  

᦬ߣἫᤊߩో⃿࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⼾࿖Ḯ⍮ 1࡮┻ਛඳ჻ 2࡮⿬ᄢ㢈 1࡮⍹ේศ᣿ 31 ᧲ർᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 ℂቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ࿾㔡࡮ྃἫ੍⍮⎇ⓥ᷹ⷰ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯
2 ጟጊᄢቇᄢቇ㒮 ⥄ὼ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ ࿾⃿↢๮‛⾰⑼ቇኾ᡹
3 ↥ᬺᛛⴚ✚ว⎇ⓥᚲᖱႎᛛⴚ⎇ⓥㇱ㐷ࠫࠝࠗࡦࡈࠜࡑ࠹ࠖࠢࠬ⎇ⓥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊᚒ‫᧲ߪޘ‬ർᄢቇࠨࠗࡃ࡯ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩࠬ࡯ࡄ࡯ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ SX-9 ࠍ೑↪ߒ㧘ో࿾⃿ࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߚ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒ࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚ㧚ᧄⓂߢߪߎߩ
ᚻᴺߦߟ޿ߡ᭎⇛ࠍ⚫੺ߒߚᓟ㧘ᐔᚑ 24 ᐕᐲߩ౒ห⎇ⓥ⺖㗴ߣߒߡ᦬ߣἫᤊߩో⃿࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠍࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߒߚᚑᨐࠍႎ๔ߔࠆ㧚ਔᄤ૕ߢߪ߆ߟߡ࿾㔡᷹ⷰ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚ߽ߩߩ㧘ᣥᑼߩᯏེ߿ࡁࠗ࠭ߩᓇ㗀ߢ㧘ᄤ૕ᷓㇱߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߦߪਇ᣿ߥὐ߇ᄙ޿㧚⃻࿷࿖ౝᄖߢ࿾㔡᷹ⷰߦၮߠ޿ߚਔᄤ૕ߩౝㇱ᭴ㅧតᩏ߇⸘↹ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᯏེߩ㐿⊒߿᷹ⷰὐߩㆬቯߦߟ޿ߡ㧘࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ਈ߃ࠆᜰ㊎ߦᦼᓙ߇ነߖࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚1. ߪߓ߼ߦ
⥄ὼ⇇ߢ⊒↢ߔࠆ࿾㔡ߪ㧘ⶄ㔀ߥࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍᜬߞߚ㔡Ḯ߆ࠄബ⿠ߐࠇ㧘ⶄ㔀ߢਇဋ⾰ߥ࿾⃿ߩਛࠍㅢࠅᛮߌߡ㧘ࠃ߁߿ߊ࿾㔡⸘ߢ᷹ⷰߐࠇࠆ㧚ࠃߞߡ᷹ⷰߢᓧࠄࠇߚ࿾㔡ᵄᒻߪⶄ㔀ߥᒻࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߪၮᧄ⊛ߦߪᒢᕈ૕ജቇߢ⸥ㅀߐࠇࠆߩߢ㧘⃻ታߦㄭ޿ⶄ㔀ߥ㔡Ḯ࡮᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߦߟ޿ߡᒢᕈᵄߩᡰ㈩ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍ⸃ߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠇ߫㧘ⶄ㔀ߥᵄᒻ߽ౣ⃻น⢻ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒࡕ࠺࡞߇ⶄ㔀ߦߥࠆ߶ߤ⸘▚ߪ࿎㔍ߦߥࠆߩߢ㧘⃻࿷ߪᣇ⒟ᑼࠍࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ߢᢙ୯⊛ߦ⸃ߊ㧘ᢙ୯⸃ᴺ߇ᮡḰ⊛ߦ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᵄᒻ⸘▚ߪ㔡Ḯ࡮᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ࠍᣢ⍮ߣߒߡ㧘ߘߩߣ߈ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᵄᒻ߇᷹ⷰߐࠇࠆߩ߆ࠍ੍᷹ߔࠆᣇᴺߢ޽ࠆߚ߼㧘ࡕ࠺࡞ߣᵄᒻߣߩ࿃ᨐ㑐ଥ߇৻⋡⍎ὼߣߥࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠍㅒߦ೑↪ߔࠆߣ㧘᷹ⷰᵄᒻߣ㧘ᢙ୯⸘▚ߢᓧࠄࠇߚℂ⺰ᵄᒻߣࠍᲧセߒߡ㧘ߘߩᱷᏅ߇ዊߐߊߥࠆࠃ߁ߦࡕ࠺࡞ࠍୃᱜߒߡ޿ߊߎߣߢ㧘㔡Ḯ߿࿾ਅ᭴ㅧࠍផቯߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㧔㧩ᵄᒻࠗࡦࡃ࡯࡚ࠫࡦ㧕㧚࿾⃿⑼ቇ
ߩⓥᭂߩ⋡ᮡߩ৻ߟߪ㧘ᚒ‫⋥߇ޘ‬ធ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿࿾ਅ᭴ㅧࠍ⹦⚦ߦ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ࠍ૶ߞߚᵄᒻ⸘▚ߪߘߩߚ߼ߩᱞེߣߥࠆ㧚ᢙ୯⸘▚ߣ৻ญߢ⸒ߞߡ߽㧘᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᚻᴺ߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㧚ᚻᴺߩಽ㘃ߩ਄ߢ㊀ⷐߥὐߦ㧘‫ޟ‬૗ᰴరߩᇦ⾰ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘૗ᰴరߩᵄࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆ߆㧫‫ࠆ޽߇ߩ߽߁޿ߣޠ‬㧚⃻ታߩ࿾㔡ᵄߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ㧘3ᰴరߩ࿾⃿ࡕ࠺࡞ਛࠍવ᠞ߔࠆ 3 ᰴరߩᵄࠍࡈ࡞ߦ⸘▚ߔࠆᣇᴺߪ‫ޟ‬3 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣ‫ߣޠ‬๭߫ࠇࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪᦨ߽⃻ታߦㄭ޿ℂ⺰ᵄᒻ߇ᓧࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘⩨ᄢߥ⸘▚ᯏ⾗Ḯ㧔ࡔࡕ࡝ߣ⸘▚ᤨ㑆㧕ࠍᔅⷐߣߔࠆ㧚ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘࿾ਅߩ 2 ᰴరᢿ㕙ߩߺߦ⌕⋡ߒߡ㧘ߘߩ㕙ౝࠍવࠊࠆ 2 ᰴరߩᵄߛ
ߌࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆᚻᴺߪ‫ޟ‬2 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣ‫ࠆ޽ߢޠ‬㧚ߎߩᚻᴺߪ⸘▚⾗Ḯ߇ዋߥߊߡߔ߻৻ᣇ㧘3ᰴరߩᵄ㕙ߩᐞ૗ቇ⊛ߥᐢ߇ࠅࠍᱜߒߊ⠨ᘦߢ߈ߥ޿ߖ޿ߢ㧘᷹ⷰᵄᒻߣ⋥ធᲧセ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿࠺
ࡔ࡝࠶࠻߇↢ߓࠆ[1]㧚
એ਄ߩࠃ߁ߥਔ⠪ߩ࠺ࡔ࡝࠶࠻ࠍస᦯ߔߴߊឭ᩺ߐࠇߚߩ߇㧘ᧄⓂߢ↪޿ࠆ‫ޟ‬ゲኻ⒓ 2.5 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣ‫ࠆ޽ߢޠ‬㧚ߎࠇߪ㔡Ḯࠍㅢࠆ㋦⋥ゲߩ๟ࠅߦゲኻ⒓ߥ᭴ㅧࠍ઒ቯߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘3 ᰴర⊛ߥⓨ㑆ߩᐢ߇ࠅߩലᨐࠍ 2 ᰴరᢿ㕙ߦ⪭ߣߒㄟࠎߛߩߜ㧘ߘߩᢿ㕙ౝߦ߅޿ߡ㧘㕙ౝㆇേ 2 ᚑಽߣ㧘㕙ᄖㆇേ 1 ᚑಽߩ㧘3 ᰴరߩᵄേવ᠞ࠍ⸘▚ߔࠆᣇᴺߢ㧘‫ޟ‬ᵄേ႐ 3 ᰴర㧘᭴ㅧ 2 ᰴర‫ߣޠ‬޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ‫ޟ‬2.5 ᰴర‫ߣޠ‬๭⒓ߐࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩᚻᴺߪ᭴ㅧᢿ㕙ߩߺߦߟ޿ߡ⸘▚ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߢ⸘▚⾗Ḯߪ 2 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣਗߺߦ▵⚂ߢ߈㧘หᤨߦ 3 ᰴరߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠍᱜߒߊขࠅᛒ߃ࠆ㧚⃻࿷ߪ⸘▚ᯏᕈ⢻ߩㅴᱠߦࠃࠅ㧘10 ᐕ߶ߤ೨߹ߢߪਇน⢻ߛߞߚᄢⷙᮨ⸘▚߇ߤࠎߤࠎታ⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘࠇߢ߽ 3 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣߢߪ 1 ࿁ߩ⸘▚߇߿ߞߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩ 1 ਁ㨪10 ਁಽߩ 1 ߢ⸘▚  ࿑ 1㧦ㅢᏱߩ⃿ᐳᮡ㗔ၞ㧔a㧕ߣḰ⃿ᐳᮡ㗔ၞ㧔b㧕[9]㧚

