2003
Blue Planet Prize
Dr. Gene E. Likens (U.S.A.)

Dr. Vo Quy (Vietnam)

President and Director, Institute of Ecosystem
Studies

Professor, Center for Natural Resources
Management and Environmental Studies,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi

Dr. F. Herbert Bormann (U.S.A.)
Oastler, Professor of Ecosystem Ecology,
Emeritus, Yale University

To the Earth, Our Home:
When did humanity begin to live
away from the ground that had
nurtured all life in the world
apart from other creatures? At
the 2003 Awards Ceremony of
the Blue Planet Prize of its12th
year, opening film expressed thedesire that humanity would takea new look at the planet earth, as
our home, the place for us toreturn to.

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His Imperial Highness Prince Akishino
delivering congratulatory speech

Dr. Jiro Kondo, chairman of the Presentation Committee explains
the rationale for the determination of the year's winners
Dr. Hiroyuki Yoshikawa,chairman of the Selection
Committee makes a toast at
the Congratulatory Party

Their Imperial Highnesses Prince andPrincess Akishino at the Awards Ceremony

The prizewinners meet the press

Howard H. Baker Jr., Ambassador of theUnited States of America to Japan and
Vu Dung, Ambassador of Vietnam to
Japan, congratulate the laureates
The prizewinners receive their trophies from Chairman Seya

Dr. Gene E. Likens and
Dr. F. Herbert Bormann

64

Dr. Vo Quy

Profile

Dr. Vo Quy
Professor, Center for Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi

Education and Academic and Professional Activities
1929
Born on December 31 in Ha Tinh Province, central Vietnam
1954
Graduates from the Vietnam Pedagogic School
1956
Lecturer in Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Hanoi
1964
Enters Moscow University
1966
Obtains his Ph.D. in ornithology from Moscow University
1967
Head, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Hanoi
1975-1980 Head, Department of Education, University of Hanoi
1980-1990 Dean, Faculty of Biology, University of Hanoi
1985-1995 Founder and Director, Center for Natural Resources Management andEnvironmental Studies (CRES), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU)
1988
WWF Gold Medal, Hong Kong, Peoples Republic of China
1989-2000 Dean, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, CRES, VNU
Present
President of Scientific Committee, CRES, VNU
1992
UNEP Global 500, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1994
IUCN John Philips Memorial Medal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
1994
Bruno H. Schubert Foundation Environmental Prize (Category I), Frankfurt,
Germany
1995
PEW Scholars Award, University of Michigan, U.S.A.
1997
Royal Netherlands Order of the Golden Ark, the Netherlands
Dr. Quy, or "Uncle Quy " as he is affectionately known, was born in a small village in Ha Tinh
Province in central Vietnam. He developed a deep interest in birds from childhood. During the
war against French colonial rule, he walked to China and studied biology at the Vietnam
teacher-training institute established by the government in China's Guangxi Province.
In 1956, he began teaching in its zoology department. In the early 1960s, he studied at
Moscow University and obtained his Ph.D. in ornithology. He subsequently returned to the
University of Hanoi, as a zoology professor. He remains a professor at that university to thisday.
In 1971 and in 1974, during the war with the United States, Dr. Quy and other scientists
ventured into many zones, and witnessed forest dead from herbicides over a wide area. Over
20,000 square kilometers of tropical forest and agricultural land were destroyed by the herbicides sprayed there. Dr. Quy, who deeply felt the importance of refoliating the land, served128

from 1971 to 1985 as the leader of the working group for the Research on the Long-Term
Effect of Herbicides Used in the War on Environment and on Living Resources in South ofVietnam. From 1985 to 1990, he served as the vice-chair of the Research Committee on theeffect of the herbicides in the war. Dr. Quy provided scientific support for the government's
claims regarding the herbicide issue and was one of the arrangers of a herbicide conferencewith the United States in 2002. Since the political issues were handled on a scientific basis, he
has earned the confidence of his American counterparts.
In 1985, he founded Vietnam's first environmental research and training institute, theCenter for Natural Resources Management and Environmental Studies (CRES), at the
University of Hanoi. It was here that he devised a master plan with his colleagues for rehabilitating 50% of the country's forests. This plan was adopted by the government as the National
Conservation Strategy. In 1989, he designed, as the leader of a team of scientists, the first draftof the Law on Environment Protection for Vietnam and contributed in various ways to national
policies for environmental protection.
His environmental conservation activities at first were based on a "top-down" approachand involved such actions as proposing tree planting and fruit cultivation as a development program. However, these results were not effective as he expected. The main reason was that the
inhabitants were not behind the plan.
Thus, in the Ky Thuong in Ha Tinh Province, he educated the inhabitants about theimportant role of the forest and introduced new technologies in rice planting and agroforestry
to upgrade the level of life. The villagers were the main implementers of the plan to cultivate
trees, to organize home gardens by planting fruit trees selected in the area, to improve beekeeping methods and to set up mini-hydroelectric power plants, using fuel saved from woodstoves. The plan was carried out without the intervention of its original planners, and three
years later the project produced remarkable results. This attracted attention as Vietnam's firstsuccessful example of community-based planning and development, and its methods wereapplied in other areas of the country.
In the wildlife conservation field, Dr. Quy spotted an extremely rare eastern sarus crane,
a species believed to be decimated by the war, and endeavored to establish a treaty for the protection of migratory birds in the Indochina peninsula. More than 1,000 cranes were observed
returning to the reserve that was established. Dr. Quy has also worked as a member of theWorld Conservation Union (IUCN) since 1986, helping to protect endangered species.
Dr. Quy has authored 14 books and more than 100 papers. Of particular note, in 1975
and 1981, respectively, he published a two-volume book entitled "The Birds of Vietnam," thefirst zoological publication written by a Vietnamese person.
Dr. Quy is rightly called the father of Vietnam's environmental conservation movement.
His efforts and successes in conserving and restoring the damaged natural environment in
Vietnam make him an excellent role model for other developing nations with similar environmental conditions.

