2005
Blue Planet Prize
Professor Sir Nicholas
Shackleton (U.K.)

Dr. Gordon Hisashi Sato
(U.S.A.)

Emeritus Professor, Department of Earth
Sciences, University of Cambridge
Former Head of Godwin Laboratory for
Quaternary Research

Director Emeritus, W. Alton Jones Cell Science
Center, Inc.
Chairman of the Board, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc.
President, Manzanar Project Corporation

The Sign:
The earth is engraved with thewisdom of nature, leaving its
impression in the changes of theweather, and in the behavior ofanimals giving them life.
Humans have forgotten to listen
to the suffering earth, or to
notice the state of living creatures. The 2005 opening film
touched on the signs in theearth’s history that pointed
towards the future and the creatures that live there.

193

Their Imperial Highnesses Prince
and Princess Akishino congratulate
the laureates at the Congratulatory
Party
His Imperial Highness Prince Akishino congratulates
the laureates

The prizewinners receive their trophies from Chairman Seya

Dr. Jiro Kondo,
chairman of the
Presentation
Committee makes a
toast at theCongratulatory Party

Dr. Gordon Hisashi Sato

Prof. Sir Nicholas Shackleton

J. Thomas Schieffer, Ambassador of the UnitedStates of America to Japan and Graham Fry,
Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Japan,
congratulate the laureates

194

Blue Planet Prize Commemorative Lectures

Profile

Dr. Gordon Hisashi Sato
Director Emeritus, W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Inc.
Chairman of the Board, A&G Pharmaceutical, Inc.
President, Manzanar Project Corporation

Education and Academic and Professional Activities
1927
Born on December 17, in Los Angeles
1944
Graduated from Manzanar High School
1951
B.A., Biochemistry, University of Southern California
1953-1955 Teaching Assistant, Microbiology, California Institute of Technology
1955
Ph.D., Biophysics, California Institute of Technology
1958-1963 Assistant Professor, Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University
1963-1968 Associate Professor, Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University
1968-1969 Professor, Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University
1969-1983 Professor, Biology Department, University of California, San Diego
1982
Rosentiel Award, Brandeis University
1983-1992 Director, W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Inc.
1984
Member, National Academy of Sciences
1987-present Distinguished Research Professor & Director of the Laboratory of Molecular
Biology, Clarkson University
1992-present Director Emeritus, W. Alton Jones Cell Science Center, Inc.
2002
The Rolex Awards for Enterprise
2002
Lifetime Achievement Award, Society for In Vitro Biology
2005
Distinguished Alumni Award of the California Institute of Technology

Dr. Sato has long dealt with the task of trying to cultivate food in a harsh environment, such asa desert, from his past experience of being relocated during World War II in a relocation campin the California desert for those of Japanese descent.
Dr. Sato was born on December 17, 1927 in Los Angeles as a child between a first-generation Japanese immigrant father and a second-generation mother. From his upbringing, hegrew up with traditional Japanese values such as social obligations and respect for humanfeelings. During World War II, he was relocated to Manzanar Relocation Camp in the
California desert with his family and this made a significant influence on his future way of life.
After the war, he studied biochemistry at University of Southern California and later
studied at California Institute of Technology under Max Delbruck who later received the Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Max Delbruck not only taught him academically but also

