Quarterly No. 58

October – Desember 2004

IGA
NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
John W. Lund, President
The new Board of Directors met for the first time in
Antalya, Turkey on October 10th. A record turnout of 24
members helped to get us off on the right foot for the next
three years. Antalya is a beautiful and peaceful site for
WGC2005, over looking the Mediterranean Sea. We allwere impressed with the work of the Organizing Committee and the friendliness of our Turkish hosts. One of theaccomplishments at this meeting was the appointment ofcommittee chairs by the Board of Directors. These persons
are:Program and Planning Chair: Toshihiro Uchida of Japan(uchida-toshihiro@aist.go.jp)
Finance Chair: Gordon Bloomquist of the USA (bloom
quistr@energy.wsu.edu)
Information Chair: Edurado Iglesias of Mexico (iglesias@iie.org.mx)
Membership Chair: Ruggero Bertani of Italy (ruggero.
bertani@enel.it)
Education Chair: Marcel Rosca of Romania (mrosca@uoradea.ro)
The above persons, along with the President, Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer, form the Executive
Committee of the Board. In addition, the following committee chairs were also appointed:
Nominations Chair: Sakir Simsek of Turkey (ssimsek@hacettepe.edu.tr)
Audit Chair: Antonio Yee of the Philippines (ayee@unocal.com)
By-Laws Chair: John Garnish of the United Kingdom(john_garnish@yahoo.co.uk)(this latter is a newly formed committee)
These committee chair are now soliciting members fortheir committee – and I would like to see at least half ofthe members be other than Board members – thus, if anyof you from the general membership have an interest in
working on one of these committees, please contact thechair directly.
An ad hoc committee to investigate and make recommendations for the World Geothermal Congress 2010 was
also formed by the Board. At present, we have two formal
proposasl for hosting the WGC2010 from Iceland(Samorka) and Indonesia (Indonesian Geothermal Association), with a tentative third proposal from Germany. A
draft MOU has been prepared by James Koenig and is

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
New Secretariat
Update on WGC2005

1
2
3

EUROPEMoU between Russian and German geothermal
associations
Switzerland
Romania
Macedonia
Germany
Germany
Germany/EGS system in Basel/Legal framework for geothermal/Workshop of MAGA
/ 8th GtV Geothermal Conference/ Patricius medals of GtV/Geothermal power project inUnterhaching

3
4
6
8
8
9
10

THE AMERICAS
MexicoNicaragua/Geothermal-electric capacity
reaches 953 MWe/International public bid

11
12

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
6th Asian Geothermal Symposium

12

Philippines
Philippines

13

China

/First geothermal contracting round/Philippine Geothermal Inc.
changes name/Geothermal utilization in Olympic
Sports Center

14
14

UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

15

being edited by the committee. The ad hoc committee consists of:
Jim Lawless of New Zealand (chair), Burkhard Sannerof Germany, Joseph Ng’ang’a of Kenya, Manuel Ogena of
the Philippines, Paul Brophy of the USA, and Rosa Maria
Barragan of Mexico, with James Koenig of the USA as thetechnical advisor.
The ad hoc committee will solicit information fromeach of the proposed host organizations and make a recOctober – Desember 2004

2

ommendation by early 2005. The Board of Directors willthen vote and select the site in time for it to be announced
at WGC2005.
Finally, the Board has given approval to the President
and the Finance Committee chair to continue negotiation
with World Bank representatives on our funding proposal
for financing fellowships for several short course and conferences, hosting the website and developing technical andeducational publications for the GeoFund, providing geothermal experts to the World Bank, and assisting theInternational Summer School. The details of the final contract, approved by the Board, will be presented in the subsequent IGA News.
We have an exciting year ahead of us – and I hope to
see all of you at the World Geothermal Congress 2005 in
Antalya in April.

New Secretariat
Valgardur Stefansson, Executive Director
The IGA Secretariat has moved from Pisa in Italy to
Reykjavik in Iceland. Samorka, the federation of energy
and waterworks in Iceland has made a contract with IGA
to operate the Secretariat of IGA for the next five years.
Samorka has employed Valgardur Stefansson to serve as
the Executive Director of IGA and to head the Secretariat
for the same 5 years time period. He will be assisted byAnna Ingolfsdottir and Oddny Ögmundsdottir at theSamorka’s office.
The Secretariat started operation on September 1st,
2004, but for the first weeks, both the office in Pisa and theoffice in Reykjavik were in operation. At the 15th Annual
No. 58General Meeting in Antalya, Turkey, Ruggero Bertani
handed formally over the responsibility of the Secretariat
to the new Executive Director, Valgardur Stefansson.
Formally, we are on our own now but we are in thegood position to be able to ask Ruggero for advice at any
time. We will certainly use this opportunity and I hope that
Ruggero will bear with us for some time. It has been astimulating work to set up the IGA office and to try to get
it into operative shape. We can hardly say that we are
there, but we are close. I hope that our initial difficulties
have not been very noticeable to the members of IGA.
Running international business is of course not thesame as running a domestic business. Everybody agrees
on that. But some small operational details in business
operation are frequently only adopted for the domestic
requirement. Therefore, we have in some cases to design
our own working methods resulting in that some of theprocedures that are automatically solved within the
Icelandic society become an issue for the IGA Secretariat.
IGA is incorporated in New Zealand and this fact puts
additional restrain on the operation of its Secretariat outside New Zealand. We are trying to circumvent these difficulties by running the Secretariat as part of Samorka’s
office. So far it seems that this procedure will work, but I
suppose that we need a real operation for some months
before we can be convinced.
Our intention is to serve all the members of IGA in an
effective and reliable way. We would like to urge themembers of IGA to help us to make the Secretariat aneffective worldwide forum for all geothermal issues. We
appreciate all kind of messages from the members and wewill try to solve all problems that will be presented to us.
Please do not hesitate to send us a message. The mosteffective way of communication is most likely to use our
e-mail address:
iga@samorka.is
but the telephone (+354-588-4437) and the fax (+354588-4431) can also be used.

3
Update on WGC2005
Trevor Hunt, Chairman WGC2005 Publications andInformation Subcommittee
Planning for the next World Geothermal Congress, to beheld in Antalya next April, is progressing well. The
Organizing Committee met in Antalya in October 2004
and it was reported by the various sub-committees that:· The total number of papers submitted is close to 700,
and all the reviews have been completed.
· Work has started on the congress program and it isplanned that this will be available on the website inJanuary.
· Five Technical Sessions of oral presentations will be runconcurrently, except during the opening/closing ceremonies, plenary sessions, keynote addresses, and poster
presentations.
· The website continues to be updated at regularly andmore than 11,000 “hits” have been recorded.
· A hard copy of the Second Announcement has been
printed and will be distributed to persons and organizations who may not have access to the website.
· Planning for the Short Courses is well advanced with all
lectures and lecturers assigned.
· An Exhibition Prospectus has been printed and distributed.
· Some exhibition space has already been sold and a planshowing remaining spaces can be viewed on the website.
· A special “Turkish Night”, comprising whirling dervish
dances, folk dancing and a concert by the Antalya
Philharmonic Orchestra (guest conductor Prof. Ladislaus Rybach), will be held on the evening of Tuesday 26
April.
· The Congress Dinner, to be held on the evening ofWednesday 27 April, will include special Turkish cuisine and performances by a group of classical Turkishmusicians.
Remember that “early bird” discounts for registration
finish on 31 December 2004.
Note that no further Announcements (Third Announcement) will be made, and that participants and prospective
participants should visit the website for further details as
they become available. The website is:www.wgc2005.org
A Congress Programme & Guidebook will be printed,
and a copy given to each participant when they complete
Registration in Antalya at the start of the Congress. Advertising space is available in the Programme & Guidebook; companies interested in advertising should visit thewebsite or contact the organizers.