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EssayPreserving the Environment: Our Responsibility, Our Interest
Dr. Vo Quy
June 2006
In the new millennium, our planet unfortunately faces many different environmental stresses,
such as overpopulation in the developing world, over-consumption in the developed countries(and increasingly in the richer developing countries as well), global warming, a shift in thechemical composition of the atmosphere, ozone layer depletion, toxic waste disposal, persistent pesticides, acid rain and a host of other pollution issues impacting our air, water and soil,
but also the loss of biodiversity and worldwide deterioration of ecosystems, as documented by
the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and by reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC). It is obvious that human activities impact on the earth’s environment,
often surpassing nature with ecological, atmospheric chemical and climate consequences.
Environmental issues are not seen as local or regional concerns, extraneous to economic
growth, or mere matters of health, but are seen as “intrinsic to economic growth or decline, andto be recognized as significant determinants of the nations’ prosperity, governability, and security.” This environmental degradation is now a “survival issue,” especially for the developing
nations.
However, the question is whether we can successfully find the way to establish sustainable development in the future, for the whole of human society, especially the developingworld, to anticipate the environmental problems that development will inevitably bring with it,
and to take the necessary precautions in advance to mitigate them by developing a new ethic,“the ethic for sustainable living, through the sustainable use of natural resources within theearth’s capacity, and development to enable people everywhere to enjoy long, healthy and fulfilling lives.”
Under the pressure of human populations, and their need for food, water, and improved
living standards, land use changes have been substantial. For instance, during the period 1990
–1997 the global annual rate of deforestation has been 0.5%per year, with a maximum of
0.9%per year in Southeast Asia. Human activities have especially accelerated after the Second
World War. Starting especially by the end of 18th century, the growing disturbance of the
Earth’s natural systems by humans created a new geological era, which Paul Crutzen, Nobel
Prize Laureate in chemistry (1995), has dubbed the “Anthropocene.”
Humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively in the last 50 years thanin any other period. This was done largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fish,
water, timber, fiber and fuel. “More forest was converted to agriculture since 1945 than in the
18th and 19th centuries combined. More than half of all the synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, first130made in 1913, ever used on the planet have been used since 1985. Experts say that this has
resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in diversity of life on Earth, with some 10
to 30 percent of the mammal, bird and amphibian species currently threatened with extinction.”
The degradation of ecosystems could grow significantly worse during the first half of
this century and is a barrier to achieving the UN Millennium Development Goals in eliminating hunger, meaning such goals may be achieved only at far slower rates than needed to halve
the number of people suffering from hunger by 2015.
“Approximately 60 percent of the ecosystem services that support life on Earth – suchas fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water regulation, and the regulation of regional climate, natural hazards and pests – are being degraded or used unsustainably. Scientists warnthat the harmful consequences of this degradation could grow significantly worse in the next
50 years, and that changes in ecosystems such as deforestation influence the abundance ofhuman pathogens such as malaria and cholera, as well as the risk of emergence of new diseases.”
Human society depends on the Earth’s ecosystems – communities of plants, animals
and microorganisms interacting with each other and their physical environments for an arrayof indispensable services and goods. The services include amelioration of climate, provisionof fresh water, flood control, creation and maintenance of the fertile soil that is essential to agriculture and forestry, recycling of nutrients and pollination of crops, meat, timber and a large
portion of the medicines used by all societies. The natural ecosystems and the biodiversity are
essential as our living natural resources – the biological capital for our life and development,
but its loss is an irreversible process. “Once a species of plant or animal goes extinct, it is gone
forever and will never be seen again, and we are now facing not only the loss of individual
species, but the loss of entire communities and ecosystems on which we, as living creatures,
ultimately depend for our own survival.”
In addition, for the last century, the Earth has been warming up, and the rate of changeis accelerating. This change in the Earth’s atmosphere is occurring at a time when many of theworld’s life support systems are already stressed by population growth, industrial pollution,
increasing intensity of agricultural land use, and the unsustainable exploitation of natural
resources. The trend of global warming is causing the climate to change and destabilizing theworld’s weather systems. It will induce changes in precipitation and wind patterns, changes in
the frequency and intensity of storms, ecosystem stress and species loss, reduced availabilityof fresh water, and a rising global mean sea-level.
The world is facing an increasing risk from droughts, forest fires, floods, cyclones, hurricanes, and infectious diseases driven by climate change and global warming. And the risks
are plain to see now in many regions of the world, in many devastated infrastructures, accelerated poverty, and thousands of human lives snatched away, causing serious economic disruption, severe effects on ecosystems, and may cause serious threats to health, livelihoods andsocial structures of local people, largely as a result of activities in the industrialized countries,
particularly high levels of fossil fuel use.
The best estimate of climate experts (members of IPCC) is that “according to current

