1Supplemental Material for

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Journal of Climate

3(DOI)

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Persistent ocean anomalies as a response to northern hemisphere heating

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induced by biomass burning variability

67Ryohei Yamaguchia, Ji-Eun Kimb,c, Keith B. Rodgersb,c, Karl Steinb,c, Axel Timmermannb,c,8

Sun-Seon Leeb,c, Lei Huangd, Malte F. Stueckere, John T. Fasullof, Gokhan Danabasogluf,

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Clara Deserf, Jean-Francois Lamarquef, Nan A. Rosenbloomf, Jim Edwardsf

1011aResearch Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka,Japan

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Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea

dePusan National University, Busan, South Korea

College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, China

Department of Oceanography and International Pacific Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Scienceand Technology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USAf

Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder,CO, USA

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Corresponding author: Ryohei Yamaguchi, ryamaguchi@jamstec.go.jp

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This supplemental material includes 7 supplementary figures (S1-S7).

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2627282930313233343536373839Fig. S1. 100-member ensemble mean climatologies (CLIM, 2000–2020) and differences in
CMIP6 (50 member) and SMBB (50 member) ensemble means (DIFF, 2000–2020) of (a andb) precipitation (c and b) annual maximum of mixed layer depth (MLD), and (e and f) Arctic
sea ice thickness. The northward shifts of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) are
identified in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sectors, but are not apparent in the Pacific region,
as weak El Niño-like changes co-exist. Contours in (b), (d), and (f) are for the corresponding
climatology (same as (a), (d), and (e), respectively). Ocean regions surrounded by red lines in(e) and (f) indicate regions where winter the annual maximum MLD exceeds 500 m in the 100member ensemble mean. Statistically insignificant signals at the 95% confidence level arecross-hatched.

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474849Fig. S2. The difference in CMIP6 (50 members) and SMBB (50 members) ensemble meansof the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC, positive clockwise).
Climatological mean AMOC (Sv) values for the 100-member ensemble mean are superposed
as contours. Statistically insignificant signals at the 95% confidence level are cross-hatched.

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Fig. S3. The difference in CMIP6 (50 members) and SMBB (50 members) ensemble meansof (a and b) surface freshwater flux, (c and d) surface heat flux, and (e and f) surface buoyancyflux for the Atlantic zonal mean (a, c, and d) and the Arctic region (b, d, and f) Positive
differences indicate anomalous ocean freshwater/heat/buoyancy gain in CMIP6 members.
Units for freshwater and buoyancy fluxes have been converted to consistent units forcomparison by using thermal expansion and haline contraction coefficients estimated from thelocal sea surface temperature and salinity. An 11-year running mean is applied for (a, c and e).
Ocean regions surrounded by green lines in (b, d and f) indicate regions where the winter deepconvection exceeds 500 m as the annual maximum in the 100-member ensemble mean.
Statistically insignificant signals at the 95% confidence level are cross-hatched.
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73Fig. S4. Atlantic 100-member ensemble mean climatology (black lines with upper x-axis)
and sub-ensemble mean difference (CMIP6 minus SMBB, red lines with bottom x-axis) in (a)zonal mean zonal wind stress (𝜏! , positive eastward), (b) zonal-integrated Ekman heat transport(EHT, positive northward), and (c) zonal mean surface wind stress curl ((∇ × 𝜏)" ). The white
dots on the differences (red lines) indicate statistically significant differences at the 95%
confidence level based on the bootstrapping method.

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7980Fig. S5. The difference in CMIP6 (50 members) and SMBB (50 members) ensemble meansof the Pacific zonal mean temperature over (a) 2000–2010, (b) 2010–2020, (c) 2020–2030, (d)2030–2050, (e) 2050–2070, and (f) 2070–2100, respectively. Climatological mean temperature(100-ensemble mean) over each period is superimposed as contours. Only statisticallysignificant differences at the 95% confidence level are shown.

8182838485868788Fig. S6. The difference in CMIP6 (50 members) and SMBB (50 members) ensemble meansof the Atlantic zonal mean temperature over (a) 2000–2010, (b) 2010–2020, (c) 2020–2030,(d) 2030–2050, (e) 2050–2070, and (f) 2070–2100, respectively. Climatological mean
temperature (100-ensemble mean) over each period is superimposed as contours. Only
statistically significant differences at the 95% confidence level are shown.
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Fig. S7. Same as Fig. 6, but for the whole (a) Pacific and (b) Atlantic. Budgets for the ocean
heat content differences between the sub-ensemble means of CMIP6 and SMBB members.
Changes in the 50-50 differences in the full-depth ocean heat content (dOHC/dt), the sea
surface heat flux (SHF), and the ocean heat transport convergence (OHTC) are shown as green,orange, and blue lines with the left y-axis, respectively. Black solid lines are 50-50 differencesin the full OHC (with the right y-axis). 50-50 differences in OHCs above 300 m and below 300
m are also shown as dotted and dashed lines with the right y-axis, respectively. An 11-year
running mean is applied to all timeseries. The white dots on the black, blue, and orange lines
indicate statistically significant differences at the 95% confidence level based on thebootstrapping method. The gray-shaded period corresponds to the time interval where CMIP6and SMBB forcing are different (1990–2020).

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