EUROPE
Russian Geothermal Association
and Geothermische Vereinigung intend
to improve mutual co-operation
On May 28, 2004, the president of the Geothermal Energy
Society of Russia (GES), Prof. Oleg A. Povarov, and the

Figure 1: Signature of the Memorandum of Understanding to enhance co-operation between GES and GtV in
Hannover, Germany, May 28, 2004 (centre: Povarov, left:
Sanner)president of Geothermische Vereinigung e.V. (GtV), Dr.
Burkhard Sanner, signed a Memorandum of Understanding between both organisations in order to enhancethe exchange of information and to promote application ofgeothermal energy in their respective countries, to facilitate the networking in science, engineering and business,to act towards the economic co-operation between thegeothermal industry of both countries, and to look into further co-operation opportunities like joint workshops, conferences, publications, etc.
The ceremony for signature was done at an exhibitionof the Russian region of Krasnodar held at Hannover,Germany (fig. 1). The German state of Niedersachsen(Lower Saxony), the capital of which is Hannover, is apartner to Krasnodar region. Krasnodar is located to theNorthwest of the Kaukas mountains, and in the underground the Northern Kaukas Molasse Basin provides
excellent opportunities for geothermal energy development. A separate agreement was signed that included theenergy office of Krasnodar region, in order to support thejoint development of geothermal projects in that region.
However, the MoU between GES and GtV does cover
all of Russia on one side and the countries represented by
GtV (Germany and Austria) on the other side. The excellent relations between the countries go back a long time
into the past, when the trade axis from Hamburg, Leipzig,
Vienna to Moskau and St. Petersburg was buzzing, andGerman technology was helping to develop early Russianindustry when the Tsars reigned. Despite two bitter wars,
and a cold war (with Germany itself divided), the friendship between the countries never became totally extinct.
GES and GtV hope to jointly support the geothermal energy development, and thus add to the general economic
development in Russia (and Germany and Austria also, ofcourse).
October – Desember 2004

4
SWITZERLAND
Deep Heat Mining: Development of a cogeneration power plant from an enhanced geothermal system in Basel, Switzerland.
Markus O. Haring, Geothermal Explorers Ltd, Baselharing@geothermal.ch - www.geothermal.ch
Introduction
In Switzerland, power is generated by hydropower andnuclear plants. In the search for alternative resources it has
been recognised that wind and solar are insufficient to provide a reliable power supply beyond the age of fossil fuels.
Switzerland is also a densely populated country and land
prices are high. New power plants should require as little
space as possible. The most striking part of geothermal
plants are the cooling units. Water is abundant in Switzerland and cooling of thermal power plants can be achievedin general with running water from large rivers like theRhine. Hence it is understandable that research into geothermal technologies is supported by power producers, thepublic and the government. The purpose of this paper is todemonstrate that it is possible to develop geothermal
power plants in areas outside known geothermal fields,
when local geological characteristics, infrastructuraladvantages and commercial requirements are addressedand dealt with in an integrated approach.
Pilot Plant
In Basel, Switzerland a pilot plant is being developed touse energy won by EGS technology for co-generation ofelectrical power and heat for local district heating. The
core of the project called Deep Heat Mining Basel, is awell triplet into hot granitic basement at a depth of 5000
metres (Figure 1). Two additional monitoring wells into
the top of the basement rock will be equipped with multiple seismic receiver arrays. They will record the fracture
induced seismic signals to map the seismic active domainof the stimulated reservoir volume. Reservoir temperature
is expected to be 200°C. Water circulation of 100 l/s
through one injection well and two production wells will
result in gross 30 MW thermal power at wellheads. It has
not yet been decided what conversion cycle will be used
for electric power production. The plant is located in anindustrial area of Basel. The waste incineration of themunicipal water purification plant provides an additional
heat source. In combination with this heat source and an
additional gas turbine, a combined co-generation plant can
produce annually up to 108 GWh electric power and 39
GWh of thermal power to the district heating grid.
Geology
Basel is situated at the south-eastern end of the Rhine
Graben, a failed rift feature cutting from north-east to southwest through central western Europe. This part of Europe ischaracterised by strike-slip faulting dominated by compressive forces of the alpine collision (Reinecker et al., 2003).
No. 58Figure 1: Concept of EGS cogeneration pilot plant inBasel, Switzerland.

Rifting of the Rhine Graben during the Oligocene has
resulted in a thinned crust. Refraction seismic data indicate buckling of the Moho with a minimum of 24 km
below surface at the centre of the Southern Rhine Graben(Bonjer, 1997). Strike slip faulting along the grabenboundary fault system led to vertical hydraulic circulationin various locations. Geothermal maps of the area are notvery detailed and are based on a restricted number of shallow observations. They show however throughout theregion an increased heat flow of at least 100 mW/m2 withvalues up to 130 mW/m2 (Medici and Rybach, 1995).
Basel is not only situated at the south eastern end of theRhine Graben but also at the northern front of the Jura
mountains, the outermost expression and youngest part of
the alpine fold belt. The peculiar coincidence of northnorthwest trending compression and west-northwest
extension creates a seismically active environment.
Historically the worst earthquake occurred in 1356 with anestimated magnitude of 6.5 to 7 (Weidmann, 2002).
Hypocentres are characteristically at a depth of around 15
to 20 km, a depth at which the main boundary faults are
believed to sole out. Although depth allocation of theregional seismic monitoring array is not very precise, itappears that substantial seismic events may occur as shallow as 5 km (Figure 2).
The geothermal reservoir and the power plant will be5Figure 2: E - W section through the Southern Rhine
Graben with focal points (1971 - 1994).
located within this seismic active area (Deichmann, 2003).
It is therefore indicated to record and understand the natural seismic activity as accurately as possible, prior to stimulation of a deep reservoir volume, characteristicallyaccompanied with induced seismicity. The first exploration well, Otterbach 2 was drilled in 2001 into granitic
basement at 2650 metres to a total depth of 2755 metres(Vuataz and Häring 2001). The well is planned to becomea monitoring well equipped with a seismic cable. The
cable with a total length of 3000 metres consists of twelve
mems sensors installed into three tetrahedral (four components) sondes, twelve geophones likewise installed into
three tetrahedral sondes and a temperature sonde at thebottom. The purpose of the monitoring is to detect andlocate the induced seismic signals generated by hydraulicfracturing as well as natural regional seismic events.
The Otterbach exploration well, drilled in 2001 is
located on the downthrown side, about two kilometres eastof the main boundary fault. It is the first well in this area
penetrating the entire sedimentary sequence down to basement (Figure 3). This sedimentary sequence consists of
Tertiary clastics, Mesozoic carbonates, shales and evaporites and Permian sandstones, whereas the top granitic
basement is located at 2649 m. The temperature gradientreaches 40 °C/ km and the heat flow and heat production
measurements in the outcropping granites on the flanks
indicate that the same gradient is likely to persist down to
the target depth.
Borehole deformation logging with acoustic and electric borehole televiewer tools shows induced fracturespointing predominantly in a NNW direction and induced
borehole breakouts in the perpendicular direction. This
trend is completely in line with the regional stress field(Plenefisch and Bonjer, 1997). No pressure tests were performed. The well was drilled with a balanced mud system.
The fact that induced fractures are observed already in abalanced well, indicates that fracturing in the granite will
not require large hydraulic pressures.
The EGS project of the European Community at
Soultz-sous-Forêts, 150 kilometres north, situated in the
Rhine Graben too, experienced similar conditions. In an

