ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐අਬȆै໤̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬РǵᢆǵปǵΥ*
Indigenous Farming Systems in Miombo Woodlands and Surrounding
Areas in East Africa
ITANI Juichi*
Various indigenous farming systems have been practiced in miombo woodlands
in southern Tanzania and northern Zambia. One of the main characteristics of thesesystems seems to be the fallowing areas that allow soil fertility to accumulate during
periods of vegetation recovery. This paper attempts to categorize these farming systems
by vegetation types and the methods used to decompose organic nutrients, and goes on
to discuss the relationships among farming systems, vegetation, and rural societies.
The agricultural technologies observed in indigenous farming systems have ensured
the survival of the vegetation in daily food production. Maintenance of the vegetation has
been essential to the continuation of the farming systems, which have heavily depended
on the biomass on the fallow land. While the vegetation suitable for this practice often
differs, the vegetation within a particular society and culture has been retained. Thus,
the agricultural technologies of rural societies have been mutually related to thesustainability of the indigenous farming systems.
Recently, however, population pressure, political changes and so on have changed
rural societies, and indigenous farming systems have come to be regarded as simply anagricultural technology for food production. This isolation from social norms has caused
a temporal imbalance between vegetation recovery and land use, and the vegetation
has consequently degraded irreversibly. In current societies, with their greater focus
on economy, it may be difficult to revive the relationship previously seen between theindigenous farming system and the society. It is, therefore, required to find an alternative
way that the modern farming systems already introduced into rural areas may contributeto sustainable use of the forest.

*ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, KyotoUniversity88Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬1ȅ൐ͺές΃̤̫ͥͅ߃య෠༹͂हြ෠༹ǵᦏБᦅ໬ɻ⏋‫ؚ‬ᩄʦ‫ڃ‬ᣒɹ‫ك‬ΫˁᇿᇕɭɌɩ⏋ըਉɇʶɛᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹʢɭɫఒᖪ‫ڃ‬ዛˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳʢɹɫ⏋Υᖔᇕɴɻ‫࡝׋‬ᔋషɹହԂʦဌྰే៯ɹ៯ᒞɴʭɤɩс႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁ఩ȭ⏋ɇʰɴɻลඁ‫׋‬ɴʭɤɩ֝ӈɹᥐཝˁɻȴʸȩɭɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᦅ෌ɹ᧊‫ۊ‬ɴɻ⏋‫࡝׋‬ᔋషʦၚషɹᣘԂȵਖឹɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴᅊᅋ႒ˁ᢫ެɌɩᣂᩆˁ஍ՏɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȿʳჼᩆˁЂɌɛᦅ෌ɻ⏋‫إ‬ȼɻ̺͞Ͳ̘ͻ˹͚Ͳᐁ‫ۊ‬ɹɲȴɫ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ΥᖔɹᦅࢃɴࢷԂɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɻ⏋1970 ॷБɴԂɤɩ⏋‫ܕع‬కঌȵᦅ෌ɹᦏБ‫׋‬ˁዩෑᇕɴ஠ɌᦽʠʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȴʰɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ჼᩆɴʭʳᏢዒȵተጓɌ⏋ఠᔒʦᆖ᭏ɭȦɤɛԇԊే៯ɹ఩Һ⏋ᦏБ႒ᣂɹ༑॒ɭ๰ᠭˁ‫غ‬ʼɓ⏋ჼᩆɹਖឹਸȵᲞʚʱ⏋ᦏБᦅ໬ɻ਀Ǿɴ‫౅ܩ‬ɹᦅ೴ɴ༡ᦩɌɩȦɤɛ⏏
ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡᦅ෌ɹᦏБ‫׋‬ɻ⏋‫࡝׋‬ᔋషɭఒᖪዛɹࢷԂˁςкɭɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ೡᇍ᧒ɲ༑ᦲล෯⏋ᔋషɭᅊᅋ႒ɹѝൔɹέ‫ܯ‬᝝ɭȦɤɛ‫ک‬ᰍɻᦏБᦅ໬ʍɹԃᯆᇕɲ᥊ழˁߺɁɩȷɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋॑‫ݭ‬ɫɹழᩆਸȵжȦ‫ܧ‬ഀс႒ɴᢵᩂɲჼᩆˁହԂɐʳʓɰᐁཕᇕɴоងɹȡʳᦅࢃɻࢹɲȼ⏋ᣂᩆȵɲȿʶɽൕ‫ݛ‬ɫȷɲȦఒᖪዛɴᅊ༎ɹɐʏɩˁࠇɷʳʭȩɲᦅࢃʢࢹɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛɹ޽ȼɻᓘᔋਸȵ৑Ȧɛʠ⏋‫࡝׋‬ᔋషˁହԂɌɩʢɗɹ֟ഗɻჼʶɴȼȼ⏋ɭȷɴɻᗡᘽɞȿȵᑢᗛɌɩ‫ؚ‬ᩄˁжάɇɓʳɄɭɇȭȡʳ⏏ᦅ຦ɻɗɹɄɭˁʭȼମሾɌɩȦɩ⏋‫࡝׋‬ᔋషˁ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫ڃ‬ዛɴᅎȦʳёɻࢹɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ᦏБᦅ໬ɻ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀɹᦅ໬ɭཌྷɍʰɑ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹᦅ෌ˁ෯ଁɐʳᦅ໬ɹ 1 ɦɭɌɩ⏋ႶጓɌɛȴɛɠɫԂʱᦉ˃ɫȦʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏
ǵΥ౅⏋ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ܩع‬ɫɻ⏋‫࡝׋‬ᔋషɴᰉʰɑ⏋ᕶးɹԗᅊ֐ɴћࡔɌɩ‫ޚܤ‬᰸Օˁკ਄ɐʳ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ʢ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ෌ɭȦȩៜᘽɻ؏ࢌɴࡴᒶɇʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ɇʚɊʚɴៗᨾɇʶɩьʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ȴʱɴɗʶˁ⏋ŋȡʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɫᬏॷ᝔ʼʶ⏋ɗɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹᰟ‫ܤ‬ɴ᧟ਝɌɛᦅ෌Ōɭɐʳɲʰɽ⏋࡫ࡴɌɩ‫࡝׋‬ᔋషȵњᐌɇʶʳʭȩɲ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋ᦏБᦅ໬ʢʚɛ‫ܧ‬ഀ‫׋‬ɌȩʳɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ೣዣɫɻŋ‫࡝׋‬ᔋషɴ୞ʰɲȦŌɭȦȩᭉࡴˁȡȭɩЊȿ֓ȭ⏋с႒ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳɹɴਖឹɲ᰸Օȵᕶးɹɲȴȴʰɰɹʭȩɴკ਄ɇʶ
ɩȦʳɹȴɭȦȩɄɭɴ໶ᇿɌɩʛɛȦ⏏
ǵፆᓔɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ‫׫‬ᨆɭ˸Ͳ̲ˏ‫׌‬ᨆɴঃȵʳ͊ˠͲ̓ɭ٧ɽʶʳᆂᬖകय़ɫ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɴᬠɐʳᠭീˁ᝔ɤɩȷɛ⏃‫ ܒ‬1⏆⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫᑵʱঃɁʰʶɩȦʳɇʚɊʚɲ
‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ˁࢪᢒɭɌɲȵʰ⏋‫ޚܤ‬᰸Օɹკ਄౅໬ɭȦȩែဣɫɗʶʰˁՕᰖɌ⏋ᰖ݀Ʌɭɴ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ˁ୼ȭɲȲɌɩʛʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏᰸ՕɴመᇿɌɛჿᅓɻ⏋Гάɴᦚʏʳʭȩɴ⏋Ʉɹ‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬ɹᦅᓚɭᕶးᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹᬠѥʦ⏋ᦅ໬ᬚɹᬠѥˁᠦ౩ɐʳȩȭɫ⏋᰸Օɹკ਄ˁ୭ฌɴɐʳɹȵʢɤɭʢᨊ‫غ‬ȵʭȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹՕᰖˁᦲɌɩ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɴȲȿʳᦅᓚଯ᝗ɭᦅ೴኏
89ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬଎!1ȁ಺औ͈చય౷Цɭɹᬠʼʱ⏋Ё৿ɹˏ̶͠ˡᦅ೴኏ЦɴȲȿʳᦏБᦅ໬ɹеᒞЊȿ⏋ɇʰɴɻᦅ໬ɹ޴᧦ɭ୫ᐚਸɴɦȦɩ୼ȭʳែ៓ˁரњɫȷʶɽɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏

2ȅη΂ϋδႅ͂हြ෠༹
ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹၖय़޽ᮒകय़ˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼʭȩɴɌɩ⏋͇͍ዀ˻͑˭̓˓̫͞ϩዀɹปዛ⏃͊ˠͲ̓⏆ˁ‫ݜ‬ᠭɭɐʳඨᅊय़ȵঃȵɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹඨᅊɻ⏋ॷᬚᭇᮒᩄȵ 1,000 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡մ৿⏋ฌᲞ 900⑯1,700 ͍ͻ̜͡ɹປᥒᇕԳ༳ɫྂ࿅ɲ‫ݖܩ‬ˁ‫װ‬ʠɩȦʳ⏏͊ˠͲ̓കɴɻ⏋ปᲞ 10⑯20 ͍ͻ̜͡ɹᘺᘽปȵᆂʰɴጓɠ⏋കআɴɻжೠࣝȵᇍ᧒ɓɑɴ˓̦ዀᗳೣȵᅊȭʳឿᦲɌɹʭȦዷᬚˁɦȼʱɞɌɩȦʳ⏏‫⏋ޚܤ‬ᭇᮒᩄ⏋ฌᲞɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋കɹ෯ଁዛɻ਎ߴɴ޴
‫׋‬ɐʳȵ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കɴ႕ਐᇕɲ౩ʳȦಕ៎ɻɰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫʢԊᦲɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛዷᬚɹ০ଁɴɻᰈᑢɴᇍᅊɐʳᩃတȵᬠѥɌɩȦɩ⏋ɭȼɴ౗ӵȵകআɴ᧒ɐʳϠ๖കɫɻ˓̦ዀᗳೣ
ȵ‫ܩ‬ᝠˁុȦ⏋ᩃတȵয္ɌʦɐȦ⏏ᩃတɴʭɤɩᗳʦΩɹжȦॾೠɹ‫ܩ‬Ϋᨆɻຘॷ္ȷଡʼ
ʶ⏋ปᇤȵ؄ȼᇍ᧒Ɍɛଁೠɞȿȵ๿ʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ʉɹᩃတɴʭɤɩകআɹᘺɠᘽʢ္ȿɩɌʚ
ȩɛʠ⏋ᔼᘽ‫ܤ‬ɹᙢዩȵɲȦɄɭʢɄɹඨᅊɹ႕ਐɫȡʳ⏏
ǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹ͊ˠͲ̓കय़⏋ȡʳȦɻ͊ˠͲ̓കˁ؅ඨᅊɭɐʳ‫ݖܩ‬ɫঃȼൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶɩȷɛ
с႒ɴ˹˱˪̲˛ (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) ȵȡʳ⏏˹˱˪̲˛ɻആˏ̶͠ˡ؅ᅋɹ˓̦ዀ
с႒ɫ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹຩҌ೼Иɭ္ᅣɹ‫ޚܤ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁ߫ʛ⏋‫ݖܩؾ‬ɴ࣎зɐʳ္ᅣᦅᓚ຦ɹςᰩɭɇʶɩȷɛ⏏˹˱˪̲˛ɻᅋ‫ܩ‬Г޺ɫʢ⏋ᨸᦶ⏋ན༳ᰰషອ⏋೛ᰩᅎɹᎹɲɰɹ؅షɭɌ90Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɩঃȦ‫ݖܩ‬ɫьʼʶɩȷɛȵ⏋1970 ॷБɴɲɤɩആˏ̶͠ˡ‫ܕع‬ɫ္ᅣȵኧ๬ɇʶʳɭ⏋ɗɹᅊᅋᩄɻਸ਼࿠ɴཝࢹɌɛ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋॑‫ݭ‬ɫɻ˹˱˪̲˛ȵᲞғɫ‫ৄ؜‬ɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ȴɦɩɹᰩᅎс႒ɻ‫ڧ‬෌ᅎɭɌɩൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶ⏋Ёɫɻ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɴзʞϺʃɭɹᢵᩂɲჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᦏॷɴɲɤɩςᰩɹএˁ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɴᡶɤɛ៎ɹȡʳ˹˱˪̲˛ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹႶ႕ɹᰩઢɭᕊ୫ɠɹᖪɇȴʰ৔ȼ‫߫ې‬ɇʶ⏋ЁɲȲ౗।ɹᰩᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩ๕ȴɓɲȦᰩ႒ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ͊ˠͲ̓കɫɹᦅ෌ɭࢌஞɲᬠѥɴȡʳ˹˱˪̲˛ɴʢመᇿɌɲȵʰ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ˁᓒ࢘ɐʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹᦅ໬ˁᓒȭʳȩȭɫᩂឹɲෙਥɹʁɭɦɴ̶͌Ͳ̝ (mfundo) ȵȡʳ⏏
͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹᦅᓚ຦ɻ⏋ᅣˁ္ȼჿᅓˁȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ˁ਄ʳɛʠȍɭᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏̶͌Ͳ̝⏃ȡʳȦɻ̸͌Ͳ̝⏆ɭɻ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ‫׫‬ᨆʦ˸Ͳ̲ˏ‫׌‬ᨆɫঃȼьʼʶʳᅎ᠝ɫ⏋˸Ͳ̲ˏɹ္ᅣᦅᓚ຦̾Ͳ̫ɻȋ‫ޚܤ‬ˁ৔ȼ္ȼɄɭɫ⏋̶͌Ͳ̝ȵ‫ܤ‬ɴԂʳȍɭᝠჼɐʳ⏏Ʉʶɻлȴɹ႒ᣒˁ୭ɐៜᘽɫɻɲȼ⏋‫ܩܤ‬ɹᔋ໋ਸɴȴȴʼʳୈᢒᇕɲᝠჼɫ⏋౗ೣ᠝ɹȋ‫֐ܩ‬ȍɴаɛෙਥɭᓒȭɩʭȦ⏏Ʉɹ᠝ɻȏᇍᨥɐʳȑʦȏᔼʳȑˁઝ٢ɐʳ֪᠁ uku-funda ɴᅓഀɌɩȦɩ⏋‫ܤ‬μɹ೑ล႒ȵᔼɤɩ‫ޚܤ‬ȵತᖬˁ٘Ɍɩʢȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ȵԂɤɛȍɭᝠჼɇʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋‫࡝׋‬ᔋషʦ‫ݡ‬ᔋɹʭȩɲ޺ᨆɹ᰸ՕˁହԂɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɴɻȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ȵԂɤɛȍɭɻៜʼɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋̶͌Ͳ̝ɴɻȋᕶးɴ‫܌‬਋ɌɛȍɭȦȩ̢͖ˏͲ˽ȵ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦɩ⏋Хᬘɴʭɤɩ‫܌‬਋Ɍɛඨᅊȵᔼʳȴ္ȴʶʳɄɭɫ⏋ɗɹ‫ܩܤ‬ȵᔋ໋ɴɲʳႥ઴ˁ୭ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵГάɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ̶͌Ͳ̝ɹკ਄౅໬ˁʁɭɦɹ୭ฌɭɌɩ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɹՕᰖˁ᝔ɤɩʛɛȦ⏏