߇ⴕ߃ࠆ 2.5 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣߪ㧘ଐὼߣߒߡ㝯ജ⊛ߥᚻᴺߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᢙ୯⸘▚ᚻᴺߩಽ㘃ߢ߽߁৻ߟ㊀ⷐߥὐߦ㧘㔌ᢔൻᚻᴺߩ㆑޿߇޽ࠆ㧚ⶄ㔀ߥਇဋ⾰ᇦ⾰ࠍ౉ജߒߚ⸘▚ߢߪ㧘⸘▚ߩኻ⽎ߣߔࠆోⓨ㑆࡮ᤨ㑆㗔ၞࠍ㔌ᢔൻߒߡ⸃ߊ႐ว߇߶ߣࠎߤߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘
㔌ᢔൻᚻᴺߩ㆑޿ߦࠃߞߡᏅಽᴺ㧘᦭㒢ⷐ⚛ᴺ㧘ᡆࠬࡍࠢ࠻࡞ᴺ㧘ߥߤ᭽‫ߦޘ‬ಽ㘃ߐࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩ
߁ߜᏅಽᴺߪ㧘ᡰ㈩ᣇ⒟ᑼߦ⃻ࠇࠆ஍ᓸಽࠍᏅಽߢㄭૃߔࠆ⸃ᴺߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠦ࡯࠺ࠖࡦࠣ߇ኈᤃߢ࿾㔡ᵄߩࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢ᥉ㆉ⊛ߦ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘ᚒ‫߽ߢࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊߩޘ‬Ꮕಽᴺߦࠃࠆ㔌ᢔൻࠍណ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚

2. ࿾⃿ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࿾⃿એᄖߩᄤ૕ߩ࿾㔡ߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆ೨ߦ㧘ᧄ▵ߢߪᚻᴺߩ⚫੺ࠍ౗ߨߡ㧘ߎࠇ߹ߢߦᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ⴕߞߡ߈ߚో࿾⃿࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩ᭎⇛ࠍㅀߴߚ޿㧚ᚒ‫ߢ߹ࠇߎߪޘ‬㧘ో࿾⃿ࠍ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߣߒߚ࿾㔡ᵄࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ゲኻ⒓ 2.5 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣࠍ↪޿ߚᵄᒻ⸘▚ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ㐿⊒ࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚ㧚ߎߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢߪ㧘㔡Ḯߣ࿾⃿ਛᔃࠍ⚿߱ゲࠍ z ゲߣߒߚ⃿ᐳᮡ♽㧔r, T, I㧕ࠍቯ⟵ߒߡ㧘Iᣇะߦ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߩゲኻ⒓ᕈࠍዉ
౉ߒߚ߁߃ߢ㧘ߘߩ 2 ᰴరᢿ㕙㧔r-Tᢿ㕙㧕ߦߟ޿ߡᒢᕈᵄߩᡰ㈩ᣇ⒟ᑼࠍ⸃ߊ㧚Ꮕಽᴺߣ 2.5 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߚో࿾⃿࿾㔡ᵄࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘90 ᐕઍඨ߫߆ࠄᦨㄭ߹ߢ㑆ᢿߥߊ೑↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߩ[2-8]㧘ゲኻ⒓ߩ઒ቯߩߖ޿ߢ㧘ゲࠍ᜽ࠎߢ㕖ኻ⒓ߥ⃻ታ⊛ߥ᭴ㅧࠍᛒ߃ߥ޿໧㗴߇ሽ࿷ߒߚ㧚㔡Ḯߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘వⴕ⎇ⓥߢߪᩭ῜⊒ߩࠃ߁ߥゲኻ⒓ߥࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍᜬߟ
㔡Ḯߛߌ߇↪޿ࠄࠇ㧘ᢿጀㆇേߩࠃ߁ߥ㕖ኻ⒓ߥ㔡Ḯߪขࠅᛒࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ㧚ട߃ߡ㧘⃿ᐳᮡ♽ࠍ↪޿ߚ⸃ᴺߢߪ㧘⃿ߩਛᔃ㧔r = 0㧕߇ᣇ⒟ᑼߩ․⇣ὐߣߥࠆߚ߼㧘ߎࠇࠍ࿁ㆱߔࠆᣇᴺ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆ㧚వⴕ⎇ⓥߩਛߦߪ࿾㔡ᵄേ႐ࠍ㖸㗀႐ߢㄭૃߒߡ㧘࿾⃿ਛᔃࠍ฽߼ߡ⸘▚ࠍⴕߞߚ߽ߩ߇޽ࠆ߇[6]㧘P ᵄߣ S ᵄࠍ߹ߣ߽ߦ⸘▚ߒߚ଀ߪߥ޿㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⸘▚ߩല₸ᕈߣߪᒁ߈឵߃ߦ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩゲኻ⒓ 2.5 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣߦߪᡷ⦟ߔߴ߈ὐ߽ᄙߊሽ࿷ߒߚ㧚ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬ㅢᏱߩ⃿ᐳᮡ㗔ၞߣᐳᮡゲߩขࠅᣇࠍᄌ߃ߚᣂߒ޿ᐳᮡ㗔ၞ‫ޟ‬Ḱ⃿ᐳᮡ㗔ၞ‫ࠍޠ‬ቯ⟵ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩᚻᴺߩᨒ⚵ߺߢછᗧߩ㕖ኻ⒓᭴ㅧࠍขࠅᛒ߁ߎߣߦᚑഞߒߚ[9]㧚ㅢᏱߩ⃿ᐳᮡ㗔ၞ㧔0 < r < , 0  T  S, S  I  S㧕ࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ㧘⃿ߩᄢ౞ߦᴪߞߚ᭴ㅧᢿ㕙ߪI= 0 ߣI= Sߦ
޽ࠆ 2 ᨎߩඨ౞᧼ߢ⴫ߐࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩߚ߼છᗧߩ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ࠍI= 0 ߩ㕙ߦ౉ജߔࠆߣ㧘ゲኻ⒓ᕈ㧚ߎࠇߦߦࠃߞߡI= Sߩ㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ᭴ㅧߪI= 0 ߩ߽ߩߣኻ⒓ߦߥࠄߑࠆࠍᓧߥ߆ߞߚ㧔࿑ 1a㧕ኻߒߡḰ⃿ᐳᮡ㗔ၞ㧔0 < r < , S  T  S, S/2  I  S/2㧕ߢߪ㧘⃿ߩᄢ౞ߦᴪߞߚ᭴ㅧᢿ㕙ߪI=0 ߦ߅ߌࠆ౞᧼ 1 ᨎߩߺߢ⴫ߐࠇ㧘ߎߩ㕙ߦߪછᗧߩਇဋ⾰᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞߇౉ജߢ߈ࠆ㧔࿑ 1b㧕㧚ᐳᮡゲߩขࠅᣇࠍᄌ߃ࠆߛߌߥߩߢ㧘ᓥ᧪ߩゲኻ⒓ࡕ࠺࡝ࡦࠣߩല₸ߩ⦟ߐߪߘߩ߹߹ߢ㧘㕖ኻ⒓ߥ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞߇ขࠅᛒ߃ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⃻࿷ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪゲኻ⒓ᕈߩ઒ቯߦࠃࠆ࠺ࡔ࡝࠶࠻
߆ࠄߪ⸃᡼ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ㧘એ㒠ߢߪ‫ޟ‬ゲኻ⒓‫߁޿ߣޠ‬න⺆ࠍ↪޿ࠆߎߣࠍㆱߌ㧘ᧄᚻᴺࠍ‫⃿ޟ‬ᐳᮡ♽ 2.5 ᰴరᏅಽᴺ‫ߣޠ‬๭߱ߎߣߦߔࠆ㧚߹ߚછᗧߩ㕖ኻ⒓㔡Ḯࠍ 5 ⒳㘃ߩ㔡Ḯⷐ⚛ߦಽ⸃ߒߡ⸃ߊᚻᴺߦࠃࠅ㧘ᢿጀ߆ࠄബ⿠ߐࠇࠆ࿾㔡ᵄߩࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߽น⢻ߦߥߞߚ[10]㧚ߐࠄߦ㧘⸘▚♖ᐲࠍ㜞߼ࠆᇦ⾰ࡄ࡜ࡔ࡯࠲ߩዉ౉ !"#$%&'#() [11]㧘㔡Ḯࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ✢ᒻ⵬ቢߦࠃࠆ⃿ਛᔃߩ․⇣ὐ໧㗴ߩ࿁ㆱ㧘߅ࠃ߮ᇦ⾰ߩ‛ᕈ߇ቢోߥᒢᕈ૕߆ࠄߕࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦࠃࠅ↢ߓࠆ࿾㔡ᵄߩᷫ⴮⃻⽎㧔㧩㕖ᒢᕈᷫ⴮㧕ߩዉ౉[12]߽ⴕ޿㧘⃻࿷ߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߢߪᭂ߼ߡ⃻ታߦㄭ޿࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠍࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢ߈ࠆ㧚⃿ᐳᮡ♽ࠍ૶ߞߚ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢߪ㧘⃿ᐳᮡ♽ߦ߅ߌࠆᒢᕈᵄߩᡰ㈩ᣇ⒟ᑼ