Figure 3: SE - NW section across main Eastern Rhine
Graben fault and situation of geothermal wells Otterbach
2 (OT2) and Basel 1 (BS1, planned).
injection test over a period of 126 days with flow rates
around 25 l/s through a reservoir at 3.5 km depth, injection
pressures averaged 30 bars (Baumgärtner et al., 1998).
Project plan
The next well is planned to the targeted reservoir depth at
5000 metres. It will be drilled on a industrial site in thecity of Basel. It is intended to deviate the well at a depthof 3000 metres to the east with an angle of 15° in order toimprove chances to penetrate open fractures associatedwith the main boundary fault system.
When the main targets of a minimal temperature of
190°C and a fractured reservoir rock is found in a favourable stress field, the well will be suspended. A second
monitoring well two kilometres to the east will then be
drilled and equipped with a similar seismic array like theOtterbach well. The two extended seismic arrays provide
a series of locally independent receiver points sufficient tocompute the location of a seismic source with the required
accuracy. Subsequently injection tests will be conductedin the deep well in order to develop an enhanced reservoir.
The final two deep wells will be drilled deviated from thesame location. The conversion cycle for power production
will be selected upon proof of circulation.
The exploration phase (proof of circulation) should becompleted within two years. Beside the technical challenges
to stimulate a fracture system along a fault system in a seismically active area, other environmental challenges, likedrilling noise mitigation in a city, have to be met.
The project is carried by a partnership of regional utility companies and subsidised by the local government. All
investors are aware of the pilot character of the project, but
in view of the chances to gain a leading know-how in harvesting an old but hitherto unreachable resource is worth
the well-known exploration risks.
References
Baumgärtner, J., A. Gérard, R. Baria, R. Jung, T. Tran-Viet, T. Gandy,

October – Desember 2004

6
L. Aquilina, and J. Grarnish, 1998. Circulating The HDR Reservoir
at Soultz: Maintaining Production and Injection Flow in complete
balance. -Initial results of the 1997 circulation experiment. 23rd
Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford.
Bonjer, K.-P., 1997. Seismicity pattern and style of seismic faulting at
the eastern borderfault of the southern Rhine Graben. Tectonophysics, v. 275.
Deichmann, N., 2003. Seismicity Basel 1975 - 2002, in epimapBasel.cvx, ed.
Medici, F., and L. Rybach, 1995. Geothermal Map of Switzerland 1995
(Heat flow density). Beiträge zur Geologie der Schweiz, v. Geophysik Nr. 30.
Plenefisch, T., and K.-P. Bonjer, 1997. The stress field in the Rhine
Graben area inferred from earthquake focal mechanisms and estimation of frictional parameters. Tectonophysics, v. 275: 71 - 97.
Reinecker, J., O. Heidbach, and B. Mueller, 2003. The 2003 release of theWorld Stress Map (available online at www.world-stress-map.org).
Vuataz, F.-D. & M. O. Häring, 2001. The Swiss Deep Heat Mining(DHM) project: Drilling of the first exploration borehole in Basel.
IGA News, 45: 9-12.
Weidmann, M., 2002. Erdbeben in der Schweiz. Verlag Desertina, Chur.

Romania
Legal and regulatory frameworkfor geothermal exploitation in Romania
Marcel Rosca, Chairman Education Committee
1 Legal and institutional framework
The governmental institutions with activities related togeothermal resources in Romania are: the Romanian
Geological & Geophysical Survey (exploration and resources information), the National Agency for Mineral
Resources (resource database, award of exploration andexploitation licences), and the Ministry of Industry(Energy Department).
At present, the Romanian legislation relevant to geothermal development is harmonized with European Union
principles and supports renewable energies, among which
geothermal is specifically mentioned. In 2003, theRomanian Government approved the “Strategy for thedevelopment of renewable energy sources”, which sets
short and medium term targets in accordance with the EU
principles and directives. The Kyoto objectives imply areduction by 8% of the greenhouse gases emission for theEuropean Union between 2008 and 2012, compared to the1990 level (corresponding to about 600 million tons per
year of CO2 equivalent). The European Council
Resolution on renewable energies of 8th June 1998 seeksa doubling of the share of renewables from 6% at present
to 12% in 2010. These targets are also assumed by
Romania, as it intends to join the European Union in 2007.
The mineral resources (including geothermal) areowned by the State, their exploration and exploitation
being regulated by the Mining Law issued in 1998 (English translation attached). The National Agency for
Mineral Resources is the Governmental institution in
charge of issuing exploration and exploitation permits(long term concession).
No. 58There are two companies in Romania currently exploiting geothermal resources, Transgex S.A. and Foradex
S.A., which have the long term concession for practicallyall known geothermal reservoir.
Transgex S.A. was established in 1970. Its main activities are prospecting and geological exploration for mineral resources by well drilling and mining works. To date thecompany has drilled about 150 wells for geothermal water.
The Transgex S.A. Company was privatised in 2000 andthe social capital was increased.
At present Transgex S.A. is developing the use of geothermal energy for district heating as basic activity in thetowns of Oradea, Beius, Salonta, Marghita, and Stei, as
well as in the villages Livada, Sacuieni, Cighid, Sinicolaude Munte, and Sintion. Geothermal energy is delivered intowns to blocks of flats, administrative institutions andeconomic agents. In smaller communities it is delivered toblocks of flats and administrative buildings. The first projects carried out by S.C. Transgex S.A. are: Oradea
Geothermal Doublet (hot sanitary water for 13,000 people), Geothermal System at the University of Oradea
Campus, Geothermal Energy in Calea Aradului Area in
Oradea (hot sanitary water for 4,000 people), andGeothermal System at the Cighid Children’s Hospital.
Transgex S.A. has an important group of specialists
experienced in design, drilling, geology, mechanics,
installations, and economics. The number of employees
increased slowly but steadily after 2000, as geothermal iscurrently its main business. In the last five years the company also paid foreign experts for consulting wheneverneeded.
Foradex S.A. is a large state owned company. The mainpart of its activity is drilling (in Romania and abroad). It
has a Geothermal Department, but no information wasavailable regarding the employee structure. The project in
Calimanesti for combustible gas separation was co-fundedby the EC, and foreign consultants have also been partners
in the project.
The University of Oradea is a state university established under this name in 1990, based on different higher
education institutions of which the first started its activity
in 1780. Some of its faculties have geothermal related
training and/or research among their activities, such as theFaculty of Energy Engineering, the Faculty ofEnvironment Protection, the Faculty of Electrotechnics
and Informatics, and the Faculty of Medical Sciences. The
Faculty of Energy Engineering currently offers B.Sc.
training in Renewable Energy Resources and M.Sc. training in Geothermal and Solar Energy Utilisation. Fivemembers of its current academic staff followed the six
months UNU Geothermal Training Programme in Iceland.
The university also has a number of research and training
departments, including the Geothermal Research Centre
and the International Geothermal Training Centre.
There are no public utilities actually operating geothermal systems. Geothermal district heating systems areoperated only by the two companies mentioned before

