A Conceptual Framework
for Road Traffic Safety
International Comparison andFuture Challenges in Japan
Prof. Akinori Morimoto
Waseda University
Project leader of Global Research Allianceon Traffic and Safety (GRATS) in IATSS

1. BackgroundNumber and rate of road traffic death per 100,000 population:2000-2016

1.35

million deaths eachyear

8thleading cause of deathfor people of all ages
high-income

93% of the world's

fatalities on the roads
occur in low- andmiddle-income
countries

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

low-income

ROAD
TRAFFICDEATHS
middleincome

Although the rate of road trafficdeath is not worsening recent years,
the number of road traffic deaths on
the world’s roads remains
unacceptably high.
Source: WHO, Global status report on road safety 20182

Trend of Road Traffic Fatalities in JapanAll countermeasures witha focus on technology
Measures fromvarious fields

Road traffic death in Japan (1966-2020)
https://www.npa.go.jp/english/bureau/traffic/index.html
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Three periods in traffic safety development(Özkan, 2018)

Toward a common understanding
Number of countries where a change
in the number of road traffic deaths
has been observed since 2013
80

Proposals to reduce road traffic
accidents from four levels

Countries with increasein traffic deaths

6040
200

LOW-INICOME MIDDLE-INCOME HIGH-INCOME-20-40Decreased

No Change

Increased

Source: WHO, Global status report on road safety 2018
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

A conceptual framework forroad traffic safety

2. Toward a common vision
PeriodDevelopment ofTraffic Safety

1990–2000

Australia

2010–Present

Technology - System approach - Traffic Safety Culture
Vision Zero(1997)

SwedenThe
Netherland

2001–2010

Common vision

Functionallydivide the urban
area into trafficareas andresidential areas

Sustainable
Safety Startup (1998)

Road Safety
Strategic Plan
2008–2020

Safe System
First National Approach(TheRoad Safety National Road
Strategy
Safety Strategy(1992)
2001–2010)

Sustainable Safety 3rd Edition-The advanced vision
for 2018-2030

The National Road Strategy 2011–2020

New ZealandRoad to ZERO New Zealand’s Road
Safety Strategy 2020–2030

NorwayNational Plan of Action for Road
Safety 2018–2021 Short Vision
Together with
Global Plan ofUNECE on theAction for theroad to safety2021-2030
Cutting road
Decade of Action
traffic deaths
for Road Safetyand injuries in(UN) (draft on
half by 2020April 16, 2021)(2015)

Internationalorganization

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Global Planfor theDecade ofAction forRoad Safety
2011-2020(UN)

Basic principle of the plan for countries andinternational organization
Countries/Internationalorganizations
Vision Zero (1997)
SwedenSustainable Safety (2018)
Netherland

Common vision

Basic principles of the Plan
The long-term goal for road safety is proposed to be that no one
should be killed or seriously injured as a result of traffic accidents
within the road transport system.
A sustainably safe road traffic system prevents road deaths, serious
road injuries, and permanent injury by systematically reducing theunderlying risks of the entire traffic system.
A New Zealand where no one is killed or seriously injured in roadcrashes.

Road to ZERO (2019)
New Zealand
National Plan of Action for Road
Our road safety work will be based on the vision of no one being killed
Safetyor seriously injured within the road transport system.
(2018) Norway
It is firmly based on Safe System principles and is framed by theNational Road Safety Strategy
guiding vision that no person should be killed or seriously injured on(2011-2020) Australia
Australia's roads.
Road Safety Commission
To ensure that errors by road users do not cause serious accidents, andNational Action
also limit dangerous driving as far as possible. We all have aPlan (2013–2020) Denmark responsibility.
The 11th Fundamental Traffic
Safety Program
Aiming to a society without traffic accidents.
(2021)
Japan
Waseda Univ.
City andTransport Lab.

Basic principle of the plan for countries
and international organization
Countries/Internationalorganizations

Common vision

Basic principles of the Plan

The guiding principles are those included in the "safe system"
Global Plan for the Decade ofapproach. It starts from the acceptance of human error andAction forthus the realization that traffic crashes cannot be completely
Road Safety (2010) UNavoided.
Sustainable & Safe: A Vision
The “Safe System” approach outlined in this report starts fromand Guidance
the basic premise that human error is inevitable but trafficfor Zero Road Deaths (2018)
fatalities and serious injuries are not.
World BankEU Road Safety Policy
The premise that no loss of life is acceptable needs to inform
Framework (2020)
all decision making on road safety. The Safe System approach
European Commission aims for a more forgiving road system. Shared responsibility.
Global Plan of Action for the2021 – 2030 Decade of Action It draws further attention to effective governance as a central
for Road Safety (Drafted 2021) aspect of implementation of the safe system.
UN
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Road Traffic Safety in the SDGs