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supported him economically, which changed Dr. Sato's life dramatically and he never forgot
the indebtedness he owed and nourished an idea that education was fundamental to bringing
up people, and he himself also provided opportunities for young people to get an education.
After doing research under Max Delbruck and earning a PhD in biophysics in 1955, hefurther carried out research at University of California at Berkley and University of Colorado
Medical School. In 1958, he became assistant professor of Graduate Department ofBiochemistry at Brandeis University in Massachusetts. He served as associate professor andprofessor at Brandeis till 1969, and moved to University of California San Diego (UCSD) andwas professor of biology there till 1983. There he succeeded in cell culturing in hormonallydefined medium devoid of serum and clarified that a specific hormone and a growth factor arenecessary for cells and made a significant contribution, scientifically mainly in mammaliancell culture.
While at UCSD in the early 1980s, he began to work on how to produce food in a severe
environment such as a desert, and started the research of growing algae in the desert withaquaculture utilizing the food chain in mind. In 1983, he moved from UCSD to the W. Alton
Jones Cell Science Center in Lake Placid, New York and began to work in earnest on the
Manzanar Project, which targeted to realize a healthy sustainable life even for those people
suffering hunger in a severe environment. After testing at production facilities built in the
Atacama Desert in Chile and in Fujian Province in China in the mid-1980s, a new location wassought and found Eritrea. Eritrea was under Ethiopian rule at that time and the people were
oppressed and suffered from starvation and Dr. Sato felt sympathy in its resemblance to thoseJapanese Americans during World War II. He began practicing aquaculture in the Northern
Eritrean coastline in 1986.
After Eritrea became independent, watching the camels eat mangrove leaves gave ahint and led to an idea that by utilizing mangroves as fodder, it will eventually be a more positive approach in enabling people to raise livestock and making them economically self-sustaining.
Mangroves only grew on 15% of Eritrean coastline. By disclosing that the seawater
lacked nitrogen, phosphorous and iron among the nutritional elements necessary for the mangrove to grow, he devised the basic technique to provide these elements slowly to the mangrove
and enabled the mangroves to be grown easily at low cost in areas where it was difficult togrow in the past. With this method, he succeeded in growing more than 800,000 mangrove
trees.
What Manzanar Project is aiming to do is to allow people living in a harsh environment
like a desert become self-sustaining by creating a sustainable economy. Dr. Sato's activities aredifferent from the previous aids from developed countries to Africa by not giving goods but
providing a mean of food production together with a mean for people to become self-sustaining, which indicates how future aids should be. His achievements which have proved a practical measure to enable economic self-sustainability in the poorest area of the world are significant and are demonstrating to the world the importance of a way of living which regularly
uses the technology of environmental conservation and humanity.

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EssayCreation of Mangrove Forests Where None Existed before
to Combat Hunger, Poverty and Global Warming
Dr. Gordon Hisashi Sato
An event of great importance to those interested in efforts to make the world a better place isthe contribution of a great deal of the fortune of Warren Buffet to the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation. Spending money effectively for humanitarian causes is a complicated and difficult process. In my experience, solving the technological problems is much simpler thanaddressing the problems that arise from cultural and political considerations. Warren Buffet
realized this and he is to be commended for acting rationally on this realization. The Gates
Foundation is an exceptionally well managed organization. This event has given me greatpause to reconsider what I and countless others are trying to do to correct the many ills of thisworld by relatively small individual efforts.
I had previously applied for funding from the Gates Foundation, and was told that thefoundation did not support efforts to combat hunger and poverty. A large foundation musthave policy guidelines and this makes them too inflexible to pursue unexpected opportunities
as they arise. In addition, the solutions to many of the world’s ills will come from unpredictable sources that will not fit in any conventional framework. I believe that I and many others of my ilk must continue to try to solve the many problems of this world and that collectively
we are an important part of the effort and will synergize with the large scale efforts of organizations like the Gates Foundation.
Let me now summarize what we have done and what we hope to do in the future. We
have shown that mangrove trees can be grown in desert inter tidal areas where they do not normally grow by providing them with phosphorus, nitrogen, and iron. This is because sea water
is deficient in these elements, and mangroves only grow where these elements are provided by
fresh water runoff from land. Though obvious, this fact is not generally understood by mangrove specialists. In addition, we have developed ways to deliver the fertilizer in the correctneeded amount so as to avoid waste and minimize the danger of fertilizer runoff. We havelearned to sun dry the seeds of Avicennia marina to produce a stable grain-like product that canserve as animal food several months after harvesting. We have learned that mangrove foliage
and seeds is an inadequate diet for sheep because they are able to produce lambs but cannot
produce the milk to feed them. By supplementing the mangrove material with a small amountof fish meal produced from fish wastes the sheep are able to produce lambs and milk. Thus
with simple experiments we are able to produce food and money for poor people where it did
not seem possible. We can convert barren mud flats into mangrove forests and use these toprovide the bulk of food for livestock. To date, we have grown about 800,000 mangrove trees
and potentially can grow many millions more in the country of Eritrea. This technology can229