ࠍ⸃ߊ㧚ߎߎߢ‫ᤨߪݐ‬㑆㧘ߩߪኒᐲ㧘ߣߣߤߪ࡜ࡔቯᢙ㧘‫ݒ‬௜ 㧘݂௜ 㧘ߪ௜௝ 㧘‫ܯ‬௜௝ ߪߘࠇߙࠇ☸ሶㅦᐲ㧘૕Ⓧജ㧘ᔕജ࠹ࡦ࠰࡞㧘ࡕ࡯ࡔࡦ࠻࠹ࡦ࠰࡞ߩᚑಽߢ޽ࠆ㧔݅ǡ ݆ ‫ א‬ሼǡ Ʌǡ Ԅሽ㧕㧚ߎߩᣇ⒟ᑼࠍᏅಽᴺߢ⸃ߊ㓙ߦ↪޿ࠆᩰሶ㈩⟎ߩᮨᑼ࿑ࠍ࿑ 2 ߦ␜ߔ㧚ᶧ૕ࠍ฽߻ᇦ⾰ߢ߽቟ቯߦ⸘▚ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁㧘☸ሶㅦᐲߣᔕജߩ೎‫ߩޘ‬ᩰሶߦ㈩⟎ߐࠇࠆ‫࠼࡯ࠟ࠲ࠬޟ‬ᩰሶ‫ࠍޠ‬ណ↪ߒߚ㧚߹ߚ⃿ᐳᮡ♽ߢߪ⃿ߩਛᔃ߳ㄭߠߊ߶ߤTᣇะߩᩰሶ㑆㓒߇⁜ߊߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߩߢ㧘ᩰሶࠨࠗ࠭߇⇣ߥࠆⶄᢙߩᩰሶࠍ rᣇะߦធ⛯ߒ㧘ਛᔃ߆ࠄ⴫㕙߹ߢ߶߷৻ቯߩᩰሶ㑆㓒ߦ଻ߟࠃ߁ߦߒߡ޿ࠆ[12]㧚
 ࿑ 3 ߪ 2009 ᐕ 11 ᦬ 9 ᣣߦࡈࠖࠫ࡯ߢ⊒↢ߒߚ࿾㔡㧔Mw 7.3, 㔡Ḯߩᷓߐ 604 km㧕ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘3 ߟߩ᷹ⷰὐߢ⸥㍳ߐࠇߚ᷹ⷰ
ᵄᒻߣ㧘⃿ᐳᮡ♽ 2.5 ᰴరᏅಽᴺߦࠃࠆℂ⺰ᵄᒻߣࠍᲧセߒߚ⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߎࠇߪᷫ⴮᭴ㅧࠍ฽߻⃿ኻ⒓࿾⃿ࡕ࠺࡞ PREM[13]ࠍ౉ജߒߚ㐳๟ᦼ࿾㔡ᵄ㧔㔡Ḯᤨ㑆㑐ᢙߩࡄ࡞ࠬ᏷ 30 s㧕ߩ⸘▚⚿ᨐߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘㔡Ḯ߆ࠄߩᣇ૏࡮〒㔌߇⇣ߥࠆ 3 ᷹ⷰὐߔߴߡ
ߢ㧘਄ਅേ࡮ධർേ࡮᧲⷏േߩ 3 ᚑಽߩᵄᒻ߇ࠃߊ৻⥌ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦᧄᚻᴺࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ㧘ዋߥ޿⸘▚ᯏ⾗Ḯߢ㧘♖ᐲ߇⦟ߊ㧘ታ㓙ߩ᷹ⷰᵄᒻߣ⋥ធᲧセน⢻ߥℂ⺰ᵄᒻࠍᓧࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ
[14]㧚


࿑ 2㧦⸘▚ߢ↪޿ߚᏅಽᩰሶߩᮨᑼ࿑㧚㤥߇☸ሶㅦᐲ㧘⊕߇ᔕജߩᩰሶࠍ⴫ߔ㧚 ࿑ 3㧦⃿ᐳᮡ♽ 2.5 ᰴరᏅಽᴺߦࠃࠆ࿾⃿ߩℂ⺰࿾㔡ᵄᒻ㧔⿒✢㧕ߣ᷹ⷰᵄᒻ㧔㤥✢㧕ߩᲧセ[14]㧚3 ᷹ⷰὐߘࠇߙࠇߢ਄ਅേ࡮ධർേ࡮᧲⷏േߩ 3 ᚑಽࠍᲧセ㧚㔡Ḯߩ૏⟎࡮ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߣ᷹ⷰὐ૏⟎ߪᏀ਄ߩ࿾࿑ߦ␜ߒߚ㧚ߔߴߡߩᵄᒻߦ 1/30 Hz ߩࡠ࡯ࡄࠬࡈࠖ࡞࠲࡯ࠍㆡ↪㧚