7(Transgex and Foradex). In all cases though, the distribution network is public property, according to the
Romanian legislation. For this reason, the public utilities
that have part or all their heat supplied form geothermal
resources (e.g. the town of Beius) have at least one person
in charge of supervising the operation and maintenance ofthe geothermal part of the district heating system.
2 Licensing procedures
Long-term licences are awarded by the National Agency for
Mineral Resources (NAMR) for either the exploration or
the exploitation of mineral resources, including geothermal.
The NAMR also authorises companies to carry out certain
activities (exploration, exploitation, research, trade, etc.)
related to each specific mineral resource. In order to beauthorised, the applicant company has to prove its capability to actually perform the respective activities. The list ofrequired documents is available from the NAMR.
2.1 Exploration licence
Initial data (geological, geophysical, hydro-geological,etc.) can be purchased from the NAMR for reasonable
fees, but only by companies authorised by the NAMR tohave and work with such data. In most cases though, thecompany applying for the exploration licence would be
the one that actually carried out the preliminary exploration and, in most cases, even drilled the exploration
wells (Transgex or Foradex). Therefore, these companies
would already have the necessary data. The following documents are required when applying for an exploration
licence:
1. Perimeter setting study;
2. Resource assessment study;
3. Technical and economic feasibility study;
4. Environmental impact assessment.
The Perimeter setting study should define the perimeter of the surface area under which the resource islocated. All exploration activity should only be carried out
inside the set perimeter. When deep exploration wells haveto be drilled, the NAMR can award, from the State Budget, the necessary funds for drilling such wells, as part of
the national geological exploration program. For this, thecompany has to submit an application based on significant
and reliable data justifying the need and opportunity todrill the exploration well. The wells are usually designed,
drilled, and completed as potential production wells.
The resource assessment study is usually compiled
after at least one deep exploration well has been drilled.
Based on all available data, sometimes including a rather
simple computer model of the reservoir, the study estimates the long-term sustainable exploitation potential of
the geothermal resource, for one or more exploitation scenarios (i.e. with and without reinjection).
The technical and economic feasibility study should
comprise: the geothermal energy supply available from theexisting (exploration/production) wells; the potential users
in the area and their annual heat demand; the proposed utilisation system (conceptual design); the economic feasibility assessment (discounted cash flow analysis) and financing
scheme (i.e. source of funds for the capital investment).
These are usually small-scale projects, operated mainly inorder to monitor the behaviour of the reservoir during shortterm exploitation. The exploration licence is usually awarded for a few years only (typically two).
The environment impact assessment study should be
carried out for the proposed project during the exploration
phase. As any EIA study, it should comprise: the base line
(status of the environment parameters before the project
start); impact of the proposed project on all environment
factors and comparison with other possible projects for thesame operation, including the “no project” case.
2.2 Exploitation licence
The documents required for an exploitation licence are
essentially the same as those required for the exploration
licence. The main differences are:
1. The concession is applied (and awarded) for alonger period of time, usually no less than 20 years;
2. The proposed project is usually larger in size,
designed to utilise the resource up to its maximum
sustainable capacity;
3. All studies carried out have to be more detailed thanthose submitted for the exploration licence;
4. A very important item is for the company applying
for the exploitation licence to prove it has the financial capacity to complete the project.
In certain circumstances, when the geothermal
resource is intended to be mainly or only used for district
heating, the local community may apply and be awarded
the exploitation licence for the resource. There is no suchcase yet in Romania, but the NAMR regulations specifically mention this possibility.
Any entity exploiting a geothermal resource (as well as
any other mineral resource) has to pay a royalty based on
the unit mass or volume extracted annually. Royalties are
relatively low but they can be included in the unit energy
selling price. This price is based on economic calculations,but its approval depends on the type of energy and in certain cases the type of customer.
For thermal energy sold to a private commercial customer, the unit selling price is usually fixed by direct
negotiation between the two parties. When the customer isa public utility (e.g. district heating), the unit selling pricehas to be approved by the Local Council as well as the
National Agency for Local Administration Regulation.
Current legislation on electric energy states that,
TRANSELECTRICA, (the National Power Transportation
Company) has to purchase the entire available power produced from renewable resources. The unit price is established by the Romanian Electricity and Heat Regulatory
Authority (ANRE) based on the financial and economic
assessment study.
October – Desember 2004

8
Macedonia
Autumn workshop of Macedonian
Geothermal Association MAGA on:
LEGISLATION FOR GETTING THE CONCESSION FOR EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Strumica (Macedonia), December 10, 2004
On December 10, 2004 the regular autumn workshop of
the Macedonian Geo-thermal Association MAGA shall beorganized in Strumica (South of Macedonia), devoted to
the legislation for getting the concession and exploitationof geothermal energy and in connection to the procedurefor issuing the concession licence for the Bansko geothermal field and system and the public discussion about necessary changes of the existing Mining Law. About 50 participants from Macedonia, Bul-garia, Greece, Serbia &Montenegro, and Slovenia are expected, like it was the case with the last 6 regular spring and autumn workshops.
The workshop shall be opened by the state under secretary for energy and re-presentatives of the Ministries forEnvironment, Economy and Science and Educati-on.
Hosts of the workshop shall be the local owner of the geothermally heated green-house complex and Ministry of
Science and Education.
Three introductory papers are planned, i.e. Concession
legislation in Macedonia (Mr. Eftim Micevski), Concession legislation in some European countries and U.S.A.
(Prof. Kiril Popovski) and Summary of proposals forchanges of the existing Mining Law (Mr. Nikola Cerepnalkovski). It is expected that also foreign participants
shall present the situation in their countries. After that, awider discussion should follow and composition of a set ofrecommendations to the Ministry of Economy, as final
result of the workshop. According to the previous experience, recommendations of MAGA have been always taken
seriously. Several applicants for concession rights are

