JSP/KSOP Joint Online Meeting
Joint online meeting of the Japan Society of Protistology and Korean Society of Protistologists

22-23 November 2020

1

Program
Day 1 (22 November)
9:00-9:10
Opening remarks (Terue Harumoto, the president of JSP)
9:10-9:40
Plenary lecture 1 (Jong Soo Park) [PL-01]
9:40-9:50
Break
9:50-11:30
Oral session 1 (BPA selection session) [O-BPA01 – O-BPA06]
11:30-11:40
Break
11:40-13:10
Poster session 1[Hall A: P-1A01 – P-1A07] / [Hall B: P-1B01 – P-1B06]
13:10-14:20
JSP & KSOP General assembly / Lunch break
14:20-16:45
JSP/KSOP Joint Symposium [S-01 – S-06]
Day 2 (23 November)
9:10-9:40
Plenary lecture 2 (Yuichiro Kashiyama) [PL-02]
9:40-9:50
Break
9:50-11:15
Oral session 2 [O-01 – O-05]
11:15-11:25
Break
11:25-12:55
Poster session 2[Hall A: P-2A01 – P-2A07] / [Hall B: P-2B01 – P-2B07]
13:00-13:10
BPA award ceremony
13:10-13:20
Closing remarks (Young Ok Kim, the president of KSOP)
14:00-17:00

Association of young protistologists(This is an additional project specifically for young protistologists.
Anyone who is actually young, or young at heart, is free to attend. See
page 28 for more information.)

We never know what will happen in life. This joint meeting was originally scheduled to be held in
Kobe, Japan, but due to COVID-19, we were forced to hold it online. It is extremely painful for us to
not be able to invite Korean protistologists to Japan to deepen our research exchanges. However, we
still realize that there are many good things about hosting online as well. For example, we have beenable to get so many young students to attend the meeting, probably because there are no travel
expenses. By taking advantage of the online features, we were also able to prepare poster sessions
that would allow for more in-depth discussions. All of you are probably able to attend this conference
from the comfort of your homes. Even in the midst of difficult circumstances, we can always see thelight for tomorrow. I hope this conference will provide you with some inspiration for our new future.
On behalf of many Japanese and Korean friends who have worked hard to prepare this newacademic endeavour with me, I sincerely hope that this conference will strengthen the academic ties
between our two countries and with researchers in other countries as well.
Toshinobu Suzaki
22 November 2020, from Kobe, Japan.

2Plenary Lectures
PL-01 (Day 1: 9:10-9:40)
The fate of eukaryotes in hypersaline environments
Jong Soo Park (Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Republicof Korea)jongsoopark@knu.ac.kr (Jong Soo Park)
Hypersaline environments where the dissolved oxygen concentration is low, are widely
but sparsely distributed across Earth. Many biologists have believed that prokaryotes
are abundant in high salinity waters (>25% salinity) whereas eukaryotes are rare in there
for a long time. Since the 2000s, the inventory of eukaryotes in high salinity waters
increases substantially. Culture-dependent approaches reveal that eukaryotes fromhypersaline environments are mostly different from previous species and belong to
Alveolates, Stramenopiles, and Heterolobosea. Furthermore, the larger creature may
have geographically restricted distributions in comparison with the smaller one. Cultureindependent Illumina analyses of the V4 and V9 regions of 18S rDNA show thateukaryotes in high salinity waters are more diverse than previously thought. Besides offluctuation of salinity, the gene expression patterns of halophilic or halotolerant
eukaryotes may be also affected by low dissolved oxygen in high salinity waters.
Therefore, the evolutionary and physiological history of eukaryotes in hypersaline
environments is influenced by salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration.

PL-02 (Day 2: 9:10-9:40)
The detoxification catabolism of chlorophylls that allowed protists to prosper on theoxygenated earth
Yuichiro Kashiyama (Fukui University of Technology, Japan)
chiro@fukui-ut.ac.jp (Yuichiro Kashiyama)
The establishment of a photosynthetic mechanism using chlorophyll as an essential
cofactor in the Archean resulted in supply of large flux of energy to the Earth's biosphere,leading to the prosperity of modern life. The photochemistry of chlorophylls thatrealized an efficient photosynthesis is in fact a mixed blessing for lives. The phototoxicity
of chlorophylls become manifest when they are photoexcited but not actively quenched,such as when the molecules are dislocated from degraded photosynthetic apparati, bytransforming into their triplet excited state. Besides acting as potent oxidants, more
importantly, the triplet-excited chlorophylls transfer the energy to molecular oxygen
generating a highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen (ROS) so called “singlet oxygen”. Thisshould lead a conclusion that any degradative process of photosynthetic cells under lightis potentially risky to the surroundings. The risk is particularly of concern to protists suchas when the predator digests algal material through phagocytosis, when thephotoendosymbionts collapses, and when the chloroplasts need to be degraded.
Therefore, the phototoxicity of chlorophylls must have been a cryptic yet a severe
constraint on the evolution of protists. The present work, reported in a series ofpublications (Kashiyama et al., 2012, PNAS; Kashiyama and Tamiaki, 2014, Chem Lett;3

and Kashiyama et al., 2019, ISME J), demonstrate an ability of algivorous protists tosafely degrade chlorophylls into non-phototoxic 132,173-cyclopheophorbide enols (i.e.,
CPE-accumulating chlorophyll catabolism; CACC) and its extremely widespreadoccurrences among diverse eukaryotic lineages, based on rigorous and extensive coculture experiments with heterotrophs and algae and those with photoendosymbioticorganisms. Furthermore, many microalgae, particularly those possessing thesecondary/tertiary chloroplasts, also conduct the same CACC upon occasional
dismantling of their own chloroplasts. These metabolic functions are therefore likely to
be plesiomorphic for all extant eukaryotes, thus suggesting algivorous ancestors, if not
the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) was likewise an algivore Indeed, theobserved distribution of CACC protists possibly reflect that the catabolism would betraced back to the ancestral cells presented in the middle Proteozoic. Acquisition of
CACC would have had dramatically modified the prey-predator associations and further
phase-shifted the oceanic biogeochemical cycle of the late Proterozoic by intensifying
direct consumption of the photo-synthetic producer in the illuminated water column.
Furthermore, CACC must have allowed the algivorous ancestors to host thephotoendosymbionts, hence evolution of eukaryotic algae.

4Symposium

Diversity of Protists and Protist Scientists(Day 1: 14:20-16:45)
S-01 (14:25-14:45)
Unveiling the hidden genetic diversity and chloroplast type of marine benthic ciliate Mesodinium
speciesMiran Kim, Myung Gil Park* (Chonnam National University, Korea)*mpark@chonnam.ac.kr (Myung Gil Park)
Ciliate Mesodinium species are commonly distributed in diverse aquatic systems worldwide. Among
Mesodinium species, M. rubrumis closely associated with microbial food webs and red tide formationand is known to acquire chloroplasts from its cryptophyte prey for use in photosynthesis. For thesereasons, Mesodinium has long received much attention in terms of ecophysiology and chloroplastevolution. Mesodinium cells are easily identifiable from other organisms owing to their uniquemorphology comprising two hemispheres, but a clear distinction among species is difficult under amicroscope. Recent taxonomic studies of Mesodinium have been conducted largely in parallel withmolecular sequence analysis, and the results have shown that the best-known planktonic M. rubrum
in fact comprises eight genetic clades of a M. rubrum/M. major complex. However, unlike theplanktonic Mesodinium species, little is known of the genetic diversity of benthic Mesodinium species,
and to our knowledge, the present study is the first to explore this. A total of ten genetic clades,
including two clades composed of M. chamaeleon and M. coatsi, were found in marine sandy
sediments, eight of which were clades newly discovered through this study. We report the updated
phylogenetic relationship within the genus Mesodinium comprising heterotrophic/mixotrophic aswell as planktonic/benthic species. Furthermore, we unveiled the wide variety of chloroplasts ofbenthic Mesodinium, which were related to the green cryptophyte.

S-02 (14:45-15:05)/P-2A07
Interaction between centrohelid and actinophryid heliozoans in co-culture
Liudmyla Gaponova1,*, Toshinobu Suzaki2, Andrii Kolosuik3 (1Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, 2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University,
Japan, 3Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine)*lgaponova@gmail.com (Liudmyla Gaponova)
Centrohelid and actinophryid heliozoans are cosmopolitan, free-living aquatic protists that inhabit
different biotopes. Heliozoans consume autotrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton, andomnivorous/carnivorous species have to be considered as potential grazers on other protozoans 1).
Interaction between different heliozoans taxa is not fully understood; however, some of them, suchas actinophryid and сentrohelid heliozoans, often occur in the same habitats 2). For studying theinteraction between actinophryid and centrohelid heliozoans the co-cultured experiments wereconducted. For this purpose, samples from different localities (Bangladesh, Japan, and Ukraine) werecollected, specimens of actinophryid and centrohelid heliozoans were isolated and used for culturing.
On the base of light and transmission electron microscopy species identification was performed. For
some centrohelid species, the determination was confirmed by molecular genetic analysis. As a result,
two species of actinophryid and four species of centrohelid heliozoans were registered. One of these
species – Choanocystis pantopoda (Penard, 1904) which was recorded in pond (Kameyama city) is a
new record for the Japanese fauna. In co-cultured two series of laboratory experiments was
performed. First, for two species from brackish water (pond, Hiroshima, Japan) – Actinophrys
sol and Raphidocystis contractilis. Second, for pairs of species from freshwater – Actinosphaerium
eichhornii (pond, Kyiv, Ukraine) and Choanocystis pantopoda (pond, Kameyama, Japan), and also
for Actinosphaerium eichhornii (pond, Kyiv, Ukraine) and Raphidocystis ambigua (pond, Bangladesh).
It was shown that in co-culture experiments growth rate of centrohelid and actinophryid heliozoans
5species are different. In all experiments, centrohelids demonstrated intensive development within
the first 3-5 days, and after that its cell numbers remained at a constant level. In contrast to
centrohelids, significant decrease in cell numbers of actinophryid heliozoans was observed.
Moreover, the disappearing of actinophryid heliozoans was recorded in most experiments after 2days (for brackish water species) and after 5-11 days (for freshwater species). In some experiments,
we observed that several cells of centrohelids formed syncytium for the acquisition and ingestion oflarge food organisms such as Actinophrys sol. Thus, the results of our experiments show that
inhibiting of growth of actinophryid heliozoan species which kept in mixed culture with centrohelids
was observed. It is confirms the assumption that centrohelids have a negative impact on thedevelopment of actinophryid heliozoans.
1) Arndt, H. 1993. Mar. Microb. Food Webs, 7: 3-29.
2) Zimmermann, U., Miiller, H., Thomas Weisse, T. 1996. Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 11: 21-29.

S-03 (15:05-15:25)
Application of Acanthamoeba-specific antibodies for diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Min-Jeong Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon* (Kyung Hee University School of Medicine)*ekmoon@khu.ac.kr (Eun-Kyung Moon)
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare disease but its prevalence throughout the globe continues togrow, primarily due to increased contact lens usage. Since early-stage symptoms associated with AK
closely resemble those from other corneal infections, accurate diagnosis is difficult and this often
results in delayed treatment and exacerbation of the disease, which can lead to permanent visual
impairment. Accordingly, developing a rapid Acanthamoeba-specific diagnostic method is highly
desired. In this study, we described the identification and production of two Acanthamoeba-specificantibodies against secretory proteins of A. castellanii that can be used for the identification of
Acanthamoeba. Among the secretory proteins of the pathogenic Acanthamoeba strain, inosineuridine preferring nucleoside hydrolase (IPNH) and chorismate mutase (CM) genes were obtained,
and polyclonal antibodies against them were generated. Western blot was performed using protein
lysates and conditioned media of the human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells, non-pathogenic
Acanthamoeba, pathogenic Acanthamoeba, and Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from a clinical sample,
and other causes of keratitis such as Fusarium solani, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus
aureus. Polyclonal antibodies raised against A. castellanii IPNH and CM specifically interacted withlysates of Acanthamoeba origin and their culture media, while such interactions were not observed
from other samples. Acanthamoeba-specificity of CM was also confirmed using
immunocytochemistry after co-culturing Acanthamoeba with HCE cells. Specific binding of the CM
antibody to Acanthamoeba trophozoites was observed, which were absent in the case of HCE cells.
These results indicate that the IPNH and CM antibodies of Acanthamoeba may serve as a potential
agent for rapid and differential AK diagnosis.

S-04 (15:35-15:55)
Multi-algae retaining protists (MARP): Exploring the diversity and role of photobionts
Ryo Hoshina (Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology)
wwhoseena@hotmail.com (Ryo Hoshina)
Many freshwater protists possess unicellular green algae within their cells. These protists typicallycontain hundreds of algae within a single host cell, and are collectively referred as multi-algae
retaining protists (MARP)1. Photobionts in MARP usually exhibits so-called “Chlorella-like”
morphology, which cannot be distinguished from free-living Chlorella and allies in water bodies.
Therefore, it has been generally considered that the MARP host engulfed an alga from the outside
and temporarily retains it. However, recent DNA sequence comparisons have indicated that MARP
photobionts are, in most cases, different species from those free-living algae, and MARP symbioses
are not temporal but rather persistent1,2. Furthermore, the phenomenon of sharing specificphotobionts among various protists, that is, the existence of preferable algal partners, is becoming
6apparent. What benefits does symbiosis with algae give to the host? It is known that the photobionts
in Paramecium bursaria (model organism of MARP) leak out half of the photosynthate under certain
conditions3,4, which has been considered as the dedication to the host. Recently we found a MARP
ciliate that seems to be the ultimate form of symbiosis. This ciliate stores starch granules inside thecells and generates blooms in oligotrophic highland marshes.
1) Hoshina, R. and Kusuoka, Y. 2016. Protist, 167: 174-184.
2) Hoshina, R., Iwataki, M. and Imamura, N. 2010. Phycol. Res., 58: 188-201.
3) Reisser, W., Vietze, S. and Widowski, M. 1988. Symbiosis, 6: 253-270.
4) Kamako, S. and Imamura, N. 2006. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 53: 136-141.