3ȅहြ෠༹͈໦႒
3.1ȁศ‫ူ͈̥ͣٸ‬໦͈‫ݯރ‬ǵ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫȼʱʁʸɁʰʶɩȦʳ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɹ޽ȼɻ⏋̶͌Ͳ̝ɹკ਄ˁᇿ୭ɐʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɲȴɴɻХᬘɴʭʰɲȦ᰸Օɹკ਄౅໬⏋ɐɲʼɠᅣɹ޺ᨆȴʰ᰸Օȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶʳ˭ͻ˽ʢȡʳ⏏‫ ܒ‬2 ɴ᰸Օɹკ਄౅໬ɴʭɤɩᦅ໬ˁՕᰖɌɛȵ⏋޺ᨆȴʰ᰸Օȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶʳ˭ͻ˽ˁ⏋ඨ႒кʦ؊‫ݡ‬ᔋɹȴɛɠɫేᅎɐʳ‫⏋غݭ‬ໜाອʦ‫ܩ‬άອɴʭɤɩ᰸Օȵњᐌɇʶʳ‫ݭ‬ଘˁᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ‫⏋غݭ‬᰸ՕɹᮃዩɌɛˏ͠‫ݻ‬ˁᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ‫غݭ‬ɭɴՕȿɛ⏏
ǵΥᖔɴࢃ࣒ɹٞᦇɴɻᘛ‫ܟ‬ȵɦȼʰʶ⏋ɗɹᘽ͹ഗᘛᰖɻ౗Ǿɹᰩ‫ש‬ɴΫʳ⏏ᅣɹ޺ȴʰඨ႒кɗɹʢɹȵ୫ɠᦉʚʶʳ˭ͻ˽ɻɄȩɌɛᘛ‫ܟ‬ɫɌȴឿʰʶɑ⏋߂ȷɲςᰩᅎɹᅣɴඨ႒кˁ୫ɠᦉ˃ɫᔋషɭɌɩȦʳɹˁፆᓔɻɄʶʚɫឿɛɄɭȵɲȦ⏏ʚɛᘛ‫ܟ‬ɫʢ⏋షჿʦ‫ؚ‬ዲɹ᭬ɴɫʳс႒ɹ๿རʦ⏋ᓑ೬‫׋‬Ɍɛᘶᙏȷ࣒൓ˁஅɩʳዐ঎ɹʢɹɫ⏋ዩෑᇕɴඨ႒кˁ୫ɠᦉʢȩɭɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏
ǵ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɻሏʱᆖˁࠬЂɐʳ̓˙̓˙̫˛ɹᅊਖ਼‫ݖ‬ɫʢȡʱ⏋‫إ‬ȼȴʰႌɻȡʚʱᰲʼ91ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬଎!2ȁ෠༹͈໦႒ʶɩɄɲȴɤɛ⏏ᦏॷ⏋కঌʦஹ֖ลᬠɲɰɹଝɴʭɤɩϖႌɹఒᖪዛȵࢷԂɇʶ⏋ࢃᅨɹᖇᰲȦɭɗʶɴɭʢɲȩ؊‫ݡ‬ᔋɹᅊᅋȵ᝔ʼʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ఔ႑ʦᑦ႑ɴીʶɛϺʃɭɴɭɤɩ⏋႑ᗳɹ஛ᮃɭ᧊ெɻ߂ȷɲᢦ୊ɫȡʱ⏋ϖន‫ڃ‬ʦ؊‫ݡ‬ᔋɴ᳄֐ɻઢɍɦɦʢ⏋ȡʚʱಔ‫ؖ‬ɌɩȦɲȦɹȵჼႥɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛᦅ೴ɹɲȴɫʢ߂ࢃᅨˁᰲɤɩȦʳγय़ɻࢹధɫ⏋߂‫ץ‬ɻμࢸࢃᅨˁࢹధᰲᔒɌɩȦʳɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏏Υᖔᇕɲᰲ᰸౅໬ɻ⏋౾ᬚࢃᅨˁᗳ؅ɴᦹʶՏɌɩ஛ᰩɇɓ⏋޿ɞȿᅨᖇɴԂʶʳɭȦȩʢɹɫ⏋ᔋషɭɌɩգᅎɫȷʳ؊‫ݡ‬ᔋɹᩄɻȿɤɌɩ޽ȼɲȦ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋؊‫ݡ‬ᔋɹգᅎʢ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹᦅᓚкᏙɹɲȴɫɻ࣌ଘᇕʚɛɻជ࡭ᇕɲʢɹɫɌȴɲȦ⏏
ǵໜाɹ༑‫ݖ‬ɴɻΫ༑ȴʰ᧊ɽʶɩȷɛ‫ܤ‬ቆȵ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɩ໓ዩॶᩃʦະ࿭؅ˁɦȼʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛ‫ܩܤ‬ɻᐵɍɩ‫ܩ‬άອеȵᲞȼ⏋ϗೝɹᅣɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏‫ܤ‬ቆʦໜाອɻ᰸Օɴ࢏ʛ⏋ᮒೝɴᑢᗛɐʳᮊᗳʢʚɛс႒ɹ᰸Օɭɲʳ⏏˸Ͳ̲ˏɹ˸Ͳ̾˻ाʦ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹ̶͡ˑ˻ाɭȦɤɛ߂ໜाɹ༑‫ݖ‬ɴɻ⏋३ధ‫̜͡ͻ͍ͦ˥מ‬ɴʢȲʭʉະ࿭؅ȵȡʱ⏋༑‫ݖ‬з຦ɻɗɄȴʰɹᏒɴ৔ȼћࡔɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ߂ໜाɹ੔ਜ਼ˁ‫؝‬ȿʰʶʳ‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬ɻᭉʰʶɩȦɩ⏋ʈɦȩɻࢸໜाɹ༑‫ݖ‬ɹʼɑȴɲྂ‫ܩ‬ˁᓚɌɩᰩᏒɹέ᣸Օˁជɤɛʱ⏋࡚፲ɻɑʶɹᰩ႒ˁழᩆᅎɴൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍɛʱɐʳዐ঎ɫ⏋ςᰩˁᅊᅋɐʳɛʠɹᅣɭɻɲɤɩȦɲȦ⏏
92Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ǵ͊ˠͲ̓കɹˏ͠‫ݻ‬ɴɻɇʚɊʚɲ০Ⴅɹʢɹȵȡʳȵ⏋ɲȴɴɻሁ৹‫מ‬ధ͍ͻ̜͡⏋Პɇʢధ͍ͻ̜͡ɴ᧒ɐʳॅ߂ɲ‫ݻ‬ˁɦȼʳ˹ͦˏ͠ʢȦʳ⏏˹ͦˏ͠ȵˏ͠‫ݻ‬ɹ޺ᨆɫ஛ᰩɌɛᑥᐣᣒɻ⏋ᕉԒɴࢊᅊɌɩȦʳ਎ᅊ႒ɴʭɤɩՕៗɇʶ⏋ˏ͠‫ݻ‬ԒɫகՏɇʶʳ⏏ɄɹБᡚ႒ȵс႒ɹ᰸Օɭɲʳɛʠ⏋ʼɊʼɊˏ͠‫ݻ‬ɹΫˁᓚɌɩс႒ˁඨȭʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹዛɹ˹ͦˏ͠ɻ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɲʰɰɄɴɫʢඞਖ਼ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ʚɛˏ͠‫ݻ‬ɹ‫ܤ‬ɻᯃ।ɴ‫ݠ‬Ȧɛʠ⏋ɐʏɩɹˏ͠‫ݻ‬ȵᓚ‫׋ܩ‬ɇʶʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ᅣɹ޺ᨆȴʰс႒ɹ᰸Օˁ୫ɠᦉʞᦅ໬ɻ⏋Ȧɑʶʢࢸៀฐɴ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳɴ᧌ȹɑ⏋ᅊ༎ɹ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɲʳʭȩɲʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɹ޽ȼɻ⏋Гάɫኍɐʭȩɴ⏋Хᬘɴʭɤɩඨᅊˁԗᅊɇɓ⏋ɗɹ̫˓ˠ͇˽ˁ‫ޚܤ‬ɴ᧰ӯɐʳɄɭɫ‫֐ܩ‬ɹ‫܌‬਋ˁɻȴɤɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
3.2ȁ‫ͥ͢ͅ۽ݝ‬౷ႁ͈ٝ໘ǵХᬘɴʭɤɩ‫֐ܩ‬ˁᐣ୫ɐʳᦅ໬ɻ⏋๖ɹ 3 ɦɹ᧌ዐɫ႕ਐɧȿʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏1 ɦɻඨᅊɹ‫܌‬਋ɴɭʢɲɤɩ᰸Օˁ೑ล႒ɹȴɛɠɫᙢዩɐʳ᧌ዐ⏋๖ɻɗɹ೑ล႒ˁံล‫׋‬ɐʳ᧌ዐ⏋ɗɌɩᥢсɲɰɴʭɤɩ᰸Օˁ֟რᇕɴьȩ᧌ዐɫȡʳ⏏ᩃᗳʦᮊᗳɻ⏋с႒ɫɻُ‫ؚ‬ɫȷɲȦႥ઴ɴȡʳ᰸Օʢُ‫ؚ‬ɫȷʳɌ⏋ೠೣɻс႒ɹ൓ȵ࣑ȴɲȦཉࣝȴʰʢ᰸ՕˁُȦΫɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ʈɦȩ⏋ᮒೝɴᑢᗛɌɛᘽȵϗೝɴഞʶɩ‫ܩ‬ᝠɴ‫ݡ‬ዩɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ඨ႒ɴʭɤɩُȦΫɁʰʶɛ᰸ՕɹΥᨆȵᝠࣝ‫ޚܤ‬ɴᙢዩɇʶɩȦȼ⏏ɭɄʸȵ⏋ᩃတɹᰈᇍɐʳ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɫɻ⏋ᗳೣɹᗡᘽʦᘺɠᘽȵ္ȿɩɌʚȩɛʠ⏋᰸ՕɻςɭɌɩᗳೣɹ൓ʦዏ‫ݜ‬ᨆ⏋ೠೣɫȡʶɽ൓⏋ॻ⏋ഘɭȦɤɛ۬ࡲɞȿɴᙢዩɇʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛ೑ล઴ɹ᰸Օˁံล‫׋‬ɐʳ᧌ዐɴȲȦɩ⏋ɗɹ۬ࡲȵೠᣒ‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳȴ‫و‬ȴȵ๖ɹံล‫׋‬ɹूዐɴ޴ᅵˁᅊ
ɍɇɓʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ˁՕᰖɐʳɴȡɛʱ⏋ʚɑ᰸Օȵᙢዩɇʶʳඨᅊ⏋ɐɲʼɠᗳ‫ܩ‬ɭക‫ܩ‬ɭɫ‫ך‬Օɐʳ⏏
3.2.1ȁ௜౷‫۽ݝ‬ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɹμ߈ॶ؅⏃ฌᲞᏝ 1,000 ͍ͻ̜͡⏆ɻ⏋ॷᬚᭇᮒᩄȵ 500 ͍͊͠ͻ̜͡ȡʚʱɹϗၥ‫ܩ‬ɫ⏋ˏˡ˹ˏ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ȵ‫؜‬ʱॎȷ⏋ɗɹ‫׫‬үʍɹঃȵʱɻ͡˪ͩ͹̶̜̫ͤ͠ͻˁᣴȭɩ˸Ͳ̲ˏ‫׌‬ᨆȴʰ͇͞˗ˑྲྀɹആүΥय़ˁុɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɴɻ‫إ‬ȼȴʰ޽ȼɹ຦౏ȵውʱзʛ⏋കˁՖʱᬖȦɩᦅᓚˁ᝔ɤɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋കȵ࡭ԃɴ߉ʼʶɩᗳ؅ɭɲɤɩɌʚɤɩȦʳ‫ݖܩ‬ʢࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏Υ౅⏋ॶܹɲ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɹɲȴɴɻ⏋ᮒೝɴᮒອȵɛʚɤɩɫȷʳྂ‫ܩ‬ȵȦɛʳɭɄʸɴȡɤɩ⏋ɗȩȦɤɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɴɻปೠȵᔒɛɑ⏋ʢɭʢɭ˓̦ዀɹᗳ؅ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̶̜̫ͤ͠ͻɴ໤ɤɩᦹɲʳ᭠ᣱय़ɴɻ⏋ฌᲞ 2,000 ͍ͻ̜͡ˁᣳȭʳᲞ‫ܩ‬ȵȡʱ⏋ɗɄɫɻ͊ˠͲ̓കɻࠒˁ༥Ɍ⏋Პ࣢ਸɹဌೠȵᆂʰɴᅊȭʳᗳ؅ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛဌೠཌྷɍʱɹᗳ؅ȵ⏋ኊʦ࣬ɹᮮՏɐʳ࣢ዘᨆɹ؅ඨᅊɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɹ‫ݡ‬ዩɐʳጆ‫ܩ‬ɴɻʢɭʢɭ͐Ͳ93ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬̘Ͳ͹̶˝ͤ˽̜ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦɛʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗʶʢჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻϺᬚ༎֪ɴʭɤɩᗳ‫׋ܩ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛᗳ؅ɫɻ⏋ᗳ‫ܩ‬Хᬘ݀ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ᗳೣਸඨ႒ɻ⏋ೠೣਸɴປʏʳɭ਎
ᅊ႒ɴʭʳՕៗȵ౛Ȧɹɫ⏋Υᖔᇕɴɻᗳˁ‫ܤ‬ɹμɴ‫ݏ‬ʠᦉʛ⏋ɗʶȵᔼʳɄɭɫ೑ล႒ɹံ
ล‫׋‬ȵɻȴʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬೼Иɴʭɤɩ਎ᅊ႒ɹՕៗȵԓྜྷɴ᝔ʼʶɲȦɭɄʸɫɻ⏋ᗳˁၚʦɌɩံล‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ɄɄɫɻᗳ‫ܩ‬Хᬘ݀ᦅ໬ˁᔼඨ݀ɭၚ္݀ɴՕȿ
ʳɄɭɴɐʳ⏏
(1)ǵᔼඨ݀ǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹᗳ؅ɴɻࢆ൓ਸɹ˓̦ዀᗳೣȵ޽Ȧ⏏ࢆ൓ਸɭɻ⏋ϗೝɴ‫ܩ‬Ϋᨆɹʓɭ˃ɰȵഞʶɩʢ⏋ዏɹ‫ݜ‬ᨆʦ൓ȵᅊȷ๿ʱ⏋๖ɹᮒ࡚ɴɗɄȴʰᘭᗂɌɩȼʳਸᣒˁȦȩ⏏‫ܩ‬ΫᨆȵഞʶɩȦȼ᧌ዐɫ⏋ᗡᘽɴ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦɛᏋʦ̦͊͞͡ɻዛࡎɭዏɹ‫ݜ‬ᨆɴው᝔⏋ᙢዩɇʶʳ⏏
ʈɦȩ⏋ᩃတȵዏ‫ݜ‬ᨆʚɫ္ȦɩɌʚȩɄɭɻɲȦɹɫ⏋лॷᬚȴɹХᬘˁᐁʳɭ⏋‫ܩ‬᭬ᨆɴɻ޽ȼɹ᰸ՕȵɛʚʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ᔼඨ݀ɹᦅ໬ɻ⏋Хᬘɴʭɤɩ೑ล႒ɴ࢏˃ɞᝠ‫ܤ‬ˁɦȼʱ⏋ɗʶˁ਎ᅊ႒ɹ֐ˁҏʱɩՕៗɐʳʢɹɫ⏋ɗɹूዐɴɻ‫ܩع‬ɫɇʚɊʚɲ̫͠˛ͻ˹͚Ͳȵឿʰʶʳ⏏
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ‫ី׫‬ᨆ⏋̊Ͳˤ̢˓ˡྲྀɭ͡˪ͩྲྀɴɻɇʚʶɛε᭙‫ܩ‬य़ɻ̶ˑ̮ (Fipa) ɹ࣎з‫ݖ‬ɭɲɤɩȦʳ␩Willis 1966␭⏏ȴɦɩɻ̶ˑ̮͹͞Ͳ̝ʢകɫុʼʶɩȦɛɭɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋̶ˑ̮ɴʭɤɩɗɹʓɭ˃ɰȵՖʱᬖȴʶ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻឿཡɐᭉʱɹᗳ؅ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
̶ˑ̮ɻɄɹᗳ؅ɫ̜˕Ͳ̫ (tumba) ɭ٧ɽʶʳႶᕶɹᦅ໬ˁᇍ᧒ɇɓɩ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍɩȷɛ⏏̜˕Ͳ̫ɫɻᝠ‫ܤ‬ɴɛʚɤɛ೑ล႒ˁՕៗɐʳɛʠɴ߂ȷɲ͇˗Ͳ̝ȵɦȼʰʶʳ⏏
ϗೝɹɻɍʠ⏋ʚɑᗳ؅ɴᅊȦᗛɤɛ˓̦ዀᗳೣɹ‫ܩ‬Ϋᨆˁ՗ʱଡɤɩ⏋ɗʶˁᅣȴʰ‫؜‬ʱ᭑ȼ⏏๖ɴ˽˱̺̒ɹʭȩɴཱྀುɌɛ᫊ˁьɤɩ⏋ᗳɹ՗ʱൎɅɭᝠ‫ܤ‬ˁᚚȦԓᇻႥɴռȹ
‫؜‬ʱ⏋ɗʶˁ‫ؙ‬᥊ɇɓɲȵʰዩʛΫɁɩ⏋ሁ৹ 1 ͍ͻ̜͡⏋Პɇ 30⑯70 ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ʓɰɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁɦȼɤɩȦȼ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏ʈɦȩ⏋Ʉɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ɴɻлʢඨȭɑ⏋ϗೝɹȡȦɞɻɗɹʚʚఔᒞɐʳ⏏೑ล႒ɴ࢏˃ɞᝠ‫ܤ‬ˁዩʛΫɁʳɄɭɫ⏋‫ޚܤ‬਎ᅊ႒ɹ༎֪ɴ᧟Ɍɛྂຩ⏋ཧ঎⏋ᦲຩ೼Иˁɦȼʱ⏋ϗೝɹ‫ॷץ‬ᬚɫඨ႒кɹ൓ᗡɻʓʖ࡭ԃɴՕៗɐʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ϗೝɹᏺʼʱɴ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁगɌɩ‫ܤ‬ˁٞᦇɴঃɁ⏋ᮒೝɴɲɤɩȴʰ⏋ॶܹɲᅣɴ˹˱˪̲˛ˁత௢ɐʳ⏏ᓂॷɹᮒೝɴɻ⏋ᅣɴ՗ʱ๿ɇʶɛ˹˱˪̲˛ɹ๿རˁႅЊȿɛȡɭ⏋ᝠ‫ܤ‬ˁᓚɌɩ˳͇ʦ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍⏋ȡʳȦɻᅩˁጓɩɩ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏋˥͑̒˵̫⏋̯͇ͩ͠ɲɰˁඨ
ȭʳ⏏ᦲ।⏋ɄȩɌɛᥢсˁ 3⑯4 ॷᬚᐚȿɛȡɭ⏋2⑯5 ॷᬚХᬘɐʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋͇͞˗ˑྲྀആࣳˁ‫׌׫‬ɴᣬʳਸ਼आɲ̲͠Ͳ˫˽̜ͻͲ࣢ᔭɻ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ೑ధɹᢔᮒ‫ܩ‬य़ɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɫɹᓚсɻɦɷɴ‫ޚܤ‬༡ᰩɹ‫׶‬᭝ਸˁɻʰ˃ɫȦʳ⏏࣢ᔭɹ‫׫‬ጩᨆɴзʞ͇̘Ͳ˳ (Matengo) ɻ⏋Ͳ˳ͦ (ngolo) ɭ٧ɽʶʳႶᕶɹᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ˁᇍ᧒ɇɓ⏋Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁ
94Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬

ৢ૯!1ȁ௜ࡔͅै̹ͣͦζ;ϋΡȪέͻΩȫ

ৢ૯!2ȁศ஠࿂ͅ؆౷̦୭̫̹ͣͦϋΌυศȪζΞϋΌȫӷ೓Ɍ⏋1 γᏛГΫʢਸ਼Ӄహ‫ܩ‬ɫ।ᅣᓚсˁᐚȿɩȷɛ␩Itani 1998␭⏏Ʉɹ˹˽̘͌ɻᅣԃᯆɴ៯ȿʰʶɛՎ‫ܩ‬ˁ޺៎ᇕɲ႕ਐɭɌɩȦɩ⏋ᮒອȵɄɹՎ‫ܩ‬ɴɛʚʳɄɭɫ‫ޚܤ‬ɹ༡ᰩȵըਉɇʶɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏Ͳ˳ͦᦅ໬ɻ 2 ॷ˵˓˪͡ɹᥢсɫ⏋1 ॷᇿɹᮒೝմ‫ץ‬ɻᅣˁᓚᣱɓ
