ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐අਬȆै໤̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές΃ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎കǵǵǵॺǵ‫*׭‬Village Life and Indigenous Resource Managementin Savanna of West Africa
H AYASHI Yukihiro*
A survey of indigenous resources and knowledge in a rural area has been carried out
in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria for eight years, as a prelude to developmentof sustainable management system for the local resources that can provide a vital energy
for village life. The village surveyed was Yamrat, located in Bauchi State in the Republicof Nigeria. The villagers have much indigenous knowledge of resource management for
maintaining food production and village life, among which knowledge of the managementof soil fertility and weather forecasting seem to be particularly important.
It can be said that the people depend on the ecological environment and indigenous
knowledge for their livelihood. However, various problems such as population increase
and depletion of resources also exist because of changes in the social and ecologicalenvironment.
Should we conclude simply that local environment resources have touched thebottom? Is it not wise to try again to utilize such valuable resources more efficiently?
This paper focuses on the results of a research project that was carried out
to develop an integrated system that privileges local resources in order to sustain
agricultural production and village society.

1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵ1994 ॷ 1 ೐⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹ˓̫̋Ͳɴೣ୞ˁᒞȼ‫ܕ‬᭬ၖय़ᦅ෌቉ድଘ (International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture: IITA) ɴ‫̘͌˽˹ᦅۊ‬቉ድᓔ (Systems Agronomist) ɭɌɩᣯК*౗ೣ߂࡝ᅊ႒ᣂ྇ዀ࡝ᨆ‫ܕ‬᭬‫ݖܩ‬ᬖᇍ࡝ዀ⏋Department of International Development Studies, Nihon University
College of Bioresource Sciences70ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎Ɍɩȴʰ⏋ኽɹីˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅ೴͹ᦅ຦ɭɹɦȷȡȦɻࠃʚɤɛ⏏
ǵIITA ɴ‫ֵܧ‬Ɍɛ 1 ॷоˡ೐ɹᬚɻ⏋ςɴ̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹആ‫׌‬ᨆɴеᒞɐʳ̫˗̍ि (Bauchi
State) ɴȡʳ͇͠Ͳˡ̊˫Ͳ೴ (Liman Katagun)⏋͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ (Yamrat)⏋̫˻͇͑೴ (Bajama)ɹ 3 ೴ᘺˁ̾Ͳ͇̍ͻ˪ɭɌɩ⏋IITA ɹ቉ድᓔʰɭɭʢɴᦅ෌ᅊ઴ɭ‫ܔݖܩ‬೑ɹଯ᝗ɴɦȦɩᠭീɌɛ⏃‫ ܒ‬1⏆⏏Ʉɹ 3 ೴ᘺɻ IITA ɹᦅ෌ᐁཕ቉ድᓔʰɴʭʳϟմᠭീɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕ‫ܞ‬ʍɹˏ˪́˽ɹᮑ౫঎⏋೴ᘺϺ‫ؤ‬ɹ‫֓ވ‬რ⏋ʚɛᦅ෌ɹᮃᏝ‫׋‬ɹዐ঎ˁ‫ݜ‬ྈɭɌɩ᧧
ࡴɇʶɛ೴ɫȡʳ⏏Ȧɑʶɹ೴ᘺʢ᧌ؑ 30 ॷᬚɹϺ‫֓ވؤ‬რɻᏝ 2 ⎾մ৿ɭᲞȦ⏏3 ೴ᘺɹμɫɻɭʱʼȿ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ȵᖋខॻᐻ᧑ᤉȴʰȴɲʱᮐʶɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɴеᒞɌ⏋ʚɛ೴ɴᦲɍʳ᧑ɻ‫܋‬ᥢᱤ֪᥂ɫɇȭጓɠ৵ᅊɐʳʭȩɲੲᤉɹɛʠɴ॑‫ݭ‬ʍɹˏ˪́˽ȵ೎ʢ‫ܐ‬ᮑɲ೴ɫȡʳ⏏̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹ˵̫Ͳ̠‫ݖܩ‬ɴɻ⏋Ʉɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɹʭȩɲ‫ܩ‬ჿᇕɴʢ኏Цᇕɴʢέգɲ೼Иάɴᒞȴʶ⏋‫ץ‬ᕶᐌᕶ᣸ᇕɲᅊ༎ˁ‫ۊ‬ʞ೴ᘺȵ޽ȼဣ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛ೴Ǿɻ⏋‫ܕ‬ȡʳȦɻ‫౅ܩ‬కঌɴʭʳ᧑ᤉɹ఩Һʦఠᔒɹಔ‫⏋ؖ‬ʚɛອʦᮚຩɲɰɹᅊ༎˓Ͳ̶͞఩ҺɻᇖံɭʢȦȭʳႥ໥άɴᒞȴʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵೣዣɻ⏋ɗȩɌɛᭉᅠ೼Иάɴȡʳ˵̫Ͳ̠‫ᦅݖܩ‬೴ɹᕶጓᇕɲᇍࣙ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁឿՏɐɛʠ⏋ɗɹմரɭɲʳჼႥɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᣂ྇ɹգᅎࡸ઴ɭᦅ຦ɛɠɴʭɤɩᐙମɇʶɩȷɛШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬
ჿી᝔ˁᦅ෌ᅊ઴࡝ᇕᠭീɴʭɤɩ౩ʰȴɴɌ⏋ɗʶʰˁᤑʚȭɛృɛɲ‫ݖܩ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎ
ɭ୫ᐚᇕ፬ჿ˹˽̘͌ɹ෯፷ˁᇿ୭Ɍɛࡸ៷ᇕ቉ድɹᐁᑅˁᦚʏɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɫɹ‫ݖܩ‬30Km

଎!1!ȁ΢ͼΐͿςͺȆཤΆΣͺ΍Ψϋ΢̤̫ͥͅ಺औ౷
71ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᣂ྇ɭɻ‫ݖܩ‬ᅊ઴Ꮩˁ෯ଁɐʳɐʏɩɹᅊ႒࡝ᇕឹᏬɭᄩ‫ޅ‬ᇕឹᏬ⏋ɗʶʰɴ֓ȭɩϺǾɹ‫ܔ‬೑ɹሾᡫʢᣂ྇ɭɌɩ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦʳʢɹɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɗȩɌɛែဣȴʰয়᠍‫ݖܩ‬ɹᄩ‫ޅ‬ᣂ྇ɭ፬ჿી᝔ଯ᝗ˁឿሁɗȩɭɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᦅ຦ɛɠȵШᐏᇕɴգᅎɌɩȷɛ
ᣂ྇ɹ೑֟ਸˁද២Ɍ⏋ʚɛᣂ྇ɹԗգᅎʦ࿃‫ܧ‬ᇕɲೡգᅎᣂ྇ˁ֓ȭɛృɛɲᣂ྇፬ჿଯ᝗
ɴʭʳᦅ೴ɹᕶጓᇕɲᇍࣙ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁঃɁʳɄɭȵɫȷʳɹɫɻɲȦȴ⏏ɗɹࡸჼ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁˠͲ
̶ˎͻ͌ࡸ៷᠅ᱻɴʭɤɩද២Ɍɛ⏏
ǵೣ቉ድˁᬖࠃɌɛ 94 ॷয়՟ɻΫᦚɹ 3 ೴ˁᠭീࢪᢒɭɌɩȦɛȵ⏋95 ॷГᭇɻ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɹʛɴࢪᢒˁᐈɤɛ⏏ɭȦȩɹɻ⏋য়೴ɹʭȩɴ‫ץ‬ᕶᐌᕶ᣸ᇕɲᅊ༎ˁ‫ۊ‬ʞ೴ˁ‫ݜ‬ဣɭɌɛ⏋ᬏೝᇕɲᠭീɭˠͲ̶ˎͻ͌᠅ᱻɴʭʳᦅ೴ᬖᇍଝ໬ɹ෯፷‫خ‬ᔨਸˁද២ɌʭȩɭɌɛɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ᠭീɻ⏋94 ॷГᭇჼ‫ܧ‬ʚɫɹ 8 ॷᬚɴʼɛʱ⏋ຘॷɹϗ࡚ȡʳȦɻᮒ࡚⏋ʚɛɻϗ࡚ɭᮒ࡚ɴ៮‫ک‬ɐʳ০ɫᐙᐚɌɩȷɛ⏏

