases.
Energy-induced CO2 emission nearly doubled between 1973 and2007. Although their usage percentages may vary, usage of allenergy sources including coal, oil, natural gas and other fuels
have individually increased. This is attributable to an increase inenergy demand in China and other rising countries in Asia.

130

100

0

21.0%

15,640
14.4%

10.0%

65.8%

OECD
42.9%

1973

2007

Biodiversity

DATA 059 | Figure 3-9/Figure 3-10 Changes in energy-induced CO2
emissions (by energy and by region)

3.8%
1.0%
1.7%
5.7%
3.0%
2.7%
1.9%

Extra 3.5%
Middle East 4.8%
Non-OECD Europe 0.9%
Former Soviet Union
China
Asia (excluding China)
Latin America 3.5%
Africa 3.1%

Global Warming

300

year

Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2009, IEA

131

060

Figure 3-11 Amount of CO2 emission by region (per capita, per GDP/2007)
tCO2 /person

kg CO2/dollar

1.2

12Global average
per capita

0.8
0.6

2

0.2

0

0.0

Ca

Ea

st

Ce

Water

n t Eurr a oplA e
sia /r ib S obe uthan A
c o meun r ic
M
tri a /
id
es
dl
eE
as
t /N
Af or tr ic h
a
So
ut
h
Su
As
bia
Sa
ha
ra
n
Af
r ic
a
Hi
gh
c o - in c
un om
tri e
es

0.4

As
ia
co / Pa
un ci
tri fices

4

Energy6

1.0

Global average
per GDP

Pe

8

rc
a
Pe pi t a
rG
DP

10

Life and Economy

The affluent lifestyle in developed countries isestablished on a foundation which consumes
large amounts of fossil fuel energy. Unlessspecial measures are implemented, CO2
emissions will continue to increase with thegrowth of developing countries.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inGreenhouse gas emissions

DATA 060 | Figure 3-11 Amount of CO2 emission by region (percapita, per GDP/2007)

Changemillion tons

Prospect

40,000
Others

30,000Figure 3-12 Changes in the amount of CO2 emission byregion and future projection

20,000Unless measures are taken, energy source-induced CO2
emission in 2030 is projected to double that of 1990. Whileemissions from developed countries such as the United States,
EU countries, and Japan are projected to remain unchanged,
those countries which are to have a dramatic economic growthsuch as China, India and ASEAN countries are expected to havean increase in emission.

10,000
0

ASEAN
India
China
RussiaEU Japan

Biodiversity

132

Figure 3-12 Changes in the amount of CO2 emission by region andfuture projection
Global Warming

High-income countries consume large quantities of energy, thus
their CO2 emissions per capita are nearly triple of the global
average. Meanwhile, the CO2 emissions in South Asia and SubSaharan Africa range between one fourth and one fifth of the
global average. Regional differences are significant. Per GDP, theCO2 emissions in high-income countries are slightly below the
global average.

Food

Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2009, IEA

United States
1990

2007

2015 2020 2025 2030
year

Source: World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA

133

061

Figure 3-13 Proportion of CO2 emissions by country (top 20 countries/2007)
million tons

7,000Life and Economy[Total amount]

5,000
3,000
1,000
0

Un

ite C hd in
St aa
Ru tes
ss
i
In a
di
J a
G e aparm n
C a a nyna
S o B daut rit a
h in
Ko
re
a
Ira
M n
ex
ico
Au It as ly
In trad o li an
S a F e sia
ud r ani A cera
S o B b ia
ut ra
h zi
Af l
r ic
S a
Ot
he U k p a inr c rao u innt e
r iesEnergytCO2 /person[Per capita]

Un

ite

d
S
A u t atest sr
S a C a a li a
ud na
i A dara
S o R u b ia
ut ss
h ia
K
G e orerm aa
J a nypa
Br n
it a
S p ina in
Sout It ah ly
Af
U k r ic a
ra
in
e
Ira
Fr n
an
c
Ch e
M in a
ex
ico
B
In ra
d o zi
ne l
sia
In
di
a

World average

Food

25
20
15
10
5
0

Water

Although small in number, there are countries
which emit a large volume of CO2. It goes
without saying that efforts need to be madeby such major emitting countries to reduce
emissions, but even in other countries, lifestyles
changes and shift to more energy efficientindustries are needed to reduce the emissions
per capita.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inGreenhouse gas emissions

134[Per GDP]

World average

Biodiversity

China (21%) and the United States (20%) are by far thelargest CO2 emitters. These two countries make up almost
40% of emissions worldwide. CO2 emissions per capita areparticularly high in developed countries, reflecting the sizes of
their economies. CO2 emissions per GDP are low in developed
countries and high in other countries. CO2 emissions per
GDP show differences among countries in terms of theirenergy efficiencies and the rate of utilization of nuclear power
generation.

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Sa R
ud us
i A siara
U k b ia
ra
in
So
e
ut Ir
h an
Af
r ic
C a
A u hinst a
U n C r a li a
ite anaS o d S t dau t ath es
In Kor
do ea
ne
M sia
ex
i
Ja co
G e pa
rm n
an
In y
d
S p iaa
B r init ainIta
B r lya
F r z ilance

DATA 061 | Figure 3-13 Proportion of CO2 emissions by country (top
20 countries/2007)

Global Warming

kgCO2 /$

Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2009, IEA

135

DATA
Figure 3-14 The Living Planet Index%

Terrestrial species

100

All vertebrate species(Living Planet Index)

Marine species

80

Energy

60

60

0

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000
year

Threatened
withextinction

Threatened
withextinction

Threatened
withextinction

Threatened
withextinction

21%

12%

30%

50%

Mammals:
5,488 species

Birds:
9,990 species

Amphibians:
6,347 species(5,488 species)(9,990 species)(6,260 species)

Threatened
withextinction

Threatened
withextinction

31%

37%

Reptiles:
8,734 species

Fish:30,700 species(1,385 species)

Insects:
95,000 species(3,481 species)(1,259 species)

Threatened
withextinction

Biodiversity

The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) studied the risk of extinction for nearly 1.64
million species humankind discovered. As a result, among
approximately 45,000 species studied, nearly 40% were under
threat of extinction.

Figure 3-15 Ratios of threatened species of animals and plants worldwide
by taxonomic group
Global Warming

Figure 3-15 Ratios of threatened species of animals andplants worldwide by taxonomic group

Food

Source: Global Biodiversity Outlook 2 (Japanese translation) published by the Japanese
Ministry of the Environment(Original text: Living Planet Report (2004), WWF, UNEP-WCMC and Global Footprint Network)

According to the Living Planet Index presented by the World
Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) which summarizes the status ofapproximately 3,000 individual populations of living organisms
in accordance with data published worldwide, the population of
those species consistently decreased during the period between
1970 and 2000 by nearly 40%. The rate of decrease is almost
50% in inland aquatic species and 30% in marine and terrestrial
species.

Water

Fresh water
species40

DATA 062 | Figure 3-14 The Living Planet Index

Life and Economy

A pronounced decrease in the population ofliving organisms has been noted and numerous
species have been found to be threatenedwith extinction in recent years. It is said that
we are encountering a crisis of the sixth mass
extinction of species in the history of Earth.

(Assuming the population in 1970 to be 100)

062

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Extinction and the wonders of organisms

73%
Flowering plants:
258,650 species(10,779 species)

Note: The numbers in parentheses are the numbers of species studied.
Source: Red List of Threatened Species (2008), IUCN
136

137

063

Life and Economy

The rate of extinction of species has accelerated
sharply in the last 100 years. Spurred by humanactivities, the rate of extinction is expected toaccelerate further in the future.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Extinction and the wonders of organisms

Figure 3-16 Rate of extinction of species

Annual number of extinctions per 1,000 species
Present(Known extinction)

EnergyPast(Fossil records)

Future(Model)

100

1

0.01
0.001
0.0001

138

s
ism

s
ia n

rd

an
rg
lo
Al

ph

ib

Bi

am
M

Am

am
M

m

m

als

als

s
i sm
an
rg
eo
in
ar
M

Biodiversity

The extinction of species is something that occurs naturally
and numerous species, among which dinosaurs being therepresentative, have become extinct in the past. The rate ofextinction that have occurred naturally has been 0.1–1 species
per 1,000 species per 1,000 years. Compared to this rate, inthe last century, the rate was 50–500 times faster and when
species that may already have become extinct were included,
the rate of extinction can be projected to be 1,000 times greater.
Worse still, the rate may further grow to more than 10 times ofpresent in the future.

s

0

DATA 063 | Figure 3-16 Rate of extinction of species

Global Warming

Long-term
averageextinction rate

Food

The present
extinction rateis 1,000 times
greater than fossil
records

One or lessspecies per
1,000 species
of mammals has
died out in thelast 1,000 years

0.1

Water

The expected
extinction rate
is more than 10times greater thanthe present rate10

* [Past] shows the average extinction rate estimated from the fossil records.
Source: Annual Report on the Environment and the Sound Material-Cycle Society
in Japan 2007
(Original text: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UN)

139

DATA

064

Life and Economy

There is a huge loss of nature’s bounty due
to human activities. Although they may only
account for only a few percent of the earth’s
surface, protecting “hot spots” allows toconserve numerous species.

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Extinction and the wonders of organisms

EnergyWater

Source: Biodiversity Hotspots, Conservation International

Hotspots

Biodiversity

140

Global Warming

According to the definition by Dr. Norman Myers, the 10thBlue Planet Prize laureate, “hotspots” are regions having
high biodiversity on a global scale but are on the edge of its
destruction. Conservation International, the winner of the 6thBlue Planet Prize, specified 34 hotspots. These hotspots accountfor only 2.3% of the surface area of the earth. Nevertheless,it has been found that 75% of threatened mammals, birds andamphibians, 50% of all vascular plants and 42% of terrestrial
vertebrate animals inhabit only in these 34 hotspots.

Figure 3-17 Biodiversity hotspots (2004)

Food

DATA 064 | Figure 3-17 Biodiversity hotspots (2004)

141

Figure 3-18 Relationship between ecosystem services and human welfare
Elements of welfare
Ecosystem services

Individual safety
Certainty of resource
availability
Safety against disasterconditions
Sufficiently nutritious
food
Housing
Availability of goods

Regulation service
Climate regulation
Flood control
Disease control
Purification of water
OthersHealthPhysical strength
Psychological comfort
Clean air and water

Cultural service
Aesthetic
Psychological
Educational
Recreational
OthersSocial solidarity
Mutual respect
Ability to assist one
anotherLow

Thickness of arrow:
Strength of relationshipbetween ecosystem services
and human welfare
WeakMediumMediumHigh

Strong

Biodiversity

Color of arrow:
Possibility of mediation
by socioeconomic
factors

Global Warming

142

Opportunities toachieve one's
intentions andideals based on
individual values

Good social bonds

Lives and biodiversity on Earth

The relationship between various types of ecosystem services
and human welfare is influenced in many ways by social andeconomic activities. It is necessary to ensure that nature’s
bounty is enjoyed sustainably while giving consideration toregional ecosystems and social diversity.

Freedom of
choice andactionFood

Circulation ofnutrient salt
Soil formation
Primary
production
OthersBasic materials foran enriched life
Appropriate living

Water

Food
Fresh water
Wood and fibers
Fuel
OthersBasic service

EnergySafetySupply service

DATA 065 | Figure 3-18 Relationship between ecosystem services
and human welfare

065

Life and Economy

From a distant past, humankind has enjoyed
the ecosystem services biodiversity provided.
However, humankind takes this nature’s bounty
for granted and are not aware of the seriousnessof losing them.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Extinction and the wonders of organisms

Source: Annual Report on the Environment and the Sound Material-Cycle Society in Japan 2007
(Original text: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UN)

143

Function

Classification

Substantial production increase

Food

Crops
Livestock
Capturefisheries
Aquaculture
Wild food
TimberForest loss in some regions, growth inothers

Cotton, hemp,
silk
Woody fuelDeclining production of some fibers,
growth in others

Fiber

Declining production

Lost through extinction, overharvest

Fresh water

Unsustainable use for drinking, industry
and irrigation; amount of hydro energy
unchanged, but dams increase ability to
use that energy
Decline in ability of atmosphere tocleanse itself

GlobalNet source of carbon sequestration since
mid-century

Regional andlocal

Preponderance of negative impacts

Erosion regulation
Water purification and waste
treatment
Disease regulation

Increased soil degradation

Pest regulation

Natural control degraded throughpesticide use

Pollination

Apparent global decline in abundance ofpollinators

Natural hazard regulation

Loss of natural buffers (wetlands,
mangroves)

Spiritual and religious values

Rapid decline in sacred groves andspecies

Aesthetic value

Decline in quantity and quality of natural
lands

Recreation and ecotourism

More areas accessible but manydegraded

Declining water quality
Varies depending on ecosystem change

Biodiversity

Varies depending on ecosystem change
and location

Global Warming

Water regulation

Food

Regulating services

Declining production

Water

Cultural services

Substantial production increase

Biochemicals, natural
medicines, pharmaceuticals

Climate regulation

144

Declining production due to overharvest

Lost through extinction and genetic
resource loss

Air quality regulation

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment of the United Nations
analyzed the benefits humankind has enjoyed from ecosystems
on Earth (ecosystem services) and reviewed the ecosystemservices provided for the last several decades to an extent
determinable. Almost two-thirds (15 out of 24) of ecosystemservices have deteriorated or are no longer sustainable. Among
those include a drop in marine catches, loss of forests andwetlands, and important functions such as purification of air andwater, protection against disasters and others.