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trends we will double levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next 100 years. This alone
will increase global average temperatures by about 2.5 degrees Celsius over the next century(estimates lie in the range of two to six degrees Celsius) and further complicating the picture,
the global system contains much negative feedback.
Global warming and climate change will seriously affect every corner of the world
unless more is done to solve the problem, and the poor people and communities will suffer the
most. They account for around five billion of the more than 6.4 billion people of the world
today. Most of them live in the developing countries. They also need accelerated economic
growth, not at any price, such as that of pollution and destruction of their natural capital, but
on an environmentally sustainable basis. Greenhouse gas emissions of yesterday are history,
and we must learn to live with their consequences. The emissions of tomorrow are ours todecide, and if we act promptly we may be able to limit their effects.
What is clear is that, in order to keep the earth habitable, major restrictions are neededin the use of earth’s resources, below ground, at the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere.
Mankind has a long way to go when it comes to a wise use of natural resources (P. Crutzen,
2005).
The question is whether we can successfully find a way to survive and develop within
the limits of our natural capital. That means we must learn both how to live within “the constraints set by the Earth’s life-support systems,” and how to live with each other given thelarge-scale inequity within and between groups and nations.
Already many documents have pointed the way towards sustainability. Already manyactions have been taken. The world has advanced a great deal in its understanding of environmental needs and priorities since the nations of the world met at Stockholm in 1972. But thedegradation of the environment is increasing, and is one of the world’s most threatening problems.
For successful implementation of sustainable development, involvement of all stakeholders is essential. It is urgently needed to respond to the question in a more unified way. The
combination of national leadership and an effective international legal basis for action is the
key to bringing deeper attention to nature and the environment. It will depend on greater international cooperation among people and organizations dedicated to environmental stewardship. And people around the world want to see more actions than meetings and paper-agreements. We have to turn public concern into concrete action by governments and businesses.
This is time for action now. Delay will only increase the seriousness of the problems weneed to reverse. And the hope of a new century is we should break with our polluting past,
reduce as much as possible the impacts of climate change, and promote the natural environment for sustainable development. We must especially strive to avoid great losses of biodiversity, the most important part of our natural capital – the living parts of the ecosystems that provide the foundations of most country’s economies, and form the base upon which the majorityof the population of the developing countries derive their livelihoods. Biodiversity loss andrapid climate change could lead to a disastrous ecological collapse and social breakdown.
We understand that there are intimate connections between population growth, poverty,
ignorance, greed and environmental degradation. Stabilizing the size of human population132

and curbing consumption among the rich while increasing it among the poor will also be necessary. In order to do that, awareness raising and education are crucial and the rich people needto change their way of thinking by reducing their consumption and helping the poor.
Ultimately it requires greater equity between countries and people, and entails the involvementof the majority of the inhabitants of the world in the process. So it requires greater attention toenvironmental projects and programmes, small-scale solutions that all people and local communities, and especially the poor, can implement, such as tree plantation.
Trees are the major source for cleaning the atmospheres. They absorb carbon dioxide
and release oxygen which is essential for all living things. Trees stabilize soil, preventing erosion, while they themselves are home and food for many species of animal, such as monkeys,
squirrels, birds, ants, termites, and butterflies. Finally trees supply people with timber andmedicines. Trees are life.
The increasing population of many developing countries may decrease the number oftrees. And if forests are cut down, we will lose most of the species of wildlife, plants and animals. The destruction of rainforests is one of the world’s most threatening problems. It affects
the people who live there. However, it also has other effects far away, such as terrible floods
downstream, soil erosion, droughts, climate change, and sea level rise.
Protecting forests and replanting trees on the old forest land and other barren landshould be one of the most important environmental solutions in the 21st century.
In conclusion, there is no single solution that will solve the problem. Every member ofthe global community has a role to play: some doing big things, some doing small, but eachcontributing to the whole. Rather than face an awkward situation in the future, we should use
our ingenuity to change society and coexist more harmoniously with natural systems. I think
we should all cooperate to solve this problem, otherwise all of us will suffer, because we all
share one planet — the Earth.