3. ᦬ߣἫᤊߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ ᧄ▵ߢߪᐔᚑ 24 ᐕᐲߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߩ⺖㗴ߣߒߡⴕߞߚ㧘⃿ᐳᮡ♽ 2.5 ᰴరᏅಽᴺߦࠃࠆ᦬ߣἫᤊ
ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᚑᨐߦߟ޿ߡㅀߴࠆ㧚᦬ߪ࿾⃿એᄖߢ໑৻㧘ା㗬ߩ߅ߌࠆ࿾㔡᷹ⷰ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚᄤ૕ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ࠕࡐࡠ⸘↹ߢ⸳⟎ߐࠇߚ
4 ὐߩ࿾㔡⸘ߦࠃߞߡ㧘1969 ᐕ߆ࠄ⿷߆ߌ 9 ᐕߢ 12558 ୘ߩ᦬ߩ࿾㔡㧔᦬㔡㧕߇⸥㍳ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߩࠗࡌࡦ࠻ߪ㧘⊒↢႐ᚲ߿⊒↢ⷐ࿃ߩ㆑޿ߢ 5 ⒳㘃ߦᄢ೎ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[15]㧚ߎߩ߁ߜᦨ߽หቯᢙ߇ᄙ޿‫ޟ‬ᷓ⊒᦬㔡‫ߪޠ‬㧘᦬ඨᓘߩඨಽ⒟ᐲߣ޿߁㕖Ᏹߦᷓ޿ߣߎࠈߢ⊒↢ߔࠆ M 1㨪
2 ⒟ᐲߩ᦬㔡ߢ㧘7245 ୘ߩࠗࡌࡦ࠻߇หቯߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[16]㧚ߎࠇࠄߪ߶߷᳿߹ߞߚ႐ᚲߢ➅ࠅ㄰ߒ⿠߈ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄ㧘࿾⃿߿ᄥ㓁ߩầ᳤ജߢ᦬߇ᄌᒻߔࠆ㓙ߦ㧘ᢿጀ߇േ޿ߡ⊒↢ߔࠆ᦬㔡ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ[17]㧚৻ᣇ‫ޟ‬ᵻ⊒᦬㔡‫ߪޠ‬㧘᦬㕙ઃㄭߩᲧセ⊛ᵻ޿႐ᚲߢ⊒↢ߔࠆ M 3㨪4 ⒟ᐲ
ߩ᦬㔡ߢ㧘หቯᢙ߇ 28 ୘ߣዋߥ޿ߚ߼⹦⚦ߪਇ᣿ߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘ᢿጀㆇേߦࠃࠆ࠹ࠢ࠻࠾࠶ࠢߥ࿾㔡ߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ[18]㧚ߎࠇࠄߩ᦬㔡ߩ P ᵄ࡮S ᵄߩ⿛ᤨ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄߪ㧘᭽‫ ߥޘ‬1 ᰴర᦬ౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞߇᭴▽ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[19-21]㧚߹ߚᦨㄭߢߪ㧘࿾㔡ᵄ࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖߦࠃߞߡ᦬ࡑࡦ࠻࡞ߩ
3 ᰴర࿾㔡ᵄㅦᐲ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞߽᭴▽ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ[22-24]㧚ߒ߆ߒᒰᤨߩ࿾㔡⸘ߪ๟ᵄᢙᏪၞ߇㒢ࠄࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣ߿㧘᦬ߩ࿾㔡ߩථ⿧๟ᵄᢙ߇࿾㔡⸘ߩ๟ᵄᢙᏪၞߣวߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ╬ߩℂ↱߆ࠄ㧘᷹ⷰᵄᒻߪ᦬㕙ઃㄭߢߩᒝ޿ᢔੂߩᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߚ߽ߩߒ߆ߥߊ㧘᦬ౝㇱߩታ૕ᵄવ᠞ߩ⹦⚦ߪଐὼߣߒߡਇ᣿ߢ޽ࠆ㧚 ৻ᣇἫᤊߢߪ㧘ࡃࠗࠠࡦࠣ 2 ภߦࠃߞߡ 1976 ᐕߦ 5 ߆᦬㑆࿾㔡᷹ⷰ߇ߥߐࠇߚ߽ߩߩ㧘Ἣᤊ⴫㕙ߩ㘑߇ᒝ޿ࡁࠗ࠭Ḯߣߥࠅ㧘⥄ὼ࿾㔡ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆࠗࡌࡦ࠻ࠍ 1 ߟ᷹ⷰߒߚߩߺߢ޽ߞߚ[25]㧚
ߚߛㄭᐕߪἫᤊ⴫㕙ߩ㜞⸃௝ᐲ↹௝⸃ᨆߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᦨㄭേ޿ߚߣᕁࠊࠇࠆᢿጀ࿾ᒻ߇ᄙᢙ⊒⷗ߐࠇߡ߅ࠅ[26]㧘Ἣ㔡ߩ㔡Ḯࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߿࿾㔡ᵴേᐲߩផቯ߽ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ[27]㧚߹ߚἫᤊ㓓⍹ߩ⚵ᚑ߿ᘠᕈࡕ࡯ࡔࡦ࠻࡮㊀ജಽᏓߥߤߩ㑆ធ⊛ߥᖱႎࠍ↪޿ߡ᭴▽ߐࠇߚౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞߽ሽ࿷
ߔࠆ[28]㧚

 
!"#$%&'($)*

 ࿑ 4㧦ᧄⓂߩ⸘▚ߢ↪޿ߚ㧔a㧕᦬[21]࡮
㧔b㧕Ἣᤊ[28]࡮㧔c㧕࿾⃿[13]ߩ 1 ᰴరౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞㧚⿒✢㧘㕍✢㧘✛✢ߪߘࠇߙࠇ P ᵄㅦᐲ㧘S ᵄㅦᐲ㧘ኒᐲࠍ⴫ߔ㧚Ἣᤊߩࡕ࠺࡞ߪ㧘ࡕ࠺࡞ A㧔ታ✢㧕ߣ B㧔ὐ✢㧕ߩ 2 ⒳㘃߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ㧚 ⃻࿷㧘᦬߿Ἣᤊߩᰴᦼ࿾㔡តᩏ⸘↹߇ฦ࿖ߢㅴ߼ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇߙࠇߩᄤ૕ߩᵄേ႐ߩ․ᓽ
ࠍ〯߹߃ߚ࿾㔡⸘ߩ㐿⊒߇ᕆോߢ޽ࠆ㧚߹ߚ᷹ⷰน⢻ߥታ૕ᵄߩࡈࠚ࡯࠭ࠍ․ቯߒ㧘ല₸⊛ߦ᷹ⷰὐࠍ㈩⟎ߔࠆߎߣ߽ᦸ߹ࠇࠆ㧚ࠕࡐࡠ⸘↹߿ࡃࠗࠠࡦࠣ 2 ภߦࠃࠆ᷹ⷰ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⵬ቢߒ㧘ᄤ૕ᷓㇱ߹ߢߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩ᭽ሶࠍᛠីߔࠆߦߪ㧘ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᦨㆡߢ޽ࠆ㧚੹࿁ߪᚒ‫߇ޘ‬㐿⊒ࠍⴕߞߡ߈ߚ⃿ᐳᮡ♽ 2.5 ᰴరᏅಽᴺߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߦ㧘ᣢሽߩ᦬ߣἫᤊߩౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߣ◲නߥ㔡Ḯࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ౉ജߒߡ㧘ਔᄤ૕ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕߞߚ㧚ᧄⓂߩ⸘▚ߢ↪޿ߚ᦬࡮Ἣᤊ࡮࿾⃿ߩ 1 ᰴర᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߪ࿑ 4 ߦ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚᦬ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߪᢥ₂[21]ߦࠃࠆ߇㧘ᩭߩ࿾㔡ᵄㅦᐲߪਈ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ࡑࡦ࠻࡞ᦨਅㇱߩㅦᐲࠍᑧ㐳ߒߡ૞ᚑߒߚ㧚߹ߚἫᤊߩ
ࡕ࠺࡞ߪ㧘㓓⍹⚵ᚑߣᘠᕈࡕ࡯ࡔࡦ࠻ߩታ᷹୯ࠍߘࠇߙࠇᦨ߽⦟ߊ⺑᣿ߢ߈ࠆ 2 ⒳㘃ߩࡕ࠺࡞(ࡕ࠺࡞ A ߣ B)߇ሽ࿷ߔࠆ[28]㧚


3.1 ᦬ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ
੹࿁ߪ㧘
㧔1㧕ᷓ⊒᦬㔡ߣᵻ⊒᦬㔡ߦࠃࠆ࿾㔡ᵄᒻߩ㆑޿㧘߅ࠃ߮㧔2㧕᦬ߩ 1 ᰴరౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ
࠺࡞ߣ 3 ᰴర࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠆ࿾㔡ᵄᒻߩ㆑޿㧘ࠍ⺞ߴࠆߚ߼ߦࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍታ
ⴕߒߚ㧚⸘▚ߪ 0 km  r  1738 km㧔᦬㕙㧕㧘S  T  Sߩ▸࿐ࠍ㧘⚂ 320 ਁὐߩⓨ㑆ᩰሶὐߦಽ
ഀߒߡⴕߞߚ㧚ⓨ㑆ᩰሶ㑆㓒ߪ⚂ 2 km ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᤨ㑆ೞߺߪ 0.0125 s ߣߒ㧘ࡄ࡞ࠬ᏷ 15 s ߩᵄࠍ㔡Ḯߦ౉ജߒߡ㧘㋦⋥ߕࠇဳ㔡Ḯߦߟ޿ߡബ⿠ᓟ 1250 s ߹ߢ⸘▚ߒߚ㧚㔡Ḯߪᷓ⊒᦬㔡ߩ႐ว r= 738 km㧔ᷓߐ 1000 km㧕
㧘T = 0㧘ᵻ⊒᦬㔡ߩ႐ว r = 1638 km㧔ᷓߐ 100 km㧕
㧘T = 0ߦ⟎޿
ߚ㧚