Common vision

SDGs: Goal 3.
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Targets
3.6 By 2020, halve thenumber of global deaths
and injuries from roadtraffic accidents
Indicators
3.6.1 Death rate due toroad traffic injuries

Sources: http://www.unic.or.jp/files/sdg_logo_en_2.png Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (2019)

Shareablecommon vision

We all share a common responsibility to create a safe traffic society
where no one is left behind.

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

3. Organizing Indicators“e” in Traffic safety

indicator

 New discovered problems and challenges withthe progress of the times & Detailed analysis
Exposure

Education

Discover particular patterns of “proneness”

Examination of competence and fitness
Improve the ability to examine drivers’ driving
abilities

Engineering

Enforcement

The traditional 3E concept

Emergency response
Reduce delaying treatment until the patientreaches a trauma center

Evaluation
Provide measurable contribution to safety ofintervention in the future

Source: Groeger, J.A. (2011) How many E’s in road safety? In B.E Porter (Ed.),
Handbook of traffic psychology, pp.3-12. London: Academic Press.

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

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Road traffic safety indicators (int. org.)
Int.org.
UNUNWHO
OECD
WB
UNECE

Name of goals Targetyear
SDGs

Traffic safety
outcome＊

Decade of Action for 2021Road Safety 2021-2030 2030

＊12 voluntary global
performance targets
for road safety＊＊〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇
2020

European EU road safety policy 2021Commission framework 2021-2030 2030

V*E3* E4* E5* E6* E7*＊2020
2030

TOWARDS ZERO
Ambitious Road Safety
Targets and the Safe
System Approach
GRSF in Action:
Effective Delivery ofGlobal Road Safety
Solutions
Together with UNECE
on the road to safety

E2*Regulations
E1*RTA1
RTA1*
R1* R2* R3* R4* R5* R6* R7* R
fatalities injuries

2020

indicator〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇

1RTA: Road traffic accident*E1: Education; E2: Engineering; E3:Enforcement; E4:Emergency Response; E5: Exposure; E6:

Examination of competence; E7: Evaluation &Reliable data
*R1: Speeding; R2: Drink-driving; R3: Seatbelt use; R4: Child Restraint System; R5: Helmet use; R6:Mobile phone use while driving; R7: Fatigue; R: Road infrastructure management; V: Vehicle standards

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Road traffic safety indicators (country)
Traffic safety
outcomeE2*Regulations

Name of goals/Indicatorsystem

Targetyear

NorwayNational Plan of Action forRoad Safety

20182021＊＊

SwedenVision zero2020＊＊〇for safe road traffic 2019Sweden Action plan2019-2022
2022＊＊〇〇Countries

the UK

Strategic Framework for Road
SafetyJapan

11th Fundamental Traffic
Safety Program

RTA1
RTA1
fatalities injuries

E1*

E3*

E4* E5*〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇 Technicalsystems〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇〇

R1*

R2*R3*R4*〇〇〇〇20222026＊2020＊20132020＊＊〇〇〇2020＊＊〇〇〇

German Road Safety Programme 20112020＊Safety Strategy
Australia National Road
2011-2020

Towards Safer Roads National
Road Safety Plan
Every Accident is one too
many-a shared responsibility(Danish Road Safety
DenmarkCommission National ActionPlan)

IsraelThe
Netherlan
dsRoad Safety Strategic Plan
2008-2020

PolandRoad Safety Strategy 20132020
National Road Safety
Programme2013-2020

Austria

Austrian Road Safety
Programme 2011-2020

20112020
20132020
20132020
20112020

NewZealand

New Zealand's Road Safety
Strategy 2020-2030

20202030

IrelandWaseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

＊indicator

pre-test
drivertraining〇〇

R5*R6*〇〇＊〇〇〇〇＊＊〇〇〇〇〇〇＊＊〇〇〇〇〇〇

＊

＊〇

〇〇〇〇〇

＊＊〇

〇〇〇〇〇〇

R*V*〇

E6*〇

E7*〇〇〇〇〇〇

Casualty
Forecasts

〇〇〇〇〇

＊R7*〇

〇

〇

voluntary
healthcheck-up〇〇〇〇〇Indicator framework

indicator

Targets
Traffic safety
outcomes

Safe system

RTA fatalities

RTA injuriesEducation

Traffic safety education (publiceducation & driver education)