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Lecture

Environment Protection – A Prerequisite for Reductionof Human Suffering and Sustainable Development
Dr. Vo Quy
It is a great honor for me to be here and give this lecture on a very memorable occasion of having received the Blue Planet Prize of 2003. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all of
you again for this honor and this great opportunity also to meet so many distinguished scientists and experts here this afternoon.
The topic on which I would like to speak is not an elaborate work of research, such as
those which have been done by many recipients of The Blue Planet Prize. Neither do I have thehonor of adding to the scientific understanding of the world. The topic I would like to speak
about today is certain activities that the Vietnamese people have done and are doing in orderto recover from the scars of a devastating war, to raise the living standards of people, to develop
the economy while at the same time conserving resources and protecting the environment. Thisentails the rational use of natural resources and the involvement of the majority of the country’s inhabitants in the process with a new approach directed at how to satisfy peoples’ needs
without damaging the ecological balance. I am pleased to be able to say that I have devoted
more than thirty years of my life to this great movement in my country.
A healthy environment and ecosystem is a fundamental requirement for life and sustainable development. Biological resources, forests, wetlands and other lands support human
livelihoods, and make it possible to adapt to changing needs and environmental conditions.
However, present trends of economic development, typically over-exploitation of valuable
natural resources, forest and land, are leading to the reduction of ecosystem processes and services worldwide. As a result, the degradation of many ecosystems, biomass and habitats areleading to unprecedented social strife, and the poorest people and communities, who are
directly dependent on natural resources, will suffer the most. Most of this has taken place inthe developing world and in countries in transition.
We understand that, the degradation of environment and habitat, the irreversible natureof species extinction, the loss of genes and transformation of ecosystems through overexploitation, and the devastation of war, all compromise options for present and future generations. Environmental protection and restoration are a prerequisite for sustainable development, and for the reduction of human suffering. Without environmental protection, we cannot
address the problem of poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods. In recognition ofthis, development agencies, policy makers and leaders need to integrate the conservation of theenvironment and the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in development activities,
and to implement ecologically effective, socially beneficial and economically viable ecosystem management practices in forests, wetlands, coastal and marine areas, mountains and agro-

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ecosystems etc.
Thus, it has been recognized that the future of our living environment and our natural
resources will depend on managing large areas using an integrated approach that recognizes
human populations as having a keen interest in ensuring the continuing productivity of theecosystems within which they live. Such an approach will have to meet local needs, especiallyof the poor, maintain or restore ecosystem integrity, and conserve biodiversity, simultaneously.
After 30 years of devastating war, the Vietnamese people and the Government havemade efforts to develop the economy while at the same time conserving resources and protecting the environment. A National Conservation Strategy was prepared in 1985 and sincethen a National Action Plan for the Environment and Sustainable Development has been developed and partly implemented. On the basis of this national plan, various activities are being
carried out in the country relating to environmental legislation, management, education,
research and experimentation. We have established a Ministry of Resources and theEnvironment, enacted laws, ratified major international conventions and cooperated with international agencies to implement various environmental projects. The Government hasembarked on a nation-wide reforestation scheme, and included integrated environmental management in its policy statement. Our civil society has become increasingly active on environmental matters.
The ongoing transition from a centralized planned economy to a market-oriented one,accelerated economic growth, the liberation of agricultural and industrial production, as wellas the development of the service sector, the opening of the country to foreign investment, andthe promotion of exports and participation in regional and international trade are all of great
benefit to the people of Vietnam, as they mean relatively rapid economic growth. Viet Nam,thanks to key reforms, has made remarkable progress across a broad range of socio-economic
development measures. The most impressive is the fall in the poverty rate from well over 70%
in the mid-1980s to around 29% of the population in 2002 - one of the sharpest declines of any
developing country on record (UNDP, 2003). At the same time, Vietnam is being confronted
with a number of very real challenges regarding trade-offs in its development objectives, particularly between growth and the environment. Trade-offs involving the environment are particularly problematic because economic growth and preserving the integrity of the environment for future generations are often in direct conflict with one another.
As we know, poverty, ignorance, greed and environmental degradation are often interrelated. Like many countries in the world, in Vietnam, lack of resources drives people toexhaust their natural resources, through deforestation, irrational use of land, unsustainablefishing and agriculture, illegal mining, or the wildlife trade.
Although progress is being made, Vietnam is presently faced with serious environmental problems such as deforestation, the degradation of land resources, the inefficient conservation of fresh water, and fresh water shortage, the overexploitation of biological resources,
threats to ecosystems, the depletion of genetic resources and the growth of environmental pollution, not to mention the long-term environmental impact of the war. These problems are currently being exacerbated by rapid population growth and poverty.
It is therefore necessary to anticipate the environmental problems that development will135