 ࿑ 5㧦ᷓ⊒᦬㔡㧔a㧕ߣᵻ⊒᦬㔡㧔b㧕ߩℂ⺰࿾㔡ᵄᒻ㧚㔡ᄩ〒㔌⚂ 1°߅߈ߦᵄᒻࠍ❑ߦਗߴߡ⴫␜ߒߚ㧚ฦࡄࡀ࡞ߩ਄ㇱߦ P ᵄߣ S ᵄߩ೔⌕ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߔߴߡߩᵄᒻߦ 1/15 Hz ߩࡠ࡯ࡄࠬࡈࠖ࡞࠲࡯ࠍㆡ↪㧚࿑ 6㧦ᷓ⊒᦬㔡㧔a㧕ߣᵻ⊒᦬㔡㧔b㧕ߩ᦬ᢿ㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩࠬ࠽࠶ࡊ࡚ࠪ
࠶࠻㧚ബ⿠ᓟ 100 s ߣ 750 sߢߩ☸ሶㅦᐲߩ r ᚑಽߩᝄ᏷ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚⿒⦡ߪᱜ㧘㕍⦡ߪ⽶ߩᝄ᏷ࠍ⴫ߔ㧚㔡Ḯߪᤊශ㧚߹ߕ㧔1㧕ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߔ㧚࿑ 5 ߪ㧘1 ᰴరౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߡ⸘▚ߒߚᷓ⊒᦬㔡ߣᵻ⊒᦬㔡ߩℂ⺰ᵄᒻߢ޽ࠆ㧚઒ᗐ⊛ߥ᷹ⷰὐࠍ㧘㔡ᄩ〒㔌 10°߆ࠄ 90°߹ߢ⚂ 1°߅߈ߦ╬㑆㓒ߢ᦬㕙਄ߦ㈩⟎ߒ㧘❑ゲᣇะߦਗߴߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᷓ⊒᦬㔡ߩ႐วߪ P ᵄߣ S ᵄߩ┙ߜ਄߇ࠅ߇᣿⍎ߢ㧘ᵄᒻ߽ࠦࡦࡄࠢ࠻ߦ߹ߣ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߦኻߒߡ㧘ᵻ⊒᦬㔡ߩ႐วߪ┙ߜ਄߇ࠅ߇ਇ᣿⍎ߢ㧘ᵄ߇ߥ߆ߥ߆ᷫ⴮ߒߥ޿ߚ߼ߦᓟ⛯ᵄ߇㕖Ᏹߦ㐳ᤨ㑆⛯޿ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚᦬ߩ࿾Ზߪ࿾㔡ᵄㅦᐲ߇⪺ߒߊዊߐ޿ߚ߼㧘㔡Ḯ߇ᵻ޿߶ߤ࿾Ზౝㇱߦᵄ߇࠻࡜࠶ࡊߐࠇ㧘ᄙ㊀෻኿ࠍ➅ࠅ㄰ߒߚ⚿ᨐ㧘㐳ᤨ㑆ߩᝄേ߇↢ߓߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩߣ߈ߩ᦬ᢿ㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩࠬ࠽࠶ࡊ࡚ࠪ࠶࠻ߪ࿑
6 ߦ␜ߒߚ㧚ᵻ⊒᦬㔡ߢߪ㧘᦬㕙ઃㄭߢ↢ߓߚ S ᵄߩ․ᓽ⊛ߥᄙ㊀෻኿߇㧘᦬ᷓㇱ߹ߢવ᠞ߒߡ
޿ߊ᭽ሶ߇⷗ߡขࠇࠆ㧚ࠕࡐࡠ᦬㔡⸘ߦࠃࠆᵄᒻߪ 0.1㨪10 Hz ߩ⍴๟ᦼᏪߢߩ᷹ⷰߢ޽ࠆ߇㧘 

!"#$%&'#()

 

࿑ 7㧦Ꮐ㧦⸘▚ߦ↪޿ߚ࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞ߩᢿ㕙[23]㧚଀ߣߒߡ S ᵄㅦᐲ᭴ㅧᢿ㕙ࠍ␜ߒߚ㧚㕍⦡߇㜞ㅦᐲ㧘⿒⦡߇ૐㅦᐲ㗔ၞ㧚ᄥ✢ㇱಽߩ᦬㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ૏⟎ߪᏀਅߩࡄࡀ࡞ߦ⴫␜㧚㔡Ḯߪᤊශ㧘᷹ⷰὐߪㅒਃⷺᒻ㧘ࠕࡐࡠ᦬㔡⸘ߩ૏⟎ߪᱜਃⷺᒻ㧚ฝ㧦࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞㧔⿒✢㧕
ߣ 1 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡞㧔㤥ὐ✢㧕ߦࠃࠆᵻ⊒᦬㔡ߩℂ⺰ᵄᒻ㧚Ꮐ࿑ߦ␜ߒߚ 3 ᷹ⷰὐߢߩᵄᒻࠍ⴫␜㧚੹࿁ߩᵻ⊒࿾㔡ߩ⸘▚⚿ᨐߣห᭽ߥᵄᒻߩ․ᓽ߇⷗ࠄࠇࠆ㧚⍴๟ᦼߩ႐วߪ㧘᦬㕙ઃㄭߢߩ࿾㔡ᵄߩᢔੂߩᓇ㗀߇ᒝߊߥࠅ㧘ߐࠄߦ㐳ᤨ㑆ߩᝄേ߇↢ߓࠆ߇㧘๟ᦼ 15 s ߣ޿߁㐳๟ᦼߢ߽㘃ૃߒߚ․ᓽ߇ౣ⃻ߢ߈ߚߎߣߪ⥝๧ᷓߊ㧘ᧄࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ᷹ⷰ߇ߥߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㐳๟ᦼ஥ߩ᦬
㔡ߩ․ᓽࠍ⵬߁߽ߩߣᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆ㧚 ᰴߦ㧔2㧕ߩ⚿ᨐࠍ␜ߔ㧚࿑ 7 ߪ㧘੹࿁⸘▚ߦ↪޿ߚ࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞ߩ଀㧘߅ࠃ߮ 1 ᰴరࡕ࠺࡞ߣ࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠆᵻ⊒᦬㔡ߩᵄᒻᲧセߢ޽ࠆ㧚࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞ߪ᦬ߩ⿒㆏ߦᴪߞߚᢿ㕙ࠍណ↪ߒߚ[23]㧚࿑ 7 ߢߪ଀ߣߒߡ S ᵄㅦᐲ᭴ㅧᢿ㕙ߩߺࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚᷹ⷰᵄᒻߪ㔡ᄩ〒㔌 40°㧘50°㧘60°ߩ 3 ὐߢ⴫␜ߒߚ㧚㔡Ḯㄭறߦ S ᵄㅦᐲ߇ૐ޿㗔ၞ߇޽ࠆߚ߼㧘࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠆ S ᵄೋേߪ✚ߓߡㆃࠇߡ೔⌕ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘᷹ⷰὐ⋥ਅߩ S ᵄㅦᐲ߇㜞޿ߖ޿ߢ㧘ᄙ㊀෻኿ࠍ➅ࠅ㄰ߒߚᓟ⛯ᵄߪ૏⋧߇ᚯߞߡ޿ߊ᭽ሶ߇⷗ߡขࠇࠆ㧚ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ⚦߆ߥ㆑޿ߪ⷗ࠄࠇࠆ߇㧘੹࿁ߪ㐳๟ᦼߢ⸘▚ߒߚߩߢᵄᒻߩ․ᓽ߇ᄢ߈ߊᄌࠊࠆߎߣߪߥ߆ߞߚ㧚࠻ࡕࠣ࡜ࡈࠖࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠆ⍴๟ᦼℂ⺰ᵄᒻߩวᚑߪ㧘੹ᓟߩ MPI ਗ೉⸘▚ߢఝవߒߡขࠅ⚵ߺߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆ㧚

3.2 Ἣᤊߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ
⃻࿷ឭ໒ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆἫᤊߩ 1 ᰴరౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߦߪ㧘࿑ 4 ߦ␜ߒߚࡕ࠺࡞ A ߣ B ߩ 2 ⒳㘃߇޽ࠆ㧚߹ߚἫᤊ⴫㕙ߩ㊀ജ࠺࡯࠲ߣ࿾ᒻ߆ࠄ㧘‛ᕈ߇ဋ৻ߥ࿾Ზߣࡑࡦ࠻࡞ߩ 2 ጀ᭴ㅧࠍ઒ቯ
ߒߡࡕࡎ㕙ಽᏓ߇ផቯߢ߈ࠆ㧚੹࿁ߩࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢߪ㧘
㧔1㧕ࡕ࠺࡞ A ߣ B ߦࠃࠆ࿾㔡ᵄᒻߩ㆑޿㧘߅ࠃ߮㧔2㧕ਇဋ৻ࡕࡎ㕙ᒻ⁁ࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚ႐วߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩᄌൻ㧘ࠍ⺞ߴࠆߎߣࠍ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߣߒߚ㧚⸘▚ߪ 0 km  r  3390km㧔Ἣᤊ⴫㕙㧕㧘S  T  Sߩ▸࿐ࠍ㧘⚂ 544 ਁὐߩⓨ㑆ᩰሶὐߦಽഀߒߡⴕߞߚ㧚ⓨ㑆ᩰሶ㑆㓒ߪ⚂ 2 km ߢ޽ࠆ㧚ᤨ㑆ೞߺߪ 0.025 s ߣߒ㧘ࡄ࡞ࠬ
᏷ 30 s ߩᵄࠍ㔡Ḯߦ౉ജߒߡ㧘㋦⋥ߕࠇဳ㔡Ḯߦߟ޿ߡബ⿠ᓟ 5000 s ߹ߢ⸘▚ߒߚ㧚㔡Ḯߪ r =3360 km㧔ᷓߐ 30 km㧕
㧘T =0ߦ⟎޿ߚ㧚࿑ 8 ߦ੹࿁૞ᚑߒߚࡕࡎ㕙ᒻ⁁ࡕ࠺࡞ߣ㧘⸘▚ߦ૶↪
ߒߚᢿ㕙ߩ૏⟎ࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࡕࡎ㕙ᒻ⁁ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߚ⸘▚ߢߪ㧘ࡕ࠺࡞ A ߩ࿾Ზㇱಽࠍਇဋ৻࿾Ზෘߢ⟎߈឵߃ߡታⴕߒߚ㧚Ἣᤊ⴫㕙ߩ࿾ᒻ⸃ᨆ߆ࠄᦨ߽࿾㔡ᵴേᐲ߇㜞޿ߣផቯߐࠇߡ޿
ࠆ࿾ၞߦ㔡Ḯࠍ⟎߈㧘࿾Ზ߇ᦨ߽⭯ߊߥࠆࡋ࡜ࠬᐔේࠍㅢࠆᢿ㕙ࠍㆬࠎߛ㧚 ࿑ 9 ߦ 2 ⒳㘃ߩ 1 ᰴర᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߣ㧘ਇဋ৻ࡕࡎ㕙ᒻ⁁ࡕ࠺࡞ߦࠃࠆἫᤊᢿ㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾㔡ᵄ  ࿑ 8㧦Ꮐ㧦੹࿁૞ᚑߒߚࡕࡎ㕙ᒻ⁁ಽᏓ㧚㤥✢ߪ⸘▚ߦ૶↪ߒߚᢿ㕙ߣἫᤊ⴫㕙ߣߩ੤✢ࠍ␜ߔ㧚ᤊශ߇㔡Ḯ㧚ฝ㧦⸘▚ߦ૶↪ߒߚᢿ㕙ߦᴪߞߚࡕࡎ㕙ߩᷓߐᄌൻ㧚વ᠞ߩࠬ࠽࠶ࡊ࡚ࠪ࠶࠻ࠍ␜ߔ㧚੹࿁ߪ๟ᦼ 30 s ߣ޿߁㐳๟ᦼߩᵄࠍ౉ജߒߡ޿ࠆߚ߼㧘ബ⿠ᓟ
1200 s ߢߪᄢ߈ߥ㆑޿ߪ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿߇㧘ࡑࡦ࠻࡞߇⭯޿ࡕ࠺࡞ B ߢߪ㧘ᩭ-ࡑࡦ࠻࡞Ⴚ⇇߆ࠄߩ෻኿ᵄ߇ࡕ࠺࡞ A ࠃࠅ߽ᣧߊ೔⌕ߒߡ޿ࠆ᭽ሶ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚2400 s ߢߪἫᤊ⴫㕙ߦᴪߞߡ㔡Ḯߩ෻ኻ஥߹ߢ⴫㕙ᵄ߇વ᠞ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚ࡕ࠺࡞ A ߢߪ㐳〒㔌ߦਗ਼ߞߡᝄ᏷߇ᒝ޿㗔ၞ߇⛯ߊߩߦኻߒ㧘ࡕ࠺࡞ B ߢߪᲧセ⊛ࠦࡦࡄࠢ࠻ߦ߹ߣ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪ㧘ࡕ࠺࡞ A ߦᲧߴߡࡕ࠺࡞ B ߩ࿾Ზ߇ 3
ᄙ㊀෻኿߇⿠߈ߦߊߊߥߞߚߚ߼ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ㧚߹ߚࡕࡎ㕙ᒻ⁁ࠍ౉ࠇߚ⸘▚ߢߪ㧘୚ෘ޿ߖ޿ߢ㧘⚦߆ߥ࿾ᒻߩᓇ㗀ߪ㗼⪺ߦ⷗ࠄࠇߥ޿߽ߩߩ㧘ബ⿠ᓟ 2400 s ߢߪࡕ࠺࡞ A ߣᲧセߒߡ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ
⴫㕙ᵄߩ㓸ਛ߇⿠߈ߡ޿ࠆ㧚ߎࠇࠄߩ⸘▚ࠍߐࠄߦ⍴๟ᦼ߹ߢታⴕߔࠇ߫㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥᵄߩࡈࠚ࡯࠭ߦౝㇱ᭴ㅧߩ㆑޿߇ᒝߊᓇ㗀ߔࠆ߆⺞ߴࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈㧘ዋߥ޿᷹ⷰὐߢౝㇱ᭴ㅧࠍ⺞ߴࠆ㓙ߩᜰ㊎ࠍਈ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㧚࿑ 9㧦
㧔a㧕ࡕ࠺࡞ A㧘㧔b㧕ࡕ࠺࡞ B㧘߅ࠃ߮㧔c㧕ਇဋ৻࿾Ზෘࡕ࠺࡞ࠍ↪޿ߡ⸘▚ߒߚἫᤊᢿ
㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩࠬ࠽࠶ࡊ࡚ࠪ࠶࠻㧚ബ⿠ᓟ 1200 s ߣ 2400 s ߢߩ☸ሶㅦᐲߩ r ᚑಽߩᝄ᏷ࠍ␜ߔ㧚⿒⦡ߪᱜ㧘㕍⦡ߪ⽶ߩᝄ᏷ࠍ⴫ߔ㧚㔡Ḯߪᤊශ㧚 

!"#$%&'($)*

 
࿑ 10㧦᦬࡮Ἣᤊ࡮࿾⃿ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩᲧセ㧚ᷓߐ 30 km ߦᮮߕࠇဳ㔡Ḯࠍ⟎޿ߡ⸘▚㧚㔡Ḯߢബ⿠ߐࠇࠆᵄߩࡄ࡞ࠬ᏷ߪ 30 s㧚ബ⿠ᓟ 600 s ߣ 1800 s ߢߩ☸ሶㅦᐲߩ r ᚑಽߩࠬ࠽࠶ࡊ
࡚ࠪ࠶࠻ࠍ␜ߒߚ㧚⿒⦡ߪᱜ㧘㕍⦡ߪ⽶ߩᝄ᏷ࠍ⴫ߔ㧚㔡Ḯߪᤊශ㧚  


3.3 ᦬࡮Ἣᤊ࡮࿾⃿ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞Ყセᦨᓟߦ᦬࡮Ἣᤊ࡮࿾⃿ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩ㆑޿߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔ޿ࠃ߁㧘3 ᄤ૕ߩหߓᷓߐߦ㧘หߓࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߩ㔡Ḯࠍ౉ࠇߡࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߒߚ⚿ᨐࠍ⚫੺ߔࠆ㧚㔡Ḯߪᷓߐ 30 km ߦ⟎߈㧘ࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓߪࡇࡘࠕߥᮮߕࠇဳߣߒߚ㧚߹ߚ㔡Ḯ߆ࠄബ⿠ߐࠇࠆᵄߩࡄ࡞ࠬ᏷߽ 30 s ߢ⛔৻ߒߚ㧚᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߪߔߴߡ 1 ᰴరߢ޽ࠆ㧚Ἣᤊߩ᭴ㅧߪࡕ࠺࡞ A ࠍណ↪ߒߚ㧚ߎߩ⸘▚ߩᩰሶᢙ߿ࡔࡕ࡝
╬ߪᰴ▵ߩ⴫ 1 ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚ޿㧚࿑ 10 ߪ 3 ᄤ૕ߩᢿ㕙ߦ߅ߌࠆ㧘ബ⿠ᓟ 600 s ߣ 1800 s ߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩࠬ࠽࠶ࡊ࡚ࠪ࠶࠻ߢ޽
ࠆ㧚ᄤ૕ߩᄢ߈ߐߦࠃࠆ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߩ㆑޿ࠍ⷗߿ߔߊߔࠆߚ߼㧘3 ᄤ૕ߪหߓ❗ዤߢឬ޿ߡ޿ࠆ㧚Ἣᤊߪ࿾⃿ߩ⚂ 1/2㧘᦬ߪ 1/4 ߩᄢ߈ߐߒ߆ߥ޿ߚ߼㧘᦬ߢߪബ⿠ᓟ 600 s ߢᣢߦ㔡Ḯߩ෻ኻ஥߹
ߢᵄ߇೔⌕ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚߹ߚ᦬ߩ࿾Ზߦ߅ߌࠆᄙ㊀෻኿ߦࠃߞߡ㧘ᵄ߇޿ߟ߹ߢ߽㔡Ḯઃㄭߦ⇐߹ߞߡ޿ࠆ᭽ሶ߇ࠊ߆ࠆ㧚1800 s ߢߪ㧘Ἣᤊߢ߽ᄢᝄ᏷ߩᵄ߇㔡Ḯߩ෻ኻߦ೔⌕ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߦኻߒ㧘࿾⃿ߢߪᝄ᏷ߩዊߐ޿ P ᵄ߇೔⌕ߒߚ߫߆ࠅߢ޽ࠆ㧚߹ߚ᦬ߢߪਛᔃઃㄭ߹ߢᄢᝄ᏷ߩᵄ߇વ᠞
ߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚࿾㔡ᵄߪવ᠞〒㔌߇㐳ߊߥࠆ߶ߤᷫ⴮ߒߡ޿ߊߩߢ㧘࿾⃿ߦᲧߴߡዊߐ޿᦬߿Ἣᤊߢ
ߪ㧘࿾㔡ᵄ߇ᄢᝄ᏷ࠍ଻ߞߡᄤ૕ߩⵣ஥߹ߢવ᠞ߔࠆ㧚ߒߚ߇ߞߡ࿾㔡ߩⷙᮨ߇หߓ႐วߪ㧘᦬߿Ἣᤊߩᣇ߇᷹ⷰน⢻ߥ࿾ၞ߇ᐢ޿߁߃㧘ᄤ૕ᷓㇱࠍㅢㆊߒߡ߈ߚᵄࠍ᷹ⷰߒ߿ߔ޿ߣ⸒߃ࠆ㧚