S-05 (15:55-16:15)
Paulinella micropora genome reveals dominant host contribution to plastid endosymbiosis
Duckhyun Lhee1, JunMo Lee2, Khaoula Ettahi1, Chung Hyun Cho1, Ji-San Ha1, Ya-Fan Chan3, Udi
Zelzion3, Timothy G. Stephens3, Dana C. Price4, Arwa Gabr5, Eva C. M. Nowack6, Debashish
Bhattacharya3, Hwan Su Yoon1,* (1Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University,
Suwon 16419, Korea, 2Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Korea, 3Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
USA, 4Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
08901, USA, 5Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA, 6Institut für Mikrobielle Zellbiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225
Düsseldorf, Germany)*hwansu@gmail.com (Hwan Su Yoon)
Eukaryotic photosynthetic organelles, plastids, are the powerhouses of many aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems. The canonical plastid in algae and plants originated >1 billion years ago and therefore
offers limited insights into the initial stages of organelle evolution. To address this issue, we focus
here on the photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella micropora strain KR01 that underwent a more recent(ca. 124 Mya) primary endosymbiosis, resulting in a photosynthetic organelle termed thechromatophore. Analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data resulted in a high-quality draft
assembly of size 707 Mbp and 32,361 predicted gene models. A total of 291 chromatophore targeted
proteins were predicted in silico, 206 of which comprise the ancestral organelle proteome inphotosynthetic Paulinella species with functions, among others, in nucleotide metabolism andoxidative stress response. Biggest portion of the chromatophore targeted proteins was derived fromhost, suggesting dominant host contribution to plastid endosymbiosis. Gene co-expression analysis
identified networks containing known high light stress response genes as well as a variety of genesof unknown function.

S-06 (16:15-16:35)
A low vision scientist deeply loves microscopes
Katsuya Shimabukuro
kshimabu@ube-k.ac.jp (Katsuya Shimabukuro)
I am low vision, which means that I have serious problems with my eyes, but do not go blind yet. My
right eye has gone a few years ago and my left only has a central vision with a tiny field of view. In
spite of visual impairment, I am a microscopist and deeply love microscopes. Soon after starting myresearch project with microscopy as a master student, I was diagnosed with Retinitis Pigmentosa, agenetic disease causing loss of vision eventually. Since then, I have always had a dilemma, “Is it time
to decide whether I give up or not?” and time has gone by. I keep postponing the decision for years.
Unfortunately, I totally lack an ability to design a better life, which may not be so bad, now I suppose.
My microscope experience is quite something. Dark field, phase contrast, DIC, fluorescence, TIRF,
SEM, TEM and scanning probe microscope are some examples. Every single time I confront a new
microscope, I tell myself “Am I sure that I will be able to handle this?”. My answer is always the same,“I will see”. People and technology have given a hand to me. Owing to a rapid development of sensors,7

digital cameras capture images that I can not see through eye pieces. High spec computers can boost
contrast in images, allowing me to see images. Students are my “eyes”. They carefully explain to me
what they are looking at. Those are tricks why I manage to be a microscopist. It was not possible two
decades ago. I was born in a right era and had a fortune to get a right job. These days, I often hear
new exciting news about technologies that can be applicable to my research, making me feel that I
will be able to be a microscopist for a while. Yes, I keep going. Nothing but my vigorous motivation
can pave the way for my future.

8Oral Session 1 (Day 1)
O-BPA01 (9:50-10:05)
Evolutionary history of mitochondrial genomes in Discoba, including the extreme halophile
Pleurostomum flabellatum (Heterolobosea)
Khaoula Ettahia, Duck Hyun Lheea, Ji Yeon Sungb, Alastair G. B. Simpsonc,d, Jong Soo Parkb,e, Hwan Su
Yoona,* (aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea, bDepartmentof Oceanography, Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences,
Kyungpook National University, South Korea, cDepartment of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada, dCentre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, eResearch Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island,
Kyungpook National University, South Korea)*hsyoon2011@skku.edu (Hwan Su Yoon)
Data from Discoba (Heterolobosea, Euglenozoa, Tsukubamonadida, and Jakobida) are essential tounderstand the evolution of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), since this clade includes themost primitive-looking mitogenomes known, as well some extremely divergent genome information
systems. Heterolobosea encompasses more than 150 described species, many of them from extreme
habitats, but only six heterolobosean mitogenomes have been fully sequenced to date. Here wecomplete the mitogenome of the heterolobosean Pleurostomum flabellatum, which is extremely
halophilic and reportedly also lacks classical mitochondrial cristae, hinting at reduction or loss of
respiratory function. The mitogenome of P. flabellatum maps as a 57,829 bp long circular molecule,including 40 CDSs (19 tRNA, two rRNA, and 19 orfs). The gene content and gene arrangement are
similar to Naegleria gruberi and N. fowleri, the closest relatives with sequenced mitogenomes. The
P. flabellatum mitogenome contains genes that encode components of the electron transport chain
similar to those of Naegleria mitogenomes. Homology searches against a draft nuclear genome
showed that P. flabellatum has two homologs of the highly conserved Mic60 subunit of the MICOS
complex, and likely lost Mic19 and Mic10. However, electron microscopy showed no cristae
structures. We infer that P. flabellatum, which originates from high salinity (313‰) water where thedissolved-oxygen concentration is low, possesses a mitochondrion capable of aerobic respiration,
but with reduced development of cristae structure reflecting limited use of this aerobic capacity (e.g.,
microaerophily).

O-BPA02 (10:05-10:20)
Single-cell DNA metabarcoding and in situ imaging reveal the symbiosis of Rhizaria (Phaeodaria
and Radiolaria)
Yasuhide Nakamura1,*, Ryo Minemizu2, Nobuhiro Saito3, Kaori Wakabayashi4, Kazutaka Takahashi5,(1Shimane University, Japan, 2Ryo Minemizu Photo Office, Japan, 3Suido-sha Co. Ltd,
Japan, 4Hiroshima University, Japan, 5The University of Tokyo, Japan)*jasnakamura@gmail.com (Yasuhide Nakamura)
The supergroup Rhizaria (including Phaeodaria and Radiolaria) are reported to have high biomass inthe world oceans. Since these marine protists are supposed to play important roles in the material
cycles1, the ecological relationships between rhizarians and other organisms, which are still wrappedin mystery, would be indispensable to understand marine ecosystems. The DNA metabarcoding is
becoming a standard approach to assess the plankton diversity. Whereas, in situ imaging techniques,
such as Visual Plankton Recorder (VPR), allow us to observe the unknown ecological aspects ofmarine protists. By combining these new analytical techniques, this study attempt to clarify the
symbiosis of rhizarians. Rhizarians were collected in 2015-2019 at 30 stations in the Northern
Hemisphere. After the microscopic observation, collected rhizarians were fixed with 99% ethanol.
Surveys by scuba diving and VPR were also conducted at eight stations. For a part of the ethanolfixed individuals, the single-cell DNA metabarcoding (focusing on the V9 region of eukaryotic 18S
9rRNA gene) was performed in order to clarify the taxonomic composition of the organisms containedin each rhizarian. The surveys by scuba diving and VPR revealed that large rhizarians are occasionallyassociated with (or held by) certain crustaceans. This phenomenon resembles “Jellyfish rider” (thesymbiosis between jellyfish and crustaceans) and therefore, named “Rhizarian rider”2. The
combination of Phaeodaria and Amphipoda was the most frequently observed, but the association
between Radiolaria and Decapoda (phyllosoma larva) was also photographed. Rhizarians werepossible to be used by crustaceans in order to reduce the swimming energy and to secure foodsources. A total of 106 rhizarians were examined by the single-cell DNA metabarcoding. Possible
symbionts, parasites and prey organisms were successfully detected, some of which were first
discovered by this study. Possible symbionts (e.g., dinoflagellates, haptophytes and pelagophytes)
were frequently detected from radiolarians, while parasitic organisms (e.g., Massisteria,
Dermocystidium) were detected from phaeodarians. The composition of the intra-cellular organisms
was obtained for 92% of the analyzed specimens, and consequently, the single-cell DNA
metabarcoding would be an effective method to clarify the symbiosis and the predator-prey
relationship of unicellular organisms.
1) Biard, T., Stemmann, L., Picheral, M., Mayot, N., Vandromme, P., Hauss, H., Gorsky, G., Guidi, L.,
Kiko, R. and Not, F. 2016. Nature, 532: 504-507.
2) Nakamura, Y., Minemizu, R. and Saito, N. 2019. Mar. Biodiv., 49: 2193-2195.

O-BPA03 (10:20-10:35) /P-1B07
Overview of the biodiversity of tintinnine ciliates (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Tintinnina) in coastal
waters of China
Rui Wang1,2,*, Yang Bai1, Toshikazu Suzuki2, Xiaozhong Hu1 (1Institute of Evolution & Marine
Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, China, 2Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Japan)*raymond-ouc@outlook.com (Rui Wang)
As planktonic model organisms for addressing microbial biodiversity, biogeography, ecophysiology,
evolution, and energy transduction, Tintinnina ciliates are attractive by the possession of highly
diverse architecture and dimensions of lorica. Up to now, at least 1000 tintinnine morphospecies
have been discovered worldwide and their classification is based almost entirely on lorica features1).
However, the traditional taxonomies were challenged by the application of integrative new
approaches in species delimitation that have limited our understanding of their true biodiversity andsystematics, that is, the increasing evidences further demonstrate the lorica plasticity and cryptic
species diversity in this species-rich group of ciliates2, 3). In the past three years, more than 40
tintinnine ciliates collected from broad sampling sites in China, were investigated with modern
methods, and sequences of SSU rRNA gene and LSU rRNA gene were phylogenetically analyzed.
Among them, about 30 species were firstly revealed ciliary pattern and rRNA gene sequences,including two type species which represents an intermediate lineage between tintinnines (loricateform) and aloricate choreotrichids. In addition, we proposed a new genus based on the rediscovery
of a synapomorphy from two poorly known species. Consequently, our data show the potential
taxonomic relevance of details of the somatic ciliary patterns, cell features, as well as the lorica
ultrastructure, and provide new sight in understanding the systematics and evolutionary
relationships of tintinnines.
1) Zhang WC, Feng MP, Yu Y, Zhang CX, Xiao T. 2012. An illustrated guide to contemporary tintinnines
in the world. Beijing: Science Press.
2) Xu DP, Sun P, Shin MK, Kim YO. 2012. Species boundaries in tintinnine ciliates: a case study?
morphometric variability, molecular characterization and temporal distribution of Helicostomella
species (Ciliophora, Tintinnina). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 54: 351-358.
3) Xu DP, Sun P, Warren A, Noh JH, Choi DL, Shin MK, Kim YO. 2013. Phylogenetic investigations on
ten genera of tintinnine ciliates (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea: Tintinnida), based on small subunit
ribosomal DNA sequences. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 60: 192-202.
10

O-BPA04 (10:45-11:00)
A Systematic Study of Two New Species of Euplotes (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea: Euplotida) with
Morphological Description and Molecular Phylogeny
Sahr UZMA, Rani BIBI, Mann Kyoon SHIN* (School of Biological Science, University of Ulsan, Korea)*mkshin@ulsan.ac.kr (Mann Kyoon Shin)
The genus Euplotes is a species-rich genus in ciliated protozoa, and inhabitants of ubiquitousenvironments. Two Euplotes species collected from the algal mat and saline pond of saltmarshes in
Korea were characterized as new species by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis.
Both new species are similar in having ten frontoventral cirri, two caudal cirri, C-shaped
macronucleus, and double eurystomus-type dargyrome pattern. However, Euplotes n. sp. 1 from thealgal mat is different from Euplotes n. sp. 2 from the saline pond in terms of body shape (oval vs.
elongated oval), number of left marginal cirri (2 vs. 2-3), number of dorsolateral kineties (8-9 vs. 78), the shape of each cortical granules (rounded vs. ellipsoidal), cell size (about 47-56 x 33-42 μm vs.
49-67 x 30-41 μm in vivo), number of adoral membranelles (25-30 vs. 25-33), and number of
dikinetids in mid-kinety (12-14 vs. 12-15). The phylogenetic trees based on small subunit rRNA genesequences for both new species and related species indicate that Euplotes n. sp. 1 is grouped withseveral populations of congener Euplotes euryhalinus with 97.18-99.22% similarity. While Euplotes n.
sp. 2 clustered together with two populations of Euplotes cf. antarcticus with 99.17-99.37% similarity,and one population of Euplotes trisulcatus with 98.95% identity. The molecular data also support thedifferent phylogenetic relationships of these new species in the phylogenetic tree.