inevitably bring with it, and to take the necessary precautions in advance to mitigate them bydeveloping an environmentally sound strategy of sustainable development, through the sustainable use of natural resources, and the involvement of the majority of the country’s inhabitants in the process.
In the poor countries, like in Vietnam, the ecological and economic sustainability is as
important as the social sustainability of the development process. Also, if the current pace continues of destruction of the environment, of damage to the ecological base essential for sustainable advances in biological productivity, such as land, water, flora, fauna, forests, wetlands, and oceans, sustainable development cannot be achieved.
There is no doubt that our natural resources are at serious risk. But we do not have toaccept further decline. We can build on what we have already learned, on what we know of sustainable practices and conservation measures. We understand that effective systems of management can ensure that natural resources not only survive, but increase while they are being
used, thus providing the foundation for sustainable development. We have made some progressin our efforts to balance the socio-economic needs of our rapidly growing population with our
fragile natural resource base.
We have to assure the preservation of ecosystems and biological diversity, yes, but wemust also help secure the livelihoods of communities in our country. People are our world’s
most important resource, and ecological preservation must be part of a larger effort to preserve
the human species, not just collectively but each precious individual. Any true conservation
plan must include comprehensive approaches to the reduction of the growing problem of
human poverty, one of the main contributing factors to environmental damage.
I would like to take an example — the rehabilitation of forests — to explain how we
implement this approach in our country, Vietnam.
Rehabilitation of forests in Vietnam
Originally, the entire country of Vietnam was covered in forest, but over the past few decades,
the forests of Vietnam have suffered serious depletion because of our country’s growing
demand for agricultural land, firewood and timber for construction, and the fact that we lost
over two million hectares of forest during the last war, to defoliation and bombing. The
destruction of forest vegetation leads to a rapid impoverishment of the soil and loss of stored
nutrients, including drastic changes in the physical and biological characteristics of the ecosystem, especially the upper-sloped areas in the North part and the Central Highlands of Vietnam.
Severe erosion results from over-cultivation of the soils that are inherently highly susceptible
to deterioration. Most of the deforested areas have become barren, and nearly 30.5% of
Vietnam is now considered unproductive wasteland.
Recognizing that forest loss is the single most serious factor threatening the long-term
productivity of the country’s renewable natural resources, the people of Vietnam have begun
an intensive planting program. This program is expected to regreen the war-scarred land, correct the mistakes of rapid development, re-establish the ecological balance within the country,
and preserve biodiversity. The aim is to reforest 40-50% of the countryside by the 21st century.
In this way we hope to reestablish the ecological balance in Vietnam, to preserve biodiversity,136

and to do our part in delaying global warming.
To grow one or two trees is very easy, but to plant hundreds of thousands of hectares offorests is not simple, especially under conditions in which the soil is leached and compacted,
and the once cool, moist and fertile climate is now dry and blazing.
Before 1985, when we first launched our National Conservation Strategy, we wereplanting only 60,000 hectares of forest annually – and losing 200,000 hectares. Today, we areplanting about 200,000 hectares of forest annually. We hope to soon reach our goal of 300,000
to 400,000 hectares a year, even though this will not fully compensate for the ongoing forest
destruction.
As we know, the forest plays a central role in reducing greenhouse gasses, in moderating climate change, and in providing rich habitat for diverse plants and animals for the Earth
as a whole. Besides this, in Vietnam, the forest plays a most important role in the economy, indevelopment and in the environment. Recognizing this, the Vietnamese Government hasbanned the export of timber and plans to gradually reduce the production of wood exploitedfrom the natural forests from 520,000 cu.m. in 1997 to less than 300,000 cu.m/year by 2000.
This projected volume is expected to satisfy the demand of those living in the forest regions.
In November 1997, the National Assembly of Vietnam adopted a national program in which
5 million hectares of barren land would be reforested between 1998 and 2015. This strategic
policy will contribute to the recovery of the living environment in general, and to the conservation of significant biodiversity values across the country.
We hope to realize these goals in many ways. Firstly, to achieve success we must havethe support of the local people. To facilitate this, we have been promoting public awareness andagro-forestry training in local villages and schools and among policy makers as well. We havelaunched a movement to educate people that sustainable development and alleviation ofpoverty can only be accomplished through proper management and investment in lands andforests in our country.
We are trying to make restoration of degraded land areas a high national priority. Large
areas must be reforested. The hill-dwelling people must be helped in adopting more resourceefficient, environmentally friendly technologies, so that they can use natural resources rationally and sustainably. Forest conservation that ensures the survival of the peasants is desperately needed in many rural regions.
We promote tree planting on communal lands, such as roadsides, canal sides and village
wastelands.
We encourage individual farmers to grow trees on private land and farm boundaries, inhome gardens and so on.
We promote environmental education through the mass media, the Youth and Women’s
Unions and Schools.
We promote agro forestry as part of a joint program with agricultural staff.
We promote agriculture and forestry extension activities from central to grass roots levels, provide farmers with advanced technologies, assist them in designing and setting up
demonstration models, household economic management skills and marketing information.
We promote long-term land/forest allocation to farmers.