2ȅμθρȜΠఆ͈‫ޙٽ‬Ȫఆ଼͈ၛഥઇȄၛ౷Ȅ২ٛࠐफഎ෸ࠊȫǵ̠˓˻˙͠ˏɹ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɹ޽ధ༐ɻആ‫׫‬ᨆɹ˓̓ (Igbo)⏋ី‫׫‬ᨆɹ̫͜͡
(Yoruba)⏋‫׌‬ᨆΥय़ɹ̩˗˵ (Hausa) ɭᧉ႑຦ɹ̶̢͞ (Fulani or Fulbe) ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻɄʶʰ߂˫͡ͻ̺ˁ‫ي‬ʠɩ 374 ʢɹμࢸ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ȵɗʶəʶɹ̘̜͠͠ͻɫᅊ༎ˁ‫˃ۊ‬ɫȲʱ⏋̫˗̍िɴɻɗɹԒ 65 ɹࢹధ༐˫͡ͻ̺ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ␩Otite 1990␭⏏͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɫɻϺǾɹʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩȵ⏋̫Ͳˡ͡ (Bankal) ȡʳȦɻ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ (Bankalawa)
ɭ٧ɽʶʳ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɴࣚɌɩȲʱ⏋̩˗˵᠝‫ܞ‬ɴȡɤɩႶᕶɹ̫Ͳ̓ͻ (Bantu) ᠝Ꮩɹ̫Ͳˡͩ͞᠝ˁʢɦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Јɹ೴ᘺɹϺɭɹԊᦲ᠝ɭɌɩɻ౗।ᇕɴ̩˗˵᠝ˁᅎȦɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ೴ɴ๿ʳШମȴʰ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɹଁʱጓɠˁᦠɤɩʛʳɭ⏋ЁȴʰᏝ 500 ॷմɴჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ̨̓͡िɴሂয়ɐʳ̝̍͑ྲྀɹ‫ݖܩី׫‬Υय़ˁఌᨗɌɩȦɛˡ̤͠ज़‫( ܕ‬Kanuri Empire) ȴʰውзɌɩȷɛɄɭɴࠃʚʳɭȦȩ⏏ˡ̤͠ɻա‫( ̾̾͠͠ؿ‬Beri-Beri) ɭʢ٧ɽʶʳ˛˽̢̒˪˫͡ͻ̺ɫȡʳ⏏ውзɹȷɤȴȿɻ⏋ტɹ‫ܦ‬కɴᓘȭȴɷɛᨆ౏ɹᬏᓑ͓Ͳ͇͡ (Yanmal)
ȵ⏋Υ౏ᨀӾˁৄȷᦹʶɩჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɹ‫ܩ‬ɴᦣɁᦉ˃ɞɄɭɴȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɹ‫ؿ‬մɻውзয়ಁɹ᱔ᬏ͓Ͳ͇͡ɴᅓഀɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ˓̫̋Ͳ߂࡝ɹ Imoagene ఠஐɴʭʶɽ⏋500 ॷմɹˡ̤͠ज़‫ܕ‬ɻ Ali Ghaji⏃1472-1504⏆ɴʭɤɩᐏ໠ɇʶɩȦɛಁБɴሂয়ɐʳȵ⏋৳ɻȋ଍ަȍȡʳȦɻȋ৶೓ᓔȍɭȦȩ̢̒˪̦ͻ͌ɫ٧ɽʶɩȦɛʭȩɴ⏋ज़‫ܕ‬ɹ᯿‫ܤ‬ʦូณˁୟ߂ɐʳɹɴȴɲʱᏄ֐ᇕɫ⏋।ɴ଍ϝˁЇ஘ȿʳϺɫȡɤɛʭȩɞ␩Imoagene 1990: 7␭⏏ɗɹɛʠɹᢦ୊ȵϺ຦ɴɭɤɩ‫ܦ‬కɭɲɤɩȦɛɭᓒȭʶɽ⏋೴ɹШମɭʢጾ‫ش‬ɐʳ⏏
ǵBeri-Beri ɭɌɩውзɌɛয়ಁɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴⏃ჼ‫⏆ܧ‬ɴɻ⏋ႵჃ஛ᮃˁᅊ෌ɭɐʳ̫Ͳˡ72ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎ͩ͞ɹϺǾȵ༃ጄˁзՃɭɌɩз˃ɫȦɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋য়‫ܩ‬ɫɹᦅᓚɻውзɌɩȷɛ̾̾͠
͠ɹϺɴʭɤɩࠃʠʰʶɛ⏋ɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̾̾͠͠ɭ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ɹϺǾɻ๖ፀɴᝐᑉᬠѥˁ৔ʠɩȦɤɛᐄഗ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻᇖᕶʰˁ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ɭዌɐʳʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ʚɛៜ᠝ʢ̫Ͳˡͩ͞᠝ɭɌɩተጓɌɛ⏏ɗʶˁኍɐɹȵ⏋ᰑɴխ‫׵‬ˁխʞ̮̊ͻͲɹ޴‫׋‬ɫȡʳʰɌȦ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ⏋ӯǾɻ̾̾͠͠ˁኍɐխ‫׵‬ɫȡɤɛʢɹȵ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫɻ̫Ͳˡͩ͞ɹխ‫Ͳͻ̮̊׵‬ɴ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏋ɭȦȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ីˏ̶͠ˡɹ‫̺ͻ͡˫˪̢̒˽˛ع‬ɴឿʰʶʳᰑɹխ‫׵‬ȵ⏋ߩ᭺ᢼ౫ɹ᭬ɴ‫̺ͻ͡˫ع‬ˁ‫ך‬աɐʳɛʠɴᓒ൜͹ࡸేɇʶɛɭɐʳᠦɴ߹য়ਸȵȡʳɲʰɽ⏋Ʉɹ᠌ɻᆄʼɌȦɭʢȦȭʭȩ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳූ۬ʦᖏᤑɹ෵িɻ̾͠
̾͠ɹʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɻ⏋೴ɹፆᰄ̍ͻ̶ (Sarkin Yamrat) ȴʰɹᓬ‫؜‬ʱɴʭʳɭ⏋᝔కᇕɴɻᏝ 120 km2 ɹ೴Ԓɴ 33 ೴‫ך‬ɴՕȴʶɩత‫ܧ‬Ɍ⏋ᐵϺ‫ؤ‬Ꮭ 5 ΨϺˁୃȭʳປᥒᇕ߂ȷɲ೴ɫ
ȡʳ⏏‫ع‬೴‫ך‬ɻીᓃᇕɲ೴ɹ୭ࢷᓔɫȡʳ̍ͻ̶ˁ᱔ᬏɭɌɩ০ଁɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ʚɛ೴‫ך‬ᬚɴɻ᥂ᥖȵᦲ᝔‫خ‬ᔨɲ᧑ᤉʦยȵ఩ҺɇʶɩȦɲȦɛʠ⏋᧑ᤉɴᦏȦ 2⏋3 ೴‫ך‬ˁ᭑Ȧɛ޽ȼɹ೴‫ך‬ɻᐁཕᇕɴ‫࡛ץ‬ጓᇕɲႥ઴ɴȡʳ⏏
ǵᦅ෌ᅊ઴࡝ᇕɲຩҌ‫ך‬ՕɭɌɩɻ⏋ྂ࿅˵̫Ͳ̠य़ (Guinea savanna) ɭϗၥ˵̫Ͳ̠य़
(Sudan savanna) ɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠ᯿‫ݖ‬ɴ᠍য়ɐʳ␩Jagtap and Ibiyemi 1998␭⏏೴ȴʰ‫ី׌׌‬Ꮭ 15 km ɹᤂᮐɴȡʳ̫˗̍ዷཬɫ៎ཀྵɇʶɛຩᢒ̚ͻ̊ɴʭʳɭ⏋᧌ؑ 12 ॷᬚ⏃1986-97 ॷ⏆ɹॷॶ‫ܯ‬ᭇᮒᩄɻ 986.1 mm⏋ॷॶ‫ܯ‬೎Პຩཧɻ 33.0˚C⏋ॷॶ‫ܯ‬೎жຩཧɻ 19.4˚C ɞɤɛȵ⏋ᭇᮒɹॷᬚ
ᥒेɻ 87 ॷɹ 744.6 mm ȴʰ 92 ॷɹ 1229.4 mm ʚɫɹ३ȵȡʳ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏏ʚɛ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᬖࠃ౗
ʢ౛Ȧॷɹ 5 ೐ 3 ౗⏃95 ॷ⏆ȴʰ೎ʢᧆʶɛॷɹ 6 ೐ 4 ౗⏃86 ॷ⏆ʚɫɹ 1 ˡ೐ɹेȵʛʰʶɛȵ⏋ᦲ।ɻ 5 ೐μ౜ȴʰά౜ɴȴȿɩᮒ࡚ȵࠃʚʳɭʛɩʭȴʸȩ⏏೐աॶ‫ܯ‬ᭇᮒᩄɹ஠
ውȴʰʛʳɭ⏋4 ೐ɴʢᭇᮒɻȡʳȵɗɹ޽ȼɻ‫׬‬ᇍᇕɫȡʱ⏋ᦹᐚɌɛᭇᮒȵʛʰʶʳɹɻᦲ। 5 ೐Гᭇɴɲɤɩɫȡʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹ೎ᇵೝɻ 7 ೐ȴʰ 8 ೐ɴȴȿɩɫȡʱ⏋10 ೐ɴɻϗ࡚ɴԂʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬2⏆⏏ᮒ࡚մɴɻ⏋40˚C ˁᣳȭʳ౗ʢࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏য়‫ܩ‬ɹ‫ܩ‬০ɻ⏋˓Ͳ̄̾͡͡˪