4. SX-9 ߩ೑↪
 ᧄⓂ╙ 3 ▵ߢ⚫੺ߒߚࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘ߔߴߡ᧲ർᄢቇࠨࠗࡃ࡯ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩࡌ
ࠢ࠻࡞ဳ SX-9㧔ᣣᧄ㔚᳇ᩣᑼળ␠㧔એਅ NEC㧕⵾㧕ࠍ↪޿ߡታⴕߒߚ㧚⸘▚ᯏߩ೑↪ߦ޽ߚߞߡߪ㧘ࠨࠗࡃ࡯ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߣ NEC ߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߢࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᕈ⢻ಽᨆࠍⴕ޿㧘ߘߩ⚿ᨐߦၮߠ޿ߡ࠴ࡘ࡯࠾ࡦࠣࠍᣉߒߚ㧚࠰࡯ࠬࠦ࡯࠼ߪ Fortran90 ߢ⸥ㅀߒߡ߅ࠅ㧘ⴕᢙߪ⚂ 18000
ߢ޽ࠆ㧚NEC ߦ߅޿ߡᚻേߦࠃࠆ࡞࡯ࡊዷ㐿߿ࡌࠢ࠻࡞ൻᜰ␜ⴕߩᝌ౉㧘Ṷ▚߿ࡈࠔࠗ࡞಴ജߩ⚦߆ߥᦨㆡൻ╬ߩ࠴ࡘ࡯࠾ࡦࠣࠍᣉߒߚ⚿ᨐ㧘1CPU ታⴕߢ⚂ 60 ୚ߩ⸘▚ㅦᐲะ਄ߦᚑഞߒߚ㧚߹ߚ⥄േਗ೉ൻߦࠃࠆᕈ⢻᷹ቯ㧔ࠦࡦࡄࠗ࡞ࠝࡊ࡚ࠪࡦ“-R2 -f3 -Ep -pi -Pauto-Wf,-pvctl fullmsg”㧕ߩ⚿ᨐ㧘8CPU ߢ 4.4 ୚㧘16CPU ߢ 5.8 ୚ߩㅦᐲะ਄ࠍ⷗ߚ㧚 ᧄⓂ╙ 3.3 ▵ߩ 3 ᄤ૕ߩࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ㧘࡚ࠫࡉࠢ࡜ࠬ p8 ߢ 8CPU ࠍ↪޿ߚ⥄േਗ೉Ṷ▚ߢታⴕߒߚ㧚ࠦࡦࡄࠗ࡞ࠝࡊ࡚ࠪࡦߪ਄⸥ߩᕈ⢻᷹ቯߩᤨߣห৻ߢ޽ࠆ㧚3 ᄤ૕ߘࠇߙࠇߩ⸘▚ߦ߅ߌࠆࡔࡕ࡝࡮ታⴕᤨ㑆࡮MFLOPS ୯ߪ⴫ 1 ߦ␜ߒߚ㧚⴫ 1㧦╙ 3.3 ▵ߩ⸘▚⻉రࡄ࡞ࠬ᏷ (s)

ⓨ㑆ᩰሶᢙ

ᤨ㑆ᩰሶᢙ

ࡔࡕ࡝ (GB)ታⴕᤨ㑆 (s)MFLOPS ୯᦬

30

03201546

40000002.304

18785

07780

Ἣᤊ

30

05442720

20000003.520

22290

05642

࿾⃿

30

10835200

20000010.176

12632

20446

5. ߹ߣ߼
 ᧄⓂߢߪᐔᚑ 24 ᐕᐲߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐߣߒߡ㧘᦬ߣἫᤊߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߩᚑ
ᨐࠍႎ๔ߒߚ㧚SX-9 ߩ࡚ࠫࡉࠢ࡜ࠬ p8 ߦࠃࠆ⥄േਗ೉Ṷ▚ߢ㧘᦬ߢߪ๟ᦼ 15 s㧘Ἣᤊߢߪ๟ᦼ
30 s ߹ߢߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞⸘▚߇ታ⃻ߢ߈ߚ㧚࿾⃿ౝㇱߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ߦߟ޿ߡߩᚒ‫ߩޘ‬ℂ⸃ߪ㧘᷹ⷰߣℂ⺰ߩ⋧⵬⊛ߥㅴᱠߦࠃߞߡ⊒ዷߒߡ߈ߚᱧผ߇޽ࠆ㧚᦬ߣἫᤊߪ޿ߕࠇ߽ౝㇱ᭴ㅧࡕ࠺࡞ߣ㔡Ḯߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎ߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘੹߹ߐߦℂ⺰ᵄᒻ⸘▚ߢᵄേવ៝ߦ㑐ߔࠆℂ⸃ࠍᷓ߼ࠆᲑ㓏ߦ౉ߞߡ޿ࠆ㧚ᧄ౒ห⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐߪ㧘ߘߩ┵✜ࠍ㐿ߊ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ߥ߅੹࿁ߪ 15 s㧘30 s ߣ޿ߞߚ㐳๟ᦼߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠍࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߒߚ㧚ߐࠄߦ⃻ታ⊛ߥࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍⴕ߁ߚ߼ߦߪ㧘๟ᦼ 1 s ࠍ⋡ᮡߦ㧘ߢ߈ࠆߛߌ⍴๟ᦼߦㄭߠߌߡ޿ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ㧚ߒ߆ߒ๟ᦼࠍ 1/2 ߦߔࠆߣ㧘r ᣇะߣTᣇะߩⓨ㑆ᩰሶ㑆㓒㧘߅ࠃ߮ᤨ㑆ᩰሶ㑆㓒ࠍߔߴߡ 

!"#$%&'#()