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We promote sustainable rural development with the involvement of the population.
Our vision is now very clear: “to eradicate poverty and lift the people’s living standards, Vietnam must grow, industrialize and modernize, but economic, social and environmental needs should be addressed in an integrated manner to be sustainable in the long-term.”
Many years ago, reforestation in Vietnam was based on monocultural timber production
and there were few convincing examples of successful large scale and long-term tree monocultures. Today, we are developing a village-level process, in which local people are producing large numbers of indigenous tree seedlings. These seedlings will be planted in villages andsurrounding areas and will also be used for reforestation projects.
After the war, Vietnamese scientists attempted to replant several species of indigenous
trees in areas that had been destroyed during the massive defoliant raids of the war. These initial trials failed, largely because the young saplings burnt in grass fires that were ignited by theintense tropical sun during the dry season. But we have now successfully replanted thousandsof hectares of tropical forests. To protect the seedlings from the burning rays of the tropicalsun, scientists have established a forest cover of fast-growing trees. When these trees gain sufficient height, which take about three years, they plant several species of forest trees underneath them.
Speaking nearly four decades ago, President Ho Chi Minh promoted the country’s initial regreening efforts with a slogan still quoted throughout Vietnam: “Forest is gold. If weknow how to conserve and use it well, it will be very precious.” Throughout the country, thevillagers are following Ho Chi Minh’s words and setting up tree nurseries. Every winter, during our Annual New Year Festival, which many of you know as Tet, we celebrate the New Yearwith tree planting. All of the students in Vietnam must also plant trees every year. Thanks torecent plantation efforts, the forest cover within Vietnam has been increasing every year, andhas reached 35.8% of natural land of the country.
The key of any success and to be sustainable is participation. The local people identify
their problems and priorities, are assisted in developing and implementing solutions and theygain benefits. They are (made) responsible for their project in their region, and they see thatthey are not left alone with their problems. When people have the right to organize their own
life in their community they will gain confidence and strength. They will use their natural
resources economically and durably. They will protect nature, the land and the forest on which
their life depends. They can successfully realize these things if they are aware that these are thefirst priorities; if they are entrusted with enough power, they will mobilize and bring into fullplay their own talents and experiences to achieve the desired goals.
According to planting experiences from the Ma Da Forest Farm, people in many regions
are cutting and burning pernicious grass in areas affected by Agent Orange during the war, thenplanting fast-growing shade trees such as Acacia. After three or four years, the seedlings ofnative forest trees, such as Dipterocarp species, are planted underneath them. It is such activities that give us hope that, in the future, good tropical forests and beautiful fauna will replace
the areas destroyed by Agent Orange, and the Vietnamese people will be able to erase the scarsof the devastating war and to correct the mistakes of unsustainable development.
Of all the forests that were damaged during the war, the mangrove and Melaleuca

138forests in the Mekong Delta were, perhaps, the most seriously damaged. They were repeatedly
sprayed with Agent Orange herbicide and proved particularly susceptible to its effects.
Defoliants eliminated approximately 50% of the country’s mangrove forests. Almost all of the
Rhisophora, Sonnerata, Bruguiera and Nypa species died. As a result, the fisheries and shrimp
catches crashed.
The Melaleuca forests on the peaty soil behind the mangroves proved inflammable inthe dry season, but many were destroyed by napalm burning.
These two most highly damaged forest ecosystems are in a more advanced state ofrecovery than the inland tropical forests. After the war, the Vietnamese launched a program toreplant the mangrove forests in the areas destroyed by herbicides. Large areas were replantedwith Rhizophora apicauda seedlings. Today, some 70,000 hectares of mangrove forests havebeen successfully replanted. The mangroves now yield a self-sustaining and profit-making
source for fuel and construction wood for the residents of this area. As a result of reforestation,
the fisheries are more plentiful and the shrimp catch is rising each year. Fish, shellfish andother wetland-bred foods continue to arrive on local people’s dinner tables and we expect
them not to poison us with transferred pollution. The colonies of wetland birds that had completely disappeared during the war have returned. Over seven major bird colonies are now protected by reserves, new colonies are appearing, and the bird populations are building up to their
old levels again.
Due to rapid increases in shrimp export, many people have moved to mangrove areas.
Unfortunately, this has resulted in the redestruction of the mangrove forest for shrimp pools.
The forest clearance for shrimp breeding without adequate techniques has resulted in very serious consequences. Recently, provincial authorities have been successful in improving the local
residents’ standard of living, while at the same time sustaining the mangrove forests. This has
been achieved by allocating sections of land and forest to the public for combined silvo-fishery or fisho-forestry production. A number of good models have been established and have
improved the economic and environmental situation within these communities. In Vietnam as
in many developing countries, wetlands are fruitfully utilised by the local people to enhancetheir welfare.
Can Gio District, located in the southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, covers an area of 75,740
ha. The extent of mangrove forestland accounts for 54.2% of the total natural area of the district. During the last war, the mangroves in Can Gio were completely destroyed. Through thegreat efforts of the local people, 22,000 ha of mangrove forests were rehabilitated after the war.
To date, Can Gio has become one of the most beautiful and extensive sites of rehabilitatedmangroves in the world, and is chosen to be included in the world network of Biosphere
Reserves by MAB/UNESCO on January 21, 2000.
Melaleuca forest is a unique type of flooded forest in the Mekong Delta. It once covered
an area of 250,000 hectares in low-lying, seasonally inundated areas. But, since the war, only
some 116,000 hectares remain. When the war ended, local people made tremendous efforts torestore agriculture on the Plain of Reeds. To dilute the acidity of the soil, they dug more canals
to bring in fresh water. However, in most places, the progress was too slow to check the continued denuding of the area. In time, the people came to realize that in order to make the Plain