Geothermally heated greenhouse in Bansko (Strumica)
No. 58expecting that the meeting shall resolve some unclear
aspects of the procedure, which shall help them to get the
final answers in shortest possible terms.
Regular workshops of MAGA are slowly becoming a
regular meeting point of geothermal experts fromBalkanian countries and several common projects proposals to EC have been agreed during their realization. The
proceedings of the workshops are normally sent to theMacedonian ministries and universities but also to thegeothermal centres of neighboring countries.
Kiril Popovski
President of MAGA

Germany
The 8th Geothermal Conference of
GtV a great successby Burkhard SannerWith more than 300 participants, the 8th Geothermal
Conference of GtV on Nov. 10-13, 2004, was the biggest
event on geothermal energy ever taking place in Germany.
This number of registrations exceeded all expectations,and albeit causing some logistical problems that had to besolved, the conference became a great success. The conference venue in the city of Landau is located in theWestern part of the Upper Rhine Graben, an area buzzing
with new geothermal development and being a kind of“hot spot” in the German geothermal landscape. Projects
for geothermal power production (some including district
heating) are studied in Landau itself and in neighbour
cities like Offenbach/Queich, Speyer, Worms, Bruchsal,
and others; the site of the European EGS project in Soultzsous-Forêts is only some 40 km to the South of Landau.
The first day (Nov. 10) was dedicated to the political,
technical and economical perspectives defining the „newrole of geothermal energy“ (as the sub-title of the conference said). Those perspectives were delineated by representatives from the federal ministry of environment, theministry of environment of Rheinland-Pfalz (the Germanstate the conference venue is located in), and by scientists
from energy economy and other fields. During his opening
words, the envoy of the federal ministry of environment
announced that the minister, Jürgen Trittin, has decided tojoin the honorary committee of WGC 2005 to show his
support for geothermal energy. Also in the opening session, the Patricius Medals of GtV for the years 2003 and2004 were awarded to Prof. Dr. Kiril Popovski and to Prof.
Dr. Fritz Rummel, respectively (see separate report).
Towards the end of the first day, a panel discussion
among politicians, representatives from administration,business and science, and the auditorium allowed to see
the perception of geothermal energy in the society. MPsfrom both sides of the political spectrum voiced their support for geothermal energy use in research, development
and application. The day was ending with a reception hosted by the mayor of Landau.

9
On the two following days (Nov. 11-12), the technicalsessions were held in two parallel programmes. The main
conference on the „deep“ geothermal side thus was complemented by the 5th Symposium on geothermal heatpumps, which focussed on the shallow geothermal applications. The proceedings have been published by GtV andcan be ordered through:http://www.geothermie.de/literatur/gtvpubli.htm
Concerning geothermal power production, projects
under development all over Germany were presented. The
stimulation methods used in HDR are now in the processof being transferred to standard geothermal resources inorder to enhance yield and open new regions, under theacronym EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems). Deep
borehole heat exchangers are another option to widen therange of possible locations for deep geothermal energy useon the heating sector. Examples of projects have beenshown and first results presented. Suitable conversion
technologies for power production at low entering temperatures are as essential as legal and administrative project
management, geophysical investigations, risk assessmentand minimisation, and many other topics that have been
covered in Landau.
In the field of shallow geothermal energy use, the following observations could be made concerning the current
development. On the sector of realised projects, a growing
number of interesting larger geothermal heat pump plants
can be seen. New fields have been opened, e.g. for the use
in schools, where several projects will hopefully result in
students knowing about geothermal energy by knowing
about their school’s technology. For small plants, sales
concepts and quality certification have to be done to sustain the market growth in the long run. GtV is co-operating with the German heat pump association (BWP) in that
respect.
For ground investigation and design of geothermal heatpumps, the thermal response test did develop into a routine
tool. German equipment meanwhile works even abroad,e.g. in China. Beside the “classical” response test, newdevelopments with glass fibre temperature sensors or witha submersible p/t-sensor inside the pipes have been presented. Advances in design software try to bridge the gap
between the fast methods based on analytical solutions
and the more accurate, but long and tedious numericalsimulation methods. The technology itself could be
improved, mainly on the sector of borehole heat exchangers: New grouting materials reduce borehole thermal
resistance, heat pipes using CO2 are on the market, andcompact ground heat exchangers are under design andtesting in Sweden. The concept of underground thermalenergy storage (UTES) still is in the demonstration stage,at least for heat storage; however, important steps forward
have been made.
In the evening of the second day, the geothermal family could recover from the hard work in the technical sessions at a buffet dinner highlighting the regional cuisine(tasty and rich, but not quite healthy, and definitely notmade for vegetarians and members of some religions, withpork in all variations as the main ingredient). With thelocation of the dinner being inside an old brewery, thelocal beer was competing with the excellent wine from theregion.
At the end of the conference, a wrap-up by rapporteurs
from the two parallel sessions allowed to get a shortoverview of what happened in the sessions one could nothave attended. In the closing session of the conference on
Nov. 12, the chairman of GtV invited all persons attending
to join the geothermal family in the family reunion at
WGC 2005.
An excursion on Nov. 13 allowed to see some geothermal practise: Drilling for the second well of a doublet tosupply heat (and some thermal water) to a water fun parkin Weinheim could be visited, and the famous EGS site inSoultz was the destination in the afternoon.

Patricius-Medals of GtV for the years 2003
and 2004 awarded
by Burkhard SannerIn the opening session of the 8th Geothermal Conferenceof GtV, held in Landau, Germany, Nov. 10, 2004, twowell-known geothermal celebrities have been awarded thePatricius-Medal of GtV. This honour is presented since
1994; the name remembers the bishop Patricius of Prusa,
who in the 4th century AD in the today city of Bursa,
Turkey, explained the relevance and genesis of thermal
springs:“There are fire and water also ... beneath the ground, ...
and some of it comes back to the surface, like throughpipes, flowing for the use by the human beings. Such is theway how the thermal springs are made, some of them,
being more remote from the fire, are colder according to
the cautious preposition of god towards us, while others,,
being closer to the fire, flow hot.” Such thermal springs
are existing in Bursa to this days, feeding water and heatto several spas (haman, fig. 1).