reduce regional poverty in many parts of the world, and our present plan is to extend this work
to many impoverished regions of the world. In the next few months we will apply this technology in Haiti. Poverty and over population are two parts of the same problem. The solutionof one will be the solution of the other. In poor countries, people have many children to provide them support in their old age. This makes the prospect of a long term solution more difficult. In countries with a high standard of living such as Italy and Japan, population growth isnegative
We have developed a second way of producing food and wealth in poor coastal countries. The bottom of the food chain in the ocean is micro-organisms—mainly algae. They
grow very slowly by depending on sunlight for photosynthesis—about one doubling per day.
From our mangrove experience, we add nitrogen, phosphorus and iron to sea water and thenadd sugar. We get rapid growth of bacillus megatherium or the heterotrophic algae, tetraselmachui, and these in turn fed to filter feeders such as brine shrimp or shell fish. The brine shrimp
are then fed to fish. Thus we are able to convert a low cost commodity like sugar to a nutritious food with high economic value.
Global warming is on the minds of many people with apparent increased frequency andintensity of hurricanes. Some climatologist argue that there is insufficient evidence that this is
the result of increased output of green house gases by human activity. I respect their professional opinion, but I am sure if the CO2 content of the atmosphere continues to increase at thepresent rate it will eventually be the cause of catastrophe. We can only expect the output ofgreenhouse gases to increase as developing countries such as India, and China assume theirrightful places as nations with advanced industrialization and reasonable standards of living fortheir inhabitants. To fix the amount of CO2 produced from fossil fuels will require several hundred million hectares of new forests. I propose that we begin to convert the great deserts of theworld to mangrove forests with sea water irrigation. I believe our work has shown that this canbe technologically and economically feasible.
The work I have described is highly individualistic and unconventional. It is not thekind of work done by large organizations. It is too risky. Therefore I encourage people likemyself to continue to seek solutions to the ills of the world, and when these are well established, leave the large scale implementation to foundations such as the Gates Foundation.

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Lecture

Sea Water is Deficient in Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Iron
Dr. Gordon Hisashi Sato
The Manzanar Project, Ministry of Fisheries, State of Eritrea, Massawa, Eritrea
My scientific career was spent predominantly on laboratory research in cell biology. My goal
was to gain knowledge of whole animal physiology by studying the basic elements of the
body (the cell) in isolation under defined, controllable conditions which might be achievablein tissue culture. The trouble with this simple minded concept, in 1957, when I began work on
tissue culture, was that cells in culture did not display the differentiated properties of the tissue of origin. Apparently cells in culture were different from cells in the animal. It was generally believed that cells in culture underwent “dedifferentiation” to become a common tissue
culture type cell. In the only experiment to address this issue, we showed that when liver tissue is put into culture, the small amount of fibroblasts in the tissue selectively grow, and theliver parenchyma die1. The problem with lack of tissue specific properties in culture wasselection not “dedifferentiation.” The next step was to develop enrichment culture techniques
to favor tissue specific cells over fibroblasts2. This resulted in a number of tissue cultures
which retained differentiated properties, and the “dedifferention” hypothesis, virtually unnoticed, died a quiet death3 The next step was to devise defined, controllable conditions in culture. Traditionally, tissue culture media consisted of a nutrient solution of defined composition
supplemented with serum. I was led to believe that the serum could be replaced by hormones
because cell growth in the animal is stimulated by hormones4. Izumi Hayashi and I devised asystem of nutrient medium supplemented with a complex of hormones that was different foreach cell type5. This eliminated fibroblastic over growth in primary cultures, and made it possible to culture cell types never before successfully grown in culture. This method allows one
to discover hormone responses by different cell types discoverable in no other way, and I proposed that this catalogues the vulnerability of cancer cells and opens up a general approach tocancer therapy6. A case in point, we developed a monoclonal antibody to EGF receptor7. I was
led to try this approach from the knowledge of the existence of LATS, long acting thyroid stimulator, an antibody to the TSH receptor, which mimics the action of TSH. The antibody to the
EGF receptor has proven to be an effective anti cancer agent and is a harbinger of future anti
cancer agents8. I believe that my long experience with laboratory, experimental researchenabled me to approach applied, field research differently from established workers in thefield.
Let me now define the problem that has occupied me for the last twenty years. Hunger
and poverty is one of the problems that the human race must solve before it reaches a catastrophic, irreversible state. Eritrea is one of the poorest nations in the world with a per capita
gross domestic product of approximately 50 USD per year. Its conventional agriculture in its