O-BPA05 (11:00-11:15)/P-1A05
Heterocapsa busanensis n. sp. (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales): a new marine thecate dinoflagellate
from Korean coastal water
Hojoon Choi1, Sunju Kim1,2,* (1Division of Earth Environmental System Science, 2Department of
Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea)*sunkim@pknu.ac.kr (Sunju Kim)
A new species of the marine thecate dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa busanensis n. sp., was isolated from
Yongho Bay off Busan, Korea, established in clonal culture, and used for light and electron
microscopic examination of cell morphology. Cells were ellipsoid in shape, composed of a conicalepisome and a rounded hyposome, and exhibited thecal plate arrangement (Po, cp, X, 5', 3a, 7", 6c,
5s, 5"', 2"") consistent with most other Heterocapsa species. A large elongate nucleus was positionedon the left side of the cell, while a single reticulate chloroplast was located peripherally, with a single
spherical pyrenoid situated in the episome or near the cingulum and surrounded by a starch sheath.
Overall, morphological features of H. busanensis were very similar to those of H. arctica. TEM
examination of negatively stained specimens revealed the organic body scales of H. busanensis tohave three-dimensional fine structure different from all other Heterocapsa species. Molecular trees
based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences indicated H. busanensis to be genetically divergent from all
established Heterocapsa species for which molecular data are available. Based on ITS rDNA, H.
busanensis was placed in a separate branch within a clade of H. horiguchii strains. Taken together,morphological and molecular features supported the novelty of our Korean Heterocapsa species.

O-BPA06 (11:15-11:30)/P-1A01
Ultrastructure and function of the kinetocyst in the centrohelid heliozoon Raphidiophrys
contractilis
Yumeng Wan*, Toshinobu Suzaki (Kobe University)*mannikumo@yahoo.co.jp (Yumeng Wan)
The kinetocyst of the centrohelid heliozoon Raphidiophrys contractilis is located beneath the cellsurface of the axopodia and the cell body, and is known to participate in food capturing. The
kinetocyst is an extrusive organelle with a size about 300 nm, which contains portentous substances11including a β-1,3-glucan binding protein that are discharged upon capture of food, recognizing
and/or paralyzing prey organisms. In this study, we used Tetrahymena thermophila as food andexamined the process of food capturing and kinetocyst discharge by electron microscopy. A
complicated but well-organized filamentous structures in the kinetocyst of isolated and quick-frozen
kinetocysts was also observed by both cryo-electron microscopy and electron tomography
techniques. The central “core” structures were surrounded by a characteristic ladder-like ring
structure that was composed of 96 unit structures, resembling a circular ladder with many steps.
Filamentous materials are connected to the ring-like structure and are extended toward both insideand outside. When kinetocyst was ejected during food capturing, the structures contained in the
kinetocyst became stretched out like a fishing net, and characteristic ring-like structure was also
expanded. Localization of a prey-recognizing β-1,3-glucan binding protein (Raphidiophrys MVP) was
examined by immuno-EM with an anti-MVP antibody. MVP signals were found to be localized on the
fluffy filamentous structure, but not on the cores and the ring-like structure, suggesting that thefilamentous materials function as antennae for recognizing and capturing β-1,3-glucan molecules on
the prey cell surface.

Oral Session 2 (Day 2)
O-01 (9:50-10:05)
Synapomorphic Signature of Genus Frontonia (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea, Peniculida) for
Inference of Evolution and Phylogeny from Molecular and Morphological Data
Ratih Kusuma Wardani, Mann Kyoon Shin* (Department of Biological Science, University of Ulsan,
Korea)*mkshin@ulsan.ac.kr (Mann Kyoon Shin)The small subunit (SSU) rDNA secondary structure can explain the relatedness between problematic
taxa and provide an independent clue to support morphological classification and molecularphylogeny. Genus Frontonia is one of the confusing taxa within Ciliophora because the relationshipwithin genus Frontonia and related genera remain unclear. The tree topology based on SSU rDNA
sequence showed previously that some members of genus Frontonia had more close to themembers of other genera, i.e. Paramecium, Apofrontonia, Stokesia, and Disematostoma, than therest members of genus Frontonia. The trees of SSU rDNA sequences are insufficient to solve the nonmonophyly. In this study, the secondary structure of SSU rDNA was applied to analyze relationships
within the members of the genus Frontonia and related genera. The secondary structure of V9 regionin SSU rDNA shows significant characters to separate genus Frontonia from related genera.
Genus Paramecium, Apofrontonia, Stokesia, and Disematostoma shared a similar structure of V9
region with two big asymmetrical loop on down part of helix, two small asymmetrical loop and six
symmetrical loop on upper part of helix. Their secondary structure of V9 region also has smaller loopon the end of helix compare with secondary structure of V9 region of genus Frontonia. Secondary
structure of V9 region on Genus Frontonia has two model, model I shared by all members ofgenus Frontonia except F. terricola, F. acuminata, and F. atra, these three species shared model II of
V9 secondary structure. The differences between these two models are loop structure and number
on down part of helix. Besides secondary structure analysis, 25 morphological characters wereanalyzed, and found that patterns in the structure of peniculi and their row numbers are essential
characters for separation genus Frontonia and related genera. These characters can explain theunclear relationship of members between genus Frontonia and related genera.

O-02 (10:05-10:20)
The nuclear genome of Ochrosphaera neapolitana (Cocolithales, Haptophyta) with a study of12holobiont interaction
Ji-San Ha, Duckhyun Lhee, Hwan Su Yoon*(Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan
University, Korea)*hwansu@gmail.com (Hwan Su Yoon)
Haptophyte is one of the predominantly distributed phytoplanktons in marine environments. As a
primary producer, it plays an important role in a food web. Some species blooms annually inoligotrophic ocean (e.g., Emiliania huxlyei), and some species produces toxic compounds (e.g.,
Chrysochromulina spp. or Prymnesium spp.). As it has been reported that algae and bacteria impact
each other in the natural environment, it is important to investigate the interaction between algae
and symbiotic bacteria in a laboratory condition to better understand the interaction. Despite
important role in ecocystem of this group, only six draft genomes (three genera, six species) werereported to date. To better understand our knowledge, we sequenced nuclear genome of
Ochrosphaera neapolitana, which is commonly distributed in the littoral zones of North Atlantic, theIndian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean. The genome size was 176 Mb that
encoded 36,585 predicted genes. For the O. neapolitana - holobiont interaction, we isolated 22
bacteria followed by co-culturing with O. neapolitana. From this co-cultivation test, we detected
some bacteria enhance the growth of O. neapolitana. In this presentation, we will discuss
evolutionary history and haptophyte-bacteria interaction.

O-03 (10:20-10:35)
Revised classification of the Cyanidiophyceae based on plastid genome data with descriptions of
three new species
Seung In Park1, Chung Hyun Cho1, Claudia Ciniglia2, Eun Chan Yang3, Louis Graf1, Hwan Su Yoon1,*(1Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea, 2Departmentof Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies, University of Campania
Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta 81100, Italy, 3Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean
Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Korea)*hwansu@gmail.com (Hwan Su Yoon)
Cyanidiophyceae is a class of unicellular red algae that thrives in acidic (pH 0.5-3.0), high temperature(50-55°C) and heavy-metal rich extreme environments in volcanic hot springs around world. These
algae are primarily photo-autotrophic but some of these species (i.e. Galdieria sulphuraria) havemixotrophic growth. And, comparison between their morphological and physiological observation
and recent molecular phylogenetic research have conflicts. To better understand its evolutionary
history and clarify relationship within the Cyanidiophyceae class, five complete mitochondria andeight plastid genomes (Cyanidiococcus yangmingshanensis 8.1.23, Cyanidium caldarium ACUF 063,
Mesophilic Cyanidium sybil cave, Mesophilic Cyanidium THAL 104, Galdieria sulphuraria SAG 108.79,
Galdieria sulphuraria DBV 011, Galdieria phlegrea ACUF 629 and Cyanidium sp. OTU2) wereconstructed in this study. We compared them in terms of genome characteristic (CDS, GC contents
and repeat frequency), gene synteny, different HGT pattern and genome rearrangement pattern
among Cyanidiophyceae organelle genomes and their phylogenetic relationship that based on eachconcatenated organelle gene phylogeny. As a result, we found and propose several generic andgenomic evidences of separation between the Galdieriales order and each three families of
Cyanidiales order (Cyanidiaceae, Cavernicoliaceae, Cyanidioschyzonaceae). Based on these organelle
genome data, we solve phylogenetic incongruence between species tree and gene tree and propose
new classification system of Cyanidiophyceae.

O-04 (10:45-11:00)
Living euglenoids found in traps of an aquatic carnivorous plant, Utricularia australis
Yume Kimura1,*, Jun YOKOYAMA2 (1Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamagata
13University, 2Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Japan)*daphnia0111@gmail.com (Yume KIMURA)
Bladderworts (aquatic species of genus Utricularia, Letibulariaceae) are carnivorous plants capture
microorganisms using suction traps, and get nutrition (e.g., nitrogen) by digesting prays. Lumensof Utricularia traps are completely sealed from outside. It has been thought that prey caught in traps
die quickly due to low oxygen levels and low pH. However, protists surviving and reproducing in thetraps has been reported. There are few studies examining trap contents and protists living in trapsof Utricularia in Japan. This study aimed to examine the trap contents of U. australis the mostabundant bladderwort species in the northern Japan, and to determine the identity of the euglenoids
living in the traps. We collected U. australis from the pond in the water garden near Lake Izunuma(Miyagi Pref.) from 2018 to 2020, examined the contents of the traps of U. australis and identified
them by the morphological observation under a right microscope. For the analysis of living
euglenoids, we extracted total DNA from 3 traps including photosynthetic euglenoids in 2018. We
also isolated 6 strains isolated from 5 traps collected in 2019 and extracted total DNA from them.
Those samples were used for phylogenetic analysis. A total of 45 genera of Chlorophyta, 7 genera
Euglenozoa, 36 genera of other microorganisms were identified from trap contents of U.
australis. Pediastrum, Scenedesmus and photosynthetic euglenoids were frequently observed
among them. Traps containing large amounts of living Euglena were found on several occasions.
Furthermore, the presence of living Euglena in traps was confirmed at several other sampling sites.
As a result of phylogenetic analysis for two plastid rRNA regions of Euglena, samples from 3 traps
collected in 2018 were closely related to E. hiemalis, and 6 strains collected in 2019 were closely
related to E. gracilis. Trap-fluid environment of U. australis may be suitable for the presence ofeuglenoids living in traps. Euglena generally can tolerate acidic conditions. In previous studies
conducted in Europe, the ratio of living cells among all algal cells trapped by U. australis was higher
than that of U. minor. Other photosynthetic euglenoids such as Lepocinclis and Phacus were alsofrequently captured, but were rarely found alive. E. hiemalis and E. gracilis, which are close to theeuglenoids found in this study, are also close to each other. Living euglenoids found from other sites
are need to be studied, but some euglenoids may be more likely to inhabit U. australis.

O-05 (11:00-11:15)/P-2A06
Validity of protists as live food for feeding brine shrimps larvae
Yuki Nishida1,*, Toshinobu Suzaki2 (1Keio University SFC, Japan, 2Kobe University, Japan)*yuki20011107@outlook.jp (Yuki Nishida)Freshly hatched fish and small crustaceans feed on small living organisms such as protists andbacteria. The purpose of this study was to search for protists suitable as live baits for the larvae of
these animals. Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae grow large enough to eat a common artificial dietin about a week. However, if they are not fed with proper food immediately after hatching, they die
within a few days. Therefore, several kinds of protists were fed to the freshly hatched brine shrimp
for 10 days, and the most suitable protist for the larvae was searched for based on the survival rate
and growth rate of the brine shrimp. The protists used as baits were Tetrahymena
pyriformis (ciliate), Euglena
gracilis (Excavata),
and Chlorogonium
capillatum and Chlorellavariabilis (Archaeplastida). Microscopic observation of the inside of the digestive tract showed that
all of these protists were small enough to be predated on by the brine shrimp from the second day
after hatching. As a result, this study showed that Chlorogonium capillatum was the best in terms ofboth survival rate and growth rate and was suitable as a diet for brine shrimp larvae. In addition, thisstudy found that the survival rate of brine shrimp was significantly reduced when Euglena
gracilis was given.

14

Poster Presentations
Day 1, Hall A (Structure 1, Environment, Simulation)

P-1A01 [English, Chinese] See O-BPA06
Ultrastructure and function of the kinetocyst in the centrohelid heliozoon Raphidiophrys
contractilis
Yumeng Wan*, Toshinobu Suzaki (Kobe University, Japan)*mannikumo@yahoo.co.jp (Yumeng Wan)

P-1A02 [English, Japanese, Chinese]
Involvement of mitochondria in Chlorella-Paramecium bursaria endosymbiosis
Xin Yang*, Toshinobu Suzaki (Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Japan)*yangxinyxin@163.com (Xin YANG)
Peri-algal vacuole membrane (PVM) is regarded to be important for symbiosis in Paramecium
bursaria. The PVM is originally derived from the phagosome membrane when symbiotic Chlorella istaken up by the host and always surrounds the symbiont even after the endosymbiosis is completely
established. Symbiotic Chlorella cells are connected to the inner surface of the host P. bursaria cellcortex. Recent studies have shown that this connection is not direct but is mediated by a number ofmitochondria rigidly attached to PVMs. Mitochondria are also densely attached to the cytoplasmicside of the cell surface of P. bursaria, and connections between adjacent mitochondria can also befound. A structural network is thus formed by these multiple mitochondria. PVMs are incorporated
into this network, thereby constructing the cell surface layer of P. bursaria. In other words,
mitochondria bind to PVMs, to the cell surface, and also to other mitochondria. The symbiotic
relationship between P. bursaria and Chlorella is disrupted by treatment of the cells withcycloheximide (CHX); CHX treatment causes symbiotic Chlorella to detach from the cell surface of
host cells and subsequently undergo intracellular digestion and disappear. As a result, P.
bursaria cells lose their symbiotic Chlorella, finally forming "white" aposymbiotic cells. In this study,
we investigated which of the mitochondrial-mediated connections (i.e., with the PVM, with the cellsurface, or between mitochondria) are released by CHX treatment. Since P. bursaria mitochondria
can be visualized by high-magnification DIC microscopy, mitochondrial dynamics were analyzed byvideo microscopy to examine the effects of CHX treatment. The results showed that, in control cells,
mitochondria were firmly anchored to the cell surface and rarely detached or migrated. This situation
was not changed by CHX treatment. In contrast, mitochondria attached to PVMs were strongly fixedto PVMs in control cells and showed no movement, but CHX treatment caused them to migrateheavily along the surface of PVMs and eventually detached from there. These results indicate thatthe detachment of mitochondria from the cell surface by CHX treatment is most likely due to reduced
coupling between mitochondria and PVMs, which strongly suggests that the coupling between
mitochondria and PVMs is important for the maintenance of the symbiosis.