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prosper again, the soil had to be well watered in the dry season and covered with Melaleuca,
as it once had been. Since then, the local people have built dikes to prevent the Plain water fromdraining into the canals during the dry season. They have also planted Melaleuca on thousandsof hectares of acidic soil, since it is the only tree species that can thrive in such conditions.
Now that the wetland habitat of this area has been restored, the natural plants and animals are gradually returning to the Plain. Aside from fresh water fish, which are a source offood for local people, turtles, snakes, and several birds have returned in surprising numbers,
including rare species such as the Sarus Crane, Painted Stork, and Adjutant. In early 1986, withthe help of researchers from Hanoi University, the people of Tam Nong District delegated9,000 hectares for Tram Chim Reserve for Cranes, where they hope that the cranes breed once
again. There are about 1,000 cranes in Tram Chim today, and many other species of birds havealso returned.
There is a Vietnamese saying: “Birds only stay in good lands.” Apparently, the restoration efforts of the people in the Plain of Reeds and Tam Nong District have begun to pay off.
The Crane is a symbol of happiness and longevity, and its stylized image can be found in mosttemples within Vietnam. The cranes have finally returned to Vietnam, the beautiful land ofpeace where they are welcomed by people who appreciate their beauty and benefit from theirpresence.
References• Geffrey A. McNeely 1996. Helping people save the forest. People and Planet. Vol. 5, No 4.
• Vo Quy 1992. The wound of war, Vietnam struggle to erase the scars of 30 violent years. CERES, The FAO
Review, Roma, No 134, March-April 1992.
• Vo Quy and Le Thac Can, 1994. Conservation of the Forest Resources and the Greater Biodiversity of Vietnam.
Asian Journal of Environment Management, Vol. 2, No 2, Hongkong.
• Vo Quy 1997. Environmental Issues in Vietnam: an Overview. In Environmental Policy and Management in
Vietnam. German Foundation for International Development (DSE), Berlin 1997,5-30 pp.
• Vo Quy 2000. How to involve local communities in the conservation of protected areas. Environmental
Awarness, Vol. 23, No 3, India.
• Vo Quy 2001. Seeds of hope : Involvement of local communities in the Conservation of Protected areas.
International Worshop on Biology 2001. Vol. I.
• Vo Quy 2002. How can we do to improve the conservation of the Biodiversity in Vietnam. Biology Today, The
Vietnamese Union of Biological Associations, T. 8, N.4 , 2002.
• Vo Quy, A.H. Westing, Phung Tuu Boi, Bui Thi Lang, L. W. Dwernychuk 2002. Long-term Consequences of
the Vietnam War, Ecosystems. Report to the Environmental Conference on Cambodia – Laos – Vietnam.
Stockholm July 2002.
• World Bank, 1995. Vietnam Environment Program and Policy for a Socialist Economy an Transition. Report No
13299-VN

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Major Publications
Dr. Vo Quy
Books
1.
Vo Quy 1975. Birds of Vietnam, vol. I, 648 pp. Sciences and Technology Publishing House (inVietnamese).
2.
Vo Quy 1981. Birds of Vietnam, vol. II, 396 pp. Sciences and Technology Publishing House (inVietnamese).
3.
Vo Quy 1978, 1997. The life of birds 153 pp. Sciences and Technology Publishing House (inVietnamese).
4.
Vo Quy and Sosef M. Stusak 1986. The Birds of the Hanoi Area. 149 pp. Prague.
5.
Vo Quy, Lª Diªn Dùc 1992. Uncle Ho and environment, 85 pp. Youth Publishing House (inVietnamese).
6.
Vo Quy, Nguyen Cu 1997, 1999. Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam. 130 pp. Agriculture Publishing
House.
Editor/co-author
1.
Vietnam National Conservation Strategy. IUCN, 1985, 70 pp.
2.
Vietnam: Natural Resources and Environmental Issues. Agriculture Publishing House, 1986. 79 pp. (inVietnamese).
3.
Vietnam National Atlas 1996, Chapter Zoology.
4.
Vietnam Encyclopedy, 4 vol., Hanoi Encyclopedy Publisher, (Vol. I 1995, Vol. II 2002; Vol. III 2004
and IV 2005), (editor and co-author of Biology section).
5.
Biodiversity and Conservation. Sciences and Technology Publishing House, 1999. 365 pp. (inVietnamese).
6.
Dictionary of Biodiversity and related sustainable development terms English-Vietnamese. Sciences
and Tecnology Publishing House, 2001.
7.
Sustainable Development of Vietnam’s Mountainous Areas. CRES, ICAED, Agriculture Publishing
House. 2002. 606 pp. (in Vietnamese).
8.
Vietnam’s Mountainous Areas: Achievement and Development. Agriculture Publishing House, 2002.
249 pp. (in Vietnamese).
9.
Vietnam - Environment and Life. Vietnam Association for Conservation of Nature and Environment.
National Political Publisher, Hanoi, 2004. 338 pages (in Vietnamese. and in English).
Selected Papers
1.
Vo Quy 1983. Preliminary assessment of the effect of herbicide war on environment in the South ofVietnam (in Vietnamese and in French). International Conference on long- term effect of herbicides
used in the war in Vietnam. Vol. I.
2.
Vo Quy 1983. Effect of herbicide used in the war on fauna in the South of Vietnam. International
Conference on long-term effect of herbicides used in the war in Vietnam. Vol. I.
3.
Vo Quy 1983. Conservation and rational utilization of forest resources in Vietnam. Proceeding of
Scientific Conference on Rational Utilization of Natural Resources and Protection of Environment (inVietnamese).
4.
Vo Quy 1984. Terrestrial animal ecology, on Symposium summary Herbicide in war, the long-term
ecological and human consequences, Stockholm, SIPRI.
5.
Vo Quy and Phan Nguyen Hong 1984. Status of Mangrove ecosystem in Vietnam. Proceeding of thefirst Conference on Mangrove ecosystem in Vietnam, Hanoi. (in Vietnamese).
6.
Vo Quy 1984. Status of some endangered birds. ICBP, World working group on Storks, Ibises andSpoonbills. Report 2.
7.
Vo Quy 1985. Rare species and Protection measures proposed for Vietnam. In “Conserving Asia’s
Natural Heritage” Proceeding of the 25th Working Session of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks
and Protected Areas, ed. J. W. Thorsell. Corbet National Park, India, February: 89-102.