Substantial production increase

Genetic resources

Water

DATA 066 | Figure 3-19 Global status of ecosystem services

Condition Note

EnergyProvisioning services

Figure 3-19 Global status of ecosystem services

066

Life and Economy

Ecosystem services that are indispensable forthe survival of humankind are already in a
critical condition.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Extinction and the wonders of organisms

Source: Annual Report on the Environment and the Sound Material-Cycle Society in Japan 2007
(Original text: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UN)
145

067

Figure 3-20 Main direct drivers of change in biodiversity and ecosystems

ClimatechangeInvasive
species

Pollution(Nitrogen,
Overexploitation phosphorus)

Boreal forest

EnergyHabitatchangeLife and Economy

Global measures must be taken against humanactivities that deteriorate the ecosystems toprevent them.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping in
Extinction and the wonders of organisms

Forest Temperate forest
Tropical forest
Water

Temperate grassland
Mediterranean

Dryland Tropical grassland/
Savanna

DesertInland water
Food

Coastal areas
MarineIslandMountain
Polar regions

It is considered that the major causes in the loss of biodiversity
are the alteration of habitats, alien species, excessive
exploitation, contamination with nutrient salts such as nitrogenand phosphorus, and global warming, among others. In
particular, the expansion of farmland and excessive exploitationof fishery resources are pointed out as major causes. These
direct impacts on biodiversity loss are expected to remain at thesame level or increase further.

146

Decreasing impact
Continuing impact
Increasing impact
Very rapid increase of
the impact

Biodiversity

DATA 067 | Figure 3-20 Main direct drivers of change in biodiversity
and ecosystems

Low
ModerateHigh
Very highDriverʼs current trends

Global Warming

Driverʼs impact on biodiversity
over the last century

Source: Global Biodiversity Outlook 2 (Japanese translation) publishedby the Japanese Ministry of the Environment(Original text: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UN)147

Figure 3-21 World forest distribution by region (2005)

068

1,000ha

%1,200,000

60

1,000,000

50

800,000

40
Forest area

600,000
400,000

30
20

a

er

ni

Am

ea

h

Oc

No

r th

So

ut

an

Eu

ro

d
C
A m ener t r al
ic a

ia
As

r ic

ic a

0
pe

0
a

10
Water

200,000

Af

EnergyRatio offorests

Life and Economy

Forestry ecosystems and their distributiondiffer from region to region. Active
conservation measures are requested incountries with large forest areas.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inSphere of habitation of organisms shrinks

Food

Source: Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 Progress towards sustainable forest
management, FAO

Figure 3-22 Countries with large land areas and countries with large
forest stock (2005)
Country

Figure 3-22 Countries with large land areas andcountries with large forest stock (2005)

Ranking

Ratio offorest(%)

808,790477,698
310,134
303,089
197,290
163,678

1
2
3
4
5
6

1,638,139
845,942909,351
916,192
932,749
768,230

1
5
4
3
2
6

49.4
56.5
34.1
33.1
21.2
21.3

133,6107

226,70512

58.9

88,49568,742
67,7018
9
10

181,157
128,000
297,319

15
19
7

48.8
53.7
22.8

…

…

…

…

…

…

Countries with large forest area are Russia, followed by Brazil,
Canada and the United States. In Japan, forest accounts for twothirds of all land, and is consistently amassed. Internationally,
Japan is a country rich in forest resources but is also one of the
major importers of timber in the world.

Land area(1000ha)Japan

24,86823

36,45061

68.2

Biodiversity

Europe and South America both have large forest areas andthey account for a large part of the land in these regions. While
the forest area is increasing in Europe, the forest area in SouthAmerica is decreasing faster than in any other region in theworld.

RussiaBrazilCanadaUnited States
China
Australia
Democratic Republicof Congo
Indonesia
Peru
India

RankingGlobal Warming

DATA 068 | Figure 3-21 World forest distribution by region (2005)

Forest stock(1000ha)Source: FAOSTAT, FAO
148

149

069

Figure 3-23 Annual net change in forests by region (1990–2005)-5,000-3,000Life and Economy

0-1,0002000 to 2005
1990 to 2000

South America
South Asia/Southeast Asia
East Africa/South Africa
West Africa/Central Africa
North Africa

EnergyForest areas continue to decrease globallywith a few exceptions in some regions. It isa challenge for the survival of humankind toconserve the forests which absorb CO2 thatcause global warming and foster numerous
living organisms.

DATA

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inSphere of habitation of organisms shrinks

Oceania
Central America

Decrease

Increase

North America
West Asia/Central Asia
EuropeEast Asia

1990 to 2000

0

Source: Global Forest Resources
Assessment 2005 Progress towards
sustainable forest management, FAO

1,000

3,000

2000 to 2005

Water

Caribbean region

5,000(1,000ha)
Food

DATA 069 | Figure 3-23 Annual net change in forests by region(1990–2005)

Figure 3-24 Top 10 countries with the greatest changes in forest areas(2000–2005)

From 2000 to 2005, Brazil was highest in the decrease inforest areas, followed by Indonesia. The decrease in forestsin these countries is attributable to deforestation resulting
from pasture reclamation and agricultural burning, as well as
road construction. China undertook afforestation during thesame period. As a result, the forest areas in China increased
significantly.

150

China

Indonesia

Spain

Sudan

Vietnam

MyanmarDecrease

ZambiaItaly

Tanzania

Chile

Nigeria

Cuba

Democratic Republicof Congo-4,000-2,0000

United States

Increase

Bulgaria

Zimbabwe

FranceVenezuela

Portugal

1,000ha/year

0

2,000

Biodiversity

Figure 3-24 Top 10 countries with the greatest changes
in forest areas (2000–2005)

BrazilGlobal Warming

Global forest area is on a decreasing trend. The net annual
decrease in forest areas from 2000 to 2005 is projected to be
7.3 million hectares (73,000 km2). The rate of net annual loss
in forest areas is 0.18%. By region, forest areas are decreasingin South America, Africa and Southeast Asia, while there are
increases in China and some European countries.

4,000

Source: Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 Progress towards sustainable
forest management, FAO
151

DATA

070

Life and Economy

Deforestation aggravates the global environment.
We must stop deforestation that is occurring allover the world.

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inSphere of habitation of organisms shrinks

EnergySource: Global Biodiversity Outlook 2 (Japanese translation) published by the Japanese
Ministry of the Environment (original text: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UN)

Net loss of forest
Current forest coverNet gain of forest

Biodiversity

Deforestation hotspots

Global Warming

152

Food

In the last 50 years, life for mankind changed drastically (with anincrease in demand for resources), resulting in a rapid change inthe ecosystem never seen historically. Studies conducted from1980 onwards indicate that forests worldwide have undergone
drastic changes in the last few decades. The regions where
deforestation is occurring are the Amazon region which is richin forest resources, Central Africa, Russia and the coniferous
forest zone of North America. Deforestation in these regions is
expected to have a significant effect on the global environment.

Figure 3-25 Changes in land coverage in recent decades

Water

DATA 070 | Figure 3-25 Changes in land use/cover in recent decades

153

DATA

071

Life and Economy

Desertification is another factor causing
uncertainty in terms of food supply, water
shortages, poverty and other problems. Suchdesertification which hugely affects people’s
lives is progressing in various places of theworld.

Population

Ⅲ Crisis Creeping inSphere of habitation of organisms shrinks

EnergyNote: Dots represent urban areas located in arid regions.
Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, UN

Very arid
Arid
Semi-arid
Slightly arid

Biodiversity

Aridity

Global Warming

154

Food

Arid regions, which are susceptible to the effects ofdesertification, occupy nearly 41% of the land surface area.
Many such regions are in developing countries.

Figure 3-26 Current situation regarding desertification worldwide

Water

DATA 071 | Figure 3-26 Current situation regarding desertification in
the world

155

Actions Against Crisis
Individuals’ Awareness regarding Action
Results of the environmental survey
Transition in Energy
Renewable energy
Nuclear power as a source of energy supply
Efficient use of energy
Energy efficiency in industry
Development of new technologies
Cool Earth – Examples of innovative technologies
specified in the Innovative Energy Technology Plan
Technology examples supporting a recycling
societyⅣ

157

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Results of the environmental survey

How do the learned in the world view actions
taken by individuals in trying to prevent global
warming?

DATA

072

Figure 4-1 Prevention of global warming (2009)
Not conscious andwill stay the same
2%

Unknown
1%

Will change some of
my behavior and act
7%

Act always
consciousness
32%
Act with someconsciousness
58%

Source: Environmental Survey Report 2009, The Asahi Glass Foundation

DATA 072 | Figure 4-1 Prevention of global warming (2009)
People’s awareness level towards participating in preventing
global warming is fairly high climbing to over 90% when those
who responded “I am aware of it to some extent” is included. It
is hoped that this high percentage will be reflected in the actions
taken.

158

159

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Results of the environmental survey

How conscious are the people regarding energy
consumption? The difference in their awarenessbetween developed regions and developing
regions reflect those facts such as the ease ofaccessibility to the energy or the differences in
the amount of energy supplied.

DATA

073

Figure 4-2 Reduction in energy consumption (2006)
Unknown 2%

Want to consume
more energy
than I do now
15%
Developed
regions
Can accept
a reduction
83%

Unknown 2%

Want to consume
more energy
than I do now
41%
Developing
regions
DATA 073 | Figure 4-2 Reduction in energy consumption (2006)
More than 80% of respondents in developed regions answeredthat they could accept a reduction in their energy consumption.
In developing regions, just under 60% of respondents said thatthey could accept a reduction in their energy consumption. Morethan 40% wanted to consume more energy than they do now,differing greatly from their counterparts in developed regions.

160

Can accept
a reduction
57%

Source: Environmental Survey Report 2006, The Asahi Glass Foundation

161

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Results of the environmental survey

What would be the most favorable energy
source to replace fossil fuels? Considerable
differences in view were expressed between
developed regions and developing regions.

DATA

Figure 4-3 Most favorable energy source to replace fossil fuels (2006)

Others,Unknown
Hydropower
10%7%

Biomass
11%

Developed
regions

Others,Unknown
13%

Hydropower
17%

While nuclear power and solar were raised as favorable energy
sources to replace fossil fuels in developed regions, there werehigh expectations towards solar as the only source to replacein developing regions. This may reflect the technical difficulties
involved in the installation of power generation equipment.

162

Biomass
14%

Nuclear
power
32%

Wind
power
7%

Solar
33%

DATA 074 | Figure 4-3 Most favorable energy source to replacefossil fuels (2006)

074

Nuclearpower Wind
7% power
7%

Developing
regions
Solar
42%

Source: Environmental Survey Report 2006, The Asahi Glass Foundation

163

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Results of the environmental survey

How do the respondents view their lifestyles?
The survey results show that many people
are motivated to switch to more sustainable
lifestyles.

DATA

075

Figure 4-4 Changes in lifestyles (2008)

I cannot correct the habitof throwaway or excessive
consumption
5%

I avoid

I can correct

the habit of throwaway
or excessive
consumption

to some extent
41%

throwaway
or excessive
consumption
23%

I can correct

the habit of throwaway
or excessive
consumption
31%

Source: Environmental Survey Report 2008, The Asahi Glass Foundation

DATA 075 | Figure 4-4 Changes in lifestyles (2008)
Ninety-five percent of respondents said they avoided or could(fully or to some extent) correct the habit of throwaway orexcessive consumption. Many people believed that they could
correct their lifestyles. It is now to what extent can they put thismotivation into practice.

164

165

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Renewable energy

Although there may be numerous constraints
in using renewable energies, how big a potential
do these renewable energies have?

DATA

Figure 4-5 Technological potential of renewable energy
TWh

076

[Estimate by ECOFYS]

1,000,000
800,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000

ct

r ic

er

op
ot

he

rm

al

dr

Hy

in

W

ele

ow

re

s

ho

d

Of

fs

id

ue

ps

es

sR
as

Ge

Bi

om

ne

rg

yc

ro

t in
se

Bi

om

as

So

la

rh

ea

po
n

ea

Oc

g

r

e

we

or

at
in
W

d

On

sh

V
he
ot

rm

al

he

rP
la

So
Ge

So

la

r-C

SP

0

Renewable energy

Estimates by relevant institutes
Minimum value Maximum value
28,311
1,210,388

Solar-CSP

DATA 076 | Figure 4-5 Technological potential of renewable energy
The figure shows the technological potential of renewableenergies based on estimate calculations made by relevant
institutes. The estimate calculations on the potential ofrenewable energy vary between studies. Nevertheless, worldwide
electricity generation in 2006 (19,015 TWh) has certainly been
far outstripped.
Note 1: Renewable energy has strong potential, however, geographical constraints(land coverage etc.) and technological constraints (energy conversion efficiencyetc.) limit the amount of renewable energy available. The potential of renewableenergy mentioned in the figure involves giving consideration to these constraints.
Note 2: Worldwide electricity generation in 2006 (19,015 TWh) is calculated fromWorld Energy Statistics and Balances, OECD/IEA.