P-1A03 [English, Japanese]
Cell division and conjugation processes in Stentor pyriformis
Hitoshi Iida (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science, Japan)
ihitoshi16@gmail.com (Hitoshi Iida)
Many aquatic organisms live in symbioses with photosynthetic algae. Stentor pyriformis containgreen-algal symbionts within their cytoplasm. The habitats of S. pyriformis in Japan is restricted toonly a few ponds and lakes in the Tohoku region. Of note, the detailed process of cell division andconjugation in S. pyriformis is unknown. In this study, we stained the nuclei of S. pyriformis and wereable to observe the number of macronuclei, their division, cytokinesis, as well as the macronuclei inthe process of conjugation. The number of macronuclei varied from 1 to 9. In the context of artificial
15

cultures, the most prevalent number of macronuclei was 4 and 5. Additionally, with respect to thedivision of the macronucleus, amitosis was seen, paralleling the observed in Paramecium. This said,
the relationship between macronuclei division and cell division was not assessed in this study. On
the other hand, cytokinesis occurred as transverse division, once more, similar to thatin Paramecium and Stentor coeruleus; of note, we observed that a new membranellar band and oral
pouch was formed near the division groove. This is a similar characteristic of S. coeruleus1). In
addition, conjugation was also studied in the context of artificial cultures. Two conjugating pairs
mated for more than 72 hours; after this time, the macronuclei were stained with SYBR Green andobserved with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Remarkably, the algal endosymbionts were
aggregated in the center of the cells.
1) Tartar, V. 1961. The Biology of Stentor. PERGAMON PRESS, Oxford, pp.67-75.

P-1A04 [English, Korean]
Detection and quantification of the toxic marine dinoflagellate Karenia papilionacea using realtime qPCR assay in Korean coastal waters.
Min Ji Cho1, Bum Soo Park2, Sunju Kim1,3,* (1Division of Earth Environmental System
Science, 2Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology,
3Department of Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan48513, Korea)*sunkim@pknu.ac.kr (Sunju Kim)
Karenia papilionacea is known to produce a brevetoxin which has negative effect on human health.
Often, K. papilionacea has been mistakenly identified as K. brevis in which they look very similar
under bright field microscopy. In this study, we designed a set of primers specific to K.
papilonacea within internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and developed a real-time quantitative
PCR (qPCR) method to detect K. papilionacea in Korean coastal waters. Standard curve wasestablished with the threshold cycle (Ct) values against cell number of K. papilionacea. A linear
relationship between the Ct and the log of cell number was always demonstrated (R2>0.98) for all
standard curves. The effeciency of the reaction (E) calculated by the formula: E=10(1/m)-1 (where m is
the slope of the standard curve: -3.295) was high. Field samples were collected in 17 stations along
Korean coasts during September 2017. Using these assays, K. papilionacea was detected in 5 stations,ranged from 1.9 to 1938 cells/L with the maximum value at Bangjukpo harbor of Yeosu, Korea. The
qPCR amplification products were sequenced and determined to be highly similar to K. papilionacea.
Using the qPCR assay developed in this study, further monitoring and research are needed toevaluate the proliferation of Karenia papilionacea which contains a neurotoxin effects on humans.

P-1A05 [English, Korean] See O-BPA05
Heterocapsa busanensis n. sp. (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales): a new marine thecate dinoflagellate
from Korean coastal water
Hojoon Choi1, Sunju Kim1,2,* (1Division of Earth Environmental System Science, 2Department of
Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea)*sunkim@pknu.ac.kr (Sunju Kim)

P-1A06 [English, Japanese]
The mechanism of swimming ciliates, Tetrahymena pyriformis, resisting the flow
Yukinori Nishigami1,*, Takuya Ohmura2, Masatoshi Ichikawa3 (1Research Institute for Electronic
Science, Hokkaido University, Japan, 2Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Germany,
3Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan)*nishigami@es.hokudai.ac.jp (Yukinori Nishigami)
The swimming unicellular organisms living in freshwater need to resist currents in the environment.
If such organisms are unable to resist environmental currents, they cannot survive for long periodsof time because their habitat changes with the flow and they cannot remain in the same16

environment. Paramecium is well known as a swimming unicellular organism, and it was reported in1904 that this organism swims upstream of a flow. However, since this report, there have been noreports on this kind of rheotaxis behavior of swimming ciliates. We aimed to investigate thismechanism in detail using Tetrahymena pyriformis. By observing the behavior of T. pyriformis in aflow field using a microfluidic device, we found that these cells swim against the flow near the wall.
To investigate this mechanism, we performed numerical fluid calculations using the squirmer model,
a fluid model commonly used to explain microorganism behavior. The movement of ciliate-like forcegenerating particles in a flow field was investigated, and no positive runnings to the flow near thewall were found. In other words, it was impossible to explain this behavior with existing models. We
visualized the moving apparatuses in the flow field to solve this problem and found that the ciliary
motion was suppressed near the wall. Therefore, we simulated the behavior by the squirmer model
considering this condition and found that positive rheotaxis was realized near the wall when the
suppression of cilia strike near the wall and the shape of the tetrahymena-like cells was taken into
account. This suggests that the rheotaxis, which is essential for the survival of T. pyriformis, is realized
by two factors: cell shape and inhibition of ciliation near the wall.

P-1A07 [English, Japanese]
The physical mechanism of behavioral change in the ciliate, Stentor coeruleus in narrow areas.
Syun Echigoya1, Yukinori Nishigami1,2, Katsuhiko Sato1,2, Toshiyuki Nakagaki1,2,*(1Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Japan, 2Research Institute for Electronic
Science, Hokkaido University, Japan)*nakagaki@es.hokudai.ac.jp (Toshiyuki Nakagaki)
A kind of ciliates, Stentor coeruleus has mainly three types of shape and two behaviors. Duringswimming, S. coeruleus shows a stable cone shape. Then the posterior region of the cell graduallyelongates and anchors to bottom sediments or duckweed. Adhesive trumpet-shaped Stentor feeds
bacteria using alimentary vortex caused by ciliary beating at the oral apparatus. When a mechanicalstimulation is added to the trumpet-shaped or cone-shaped cells, Stentor exhibits all-or-none
contraction, and it becomes droplet shape. However, these transitions haven’t been studied, and thecause of the transition from cone to trumpet is not clear. Adhesive Stentor is observed at intricate
place in nature and culture condition. Moreover, the cells form colonies. From these observations, it
seems that Stentor coeruleus searches a narrow area during swimming, and then the behavior turns
to adhesion there. Thus, we considered that Stentor prefers a narrow area. So, we report three topics,
measurements of cellular length and swimming speed, a hydrodynamic model of the alimentary
vortex, and spatial dependence of the swimming behavior. Firstly, we introduce that S.
coeruleus shows switching behavior from swimming to adhesion with the shape transition from cone
to trumpet. During the transition, swimming speed has a negative correlation to the body length.
The increase of effective body surface area induces the deceleration due to hydrodynamic
interaction. Thus, the shape transition contributes to the behavioral change. Secondly, the flow
around the cell caused by ciliary beating is affected by the environmental wall. It is explained by a
two-dimensional simple hydrodynamic model. The result indicates that spatial information aroundthe cell translated spatial variation of velocity, shear flow. Thirdly, the swimming behavior also
depends on the area around the cell. When S. coeruleus enters a narrow area during swimming, thecell frequently turns and stays there. From these results, we discuss our hypothesis and thepossibility of spatial recognition in terms of hydrodynamics.

Day 1, Hall B (Biochemistry, Culture, Practical study)

P-1B01 [English, Japanese]
Excystment-inducing effect of soil extract in terrestrial ciliated protozoan Colpoda cucullus
Yuya Hasegawa1, Yuto Shimada1, Yuya Harada1, Tatsuomi Matsuoka2, Mikihiko Arikawa2,*
17

(1Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Applied Science Program, Kochi University,
Kochi, Japan, 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi
University, Kochi, Japan)*marikawa@kochi-u.ac.jp (Mikihiko Arikawa)
Cryptobiotic resting cysts enable some protists to survive under stressful conditions such as
starvation and dehydration. The terrestrial ciliated protozoan Colpoda cucullus inhabits soil byforming a resting cyst. When habitat conditions become favorable (e.g., by rainfall), the vegetativecell of C. cucullus emerges from the cyst, known as excystment. C. cucullus culture has been
established in our laboratory, where excystment is routinely induced with the addition of cereal
infusion to cysts. However, the critical element that induces C. cucullus excystment in naturalenvironments remains unknown. A water-soluble substance contained in soil is thought to be a
candidate excystment-inducing factor, but the soil component that induces excystment remains
unelucidated. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of soil extract on both wet and dried C.
cucullus cysts to identify the environmental component that triggers the excystment process. The
rate of excystment was 79% ± 3% when soil extract was added to wet cysts of C. cucullus, which wascomparable with that of the control culture medium (74% ± 3%). Moreover, the excystment-inducing
effect of the soil extract on wet cysts depended on the soil extract concentrations. Although theexcystment-inducing effect was lower, similar results were obtained from the experiments using
dried cysts, where excystment was induced by adding the soil extract in a concentration-dependent
manner, and the maximum excystment rate was 46% ± 5%. We performed inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry to identify and measure the elements necessary for excystment induction
in C. cucullus. Our results revealed the presence of Si, Ca, Al, K, Fe, Na, and Mg in the soil extract, andSi was prominent among the elements detected (26.7 mg/L). However, these elements did not
induce excystment in C. cucullus at all. Thus, we expected that in natural environments, thevegetative cells of C. cucullus emerge from cysts by sensing certain water-soluble organic substancesin the soil extract.

P-1B02 [English, Japanese]
Mechanism of temperature-induced encystment in the ciliated protozoan Colpoda cucullus
Yuto Shimada1, Yuya Hasegawa1, Yuya Harada1, Tatsuomi Matsuoka2, Mikihiko Arikawa2,*(1Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Applied Science Program, Kochi University,
Kochi, Japan, 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi
University, Kochi, Japan)*marikawa@kochi-u.ac.jp (Mikihiko Arikawa)
We had earlier demonstrated that temperature stimulation induced encystment in the terrestrial
ciliated protozoan Colpoda cucullus. When the temperature of culture medium was increased, avegetative cell of C. cucullus transformed immediately into a resting cyst. During this encystment
process, Ca2+ that was stored in vesicles was released to the entire cytoplasm within a minute,thereby increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. However, the molecular mechanism
underlying Ca2+ release from vesicles after temperature stimulation yet remains unexplored.
Therefore, we conducted the present study to investigate the existence of a transient receptor
potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1), known as a temperature receptor inmammals, and its involvement in the molecular mechanism underlying Ca2+ release during theprocess of temperature-induced encystment. When temperature stimulation was applied to C.
cucullus, the encystment was induced, and its rate was 73 ± 5%. In contrast, in the presence of a
TRPV1 inhibitor (capsazepine, 5 µM), the encystment was significantly suppressed, and its rate was
14 ± 6%. Ca2+ imaging analysis with Fura-2 demonstrated that the temperature stimulation-induced
Ca2+ release from vesicles was suppressed by the TRPV1 inhibitor. Western blot analysis with an antiTRPV1 antibody (Alomone Labs, ACC-030) clearly revealed the expression of TRPV1 in the vegetative
cells of C. cucullus. These results indicated that TRPV1 was involved in the Ca2+ dynamics after thetemperature stimulation. Encystment was induced after the temperature stimulation (84 ± 6%) even18

when the external liquid was replaced by ultrapure water (ion-free), indicating that Ca2+ influx was
not necessary. Moreover, a ryanodine receptor (RyR) inhibitor (dantrolene, 10 µM) had no effect on
the temperature stimulation-induced encystment (78 ± 6%), indicating that calcium-induced calcium
release (CICR) did not occur after the temperature stimulation. Immunoelectron microscopy with theanti-TRPV1 antibody demonstrated that TRPV1 was localized not on the cell membrane but on thevesicle membrane. Based on these results, we concluded that when temperature stimulation wasapplied to vegetative cells of C. cucullus, Ca2+ that was stored in vesicles was released to thecytoplasm through TRPV1 localizing on the vesicle membrane, thus increasing the intracellular
Ca2+ concentration followed by the formation of resting cysts.