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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17.
18.

19.

20.

21.

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24.
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Vo Quy 1986. Premier resultats du Vietnam quant a la realisation des conceptions de la conservation.
Conference on Conservation and Development: Implementation the World Conservation Strategy,
IUCN. Ottawa, Canada, 31 May-5 June 1986, (in French).
Vo Quy 1992. The wound of war, Vietnam struggle to erase the scars of 30 violent years. CERES, The
FAO Review, Roma, No 134, March-April 1992.
Vo Quy 1992. Caring for the Earth. Science and Fatherland, Hanoi, No 5 (in Vietnamese).
Vo Quy 1992. Climate change and biodiversity. Tiempo, IIED, London, UK.
Vo Quy 1993. Conservation of biodiversity and forest resources in Vietnam. Forestry, No 2.
Vo Quy 1993. Environment and development in Vietnam. In The Challenges of Vietnam’s
reconstruction. The Indochina Institute George Mason University, USA :110-126.
Vo Quy and Le Thac Can 1994. Conservation of forest and the greater Biodiversity in Vietnam. Asian
Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 2, No 2, Hong Kong.
Vo Quy and Le Thac Can 1994. Vietnam: Environmental Issues and Possible Solutions. Asian Journalof Environmental Management, Vol. 2, No 2, Hong Kong.
Vo Quy, 1995. The ethnic minorities and environmental problems in Vietnam. In “Culture in
Development and Globalization, Proceedings of a series of Symposia held at Nongkhai, Hanoi andTokyo”, Japan. (in Vietnamese and in English).
Vo Quy and Heinz-Joachim Peters, Kehl 1996. Environmental Law of Vietnam. Journal ofEnvironmental Law and Policy, Frankfurt am Main, ZfU 2/96.
Vo Quy, 1996. The protection of Biological Diversity in Vietnam. Proceeding of Workshop on
Creating Revenues from Biodiversity in order to Conserve it. Nov. 21-23, 1996. MOSTE-DANIDA,
Hanoi. (in Vietnamese and in English).
Vo Quy 1997. Environmental Issues in Vietnam: an Overview. In Environmental Policy andManagement in Vietnam. German Foundation for International Development (DSE), Berlin 1997, 5-30
pp. (in Vietnamese and in English).
Vo Quy 1997. Participation of local people in Management of Protected Areas. Asian Forum on
Biological and Cultural Diversity. Proceedings July 9-11, 1997. IUCN World Commission on Protected
Areas - Japan (WCPA-J) Tokyo, Japan, 1998.
Vo Quy 1997. Promotion of Participation of Local Communities in the Conservation of Tropical
Forests. Paper presented at Tropenbos Seminar on “Research in Tropical rain Forests” November 2526, 1997 Wageningen, Netherlands.
Vo Quy 1999. For the Sustainability of the Life and the Environment of mountainous people. in“Scientific research on sustainable development of mountainous areas of Vietnam”, CRES. Agriculture
Publishing House. 137-149, (in Vietnamese).
Vo Quy 2000. How to involve local communities in the conservation of protected areas. Environmental
Awareness, Vol. 23, No 3, India.
Vo Quy 2001. Seeds of hope: Involvement of local communities in the Conservation of Protected areas.
International Workshop on Biology 2001. Vol. I.
Vo Quy 2002. Long-term environmental impacts of Agent Orange/Dioxin sprayed in South Vietnam,
30 years after the war. Paper presented at “Vietnam-United States Scientific Conference on Human
Health and Environmental Effects of Agent Orange/Dioxin. March 3-6, 2002, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Vo Quy 2002. Environmental issues in Vietnam’s Mountainous Areas: situation and challenges. In
Sustainable Development of Vietnam’s Mountainous Areas. CRES, ICAED, Agriculture Publishing
House. (in Vietnamese).
Vo Quy 2002. How can we do to improve the conservation of the Biodiversity in Vietnam. Biology
Today, The Vietnamese Union of Biological Associations, T. 8, N. 4, 2002, (in Vietnamese).
Vo Quy, Phan Nguyen Hong, Phung Tuu Boi, Sang Huy Huynh, 2004. Long-term consequences ofAgent orange/dioxin on environment, forest resources and biodiversity in Vietnam. Proceeding of
Conference on Natural Resources and Environment 2003-2004. Sa Pa, Vietnam, 2004, (in Vietnamese).
Vo Quy 2005. Ecocide, research and rehabilitation of environment. In “L’agent orange au Vietnam,
Crime d’hier, Tragedie d’aujourd’hui”. Editions Tiresias, Paris, 2005.