166

ECOFYS
estimate
918,151

152,740

1,685,616

192,808445

1,437,215

118,721Wind Onshore

7,683

51,73543,253

Ocean power

37,61437,80837,808

Solar heating--

14,041

Biomass energy crops

5,559

176,941

11,016

Biomass Residues

3,425

19,406

10,000Wind Offshore

1,610

2,158

6,507

Hydropower

5,183

5,879

5,708

160

16,4385,137

242,728

4,643,584

1,363,151

Solar PV
Geothermal heat

Geothermal electric
Total TWh

Source: Role and Potential of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency for
Global Energy Supply, ECOFYS

167

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Renewable energyCountries worldwide are making efforts tofacilitate conversion to renewable energy withthe aim of addressing global environmental
issues.

DATA

077

Figure 4-6 Power-generating capacity of renewable energy (OECD countries)
MW or MWth80,000Wind power

70,00060,00050,000Use of solar heat

40,000(MWth: megawatt thermal)

30,000DATA 077 | Figure 4-6 Power-generating capacity of renewableenergy (OECD countries)
Renewable energy such as hydropower and geothermal heat
has long been used. But to deal with the deepening global
environmental problems and the limitation on resources, there
is now a need to spread worldwide the use of various renewableenergies on a massive scale. Currently, developments andextensions of new technologies are underway. The use ofrenewable energy is increasing, including wind power, biomass
and photovoltaic power generation.
Figure 4-7 Extent of introduction of renewable energy
and its share in supply of primary energy
In terms of renewable energy other than large-scale hydropower,
biomass energy is the source most introduced worldwide andits introduction is particularly pronounced in the United States.
The share of renewable sources in the supply of primary energy
is large in Sweden (mainly biomass) and Denmark (mainly
wind power), but it remains low at only a few percent in otherdeveloped countries. Renewable energies serve an important rolein propelling measures to tackle global warming. Policies to let
citizens choose which renewable energy market to promote suchas feed-in tariff in Europe, tradable green certificates are being
implemented. However, there are still problems to be solvedin the introduction of renewable energies such as the issueof stable supply of electricity in case of solar and wind power
generation, and the competition between fuel crops and food incase of biofuels.

168

Solid biomass

20,00010,0000

Geothermal heat
1990

1995

2000

2005

Solar
BiogasTidal power, wave
power and oceans

year

Source: Renewables Information 2009, IEA

Figure 4-7 Extent of introduction of renewable energy and share in supply of
primary energy
Mtoe

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

%

Wind power
Sunlight and solar heat
Geothermal heat
Biomass
14.5

18.2

Share of renewable energy
in the supply of primary
11.1
energy (%)
5.3
6.1
1.7

1.8

2.8
1.1

1.1

3.8

3.7

1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006 1990 2006
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
SwedenJapan
UnitedStates

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Note: T he IEA statistics use data on inputted fuels to make a primary conversion ofelectricity related to biomass for power generation. 10% efficiency is assumed forgeothermal heat, while 100% efficiency is assumed for other energy sources (windpower, solar, wave power, ocean etc.).
Source: FY 2009 Annual Energy Report(Original text: Renewables Information, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, IEA)
169

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Renewable energy

The amount of solar energy reaching earth
is shown in comparison with the amount ofenergy used by humankind. The comparison
speaks eloquently how large the amount ofsolar energy is.

DATA

078

Figure 4-8 Amount of solar energy reaching EarthAmount of energy(tons of oil equivalent)

Sunlight
Solar energy irradiated onto Earth: 174PW
Practically available solar energy: 1PW 1)
Available solar energy (per year)

Worldʼs annual supply of primary energy (2008)

Fossil fuels

7.53×105 Mtoe
0.12×105 Mtoe

Reserves (2007)

Oil

1.2379 trillion barrels 2)

1.68×105 Mtoe

Coal

847.5 billion tons 2)

5.87×105 Mtoe

Natural gas

177 trillion m3 2)

1.84×105 Mtoe

5.47 million tons 3)

0.75×105 Mtoe

Total energy reserves

10.14×105 Mtoe

Uranium

1) B. Sorensen, Energy Policy(1991) 386-391
2) BP, Statistical Review of World Energy 2008
3) OECD/NEA-IAEA, Uranium2007

DATA 078 | Figure 4-8 Amount of solar energy reaching Earth
The amount of solar energy that reaches Earth in a year andcould be available to humankind is far greater than the amount ofenergy currently used worldwide. It is comparable to the reservesof energy resources such as fossil fuels and uranium.

170

171

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Renewable energy

How is the use of solar energy which is said tobe infinite progressing?

DATA

079

Figure 4-9 International comparison of the amount of photovoltaic
power generation introduced

Cumulative amount of introduction (MW)4,000

Germany

3,000

Japan

2,000

United States

1,000

0
1990

Spain

1995

2000

2005
year

Source: Renewables Information 2009, IEA

Italy
South Korea
Netherlands
Austria
Switzerland
CanadaDATA 079 | Figure 4-9 International comparison of the amount ofphotovoltaic power generation introduced
The amount of photovoltaic power generation introduced reached7,800MW in OECD countries in 2007, more than ten times
the capacity compared to that in 2000. Germany, Japan andthe United States are the major introducers, and the rate ofincrease in introduction has been substantial in recent years.
Japan remained as the top country in the amount of photovoltaic
power generation capacity introduced for a long time until it was
overtaken by Germany in 2005.

172

173

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Renewable energy

Although renewable energies are regarded asfavorable means in dealing with the global
environmental problems, currently however,there are still quite a few disadvantages thatneed to be overcome, and future technologicalinnovations are awaited.

DATA

Figure 4-10 Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energyPowergeneration
cost
Sunlight

Wind power

15 to 1,500
US$/MWh

35 to 95
US$/MWh

Advantages· No CO2 is generated during power
generation

40 to 80

Hydropower US$/MWh

BiomassNA· Power cannot be generated at night
or in rainy weather· No constraint on resources· Equipment cost is high· No CO2 is generated during power
generation· Purely domestic energy· No constraint on resources· Purely domestic energy

While the introduction and expansion of renewable energies arenecessary to deal with the global environmental problems, there
still remain issues among them that are to be solved in terms ofcost, supply, safety and others.

174

21 to 31
US$/MWh· Low energy density· Electricity generation depends onwind conditions, which affects thesystem· Equipment cost is high· Environments of dam construction
sites and downstream areas of dams
may change and affect ecosystems· Because it is easy to start and stop
operation, hydropower excels in load
following capability· Electricity generation depends on theamount of water and rainwater in theareas where power plants are located· Sustainable use is possible andwill not lead to an increase inCO2, provided that the amount ofconsumption is equal to or less than
the amount of production· Because of its poor density andquantity of production, collecting
biomass involves a tremendous
amount of labor and costs· The only renewable resource that, asa source of carbon, can be converted
into many kinds of synthetic raw
material, including liquid fuel· No CO2 is generated during power
generation

Nuclear
power

Disadvantages· Low energy density· Purely domestic energy· No CO2 is generated during power
generation

DATA 080 | Figure 4-10 Advantages and disadvantages of renewableenergy080· Biomass generally contains a large
amount of moisture and less heat.
Regional and seasonal differences
are significant· Uranium is a radioactive substanceand requires extensive safety
equipment and strict safety control· Countries supplying uranium arescattered internationally and their· Radioactive waste is generated andpolitical situations are stable. Fuelmust be disposed of and managed
prices of uranium remain more stablevery strictly
than those of fossil fuels· Uranium will be available for 2,570
years provided that the utilization of
plutonium becomes feasible

The power generation costs are average values in the existing power sources of different
countries based on the assumption that the discount rate is 5% (IEA survey)
Source: Projected Costs of Generating Electricity (2005 Update), IEA

175

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Nuclear power as a source of energy supply

Nuclear energy which do not emit CO2 while
generating power is considered to be one of
the major options in dealing with the global
warming problem.

DATA

081

Figure 4-11 Changes in electricity generated by nuclear power worldwide(by region)
trillion kw

3.0
2.5
North America

2.0

Latin
America

1.5
Europe1.0

Former Soviet Union

0.5

AfricaAsia
0.0
1972 1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005 2008
year

Source: FY 2009 Annual Energy Report(Original text: NUCLEONICS WEEK, The McGraw-Hill Companies)

DATA 081 | Figure 4-11 Changes in electricity generated by nuclear
power worldwide (by region)
The number of nuclear power generating facilities and theamount of electricity generated by them are increasing
consistently in Asia. In Europe and the United States, existing
nuclear power plants are proactively increasing their generation
capacities and their electricity outputs are in an increasing trend.

176

177

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Nuclear power as a source of energy supply

The introduction of nuclear power generation
is expected to expand, especially in Asia.

DATA

082

Figure 4-12 An outlook for nuclear power generation worldwide
100 million kWh

40,00035,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000
0Projection
Increase of 714 billion kWh

Past record

Asia 39%

Middle East/
Non-OECD Europe 11% Africa 1%
OECD Europe 21%

North America 28%
1971

1990

8,457

World

2.817 trillion kWh 3.531 trillion kWh (increase of 714 billion kWh)

2020

Asia

523 billion kWh

2004

1,041 252

675 1702010

2030 year

1980

Increase in the 2004–2030 period(100 million kWh)2000

Latin America 1%-3,4582030
1.369 trillion kWh (increase of 846 billion kWh)

Source: Asia/World Energy Outlook 2006, The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

Figure 4-13 Current and future development of nuclear power generationin Asia
As of January 1, 2009 (10,000 kW, gross electric output)
Operating
Country/Region

DATA 082 | Figure 4-12 An outlook for nuclear power generationworldwide

Under construction

Numberof units

OutputNumberof units

PlannedOutput

Total

Numberof units

OutputNumberof units

Japan *1

4,793.5

53

394.8

4

1,655.2

12

6,843.5

69

South Korea

1,771.6

20

680.0

6

280.0

2

2,731.628

1,360.9

13

3,606.2

37

China

911.8

11

1,333.5

13

Taiwan

516.4

6

270.0

2

India

412.0

17

316.0

6

Pakistan

46.2

2

32.5

1

In developing countries such as those in Asia (e.g. China, India),
the introduction of nuclear power generation is expected to
expand dramatically from the perspective of ensuring stableenergy supply to correspond to their economic growth.
Figure 4-13 Current and future development of nuclear
power generation in Asia

Indonesia

400.0

Vietnam

N/A

Currently, 109 nuclear reactors are in operation generating
approx. 85 million kW of power in Asia, mainly in Japan, South
Korea and China. Including facilities that are under construction
or planned, Asia will have 181 nuclear reactors worth approx.
160 million kW of power generation capacity.

178

Output

680.0

786.4

8

1,408.0

31

78.7

3

4

400.0

4

1

N/A

1

8

Asia total

8,451.5 109.0

1,713.5

32.0

4,376.1

World total

39,044.4432

2,940.4

52

6,536.7

66 50,356.2

550

Figures inparentheses arevalues for theprevious year.

(39,224.1)(435)(3,140.5)(43)(4960.1)

(53)

(531)

40.0 15,854.4 181.0(48061.4)*1: The statistics of Japan are valid as of March 31, 2009.
Source: Trend of Development of Nuclear Power Generation Worldwide 2009, Japan Atomic
Industrial Forum, Inc.

179

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Efficient use of energy

083

Figure 4-14 Efficiencies of thermal power generation facilities worldwide

%

Ja

pa

n

50

in

a

a A
s ia
W
or

ld

40

In

30

di

Ch

Energy saving is one of the reliable means in
reducing CO2 emissions. If the most energy
efficient technologies available at this point intime were introduced worldwide, particularly
in developing countries that are expected toexperience significant economic growth, CO2
emissions would be reduced significantly.

DATA

20

10

0
Coal

Oil

Natural gas

Source of Japanese data: Outline of Electric Power Demand-Supply, Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy)
Source of other data: Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA

DATA 083 | Figure 4-14 Efficiencies of thermal power generation
facilities worldwide
In order to deal with the issues concerning natural resource,energy and global environmental problems a reduction in the useof fossil fuels is necessary. Energy efficiency in Japan is superior
compared to that of China, India, Asia and the world average.

180

181

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Efficient use of energy

A trial calculation was made for the reductionof fuel consumption and CO2 emission on theassumption that the most efficient Japanese
power generation technology were introduced
worldwide in thermal power generation.

DATA

084

Figure 4-15 Fuel consumption, assuming power generation efficiency
equivalent to Japan were achieved
million ton-oil equivalent

3,000
1

2,500

Oil
Coal

1,500
1,000
500
0

0.86

Natural gas

2,000

1
1
1

1 0.67

1

Japan

0.79

0.78

Current│Estimate

Current│Estimate

Current│Estimate

Current│Estimate

China

India

Asia

World

Note: C oncerning all countries/regions in the figure, the bar graph to the left indicates thecurrent consumption of power generation fuels, while the bar graph to the right showsthe estimated consumption of power generation fuels on the assumption that a level of
efficiency equal to that of Japan has been achieved.
Source of Japanese data: Outline of Electric Power Demand-Supply, Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy)
Source of other data: Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA

Figure 4-16 CO2 emission from power generation, assuming power
generation efficiency equivalent to Japan were achieved
million tCO2

10,000Natural gas

8,000
DATA 084 | Figure 4-15 Fuel consumption, assuming power
generation efficiency equivalent to Japan were achieved
In case power generation efficiency equivalent to Japan wereachieved worldwide, current fuel consumption would be reducedby 14%.
Figure 4-16 CO2 emission from power generation,
assuming power generation efficiency equivalent toJapan were achieved
Similarly to fuel consumption, CO2 emission from power
generation would also be reduced by 14%, if power generation
efficiency equivalent to Japan were achieved worldwide.