P-1B03 [English, Japanese]
Semi-permeability assay of Cryptosporidium oocyst wall using saturated sodium chloride solution
Motomu Inoue1,*, Shinji Izumiyama2, Toshinobu Suzaki1 (1Graduate School of Science, Kobe
University, Japan, 2National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan)*motomuinoue43@gmail.com (Motomu Inoue)
Cryptosporidium is a globally ubiquitous protozoa that infects the vertebrate digestive system.
Especially in the case of water-borne diseases caused by tap water, it is important to take preventive
measures. Although microscopic observation is usually done in order to detect this parasite andassess the risk of tap water transmission, it is valuable to detect whether it is a species that infects
humans and also the viability of oocysts. Genetic research can tell about the species. On the other
hand, as methods for determining the viability of oocysts, vital die (DAPI/PI), excystation test, mouse
infection test, etc.(1,2) have been reported. For environmental samples such as river water, methods
other than DAPI/PI are not practical due to the limited number of oocysts detection. This study is
focused on the morphological changes of oocysts in saturated NaCl solution caused by the osmoticpressure difference between inside and outside of the oocysts. As a first step of the experiment, theoocyst was heat-treated, suspended in saturated NaCl, and its morphology was observed. In thecontrol before heat treatment, the oocysts suspended in saturated NaCl solution were crushed
However, the oocysts treated at 99°C for 10 minutes were not crushed even in saturated NaCl solution.
Some of the oocysts treated at medium temperature were however, crushed. Next, fresh oocysts
were stored at temperatures 20°C and 5°C and oocyst morphology in saturated NaCl solution wasobserved periodically. There was little change in the number of oocysts observed when stored at 5 °C
but the number of crushed oocysts gradually decreased when stored at 20°C. Why are oocysts
resistant to disinfectants and environmental pressures? This may be because the oocyst wall does
not allow to pass even small ions other than water. The oocysts crushed in saturated NaCl solution
which oocyst wall sustains semi-permeability are considered to be alive. This semi-permeability assay
will be useful to assess the viability of individual oocysts under microscopic observations.
References(1) Campbell, A.T., Robertson, L.J., Smith, H.V., (1992) Viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts:
Correlation of in vitro excystation with inclusion or exclusion of fluorogenic vital dyes. Journal ofApplied Environmental Microbiology. 58:3488-3493.
(2) Jenkins, M. B., L. J. Anguish, D. D. Bowman, M. J. Walker, W. C. Ghiorse. 1997. Assessment of a dye
permeability assay for determination of inactivation rates of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.
Applied Environmental Microbiology 63:3844-3850.

P-1B04 [English, Japanese]
Effects of components in culture medium on growth and oil production of the marine
thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium limacinum
Yuya Harada1, Yuto Shimada1, Yuya Hasegawa1, Tatsuomi Matsuoka2, Mikihiko Arikawa2,*(1Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Applied Science Program, Kochi University,
Kochi, Japan, 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi
University, Kochi, Japan)
19

*marikawa@kochi-u.ac.jp (Mikihiko Arikawa)Introduction: Aurantiochytrium limacinum is a marine microorganism in the group labyrinthula,
Stramenopiles. This species has been the focus of attention because it has the ability to metabolize
organic matter and produce and accumulate oil droplets. In this study, our aim was to optimize
culture conditions for a higher yield of oil droplets. Thus, we investigated the effect of various
components in culture medium on individual cell growth and oil droplet yield.
Materials and Methods: A. limacinum was cultured in a culture medium containing organic mattersuch as glucose, polypeptone, and yeast extract in 50% artificial seawater (ASW).In addition to ASW,
we used three different types of seawater collected from Muroto, Kochi, Japan: deep seawater(DSW), surface seawater (SSW) and underground seawater (USW). To examine the effect of different
seawater on cell growth, we reduced the amount of organic matter in the culture medium by half.
The number of cells in the culture was determined using a spectrometer with optical density
measurements at 650 nm. The number of cells and oil droplets stained with Nile red were estimatedfrom 20 randomly selected cells in a micrograph. The organic composition of culture medium was
modified to identify effective organic matter for oil droplet formation.
Results: A. limacinum grew well regardless of the type of seawater in culture medium. Although
there was no significant difference among the types of seawater, the number of cells in the ASWbased medium tended to be higher than in the other seawater-based media. Conversely, the volume
of oil droplets in cells cultured in DSW-based medium was higher than in other media. These results
indicate that seawater type affects oil droplets formation. In the experiment in which organic matterin culture medium was modified, the number of cells increased, but the volume of the oil droplets
did not. This indicates that the complete set of organic matter was essential for oil droplets formation.
Conclusions: The cell growth and oil production of A. limacinum might be improved by modifying thetype of seawater and composition of organic matter in the culture medium.

P-1B05 [English, Korean]
Diversity of periphytic ciliates on vessel surface and effects of antifouling paint from the surface
on the ciliate community
Jung Min Choi1, Young-Ok Kim1,*, Jung-Hoon Kang2, Hwajung Jeong1 (1Marine Ecosystem andBiological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan, South
Korea, 2Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST),
Geoje, South Korea)*yokim@kiost.ac.kr (Young-Ok Kim)
Periphyton on vessel surface has a potential risk on endemic ecosystems through moving habitats
on transportation routes. As ciliates can live on various natural and artificial substrates, they weretargeted to investigate vessel biofouling organisms in this study. To know diversity of periphytic
ciliates, biofilms were sampled from the surface of five vessels, and then ciliate species in the samples
were identified by molecular analyses as well as microscopic observations of living and silverimpregnated cells. To monitor effects of antifouling biocidal agents painted on the vessel surface,
non-treated and antifouling coated (Intersmooth 7475 Si) plates were deployed in a nearshore waterfor 7 weeks, and then ciliate species succession on the plates was weekly tracked. A periphytic ciliate
species, Diophrys appendiculata, was isolated from the plates and cultured to be established as a
toxicity test species for antifouling biocide Sea-Nine 211. Fourteen species of periphytic ciliates were
found from the samples of vessel surface. Ciliate fauna was different on the non-treated andantifouling coated plates for earlier 4 weeks. Aspidisca leptaspis and D. appendiculata were attachedon the non-treated plates while Euplotes balteatus on the paint treated plates. D.
appendiculata exhibited toxic responses to Sea-nine 211 as follows; very low mortality at 1-250 ppb
concentration range, encystment of ciliate cells at 500-1000 ppb range, and 100% mortality within 5
minutes at 10,000 ppb. Future studies need to address in detail survival and invasive strategies of
periphytic ciliates on vessel surface.
20

P-1B06 [English, Japanese]
Culture and observation of green Amoeba sp. collected from Kamo-gawa River (Kyoto, Japan)
Masashi M. Hayakawa*, Asahi Hayakawa (MicroLife Project, Japan)*markchloro.hayakawa07@gmail.com (Masashi M. Hayakawa)
In March 2020, we collected amoebae from Kamo-gawa River (Kyoto, Japan). The amoebae weremorphologically Amoeba sp. (Class Tubulinea, Order Euamoebida), but the Amoeba cells had
endosymbiotic green algae (zoochlorellae). In the Amoeba cells, one zoochlorella was contained in
the single vesicle, which was the typical mode of endosymbiosis of zoochlorellae in freshwater
protozoa (e.g. Paramecium bursaria). Besides, zoochlorellae were flowing along with the cytoplasmic
streaming of the Amoeba cells. The green Amoeba could be cultured in Volvic with brown rice at
20°C under constant light conditions. Naked amoebae of Euamoebida are generally sensitive to thelight and require small protists as foods. However, the green Amoeba could be survived under thelight and did not require such food. Therefore, the green Amoeba might have light tolerance andutilize photosynthetic products of zoochlorellae as a nutrient source. As a naked amoeba ofTubulinea with zoochlorellae, Parachaos zoochlorellae was reported and described. However, except
for P. zoochlorellae, naked amoebae of Tubulinea with zoochlorellae are little known. we would liketo make it available as a model strain of Amoeba with zoochlorellae. As an amoeba withzoochlorellae, Mayorella viridis (Class Discosea, Order Dermamoebida) is well-known, and we
cultured several M. viridis strains. The culture method of M. viridis were the same as that of thegreen Amoeba. we would like to discuss the green Amoeba, comparing with the characteristics of M.
viridis and other colorless amoebae. In this study, the culture and observation of green Amoeba wereconducted at home.

Day 2, Hall A (Structure 2, Taxonomy)

P-2A01 [English, Japanese]
Skeleton binding protein 1 (SBP1) of Plasmodium falciparum is localized in Maurer's cleft of thegametocyte infected erythrocyte
Ayaka Omoda1, Jerusha Kulamahan1, Nozomi Yamasaki1, Mayumi Tachibana2, Tomoko Ishino2,
Motomi Torii2, Hideyuki Iriko1,* (1Grad. Sch. of Health Science, Kobe University, Japan, 2Div. of
Molecular Parasitology, PROS, Ehime University, Japan)*iriko@koala.kobe-u.ac.jp (Hideyuki Iriko)
Malaria is a mosquito-transmitted infectious disease caused by Plasmodium. During theintraerythrocytic stage is divided into ""asexual stage"" and ""gametocyte stage"". In malaria patient,immature asexual stage and mature gametocyte stage appear in the peripheral blood. During matureasexual stage, parasite adhesion molecules exported to the erythrocyte membrane and adhere tovascular endothelial cells. In the gametocyte stage, the immature stage adheres to the bone marrow,spleen, and other tissues, but mature stage, the adhesion breaks off and the cells are released in the
peripheral blood. Thus, infected erythrocytes exhibit different adhesiveness during the asexual andgametocyte stages. This difference in adhesion considers that due to modification of the infected
erythrocyte surface by protozoan proteins. In this study, we focused on the membrane structure
called Maurer's cleft, which is involved during transport of the proteins to the erythrocyte surface.
We investigate the distribution of Maurer's cleft in the gametocyte stage by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using polyclonal antibody of Maurer's cleft marker protein, Skeleton binding
protein 1 (SBP1). By IFA using anti-SBP1 antibodies signal was detected as a patchy pattern in thecytoplasm of erythrocytes parasitized with immature gametocytes and light spots unevenly
distributed near the membrane of mature gametocyte infected erythrocyte. SBP1 is involved in thetransport of the adhesion molecule (PfEMP1) during asexual stage. These results suggest that SBP1
might be involved in the transport of adhesion molecules during gametocyte stage.
21

P-2A02 [English, Japanese]
A simple and quick method to prepare biological specimens for scanning electron microscopy byan ionic liquid
Tatsuya Suehiro, Naoki Uemura, Saki Taguchi, Katsuya Shimabukuro* (Chem. Biochem. Eng., NITUbe College, Japan)*kshimabu@ube-k.ac.jp (Katsuya Shimabukuro)
We present a quick and easy technique to prepare a biological specimen for scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) using ionic liquids (ILs). ILs are liquid salts with an electronic conductivity andextremely low vapor pressure. Because of these physical properties ILs have been considered usefulfor SEM sample preparation. In fact some applications of ILs to biological specimens have beenreported so far, however, applications were limited to mainly large samples such as pollens andprotists. High viscosity of ILs prevents formation of a thin layer on a sample surface, resulting in finestructures buried under ILs. To address this, we applied a spin-drying a method often employed insemiconductor field, to remove an excess ILs to facilitate formation of a thin IL layer with a few nm
thickness. Consequently, we have successfully observed well preserved fine structures such as
eukaryotic flagella under a conventional SEM. Because ILs have an electric conductivity, no metal
coating is needed, which allows a quick and easy SEM sample preparations, whereas conventional
methods such as critical point drying and t-butylalcohol are time consuming and require special
equipment. However, one thing one has to be cautious is that a selection of IL. Because treatmentswith some ILs introduce structural change in samples, it is recommended that IL-treated samples areevaluated in another way like fluorescence microscopy.

P-2A03 [English, Korean]
A Contribution to Ciliate Diversity with Descriptions of Two Hypersaline Species ofGenus Schmidingerothrix and Molecular Phylogeny
Novia CAHYANI, Ratih Kusuma WARDANI, Mann Kyoon SHIN* (Department of Biological Science,
University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea (South))*mkshin@ulsan.ac.kr (Mann Kyoon Shin)Two Schmidingerothrix species isolated from hypersaline saltern ponds were identified
as Schmidingerothrix n. sp. and S. salinarum Foissner et al., 2014, respectively. Schmidingerothrix n.
sp. is mainly characterized by two prominent frontal cirri, absence of cortical granules, andprominently short distinct tail. The Korean population of S. salinarum is characterized by body size invivo 122x22 μm on average, oblong to slightly sigmoidal shape, anterior end slightly convex andposterior end always acute (no distinct tail), contractile, highly flexible, and colorless. Adoral zone ofmembranelles separated by a gap, composed of three frontal membranelles and about 21 ventral
membranelles. The right and left marginal rows are composed of 26 and 20 cirri, respectively. Four
macronuclear nodules with a slender ellipsoidal shape and two micronuclear nodules with comma
or ellipsoidal shape are attached. Compared to the original Portuguese population, Korean
population of S. salinarum has a bigger size (122x22 μm vs 82x17 μm) and more loose arrangementof cortical granules. The small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence of Schmidingerothrix n. sp. wasnewly obtained with nucleotides 1743 bp and GC contents 44.92%. Based on phylogenetic analysis,
the new species Schmidingerothrix n. sp. is clustered together withS. salinarum Foissner et al., 2014
and S. salina Shao et al., 2014 with similarity percentages 97.9% and 98%, respectively.
1) Foissner, W. 2012. Eur J Protistol., 48(3): 237-251.
2) Foissner, W., S. Filler, & T. Stoeck. 2014. J Eukaryot Microbiol., 61: 61-74.
3) Shao, C., L. Li, Q. Zhang, W. Song, & H. Berger. 2014. J Eukaryot Microbiol., 61: 371-380.
4) Lu, X., J. Huang, C. Shao, & H. Berger. 2018. Eur J Protistol., 62: 24-42.