ɑɴ⏋͇͡Ͳ̫ (malumba) ɭᐵዌɇʶʳᮊᗳᒴˁᑢᗛɇɓ⏋ᮒೝɹ৿‫ץ‬ɴɲɤɩȴʰɗʶˁ՗ʳ⏏՗ʱᗳˁ 2 ᦼᬚʓɰϗၥɌɛ৿⏋ᗳɹ೺ˁᅣɴൔࡎႥɴιʏ⏋ɗʶɴൔࡎԒɹ‫ܤ‬ˁ᝵ɓʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᅣɴɻൔࡎႥɹᅩɭɗʶɴܑʚʶɛՎ‫ܩ‬ȵ఩းɭιʉɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ൔࡎႥɹᅩɴɻ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍ˁඨȭ⏋๖ɹᮒೝɴɻɗʶɭ‫ؾ‬ɍᅩɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁ௢ዛɐʳ⏏ᅩԒɴ‫ݏ‬ʠᦉʚʶɛᗳ೺ɻϗೝɹᬚɴᔼʱ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᔋషɭɲʳ⏏Ͳ˳ͦᦅ໬ɻɄȩɌɛ 2 ॷɹ˵˓˪͡ˁᑵʱᦐɐʢɹɫ⏋2 ॷɴ 1 ঎⏋ᮒೝɹմ‫ץ‬ɴቁೝᬚɹХᬘˁ୳ʞɄɭɫ‫֐ܩ‬ˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɫʢ⏋ᬏॷɄɹ˵˓˪͡ˁᑵʱᦐɐɭ਀Ǿɴ‫֐ܩ‬ɻжάɌɩȦȼɹɫ⏋ɭȷɰȷధॷᬚɹᬏೝХᬘȵᏼʛᦉʚʶʳ⏏
ǵᮒೝɹȲʼʱȴʰϗೝɹɻɍʠɴȴȿɩᓚᣱˁ᝔Ȧ⏋ϗೝɴ೑ล႒ˁՕៗɌɩ⏋๖ɹᮒೝ95ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɴɗɹ᰸ՕˁգᅎɌɩс႒ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳɭȦȩ෵িȵ⏋ᔼඨ݀ᦅ໬ɹ႕ਐɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹᦅ໬ɻ⏋‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɴᥢскᏙˁɭʱ⏋2 ॷȴʰధॷᬚɴȦȼɦȴɹс႒ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳ⏏‫ᦅع‬໬ɴໆʚɤɛсЊȿॷధȵȡʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ෑጩɴ‫ؚ‬ᩄȵжάɐʳɭ⏋ᅣˁХʚɓʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɰɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫʢ‫֐ܩ‬ɴࢪɐʳ୭ฌȵȡɤɩ⏋႕ࡴɹᗳዛɹѢԂʦɗɹᑢᗛᩄɫХᬘ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳ‫֐ܩ‬ɹ‫܌‬਋ዐ঎ˁሾʱ⏋๖ɹᬖᅣɹಁೝȵໆʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏
(2)ǵၚ္݀ǵΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ᔼඨ݀ɴࣚɐʳᦅ໬ɫɻ⏋ᮒೝɹȲʼʱȴʰϗೝɹɻɍʠɴȴȿɩ⏋๖ɹᮒೝɹсЊȿɴҺȭɛᓚᣱ⏃ᗷᣱɄɌ⏆ȵ᝔ʼʶ⏋Ʉʶɴʭɤɩ‫ܩ‬ᯆˁុɤɩȦɛᗳೣȵഞʶɩ਎ᅊ႒ɴʭʳඨ႒кɹՕៗȵɻɍʚʳ⏏Ʉɹ೑ล႒ȵ࡭ԃɴՕៗɐʳɴɻлͶ೐ʢȴȴʳɹɫ⏋Ʉɹс෌ɻɫȷʳɞȿ౛Ȧಁೝɴ᝔ȩਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᓚᣱɹಁೝɻс෌ɹ֟რɭʢᬠѥɌɩȦɩ⏋‫ܤ‬ȵϗȦɩ቙ȼɲɤɩɌʚȩɭᓚᣱɫȷɲȦɹɫ⏋ʚɞ‫ܤ‬ȵྂɤɩȦʳȩɠɴ᝔ʼʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬೼Иɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋౛ȦಁೝɴᓚᣱɫȷɲȦ‫غݭ‬ʦՕៗȵᧆȦᄩ‫ޅ‬ɫɻ⏋աɹ౅໬ɫ೑ล႒ˁံล‫׋‬ɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɹ˥Ͳˤ (Kinga) ɹ࣎з‫ݖ‬ɫɻ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɹᚚȦਸ਼ɲᗳ؅ɫ͌˫Ͳ̋
(mgunda) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ္ᅣȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏ฌᲞȵᲞȼ⏋ॷᬚˁᦲɌɩԳ༳ɲɄɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋೑ล႒ȵᔼʱɴȼȦɛʠ⏋೑ล႒ˁၚʦɐɄɭɫံล‫׋‬ˁɻȴɤɩȦʳ⏏˥Ͳˤɻ⏋ϗೝɹμɅʸɴᗳ؅ɹᗳˁ՗ʱ⏋ɗʶˁঃɇ 1⑯2 ᅶɹ̘͞˽ɴ⏋Პɇ 1 ͍ͻ̜͡ʓɰዩʛΫɁʳ⏏Ʉɹᗳ࣢ˁٞᦇɹ‫ܤ‬ɫុȦ⏋ɗɹʚʚ 1 Ͷ೐ʓɰఔᒞɌ⏋ᗳʦ‫ܤ‬ȵ࡭ԃɴϗȼɭ⏋‫ݏ‬ʠᦉ˃ɞᗳ
ɴတˁɦȿʳ⏏ᗳɻȼɐʉʱɲȵʰʪɤȼʱɭၚȭ⏋္ȿᤄɴɻរᖬɴᨧ‫׋‬Ɍɛ‫ܤ‬ɭᇐȦဒȵ๿ʳ⏏Ʉɹဒɭ္ȿɛ‫ܤ‬ɹ࣢ˁ͠˽̾ (lisuve) ɭៜȦ⏋హᯆ‫ܩ‬ɹᅣΥᯆɴᦶଁɇʶʳ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏏
ᮒೝɴɲʳɭ⏋͠˽̾ɴ˹˱˪̲˛⏋˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍⏋˻͑ˤ˓͐ɲɰˁඨȭЊȿʳ⏏Ʉɹᅣɴɻ 1 ॷᬚɌȴсЊȿɓɑ⏋3⑯4 ॷᬚɹХᬘˁɻɇ˃ɫᑵʱᦐɇʶʳ⏏

ৢ૯!3ȁ঑ಔ̦໼͐θΈϋΘศȪ΅ϋ΄ȫ96Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ǵɄɹ͠˽̾ɴьʼʶʳၚ္ೳɻᗳʦᏳȦഘɞȿɲɹɫ⏋ɗɹʚʚတˁɦȿɛɹɫɻሬȼᬚɴၚȭࣉȷɩɌʚȩ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᗳ࣢ˁ‫ܤ‬ɫុɤɩʪɤȼʱɭၚʦɐɄɭɫఔၖȵଵȭʰʶ⏋‫ܤ‬μཉȼɴʚɫၖȵШʼʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏೑ล႒ˁ္ȼɄɭɫ਄ʰʶɛဒɻс႒ɹਖ᯷ӯᏬˁ޽ᩄɴ‫˃ي‬ɞʭȦᔋషɭɲʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋с႒ɹଁᬏɴɭɤɩʢɤɭʢ޽ᩄɴਖឹɲዾᏬɻၚ္ɹ
᭬ɴຩ‫׋‬ɌɩዷຩμɴఔతɌɩɌʚȩɹɫ⏋ဒɴɻ‫ي‬ʚʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ˁᲞཧɫၖɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋‫ޚܤ‬μɹ೑ล႒ȵ့Ɂɩံล‫׋‬ɐʳ္‫֟ܤ‬ഗ⏋‫ܤ‬ɹϗၥɭɗɹ৿ɹᭇᮒɴ
ʭɤɩ೑ล႒ɹՕៗȵѦɇʶʳϗ‫֟ܤ‬ഗ␩Araki 1993␭⏋ɇʰɴ޽ᩄɹဒˁད֓ɐʳɄɭɫ‫ܤ‬‫ޚ‬ȵˏ͡ˡ͠‫׋‬Ɍ⏋ɗɹɄɭɫ‫ޚܤ‬೑ล႒ɹՕៗȵѦᦽɇʶʳˏ͡ˡ֟͠ഗɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋‫ܤ‬‫ޚ‬μɴˏͲ̢͐ˏ઴ዾᏬȵఔՏɇʶʳ⏏Ʉʶʰȵၚ္݀ᦅ໬ɴȲȿʳςឹɲዾᏬɹњᐌ྇ɴɲʳʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋̊Ͳ˸̢ˏȴʰ˸Ͳ̲ˏ⏋˻Ͳ̸̫˗˙ɴঃȵʳॶܹɲᲞ؅‫ܩ‬य़ɴɻ⏋ᮒೝɴྡྷອɐʳ࡚፲ྂ‫ܩ‬ȵဣ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄɄɴ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɩȦʳ‫ޚܤ‬ɻѳອਸɴ࢏ʛ⏋ྂຩˁय़ʃʳɭȷʼʠɩᲞȦᎳਸˁ٘Ɍ⏋ϗȼɭཉȦϘ᝾ˁɦȼʱɲȵʰ˱Ͳ˪͠ͻ̜ɹʭȩɴ቙ȼɲʳɭȦȩਸᣒˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ޚܤ‬႕ਸɭ‫ॷץ‬ᬚɹྡྷອɹɛʠɴೠೣਸɹඨ႒ɻᅊᔒɫȷɑ⏋ᓘྂਸɴӦʶɛ˓̦ዀᗳೣɹᗳ؅ȵ০ଁɇʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᄩ‫ޅ‬ɫɻс႒ɹൕ‫ݛ‬ɻᮑɌȼ⏋ɗɄɻȲʢɴϗೝɹఔ႑‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩգᅎɇʶɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉɹᗳ‫ܩ‬ˁᓚ‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩգᅎɌɩȦʳёʢȡʳ⏏̊Ͳ˸̢ˏ‫׫‬ᨆᲞ‫ܩ‬ɹ͓͌̾िɴзʞ̢˓̩ (Nyiha) ɻ⏋Ʉɹᗳ؅ɫͲ˪ͤ (nkule) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ္ᅣᦅᓚˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛྡྷອ‫ܩ‬ɴᅊᔒɐʳ˓̦ዀᗳೣɻ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ᝠᯆɴధ́Ͳ͍̍ͻ̜͡ɴʢ‫ؖ‬ʉ؄Ȧ͇̜̒Ⴅɹ൓ᒴ⏃͡ͻ̜͹͇̜̒⏆ˁ০ଁɐʳ⏏ϗೝɹμ᯴ɴɲɤɩྂ‫ܩ‬ɹອȵৄȼɭ⏋̢˓̩ɻᗳɹ‫ܩ‬Ϋᨆˁ՗ʱ⏋˹͚̾͡ˁനɴܽሁɴ‫؜‬ʱЊȿɛʭȩɲ႕๾ɲ᫊ˁьɤɩɗɹ͡ͻ̜͹͇̜̒ˁձȹɭʱɲȵʰɗɹ‫ݭ‬ɴ‫ؙ‬᥊ɇɓɩȦȼ⏏ɄȩɐʳɄɭɫ൓ɻഞʶ⏋1 Ͷ೐ʢᐁɩɽ࡭ԃɴϗၥɐʳ⏏͡ͻ̜͹͇̜̒ɴɻࢹᩄɹᎳ‫ܤ‬ȵ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦʳɞȿɲɹɫϗȼɭᥐȼɲʱ⏋৳ʰɻɗʶˁଝɫ୩Ȧᮃʠɩ⏋ሁ৹ 1.0⑯1.5 ͍ͻ̜͡⏋Პɇ 0.5⑯1.0 ͍ͻ̜͡ʓɰɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ɴዩʛΫɁɩȦȼ⏏Ʉɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ɻ޺៎Ϋ⏋̶ˑ̮ɹ̜˕Ͳ̫͹͇˗Ͳ̝ɭʭȼаɩȦʳȵ⏋̢˓̩ɻɇʰɴɄʶˁ‫ܤ‬ɫុȦ⏋μɹ͡ͻ̜͹͇̜̒ɴတˁɦȿʳ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ၚ္ೳȵ‫ܩ‬Ϋᨆɭ‫ܩ‬άᨆɹ᧓Ȧɻȡʳȵ⏋ΫᦚɌɛ͌˫Ͳ̋͹͇˗Ͳ̝ɭʭȼаɩȦɩ⏋ʪɤȼʱɭၚȭʳ͇˗Ͳ̝ɻ္ȿɛ‫ܤ‬ɭဒȵཌྷɊʱɲȵʰໍ˃ɫȦȼ⏏͌˫Ͳ̋ɫɻ္ȿᤄɫȡʳ͠˽̾ɴɌȴс႒ˁඨȭЊȿɲȦȵ⏋Ͳ˪ͤɫɻ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɛဒˁٞᦇɴɽʰ௘ȷ⏋ᅣԃᯆɴ˹˱˪̲˛ˁ௢ዛɐʳ⏏Ͳ˪ͤɫɻ္Ȧɛ‫ݭ‬ଘˁ̴͓͠͞ (pilyala) ɭ٧ʉȵ⏋̴͓͠͞ɴȲȿʳ˹˱˪̲˛ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄɻဒˁ௘Ȧɛɞȿɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɭɻປʏʢɹɴɲʰɲȦʓɰᲞȼ⏋ɄɹɄɭȴʰʢ‫ܤ‬ˁ္ȼɄɭɹ೑֟ਸˁጋȦሾʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
ǵɄʶʰɹ౅໬ɫɻ⏋ՕៗɌʦɐȦᗳˁࢪᢒɭɌɲȵʰʢ⏋ၚ္ɴʭɤɩ೑ล႒ˁՕៗɐʳ97ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ৢ૯!4ȁϋ·τศ͈͒‫غ‬වͦȪΣͼΧȫȵ⏋Ʉʶɻᦅ໬ȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳᕶးᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴʭʳɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȦ⏏͌˫Ͳ̋ɹ᝔ʼʶʳ˥Ͳˤ͹͞Ͳ̝ɻ⏋ฌᲞ 2,000 ͍ͻ̜͡մ৿ɹᲞଘɴȡʱ⏋ϗೝɴɻຩཧȵᮗάɴ᧒ɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏
Ʉɹʭȩɲ࢑Գ‫ܩ‬ɫɻ⏋਎ᅊ႒ɹ༎ਸȵжȼ⏋ᗳˁ‫ܤ‬ɭཌྷɕ‫غ‬ʼɓʳɞȿɫɻ೑ล႒ȵ‫מ‬ՕɴՕៗɌɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋࡚፲ྂ‫ܩ‬ɫɹͲ˪ͤᦅ໬ɫɻ⏋ϗೝɹμ᯴ʚɫᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴອȵྡྷᅥɌɩȦʳɛʠɴ⏋౛ȦಁೝɴᓚᣱɫȷɲȦɄɭȵ؅‫܍‬ɌɩȦʳʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋ᗳ‫ܩ‬Хᬘ̆ၚ္݀ᦅ໬ɻ⏋ᔼඨɞȿɫɻඨ႒кɹՕៗˁ‫מ‬Օɴ೚ʠɲȦ‫ݭ‬ଘɫ᝔ʼʶʳᦅ໬ɫ⏋ၚ္ೳˁ‫ܤ‬ɫុɤɩᙜɌ္ȷႥ઴ɴɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ဒɹད֓ɭၖɴʭʳՕៗ֟ഗˁʢ‫؜‬ʱԂʶɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
3.2.2ȁ૩ႅ‫۽ݝ‬ǵകˁՖʱᬖȦɩᅣˁᦶଁɐʳɭȷɻȦɦʢတȵьʼʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻਖɑɌʢၖʦဒɹ֟ഗˁ
ೝ৺ɌɩȦʳɭɻᭉʰɲȦ⏏കˁ෯ଁɐʳปೠɹ߂ȷɇʦዛᰖɴʭɤɩɻ⏋աɹ֟ഗɴʭɤɩ
᰸Օˁ਄ʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ɄɄɫɻകˁ͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖ക͹ाᦇകɭ⏋͊ˠͲ̓Ϡ๖കɴՕȿ⏋ɇʰɴϠ๖കඨᅊɫɹᦅ໬ˁၚ္݀ɭ⏋ၚ္͹ᔼඨ݀ɴՕȿɩៗᠦɐʳ⏏
(1)ǵ͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖ക⏋ाᦇകǵആˏ̶͠ˡɹ‫ܕع‬కঌȵΥ๖കɫɹ္ᅣˁኧ๬Ɍɛɛʠჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻȡʚʱ᝔ʼʶɲȼɲɤɛ
ȵ⏋ȴɦɩɻ͊ˠͲ̓ɹΥ๖കʦाɴ໤ɤɩᇍ᧒ɐʳᲞೠɹ‫ץ‬ᘺᘽปകɫʢɇȴ˃ɴ္ᅣȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦɛ⏏ाᦇകʦ͊ˠͲ̓ɹΥ๖കˁᬖȼɴɻ⏋߂ೠˁՖʱ҉ɐɭȦȩᩂ֝ӈȵ৔Ȧʰʶʳȵ⏋ᬏȦᬚଝȵɦȿʰʶɲȴɤɛകɴɻᔼᘽ‫ܤ‬ȵ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɩȦɩ⏋Ф஛ɇȭɫȷʶɽɗʶˁգ
ᅎɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
ǵ̊Ͳˤ̢˓ˡྲྀആࣳɹ͇̩ͤ࣢‫ݳ‬ɻʢɭʢɭ̜Ͳ˫˗˙ (Tongwe) ɹ࣎з‫ݖ‬ɫȡʱ⏋৳ʰɻɗɄɫ̶͡͞ (lufula) ɭ٧ɽʶʳᦅ໬ˁ᝔ɤɩȦɛ␩Рᢆǵ1995␭⏏഍൓ˁɗɲȭɛปᲞ 50͍ͻ̜͡ʓɰʢȡʳ߂ೠˁՖʱ҉Ɍɩɗɹഘᘽˁၚʦɐɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ॻɹ߂ȷɇɴປʏʳɭഘᘽɹᩄɻࢹɲȼ⏋߄Ȧॻɻ္ȿɑɴ๿ɤɩɌʚȩ⏃Ԡሎ 5⏆⏏̜Ͳ˫˗˙ɴɭɤɩॻɹ္‫׹‬ɻᩂឹɫɲȼ⏋৳ʰɹᇿয়ɩɻകআɴ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɛᔼᘽ‫⏋ܤ‬ȡʳȦɻ໵သ‫ܤ‬ɫȡɤɩ⏋കɹФ஛98Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬

ৢ૯!5ȁ୼༏ႅ͈ઘศȪΠϋΈ;Ϳȫɭ္‫׹‬ɻ౗ӵˁ᧡ʳ᭭ࢀ႒ɹ᭑ؑˁȲʢɲᇿᇕɭɌɩȦʳ⏏̶͡͞ɫɻ⏋1 ॷᇿɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍ⏋2 ॷᇿɴ˓Ͳ˰Ͳ͇͍ˁൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍɛȡɭɻᅣˁఔඉɐʳ⏏̜Ͳ˫˗˙ɻ⏋ᭉʱȡʳाᦇകˁຘॷՖʱᬖȦɩȦɛʼȿɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗɹᔘಕɴɻ⏋᧌঎ɹФ஛ˁៀըɐʳ̜Ͳ˫˗˙ɹ኏Цៀ፴ɭ⏋ॶ౅˥͍ͦͻ̜͡ȡɛʱ 0.1 ϺɭȦȩȷʼʠɩॕᚚɲϺ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ȵȡɤɛ␩஘ᢆ
1974␭⏏
ǵ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏɭ˸Ͳ̲ˏɴʚɛȵɤɩзʞ̢͑͌ͩͲˤ (Nyamwanga) ʢ⏋ȴɦɩɻ͊ˠͲ̓
ɹΥ๖കˁࢪᢒɭɌɛ͌ͩͲ̋ (mwanda) ɭȦȩ္ᅣᦅ໬ˁ᝔ɤɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹᦅ໬ʢ߂ೠˁФ஛Ɍɩഘᘽˁ္ȷଡȩɞȿɫ⏋ᓚᣱʢɓɑɴ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳ⏏1⑯2 ॷᬚ˹˱˪̲˛ˁൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍɛȡɭɴᅣˁఔඉɐʳȵ⏋ೠǾȵԗᅊɌɩϠ๖കȵ০ଁɇʶʳɭ⏋ȡɭɫᦚʏʳաɹᦅ໬ɴʭɤɩ⏋ɗɹ‫ܩܤ‬ˁգᅎɌᐚȿɩȦȼ⏏
(2)ǵ͊ˠͲ̓Ϡ๖കǵ͊ˠͲ̓കɻᆂകɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛжೠࣝȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦɲȦɛʠɴ⏋ɛɞകˁՖʱᬖȦɛɞȿɫɻ‫מ‬Օɲၚ္ೳˁተѳɐʳɄɭɻɫȷɑ⏋߄Ȧೠɹॻɻၚȭɑɴ๿ɤɩɌʚȩ⏏‫ޚܤ‬ˁᲞཧɫၖɐʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ഘᘽɲɰɹၚ္ೳˁΥͶଘɴᮃʠɩ္ȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ʼȦਸɹകɫɻ⏋ঃȦᯆዩˁ္ȼɞȿɹഘᘽȵ਄ʰʶɲȦɛʠ⏋ೠɴБʼɤɩᑢᗛɌɛάᗳˁᔼʰɓʳ౅໬ȵᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɇʶʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏Гάɴ⏋Ʉɹ 2 ɦɹ౅໬ˁՕȿɩᠦ౩ɐʳ⏏