182

Oil
Coal

6,000
4,000

1
1

2,000
1

0

0.86

0.78

0.78
1 0.66

1

Japan

1

Current│Estimate

Current│Estimate

China

India

Current│Estimate

Asia

Current│Estimate

World

Note: C oncerning all countries/regions in the figure, the bar graph to the left indicates the current
power generation-induced CO 2 emissions, while the bar graph to the right shows theestimate of power generation-induced CO 2 emissions based on the assumption that a levelof efficiency equal to that of Japan has been achieved.
Source of Japanese data: Outline of Electric Power Demand-Supply, Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy)
Source of other data: Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA
183

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Energy efficiency in industry

Figure 4-17 Comparison of efficiency in the steel industry by country (2005)
Versus Japan (%)

160

143

140
102

100

100
60
40
20

184

ia
Ru

ss

a
di
In

a
in

ite

d

Ch

St

at

it a
Br

rm
Ge

Un

million tCO2

160

[Formula]
Amount of reduction in CO2emissions worldwide as of2020 = Σ [Energy savingrate Amount of production
in 2020 (Target extension
rate – Current extension rate)
Amount of CO2 emissions
per energy consumption]

140
120
100
Converter gas
recovery Continuous
casting

80
60
40

We referred to the projected
GDP increase rate andestimated the rate of theincrease in production, which
was then multiplied by the
production amount in 2004 tofind the projected production
amount.

Ot

he

rd

ev

c o elou n p in
tri g
es

a
di
In

in

a

So

ut

h

Ko

ni
tU

So
er
rm

re

on

pe
ro

v ie

Eu

er

ic a

0

Ch

20

a

TRT
CDQ

Fo

*BAT: Abbreviation for “best available technology”

Figure 4-18 Potential CO2 reduction with the use of current BAT in thesteel industry (as of 2020)

Am

Using the BAT, countries can reduce their CO2 emissions. If
coke dry quenching (CDQ), top pressure recovery turbine (TRT),
exhaust heat recovery and continuous casting technologies wereintroduced worldwide as extensively as they have been in Japan,
a reduction of nearly 300 million tCO2 of emission is calculated
to be potentially achievable annually worldwide. The potential
reduction is estimated to be the largest in China with 140 million
tCO2 because while there will be an increase in production, therate of introduction of BAT currently remains low. By technology,
the amount of energy saved is the largest in coke dry quenching(CDQ) equipment at present, but depending on how extensively
the technologies will be introduced, TRT and converter gas
recovery may also become effective.

es

in

y

re
Ko

So

ut

h

pa
Ja

an

a

0

r th

Figure 4-18 Potential CO2 reduction with the use ofcurrent BAT* in the steel industry (as of 2020)

125

80

No

According to a trial calculation undertaken by Nippon Keidanren,
the steel industry in Japan is more energy efficient than those in
the United States, EU, China and other countries.

123

112

Source: Results of the Fiscal 2009 Follow-up to the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on theEnvironment (Section on Global Warming Measures), Nippon Keidanren

Feasible amount of reduction of CO2

DATA 085 | Figure 4-17 Comparison of efficiency in the steel
industry by country (2005)

130

122

120

n

Unit energy consumption ratein the steel industry

The use of advanced energy-saving
technologies will enable further CO2 emission
reduction even in the steel industry.

085

DATA

Source: Documents distributed at the 10th meeting of the Expert Committee to Study
Future Framework, Global Environment Subcommittee, Environment Committee,
Industrial Structure Council

185

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Energy efficiency in industry

086

Figure 4-19 Efficiency in the cement manufacturing industry by country (2003)
Versus Japan (%)

180

Energy consumption per ton of clinker(interim product of cement)

155

160
140
120

159

133

132

124

116
100

100
80
60
40
20

St

a

Un

So

ite

ut

d

h

in

at

re
Ko

Br

Ch

es

a

il
az

di
In

Ge

Ja

rm

pa

an

a

y

0

n

The use of advanced energy-saving
technologies can reduce CO2 emissions in the
cement industry even further.

DATA

Source: Results of the Fiscal 2009 Follow-up to the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan on theEnvironment (Section on Global Warming Measures), Nippon Keidanren

Figure 4-20 Potential CO2 reduction with the use of current BAT in the cement
manufacturing industry (as of 2020)

186

a
ni

es

ea

We referred to the projected
GDP increase rate andestimated the rate of theincrease in production, which
was then multiplied by the
production amount in 2004 tofind the projected production
amount.

Ot

he

rA

sia

n

Oc

id

co

un

tri

a
in

a
In

Ch

di

a

Af

r ic

t
as

ic a

dl

eE

er
M

t in

Am

ic a

SU

Am

r th

No

La

pe

/F

ro

pe

Eu

ro

rn

Eu

er

Projected CO2
emissions asof 2020nte[Formula]
Feasible amount of reduction
in CO2 emissions worldwide
as of 2020 = Projectedamount of production
in 2020 (Current CO2
emission rate worldwide –Emission rate in Japan)

Amount of possible
CO2 emissions withthe use of BAT

erUsing BAT countries could further reduce CO2 emissions. If othercountries successfully reduced their emission rates to a level
equal to that of Japan, a reduction of 16% of global emission of
2.9 billion tCO2, namely approx. 600 million tCO2 of emission
reduction would be achieved worldwide. The absolute amountof reduction will be 300 million tCO2 in China, a country witha large amount of production. It is equal to 53% of the total
potential CO2 emission reduction.

stFigure 4-20 Potential CO2 reduction with the use ofcurrent BAT in the cement manufacturing industry(as of 2020)

Ea

Cement manufacturers in Japan are more energy-efficient thanthose in the United States, EU, China and all other countries.

1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0

W
es

DATA 086 | Figure 4-19 Efficiency in the cement manufacturingindustry by country (2003)

Feasible amount of reduction of CO2

million tCO2

Source: Documents distributed at the 10th meeting of the Expert Committee to Study Future
Framework, Global Environment Subcommittee, Environment Committee, Industrial Structure
Council187

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Energy efficiency in industry

Similar trial calculations for passenger cars
are made. Comparisons in CO2 emissions
depending on the means of transportation
should be useful in considering which meansof transportation to choose for various
applications in the future.

DATA

087

Figure 4-21 Potential CO2 reduction with the use of current BAT
in passenger cars (as of 2020)[Formulas]
Potential for CO2 reduction by country/region in 2020
= Number of cars used (2020) × [(Energy efficiency of cars thatare currently marketed)-1 – (Energy efficiency of BAT cars) -1] ×
mileage per car × CO2 emission coefficient
Number of cars used (2020)= Number of cars owned per person (2020) × Population (2020)
Number of cars owned per person (2020)= Versus-GDP elasticity of number of cars owned per person ×
GDP increase rate (2001–2020)
Versus-GDP elasticity of number of cars owned per person= Rate of increase in number of cars owned per person(1990–2001)/GDP increase rate (1990–2001)

MtCO2

350
300
250
200
150
100
50

er
ic a
D
e
un v
t r i eloes pi
t o ng
ta
l

a
r ic

Source: Documents distributed at the 10th meeting of the Expert Committee to Study Future
Framework, Global Environment Subcommittee, Environment Committee, Industrial Structure
CouncilFigure 4-22 Comparison of CO2 emissions by means of transportation (2005)(Left: travel, right: freight)
g-CO2 /passenger-kilometerg-CO2 /ton-kilometer

400

1200

Figure 4-22 Comparison of CO2 emissions by means oftransportation (2005)

300[Freight]

800

200
400

100

ip

ay
il w
Ra

Sh

ay
il w

s

Ra

ss
e
b u ng es in r c
Pa es ars s s u f or
en
se
g
pr er
i va c ate r fo
us r
Ai e
rp
la
ne

F
f o r e ig
r p htr i v vea t hif o Fr e e u s cle
r b ige
us ht
i n vee s his u cle
se

0

0

Pa

In the travel sector, while the emission rate per person per
distance is high for passenger cars which are regarded highly
convenient, the emission rates for buses, railway and others
having mass transportation capacity and used in public
transportation are low. In the freight sector, the emission rates ofrailways and ships are much lower than that for freight vehicles.
These results suggest that using public transportation or masstransportation systems would be effective in reducing CO2
emissions in the transportation sector.

[Travel]Bu

If fuel efficiency increased in other countries to a level equal tothat of Japan, the potential in reduction in North America could
be greater than that in developing countries (because of thehuge number of cars used and with many of them being fuelinefficient). It is expected that reasonably priced used cars (lessfuel-efficient) would be used more in developing countries thanin developed countries.

As

DATA 087 | Figure 4-21 Potential CO2 reduction with the use ofcurrent BAT in passenger cars (as of 2020)

ia

n

co

co

La

t in

Am

t
eE

id

dl

Af

as

a
di
In
M

Au
un
st
ra
tri
li a
C h esin ex
aa c
n d lu d
I n ing
di
a
Ch
in
a

EU
15

No

r th

Am

er

ic a

0

Source: Website of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
188

189

In order to deal with the global warming
problems, there is a demand to accelerate
the development of new technologies.
The technology examples shown in Cool
Earth—Innovative Energy Technology and intechnologies supporting Recycling-Oriented
Society enables us to see the overall picture of
the technologies required to overcome global
environmental problems. They are also usefulin understanding what kind of technologies arestudied individually for specific purposes.

190

Description

This is a technology for enhancing power generation efficiency byconverting coal into high-temperature gas, turning the gas turbine
and using the exhaust heat to turn the steam turbine.
The efficiency of its power generation is projected to rise by almost
20% (the current efficiency of coal-fired thermal power, about
41%, will improve to 48%) by around 2015. CO2 emissions will
also decrease by around 20%.
This is a technology for generating power by gasifying coal andoperating the gas turbine and the steam turbine, and for enhancing
the efficiency of power generation by capturing the hydrogencontained in the gas and utilizing it in fuel cells.
Enhancing the power generation efficiency by nearly 30%, fromthe current 41% to 55%, would reduce CO2 emissions by nearly
30% in comparison with the current coal-fired thermal power
generation.
This is a technology to separate and recover carbon dioxide fromthe exhaust gas generated from the combustion of fossil fuels inlarge-scale emission sources such as thermal power generation ata low cost and then to store it underground stably. The amount of
CO2 emissions becomes almost zero.
Technological development to ensure efficient and low-cost
capturing is the key. The storage technology has been proven in oil
and natural gas fields around the world.

Integrated coalgasification combined
cycle (IGCC)

Integrated coalgasification fuel cellcombined cycle (IGFC)

Carbon dioxide captureand storage (CCS)

Technologies of coal and other fossil fuels

Area/Technology

According to a report by IPCC, the additional energy required
for CCS if CCS is added to a power plant is said to range
between 10% and 40% of the energy requirement without
CCS. Much of the energy is required in the capturing of CO2.
High-efficiency capturing technology needs to be developedin the future (e.g. development of separation membranes andnew absorbents).
Verifying elemental technologies by integrated demonstration
test as well as upgrading monitoring technologies to confirm
the stability of the storage are necessary.

Establishing a technology to produce oxygen which isnecessary for coal gasification more efficiently and at a lower
cost, larger fuel cell development and to verify the reliabilityof the IGFC system are needed.

Issues such as reliability of its long-term operations acommon requirement in commercially available machines,
economic efficiency, securing operational safety need andestablishing oxygen-blowing gasification technology needs tobe resolved prior to its practical application.

Problem

Table 1 Cool Earth—Examples of innovative technologies specified in the Innovative Energy Technology Plan

Ⅳ Actions Against Crisis
Development of new technologies
DATA

088

191

192

Description

This is a technology for efficiently producing bioethanol from
cellulosic biomass that does not compete against food, with theuse of enzymes, etc.
Being plant-derived, this type of fuel is regarded as carbon-neutral(does not cause CO2 to increase).

Technology for the
production of cellulosic
biomass fuels etc.

Description

Area/Technology

A steel manufacturing technology using hydrogen as a reducing
agent to partially replace coke (carbon).
For example, CO2 emissions from the steel sector were almost 7%of the world total in 2004. According to some trial calculations,
if steel manufacturing technology using hydrogen as a reducing
agent and a technology for separating and capturing CO2 were
established, CO2 emission would be reduced by around 30%.

Plug-in hybrid cars are hybrid cars that can be charged fromexternal power sources such as those available in the home.
According to some trial calculations, introduction of this typeof a car helps reduce gasoline consumption by 30%–70%. The
utilization of nighttime power facilitates greater energy savings andreduction in environmental load.
Electric cars are driven by electrical motors alone and consume
no gasoline and their CO2 emissions are a quarter of those ofgasoline-powered cars. The development of high-performancestorage batteries will hopefully help extend the driving distance per
charge to 500 kilometers.

High-performancestorage batteries(electric cars etc.)