231highlands is insufficient to feed the nation because of frequent and unpredictable droughts. In
periods of drought Eritrea would suffer widespread famine were it not for international foodaid. How could we produce food and a profitable, sustainable agriculture under such conditions? On its desert shores on the Red sea, I noticed patches of mangrove trees, and watchedcamels eating the foliage. Could this be a possible solution? But first we had to consider theconditions that limit the growth of mangroves. Sea water is deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus,
and iron, elements that are required by all living creatures including plants, animals and microorganisms. While this fact has been generally known, it has been ignored by those who areconcerned about the productivity of the sea and the inter tidal areas. I will try to show how
attention to this fact can help alleviate poverty and hunger by making the marine environment
more productive.Sea water contains all the elements in sufficient quantity that are essential forlife except for nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. So in the following discussion of the importanceof nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron, the term fertilizer will refer to these three elements. At thebottom of the food chain in the ocean are microscopic algae. They grow near the ocean surface where they are exposed to sunlight and capture the fertilizer. They sink to the bottom anddie from lack of light and the fertilizer is trapped. If upwelling currents bring up the fertilizer,
the sea is rich in fish. In the arctic and antarctic, water freezes and the saltier and heavier
unfrozen water sinks and stirs up the bottom. The polar regions are rich in fish life. Seas arerich in fish where rivers enter the sea because the fresh water is bringing fertilizer from land.
The Red sea has neither upwelling currents nor rivers. Consequently it is poor in fish life.
Eritrea has approximately 1,500 kilometers of desert sea coast along the Red Sea(counting islands). Mangroves grow in only about 15% of the coastal inter tidal zone, andwhere they grow they form a narrow fringe, usually no more than 100 meters wide. We
observed that mangroves typically occur in areas called “mersas” where the seasonal rains arechanneled to enter the sea each year. The conventional explanation is that fresh water per se isrequired9. This explanation is untenable because the amount of fresh water and the durationof flow are too short to affect salinity to any extent. Our explanation, which is a radical departure from conventional belief, is that the fresh water is bringing nitrogen, phosphorus, and ironfrom land, and the fringes are no more than 100 meters wide because the fresh water may not
be able to carry these minerals in sufficient quantity more than 100 meters from the high tideline. We predicted that the treeless, inter tidal areas of Eritrea, which occupy 85% of the coast,
could be successfully planted with mangroves if nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron were provided, and that the mangrove fringes could be widened if the trees were provided with theseelements.
Both of these predictions have proven true. Methods were developed to deliver fertilizer at a controlled rate that greatly reduces the possibility of runoff. Experiments were carried out to find ways of rendering mangrove foliage and seeds a complete food for livestock.
Materials and Methods
We use predominately the mangrove, Avicennia marina, and to a much lesser extent
Rhizophora mucronata. Both plants are indigenous to the area. Rhizophora are almost extinct
in Eritrea because of their value as construction timber. Our plantings will contribute to its