Engineering

Vehicle standards
Road infrastructure management

Enforcement
Emergency
responseRegulations
Enforcement oftraffic regulations

Exposure

Traffic safety
cultureWaseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

••
•
•
•
•

Speeding
Drink-driving
Seatbelt use
CRS
Helmet use
Inattention behaviors
while driving

Evaluation

Reliable data collection & evaluation

Examination

Examination of competence and fitness

AttitudeBehavior

Internalimpact
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4. Safe System Approach

Safe system• Sweden’s Vision Zero and theNetherlands’ Sustainable Safety
are the longest established safe
system approaches. Australia'sroad safety strategy over the past
20 years is also based on a safe
system approach.(Langford ,2009)• The effective implementation ofthis approach needs to be basedon a number of key factors, which
include obtaining appropriate
evidence to support systembased strategic decisions.
(Salmon &Lenné , 2009)

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Safer roads, safer Queensland: Queensland’s road safety strategy 2015–21.
Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland Government, Australia, 2015.

GLOBAL PLAN; Decade of Action for Road Safety2021-2030, UNRSC

Safe system

The plan was launched on 28 October in 2021

Enforcement
Engineering

Education

Emergency
response

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

UN Road Safety Collaboration

5. Traffic safety culture

Traffic safety culture

TRAFFIC SAFETY CULTURE
What is traffic safety culture (TSC)?
The values and beliefs shared among groups of roadusers and stakeholders that influence theirdecisions to behave or act in ways that affect trafficsafety (Otto, 2016).
The sum of all factors that affect the skills, safetyattitudes and safety behavior of road users (Lajunenet al. ,2017)
The shared values, actions, and behaviors that
demonstrate a commitment to safety overcompeting goals and demands (US DOT)
Source: https://chsculture.org/all-publications/how-are-visionzero-safe-system-and-traffic-safety-culture-related/

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Traffic Safety Culture and the Safe System
Approach for Achieving Vision Zero

Traffic safety culture

THE SIXTH GLOBAL INTERACTIVE FORUM ON TRAFFIC & SAFETY, 2020
Professor Nicholas Ward (Director, Center for Health and Safety Culture)

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

https://www.iatss.or.jp/en/event/gifts2020.html

Model of possible process to sustaintransformation of traffic safety culture

Traffic safety culture

Cultural transformational strategies are expected to be used as part of a strategic plan tointegrate all relevant forms of traffic safety intervention. This ideology is embraced by the“safe-system approach”. In this context, new strategies to understand and transform culture
will make people “safer by nature” by making safer speeds part of our social identities.
Source: Ward, N. J., Otto, J., & Linkenbach, J. (2014). A primer for traffic safety culture. ITE Journal, 84(5), 41-47.

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

6. Toward a New Transportation Society
19C

20C

Walking→Rail→Car21C【Development of transportation technology】→ Human-centeredtransportation system【Development of AI and ICT 】

1920s Popularization 1970s
2010s Sharing of 2020s Widespread
1825 Commercial
operation of a steam of the automobile Spread of transportation use of self-driving(U.S.)
LRT and BRT
cars
locomotive (UK)

Source: Akinori Morimoto: Human-Centered Transportation Systems andTransportation Nodes, Transportation Engineering 56-4, p.1, 2021

A variety of next-generation transportation systems have emerged in the past half century.
→ The next generation of transportation is a “Human-centered transportation system”.

An era when people are free to choose transportationaccording to their needs
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Realizing seamless mobility through ICT
Mobility as a Service

Linkage to diverse urban policies

Helsinki (Finland)（2016-）
ICTCity Planning

Platform

A new concept of mobility
that seamlessly connects allmodes of transportation otherthan the private car as asingle service using ICTtechnology.

BRTLRT

EnvironmentalPlanning

WalkAutonomousCarEVPersonalMobilityRoad Safety
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Compact City
Walkability

Human-centeredtransportation system

Carbon-neutral19Multimodal transport and land-use planning
Multimodal transport and land-use planning is an important starting pointfor implementing a Safe System.
GLOBAL PALN; Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030, UNRSC

Expressway

Railways

Walkable area
Highways

Personal usage
Personal vehicle, Bicycle
Autonomous Car

TOD
ExistingBus

LRT

Residentialroads
BRT
Transit usage
LRT, BRT, DRT
based on walking
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Expressway
High-speed trains

Non-walkable area

Akinori Morimoto: City and Transportation Planning:
An Integrated Approach, Routledge, 2021

日本の最新動向

7. Our roles and challenges
The 11th Fundamental Traffic Safety Program (2021), JapanBasicprinciples

Target2022 – 2026 FY

Ultimately, we aim to make a giant leap toward the realization of a society
without traffic accidents and a traffic safety society that leads the world.
To achieve the safest road traffic in the world,with less than 2,000 fatalities per 24 hours.