ၚ္݀ǵ˸Ͳ̲ˏɹ̾Ͳ̫ (Bemba) ɻ⏋̘͍̦̍ (citemene) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɴʭɤɩ⏋֟რᇕɴೠೳˁၚʦɌ⏋ʚɛɗɹೳˁ୫ᐚᇕɴњᐌɫȷʳ˹˽̘͌ˁɦȼʱɞɌɛ⏏৳ʰɻകˁᬖȼ᭬
ɴ⏋ೠˁॻȴʰՖʱ҉ɐɄɭɻɓɑ⏋ೠɴᇎɤɩഘɞȿˁՖʱᘺɭɐ␩Kakeya and Sugiyama1987␭⏏Ֆʱᘺɭɇʶɛഘɻϗೝɹᬚɗɹʚʚఔᒞɇʶ⏋ϗೝɹȲʼʱɴФ஛‫ܩ‬ɹμ߈ɴዩʛ99ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ΫɁʰʶɩတȵɦȿʰʶʳ⏏‫מ‬ՕɴϗၥɌɛഘᘽɻᥴᯭɭɭʢɴၚȭΫȵʱ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ˁᲞཧɫၖɐʳ⏏ధಁᬚ৿⏋࡭ԃɴ᫙တɐʳɭ⏋္ȿᤄɴɻሎɤᇐɲဒȵ؄ȼ‫ݡ‬ዩɌɩȦʳ⏏˗̸˪͞(ubukula) ɭ٧ɽʶʳɄɹ္ȿᤄɞȿȵᅣɭɲʳȵ⏋ɗɹᯆዩɻФ஛‫ܩ‬ɹʼɑȴ 6 Օɹ 1 ዐ঎ɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏃Ԡሎ 6⏆⏏‫ܤ‬ɹၚ္ɭဒɹད֓ɴʭɤɩ‫ޚܤ‬ᝠࣝɴɻс႒ȵُ‫خؚ‬ᔨɲ᰸ՕȵњᐌɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋˥Ͳˤɹ͌˫Ͳ̋ᦅ໬ʦ̢˓̩ɹͲ˪ͤᦅ໬ɹɭɄʸɫᠦ౩Ɍɛɹɭ
‫ؾ‬ɍʭȩɴၖɭဒɹ֟ഗɴʭʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋̾Ͳ̫ɻᅣɴဒȵད֓ɇʶɛɄɭʭʱʢ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ȵᲞཧɫၖɓʰʶʳɄɭˁɭȼɴᩂែɌ⏋ȏʭȼၚȭɛɭɄʸɴ̶͌Ͳ̝ȵԂʳȑɭៜȩ⏏
ǵ˗̸˪͞ɻᲞཧɫၖɓʰʶʳɛʠ⏋ɗɄɴᅊȭɩȦɛᗳೠɻɐʏɩഞ๷ɐʳȵ⏋တɹԂʰɲȴɤɛФ஛‫⏃ܩ‬ԃкɹᏝ 6 Օɹ 5⏆ɹೠǾɻഞʶɑ⏋ɛɞɠɴృᗂˁᘭᗂɇɓɩԗᅊᬏˁɻɍʠʳ⏏ɄɹೠɹԗᅊᬏˁԓྜྷɴɌɩȦʳɹȵปΫɫɹФ஛ɫ⏋ృɛɴࣙᬖɌɛᘽɻ‫؝‬ӵ઴ֳȵʭȼ⏋ʚɛᲞȦеᒞɫᘭᗂɐʳɄɭɫృൻȵᩃတɴ္ȴʶʳɄɭʢɲȦ⏏᯶ᠭɴԗᅊɌɛക
ɻ⏋10 ॷʢᐁɩɽഘᘽȵ‫מ‬ՕɴᑢᗛɌ⏋ԗʃФ஛ɹࢪᢒɭɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏̘͍̦̍ɻၖɭဒɴʭɤɩс႒ɴਖឹɲ᰸Օˁተѳɐʳᦅ໬ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻปΫФ஛ɭഘᘽɹᮃዩ͹တԂʶɴʭɤɩകˁᐣ୫ɐʳɄɭɫ⏋ၚ္ೳɹ୫ᐚᇕɲњᐌˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɌɩȦʳ⏏

ၚ္͹ᔼඨ݀
ǵ̢͑͌ͩͲˤɻ⏋͊ˠͲ̓ɹΥ๖കˁ͌ͩͲ̋ᦅ໬ɫՖʱᬖȦɛȡɭ⏋Ͳ̘͍ͤ (ntemere)ɭȦȩ̘͍̦̍ɴʭȼаɛᦅ໬ˁ᝔ɤɩȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ϻ‫ؤ‬ȵ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳɴɦʶɩകɴȴȴʳᢦᗼȵᲞʚʱ⏋കɻ਀ǾɴʼȦ‫׋‬Ɍɩ‫מ‬Օɲၚ္ೳȵተѳɫȷɲȼɲʳɭ⏋৳ʰɻɗɄɴ̶ˑ̮
ȵ᝔ɤɩȦʳ̜˕Ͳ̫ᦅ໬ˁ‫؜‬ʱԂʶ⏋Ϡ๖കȴʰɭʶʳʼɑȴɲഘᘽˁᮃʠɩ္ȼΥ౅ɫ⏋ɗɹٞᦇɴ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁɦȼɤɩᗳˁᔼʰɓʳ౅໬ˁᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɓʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȦɤɛ⏃Ԡሎ
7⏆⏏Ʉɹᦅ໬ɻ⏋̶ˑ̮ɹ͇˗Ͳ̝ᦅ໬ɭ‫ؾ‬ɍ̜˕Ͳ̫ɭ٧ɽʶɩȦʳȵ⏋‫ ܒ‬2 ɫɻȋക‫ܩ‬ȍ

ৢ૯!6ȁ‫͈٭‬ఙୟ̱̹;ή·ρȪαϋΨȫ100Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬

ৢ૯!7ȁ೩࿐ႅ͈ႅ઄ͅै̹ͣͦζ;ϋΡȪΣλθχϋ΄ȫɭЊ៨Ɍɩ‫ך‬աɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻၚ္݀ɭᔼඨ݀ˁភ‫غ‬Ɍɛʢɹɫȡʳɹɫ⏋с෌ʢɗɹθ౅ȵ᝔ʼʶ⏋ϗೝɹɻɍʠɴകআˁᓚᣱɌ⏋ϗೝɹμ᯴ɴɲɤɩೠˁФ஛ɐʳ⏏ഘᘽˁФ஛‫ܩ‬ɹଘǾɴᮃʠ⏋ϗೝɹȲʼʱɴၚʦɌ⏋ᮒȵᭇʱࠃʠʳɭᅣˁ఩‫ܩ‬Ɍɩ˹˱˪̲˛ˁ௢ȼ⏏1970ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɴ̊Ͳ˸̢ˏకঌȵ͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖കɫɹ္ᅣˁኧ๬ɐʳɭ⏋Ʉɹʦʱ౅ɻɇʰɴಔ‫ؖ‬Ɍ⏋͇˗Ͳ̝ɹБʼʱɴႌᓚɫᓚᣱɐʳ౅໬ʢɭʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɩȷɩȦʳ⏏
ǵȴɦɩ˸Ͳ̲ˏ‫׌‬ᨆɹ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɫ̘͍̦̍ᦅ໬ˁ᝔ɤɩȦɛ͞Ͳ̫ (Lamba)⏋͞͞(Lala)⏋͇Ͳ̸˗˙ (Mambwe) ɲɰɹᡉ຦౏ɻ⏋̾Ͳ̫ɴѢᅭɇʶ⏋ೠɹࢹɲȦ˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɹٞᑉᨆʦᗳ؅‫ܩ‬य़ʍᦠȦʦʰʶɛ␩Stromgard 1989␭⏏ဌೠཌྷɍʱɹᗳ؅ɫɹᅊ༎ˁоәɲȼɇʶɛ͞Ͳ̫ɭ͞͞ɻ⏋̘͍̦̍ᦅ໬ˁఒᖪɌɛ̸ͦ̒˪͹̘͍̦̍⏃͞Ͳ̫⏆ʦࢸԓ̘͍̦̍⏃͞͞⏆ɭ٧ɽʶʳృɛɲᦅ໬ˁɦȼʱɞɌɛ⏏ʚɛ͇Ͳ̸˗˙ɻ 2 ɦɴՕ᝾Ɍ⏋˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝ɴ๿ɤɛ͇˽˗˙̮ (Maswepa)͹͇Ͳ̸˗˙ɻ̘͍̦̍ˁᐚȿʳɄɭȵɫȷɛȵ⏋̶ˑ̮͹͞Ͳ̝ɹ‫׫‬үɹဌೠᗳ؅ʍውзɌɛˏ˓˵ (Aisa)͹͇Ͳ̸˗˙ɻ⏋̢͑͌ͩͲˤ‫ؾ‬෵⏋കআɴ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁɦȼʳക‫݀ܩ‬ɹ̜˕Ͳ̫ᦅ໬ˁ᝔ȩʭȩɴɲɤɛ␩Willis 1966␭⏏ဌೠᗳ؅ʍውзɇɓʰʶɛϺʃɭɻ⏋Ȧɑʶʢၚ္݀ɴᔼඨ݀ᦅ໬ˁ‫؜‬ʱԂʶʳɄɭɫၚ္ೳɹέ᣸ˁជȦ⏋ృɛɲᄩ‫ޅ‬ʍ᧟ਝɌɩȦɤɛ⏏

4ȅ૒୆͂෠༹̆ͺές΃෠ު͈ྚြǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɹ͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɞȿˁɭɤɩʛɩʢ⏋ࡸɴ޽৩ɲ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋Ʉʶʰˁඨᅊɭ᰸Օɹკ਄౅໬ɭȦȩែဣȴʰՕᰖɌɩʛʳɭ⏋ɗɄɴɻȋ္ȼȍɭȋᔼʰɓʳȍɭȦȩ౅໬ɴʭɤɩ‫ך‬աɫȷʳ 2 ɦɹкᏙȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭȵՕȴʳ⏏Ʉɹ 2 ɦɹкᏙɻʚɤɛȼႶጓɌɩࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ȋ̶͌Ͳ̝ˁკ਄ɐʳȍɭȦȩԊᦲɹ᠗ᡫɹʢɭ⏋ྻ๖ውʱ޴ʼʳᅊ઴Ꮩʍɹ᧟ਝɭɌɩ᧧ିᇕɴьȦՕȿʰʶɩ101ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬Ȧʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ౅໬ɴɻ‫ك౅ؘ‬ɹ޴‫׋‬ȵȡʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋കȴʰᗳ‫ܩ‬ʍɹ޴‫׋‬ɴɻϺဤȵᬠήɌ⏋Υ౅⏋ᗳ‫ܩ‬ȵകʍɭ޴‫׋‬ɐʳɛʠɴɻᕶးɹ‫܌‬਋֐ɴʪɞɷɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ޴‫׋‬ɴឹɐʳಁᬚɴɻ߂ȷɲेȵȡʳ⏏