P-2A04 [English, Korean]Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Korean Population of Strongylidium
22

wuhanense (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia, Strongylidiidae)
Quoc Dung Nguyen, Sahr Uzma, Mann Kyoon Shin* (Department of Biological Science, University of
Ulsan, 44610, South Korea)*mkshin@ulsan.ac.kr (Mann Kyoon Shin)A species of the genus Strongylidium Sterki, 1878, collected from the freshwater pond in Ulsan, Korea,
was identified as S. wuhanense Luo et al., 2018. It is the first record of this species in Korea. The
characterization was based on morphology and the molecular phylogeny of small subunit ribosomal
RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence. The morphological characteristics, based on observations of live
specimens and protagol impregnated preparations, are as following: body size in vivo 96 - 144 x 23 45 μm, fusiform outline, anterior part rounded and tapered in the posterior with a prominent tail.
Cortical granules spherical and yellowish, numerous, and irregular arrangements. An inconspicuous
gap dividing the adoral zone into two parts, distal and proximal parts comprising six and 17
membranelles, respectively; three frontal, one frontoventral, one buccal, one postoral ventral cirri;
left and right marginal cirri on average 30 and 27, respectively; two long and oblique cirral rows on
the ventral surface, with average 27 cirri in left ventral row, and 25 cirri in right row; three dorsal
kineties and three caudal cirri. Multiple macronuclear nodules average 18 and two micronuclei. One
contractile vacuole in left margin of body. The Korean population has some differences from theoriginal Chinese population of this species: smaller body size (96 - 144 x 23 - 45 μm vs. 135 - 200 x 40
- 60 μm), the color of cortical granules (yellowish vs. colorless), adoral membranellar number of the
distal part (six vs. five to nine). The topology of phylogenetic trees based on SSU rRNA gene sequence
indicate that Korean population of Strongylidium wuhanense clustered with its congeners with full
nodal support and nested together Chinese population with nodal support, and 99.94% of sequencesimilarity with 1 nucleotide difference.

P-2A05 [English, Korean]
A New Species Candidate of Pleurostomatid Ciliate, Kentrophyllum n. sp. (Ciliophora:
Litostomatea: Pleurostomatida) Based on Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny
Nanda Dwi Kristanti, Sahr Uzma, Mann Kyoon Shin* (Department of Biological Science, University
of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, South Korea)*mkshin@ulsan.ac.kr (Mann Kyoon Shin)A new species candidate of the genus Kentrophyllum Petz et al., 1995 was isolated from a freshwater
pond in Haenam, South Korea, and analyzed its morphology (live observation and silver impregnation
methods) and molecular phylogeny (SSU rDNA gene sequences). The new species candidateof Kentrophyllum is characterized morphologically by a leaf-shaped body without a conspicuous
neck-like region, body size about 118 x 54 μm in vivo. The right side of the body is flattened while
the left side is vaulted. It has two ellipsoidal macronuclear nodules without observable micronucleus
and 17-33 left and 17-24 right somatic kineties. Two sutures present on both sides of body. Needlelike extrusomes are scattered in the cytoplasm and distributed along the entire margin of the cell,
except the oral area. In contrast, the spine and wart are absent around the margin of the cell. One
peripheral kinety consists of dikinetids and forms a complete circle around the margin of the cell.
One contractile vacuole with satellite vacuoles around it located on the posterior dorsal side of the
body. The SSU rDNA sequence of Kentrophyllum n. sp. was newly obtained with nucleotides 1649 bp
and GC contents 42%. Based on the SSU rDNA sequence trees, systematic position of new species
was inferred that Kentrophyllum n. sp. clustered together with its congeners but branched off
separately from its congeners. The new species candidate shows 97.93%-97.01% of sequencesimilarities, and 34-46 nucleotide differences compared with its congeners.

P-2A06 [English, Japanese] See O-05
Validity of protists as live food for feeding brine shrimps larvae
Yuki Nishida1,*, Toshinobu Suzaki2 (1Keio University SFC, Japan, 2Kobe University, Japan)*yuki20011107@outlook.jp (Yuki Nishida)23

P-2A07 [English] See S-02
Interaction between centrohelid and actinophryid heliozoans in co-culture
Liudmyla Gaponova1,*, Toshinobu Suzaki2, Andrii Kolosuik3 (1Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, 2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University,
Japan, 3Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine)*lgaponova@gmail.com (Liudmyla Gaponova)

Day 2, Hall B (Motility, NGS analysis)P-2B01 [English, Japanese]
Behavioral analysis and genome editing related to galvanotaxis of Paramecium in the
microcurrent state
Yousuke Sagawa, Nobuyuki Haga* (Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science andTechnology, Ishinomaki Senshu University, Japan)*haga@isenshu-u.ac.jp (Nobuyuki Haga)
Paramecium galvanotaxis is defined by the property that when a voltage is applied to a swimming
paramecium, it swims forward and heads toward the cathode. We considered that the galvanotaxis
depends on the magnitude of the current flowing through the solution, and investigated thegalvanotaxis properties in deionized water with high electrical resistance. As a result, clear
galvanotaxis was confirmed even in deionized water. Therefore, we investigated the factors thatcause galvanotaxis by comparing swimming behavior in deionized water and a solution containing
calcium and potassium ions (standard solution). We measured following three points: 1) the voltage
at which galvanotaxis begins, 2) the voltage at which almost all cells show galvanotaxis, and 3) theswimming speed during the galvanotaxis. The taxis of Paramecium was clearly different between thestandard solution and the deionized water. 1) The voltage at which galvanotaxis begins was lower inthe deionized water. 2) The voltage at which all cells show taxis was lower in deionized water. 3) The
swimming speed during the galvanotaxis was nearly twice as fast in deionized water. Next, weinvestigated the possibility that membrane voltage-gated ion channels are involved because
galvanotaxis is caused by changes in ciliary movement. In this study, genome editing was performed
using CRISPR-Cas9, which targets a membrane voltage-gated calcium channel gene. As a result, we
obtained clones showing behavioral changes that occur when the activity of membrane voltagegated calcium channels temporarily decreases. The galvanotaxis of these clones were shifted higher,
with 1) the galvanotaxis starting voltage, and 2) the voltage at which all cells exhibited galvanotaxis.
Furthermore, 3) the swimming speed during galvanotaxis was also faster than that of the untreatedclones. These results suggest that Paramecium galvanotaxis may have a mechanism that responds
not only to ions, but also to electron action that does not pass through voltage-gated ion channels.

P-2B02 [English, Japanese]
Analysis of cell behavior under hypoxic conditions in Paramecium bursaria
Aoi Hasegawa (Kaimei High School, Japan)
mabariko_harito@live.jp (Aoi Hasegawa)
The mechanism of the hypoxic response is well known in multicellular animals and plants, but it is
not yet clear in unicellular protists. Paramecium bursaria is a unicellular protist, with Chlorella living
symbiotically within its cytoplasm. Since symbiotic Chlorella is presumed to provide oxygen to hostcells under the light condition, I hypothesized that symbiosis with Chlorella might confer hypoxia
tolerance to P. bursaria. When P. bursaria was placed under a hypoxic condition in the dark, theswimming rate decreased gradually and after 24 h the swimming stopped completely. In contrast,
there was no significant change in swimming speed under the hypoxic light condition. This study
24reveals that P. bursaria, with its symbiotic chlorella, shows a clear tolerance to hypoxic environments,suggesting that this is one of the powerful survival strategies of this ciliate.

P-2B03 [English, Japanese]
Direct Force Measurement of a Swimming Volvox Spheroid by a High-sensitive Optical Lever
System
K. Shimabukuro1,*, K. Horinaga1, K. Wakabayashi1, H. Emoto1, N. Ueki2, K. Wakabayashi3, N.
Mitome1,4 (1Chem. Biochem. Eng., NIT Ube College, Japan, 2Sci. Res. Cent., Hosei Univ., Japan, 3CLS,Tokyo Tech., Japan 4Tokoha Univ., Japan)*kshimabu@ube-k.ac.jp (K. Shimabukuro)
We report a new experimental system using modified atomic force microscopy to directly measureforces of swimming microorganisms. A cantilever is deflected upon collision of swimming
microorganisms. The force generated by a single microorganism can be calculated from the verticaldisplacement and the spring constant of the cantilever. To evaluate the capability of this system, we
measured forces generated by swimming in two Volvox species, V. rousseletii (~5000 cells) and V.
carteri (~2000 cells) and found that their forces were 16.2 ± 9.0 nN and 6.6 ± 3.6 nN, respectively,
which are relatively higher than that estimated by Stokes’ law. This is the first demonstration of direct
force measurement generated by swimming microorganisms.

P-2B04 [English, Japanese]
30 Hz Force Production Cycle Observed in a Swimming Volvox carteri Spheroid with Metachronal
Waves
N. Uemura, T. Suehiro, M. Nosaka, K. Shimabukuro* (Chem. Biochem. Eng., NIT Ube College, Japan)*kshimabu@ube-k.ac.jp (K. Shimabukuro)
Our direct force measurement of a swimming Volvox carteri spheroid has demonstrated that thespheroid can produce a force around several nN. The magnitude of the force, however, was notconstant, oscillated at 30 Hz frequency, indicating that a swimming spheroid can change its velocity
in the same manner as the force. To examine this, we observed the Volvox motility at 1 ms time
resolution under a bright microscope with a LED illumination. High-speed imaging of swimming V.
carteri spheroids demonstrated that the velocity oscillates at 30Hz, which well agrees with theresults obtained from the fluid dynamics analysis by Goldstein and our direct force measurement.
Detail analysis of relation between the flagellar beating and spheroid motility have indicated that thevelocity oscillation is associated with the propagation of the flagellar beating along the AnteriorPosterior axis. At the maximum velocity, the flagella at the equatorial zone complete their effective
strokes, whereas the flagella at the equator make their recovery strokes at the slowest velocity.
Results here are still preliminary, therefore, further analysis is needed to verify our conclusion.

P-2B05 [English, Korean]
Illumina sequencing reveals under explored eukaryotic diversity in hypersaline environments
Hyeon Been Lee, Dong Hyuk Jeong, Hye Rim Do, Sang Yoon Woo, Je Bak An, Jong Soo Park*(Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea)*jongsoopark@knu.ac.kr (Jong Soo Park)
Hypersaline environments (>40 ppt) are distributed globally and are attractive locations toinvestigate halophilic or halotolerant microorganisms. To find out the eukaryotic biodiversity in these
extreme habitats using Illumina sequencing with two different primer sets for the V4 and V9 regionof 18S rDNA, we collected seven subsamples of hypersaline waters (76 ppt to 300 ppt) from a EuiSeong solar saltern (Taean, Korea) in April, June and August 2019. The biodiversity pattern of the V4
region along the salinity gradient is similar to that of the V9 region. The dominant eukaryotes belong
to previously known ciliates, stramenopiles, Dunaliella spp., and Artemia spp. in high salinity waters.
Interestingly, Heterolobosea (Excavata), which is a predominant group in cultured halophilic or25halotolerant protists, is only detected using the V9 biomarker. The heterolobosean OTUs (Operatingtaxonomic units) in this study are closely related to the halophilic or halotolerant Percolomonas,
Tulamoeba, Aurem, Euplaesiobystra, Selenaion and Pharyngomonas groups, but some OTUs are
related to non-halophilic Heterolobosea. This result suggests that the finding of protists in hyper
saline environments is still far from complete. Alternatively, diverse non-halophilic groups haveexisted in cyst form or probably dead cells. Intriguingly, the highest number of OTUs is observed at
300 ppt, implying that the species richness does not decrease at this salinity. Thus, it is likely thatsalinity may not be a critical factor affecting the eukaryotic community structure in the saltern.

P-2B06 [English, Korean]
Exploring the benthic eukaryotic diversity at a deep-sea hydrothermal vent (Onnuri Vent Field) in
the Indian Ocean based on Illumina sequencing
Je Bak An1, Hyeon Been Lee1, Sang Yoon Woo1, Hye Rim Do1, Dong Hyuk Jeong1, Jung Min Choi2,
Young Ok Kim2, Dongsung Kim2, Jong Soo Park1,* (1Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook
National University, Korea, 2Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science &Technology, Korea)*jongsoopark@knu.ac.kr (Jong Soo Park)The submarine hydrothermal vent is globally distributed on the seafloor in a deep-sea area wherecommonly produces hot springs. The deep hydrothermal vent communities on the seafloor havebeen adapted to extreme conditions and may represent a unique biota. However, the deep-sea
hydrothermal eukaryote community remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the eukaryotic
community in sediments nearby the Indian Ocean hydrothermal vent known as the Onnuri Vent Field(OVF) using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Seven subsamples are collected from sediments
at >2000 m in depth using the three different sampling tools (TV Grab, Multiple Corers, and Box
Corer). Compared with other methods, Multiple Corers appear to be a reliable method because theuncontaminated subsample can be collected. In total, 223 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and
387 OTUs are detected using the V4 and V9 primer sets, respectively, at station MC1906 (2019 m indepth) nearby the hydrothermal vent. Interestingly, the most abundant sequence reads in both theV4 and V9 regions of 18S rDNA amplicons are the supergroup ‘Opisthokonta’ (V4: 93%, V9: 62%), andfollowed by the supergroups ‘Rhizaria’ and ‘Alveolata’. However, the most abundant OTUs from theV4 and V9 primer sets belong to the supergroup ‘Alveolata’ including ciliates, apicomplexans, anddinoflagellates, but the sequence reads of the Alveolata are relatively low. These patterns ofeukaryotes nearby the OVF are substantially different from those in another hydrothermal ventregion (station MC1914, 4299 m in depth). In the present study, Opisthokonta is the most abundantsupergroup in the OVF. Furthermore, protists are a highly diverse group and may play a critical rolein the grazing food web of the OVF.