ນ!1!ȁΨ;Ιঌ߃͈ࣕ‫ܨ‬ય۪‫ޏ‬Ȫ1986-1997!ාȫ
ǵॷ

92

96

97

ॶ‫ܯ‬

827.0

986.1

73

63

74.7

33.8

33.7

*

33.0

19.2

19.5

20.0

*

19.4

5/18

5/22

5/3

5/9

6/2

4

4

18

17

*

87

88

89

90

ॷᭇᮒᩄ (mm)

946.1

744.6

920.2

909.2

879.6

ᭇᮒ౗ధ⏃౗⏆

75

61

80

79

69

76

88

72

89

71

ॶ‫ܯ‬೎Პཧ঎ (˚C)

33.1

33.3

32.7

32.0

33.8

32.7

31.9

33.0

33.2

ॶ‫ܯ‬೎жཧ঎ (˚C)

19.9

20.0

19.7

18.5

19.9

20.0

17.3

19.4

ᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒᬖࠃ౗1)

6/4

5/19

5/18

5/31

5/7

5/23

5/20

9

11

6

7

14

2

4

ᮒ࡚ሁմɴ೎Პຩཧȵ
40˚C ГΫɹ౗ధ

91

961.7 1149.3

86

93

94

949.6 1229.4 1141.9 1174.3

1) 5 mm ГΫɹᭇᮒȵᦹᐚ 3 ᦼᬚɴʼɛɤɩ៨᪼ɇʶɛ‫غݭ‬ɹ೎՟ɹᭇᮒ౗* ̚ͻ̊ೡԂଝ⏋Տଘ⏧̫˗̍ዷཬ፬ჿϟ֭ଘɹຩᢒ̚ͻ̊ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩᮃ៟
73

95

8.7

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬଎!2!ȁΨ;Ιঌ߃̤̫ࣕͥͅ࠮༆໹޳ַࣛၾȪ86-97!ාȫ͂࠮༆໹޳डࣞ‫أܨ‬Ȫ86-96!ාȫৢ૯!1!ȁμθρȜΠఆ͈ΆΘ͂‫ࣈ̫̤ͥͅܬۋ‬౷͈ࠊ۷⏃ऄႥε⏋Inselberg⏆ȵత‫ܧ‬ɐʳປᥒᇕᣱУɹࢹɲȦձռྈॶ؅ɫȡʱ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɻ Lithosols⏃࣬Ϋ༓ࣝ‫⏆ޚܤ‬ȵ‫ש‬ᣴɐʳ␩IITA 1993␭⏏
ǵ᧌ؑ 8 ॷᬚɴʼɛʳᠭീɻ⏋33 ೴‫ך‬ɹʁɭɦɫȡʳ̶ˎ͞ (Falla) ‫ך‬ɫࡸేɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉɹ̶ˎ͞‫ך‬ɻ Sarkin Yammar ˁીᓃᇕɲ᱔ᬏɭɐʳ೴‫ך‬ɫȡʱ⏋2001 ॷ 6 ೐ɹᠭീಁဣɫ 33 γ
य़ 581 Ϻȵзʛ⏋˧̋ (Gida) ɭ٧ɽʶʳᮃ‫࣒ࢃغ‬ɴ 2 ɲȦɌ 3 γय़ȵ‫࣎ؾ‬Ɍɩಬʰɐ‫غݭ‬ȵ޽Ȧ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏ᦲ।⏋‫̋˧ع‬ɻࢃ࣒ȵ᭰ஞɐʳʭȩɲᮃᘺˁ෯ଁɌɲȦɫ೴‫ך‬Ԓɴత‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏1 ˧̋ȡɛʱɹॶ‫౏ࢃܯ‬ధɻ 17.6 Ϻɫ⏋ࣃ෌ᓔ⏃ଁϺȡʳȦɻౖࠦᅖߨ⏆ɹధɻॶ‫ܯ‬
7.5 Ϻɫȡʱ⏋ߨਸɹ‫װ‬ʠʳւ‫غ‬ȵᲞȦ⏏γय़ςɹॶ‫ॷܯ‬ᶲɻ 44.4 ๳ɫ⏋˓˽͌͞ఠɭȦȩɄɭʢ৯ᯱɐʳɹȴ߿ˁ 2 ɲȦɌ 3 Ϻ୫ɦϺʢ޽Ȧ⏏ࢸ࡝ോˁ‫ר‬෌ɌɛȴȡʳȦɻ‫ܧ‬᎛ɌɛɄɭ
ȵȡʳଁϺɹւ‫غ‬ɻᏝ 30 ⎾ɴɐȹɲȦ⏏
74ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎

ǵ1999 ॷɹᓬ‫؜‬ʱᠭീಁɹᐄഗɴʭʶɽ⏋‫̋˧ع‬ɴȲȿʳ‫ܩܤ‬ɹଘ೑ณɻሂᐚɴʭɤɩᐙମ
ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏̶ˎ͞೴‫ך‬ɹԃᓚ‫ܩ‬ᯆዩɻ 396 ha ɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉʶɴɻᚩသೳɹ஛ᮃ‫ݭ‬ଘɫԊ೑‫ܩ‬ᇕɲਸൔˁʢɦဌೠക‫ܩ‬ɻ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦɲȦ⏏‫̋˧ع‬ȡɛʱɹॶ‫ܯ‬ଘ೑ᯆዩɻ 12.0 ha ɞȵ⏋ɗɹԒ៱ɻ೎߂ɹᯆዩˁʢɦ˧̋ɹ 20 ha ȴʰՕࢃɌɩᬚʢɲȦ˧̋ɹ 4 ha ʚɫɹ३ȵȡʳ⏏
ॶ‫ܯ‬Ɍɩ 4 ɲȦɌ 5 ፆɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ˁՕతɌɩଘ೑ɌɩȦʳȵ⏋ࢃ࣒ɴ᭰ஞɌɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹॶ‫ܯ‬ᯆዩɻ
4.1 ha ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵςɲൕ‫ݛ‬с႒ɻ⏋ςᰩዤᰖɭɌɩɻ̜͊ͤ̒ (Pearl millet)͹̅͡ˤ͌ (Guinea corn)͹̜˗͐ͦ˱˹͹˓̦⏃ອዝɭ᭜ዝ⏆ȵȡʱ⏋̋˓̀͹˵˵˰͹̒͞ˡ́˓͹̫Ͳ̫͇͍͞ɲɰɹᢊ
ᰖ⏋˥͑̒˵̫͹˵͇̓˓͐ɹʭȩɲ˓͐ᰖɭˠ˪͞͹̜͇̜ɲɰɹᙿᘛɫȡʳ⏏˳͇ʦ̯͇
ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɌɩȦʳ˧̋ʢȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋Ʉʶʰᅊᅋ႒ɹʓɭ˃ɰȵᕶࢃ༥ᢹɇʶ⏋॑‫ݭ‬ɴ‫܌‬ɇʶʳ
ɹɻ̒͞ˡ́˓ʦ˵˵˰ɲɰ͇͍ᰖɹоրՕɭ˳͇ʦ̯͇ɹʛɫȡʳ⏏
ǵᰲ᰸ɌɩȦʳࢃᅨɻႌ⏋࣢ᒫ⏋ᒫɭࢃኹᰖ⏃ᵋɭ́ͦ́ͦᴚ⏆ɫ⏋˧̋ȡɛʱɹᰲ᰸ధɻႌ
ȵॶ‫ ܯ‬6 ᰄ⏋࣢ᒫ 23 ᰄ⏋ᒫ 14 ᰄ⏋ࢃኹᰖɻ 48 ᒽɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᰲ᰸ࢃᅨధɹ˧̋ᬚൔे
ɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ႌɹଘ೑ధɹ೎ʢ߂ȷȦ˧̋ɫɻ 32 ᰄˁᰲɤɩȦʳȵ⏋Υ౅ɫԃ˧̋
ɹ 2 ւɻ 1 ᰄɹႌʢ୫ɤɩȦɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ȦɑʶɹᦅࢃɴȲȦɩʢςɛʳჼᩆ‫ؚ‬Ԃ྇ɻɄʶʰࢃᅨɴᢦȩɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȦ⏏

3ȅ঵௽എ̈́୆ުȆ୆‫͈̹͈͛ڰ‬౶ে͂঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ‫࣐۝‬
3.1ȁैັအ৆
ǵয়‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳ᧌ؑ 10 ॷᬚ⏃1988-97⏆ɹ‫׬‬сȡʳȦɻᬚсɴьᅎɌɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹւ‫غ‬ˁ‫̋˧ع‬ɹᦅ຦ȴʰᓬ‫؜‬ʱɴʭɤɩᠭീɌɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗˁʚɭʠʳɭ⏋‫׬‬сɞȿɫᦹᐚьᅎɌɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻХᬘ‫ܩ‬ˁ᭑Ȧɛԃᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹᏝ 2 ւɴ᧌ȹɲȦɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋ᦹсˁɐʳɄɭɻࢹɲȼ⏋ςᰩɹ˓̦ዀс႒ɭ͇͍ዀс႒ˁᥢсɐʳ̮̊ͻͲȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋̜͊ͤ̒⏒̅͡ˤ͌⏒̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏒̒͞ˡ́˓ɹʭȩɴ 4 ॷٞೝɹᥢс෵িɹμɴ⏋3 ॷᦹᐚɫ˓̦ዀс

ນ!2ȁμθρȜΠఆً̤̫ͥͅ‫!ݲ‬10!ා‫͈ۼ‬ౙै͂‫ۼ‬Ȇईैͅঀဥ̯̹ͦാ౷၌ဥၚ͂ैັၚȪ1988-97ȫсЊա‫ܩܤ‬գᅎრсЊա‫ܩܤ‬գᅎ‫׬‬сɹʛ
‫׬‬сɭᬚсɹᥥсᬚсɹʛс႒աɹсЊრ‫ܩܤ‬գᅎრ⏃⎾⏆
21.4
79.6
0

ൕ‫ݛ‬с႒
Sorghum
Millet
Maize
CowpeaGroundnut໶⏆᧌ؑ 10 ॷᬚɴ 1 ঎ɫʢХᬘ‫ܩ‬ɭɌɛ‫ܩܤ‬ɹւ‫غ‬ɻ 35.7⎾75с႒աсЊრ⏃⎾⏆‫׬‬сൕ‫ݛ‬ᬚсൕ‫ݛ‬
79
57
64
14
86