1/2 ߦߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ࡔࡕ࡝ߪ 4 ୚㧘⸘▚ᤨ㑆ߪ 8 ୚ᔅⷐߣߥࠆ㧚ᓥߞߡ⍴๟ᦼߩࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢߪࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ MPI ൻ߇ᔅ㗇ߢ޽ࠆ㧚⃻࿷ߪᧄ౒ห⎇ⓥߦࠃߞߡࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ
ߩ MPI ൻ߽⚳ࠊࠅ㧘๟ᦼ 8 s ߢߩἫᤊߩ࿾㔡ᵄવ᠞ࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᚑഞߒߡ޿ࠆ㧚MPI ࠍ↪޿ߚࠪࡒࡘ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߟ޿ߡߪ㧘߹ߚ೎ߩᯏળߦ⚫੺ߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚ޿㧚⻢ㄉ ᧄⓂߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߪ㧘᧲ർᄢቇࠨࠗࡃ࡯ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߣᣣᧄ㔚᳇ᩣᑼળ␠ߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߩᣇ‫ߏߩޘ‬ഥജߢᚑߒᓧߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆ㧚ࠨࠗࡃ࡯ࠨࠗࠛࡦࠬ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩዊᨋᐢ᣿࠮ࡦ࠲࡯㐳㧘ᳯᎹ㓉テಎᢎ᝼㧘ዊ᧻৻ᒾഥᢎ㧘ᄢᴰஜᴦ᳁㧘ጊਅᲞ᳁ߦߪ㧘ᧄ౒ห⎇ⓥߩᯏળࠍ߅ਈ߃޿
ߚߛ޿ߚ਄㧘ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓ㐿⊒߿ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ೑↪ߦߟ޿ߡ᭽‫ߏߥޘ‬ഥ⸒࡮ߏഥജࠍ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ㧚ᣣᧄ㔚᳇ᩣᑼળ␠ߩ᠜૒ᤘ⵨ඳ჻㧘ᵻ⷗ᥙ᳁㧘ᷰㇱୃ᳁㧘ߘߩઁߩࠬ࠲࠶ࡈߩᣇ‫ߪޘ‬㧘ࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩ࠴ࡘ࡯࠾ࡦࠣߣ MPI ൻࠍታᣉߒߡਅߐࠅ㧘2012 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 11 ᣣ㧘7 ᦬ 4 ᣣ㧘10 ᦬ 10ᣣ㧘2013 ᐕ 4 ᦬ 3 ᣣ㧘߅ࠃ߮ 6 ᦬ 14 ᣣߩ 5 ࿁ߦࠊߚߞߡ㐿߆ࠇߚႎ๔ળߢߏႎ๔ਅߐߞߚ㧚߹ߚ E ࡔ࡯࡞ߦࠃࠆ⾰໧ߦ߽Ᏹߦᙣಾৼካߥߏ࿁╵ࠍਅߐߞߚ㧚⁛┙ⴕ᡽ᴺੱ㒐ἴ⑼ቇᛛⴚ
⎇ⓥᚲߩⒷᵤᄢ␭ඳ჻ߦߪ㧘SX-9 ߩ೑↪ࠍ߅൘߼޿ߚߛ߈㧘ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ೑↪ߦߟ޿ߡ߽޽ࠄࠁࠆ⋧⺣ߦਸ਼ߞߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߚ㧚⸥ߒߡᗵ⻢ߔࠆ㧚ෳ⠨ᢥ₂[1] ┻ਛඳ჻, ਇᢛᒻ࿾⋚ߦ߅ߌࠆᵄേવ᠞ߩᢙ୯⸘▚ᴺ, ࿾㔡╙ 2 ポ, 46, 191-205, 1993.
[2] Igel, H., Weber, M., SH-wave propagation in the whole mantle using high-order finite
differences, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(6), 731–734, 1995.
[3] Igel, H., Weber, M., P-SV wave propagation in the Earth’s mantle using finite differences:application to heterogeneous lowermost mantle structure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23(5), 415-418,1996.
[4] Chaljub, E., Tarantola, A., Sensitivity of SS precursors to topography on the upper-mantle
660-km discontinuity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(21), 2613–2616, 1997.
[5] Igel, H., Gudmundsson, O., Frequency-dependent effects on travel times andwaveforms oflong-period S and SS waves, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 104(1–3), 229–246, 1997.
[6] Thomas, Ch., Igel, H., Weber, M., Scherbaum, F., Acoustic simulation of P-wave
propagation in a heterogeneous spherical earth: numerical method and application toprecursor waves to PKPdf, Geophys. J. Int., 141(2), 307–320,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00079.x., 2000.
[7] Thorne, M.S., Lay, T., Garnero, E.J., Jahnke, G., Igel, H., Seismic imaging of the laterally
varying D00region beneath the cocos plate, Geophys. J. Int., 170(2), 635–648,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03279.x., 2007.
[8] Jahnke, G., Thorne, M.S., Cochard, A., Igel, H., Global SH-wave propagation using aparallel axisymmetric spherical finite-difference scheme: application to whole mantle
scattering, Geophys. J. Int., 173(3), 815–826,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03744.x., 2008.
[9] Toyokuni, G., Takenaka, H., Wang, Y., Kennett, B.L.N., Quasi-spherical approach forseismic wave modeling in a 2-D slice of a global Earth model with lateral heterogeneity,Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022180, 2005.
[10] Toyokuni, G., Takenaka, H., FDM computation of seismic wavefield for an axisymmetricearth with a moment tensor point source, Earth Planets Space, 58(8), e29–e32, 2006.

  

[11] Toyokuni, G., Takenaka, H., ACE–A FORTRAN subroutine for analytical computation ofeffective grid parameters for finite-difference seismic waveform modeling with standard
Earth models, Comput. Geosci., 35(3), 635–643, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.05.005.,
2009.
[12] Toyokuni, G., Takenaka, H., Accurate and efficient modeling of global seismic wave
propagation for an attenuative Earth model including the center, Phys. Earth Planet. Int.,
200-201, 45-55, 2012.
[13] Dziewonski, A.M., Anderson, D.L., Preliminary reference Earth model, Phys.EarthPlanet. Int., 25(4), 297–356, 1981.
[14] Toyokuni, G., Takenaka, H., Kanao, M., Wiens, D., Nyblade, A., Comparison of global
synthetic seismograms calculated by the spherical 2.5-D finite-difference method withobserved long-period waveforms including data from intra-Antarctic region, Polar Sci., 6,155-164, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2012.06.001, 2012.
[15] Nakamura, Y., Latham, G. V., Dorman, H. J., Apollo Lunar Seismic Experiment—Finalsummary, J. Geophys. Res., 87(S01), A117–A123, doi:10.1029/JB087iS01p0A117, 1982.
[16] Nakamura, Y., New identification of deep moonquakes in the Apollo lunar seismic data,Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 139, 197-205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2003.07.017, 2003.
[17] Koyama, J., Nakamura, Y., Focal mechanism of deep moonquakes, Proc. Lunar Planet.
Sci. Conf. 11th, 3, 1855-1865, 1980.
[18] Nakamura, Y., Latham, G. V., Dorman, H. J., Ibrahim, A.-B. K., Koyama, J., Horvath, P.,
Shallow moonquakes - Depth, distribution and implications as to the present state of thelunar interior, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 10th, 3, 2299-2309, 1979.
[19] Nakamura, Y., Seismic velocity structure of the lunar mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 88(B1),677–686, doi:10.1029/JB088iB01p00677, 1983.
[20] Weber, R. C., Lin, P.-Y., Garnero, E. J., Williams, Q., Lognonné, P., Seismic detection of
the lunar core, Science, 331(6015), 309-312, doi:10.1126/science.1199375, 2011.
[21] Garcia, R. F., Gagnepain-Beyneix, J., Chevrot, S., Lognonné, P., Very preliminaryreference Moon model, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 188(1-2), 96-113,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2011.06.015, 2011.
[22] Zhao, D., Lei, J., Liu, L., Seismic tomography of the Moon, Chinese Sci. Bull., 53(24),3897-3907, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0484-1, 2008.
[23] ↰ਛ⓹㚅, ᦬㔡ߣ᦬ߩౝㇱ᭴ㅧߦ㑐ߔࠆ✚ว⊛⎇ⓥ, ᧲ർᄢቇᄢቇ㒮ℂቇ⎇ⓥ⑼࿾⃿‛ℂቇ
ኾ᡹ୃ჻⺰ᢥ, pp. 98, 2012.
[24] Zhao, D., Arai, T., Liu, L., Ohtani, E., Seismic tomography and geochemical evidence forlunar mantle heterogeneity: Comparing with Earth, Global and Planetary Change, 90, 29-36,2012.
[25] Anderson, D. L., Miller, W. F., Latham, G. V., Nakamura, Y., Toksöz, M. N., Dainty, A.
M., Duennebier, F. K., Lazarewicz, A. R., Kovach, R. L., Knight, T. C. D., Seismology on Mars,J. Geophys. Res., 82(28), 4524–4546, doi:10.1029/JS082i028p04524, 1977.
[26] Ferrill, D. A., Wyrick, D. Y., Morris, A. P., Sims, D. W., Franklin, N. M., Dilational fault
slip and pit chain formation on Mars, GSA Today, 14(10), 4-12, 2004.
[27] Knapmeyer, M., Oberst, J., Hauber, E., Wählisch, M., Deuchler, C., Wagner, R., Working
models for spatial distribution and level of Mars' seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 111, E11006,
doi:10.1029/2006JE002708, 2006.
[28] Sohl, F., Spohn, T., The interior structure of Mars: Implications from SNC meteorites, J.
Geophys. Res., 102(E1), 1613-1635, 1997.