P-2B07 [English, Korean]
Genetic diversity of marine eukaryotic parasitoids (Alveolata) in Korean coastal water
Jiae Yoo1, Sunju Kim1,2,* (1Division of Earth Environmental System Science and 2Department of
Oceanography, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea)*sunkim@pknu.ac.kr (Sunju Kim)
Marine Alveolate groups including the parasitoid Syndiniales, are widely distributed with great
genetic diversity and abundance in the oceans. They infect and potentially control diverse hosts
populations including dinoflagellates, ciliates, radiolarians, fish eggs, fish larvae, and crustaceans. By
killing or reducing their hosts, Syndiniales may play a key role in maintaining ecosystem diversity.
Despite the role, syndinean parasites remain enigmatic, particularly with respect to their temporal
dynamics and parasite-host interactions. Here we employed 18S rRNA metabarcoding to analyze thegenetic diversity and seasonal dynamics of Syndinales and network analyses were performed toreveal the interactions between syndinean parasites and hosts dynamics. Surface water samples
were weekly collected from May 2018 to April 2019. Samples at three different depths (surface,26

chlorophyll maximum, and bottom layers) were weekly collected from August to October 2019 in
Yongho Bay of Busan, Korea. A total of 749,734 sequences and 3,241 OTUs were obtained fromseasonal and depth samples. Among them, Syndiniales groups formed 8% in total sequences. In
particular, they are genetically diverse, accounting for 17% of total OTUs. The groups exhibited higher
relative abundance from October to December (5 to 18%) than other months (0.3% to 11%) andhighest relative abundance reads (4~32%) in bottom layer then other depth (0.7~17%). In particular,
Syndiniales Group I and II showed higher relative abundance and OTU richness than other Alveolategroups. Co-occurrence and network analyses showed 789 nodes and 311,656 edges. Among them,Syndiniales OTUs accounted for 6% nodes and 32% edges, suggesting that they had a lot of
associations with other protist OTUs. Syndiniales Group I had significant positive associations with
Spumellarida, Collodaria and Dinophyceae, while Syndiniales Group II had significant positive
associations with Spumellarida, Pterocystida and Dinophyceae. The proportions, diversity andinteractions of syndiniales sequences in microbial eukaryotes communities indicate that they are theimportant group as well as play potentially key roles in the microbial food webs in Korean coastal
water.

27

Workshop(More details will be announced on the LINC Biz channel “Young Protistologists Association”)

Visualization Workshop:

The Life of Young Protistologists
若き原生生物学者たちの日常젊은 원생 생물학자들의 일상
年轻原生生物学家的日常(Day 2: 14:00-17:00)
Organizer: Community of Young Protistologists in JSP*
Facilitators: Syun Echigoya1, Masashi M. Hayakawa2 (1Hokkaido University, Japan 2MicroLife Project, Japan)*young.protistologists.jsp@gmail.com (Community of Young Protistologists in JSP)

Part 1 (Day 2: 14:00-14:15) Introductory presentations (on Zoom)
Part 2 (Day 2: 14:15-17:00) Worktime (on SpatialChat, Hall A)
We are convinced that Kobe2020 has generated a wide range of research interactions among theparticipants through various presentations. However, it is quite difficult to get to know thepersonalities of the researchers in an online conference. So, the community of young protistologists
in JSP has come up with a new additional idea. How about expressing our research life in a four-panel
comic strip? By using them as materials for discussion, there will be opportunities for mutual
exchange. By using illustrations, it will be possible to communicate across generations, positions andlanguages.
In Part 1, we will use Zoom to explain the project to the participants. There will also be
introductions to Japanese and Korean laboratories at this time. In Part 2, you can use SpatialChat tohave a conversation within your favorite group.
This project is designed to bring young people, especially students and postdocs, together tointeract with each other. However, everyone is welcome to participate in this project, regardless ofage or position. Being young is simply a matter of the heart. Let's overcome the language and age
barriers and be brave enough to join this project.
Let's take off into a new future with the winds of online.
Kobe2020 では、様々な研究発表を通じて、参加者の皆さんの間に研究面での幅広い交流が生まれました。しかし、オンラインの会議では、研究者たちの人柄まで知ることはなかなか困難です。そこで、日本原生生物学会若手の会（community of young protistologists in
JSP）は、新しい追加の企画を考えました。私たちの研究生活を 4 コマ漫画で表現してみてはいかがでしょうか？ それを素材として話し合うことで、お互いの交流のきっかけが生まれるでしょう。イラストレーションで表現することで、世代、立場、言語の垣根を超えたコ
ミュニケーションが可能となります。
Part1 では、Zoom を使って私たちが参加者の皆さんに企画の内容を説明します。また、
日本と韓国の研究室の様子を紹介し合うこともできるでしょう。Part2 では、SpatialChat
を用いて、お好きなグループの中で会話を楽しんでいただけます。
28

この企画は、特に学生やポスドクといった若者同士がお互いに交流を深めるために企画されました。しかし、年齢や立場にかかわらず、どなたでもこの企画に参加していただけます。若さとは単に心の問題でしかありません。言葉や年齢の壁を乗り越えて、勇気をもってこの企画に参加してください。
オンラインの風に乗って、新しい未来に向かって飛び出しましょう。
Kobe2020 에서 다양한 연구발표를 통해 참가자 모든 분들의 광범위한 연구 교류가이루어질 것을 저희들은 확신하고 있습니다. 그러나 온라인에서 이루어지는 학회에서연구자 개개인들의 성격까지는 알기 어려울 것입니다. 그래서 일본원생생물학회-젊은원생생물학자들의 모임（community of young protistologists in JSP）에서는 새로운아이디어를 생각해 내었습니다. 각자의 연구 생활을 4 컷만화로 표현해 보는 것은어떻습니까? 이를 소재로 서로 이야기한다면 서로 교류할 수 있는 계기가 될 수 있을
것입니다. 일러스트를 사용함으로 인해서 언어, 세대, 직위, 입장을 넘어 소통 할 수있을 것입니다.
Part1 에서는 Zoom 을 사용하여 참가자 모든 분들에게 이 기획에 대해서설명하겠습니다. 또한, 일본과 한국의 연구실 소개도 이 시간에 이루어질것입니다.Part2 에서는 Spatial Chat 을 사용하여 원하는 그룹 내에서 대화를 즐길 수있습니다.
이 프로그램은, 특히 학생이나 박사후연구원 등 젊은이들끼리 서로 교류를 깊게 하기위해 기획되었습니다. 그러나, 연령이나 직위에 상관없이 누구라도 이 기획에 참가할수 있습니다. “젊다”라는 것은 단지 마음의 문제일 뿐입니다. 언어와 연령의 벽을 넘어용기를 가지고 이 기획에 참가해 주시기를 바랍니다.
온라인의 바람을 타고 새로운 미래로 향해 나아갑시다.
我们相信在 Kobe2020 的各种研究报告会在与会者中形成广泛的研究互动。然而，在在线
会议中很难了解研究人员的个性。因此，JSP 的青年原生动物学家们提出了一个新主意。为
什么不用四格漫画来表达我们的科研生活呢？把漫画作为一个讨论的媒介，我们得到一个相
互交流的机会。通过插图，我们可以跨越世代、立场和语言的障碍进行交流。
在第一部分中，我们将使用 Zoom 向参与者解释我们的项目。在第二部分中，与会者可以
使用 SpatialChat 加入有兴趣的群组中并参与交流。
这个项目是为了让年轻人，特别是学生和博士后在一起交流。当然，会议欢迎任何人参与这个项目，不分年龄和职位。青春只是心态的问题。让我们克服语言和年龄的障碍，勇敢地
参与到这个项目中来吧。
让我们乘着在线会议的风口，走向新的未来。

29

Workshop Details —Its overview and our goals—
This workshop consists of two parts. In Part 1, using Zoom, the facilitator will explain the purpose
and what we will actually do in the workshop. Details will continue to be uploaded in advance to
LinC Biz channel “Young Protistologists Association”.
In Part 2, using SpatialChat, which is also used for Poster Session Hall A, the sketches drawn by
the participants (see below) will be posted. All participants are divided into small groups of four
people each and a group discussion begins.
Before the workshop begins, you will be asked to draw a simple picture of something (seesample drawings below). You can draw, for example, a favorite protist, a unique tool or method in
the lab, a picture of a good research result, or even a picture of daily life in the lab or a slice of yourpersonal life. You can draw whatever you want to express yourself best. During the workshop time,
upload your drawings and explain them to each other. After the discussion, you will have time todraw again. You can draw a continuation of your drawing, either as a two-, three-, or four-frame
comic, or as a more sophisticated single piece of art.
The most important thing for a scientist is to express himself or herself and share it with others.
Artwork that visualizes your research life may replace your name card as a good icon or become asignpost to new human relationships.

What you need during the workshop
During the workshop time, you will be asked to upload your drawings to SpatialChat on the
spot. Please prepare an environment for this. For example, prepare a piece of paper and a pen,take a picture of what you drew on the paper with your smartphone, and send it to your computerby e-mail. Alternatively, draw as data from the beginning using a drawing application on yoursmartphone or computer. Prepare in a way that is easy for you to do.

Sample drawings

30

List of participants by name
(Underlines indicate presenters)
Name

Affiliation

Presentations

AN, Jebak
ANDO, Motonori
ARIKAWA, Mikihiko
BAEK, Jun Hyeok
BAI, Yang
BHATTACHARYA, Debashish
BIBI, Rani
CAHYANI, Novia
CHAN, Ya-Fan
CHI, Yong
CHO, Chung Hyun
CHO, Hyeonshik
CHO, Min Ji
CHOI, Hojoon
CHOI, Jiwon
CHOI, Jung Min
CINIGLIA, Claudia
DO, Haerim
DO, Hye Rim
DOHRA, Hideo
ECHIGOYA, Syun
EMOTO, H.
ETTAHI, Khaoula
FENG, Xiaochen
FUJISHIMA, Masahiro
FUKUDA, Yasuhiro
GABR, Arwa
GAPONOVA, Liudmyla Petrivna
GRAF, LouisHA, Ji-San
HAGA, Nobuyuki
HARADA, Yuya
HARUMOTO, Terue
HASEGAWA, Aoi
HASEGAWA, Yuya
HAYAKAWA, Asahi
HAYAKAWA, Masashi MarkHIGUCHI, Shinnosuke
HIRONO, Masafumi
HIROTA, Ryuichi
HORI, Manabu
HORINAGA, K.
HOSHINA, Ryo
HOSOYA, Hiroshi
HU Xiaozhong
HYUNG, Junho
ICHIKAWA, Masatoshi
IIDA, Hitoshi
IKEDA, Kenichi
INOUE, Motomu
IRIKO, Hideyuki
ISHIDA, Hideki
ISHIDA, Masaki
ISHINO, Tomoko
ISLAM, MD Shafiqul
IWAMOTO, Masaaki
IZUMIYAMA, Shinji
JEON, Boo SeongJEONG, Dong HyukJEONG, Hwajung
JEONG, Yujin
JIANG, Limin
JO, Jinseong
JUNG, Minkyoung
KAMIMURA, Ikuyo
KANDA, Koki
KANG, Jung-Hoon
KASHIYAMA, Yuichiro
KATOH, Noriyuki
KIM, Dongseok

Kyungpook National University, Korea
Okayama University, Japan
Kochi University, Japan
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Ocean University of China, China
Rutgers University, USA
University of Ulsan, Korea
University of Ulsan, Korea
Rutgers University, USA
Ocean University of China, China
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Pukyong National University, Korea
Pukyong National University, Korea
Sungkyunkwan university, Korea
Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Korea
University of Campania, Italy
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Shizuoka University, Japan
Hokkaido University, Japan
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Ocean University of China, China
Yamaguchi University, Japan
Tohoku University, Japan
Rutgers University, USA
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrine
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Ishinomaki Senshu University, Japan
Kochi University, Japan
Nara Women's University, Japan
Kaimei High School, Japan
Kochi University, Japan
MicroLife Project, Japan
MicroLife Project, Japan
Hiroshima University, Japan
Hosei University, Japan
Hiroshima University, Japan
Yamaguchi University, Japan
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Japan
Kanagawa University, Japan
Ocean University of China, China
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Kyoto University, Japan
Chiba Institute of Science, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Shimane University, Japan
Nara University of Education, Japan
Ehime University, Japan
Ansar/VDP, Bangladesh
Nihon University, Japan
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
Chonnam National University, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Ocean University of China, China
Chonnam National University, Korea
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Takarazuka Health and Welfare Office, Japan
Hokkaido University , Japan
Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea
Fukui University of Technology, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea

P-2B06, P-2B05

31

P-1B01, P-1B02, P-1B04
O-BPA03
S-05
O-BPA04
P-2A03
S-05
S-05, O-03
P-1A04
O-BPA05, P-1A05
P-1B05, P-2B06
O-03
P-2B05, P-2B06
P-1A07
P-2B03O-BPA01, S-05
FENG, Xiaochen