A new type of battery needs to be developed, and it should
be based on a totally different concept from that of existinglithium batteries to dramatically extend the driving distanceper charge.
The development of alternative materials is needed to boost
the motor output and trim its weight.

Continued reduction of costs and improvement in durability
is required. This requires the development of electrolyte
membrane, catalyst replacing platinum and a separator.
Concerning the storage of hydrogen, technical breakthroughs
are needed in areas such as dealing with the shift to highpressure (700 atmospheres), and a drastic improvement inhydrogen storage capacity by resolving the basic principles inmetallic hydrogen storage materials.

A technology in developing a catalyst to efficiently producehydrogen from coke-oven gas by utilizing the unused exhaust
heat of approx. 800 degrees in the coke oven and a reaction
control technology in reducing iron ore utilizing hydrogenneed to be developed.

ProblemTechnological difficulties in achieving greater economic
efficiency than that of current nuclear reactors and inenhancing the reliability and safety of reactors so as tofacilitate their long-term, stable operation need to beaddressed.

The efficient pre-treatment of cellulosic biomass and thedevelopment of glycation technologies, etc. are required toensure that bioethanol is produced at a low cost withoutcompeting against food.

Further improvement in the efficiency of converting light toelectricity by utilizing new materials and new structures.
Thoroughly pursuing mass production and cost reduction
through the utilization of materials alternative to silicone.

Problem

The table was created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. in accordance with the Cool Earth—Innovative Energy Technology Program.

Fuel cell technology using a new material replacing platinum andan electrolyte membrane to realize low-cost/high-efficiency so as
to increase the use of fuel cells in automobiles etc.
A hydrogen storage technology using alloy and other materials toefficiently store and transport hydrogen that is indispensable forthe full-scale practical use and extension of fuel cell automobiles.
The technologies will increase the on-board hydrogen storage
capacity of a fuel cell automobile and enable it to drive a distanceequivalent to that of current automobiles (around 800 kilometers).
CO2 emissions could be reduced to nearly one-third of those ofgasoline-powered vehicles.

Fuel cell automobiles
Storage materials andother hydrogen-related
technologies

New energy technologies (user side)

Innovative steel
manufacturing process

Energy-saving technologies

With the use of fast neutrons, the technology of the fast reactor
cycle dramatically improves efficiency in the use of uranium
resources and drastically reduces radioactive waste.
The technology of the next-generation large-sized light-water
reactor has significantly improved economic efficiency, reliability
and safety by, for example, introducing seismic isolation
technologies and high burnt-up fuels for the purpose of meetingthe demand for alternatives to domestic and overseas nuclear
reactors that is expected to arise around 2030.
Small- and medium-sized reactors can satisfy the demand forsmall- and medium-sized power generation systems in developing
countries, island states etc.

Fast reactor
Next-generation lightwater reactor
Medium- and smallsized reactors

Technologies of nuclear power generation, electricity etc.

A low-cost, highly efficient solar cell technology involving theuse of new materials like organic materials and a new structure
like quantum dots (with particles arranged in a grid-like form innanometer scale structure).
Power generation efficiency, currently 10%–15%, will drastically
improve to more than 40%. The current cost of photovoltaic power
generation (46 yen/kWh) will be lowered to a level equal to that ofthermal power generation (7 yen/kWh).

Innovative photovoltaic
power generation

New energy technologies (supply side)

Area/Technology

DATA

088

193

194

Utilization of water for miscellaneous uses which involve encouraging the use of recyclable water (e.g. sewage, industrial effluent)and rainwater etc. for flushing toilets, landscaping, sprinkling and other applications are promoted by the national government
and municipal governments. The system for using this kind of water is divided into recycling of wastewater and the use of
rainwater. The introduction of (non-cyclic) rainwater use has advanced in recent years. The system of water for miscellaneoususes often depends on the combination of existing water treatment technologies, although it differs between the types of water
sources.
The scope of the purification of environmental waters includes technology for the removal of pollution from small areas of water(e.g. reservoirs, ponds and moats in parks), rivers, lakes, marshes, groundwater, seas, dams and the like. The purification efforts
contribute to the removal of organic substances and nutrient salts and the improvement of clarity. In particular, technologies forthe removal of many organic substances and nutrient salts for the prevention of eutrophication have been developed and verified
in closed water areas such as rivers, lakes and marshes.

Water formiscellaneous uses

Purification ofenvironmental waters

Description
With the aim of reducing the amount of final waste disposal of construction waste and facilitating the efficient use of incinerated
residue from waste disposal, technologies for recycling these materials for use as building material are being developed. Afterthe enactment of the Construction Waste Recycling Law, the market for recycled building materials is expected to grow. Amongthe production technologies associated to recycled building materials there are those that utilize non-construction wastes
such as recycling of office carpets, water-permeable block production using incinerated ash from sewage sludge and glass
waste, conversion of incinerated ash into eco-friendly cement and interior materials made of plastic waste. Introducing thesetechnologies involves difficulties in terms of manufacturing costs and the limited range of use. In that regard, technologicaldevelopments must continue.

Area/Technology
Use of recycledmaterials as building
material

A biotope is a space inhabited by organically connected biological community that is differentiated from the surroundings. Moresimply, it is a space inhabited by wildlife. Recently, the interpretation of the word “biotope” has transcended its original ecologicalmeaning: it is also recognized as a place where people and nature can coexist while maintaining the living environment of wildlife.
The meaning of the word has now expanded to include biotopes in small ponds and brooks at schools that are intended forinhabitation by dragonflies and fireflies; biotopes created on the rooftops of buildings; and larger biotopes by networking biotopes
surrounding the rivers, moors, forests, mudflats and the like. Sprinkling and surface soil methods (e.g. the vegetation sandbag
method) are utilized to create biotopes.

Biotopes

Created by Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. based on a number of related documents

The natural environment is rapidly deteriorating in recent years due to destruction of nature through land development,
abandonment of the management of village-vicinity land and mountains and disturbance of ecosystems by migration of alien
species. In such circumstances, nature regeneration is directly aimed at restoring the health of ecosystems by proactively
reinstating the nature that was lost in the past, rather than alternating nature as a supplement to acts of development. The basisof nature regeneration is to develop a variety of ecosystems by designating some parts of surrounding areas as the land forregeneration while conserving the better part of nature that exists. Nature regeneration is largely divided into two parts: active
regeneration and passive regeneration. Active regeneration is a proactive, rapid-acting approach taken by humans raising trees
and plants after geomorphic development and soil improvement are completed. In passive regeneration, humankind undertakes
geomorphic development and other activities to maintain environmental conditions, and leaves the rest to heal naturally throughplant succession.

Technology for natureregeneration

Nature regeneration

As competition to obtain resources intensifies, the importance of recycling rare metals from manufactured goods is growing.
In Japan, the Special Subcommittee for Comprehensive Measures on Rare Metals of the Mining Industry Council (Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry) designates 31 types of mineral as rare metals (rare earth is regarded as one type of mineral that
includes 17 different types of mineral). Government stockpiling applies to seven types of rare metal: manganese, vanadium,nickel, tungsten, cobalt, chromium and molybdenum. Rare metals are used in catalysts and special steel for automobiles, carbide
tools, batteries, electronic substrates and other products. Recycling technologies have been developed on a product basis.

Rare metal recycling

Recycling of wastes

Numerous different technologies are used to treat industrial effluent, depending on its quantity and quality. Inorganic wastewater
treatment generally involves separation cleaning by chemical agent electrification and electrolysis and membrane filtration.
Organic wastewater treatment involves treatment by activated sludge, membrane treatment (MBR, biological separation
membrane etc.), micro-bubbles, ozone treatment, addition of microbial chemicals and oily water separation. Although thetechnologies used for treatment and recycling of industrial effluent are mostly established, membrane treatment in particular is
expected to undergo technological improvements in the coming years. From the viewpoint of CSR or in constructing plants inregions that are poor in terms of water resources, technology for recycling industrial effluent and a process that discharges nowastewater outside the plant have attracted attention.

Description

Treatment andrecycling of industrial
effluent

Recycling of water

Area/Technology

Table 2 Technology examples supporting a recycling-oriented society

DATA

088

195

Document 4 | Changes in amount of cereal production
By country, top 25 countries

References | Classification of countries
By income level, by region

196
14,260186,960

285,049

15,884204,318

219,651

604,464

1,693,992

17,788219,224

252,204

634,191

1,885,955

322,3091965

19,639231,284

286,472

656,197

2,125,393

366,7921970

1,170,205

Developing countries except
China

183,478

1,516,859

Developing countries except
LLDCs

Sub-Saharan Africa

221,657

200,461

204,165

1,299,746

1,678,986

1,900,643

1,717,320

Developing countries

862,8102,763,453

1955

Least less developed countries

812,026

2,529,346

1950

Population (July 1)

Developed countries

World total

By income level229,222

1,459,565

1,861,471

247,268

2,108,740

914,618

3,023,358

1960

1965

259,186

1,645,879

2,088,297

277,753

2,366,050

965,620

3,331,670

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, UN

294,963

1,858,153

2,363,487

314,813

2,678,300

1,007,477

3,685,777

1970

Document 1-1 | Changes in population | By income level

12,807

171,615

North America
Oceania

191,596

575,466

547,460
167,307

EuropeLatin America

253,397
1,541,775

227,270
1,402,887

Africa1960

337,635

2,098,607

2,657,009

357,4133,014,422

1,046,894

4,061,317

1975

21,286242,360

323,323

676,2072,379,374

418,765

1975

Document 3 | Amount of supply of primary energy, CO2 emissions
By country, in order of amount of CO2 emissions

1955

389,7542,369,543

2,949,915

405,847

3,355,762

1,081,847

4,437,609

1980

22,943254,097362,655

693,1132,622,565

482,2361980

449,716

2,673,723

3,271,617

461,0883,732,705

1,113,543

4,846,247

1985

24,845266,572

402,103

706,9882,889,608

556,1311985

518,0532,994,940

3,618,343

524,764

4,143,107

1,147,345

5,290,452

1990

26,926282,688442,310

720,989

3,178,810

638,729

1990

Document 2 | Changes in GDP worldwide
By region
By income level
By country, countries with a GDP of 20 billion dollars or
greater in 2008

1950

Population (July 1)

593,183

3,320,798

3,939,294

599,098

4,538,393

1,174,680

5,713,073

1995

29,054300,073482,265

727,3613,448,034

726,285

1995

674,8423,646,339

4,243,472

676,9294,920,400

1,194,967

6,115,367

2000

31,160318,654521,228

726,568

3,698,296

819,462

2000

Document 1 | Changes in population
By region
By income level
By country, 10 million people or more

Asia

By region

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, UN

Document 1-1 | Changes in population | By region

764,328

3,976,103

4,533,880

761,846

5,295,726

1,216,550

6,512,276

2005

33,559335,175

556,512729,421

3,936,536

921,0732005

863,314

4,309,697

4,816,763

854,696

5,671,460

1,237,228

6,908,688

2010(projection)

35,838351,659

588,649

732,759

4,166,741

1,033,043

2010(projection)

Appendix: Statistical Data

197

198
199

2,763,453

20,297
8,741

18,4347,650

Ethiopia

4,900
4,531
2,677

4,466
4,148
2,429

AngolaChad

10,333

9,715
10,132
3,860

9,190

8,753
8,953
3,530

Sudan

Algeria
MoroccoTunisia

15,38574,99340,610
5,792
2,907
4,363
2,825
4,621
2,697
2,850

13,68367,736
36,680
4,981
2,505
4,080
2,462
4,268
2,416
2,619

South Africa
Western Africa
Nigeria
Ghana
Côte d'Ivoire
Burkina Faso
Niger
Mali
SenegalGuinea89,047
21,168
9,632

82,824
19,211
9,737

Japan
Republic of Korea

406,661
44,49948,442
19,090
8,864
8,805
7,256
8,983

371,857
41,17743,595
16,913
8,126
8,151
6,314
8,241

Bangladesh
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Nepal
Afghanistan
Uzbekistan
Sri Lanka

India
PakistanSouth-Central Asia

565,918

598,226

544,951China

515,809721,594

659,649
Eastern Asia

Dem. People's Republic of Korea

1,541,775

1,402,887

Asia

17,487

15,588Southern Africa

59,56524,37852,982
21,514

Egypt

Northern Africa

13,58912,184

Cameroon

28,767

26,116

Middle Africa
Democratic Republic of
the Congo

3,203
2,485

2,747
2,162

Zimbabwe
Rwanda

3,169
2,653

2,881
2,340

Malawi

6,972
4,547

6,442
4,084

Mozambique
Madagascar

Zambia

6,979
5,899

6,077
5,158

Kenya
UgandaUnited Republic of Tanzania

72,585

253,397

1955

64,847227,270

1950

Population (July 1)

2,529,346

1955

Eastern Africa

AfricaWorld total

1950

Population (July 1)