The two laureates are
For the year 2003: Prof. Dr. Kiril Popovski
From the text of the document: “The Geothermische
Vereinigung e.V. awards the Patricius-Plakette for the year
2003 to Prof. Dr. Kiril Popovski, to honour his tirelessefforts in the promotion of knowledge about geothermalenergy and its use. In particular shall his merits be recognised in the founding and conducting of the International
Summer School on Direct Applications of Geothermal
Energy. His contributions to agricultural use of geothermalenergy and to geothermal greenhouse heating should be
mentioned also.”
For the year 2004: Prof. Dr. Fritz Rummel
From the text of the document: “The Geothermische
Vereinigung e.V. awards the Patricius-Plakette for the year
2004 to Prof. Dr. Fritz Rummel, to honour his contribuOctober – Desember 2004

10
Geothermal power project in Unterhachingon the way to successby Werner Bussmann and Burkhard Sanner

Figure 1: Yeni Kaplica (the “new” bath) in Bursa, Turkey(Dec. 2001)
tions over many years towards the scientific investigationof geothermal phenomena, and towards the application ofthis knowledge into the practical use of geothermal energy. A special mention should be given for his groundbreaking work on Hot-Dry-Rock technology, the fruits ofwhich can be harvested today.“Both persons have been present to personally collect
the awards.
Past holders of the Patricius Medal:• 1994: Dr. Oskar Kappelmeyer• 1995: Prof. Dr. Ralph Hähnel
• 1996: Prof. Dr. Ladislaus Rybach• 1997: Dr. Herbert Schneider• 1998: Dr. Vladimir _ermák• 1999: Dr. Roberto Carella• 2000: Dr. Ingvar B. Fridleifsson• 2001: Dr. Rüdiger Schulz• 2002: Ernst Rohner
No. 58With the first geothermal power plant in Germany operational since November 2003 in Neustadt-Glewe in thenorth-east of the country, also in the south of Germany
development of geothermal power production is on a goodway. Here also the step from the ca. 200 kW electric output of the first plant to a more substantial output of some
MW of electric power will be made.
End of August the first drilling in Unterhaching, asmall city just to the south-west of Munich, Bavaria,
tapped the reservoir in 3446 m depth. The thermal water
has an initial temperature of 122 °C with a yield of about
150 l/s (ca. 42 t/h), and as the project manager, Christian
Schönwiesner-Bozkurt of Rödl & Partner said: „Even our
most optimistic expectations have been surpassed. Now
the conditions are given here to produce electric powerand heating from geothermal water.“ The mayor of
Unterhaching, Dr. Erwin Knapek, voiced his excitement
about this development: „We do want an advanced, environmentally friendly supply of electricity and heat for
Unterhaching. And we did put our hope on the geothermal
resource. Now the results reward the efforts of all those
who bravely and vigorously advanced this project.“
Beside being one of the first geothermal power projects
in Germany, there are some other “firsts” in the project
design:• For the first time in Germany, power production using
the Kalina-process shall be done on an industrial scale• A large submersible pump will be used in the production well
• A turbine inside the re-injection well will add to thepower production
To realise the project, a company “Geothermie Unterhaching GmbH & Co. KG” was founded in August 2002,
with the municipality of Unterhaching being the 100-%owner. The location of the city is quite favourable in thearea where the target formation (“Malmkarst”, Upper
Jurassic limestones) is already rather deep and thus quite
warm (fig. 1), but the location is still close enough to the
population centre around Munich.
After completion and testing of the first well, a reinjection well in some 2.5 km distance will be drilled, andthen the thermal water pipeline connecting the wells. The
system is planned as heat-and power-co-generation(CHP), with up to 41 MWth for district heating and up to
3.7 MWel of electric power, and might be operational for
power production in 2006.
The total project cost are estimated to ca. 36 million
Euro, the financing of which are covered by own capital ofthe municipality, by a grant of up to 4.8 million Euro fromthe federal ministry of environment (BMU), and by bankloans. The seismic investigations preceding the project
have also been subsidised by BMU. The electric powerthat will be generated one day in Unterhaching from geot-

11

Fig. 1: North-South-cross-section through the Bavarianmolasse basin, with the karstic Malm layer and some drillings tapping that layer (drawing from Roedl & Partner,
Nuremberg)
hermal heat can be sold to the regional utility for a price of
150 Euro/MWh, according to the Renewable Energy Law(EEG), for plants below 5 MW electric output.

THE AMERICAS
Geothermal-electric capacity in Mexico
reaches 953 MWeLuis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín
Between April and July 2003 four additional geothermal
power units were commissioned in the Los Azufres geothermal field in Mexico,. These units were a part of the Los
Azufres II Project with an installed net capacity of 100
MWe. Each one of the 25-MWe units is composed by acondensing-turbine of single flow, an electric synchronous
generator, a direct-contact condenser, a counter-flow cooling tower, and a hybrid gas-extraction system. They workat 8,0 bar (absolute) inlet steam pressure and consume 195

Fig. 1. Geothermal fields in Mexico

One of the four 25-MWe units of the project Los Azufres II
tons per hour (t/h) of steam at the design average wet-bulb
temperature (19°C). The power output of each one is 27.5
MWe gross (25 MWe net).
The Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE, one of thetwo public utilities in charge of generation and distributionof electricity for public service in Mexico) issued an international tender for the construction and installation of thewhole project in 2000. The bid was won by Alstom, which
financed the project during the construction period. Oncethe units passed the acceptance tests, CFE paid the total
cost to Alstom, and took on the operation and maintenanceof the units. Presently, the units are being operated by
CFE, which also supplies the steam. Only five new production wells were required, since there was some excess
of steam from previously drilled wells.
The geothermal-electric installed capacity in the Los
Azufres field has reached 188 MWe, integrated by sevenback-pressure power units of 5 MWe each, one 50-MWe
condensing unit, two binary-cycle units of 1,5 MWe each,and four 25-MWe each units of the Los Azufres II project.
The CFE currently operates 35 production wells, which
produce an average of 1650 t/h of steam and 600 t/h ofbrine. The latter is reinjected through 5 injection wells.
Los Azufres is one of the four geothermal fields inoperation in Mexico, and is located in the central part ofthe country, within the Mexican Volcanic Belt. Other
fields in operation are Cerro Prieto, Los Humeros and Las
Tres Vírgenes (Fig. 1).
Cerro Prieto, located at the northern portion of Mexico,presents an installed capacity of 720 MWe with 13 condensing power units. The CFE manages 150 production
and 9 injection wells and supplies an average rate of 5500
t/h of steam.
Los Humeros is also located in the Mexican Volcanic
Belt and has an installed capacity of 35 MWe, with sevenback-pressure power units. These units are fed by 18 production wells, supplying an average of 500 t/h of steam.
Las Tres Vírgenes is the more recently developed field,
and is found in the middle of the Baja Peninsula. The CFE
October – Desember 2004

12
operates two condensing units of 5 MWe each, whose
steam is supplied by two production wells also operatedby CFE, and one injection well.
The total geothermal-electric capacity in Mexico iscurrently 953 MWe, which places the country third worldwide behind the US and the Philippines.
There is one more geothermal field in Mexico, theCerritos Colorados field located within the La Primavera
volcanic caldera at the western part of the Mexican Volcanic
Belt. There CFE has drilled six production wells, has
assessed a geothermal-electric potential of 75 MWe, and iscurrently planning the construction of the first power units.

The opening of the international public bid of the areas
Hoyo-Monte Galan and Managua-Chiltepe took place
September 16th 2004, at the hotel Intercontinental Metrocentro, Managua.
The eight companies that so far have shown interest in
the development of these geothermal areas must present
their offers before December 10th 2004.

Nicaragua

Yoonho Song, KIGAM, Hirofumi Muraoka, Toshihiro
Uchida and Kasumi Yasukawa, GREEN, AIST

Nicaragua opens an international public bidof the geothermal areas Hoyo-Monte Galan yManagua-Chiltepe.
Ariel Zúñiga, Nicaraguan Institute of Energy
The government of Nicaragua through the Nicaraguan
Institute of Energy (INE) started the bid process to exploreand develop the geothermal areas of Hoyo-Monte Galan
and Managua-Chiltepe. INE is the institution that regulates the country’s electric sector. This institute is charged(by the Nicaraguan exploration and exploitation law of thegeothermal resources [No. 443] and its regulation) withcalling for public bids to grant geothermal concessions inareas which the presidency of the republic declares open
for exploration and exploitation.
El Hoyo –Monte Galán, located to the west of the
Momotombo volcano, has an estimated capacity of 200 to
250 MWe.
Managua-Chiltepe, located about fifteen kilometersfrom the capital city Managua, has an estimated capacityof 150 to 200 MWe.
The Central American region is in a process of integration of their electric markets, through the implementationof the project Electric System for Central America(SIEPAC) and the multinational Puebla-Panama Plan
(subscribed by the Central American countries as well asPanama and Mexico). The main objective of these programs is to promote the economic development of theregion, taking advantage of economies of scale. It is
expected that these will result in higher electricity demandand in increased exploitation of renewable energy
resources.
The government of Nicaragua, aware of the importanceof the development of their geothermal resources whose
potential is considered the highest of Central America,
developed a master geothermal plan for the country andelaborated, with the approval of the national assembly, alaw of geothermal resources. The objective of this law is
to create the necessary conditions to attract the private,
local and international, investors whose support will allow
toachieve the sustained development of Nicaragua’s geothermal resources.
No. 58

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Asian geothermal “fellows” joined in autumn
in Korea

On 26-27 October 2004, the 6th Asian Geothermal
Symposium was held at Jurassic Hall, KIGAM, Daejeon,
Korea under the co-sponsorship of GREEN, AIST, Japan and
KIGAM, Korea (Figure 1). The number of the participants
was 105 in total, including 23 geothermists from abroad who
were welcomed by great hospitality of Korean colleagues andbeautiful autumn leaves in the best season in Korea.
Although Korea does not have high-temperature geothermal resources related to young volcanoes, it has
numerous hot springs related to high heat flow anomaly,
particularly in its southeastern part. KIGAM is now enthusiastically conducting a geothermal direct-use project in
one of them, Pohang City, southeastern Korea. The
research update of this project was a central topic of thisSymposium.
The Symposium was kicked off by the greetings of Dr.
Tai Sup Lee, President of KIGAM and Dr. Isao
Matsunaga, Director of GREEN, AIST. Out of 21 technical papers presented in total, 17 papers were oriented to
the low-enthalpy or direct-use of geothermal resources.
Distinct from the previous Asian Geothermal Symposia, we invited three special lecturers: Prof. Ladislaus Rybach (Switzerland) on direction of geothermal resources
development in a non-volcanic country, Dr. Franciska H.
Kármán (Hungary) on scale and corrosion problems, andProf. Takumi Hashizume (Japan) on low-temperature
power generation technology. These lectures made theSymposium deeper and more fruitful.
The Symposium was finally closed by Dr. TetsuroNoda, AIST, adopting the following declaration:
1. Participants in this Symposium shall be “fellows” todisseminate the priority of clean geothermal energy
to citizens, governments and world hereinafter.
2. Participants in this Symposium shall assist the fellows in promoting the dissemination purpose toeach other.
3. Participants in this Symposium shall try to enlarge
the fellows’ circle.
On 28 October, we visited the Pohang project site as a
post-Symposium excursion. At the first stop, we observed
a 1500 m deep pilot well that had been already drilled and13leagues, Prof. Keyan Zheng and Dr. Liu Jiurong, kindly
offered to hold the next Symposium in China. We would
like to announce the details of the next Symposium assoon as it will be confirmed. The name will still be “Asian
Geothermal Symposium,” however it will absolutely be
open to all the countries in the world like this time.
Therefore, you should not miss the next Symposium thatwill be held in China where you could easily find the
Asian geothermal synergy to the future!
References
Figure 1. Group photograph of the 6th Asian Geothermal
Symposium, Jurassic Hall, KIGAM, Daejeon, Korea (26October 2004)

KIGAM (2004), Proceedings of the 6th Asian Geothermal Symposium,
KIGAM, Daejeon, Korea, 157p. (All the papers in this Proceedings
are available in pdf on http://geothermal.kigam.re.kr/eng/)

Philippines
was producing 300 ton/day of 47.5 ºC hot water by pumping. The bottom hole temperature reached 70 ºC, which is
close to the highest hot spring temperature of 72 ºC at
Bugog in Korea. At the second stop, we observed a 2000
m deep production well, which had been drilled to a depthof approximately 400 m (Figure 2).
On the way to Seoul on 29 October, all the participantsvery much enjoyed two World Heritages in the historicalcity of Gyeongju, under beautiful autumn leaves:
Seokguram Grotto, which holds an old stone buddha, andBulguksa Temple, both built in the Shilla Dynasty some
1250 years ago. The latter is a type locality of theCretaceous Bulguksa Granite in southeastern Korea.
This Symposium was closed with an entire success andsteady enlargement of the fellows’ circle. Chinese col-Figure 2. 2000 m deep production well in the Pohang
project site, Korea (28 October 2004)

UPDATE ON THE FIRST PHILIPPINEGEOTHERMAL 1 CONTRACTING ROUND
Restituto G. Taganas Jr. and Edvin D. Butiu, Philippine
Department of Energy, Geothermal and Coal Resources
Division
The Philippine Department of Energy (DOE) formallylaunched, in formal ceremonies on March 11, 2004 in
Manila, the First Philippine Geothermal Contracting
Round (GEOTHERMAL 1), which aims to attract investments in the exploration and the development of the country’s most prospective geothermal resources. By introducing a different mechanism in the offering and granting of
new Geothermal Service Contracts through a bidding
process, GEOTHERMAL 1 anticipates to generate
investors’ interest, either in the exploration and development of new prospects/areas, or in projects for the expansion or optimization of existing production fields.
GEOTHERMAL 1 offers ten areas or projects thatwere painstakingly selected based on their technical, environmental and legal merits:• Tanawon-Rangas sector
40-80 MW *BacMan Project, Sorsogon• Mindanao Optimization
North Cotabato Project

20 MW *• Manito-Kayabon sector
BacMan Project, Albay

20-40 MW *• Cabalian, Southern Leyte

60-110 MW *• Dauin, Negros Oriental

40-80 MW *• Biliran20-40 MW• Amacan, Compostela Valley

20-40 MW• Natib, Bataan

40 MW• Mabini, Batangas

20 MW• Montelago, Mindoro Oriental

20-40 MWThe first five areas (marked with asterisk) are covered
October – Desember 2004

14
by existing Geothermal Service Contracts (GSCs) and arethus subject to Farm-In Agreement with the holder of the
GSCs while the other fields require the application for a
GSC with the DOE.
To promote further the First Philippine Geothermal
Contracting Round, a road show presentation was conducted in Japan on May 24-29, 2004 that was headed byformer DOE Undersecretary Eduardo V. Manalac. The
visit was aimed to introduce to potential investors inJapan’s power industry these geothermal projects.
Presently, four (4) foreign companies and two (2)domestic firms have signified keen interest in participatingin the Contracting Round.
Originally announced as 30 July 2004, the deadline forthe submission of bid applications was extended to 29
November 2004 to give interested companies sufficient
time to fully evaluate the technical merits and investment
potential of the geothermal projects.