S-05
S-02, P-2A07
O-03
S-05, O-02
P-2B01P-1B04, P-1B01, P-1B02
P-2B02P-1B01, P-1B02, P-1B04
P-1B06
P-1B06

P-2B03S-04
O-BPA03
P-1A06
P-1A03
P-1B03
P-2A01

P-2A01P-1B03
P-2B05, P-2B06
P-1B05

P-1B05
PL-02

KIM, Dongsung
KIM, Eunjoo
KIM, Min-Jeong
KIM, Miran
KIM, Sungwoo
KIM, Sunju
KIM, Young Ok
KIMURA, Yume
KIRIMA, Junya
KITAKAWA, Madoka
KOBAYASHI, Fumie
KODAMA, Yuuki
KOLOSUIK, Andrii
KONG, Hyun-Hee
KRISTANTI, Nanda Dwi
KULAMAHAN, Jerusha
KUSUOKA, Yasushi
KWON, Choonbong
LEE, Eun Sun
LEE, Hyeon Been
LEE, Joon-Baek
LEE, Junmo
LEE, Moojoon
LEE, Yong Sung
LHEE, Duckhyun
LI, RanLI, Tao
MA, Mingzhen
MAEDA, Marika
MARUYAMA, Tadashi
MATSUOKA, Tatsuomi
MINEMIZU, Ryo
MITOME, N.
MIWA, Isoji
MOON, Eun-Kyung
MORIYA, Shigeharu
NAGAMUNE, Kisa
NAKAGAKI, Toshiyuki
NAKAMURA, Yasuhide
NGUYEN, Dung QuocNISHIDA, Yuki
NISHIGAMI, Yukinori
NOSAKA, M.
NOWACK, Eva C. M.
NUMATA, Osamu
OHMURA, Takuya
OKADA, Kaoru
OMODA, Ayaka
OTA, Takahide
PARK, Bum Soo
PARK, Jaeyeon
PARK, Jemin
PARK, Jong Soo
PARK, Myung Gil
PARK, Seung In
PRICE, Dana C.
SAGAWA, Yousuke
SAITO, Nobuhiro
SAKAMOTO, Hirokazu
SATO, Katsuhiko
SAWADA, Ken
SHIMABUKURO, Katsuya
SHIMADA, Yuto
SHIMANO, Satoshi
SHIN, Mann Kyoon
SHIN, Myeong HeonSHIRATORI, Takashi
SIMPSON, Alastair G. B.
SONG, Chihong
SONG, Wenya
SONOBE, Seiji
STEPHENS, Timothy G.
SUEHIRO, Tatsuya
SUETOMO, Yasutaka
SUGIURA, Mayumi
SUNG, Ji Yeon

Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Korea
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Kyung Hee University, Korea
Chonnam National University, Korea
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Pukyong National University, Korea
Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Korea
Yamagata University, Japan
Asutamu Land Tokushima, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Azabu University, Japan
Shimane University, Japan
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrine
Donga University College of Medicine, Korea
University of Ulsan, Korea
Kobe University, Japan
None
University of Ulsan, Korea
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
JEJU National University, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Anyang University, Korea
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Ocean University of China, China
Ocean University of China, China
Ocean University of China, China
Nara Women's University, Japan
Kitasato University, Japan
Kochi University, Japan
Ryo Minemizu Photo Office, Japan
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
None, Japan
Kyung Hee university School of medicine, Korea
RIKEN, Japan
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
Hokkaido University , Japan
Shimane University, Japan
University of Ulsan, Korea
Keio University, Japan
Hokkaido University, Japan
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Germany
University of Tsukuba, Japan
Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Germany
Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
None, Japan
Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
University of Ulsan, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Chonnam National University, Korea
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Rutgers University, USA
Ishinomaki Senshu University, Japan
Suido-sha Co. Ltd, Japan
Indiana University, USA
Hokkaido University , Japan
Toho University, Japan
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
Kochi University, Japan
Hosei University, Japan
University of Ulsan, Korea
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea
University of Tsukuba, Japan
Dalhousie University, Canada
National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan
Ocean University of China, China
University of Hyogo, Japan
Rutgers University, USA
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
Iwakuni Microlife Museum, Japan
Nara Women's University, Japan
Kyungpook National University, Korea

32

P-2B06S-03
S-01
O-BPA05, P-1A04, P-1A05, P-2B07
P-1B05, P-2B06
O-04

S-02, P-2A07
S-03
P-2A05
P-2A01P-2B05, P-2B06
S-05

S-05, O-BPA01, O-02

P-1B01, P-1B02, P-1B04
O-BPA02
P-2B03
S-03

P-1A07
O-BPA02
P-2A04O-05, P-2A06
P-1A06, P-1A07
P-2B04
S-05
P-1A06
P-2A01
P-1A04PL-01, O-BPA01, P-2B05, P-2B06
S-01
O-03
S-05
P-2B01O-BPA02
P-1A07
S-06, P-2A02, P-2B03, P-2B04
P-1B02, P-1B01, P-1B04
O-BPA04, O-01, P-2A03, P-2A04, P-2A05

O-BPA01

S-05
P-2A02, P-2B04

O-BPA01

SUZAKI, Toshinobu

Kobe University, JapanSUZUKI, Toshikazu
TABATA, Tetsuya
TACHIBANA, Mayumi
TAGUCHI, Saki
TAKAGI, Yumi
TAKAHASHI, Kazutaka
TAKAHASHI, Shunichi
TAKENAKA, Hiroki
TODA, Narumi
TORII, Motomi
UCHINOMIYA, Kouki
UEKI, N.
UEMURA, Naoki
UZMA, Sahr
WAKABAYASHI, K.
WAKABAYASHI, K.
WAKABAYASHI, KaoriWAN, Yumeng
WANG, Congcong
WANG, Rui
WARDANI, Ratih Kusuma
WOO, Sang Yoon
WU, Tong
YABUKI, Akinori
YAGITA, Kenji
YAJIMA, Yuka
YAMADA, Kazumasa
YAMANE, Natsumi
YAMASAKI, Nozomi
YANASE, Ryuji
YANG, Eun Chan
YANG, Xin
YAZAKI, Euki
YIH, Wonho
YIN, Taeyeon
YOKOYAMA, Jun
YOO, Jiae
YOON, Eunyoung
YOON, Hwan Su
YOSHIMURA, Chisato
ZELZION, Udi
ZHANG, Tengyue
ZHANGGONG, AoteZHUANG, Wenbao

Nagasaki University, JapanThe University of Tokyo, Japan
Ehime University, Japan
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
Nara Women's University, JapanThe University of Tokyo, Japan
National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Hiroshima University, Japan
Ehime University, Japan
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan
Hosei University, Japan
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
University of Ulsan, Korea
National Institute of Technology, Ube College, Japan
CLS, Tokyo Tech., Japan
Hiroshima University, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Ocean University of China, China
Ocean University of China, China
University of Ulsan, Korea
Kyungpook National University, Korea
Ocean University of China, China
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
Muroran Institute of Technology, Japan
Fukui Prefectural University, Japan
Nara Women's University, Japan
Kobe University, Japan
Oxford Brookes University, UK
Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea
Kobe University, JapanRIKEN iTHEMS, Japan
Kunsan National University, Korea
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Yamagata University, Japan
Pukyong National University, Korea
Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Korea
Sungkyunkwan University, Korea
Kobe University, Japan
Rutgers University, USA
Ocean University of China, China
Ocean University of China, China
Ocean University of China, China

33

S-02, O-BPA06, P-1A01, P-1A02, P-1B03, P2A06, P-2A07
O-BPA03
P-2A01
P-2A02O-BPA02

P-2A01P-2B03
P-2B05, P-2A02
O-BPA04, P-2A04, P-2A05
P-2B03
P-2B03O-BPA02
O-BPA06, P-1A01
O-BPA03, P-1B07
O-01, P-2A03
P-2B05, P-2B06

P-2A01
O-03
P-1A02O-04
P-2B07
S-05, O-BPA01, O-02, O-03
S-05

List of participants by affiliation
MAEDA, Marika
TAKAGI, Yumi
TAKAHASHI, Shunichi

Nara Women's University
Nara Women's University
National Institute for Basic
Biology
SONG, Chihong
National Institute forPhysiological Sciences
YAGITA, Kenji
National Institute of Infectious
Diseases
NAGAMUNE, Kisa
National Institute of Infectious
Diseases
IZUMIYAMA, Shinji
National Institute of Infectious
Diseases
UEMURA, Naoki
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
SUEHIRO, Tatsuya
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
SHIMABUKURO, Katsuya National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
EMOTO, H.
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
HORINAGA, K.
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
MITOME, N.
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
NOSAKA, M.
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
TAGUCHI, Saki
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
WAKABAYASHI, K.
National Institute of Technology,
Ube College
IWAMOTO, Masaaki
Nihon University
KUSUOKA, Yasushi
None
OTA, Takahide
None
MIWA, Isoji
None
ANDO, Motonori
Okayama University
MORIYA, Shigeharu
RIKEN
YAZAKI, Euki
RIKEN iTHEMSMINEMIZU, Ryo
Ryo Minemizu Photo Office
ISHIDA, Hideki
Shimane University
NAKAMURA, Yasuhide Shimane University
KODAMA, Yuuki
Shimane University
DOHRA, Hideo
Shizuoka University
SAITO, Nobuhiro
Suido-sha Co. Ltd
KAMIMURA, Ikuyo
Takarazuka Health and Welfare
OfficeTAKAHASHI, Kazutaka
The University of TokyoTABATA, Tetsuya
The University of Tokyo
SAWADA, Ken
Toho University
FUKUDA, Yasuhiro
Tohoku University
OKADA, Kaoru
Tokyo Gakugei University
SONOBE, Seiji
University of Hyogo
NUMATA, Osamu
University of Tsukuba
SHIRATORI, Takashi
University of Tsukuba
KIMURA, Yume
Yamagata University
YOKOYAMA, Jun
Yamagata University
FUJISHIMA, Masahiro
Yamaguchi University
HORI, Manabu
Yamaguchi University

Japan
KIRIMA, Junya
KOBAYASHI, Fumie
UCHINOMIYA, Kouki

Asutamu Land Tokushima
Azabu University
Central Research Institute ofElectric Power Industry
IIDA, Hitoshi
Chiba Institute of Science
WAKABAYASHI, K.
CLS, Tokyo Tech.
YAMADA, Kazumasa
Fukui Prefectural University
KASHIYAMA, Yuichiro
Fukui University of Technology
HIGUCHI, Shinnosuke
Hiroshima University
HIROTA, Ryuichi
Hiroshima University
TODA, Narumi
Hiroshima University
WAKABAYASHI, Kaori
Hiroshima University
ECHIGOYA, Syun
Hokkaido University
NISHIGAMI, Yukinori
Hokkaido University
KANDA, Koki
Hokkaido University
NAKAGAKI, Toshiyuki
Hokkaido University
SATO, Katsuhiko
Hokkaido University
HIRONO, Masafumi
Hosei University
SHIMANO, Satoshi
Hosei University
UEKI, N.
Hosei University
HAGA, Nobuyuki
Ishinomaki Senshu University
SAGAWA, Yousuke
Ishinomaki Senshu University
SUETOMO, Yasutaka
Iwakuni Microlife Museum
YABUKI, Akinori
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth
Science and Technology
HASEGAWA, Aoi
Kaimei High SchoolHOSOYA, Hiroshi
Kanagawa University
NISHIDA, Yuki
Keio University
MARUYAMA, Tadashi
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OMODA, Ayaka
Kobe University
TAKENAKA, Hiroki
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YOSHIMURA, Chisato
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IKEDA, Kenichi
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IRIKO, Hideyuki
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WAN, Yumeng
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INOUE, Motomu
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KATOH, Noriyuki
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SUZAKI, Toshinobu
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YANG, Xin
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ISHINO, Tomoko
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KULAMAHAN, Jerusha Kobe University
TACHIBANA, Mayumi
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TORII, Motomi
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YAMASAKI, Nozomi
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HARADA, Yuya
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ARIKAWA, Mikihiko
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ICHIKAWA, Masatoshi
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HAYAKAWA, Asahi
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YAJIMA, Yuka
Muroran Institute of Technology
HOSHINA, Ryo
Nagahama Institute of BioScience and Technology
SUZUKI, Toshikazu
Nagasaki University
ISHIDA, Masaki
Nara University of Education
HARUMOTO, Terue
Nara Women's University
SUGIURA, Mayumi
Nara Women's University
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Nara Women's University

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PARK, Jaeyeon
LEE, Eun Sun

34

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HYUNG, Junho
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BAEK, Jun Hyeok
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KIM, Sungwoo
JUNG, Minkyoung
YIN, Taeyeon
LEE, Moojoon
JEON, Boo Seong
KIM, MiranJO, Jinseong
PARK, Myung Gil
KONG, Hyun-Hee
LEE, Joon-Baek
JEONG, Hwajung
KIM, Young Ok
CHOI, Jung Min
KIM, Dongsung
KANG, Jung-Hoon
PARK, Bum Soo
YANG, Eun Chan
YIH, Wonho
KIM, Min-Jeong
MOON, Eun-Kyung
JEONG, Dong HyukJEONG, Yujin
LEE, Hyeon Been
DO, Haerim
PARK, Jong Soo
LEE, Junmo
CHO, Hyeonshik
AN, Jebak
WOO, Sang Yoon
DO, Hye Rim
LEE, Hyeon Been
SUNG, Ji Yeon
CHO, Min Ji
CHOI, Hojoon
YOO, Jiae
KIM, Sunju
CHOI, Jiwon
CHO, Chung Hyun
KIM, Dongseok
LHEE, Duckhyun
ETTAHI, Khaoula
YOON, Hwan Su
LEE, Yong Sung
PARK, Seung In
HA, Ji-San
GRAF, Louis

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Advanced Institute ofConvergence Technology
Advanced Institute ofConvergence Technology
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Advanced Institute ofConvergence Technology
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medicine
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HA, Ji-San
Sungkyunkwan University
LHEE, Duck Hyun
Sungkyunkwan University
PARK, Jong Soo
Sungkyunkwan University
SIMPSON, Alastair G. B. Sungkyunkwan University
KWON, Choonbong
University of Ulsan
PARK, Jemin
University of Ulsan
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University of Ulsan
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CAHYANI, Novia
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NGUYEN, Dung Quoc
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BAI, Yang
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MA, Mingzhen
SONG, Wenya
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WANG, Rui
WU, Tong
ZHANG, Tengyue
ZHANGGONG, AoteZHUANG, Wenbao

Ocean University of China
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NOWACK, Eva C. M.
Heinrich-Heine-Universität
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University of Campania

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United Kingdom

36

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