10,018

8,559

9,616

9,691

21,704

54,13848,778448,314626,984

10,94625,06893,189645,927

779,337

1,693,992

3,123

3,082

5,060

3,242

4,721

3,445

6,789

45,14883,72817,396

19,723

4,221

11,626

10,80011,683

27,79867,510

2,967

5,012

5,408

15,38532,088

2,887

3,751

3,044

3,529

5,103

7,646

6,787

8,104

10,07322,55081,999285,049

1960

3,023,358

1960

1965

11,192

10,234

10,612

10,677

24,88660,931

54,267496,934

698,981

12,32328,39098,052

716,270860,030

1,885,955

3,453

3,550

5,525

3,766

5,116

4,224

7,853

50,414

93,964

19,814

22,417

4,630

13,323

11,923

13,214

31,57376,337

3,308

5,505

6,047

17,50436,003

3,202

4,421

3,536

3,975

5,763

8,471

8,013

9,502

11,68025,47393,589322,3091965

3,331,670

Source: World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, UN

12,52011,973

11,84011,89328,80569,17861,750552,964

782,547

14,24731,440104,448815,951

971,537

2,125,393

3,843

4,169

6,036

4,383

5,608

5,233

8,739

56,467

105,920

22,50225,453

5,127

15,31013,74615,03935,57586,868

3,682

6,083

6,839

20,28540,944

3,776

5,204

4,138

4,518

6,546

9,449

9,443

11,24913,60028,948

107,606

366,7921970

3,685,777

1970

13,79013,981

13,32913,35633,34479,04971,238617,432

879,410

16,072

34,721

111,619

911,167

1,079,675

2,379,374

4,037

4,888

6,598

5,090

6,173

6,621

10,001

63,948120,298

25,69829,088

5,668

17,30516,01817,49339,59998,624

4,155

6,815

7,826

23,43346,712

4,410

6,168

4,899

5,276

7,498

10,614

10,893

13,481

15,972

32,945

124,044418,765

1975

4,061,317

1975

15,06015,952

13,946

15,05839,33090,39782,609692,637

990,929

17,23937,459116,794

980,929

1,159,375

2,622,565

4,628

5,636

7,183

5,922

6,862

8,419

11,02674,523

138,988

29,07532,973

6,457

19,567

18,811

20,50944,433112,991

4,608

7,854

9,080

27,17053,792

5,197

7,282

5,774

6,215

8,604

12,13812,655

16,261

18,66135,409143,492482,236

1980

4,437,609

1980

Document 1-2 | Changes in population | By country, 10 million people or more

20,515
17,29016,168

12,58019,10556,733

115,632

115,776

862,162

1,250,453

20,14342,983

123,191

1,142,090

1,336,700

3,178,810

6,147

7,538

8,655

7,904

8,814

12,61014,96897,338183,21036,74541,9808,215

24,80825,28327,091

57,785

147,767

6,105

10,661

12,23337,016

72,813

7,150

10,461

7,910

9,451

11,273

13,543

17,731

23,43325,45548,292

192,959

638,7291990

5,290,452

1990

18,174

12,293

16,962

48,418102,993

98,309774,775

1,116,346

18,72140,505

120,908

1,053,219

1,241,025

2,889,608

5,267

6,514

7,858

6,827

7,704

10,476

13,00685,151

159,841

32,95937,4507,330

22,29922,097

24,05250,655130,467

5,222

9,331

10,50931,40262,411

6,111

8,845

6,785

7,267

9,778

13,324

14,795

19,64821,811

41,049165,962

556,1311985

4,846,247

1985

18,233

22,91918,084

21,62462,205

128,086

130,397

953,148

1,385,935

21,71744,651

125,442

1,210,969

1,411,675

3,448,034

7,478

8,660

9,549

9,302

10,127

14,981

17,245

110,449

208,805

41,37547,2408,935

26,951

28,26530,841

63,858

163,943

7,128

12,53914,05444,92186,424

5,440

11,7139,108

10,144

13,121

15,945

20,95427,492

29,972

56,983219,874

726,285

1995

5,713,073

1995

18,767

24,776

20,53624,432

66,903

140,767

148,132

1,042,590

1,518,322

22,85946,429126,706

1,266,954

1,472,444

3,698,296

8,384

9,902

10,523

11,031

11,676

17,281

19,529124,842

237,781

44,872

51,387

9,452

28,82730,50634,90470,174

179,525

8,402

14,28015,86550,82998,0607,958

12,455

10,467

11,831

15,275

18,24924,43331,441

34,131

65,515

252,710

819,462

2000

6,115,367

2000

19,531

26,32024,50727,22270,765

153,122

165,816

1,130,618

1,650,635

23,52947,566

127,449

1,312,253

1,520,717

3,936,536

9,221

11,281

11,833

13,102

13,747

19,245

21,915140,879

269,990

48,07355,041

9,878

30,49532,85538,69877,154

195,444

10,01916,61817,82359,077113,185

8,992

12,475

11,73813,654

17,614

20,834

28,69935,81739,00774,661

287,413921,0732005

6,512,276

2005

20,41027,794

29,11729,85375,078164,425

184,753

1,214,464

1,780,473

23,991

48,501

126,995

1,354,146

1,563,951

4,166,741

10,324

12,861

13,323

15,891

16,287

21,571

24,333

158,259

306,058

50,492

57,968

10,37432,38135,42343,192

84,474

212,921

11,50618,993

19,95867,827

128,909

10,277

12,644

13,257

15,692

20,146

23,406

33,79640,86345,04084,976327,186

1,033,043

2010(projection)

6,908,688

2010(projection)

200
201

Kazakhstan

7,992

3,991
237,112
111,402
40,09927,281

220,198
37,29824,824

UkrainePoland17,486
9,292

16,311
8,925

48,137
29,1997,966
8,610

28,009
7,566
8,405

Spain
GreecePortugal

10,751
8,862

10,114
8,628

Netherlands

3,619

Australia

Oceania

CanadaUnited States of America

9,201

8,219

15,736
14,26013,737
12,807

186,960
171,152

171,615
157,813

3,862
3,006

3,387
2,714

Ecuador
Bolivia
North America

6,230
6,766

5,094
6,082

8,672

7,632
Peru

Chile

18,974

17,150Argentina

Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of)

62,887
13,82853,97512,000Brazil129,039

3,146
112,41143,721
32,257

Colombia

South America

GuatemalaMexico37,764

2,834
3,516

2,427
3,221

Dominican RepublicHaiti

27,741

6,539

5,920
Cuba

Central America

18,835

17,132

Caribbean

South America/
Caribbean countries

191,596

43,40041,832

France167,307

70,326

68,376

Belgium

145,626

140,909

Germany

Western Europe

113,093

46,367

Southern Europe
108,259

United Kingdom

Italy

79,635
51,19978,09350,616

Northern Europe

Romania
Czech Republic

Russian Federation

102,702

Eastern Europe

575,466

3,536
547,460

Syrian Arab Republic
Europe

3,593
4,732

3,201

Iraq

4,316

6,634

5,719

TurkeySaudi Arabia

58,84024,61051,524
21,484

Western Asia

Yemen

7,000
4,840

6,110
4,346

23,79918,93020,607
17,158ThailandMyanmar
Malaysia

30,05227,367

Vietnam

Cambodia

83,85623,224

77,152
19,996

Indonesia

195,422

175,905

6,703

1955

Philippines

South-Eastern Asia

1950

Population (July 1)

10,276

15,884

17,909186,326

204,318

3,352

4,440

7,647

7,580

9,932

20,68516,00672,744

147,724

4,141

37,91051,156

3,869

3,349

7,141

20,771

219,651

9,155

11,48745,674

72,815

151,854

8,858

8,333

30,45549,511

117,379

52,372

81,762

9,546

18,407

29,63842,783

119,906

253,469

604,464

4,621

5,222

4,075

7,497

28,23367,276

5,433

8,140

21,07527,642

33,64827,057

93,058220,395

9,996

1960

11,525

17,78819,678

199,453

219,224

3,748

5,146

8,651

9,096

11,46822,347

18,55984,331

169,238

4,737

44,42959,820

4,275

3,951

7,952

23,145

252,204

9,451

12,295

48,77175,964

159,978

8,999

8,551

32,05651,481

122,348

54,35084,928

9,709

19,032

31,44545,341

126,749

266,937

634,191

5,399

5,799

4,793

8,637

31,99777,033

6,141

9,502

23,50532,19538,09931,570103,978

249,910

11,9091965

12,728

19,63921,717

209,464

231,284

4,212

5,972

9,574

10,724

13,19524,003

21,333

95,991

191,430

5,420

51,91069,615

4,713

4,597

8,715

25,426

286,472

9,632

13,03950,771

78,169165,643

8,680

8,793

33,77953,359126,782

55,66387,357

9,801

20,25332,66447,317130,392

276,415

656,197

6,371

6,391

5,745

10,21036,20788,042

6,938

10,853

26,40337,18642,89836,567

116,921283,267

13,1101970

13,62521,28623,142

219,108

242,360

4,759

6,910

10,41912,74015,16426,012

23,969108,127

214,8936,206

60,43080,687

5,144

5,261

9,439

27,744323,323

9,779

13,66652,72978,674

169,172

9,093

9,047

35,68855,164132,288

56,22689,011

10,034

21,24534,01549,016134,233

285,737

676,207

7,537

7,093

7,251

12,016

41,211

101,325

7,098

12,25829,88642,23647,97442,038131,329

318,964

14,136

1975

14,69522,94324,516229,469

254,097

5,356

7,964

11,181

15,096

17,32828,15426,891

121,618

240,916

7,016

68,872

91,878

5,691

5,927

9,835

29,860362,655

9,828

14,15053,95078,289170,499

9,766

9,643

37,52756,307

137,765

56,31489,877

10,284

22,20135,57450,044

138,655

294,972

693,113

8,971

8,381

9,604

14,024

46,161

116,487

6,748

13,76333,56147,26453,317

48,112

146,582355,774

14,9191980

15,80024,84525,843

240,612266,572

5,966

9,103

12,111

17,323

19,52530,22729,997

136,149

268,353

7,937

75,765

101,687

6,385

6,637

10,08432,063402,103

9,816

14,48855,393

77,685

171,832

10,0299,934

38,42556,883140,824

56,55490,746

10,31022,72537,20250,915

143,541

303,586

706,988

10,815

10,137

12,867

16,09351,289134,060

8,099

15,67737,44352,54559,78955,032

162,348

398,178

15,7801985

17,091

26,926

27,701

254,865

282,688

6,671

10,27813,191

19,741

21,77632,49833,204

149,570

295,562

8,910

83,404112,363

7,108

7,374

10,58734,384442,310

9,933

14,95356,84279,433

175,986

9,979

10,161

38,83956,998142,549

57,237

92,121

10,30323,207

38,111

51,583148,065

310,332

720,989

12,721

12,314

16,25918,07956,086

152,066

9,690

18,10340,84456,673

66,24762,427

177,385439,591

16,5301990

18,11829,05429,302

270,648

300,073

7,484

11,407

14,41022,092

23,943

34,77236,459161,692

321,621

10,00791,650124,004

7,861

8,124

10,91036,640482,265

10,084

15,44857,99981,622

180,598

10,038

10,67239,391

57,207

143,698

58,042

93,261

10,31922,681

38,59551,063

148,497309,804

727,361

14,61015,523

18,255

20,971

61,206

170,590

11,38020,594

43,86460,14072,957

69,965191,501

479,834

15,926

1995

19,171

31,16030,687

287,842

318,6548,317

12,31015,41924,40826,00436,93939,773

174,174

347,407

11,231

99,531

135,171

8,648

8,830

11,08738,650521,228

10,193

15,91559,12882,075

183,001

10,226

10,94240,264

57,116145,119

58,907

94,35910,224

22,13838,433

48,870146,670304,088726,568

16,511

18,18220,80824,652

66,460190,336

12,76023,274

46,61062,34778,663

77,689205,280

517,193

14,957

2000

20,39533,55932,307

302,741

335,175

9,182

13,063

16,297

26,726

27,836

38,73243,049186,075

371,658

12,710105,330

144,288

9,410

9,533

11,19340,566556,512

10,415

16,31661,01382,409186,358

10,547

11,06443,06058,645

149,71160,261

96,43910,195

21,63538,19846,936

143,170

296,912729,421

19,121

21,024

23,613

28,23871,169211,104

13,86625,633

48,34565,946

84,07485,496219,210554,079

15,194

2005

21,51235,83833,890317,641

351,659

10,031

13,775

17,13529,04429,496

40,66646,300195,423

393,221

14,377

110,645

153,115

10,188

10,225

11,20442,312588,649

10,69816,65362,637

82,057

188,587

10,732

11,18345,31760,098

153,778

61,89998,90910,411

21,19038,03845,433140,367

291,485732,759

22,50524,256

26,246

31,46775,705

232,702

15,053

27,91450,496

68,13989,02993,617

232,517589,615

15,7532010(projection)