UN Road Safety Collaboration
GLOBAL PALN; Decade of Action
for Road Safety 2021-2030

2,839 (2021)→(30% reduction)→2,000 (2026)
If we can reduce it by 30% in 5 years, we can halve it in 10 years.

Matters of Cross-cutting Importance
In Japan, the number of road traffic accidents has been greatly reduced thanks
to a wide range of measures and the efforts of related parties over the past half
century. However, when we look at the world, more than 1.35 million people are
killed annually by road traffic accidents. In order to reduce the number of roadtraffic accidents, it is important to share and utilize Japan's knowledge with therest of the world, and to promote international cooperation and collaboration.
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

https://www8.cao.go.jp/koutu/taisaku/index-w.html

Japan International Cooperation Agency
Traffic Safety Platform Concept
Road safety initiatives by the target countries’ government andrelated organizations themselves
Projects ofinternationalorganizations andaid agencies ofother countries

Internationalorganizations(World Bank, ADB,etc.) and aid
agencies of othercountries

Cooperation
by JICA

Research inacademic
area such asuniversities

Activities ofprivate sectorand NGO

targetCountries

JICAIATSS

AcademicPrivateEnterpriseRoad Safety Platform

Halve the number of deaths
from road traffic accidents
in target countries by 2030

Relevant Ministries/Agencies
in Government of Japan
Local
government
MedicalInstitution

PrivateEnterprise
Universities andresearch
institutes

Domestic
Resources

Activities of Platform
・Collecting information on projects and initiatives in the field of road safety in the target countries and verifying
the effectiveness of the projects
・Consideration of new assistance to increase development effectiveness・Collaboration and information sharing with international organizations and bilateral aid agencies
22

JICA’s vision for ”Road Safety”
1. Objective:

To contribute to the international goal of halving the number of traffic accident fatalities
and injuries in target countries by 2030.
2. Assumed target Countries
Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Bangladesh, and Kenya
3. The "Four E's" approach to cooperation

Area

1.Enforcement
2.Education
3.Engineering

4.Emergency

Concrete Item Traffic regulations and traffic enforcement
 Formulation of road safety policy and plan
 Arrange laws and policy related to road safety
 Establishment of Accident Data Road safety education at school and local communities
 Driver's license training associated with the driver's license system Safety education for drivers
 Maintenance roads and bridges (including sidewalk) Construction road safety facilities such as traffic control systems
and traffic lights
 Construction and maintenance of Junctions and flyover Inspection of Vehicle based on appropriate inspection system Arrange ambulance cars and emergency medical facilities
 Improvement of emergency Medicine technologies, etc.
23

Shared responsibility for road safety
GLOBAL PLAN; Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030, UNRSC

The plan was launched on 28 October in 2021

Role of academia, civil society and youth
Academic and research institutions play an importantrole in generating evidence to help government andother actors understand the nature of the problem aswell as to identify effective solutions and strategies.

In addition to keeping road safety on the government agenda and uniting stakeholders
with a common goal, academia and civil society groups can:• be an important source of road safety information for the community andgovernments;• help ensure government accountability by empowering communities on road safetyissues and ensuring good governance; and• help push for the achievement of the road safety-related SDGs.
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

GRATS 位置づけ

The International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences

The International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences (IATSS)

Goal

Contributing to the realizationof an ideal mobile society

FeaturesApproach:Interdisciplinary andinternational approach
Outputs:
Practical and farsighted

Global Research Alliance on Traffic and Safety (GRATS)
Sharing the vision of road safety and practicing the role of IATSS
Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

A conceptual framework for Road Traffic Safety
We all share a common responsibility to create a safe trafficsociety where no one is left behind.
Political level
Scientificlevel

Common Vision: From regional
vision to global vision
Indicator: Common indicators anddomestic indicators

Practicallevel Safety measures: safety system
including 3 E and additional E,
Civic Design for traffic safety culture
level
Traffic Safety Culture: Basic elements
and social factors that vary by region

Waseda Univ. City and Transport Lab.

Thank you very much for your attention.

27