74
43
43
57
43

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬႒ˁ‫׬‬сൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍɛ৿ɴ͇͍ዀс႒ˁ 1 ‫׬܌‬сɫᏼʛᦉʞ̮̊ͻͲʦ⏋̜͊ͤ̒⏒̒͞ˡ́˓⏒̜˗͐ͦ˱˹⏒˵˵˰ɹʭȩɴ 1 ॷȲȷɴ˓̦ዀɭ͇͍ዀс႒ˁϯϣɴ‫׬‬сɐʳᥢс̮̊ͻͲȵȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋೎ʢ޽ᅎɇʶɩȦʳсЊ෵িɻ‫׬‬сɭᬚсˁᥢс෵িɹμɴᏼʛᦉʞ̮̊ͻͲɫ⏋Ꮭ 8 ւɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ȵధॷٞೝɫ‫׬‬сൕ‫ݛ‬ɭᬚсൕ‫ݛ‬ˁϯ್ɇɓɲȵʰьᅎɇʶɩȦɛ⏏Ʉɹ‫׬‬сɭᬚсɹᥢс෵িɹςɲᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɓ౅໬ɴɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ȴ̅͡ˤ͌ȡʳȦɻ̜͊ͤ̒ˁ
‫׬‬сൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍɛ৿ɴ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ˵˵˰ȡʳȦɻ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ̒͞ˡ́˓ɹᬚсˁ 1 ॷɲȦɌ 2 ॷ᝔ȩ෵িɭ⏋̅͡ˤ͌ɭ̜͊ͤ̒ˁᬚсൕ‫ݛ‬Ɍɛ৿ɴ̒͞ˡ́˓ȴ˵˵˰ȡʳȦɻ̅͡ˤ͌ˁ‫׬‬сɐʳ෵িɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᬚсɞȿɹсЊ෵িɫ 10 ॷᬚᦹᐚɌɩьᅎɌɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻံȴɤɛ⏏ɄʶɴᰖаɌɛсЊ෵িɻ̠˓˻˙͠ˏ‫׌‬ᨆɹ̩˗˵‫ܞ‬ɴঃȼឿʰʶʳ␩Buchanan
and Pugh 1966; Okpoko A. I. and Okpoko P. U. 1999␭⏏
ǵয়‫ܩ‬ɹᅣсᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳςɲൕ‫ݛ‬с႒ɫȡʳ 5 ዛᰖɴɦȦɩ⏋ɗʶʰɹс႒ȵ‫׬‬сȡʳȦɻᬚсൕ‫ݛ‬ɇʶʳсЊრˁс႒աɴʛʳɭ⏋̅͡ˤ͌⏋̜͊ͤ̒⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹʭȩɲςᰩዤᰖс႒ȵ‫׬‬сɴʢ⏋ʚɛᬚсൕ‫ݛ‬ɹμɴᏼʛᦉʚʶʳრɹᲞȦɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏃ᝠ 2⏆⏏႕ɴ⏋̅͡ˤ͌ɻᬚсɇʶʳсЊრȵᲞȦ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋Ʉʶʰɹс႒ȵ‫׬‬сɹʛɲʰɑ‫׬‬сŅᬚсɹᥢс෵িɴᏼʛᦉʚʶʳɄɭȵ޽ȦɄɭˁኍɌɩȦʭȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ˁ‫׬‬сɭɌɩᓚ‫ܩ‬ˁգᅎɐʳრȵᲞȦɹɻ‫׬‬сŅᬚсɹᥢс෵িɹμɫɻ‫׬‬сɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˵˵˰ɻ‫׬‬сɇʶʳʭʱʢᬚсɇʶʳრȵᲞȦ⏏
ǵЈ౅⏋̶ˎ͇̋ (Fadama) ɭ٧ɽʶʳᮒ࡚ɹΥಁೝɴԢອɐʳжྂ‫ܩ‬ʦࢸໜाɹະ࿭؅ɫɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ᬖࠃሁ৿ɴᓚ‫ܩ‬ȵླྀອɌࠃʠʳɭ˓̦ˁሁ௢ൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳ⏏Ʉɹ̶ˎ͇̋ɫɻ˓̦ɹ‫׬‬сȡʳȦɻ˓̦ɭ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᬚсȵ᝔ʼʶɩȦʳ⏏Ɍȴʢ⏋˓̦ɻອዝ‫ڃ‬ዛɭ᭜ዝ‫ڃ‬ዛˁཌྷ௢ɐ
ʳ‫غݭ‬ʢȡʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ⏋ᮒ࡚ˁᦲɍɩ‫מ‬ՕɲອȵተѳɫȷɲȦॵɽɦॷɴɻ˓̦ȵέсɭɲʳ૴ਥȴʰ⏋ᅣс႒ɫȡʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁᬚсɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ˓̦ɹՌсॷɴʢΥࡴɹᰩషˁተѳɌʭȩɭɐʳ‫׶‬᭝Օత֟ഗˁೝ৺ɌɩɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦲ।̜͊ͤ̒ɭ̜˗͐ͦ
˱˹ɹᬚсɻɌɲȦ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ʁɭɦɴɻ̜͊ͤ̒ɹᗳΩȵᲞȼ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ˁ᝵᭖Ɍɩɗɹ
ᅊᔒˁᭀࢀɐʳɛʠɫȡʱ⏋ʚɛθс႒ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲಁೝȵᩂɲɤɩɌʚȩɛʠ‫ؚ‬ዲс෌ɹᢦᗼȵΥಁɴᲞʚʳɄɭˁ‫᧫܌‬ɐʳɛʠɫȡʳɭ⏋ᦅ຦ɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏
ǵ‫׬‬сɭᬚсɹᥢскᏙȴʰ⏋ςᰩዤᰖс႒ɹ‫׬‬сᦹᐚൕ‫ݛ‬ˁ᧫ȿ⏋᧟ಁɴ͇͍ዀс႒ˁ‫׬‬сȡʳȦɻᬚсɭɌɩᥢс෵িɹμɴᏼʛᦉʞɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɹᆌ঻ȵᦽ᝔ɐʳɹˁ‫᧫܌‬Ɍ⏋ʚɛ͇͍ዀс႒ɹʢɦዾᏬ‫ࡴܔ‬ᔨ֐ˁգᅎɌɛ‫ޚܤ‬ᔋ໋঎ɹᐣ୫ɭ‫܌‬਋ˁ‫ܒ‬ʸȩɭɐʳᦅ຦ɹઝ‫ܒ‬ȵᠧʛɭʶʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋ɛȦɩȦɹ˧̋ȵࢃܑ࣒ٞɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫςᰩዤᰖс႒ˁ‫ॻݜ‬ɭɌɛᥢс෵িˁ᝔Ȧ⏋˧̋ȴʰᮐʶɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫɻςɭɌɩ͇͍ዀс႒ɹ‫׬‬сɭᬚсൕ‫ݛ‬ɹᥢсˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ࢃᅨᏎȵςɴ˧̋ٞᦇɴᭉࡴɇʶɩేᅎɇʶɩȦʳɄɭɭᬠᦹɐʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ⏋ᭉʰʶɛᩄɹࢃᅨᏎˁςᰩс႒ɹᅊᅋɴւʱয়ɩɩ‫֐ܩ‬ɹᐣ୫ˁ‫ܒ‬ʱ⏋ɗȩɌɛ೑
76ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎ล႒ɹହԂɴʭʳᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɹជ֖ȵɫȷɲȦᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫɻ͇͍ዀс႒ɹዾᏬ‫ࡴܔ‬ᔨɴћࡔɌɛс႒ᅊᅋˁ᝔ɤɩȦʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏
3.2ȁࣈ౷͈๬෽‫ۯ‬ၑǵয়‫ܩ‬ɹᦅ຦ɛɠȵ᝔ɤɩȦʳ‫ޚܤ‬ᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɹ౅໬ˁᠭീɌɛᐄഗ⏋Хᬘ⏋ࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎ⏋͇͍ዀс႒ɭɹᬚсɭᥢс⏋с႒๿རʦࢃ঑˳͊ɹ္‫׹‬ဒɹత॒ɲɰȵ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɹᔋ໋঎ᐣ୫ɴ‫ؖ‬ʖɐ֟ഗȵᲞȦɭɹ᠗ᡫˁᦅ຦ɛɠɻʢɤɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏
ǵɐʏɩɹᠭീ˧̋ɫࢃܑ࣒ٞɹᓚ‫ܩ‬Г޺ɹɐʏɩɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻХᬘɇʶʳȵ⏋ɗɹೝᬚɻᬏȼɭ
ʢ 10 ॷᬚ⏋೎ʢቁȦɹɻ 2 ॷᬚХᬘɇɓɩȦʳɹʛɫȡʱ⏋ॶ‫ܯ‬ɐʳɭᏝ 4.7 ॷɴɐȹɲȦ⏏
Хᬘʚɫɹᓚсೝᬚɻᦲ। 5 ॷȴʰ 8 ॷɫȡʳ⏏Υᖔɴ⏋Хᬘɇʶʳ‫ܩܤ‬ɹ޽ȼɻ˧̋ȴʰ᧙ȼᮐʶɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɴеᒞɌɩȲʱ⏋ᬖᅣГᭇʢࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɻᇖံȴ⏋ȡɤɩʢɅȼʼɑȴɫȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋˧̋ٞᦇɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɻ।ᅣգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɌɩȦʳɹȵࢃᅨᏎɹᦹᐚే
ᅎɭᥢс෵িɹᏼ‫غ‬ɓɫȡʸȩ⏏ȡʳ˧̋ɫɻ⏋ࢃ࣒ᦏҶɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ 38 ॷᬚᐙᐚɌɩࢃᅨᏎˁ
ేᅎɌɩςᰩс႒ɹᥢсൕ‫ݛ‬ˁɌɩȷɛёȵȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋ࢃ࣒ȴʰᮐʶɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɫɻɗɹేᅎ‫܌‬ధʢేᅎᩄʢཝʰɌ⏋1 ॷȲȷȡʳȦɻధॷɴ 1 ‫܌‬ɹేᅎɭɲʳ⏏͇͍ዀс႒ˁ‫׬‬сɌʭȩɭɐʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ᦲ।ɗɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴɻᓚсմɴࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɻɌɲȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ᮒ࡚ೢɴс႒ᅊᔒȵ೎ᇵಁɴɲʳ᯴⏋˧̋ɹٞʱɴɻᗳΩɹᲞȦςᰩс႒ȵ౟ᇵɲᅊᔒˁኍɌ⏋˧̋ȴʰᮐʶʳɴɦʶɩᅊᔒέᖪɹɛʠɴྻ๖ᗳΩȵжȼɲʱ⏋͇͍ዀс႒ɴȲȷȴʼʳɭȦȩಕ៎ˁ٘ɐʳ⏏ɗʶɻ˧̋ˁတ‫ؤ‬ɭឿɲɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɹঃȦɐɗᩃˁʢɤɛ࢏ަ࣢ɹʭȩɲˡ݀̚͡͞တ࣢
ɹ০ɴаɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɭᥢс෵িɴʭʳ‫ޚܤ‬ᔋ໋঎ɹ᧓Ȧ⏋ȡʳȦɻ‫ܤ‬‫ܩ‬ᅊᅋਸˁс႒ዛᰖɭɗɹᅊᔒႥ໥ȴʰሁែɌɩՠుɫȷʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋ᧉ႑ɹ຦̶̢͞ (Fulani) ȵ೴ԒɹХᬘ‫ܩ‬ʦᦏҶɹဌೠക‫ܩ‬ɴ͍́̓͡Ͳ̜ˁ៯‫ۊ‬ɐʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ๿ɇʶɛс႒๿རˁ̶̢͞ɹႌɴᰲషɭɌɩரњɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏႕ɴ⏋ႌˁ୫ɛɲȦᦅࢃɻጫɤɩ̶̢͞ɹႌᒴˁᅣɴ᠛ᕹɌʭȩɭɐʳ⏏ɗɹ᭬ɴɻ⏋ዤᰖɹʼʰɞȿɫɲȼ⏋̒͞ˡ́˓ʦ˵˵˰ɹ‫ؚ‬ዲ৿๿རɫȡʳᗡᘽᨆˁ࣒൓ʦปΫɫϗၥɌɛ৿⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴతʰɽɌɩȲȼɄɭʢȡʳ⏏͇͍ዀс႒ɹ๿རɻ⏋ႌɹᲞᛯᇐᰲషɭɌɩ̶̢͞ȵ߫ʞȴʰɭȦȩჿᅓɫȡʳ⏏ధ‫מ‬ᰄȴʰᇑధ‫מ‬ᰄɹៀฐɹႌᒴȵధᦼᬚɴʼɛɤɩ 1 ፆɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ޽ᩄɹᏎˁ
๿ɐɭ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ 1⑯3 ॷᬚɻံᔋషɫʢᲞȦ‫ܩܤ‬ᅊᅋਸȵ୫ᐚɐʳɭȦȩ⏏̠˓˻˙͠ˏ‫ܕ‬Ԓɫɻ⏋‫ܩع‬ɫᧉ႑຦ɭᦅ຦ɭɹᬚɹ᥃᥶ɴʭʳᏪϝȵᐓȭɲȦȵ⏋͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ɫɻɄʶʚ
ɫɴ̶̢͞ɭ̸̜͞͡ˁᣱɄɌɛɄɭȵɲȦ⏋ɭȦȩ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎ⏋ᥢс෵ি⏋ХᬘȲʭʃ̶ˎ͇̋ɹգᅎȵয়‫ܩ‬ɴȲȿʳςɛʳ‫ܤ‬‫ޚ‬ᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɫȡʳȵ⏋႕ɴࢃᅨᏎɹేᅎɻ‫ޚܤ‬μɴԃသᏬʦԃዾᏬɹʭȩɲ೑ล႒ᅓഀɹଁՕ
ʦ⏋᭞˓ˠͲᰖ⏋͠Ͳᨧɲɰɹ‫ي‬೑ᩄˁ‫֓ވ‬ɇɓ⏋ʚɛ‫ޚܤ‬ѳອ֐ˁᲞʠʳɲɰ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ɹ‫࡝׋‬ਸʦ႒ჿਸˁఒ‫ڵ‬ɐʳ֟ഗȵ߂ȷȦɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋̶ˎ͇̋ɹ‫ޚܤ‬ʢж‫ܩ‬ɴȡʳɛʠȴ⏋77ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬‫ܩد‬ȴʰѢᰩɇʶɛᝠ‫ܤ‬ɹᮃዩ֟ഗȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ɗɹ‫ޚܤ‬ɻ৔ᨧਸˁኍɌɩȦɛȵ⏋Ʉʶɻϗ࡚ɴ‫᠅ޚܤ‬షˁ஛‫؜‬ɌɛɄɭɭᬠᦹɌɩȦʳɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ʚɛ೑֟઴͠Ͳᨧ‫ي‬೑ᩄȵෑጩɴࢹɲȦɹʢ⏋ᨧਸႥ઴άɫ‫ࡴܔ‬ɇʶɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ᮒ࡚ɴԢອɇʶɛ೼Иάɫɻ pH ʢᲞȼɲʱ⏋͠Ͳᨧʢ೑֟‫׋‬ɇʶʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳȵ⏋Ё৿ɹᠭീɫተ᠗ɐʳਖឹȵȡʸȩ⏃ᝠ 3⏆⏏
ǵয়‫ܩ‬ɹʭȩɲᭇᮒՕ॒ȵέ࡫ࡴɫॵɽɦɹ‫׶‬᭝ਸȵᲞȦຩᢒᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴȲȦɩ⏋‫ޚܤ‬ອՕѳ୫֐ɹ߂ȷȦ‫ޚܤ‬ˁʢɦઝᒶɻ߂ȷȦ⏏ɭȦȩɹɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ȵࠃʚɤɩɐȽɹᭇᮒ৿ɴ௢ዛɌՏᗂɌ
ɩʢ⏋ɗɹ৿ɴᭇᮒȵᐚȴɲȦ‫غݭ‬ɴɻഞ๷ɌɩɌʚȩ‫׶‬᭝ਸȵᲞȦȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ‫ܒ‬
3 ɴኍɌɛʭȩɴࢃᅨᏎ‫ݡ‬ᔋˁ޽ॷᦹᅎɌɛᅣ‫ޚܤ‬ɫɻ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍ‫ܩ‬০Ϋɴȡʳံేᅎᅣɹ‫ޚܤ‬ɴປʏɩᲞȦѳອਸˁʢɠ⏋ɗʶɴఌȭʰʶɩՏᗂɹഞ๷რȵжȼɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
3.3ȁࣈ౷͈ਏ࿐
ǵЈ౅⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬Ԓɴ๿ɇʶɛʱඨൕɇʶɛʱɌɛปೠɹปԢάɫɻ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ʦ̅͡ˤ͌ɲ
ɰɹዤᰖс႒ȵࢸɇɲᐶɹࢸ࣢ˁ০ଁɌɩȦʳɹˁʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ᦅ຦ɛɠɻɗʶʰɹป