202
203

South Asia
108

127

84

104
138

159

4,000

207

771

4,070

2,281

1970

170

179

4,622

352

1,030

4,750

2,877

1975

206

214

5,542

463

1,339

5,574

3,618

1980

233

276

6,485

477

1,376

6,089

4,374

1985

271

364

7,601

537

1,513

7,921

5,682

1990

288

464

8,568

682

1,797

8,278

6,725

1995

341

604

10,493

901

2,095

9,550

7,638

2000

47

349

616

88

7,080

1965

57

465

893

171

10,040

1970

61

609

1,192

296

11,822

1975

75

776

1,584

428

14,094

1980

105

1,029

1,686

430

16,061

1985

152

1,450

2,465

562

19,261

1990

169

1,991

2,629

723

21,289

1995

211

2,656

3,108

898

24,749

2000

272

3,774

3,679

1,028

27,310

2005

428

828

11,777

1,089

2,307

10,583

9,051

2005

285

4,130

3,899

1,053

28,090

2006

448

902

12,114

1,105

2,438

10,947

9,502

2006

304

4,555

4,133

907

28,765

2007

477

979

12,363959

2,578

11,302

10,007

2007

63.6
156.1

38.5
119.0

28.9
Korea, Rep.

20.4
17.5
12.4
9.2

9.5
8.8
6.6

Thailand
Malaysia

24.3

19.1
New Zealand

93.9
12.3
16.0
3.2

8.6
12.8
2.7

Bangladesh
Sri Lanka

461.5
376.4
170.7
128.5

348.7
292.1
113.2
98.4

France
Italy

Russian Federation

Netherlands

Spain

640.3

548.9
United Kingdom

Germany

Europe/Central Asia

Pakistan

India

78.6

South Asia

Vietnam

5.2
21.4

3.7
16.6

Singapore
Philippines

Hong Kong, China

Indonesia

18.4

Australia

71.6

166.4

231.1

508.9

599.5

726.1

921.6

4.2

18.9

17.3

117.2

26.7

26.8

9.4

12.4

19.2

24.1

27.6

100.1

1,047.7
70.3

1,809.9

1970

669.8

1965

Japan

1960

China

East Asia/Pacific countries

196.5

299.4

594.6

727.7

805.7

1,038.9

5.0

16.7

20.2

135.2

32.7

35.4

14.5

17.5

25.4

34.6

40.2

182.5

91.6

133.4

2,259.91975(10 billion dollars or greater for Sub-Saharan Africa only)
Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank

223.9

330.0

739.1

861.1

879.0

1,225.9

6.5

20.4

27.3

157.6

31.8

47.6

21.8

26.4

37.3

60.2

58.8

210.2

128.0

182.9

2,800.6

1980

237.6

353.6

803.5

929.8

970.4

1,311.9

8.3

24.5

37.9

202.6

315.8
239.7

385.9

474.9

998.7

1,156.3

1,238.5

1,720.5

12.8

36.5

63.0

346.6

22.3

44.6

62.6

68.2

74.2

120.0

148.5

159.4

327.6

430.5

792.8

4,445.4

1995

282.0

440.6

937.6

1,091.8

1,141.0

1,543.2

9.8

29.5

50.2

270.5

38.3
15.0

37.2

56.2

44.7

47.2

79.4

115.2

109.2

292.6

295.6

444.6

4,122.3

1990

11.9

44.6

29.7

33.9

48.6

79.4

77.4

241.3

186.6

304.5

3,261.8

1985

259.7

385.1

580.7

1,097.3

1,328.0

1,450.9

1,900.2

16.3

47.1

74.0

460.2

31.2

50.9

75.9

92.7

93.8

122.7

169.1

165.0

405.1

533.4

1,198.5

4,667.4

2000

349.9

409.0

681.9

1,145.7

1,442.3

1,638.2

1,955.1

19.8

61.4

94.4

644.7

44.8

61.3

94.5

114.7

118.2

157.4

207.1

207.9

472.8

664.4

1,893.4

4,979.5

2005

375.7

421.3

708.2

1,166.8

1,473.6

1,686.1

2,011.2

21.4

65.4

100.2

707.0

48.5

62.3

99.6

124.3

125.1

165.6

221.6

219.3

487.0

698.8

2,113.0

5,098.9

2006

406.2

436.0

735.3

1,183.8

1,505.6

1,737.1

2,061.2

22.8

69.6

106.2

771.1

52.6

64.2

106.6

133.9

133.0

173.8

235.8

233.1

503.0

734.5

2,387.7

5,206.0

2007

Document 2-2 | Changes in GDP worldwide | By country, countries with a GDP of 20 billion dollars or greater in 2008

40

268

Low-income countries

477

Low-level middle-income
countries

41

5,347

1960

High-level middle-income
countries

High-income countries(non-OECD)

High-income countries (OECD)

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank | GDP: in U.S. dollars in 2000 (unit: 1 billion dollars)

Document 2-1 | Changes in GDP worldwide | By income level

Sub-Saharan Africa

3,413

114

582

2,445

1,390

1965

2,715

49

North America

452

Middle East/North Africancountries

1,916

853

1960

South America/Caribbean
countries

Europe/Central Asia

East Asia/Pacific countries

Source: World Development Indicators Online Database, World Bank | GDP: in U.S. dollars in 2000 (unit: 1 billion dollars)

Document 2-1 | Changes in GDP worldwide | By region

435.8

445.1

744.1

1,171.9

1,511.6

1,749.2

2,088.0

24.2

74.0

112.5

825.8

55.8

63.2

110.7

135.5

139.2

178.2

241.3

247.2

521.5

750.8

2,602.6

5,169.6

2008

322

4,899

4,325

899

28,963

2008

500

1,046

12,488

1,003

2,691

11,427

10,254

2008

204
205

65.3
48.0
67.4
41.9
41.0
17.2
28.5

52.7
38.3
52.2
28.5
32.4
14.3
21.0

Austria
NorwayDenmark
GreeceFinland
Ireland
Portugal

99.6

52.7

16.2

26.3

3.4
11.5

3.0
11.0
Uruguay

CanadaUnited States

North America

222.0

22.1

16.4
Peru
Dominican Republic

3,189.8

22.7
16.9

18.1
14.1

Colombia
Chile

167.9

55.4

2,545.8

130.6
41.1

Argentina

108.3

94.4

Venezuela, RB

131.5
133.7

105.3

2.9

3.1

Brazil2.0

2.8

MexicoSouth America/Caribbean
countries

Cote d'Ivoire

UgandaCameroon

Ethiopia

Tanzania

3.6
2.5

3.3
2.1

Sudan
Kenya

Angola

53.3
16.0

38.4
12.8

South Africa

3.1

Nigeria

Sub-Saharan Africa

LebanonSyrian Arab Republic

Tunisia
2.2

9.0

7.5

3.4

14.5

13.8

Algeria
Morocco
Libya

19.6
17.3

12.3
12.0

IsraelEgypt, Arab Rep.

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Saudi Arabia

Middle East/North Africancountries

276.9

3,721.7

12.6

5.3

27.4

21.1

30.2

67.3

158.6

181.0

191.1

4.6

3.4

3.3

3.9

19.8

68.6

3.7

4.2

12.1

19.7

20.3

28.6

41.2

343.3

4,276.9

13.6

8.2

34.9

19.7

39.7

77.8

184.7

245.2

311.6

6.3

4.6

5.2

4.9

25.9

82.0

6.9

6.3

15.4

26.1

24.1

41.3

66.1

412.0

5,128.0

17.0

10.5

39.1

28.0

51.6

87.8

212.1

345.6

430.4

7.7

6.3

7.1

5.5

31.5

95.5

9.5

8.6

20.1

35.3

38.5

49.8

57.3

153.7

7.4

471.7

6,011.0

14.0

11.6

39.7

29.2

57.7

83.8

186.6

380.4

454.2

7.8

543.6

7,055.0

16.9

13.3

36.1

40.5

73.4

95.3

182.2

413.3

501.8

8.3

8.8
3.2

9.9

592.1

7,972.8

20.6

17.2

47.1

61.4

89.9

112.9

250.3

445.8

583.6

8.9

4.5

8.0

6.6

6.8
6.2

11.4

9.1

6.7

39.5

115.8

10.5

2.5

4.9

8.0

7.1

8.5

7.2
5.7

35.0

110.9

17.3
14.9

8.4

14.8

30.7

47.0

77.5

97.4

83.1

166.0

11.8

12.2

29.3

46.4

65.6

71.1

70.3

144.1

27.0

102.1

10.9

10.6

23.6

44.6

53.3

57.6

69.4

121.8

9.3

110.0

11.4

14.0
16.1

Uzbekistan
Lithuania

44.1

9.4

24.2

15.1

12.4
14.4

Luxembourg
Belarus

8.6

18.2

Slovak Republic

16.1

39.5
34.5

44.0
72.0

39.4

55.3
44.4

92.2

61.3

96.5

106.0

84.7

48.9

100.3

140.5
139.1

25.2
7.6

117.0
123.9

16.6
6.8

131.6
167.7

118.1
150.7

203.0

225.9

208.4

219.1

1995

187.5

224.8

201.3

187.1

1990

Croatia

5.9

48.2

40.9

18.2

43.2

64.3

38.9

85.1

93.7

115.5

107.5

129.6

161.1

194.7

177.8

142.4

1985

39.6

61.5

34.3

74.5

93.0

101.0

91.2

120.4

153.7

180.7

162.0

112.3

1980

Slovenia
5.0

33.1

48.0

27.4

64.1

75.8

88.1

73.1

102.5

131.5

166.2

151.6

99.9

1975

16.8

4.3

24.4

38.7

21.6

51.7

59.3

80.8

57.7

84.5

110.3

159.6

133.5

75.4

1970

19.5

Kazakhstan

UkraineRomania

Hungary

Czech Republic

Poland

18.0

87.1

14.5

129.9

68.3

Switzerland

101.7

109.1

1965

84.8

1960

Belgium

SwedenTurkey

40.4
19.3

724.9

9,764.8

22.8

24.0

53.3

75.2

94.1

117.1

284.2

581.4

644.7

10.4

6.2

10.1

8.2

9.1

12.7

12.4

9.1

46.0

132.9

16.8

821.9

10,950.6

23.9

28.5

65.4

92.4

114.0

132.9

313.6

636.8

739.6

10.4

8.4

12.1

11.2

12.5

15.2

16.6

14.9

61.9

160.6

20.5

23.8

24.1

34.5
19.4

47.2

69.6

118.8

137.6

133.0

226.9

16.6

17.9

18.3

24.3

23.8

26.7

25.8

30.0

45.2

48.9

59.0

68.1

117.7

126.0

138.0

155.5

170.4

187.8

208.3

199.6

250.9

266.1

278.6

333.8

2005

37.0

54.8

99.8

123.7

101.3

188.4

11.4

13.8

12.7

20.3

19.9

21.3

20.3

18.3

31.3

37.1

47.9

56.7

112.6

96.4

121.9

125.6

160.1

168.3

193.8

171.3

231.9

249.9

245.6

267.2

2000

844.6

11,265.2

25.0

31.6

70.5

96.7

121.9

146.6

340.2

667.4

769.0

10.5

9.3

12.5

12.4

13.4

16.1

18.4

17.7

65.7

169.2

20.4

25.0

25.5

42.5

50.9

71.0

126.9

144.7

140.8

234.1

17.9

19.2

20.1

25.8

25.2

27.9

28.0

33.2

48.5

52.8

61.4

72.8

119.2

133.2

144.7

162.0

177.1

192.5

215.2

212.0

258.1

274.7

290.0

356.9

2006

867.4

11,490.5

26.9

34.3

76.7

101.2

131.1

159.0

369.6

688.8

812.6

10.7

10.1

12.9

13.8

14.3

17.2

20.3

21.3

70.0

177.8

21.9

26.0

27.1

45.4

52.2

73.1

135.9

152.5

151.8

242.0

19.5

21.0

21.9

27.0

26.9

29.4

30.9

36.1

52.4

55.9

62.1

77.1

121.3

141.2

151.1

168.5

180.2

199.6

222.4

226.2

265.3

283.8

297.9

373.3

2007

870.9

11,616.9

29.3

36.1

84.3

104.4

134.4

166.6

395.4

701.0

853.8

10.9

11.0

13.4

15.3

15.4

17.9

22.0

24.5

73.7

183.2

23.7

27.4

28.5

48.6

55.3

75.3

145.5

158.8

160.3

252.1

20.1

22.9

24.0

26.7

27.9

30.1

32.9

37.3

53.5

61.1

62.5

79.6

121.3

137.9

152.4

173.4

178.3

203.6

226.4

237.0

268.2

288.4

297.3

387.3

2008

206
207

5,205
706
508
233
416
173
133
53
107
11
467

128
48
21
226
23
64
27
85
88
24
82

Republic of Korea
Australia
Indonesia
TaiwanThailand
Malaysia
VietnamPhilippines
DPR of Korea
Other countries total

771
106
99

1,123
162
207

Other countries total

406
2,065
1,766
1,184
1,506
734
52

226
372
36
440
77
21
266
170
56
221
151
22
122
62
179
18
13
1,156

142
82
61
59
64
45
46

38
74
15
16
10
27
11
11
22
8
5
10
11
10
5
8
7
92

United Kingdom
Italy
FranceSpain
UkrainePolandTurkeyKazakhstan
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Uzbekistan
Belgium
GreeceRomania
Austria
FinlandBelarus
Portugal
Hungary
Denmark
Bulgaria
Serbia

242
136
115
21
73
62
152
27
254

24
75
4
28
34
3
7
20
84

Saudi Arabia
Egypt

Iraq
Algeria
KuwaitIsraelSyrian Arab Republic
Other countries total

United Arab Emirates

152

71
Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Middle East/North Africancountries