Philippine Geothermal, Inc. is now Unocal
Philippines, Inc.
Edgar P. Sevilla, UPI
Philippine Geothermal Inc. (PGI), Southeast Asia’s pioneer geothermal developer, announced it began doing
business as Unocal Philippines, Inc. (UPI) effective
October 1, 2004. This new name better links the company with the worldwide operations of parent company
Unocal Corporation. UPI remains an indirect whollyowned Unocal subsidiary, reflecting the company’s longterm commitment to the Philippines and the region.
UPI builds on a strong legacy. This includes more than
33 years of partnership with the Philippine government topioneer geothermal development and meet the growing
energy needs of the country. The Philippines now enjoys
the distinction of being the world’s leading consumer ofgeothermal energy, and the second leading producer ofthis clean, renewable energy source, after the UnitedStates.
The name change coincides with the beginning of a
new commercial agreement that is now in place, representing the settlement between UPI and the National
Power Corporation (NPC), resolving an eight-year dispute
over the operations of the Tiwi and Mak-Ban geothermal
steam fields.

China
Geothermal Utilization in Tianjin Olympic
Sport Center– As A Part of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games
Tingshan Tian, Geothermal China Energy Society
In order to saving fund and playing a bigger role of the
Olympic facilities, a part of items of the 2008 Beijing
Olympic Games will be taken place in Tianjin, the neighNo. 58

Figure 1. A bird view of the Tianjin Olympic Sport Centerbor city of 140 km away. Tianjin Olympic Sport Center
will fully utilize local geothermal resources plus heatpump system to carry out winter space heating, summer
cooling and hot water supplying. The Tianjin Olympic
Sport Center consists of stadium, international sport
exchange center, boating center, sport museum and complex building. Its planned land area is 44.5 hectares with aconstruction area of 267,000 m2 including stadium of
155,800 m2, sport exchange center of 50,000 m2 and boating center of 50,000 m2 etc.
Overall sport constructions of the Tianjin Olympic Sport
Center will show a subject of ‘dewdrop’. It is coordinatedwith surrounding green lake, blue sky and greensward inthis sport center. These facilities will be constructed using
metal and glass materials. The roof will fit in with the variation of four seasons annually. It is able to adjust the effects
of light, heat and wind to create an ideal athletic environment. So the Tianjin Olympic Sport Center gives expression
to the 3 substances of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games in‘Green Olympics’, ‘High Technology Olympics’ and‘Humanistic Olympics’. It integrates smoothly into the city
environment of Tianjin, concentrates new achievement ofhigh technology research. It will become the first class levelof sport center worldwide.
There are 175,000 m2 of construction area need winterspace heating and summer cooling. And hot water supply
is additional demand. According to concerned design theheat loads of space heating and cooling are 14,840 kW/hand 18,565 kW/h respectively. Then the heat load of hot
water supply is 1,400 kW/h. Space heating will keep aroom temperature of 18°C in winter, and temperature
16°C and 27°C for stadium and boating center respectively. However, the summer cooling will keep a temperatureof 26°C for all demands.
The project design considers environment protection,energy saving and reliability of operation. The heat source
for the project is geothermal water mainly. There are 3 geothermal wells drilled already as 2 for production wells andone for reinjection well. Geothermal water of 78°C at wellhead will be passed through 2 stages of heat exchanger oftitanium plate type. Then the used water goes through heat15
pump system to contribute more heat extraction. Finally thewastewater with temperature of 10°C will be injected into
reinjection well. In addition, abundant lake water in this
sport center will be used for summer cooling through thesame heat pump system. And the middling-water from thesport center area will be as supplementary cool source.
Therefore, this is a multi-source heat pump system.
The total investment for the heating and cooling system isestimated as 23.95 million yuan (1 USD equals about 8.28
yuan). And the operation cost will be 25.49 yuan per
square meter. This is much cheaper than a common district
heating system.

UPCOMING EVENTS
30th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir
Engineering. Stanford University, CA, USA, 31st
January – 2nd February 2005. Contact: Laura Garner,
email: lgarner@pangea.stanford.edu http://geothermal.stanford.edu/WorkshopPages/
Power-Gen Renewable Energy. Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1–3 March 2005. website: www.power-generation.com
26th Annual PNOC-EDC Geothermal Conference.
Manila, Philippines, 9-10 March 2005. Contact: Arnel
Mejorada, email: geothermalcon@energy.com.ph
The Cairo 9th International Conference on Energy andEnvironment. Cairo and Sharm El-Sheik, Egypt, 13-19
March 2005. Contact: Abdel Latif El-Sharkawy, email:president@sat-eng.com wwbsite: http://ee9.sat-eng.com
World Geothermal Congress WGC2005. Antalya,
Turkey, 24-29 April 2005. website: www.wgc2005.org
International Geothermal Conference “Renewable
Energy: Problems and Prospects”. Makhachkala,Republic of Daghestan, 19 – 22 September 2005.
Contact: Alibek Alkhasov, email: danterm@xtreem.ru
website: http://www.geoterm.iwt.ru/info-e.htm
GRC Annual Meeting. Reno, NV, USA, 25 – 28
September 2005. website: www.geothermal.org

IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News is
to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consist of the IGA
Information Committee:
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico (Chairman)
Werner Bussmann, Germany
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Jim Lawless, New ZealandMarcelo Lippmann, USA
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Adele Manzella, Italy
Rosa María Prol-Ledesma, Mexico
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Tingshan Tian, China
Francois-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, Japan
Note: The Information Committee is seeking newmembers from regions of the world not represented by
the above membership. If you would like to join us andare ready to collaborate as indicated below, please contact Eduardo Iglesias at iglesias@iie.org.mx
The members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or anarticle for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
essential reading for anyone seeking the latest information on geothermal worldwide.

Erratum
The article "Philippines, PGI Corporate News" at page
12 in IGA-News #57 was taken from the PGI Corporate News. Sylvia Ramos contributed the article but
did not write it.

This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo Iglesias
and Gestur Gislason, and produced by the IGA
Secretariat: Valgardur Stefansson. Layout and printing
by Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.is

Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
Contributions to the next issue of IGA News must be
received by 10 February 2005.

October – Desember 2004

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