ນ!3!ȁ‫ز‬಄໯ঔဥศ͂ྫঔဥศ̤͍͢‫۽ݝ‬౷͂έ͹Θζ͈ാિ‫ڠا‬අ଻
pH

Total

Ex.Cation(cmol(+)/kg)

ECEC5)

P2O5(mg/100g)

Zn
ppm

BD4)
g/cm3

1.5

13.2

2.57

22.7

1.45

0.5

3.7

0.89

2.9

1.51

3.90

0.9

5.1

0.33

0.7

1.79

7.80

1.9

11.6

0.01

2.9

*

஛‫ܩ؜‬

˵Ͳ̺͡ధ

(H2O) (KCl)

C(%) N(%)

Na

K

Ca

Mg

ేᅎᅣ1)

5

7.46

7.36

1.68

0.17

0.58

0.96

10.20

ံేᅎᅣ

5

6.04

5.82

0.58

0.06

0.18

0.18

2.74

Хᬘ‫ܩ‬2)

2

6.00

5.60

0.73

0.08

0.10

0.20

̶ˎ͇̋3)

2

3.80

3.40

1.70

0.14

0.40

0.20

1) ‫ݡ‬ᔋᦹᅎ 12⑯27 ॷᬚɹᅣ⏏2) 7 ॷᬚɹХᬘ⏏3) ̶ˎ͇̋⏩ᮒ࡚ɴԢອɐʳྂ‫⏏ܩ‬4) BD; Bulk Density⏃Еປᩂ⏆⏏5) ECEC; (Ex. Base+Al+H)* ˱ˏ˵Ͳ̺͡ೡ஛‫؜‬

଎!3!ȁ൳̲౷ࠁ࿂ષ̜ͥͅಿ‫ܢ‬ఙ๬ঔဥศ͂ྫঔဥศ͈ാિ༗କ଻͈֑̞
78ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎ೠȵᔋష֟ഗˁ୫ɦɭ᠗ᡫɌɩȲʱ⏋ᔋషೠɭ٧˃ɫȦʳ⏏
ǵᓬ‫؜‬ʱɭ៎࢘ɴʭɤɩᔋష֟ഗȵȡʱɭʛɲɌȩʳปೠɻ 11 ዛȡɤɛ⏃ᝠ 4⏆⏏ɲȴɫʢ⏋
ˤˠ⏃Gao; Hausa ‫⏆ؿ‬ɹೠ (Faidherbia albida ȡʳȦɻ Acacia albida) ɹปԢάɫɹс႒ᅊᔒȵᰒᘿɫȡʳ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏Ʉɹೠɻᘺᘽปɹʁɭɦɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴᘺᘽɌϗ࡚ɴɲʳɭ౟ᇵɴᘽˁᑢʰɐ႕ᅵɲᅊჿ႕ਸˁʢɦɛʠ⏋ᮒ࡚ɹсЊմɴ೑ล႒⏃ปೠᘽ⏆ˁปԢά‫ޚܤ‬ɴњᐌɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ʚɛсЊೝᬚμɴс႒ˁ᝵᭖ɌɲȦɭȦȩգဣˁʢɦ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ᦅ຦ɛɠɻ߫˃ɫˤˠɹปԢάɫςᰩс႒ˁൕ‫ݛ‬ɐʳ⏏ɗɹЈɹᔋషೠɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ᬖࠃմɴɗɹ
ปԢάɹᘺᘽˁᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ᪛ȷᦉ˃ɞʱ⏋ʚɛၚʦɌɛဒˁٞᦇᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴత॒ɐʳ⏏
ǵɄɹᔋషೠɭʛɲɇʶɩȦʳปೠɻ⏋Υ౅ɫᰲషೠ (fodder tree ȡʳȦɻ browse tree) ɹลᔨʢшɓʢɤɩȦʳ‫غݭ‬ȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ϗ࡚μɴࢃᅨ⏋႕ɴႌɹᰲషȵέ᣸ɐʳಁೝɴɻഘଠɠˁɌ⏋ᘽˁᘺɭɌɩᰩʏɇɓʳɛʠ⏋ႌɻɗɹೠɹปԢάɴ޽ᩄɹᏎˁఔՏɐʳɄɭɴ

ນ!4!ȁ෠ྦྷͅ๬ၳ࿐͂෇ে̯̞ͦ̀ͥਏਅ
Hausa ‫ؿ‬
BaureeBausheeDanyanDorowaGamjiiGao
Kadanya
KakkaraKanyanMaje
TsamiyaǵLatin ‫ؿ‬Ficus sycomorus
Terminalia avicennioides
Sclerocarya birrea
Parkia biglobosa
Ficus ovata
Faidherbia albida
Vitellaria paradoxum
Acacia polyacanthe
Disopyros mespiliformis
Daniellia oliveri
Tamarindus indica