ǵStromgard␩1989␭ɻ⏋˸Ͳ̲ˏ‫׌‬ᨆɴзʞ 3 ɦɹ຦౏ɹ္ᅣᦅᓚˁປᥒɌɩ⏋Ϻ‫֓ވؤ‬ɲɰɴɭʢɲȩඨᅊɹ޴‫׋‬ȵɗʶəʶɹᦅᓚ˹˽̘͌ˁ৔ȼៀࡴɌɩȦʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ተȴɴ⏋ຩཧʦອᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋ඨᅊʍɹϺဤᇕɲᢦᗼȵᲞʚʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ගകȴʰᗳ؅ʍ⏋ၚ္݀⏃္ȼ⏆ȴʰᔼඨ݀⏃ᔼʰɓʳ⏆ʍɭȦȩຍ᭥ɹ෯‫ܒ‬ˁயȼɄɭȵɫȷʳɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ʢɠʸ˃⏋ɐʏɩɹᦅ໬ȵගക‫ܩ‬य़ɫɻɍʚɤɛɭᓒȭɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ʚɛගകᣱ྇ɹᦅ໬ȵɐʏɩɄȩɌɛຍ᭥ˁɛɰʳɭៜɤɩȦʳʼȿɫʢɲȦ⏏ɛɞ⏋ԗᅊɴಁᬚɹ
ȴȴʳകɻ⏋ᗳ‫ܩ‬ɴປʏʳɭϺ‫ܦؤ‬ɲɰɴࢪɌɩᔫ৑ɫȡʱ⏋ගകɭȦȩඨᅊɴ৔ȼћࡔɌɛᦅ໬ɻ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲԒ͹޺‫܍‬ɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄȩɌɛຍ᭥ˁɛɰʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᲞȦʭȩɴਲ਼ȩ⏏̢͑͌ͩͲˤɹᦅᓚ‫ر‬ɹɲȴɴឿʰʶʳ⏋͊ˠͲ̓Υ๖കɫɹ͌ͩͲ̋ᦅ໬ȴʰ⏋Ϡ๖കɫɹͲ̘͍ͤᦅ໬⏋ɗɌɩʼȦਸϠ๖കɫɹ̜˕Ͳ̫ᦅ໬ɭȦȩ޴᧦ɻ⏋ɛ˃ɴᅵɲʳ຦౏ɹᦅ໬ȵϯ᪻ɌɛɭȦȩ๴‫ر‬ᇕɲϟࡸɞȿɴћ୞ɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋Ϻ‫ܦؤ‬ʦకፑɴʭʳඨᅊɭɗɹգᅎ০
઴ɹ޴‫׋‬ˁ‫ؙ‬౱ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵΥ౅⏋ᦅ໬ɴɻɗʶəʶ᧟Ɍɛඨᅊȵȡʳʼȿɫ⏋ɗʶɴȡʼɓɩඨᅊȵ޴ȭʰʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏͇̘Ͳ˳ɻ⏋‫̶͠ˏ׫‬ˡȴʰɹውз຦Ͳ˳̢ (Ngoni) ɹѢఓȴʰᦣʶɩਸ਼आɲ࣢ࣰ‫ܩ‬य़ɴɛɩɄʢʱ⏋ᲞȦϺ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ɹɲȴɫͲ˳ͦɭȦȩᮃᏝᇕɲᗳ‫ܩ‬Хᬘᦅ໬ˁተጓɌɛ⏏ɗɹ৿⏋଻ϝȵ᫙ᯁ‫׋‬Ɍɩ⏋ϺʃɭɻϺ‫ؤ‬ɹॕᚚɲගക‫ܩ‬य़ʍ࣎з‫ݖ‬ˁୟ߂ɌɩȦɤɛȵ⏋৳ʰɻɗɄɫʢകˁᗳ‫ܩ‬ɴ޴ȭɲȵʰɄɹᦅ໬ˁᐚȿɩȦɤɛ⏏ᕶးʦ኏Цᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴȡʼɓɩɦȼʱɞɇʶɛᦅ໬ȵ⏋ᅵɲʳᄩ‫ޅ‬άɫʢ‫؝‬ȿᐙȵʶʳɄȩɌɛёɻ⏋ᦅ໬ȵɛ˃ɴᅊᅋȵࡸ៷ɇʶɛ౅໬ɭɌɩᐙମɇʶʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋኏ЦɹΥᨆɭɌɩᐙମɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʳ␩Kato
2001␭⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛᦅ໬ɭ኏ЦɹᔭᐉɴɦȦɩ⏋೰࣢␩1998␭ɻ̾Ͳ̫ɹᦅᓚɴȲȿʳȋଯ᝗ȍɴɻ⏋ᅊᅋɴᬠʼʳс෌ɭɌɩɹүᯆɭ⏋‫ݖܩ‬኏Цɴʭɤɩѝғˁମ᠗ɇʶ⏋̾Ͳ̫኏Цɭ႒ᣒɹ਌ᄩɹΥᨆՕɴᏼʛԂʶʰʶɛкᏙɭɌɩɹүᯆȵȡʳɄɭˁ৔ᠭɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹៗᨾˁᦅ෌ᅊ
઴࡝ɹែဣȴʰลᔨᇕɴ୼ȭɩʛʳɭ⏋մᓔɻ͊ˠͲ̓കɫɹᅊᅋˁተѳɌ⏋౗।ᅊ༎ˁఌȭʳɛʠɹଯ᝗ɫȡʱ⏋৿ᓔɻᅊᅋਸɹ‫ك‬Ϋɹᦠິˁଵ๬Ɍ⏋͊ˠͲ̓കɹੈχᇕɲգᅎɴ‫ك‬ȿɛዊইɭɌɩӈȼଯ᝗ɲɹɫȡʳ⏋ɭៜȩɄɭȵɫȷʳɞʸȩ⏏ᦅ໬ȵ኏Цʦయ‫׋‬ɭȦȩങᏼʛɹɲȴɫᐙମɇʶɩȦȼᔘಕɴɻ⏋ٞᦇᄩ‫ޅ‬ȵѳɛʶɩȦʳɭȦȩմரȵȡʳʼȿɞȵ⏋ɄȩɌɛዊইɭᅊᅋ༎֪ɭɌɩɹଯ᝗ȵᦹொɌɩɻɍʠɩᦅ໬ȵ୫ᐚਸˁЊय़ɐʳɄɭɴɲʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᦅ໬ɴɻ⏋ɗʶȵ؅ඨᅊˁ޴ȭɩɌʚȩɄɭɻȡʳɴɌɩʢ⏋ɗɹᦅ໬ɴਖឹɲඨᅊˁᐣ୫ɐʳ኏Цᇕล෯ȵԒ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ඨᅊɹգᅎɭԗᅊɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ȵ102Рᢆ⏧ˏ̶͠ˡ͹͊ˠͲ̓കय़ɭɗɹٞᦇ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ᬏೝɴʼɛɤɩѳɛʶʳɄɭɫ⏋ᦅ໬ɴɻȋ‫ܧ‬ഀȍɭȦȩಁᬚᇕឹᏬȵЊήɇʶɩȦȼɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵೣഀ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɻ୫ᐚਸˁ೑ɐʳʢɹɫȡʳɴʢȴȴʼʰɑ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɹ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɻ⏋ඨᅊɴ৔ȼћࡔɌɩȦʳɭȦȩჿᅓȴʰ⏋ȋᄩ‫ޅ‬ቑ‫ޙ‬ɹӯՌȍɲɰɭȦȩູ‫ؿ‬ˁȷɓʰʶɩȷɛ␩Kjekshus 1996; Kikula 1997␭⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻගകȵਸ਼ᦵɴཝࢹɌɩȦʳʭȩɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɹ˹˽̘͌ᕶкɴ‫ک‬ᰍȵȡʳɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋ᏪϝʦకВɲɰɴʭʳ኏Цᇕը‫⏋ܦ‬Ϻ‫⏋ܦؤ‬ᢪॳᐁཕɹ༡ᦩɭɗʶɴɭʢɲȩз຦ɹѝғ៎ɹ޴‫׋‬ɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ඨᅊɹգᅎɭԗᅊɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ȵगʶɻɍʠɩȷɛɄɭɴᣱ‫܍‬ɐʳʭȩɴਲ਼ȩ⏏ɗɹࢪፑɭɌɩɐɐʠʰʶɩȷɛɹȵᦅ෌ɹᦏБ‫׋‬ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɻɍʠɴʢᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ആˏ̶͠ˡɫɻ‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ȵᦏБᦅ໬ɴ‫ݸ‬ʱ್ȭʰʶʳɭȦȩࣙᬖɴɻɲɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ᢧకʦភᮊɲᅊ઴ᏙɭȦȩ‫ک‬ᰍʢɇʳɄɭɲȵʰ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ȵ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ኏Цʦయ‫׋‬ɭ৔ȼᐄʃɦȦɩȦʳɄɭʢᬠѥɌɩȦʳɹɞʸȩ⏏
ǵ኏Цᇕɲ੻ֳɹ޴‫׋‬ɴɭʢɲɤɩ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ȵ୫ᐚਸˁ๕ȦɩȷɩȦʳɹʢϟࡸɫȡʳ⏏ਸ਼ᦵɲ኏Ц⏋ᐁཕɹ޴‫׋‬ʦϺ‫ܦؤ‬ɹᲞʚʱɲɰɴʭɤɩ⏋ගകඨᅊȵέ‫ᦥخ‬ᇕɴ޴ʼʸȩɭɌɩȦʳɲȴɫ⏋ᦏБᦅ໬ˁಔ‫ؖ‬ɌɩᰩᏒɹᅊᅋਸˁᲞʠʳΥ౅ɫ⏋ගകѳᡸ‫ך‬ˁ៯ȿɩ⏋കˁᓚ‫ܩ‬ȴʰՕᮐɌʭȩɭɐʳ౅ፑɴɻʢɻʦᭉᅠȵȷɩȦʳ⏏ʞɌʸ⏋ϺɻകˁգᅎɌɲȵʰѳԃɌɩȦȼɭȦȩయᔭɹɲȴɫ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀᦅ໬ɴԒ‫׃‬ɇʶʳᄩ‫ޅ‬ѳԃɹឹᏬˁৄȷՏɌɦɦ⏋ᅊᅋਸɹᲞȦᦏБᦅ໬ȵɰɹʭȩɴᢨ჉ɫȷʳȴˁዩෑᇕɴද២ɌɩȦȼʏȷɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏
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Kakeya, M. and Y. Sugiyama. 1987. Agricultural Change and Its Mechanism in the Bemba Villages ofNortheastern Zambia, African Study Monographs, Supplementary Issue 6: 1-13.
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೰࣢ንࡎ⏏1998⏏ȋȏФʳɄɭȑɭȏ္ȼɄɭȑ̘͍̦̆̍ɹᬖ‫౅ޕ‬໬ɴᬠɐʳ̾Ͳ̫ɹᠦ౩ᠶჿɭȏଯ᝗ȑɴᬠɐʳᓒ࢘̆ȍȏˏ̶͠ˡ቉ድȑ53: 1-19.
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