232preservation. Avicennia seeds are planted in their final site by placing them in a tin can cylinder constructed by removing the top and bottom of the tin can. The can is embedded in the soil
with a centimeter or so above the ground and is held in place with an iron rod. The top of the
can is covered with a wire mesh to prevent the seeds from being washed away by wave action.
Planting seeds in the final site saves considerably in time and effort by avoiding the necessityof transplantation. To prevent encircling wrasse and wave action from uprooting young
seedlings, we build concrete blocks with upwardly protruding iron rods. The dimensions of
the blocks are 1 meter long, about 25 centimeters high and about 5 centimeters wide with the
protruding iron rods about 60 centimeters above the blocks. A continuous wall of blocks isplaced sea ward of the area of planting. The iron rods prevent wrasse from entering the planting area, and the concrete blocks allow the buildup of low lying soil so that adequate drainage
can allow air to get to the roots. This allows the extension of the usable planting area.
Our method of providing a slow release fertilizer to trees growing in an area continuallyawash in sea water is to place 500 gms of a 3:1 mixture of urea and diammonium phosphatein a polyethylene bag, tie the bag so it is sealed shut, and puncture one surface three times witha 0.2 cm diameter nail. The bag is buried next to the tree with its upper surface and the nailhole punctures about 10.0 cm below the soil surface. This arrangement allows the fertilizer toexit the bag by slow diffusion - fast enough to nourish the tree but slow enough not to be
wasteful. By digging up bags after various times, we estimated that the bags deliver all theirfertilizer in about three years. From the density of planting, 5000 trees per hectare, we estimatethat the fertilizer is delivered at a rate of about one ton per hectare per year. This is approximately the desired rate. The desired rate is calculated as follows: a hectare of Avicennia drops
about 10 tons of litter per year which is about 19% protein, or two tons of protein. We assume
that the trees synthesize three tons of protein per hectare per year. To synthesize three tons ofprotein requires about one ton of fertilizer.
A barbed wire fence is erected around the trees and guards are employed to prevent
camels from destroying the trees.
To measure possible fertilizer runoff, water was collected a few meters offshore fromour plantings and from a natural mangrove forest about a half hour before the tide reached its
lowest level. The water was analysed for nitrogen and phosphorus content by the analyticallaboratory of the Ministry of Fisheries by the method of Parsons et al10.
Avicennia seeds are soaked in sea water for three days to remove the cover and facilitate drying. They are then placed in the sun to dry resulting in a grain-like material that isavidly eaten by animals up to a year after drying.
Results
Figure 1 shows a planting that is about 1 year old. No trees grew in this area before we planted
it. Before we realized the need for fertilizer, over a hundred trees were planted in this area andall died. After the need for fertilizer was understood, virtually all trees grew successfully with
our method of fertilization.
Figure 2 shows the same area about two years later. Growth is rapid.
Table 1 shows the measurement of nitrogen and phosphorus offshore from our planti-

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ngs and offshore from a natural mangrove forest which was not fertilized by us compared to
the fertilizer content of water from the open sea. It can be seen that offshore from our plantings where three tons of fertilizer is applied per hectare no evidence of nitrogen or phosphorus
runoff is found. Offshore from a natural mangrove forest, nitrogen and phosphorus levels areappreciably higher than the open sea. This tends to support our assumption that natural mangrove forests are provided with fertilizer by the seasonal rains.
Figure 3 shows the concrete blocks with their protruding iron rods. They prevent wrasse
from entering the planting area and cause the build up of soil. Waves bring sand over theblocks and the sand is prevented by the blocks from returning seaward. By building up low
lying soil the usable planting area can be extended seaward.
Figure 4 shows our method of drying mangrove seeds to make a stable grain-like product that can serve as animal food several months after drying.
Figure 5 shows the drying of fish wastes to form fish meal that is an essential supplement to mangrove foliage and seeds for the feeding of livestock.
Figure 6 shows sheep eating mangrove foliage. They are also fed mangrove seeds andfish meal. They have been kept on such a diet for 8 months and produce babies and milk tofeed them. When the fish meal is omitted, they produce lambs but not the milk to feed them.
Figure 7 Camel lusting after mangrove trees.
Figure 8 A grove of trees in the village of Hargigo, our principal site of work. We haveplanted over 800,000 trees mainly in areas where trees had not grown before.
Figure 9 Typical housing in Hargigo reflective of the poverty in the region.
Figure 10 The water supply of the village which is shared with animals. One of ourmost urgent needs is a supply of healthy water.
Figure 11 Passengers from the Japanese peace boat visiting our work site in Hargigo
Discussion
Sea water is deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron . It follows that plants growing in theinter tidal area must have a source of these minerals. This is almost always furnished by fresh
water from land. In arid countries, areas where fresh water enters the inter tidal area are limited. It is in these areas where mangroves grow naturally. We have developed new ways of
substantially increasing the mangrove forests in tropical coastal deserts by making it possible
to grow mangroves in the tree less mud flats by artificially providing these elements. Such mud
flats make up the greater part of the inter tidal area of these coastal deserts. Even in tropicalcountries with plentiful rain, we can increase mangrove forests by widening the growth areaby fertilization and the use of concrete blocks. This can potentially reduce the damage due totsunamis, and hurricanes. We have also shown that mangroves can provide the bulk of the foodfor sheep with small and inexpensive supplementation of fish meal. This last finding renders
mangrove planting a technically feasible and commercially profitable business. We estimatethat a hectare of mangroves can produce a metric ton of meat per year. This compares favorably with pasture land in temperate climates. This should provide the economic incentive toplant mangroves as well as the disincentive to destroy them. Each of these findings is very simple but new and original. We believe that our approach has the potential to create a cost effec-