Other countries total

Russian Federation
Germany

Europe/Central Asia

India
PakistanSouth Asia

2,388

1,320

Japan

US$1 billion

1 million people

China

East Asia/Pacific countries

GDP

Population

107

20

22

25

37

33

52

67

150

185

241

16

20

20

27

25

28

36

33

39

32

57

49

46

80

66

100

97

137

144

264

178

211

331

672

45

83

595

84

18

40

56

73

104

110

191

124

222

514

1,956

1 million toe

Amount of supplyof primary energy

264

54

66

67

86

91

131

169

358

466

439

50

50

50

54

55

63

64

70

92

98

106

113

122

182

190

265

305

314

345

369

438

523

798

1,587

56

138

1,324

158

62

72

94

177

226

276

377

396

489

1,236

6,028

1 million tCO2

CO2 emissions

0.99

3.06

9.46

1.09

1.20

11.83

0.89

6.21

2.60

2.14

2.65

3.60

2.66

2.36

2.89

6.90

3.99

1.81

2.88

5.37

1.81

4.43

4.91

4.29

1.35

2.55

2.96

3.21

4.15

3.00

3.48

4.03

4.75

0.51

0.53

0.77

0.45

0.66

2.73

1.63

4.81

0.84

5.87

4.59

4.02

1.48

Amount of supplyof primary energy
per capita
toe/person

Source: Key World Energy Statistics 2009, IEA | GDP: in U.S. dollars in 2000 | Numerical values are as of 2007

0.74

0.14

0.41

0.50

1.59

0.45

0.49

0.62

1.22

1.20

1.10

0.11

0.43

0.21

1.29

0.24

0.15

0.70

0.19

0.21

2.31

0.59

0.18

1.84

0.27

0.43

2.63

0.20

0.18

0.15

0.12

0.16

1.65

0.78

0.77

1.61

0.37

1.06

0.55

0.60

0.26

0.82

0.24

0.31

0.10

0.82

Amount of supplyof primary energy
per GDP
toe/US$1,000

9.68

4.57

2.70

9.19

25.09

2.53

3.33

29.91

2.24

14.79

6.56

6.73

6.57

9.24

5.36

5.20

6.46

12.19

8.38

4.27

8.74

9.97

4.22

11.83

11.13

12.30

3.59

7.99

6.77

7.68

5.81

7.38

8.60

9.71

11.21

0.85

1.18

2.62

0.82

1.10

6.68

3.54

12.08

1.67

18.75

10.09

tCO2 /person

kgCO2 /US$

2.02

0.43

1.08

1.17

4.38

1.13

1.24

1.48

3.07

3.78

2.73

0.28

0.87

0.45

2.88

0.43

0.31

1.64

0.58

0.40

5.39

1.58

0.41

5.27

0.71

1.35

6.01

0.47

0.25

0.37

0.30

0.39

3.91

1.30

1.72

5.48

0.67

1.78

1.33

1.30

0.66

1.62

0.78

0.69

0.24

2.52

Amount of CO2
Amount of CO2
emissions per capita emissions per GDP

Document 3 | Amount of supply of primary energy, CO2 emissions | By country, in order of amount of CO2 emissions

208
209

178
70
176

48

425

Other countries total

131
338

46
136

Colombia
111

29

31

64

73

236

184

171

107

134

269

2,340

1 million toe

Amount of supply of
primary energy

217

56

71

144

163

347

438

100

51

346

573

5,769

1 million tCO2

CO2 emissions

8.17

7.75

0.63

1.86

2.32

1.85

1.23

1.74

0.72

2.82

Amount of supplyof primary energy
per capita
toe/person

16,216
18,3797,970

10,966
16,3808,738

China
United States of America

2,062

1,726
Germany
Bangladesh

887
545
614

750
518
501

Spain

Egypt

1,616
1,372

972

Philippines

United Kingdom

1,612

841
1,476

789
1,273

Nigeria
TurkeyPoland

968
823

673
1,077

PakistanThailand

915

787
1,226

852

694

1,384
1,249

1,451
Argentina
MexicoAustralia

969

929

Myanmar

1,585

1,452
VietnamUkraine

2,913
3,223

2,080
1,673

France

1,534

1,437
Indonesia

Canada

2,035

1,504
BrazilRussian Federation

India

99,876

1965
87,702

1961
World total

Source: FAOSTAT, FAO

748

760

1,026

1,327

1,626

1,599

898

831

1,290

1,586

1,210

1,501

1,992

1,043

1,691

2,375

2,856

3,144

2,216

2,370

11,391

18,69820,084

119,263

1970

813

884

1,421

1,394

1,956

2,221

835

939

1,777

1,840

1,313

1,663

2,304

1,057

1,932

3,016

3,711

3,573

2,524

2,624

12,781

24,95324,453

135,996

1975

810

1,078

1,867

1,947

1,834

2,442

779

1,368

1,640

2,061

1,707

2,089

1,865

1,208

2,170

3,271

4,136

4,802

3,364

3,322

14,04927,01328,029155,018

1980

856

1,273

2,097

2,249

2,374

2,649

1,189

1,507

2,494

2,561

1,770

2,740

2,807

1,646

2,413

3,756

4,824

5,568

4,336

3,601

16,56834,71233,988

182,124

1985

1,302

1,474

1,876

2,257

2,801

3,020

1,768

1,442

2,305

2,117

2,096

2,556

2,012

1,990

2,775

3,758

5,681

5,511

5,191

3,249

19,392

31,24040,441

195,209

1990

Document 4 | Changes in amount of cereal production | By country, top 25 countries

CanadaUnited States of America

North America

869

101

17

Chile

11,468159

27

Venezuela

33

370

40

Argentina

302

809

192

BrazilOther countries total

755

106

MexicoSouth America/Caribbean
countries

South Africa
148

US$1 billion

1 million people

Nigeria

Sub-Saharan Africa

GDP

Population

2,381
2,770

1,610

1,470

1,157

2,187

2,591

2,813

2,251

1,848

2,739

2,641

2,504

2,688

2,431

2,614

2,011

1,690

2,456

2,399

2,234

3,225

2,137

2,197

3,445

3,052

3,046

2,799

3,875

3,454

3,950

4,527

3,236
3,986

5,109

6,570

6,158
4,934

5,355

5,799

4,590

6,433
4,964

23,493
6,190

34,28140,734

206,039

2000

1.21

4.28

5.24

4.12

1.81

4.14

0.35

7.27

2,241

1,986

1,423

2,100

2,693

3,635

2,603

2,898

3,984

3,451

3,351

2,906

3,816

3,962

4,115

4,598

3,726

5,096

6,410

6,667

5,567

7,656

24,00036,65442,937

226,860

2005

17.37

19.10

tCO2 /person

0.66

0.50

0.43

0.70

0.90

0.44

0.43

0.58

0.74

1.94

2,281

2,374

2,389

2,428

2,766

2,928

3,021

3,195

3,353

3,442

3,597

3,614

3,668

4,326

4,910

5,010

5,271

5,603

7,009

7,657

7,968

10,63926,65840,377

48,101

252,5112008

Unit: 10,000 tons

kgCO2 /US$

Amount of CO2
Amount of CO2
emissions per capita emissions per GDP

21,001

27,76041,866

189,770

1995

0.31

0.20

0.22

0.30

0.40

0.20

0.29

0.24

1.53

0.75

Amount of supplyof primary energy
per GDP
toe/US$1,000

References | Classification of countries | By income level, by region

210

Countries

Income level

RegionSaudi Arabia

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

United Arab Emirates

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

Brunei Darussalam

High-income countries (non-OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

Countries

Income level

RegionFrench Polynesia

High-income countries (non-OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

Austria

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Guam

High-income countries (non-OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

Belgium

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

New Caledonia

High-income countries (non-OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

Czech Republic

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Northern Mariana Islands

High-income countries (non-OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

Denmark

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Antigua and Barbuda

High-income countries (non-OECD)

South America/Caribbean countries

FinlandHigh-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

BahamasHigh-income countries (non-OECD)

South America/Caribbean countries

FranceHigh-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Barbados

High-income countries (non-OECD)

South America/Caribbean countries

Germany

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Puerto Rico

High-income countries (non-OECD)

South America/Caribbean countries

GreeceHigh-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Trinidad and Tobago

High-income countries (non-OECD)

South America/Caribbean countries

Hungary

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Italy

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Botswana

High-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

IrelandHigh-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Gabon

High-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Luxemberg

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Mauritius

High-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Netherlands

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Namibia

High-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

NorwayHigh-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Seychelles

High-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Portugal

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

South Africa

High-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Slovakia

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Belarus

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Spain

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

SwedenHigh-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Bulgaria

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Switzerland

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Kazakhstan

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

United Kingdom

High-income countries (OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

LatviaHigh-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Australia

High-income countries (OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

Lithuania

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Japan

High-income countries (OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

Montenegro

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

New ZealandHigh-income countries (OECD)

East Asia/Pacific countries

PolandHigh-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

CanadaHigh-income countries (OECD)

North America

Romania

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

United States of America

High-income countries (OECD)

North America

Russian Federation

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Croatia

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

CyprusHigh-income countries (non-OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

High-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Estonia

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

SerbiaThe former Yugoslavia Republic ofMacedonia
TurkeyHigh-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Slovenia

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Europe/Central Asia

Algeria

High-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Bahrain

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

LebanonHigh-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

IsraelHigh-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

High-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

KuwaitHigh-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

Fiji

High-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Malta

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

Malaysia

High-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Oman

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

Argentina

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Qatar

High-income countries (non-OECD)

Middle East/North African countries

BrazilHigh-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries211

Countries

Income level

RegionCountries

Income level

RegionChile

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Mongolia

Low-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Colombia

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Philippines

Low-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Costa Rica

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Solomon Islands

Low-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Cuba

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

ThailandLow-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Dominican Republic

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Timoe-Leste

Low-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

GrenadaHigh-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Vanyatu

Low-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Jamaica

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

BhutanLow-level middle-income countries

South Asia

MexicoHigh-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

India

Low-level middle-income countries

South Asia

PanamaHigh-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Pakistan

Low-level middle-income countries

South Asia

Peru

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Sri Lanka

Low-level middle-income countries

South Asia

Saint Kitts and Nevis

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

BelizeLow-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Saint Lucia

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

EcuadorLow-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Suriname

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

El Salvador

Low-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Uruguay

High-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

GuatemalaLow-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

GuyanaLow-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Honduras

Low-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Low-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Angola212

Low-level middle-income countries

Cameroon

Low-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Nicaragua

Cape Verde

Low-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Paraguay

Low-level middle-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

Congo

Low-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

LesothoLow-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Benin

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Nigeria

Low-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Burkina Faso

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sao Tome and Principe

Low-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

BurundiLow-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sudan

Low-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Central African Republic

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Swaziland

Low-level middle-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Chad

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Albania

Low-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Eritrea

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Armenia

Low-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Ethiopia

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Azerbaijan

Low-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

GambiaLow-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Georgia

Low-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Ghana

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Turkmenistan

Low-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

GuineaLow-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

UkraineLow-level middle-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Guinea-Bissau

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Djibouti

Low-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Kenya

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Egypt

Low-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Liberia

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Iraq

Low-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Madagascar

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

JordanLow-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Malawi

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

MoroccoLow-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Mali

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Syrian Arab Republic

Low-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Mauritania

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Tunisia

Low-level middle-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Mozambique

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

China

Low-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Niger

Indonesia

Low-level middle-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Rwanda213

214

Countries

Income level

RegionSenegalLow-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sierra Leone

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Somalia

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Togo

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

UgandaLow-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

ZambiaLow-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Zimbabwe

Low-income countries

Sub-Saharan Africa

Kyrgyzstan

Low-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Tajikistan

Low-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Uzbekistan

Low-income countries

Europe/Central Asia

Yemen

Low-income countries

Middle East/North African countries

Cambodia

Low-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Low-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

MyanmarLow-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Vietnam

Low-income countries

East Asia/Pacific countries

Afghanistan

Low-income countries

South Asia

Bangladesh

Low-income countries

South Asia

Nepal

Low-income countries

South Asia

Haiti

Low-income countries

South America/Caribbean countries

The Asahi Glass Foundation was established in 1933 as the Asahi Foundation
for Chemical Industry Promotion in commemoration of the twenty-fifth
anniversary (1932) of the founding of Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Over most of
its first half-century, with the exception of the chaotic postwar days, thefoundation focused primarily on fostering research in the field of appliedchemistry. To meet the demands of the new era, the foundation undertook
the overall redesign of its programs in 1990, expanding the scope of its
activities and establishing its commendation program. At the same time, it
was renamed the Asahi Glass Foundation. The foundation has since sustained
a variety of activities under its grant-making programs on technologies forthe next generations and commendation programs with an international
prize for environmental activities, namely the Blue Planet Prize. In addition
to our numerous commitments to solving global environmental problems,
our activities contribute to the creation of a society and civilization where allof humankind can be blessed with genuine wealth.

Deciphering “Conditions for Survival” | Data Book |Published in May 2010

The Asahi Glass Foundation
2nd Floor, Science Plaza, 5-3, Yonbancyo, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0081, Japan
Tel: 03-5275-0620 Fax: 03-5275-0871
E-mail: post@af-info.or.jp
URL: http://www.af-info.or.jp/
Publisher:
Hiromichi Seya (Chairman of the Asahi Glass Foundation)
Editorial Supervisor:
Akio Morishima (Trustee of the Asahi Glass Foundation)
Project Advisor:
Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.
Edition and Production: Ast Creative Co., Ltd.

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