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tive sea water agriculture and eliminate hunger and poverty in many regions of the world.
We believe that discoveries made in Africa can help solve problems in the developed
world, such as in Japan which produces only forty percent of its food. Algae in the ocean
divides about once a day. Simon Tecleab Gebrekiros and I discovered, in Eritrea, that we could
add nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sugar to sea water and get micro-organisms, bacteria oralgae, to divide every half hour. These micro-organisms were consumed by brine shrimp which
could then be fed to fish. By this method, we could make the coastal waters of any nation richin fish by essentially converting sugar to fish. Japan, for instance, could be made self sufficientfor fish. The coastal, inter tidal zones of Japan’s southern islands is nearly bereft of plants, andtheir fish catch is declining. Japanese control their fresh water so well that natural flows into
the sea is diminished. We can grow native plants in these inter tidal areas with fertilization andincrease fish life.
Mangroves seem to be limited by latitude. This fact is not well understood6. In northAfrica and southern Europe mangroves cannot grow because the tidal variation in the
Mediterranean and Aegan sea is too small to provide drainage and air to the roots. This raises
the possibility that mangroves could be grown inland, the Sahara desert for instance. Somecrop plants like millet and barley can grow with sea water irrigation, but the value of the cropis less than the cost of fertilizer and pumping water. Our trees have economic value, and wehave solved the problem of economic use of fertilizer. Can we pump sea water economicallywith for instance wind mill pumps. If so it is thinkable to convert the deserts of the world tomangrove forests. It is time to consider such far out solutions. Glacial ice is breaking off thepolar ice caps, the arctic tundra is melting, and typhoons and hurricanes are increasing in frequency and intensity. At present we add about four billion tons of CO2 to the atmosphere eachyear. As developing nations, such as India and China, assume their rightful positions as nations
with advanced industrialization and a high standard of living for their inhabitants, this will only
get worse. I believe converting the worlds deserts to forests is a necessary step to buy us time
before we can develop alternate forms of energy.
References
1. Sato G., L. Zaroff, and S.E. Mills 1960. Tissue Culture Populations and Their Relation to the Tissue of Origin.
Proc. Nat. Acad. of Sci. USA 46, 963-972
2. Buonassisi V., G. Sato, and A.I. Cohen. 1962. Hormone Producing Cultures of Adrenal and Pituitary Origin.
Proc. Nat. Acad, of Sci. USA 48. 1184-1190
3. Sato G.H., and Y. Yasumura. 1966. Retention of Differentiated Function in Dispersed Cell Culture. Transactionsof the New York Acad. of Sci, Ser 11 28:8 1063-1079
4. Sato, G. (1975) The Role of Serum in Cell Culture. In. Biochemical Action of Hormones. Vol. III (G. Litwak,ed.) pp. 391-396, Academic Press Inc., New York, San Francisco, London.
5. Hayashi I, and G. Sato 1976. Replacement of Serum with Hormones Permits the Growth of Cells in a DefinedMedium. Nature 259, 132-134
6. Sato G. (1980) Towards an endocrine physiology of human cancer. In. Hormones and Cancer ( S Iacobelli etal. eds.), Raven Press, N.Y. pp 281-285.
7. Sato J.D., T. Kawamoto, A.D.Le, J. Mendelsohn, J. Polikoff, and G.H. Sato (1983) Biological effects in vitro
or monoclonal antibodies to human EGF receptors. Mol. Biol. Med. 1:511-529
8. Masui H., T. Kawamoto, J.D. Sato, B. Wolf, J. Mendelsohn, and G. Sato. 1984. Growth Inhibition of Human
Tumor Cells in Nude Mice by anti-EGF Receptor Monoclonal Antibodies. Cancer Research 44, 1002-1007
9. Mark Spalding, Francois Blasco, and Colin Field. 1977 World Mangrove Atlas pp. 29. The International
Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan

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10. Timothy R. Parsons, Yoshiaki Maita, and Carol M. Lalli. 1984. A Manual of Biological and Chemical Methods
for Seawater Analysis. Pergamon Press, New York236

Figure 1. Mangrove planting in area where mangroves had not grown before. About a year after planting.

Figure 2. Same scene as in previous slide, but three years after planting

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Figure 3. Concrete blocks with protruding iron bars. In final position they build up soil on landward side.

Figure 4. Peeled Avicennia seeds drying in the sun

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Figure 5. Fish wastes being sun dried after brief boiling.

Figure 6. Sheep eating mangrove foliage.

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Figure 7. Camel lusting after mangrove trees.

Figure 8. Mangrove grove in village of Hargigo.

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Figure 9. Typical housing in Hargigo

Figure 10. Source of village water.

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Figure 11. Passengers from Japanese Peace Boat visiting the work site in Hargigo.

Table 1. Analysis of fertilizer content of seawater offshore from our plantings, offshore from a natural mangrove
forest, and from the open sea.
Nitrogen content

Inorganic phosphate

Area A in Hargigo with
3 tons of fertilizer per hectare

Not detectable.04 mg/liter

Area B in Hargigo with
3 tons of fertilizer per hectare

Not detectable.03 mg/liter

Natural mangrove forest
unfertilized.02 mg NH3/liter.01 mg NO3/liter.04 mg/liter

Water from open sea

not detectable.06 mg/liter

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Acknowledgments
Petros Solomon as Minister of fisheries had independently conceived of biosaline agriculture
as a way of building the economy of the country and gave enthusiastic support to the Manzanar
Project. We are grateful to his successor Ahmed Haj Ali for continuing the support. Financial
support was provided by the Ministry of Fisheries. A substantial grant was awarded to the
Manzanar Project by the Bruce and Giovanna Ames Foundation. Bruce Ames and Gordon
Sato were graduate students at the California Institute of Technology in the 1950s andGiovanna Ames grew up in Eritrea. A timely contribution from Mr. Edwin Joseph enabled the
Manzanar Project to continue when it was about to end for lack of funds. Gordon Sato
expresses gratitude to Mr. Shingo Nomura for providing funds early in the Manzanar program
which enabled him to provide material aid to the Eritreans during their struggle for independence. The Rolex Award for Enterprise of 2002 was awarded the Manzanar Project. We gratefully acknowledge its recognition and encouragement. Personal contributions were made andgratefully acknowledged from Dr. Dwight Robinson, Dr. Haile Debas, Dr. Ray Owen, Dr. T.T.
Puck, Dr. Robert Metzenberg, Dr. John Holland, Dr. Don Fawcett, Dr. Bruce Ames, Dr.
Giovanna Ames, Dr. Leona Wilson, Mr. Ed Welles, Mr. Carl Hodges, members of the
Manzanar high school class of 1944, members of JAACT and hundreds of private individuals.
Gordon Sato is grateful to the members of the Manzanar committee for their encouragement,
Kei Arima*, Thomas Maciag*, Stanely Cohen, Lawrence Grossman, Niels Jerne*, Rita Levi
Montalcini, Shingo Nomura, Martin Rodbell*, Jesse Roth, Jonas Salk*,Howard
Schneiderman*, Susumu Tonegawa, Lewis Thomas*, Gary Trudeau and James Watson.
*deceased

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