ৢ૯!2!ȁGao (Faidherbia albida)!͈ਏ‫͈́ئۍ‬Π;κυ΋Ώऩ෽͈အঊ
79ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɲʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ปೠɹᘽɴʭʳᔋష֟ഗȵȡʳɭȦȩʭʱʢ⏋ʞɌʸႌᏎɴʭʳ‫ޚܤ‬ɹᔋ໋֟ഗʢᓒૅɐʳਖឹȵȡʸȩ⏏
3.4ȁΏυͺς೓ǵ˹ͦˏ͠‫( ݻ‬Termite mound) ɹٞᦇɴȲȦɩʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɴс႒ᅊᔒɹᖪ߫ɲ෵ሂȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ᦅ຦᧒ɻ˹ͦˏ͠‫ݻ‬ˁఖઝɴगɌɩɗɹ፷‫ܤ‬ˁঃɁʳɄɭɻɌɲȦ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋ɗȩɌɛ᝔ဤɻ˹ͦˏ͠ɹᅊਖ਼‫ܩ‬ˁᓚ‫ܩ‬ԒɴᙶযɇɓʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ཉխɲˏ͠ࢀˁ୛ഀɐʳɄɭɴɲʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏Υ౅ɫ⏋˹ͦˏ͠ɹᅊਖ਼Ɍɲȼɲɤɛˏ͠‫ݻ‬ɻगɌɩᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴత॒ɐʳȵ⏋ɗɹᔋష֟ഗɹᲞȦɄɭɻঃȼ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦʳ␩Baker 2000␭⏏
3.5ȁॠ௜ͥ͢ͅ๬ဴഽບ‫ث‬ǵᑢᗛɐʳᮊᗳዛɹ᧓Ȧɴʭɤɩᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹᔋ໋঎ˁՠుɐʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ᦅ຦ȴʰɹᓬ‫؜‬ʱɴਃɤɩ៎࢘Ɍɛᐄഗ⏋ປᥒᇕᔋȭɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴӦ‫װ‬ɐʳዛɻ 16 ዛ⏋ᆣɓɛ‫ܩܤ‬ɫɹӦ‫װ‬ዛɻ 5 ዛ⏋Ȧɑʶɹᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴʢӦ‫װ‬ɐʳᮊᗳɻ 8 ዛȡɤɛ⏏ɗɹԒ⏋᭑ᗳ৿ɹԗᅊᔨ֐ȵ౟ᇵɲɹɫ৔ࢀᮊ
ᗳɭឿɲɌɩȦʳ 8 ዛɴɻ⏋ᔋȭɛ‫ܩܤ‬ɴᑢᗛɐʳᮊᗳዛȵ޽Ȧ⏏௢ዛմɹᅩጓɩɹ᭬ɴɻᐶ
ᔋɭɌɩᮊᗳˁ᪛ȷᦉʞȵ⏋с႒ൕ‫ݛ‬ೝɹ᭑ᗳಁɻ‫ܩ‬Ϋɴఔᒞ͹ϗၥɇɓʳɞȿɫȡʳ⏏‫ޚܤ‬᝵ុɴʭʳᮊᗳ͇̍͡ɹ֟ഗȵȡʳɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏
3.6ȁഥൡഎ̈́‫ܨ‬યထ௶ǵɗɹЈ⏋ីˏ̶͠ˡɹϗ࡚μ᯴ɴِȦɩȼʳϗȦɛᰟɹ̩͇̒̊͡Ͳ⏃ၖᰟ⏋Harmattan⏆ȵʢɛʰɐ˵̩͞ቆྴȴʰɹቆ‫ނ‬ɴɻᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹ‫ޚܤ‬ᔋ໋঎ˁ‫܌‬਋ɇɓʳ֟ഗȵȡʳ⏋ɭᦅ຦᧒ɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̩͇̒̊͡Ͳɹᖬɴʭɤɩɻᅵɲɤɛឿ౅ʢȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ᇐȦ̩͇̒̊͡Ͳ̋˽̜ɻ‫ޚܤ‬ˁᔋʦɐ֟ഗȵȡʳȵ⏋ᣧȦ̋˽̜ɻ̒͞ˡ́˓ɹᆖࢀˁʢɛʰɐɭȦȩ⏏
ǵɇʰɴ⏋̩͇̒̊͡ͲɴᬠᦹɌɛсЊʦᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɹɛʠɹШᐏᇕɲຩᢒϜཀྵɹៜȦШȭʢȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋̩͇̒̊͡Ͳ̋˽̜ɹ࿣ཁႥ໥ȴʰ๖ɴഀʳᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒᩄȡʳȦɻᭇᮒ౗ధˁϜཀྵɫȷʳɭȦȩ⏏ɗɹՠు‫ݜ‬ྈɻ⏋̩͇̒̊͡ͲಁɴȲȿʳែᅠɹᖪɌੲɌɹዐ঎ɴ
ʭʳɞȿɫɲȼ⏋೛ᮮɹ޽ࢹʦ‫ܤ‬ᖬɹ޴‫׋‬ɴʢ୞ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋̩͇̒̊͡Ͳɴʭʳቆ‫ނ‬ȵ޽Ȧ‫⏋غݭ‬๖ɹᮒ࡚ɴɻ޽ᩄɹᭇᮒȵೝ৺ɫȷʳȵ⏋ࢹɲȦ‫غݭ‬ɴɻॵɽɦɹ‫׶‬᭝ਸȵȡʳɭȦȩ⏏޽ᮒȵϜ઎ɇʶʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋Ӄహᯆʦж‫ܩ‬ᨆɫɹᅣс႒ɹсЊˁɫȷʳɞȿ‫᧫܌‬Ɍɩ‫ܩد‬ɹॶܹᨆɫɹсЊˁ‫ވ‬ʦɌɛʱ⏋ʚɛᅮˁᲞȼɌɛʱɐʳ⏏ɗɹ౅‫ك‬ɻӃహɴ໤ɤɩсʰʶʳ⏏޽ᩄɹᝠ༑ອɹɛʠɴ௢ȦɛዛࡎȵༀȦ༑ɇʶ⏋ʚɛ࿠ɌȦ‫ޚܤ‬ѢᰩȵᣱɄʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ॵɽɦȵϜ઎ɇʶʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋сЊಁೝˁɑʰɌɛʱ⏋ӃహᯆɹΫᨆɫɹൕ‫ݛ‬с႒ˁ̜͊ͤ̒ʦ̒͞ˡ́˓⏋˵˵˰ɹʭȩɲॵɽɦୄ଻ਸˁʢɦс႒ɴ޴ȭɛʱɲɰɹᨗૅˁ᝔ȩ⏏
ǵʢȩʁɭɦɹсЊɴᬠᦹɌɛຩᢒϜཀྵɴ⏋౗၇ɭຩཧȴʰᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒᬖࠃಁೝˁϜཀྵɫȷʳɭȦȩɹȵȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ϗ࡚ೢɹ 3⑯4 ೐ɴȴȿɩёॷɴɲȦ৔Ȧ౗ࢮɭᲞȦຩཧɹ౗Ǿ80ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎ȵᐚȦɛ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ɗɹ๖ɴഀʳᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɻёॷʭʱʢ 2⑯3 ᦼ౛ʚʳɭȦȩ⏏
ǵᓬ‫؜‬ʱᠭീɹᐄഗȴʰ⏋ɄȩɌɛШᐏᇕɲຩᢒϜཀྵɹሾᡫˁɐʏɩɹᦅ຦ȵሾɤɩɻȦɛȵ⏋ɗʶˁѵɍʳȴ‫و‬ȴɴɦȦɩɻ҅Ǿɴ᧓Ȧȵឿʰʶɛ⏏̩͇̒̊͡ͲɭᭇᮒᩄȵᬠѥɌɩȦʳɭѵɍʳɹɻ⏋ෙɌɩॷᬏᓔɴ޽ȼᗐॷᓔɴɲʳʓɰᦜѵɴɐȹɲȦɭᓒȭʳᓔȵ‫ވ‬ȭʳӃ‫ك‬ɴȡʳ⏏Υ౅⏋৿ᦚɹϗ࡚ೢɹ৔Ȧ౗ࢮɭᲞཧȵ౛Ȧᮒ࡚ˁሾʰɓʳɭȦȩሾᡫɻᓑᗐˁ
‫ک‬ʼɑ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩɹϺȵѵɍɩȦɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ሁմɹ೎Პຩཧȵ 40˚C ˁᣳȭʳ౗ధȵ޽Ȧ
1990 ॷʦ 95 ॷɭ 96 ॷɹᮒ࡚ᬖࠃ౗ɻ⏋Პཧ౗ɹࢹɲȦॷɴປʏɩ౛ȦӃ‫ك‬ȵឿʰʶɛ⏃ᝠ1⏆⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋1997 ॷɹॵɽɦɭ 2001 ॷɹ޽ᮒɹᭇᮒႥ໥ʢʚɛ⏋ɗȩɌɛϜཀྵˁԍჼ‫׋‬Ɍɛёɭɲɤɛ⏏2001 ॷˁёɴȡɁʳɭ⏋մॷ঎ɴ޽ᩄɹ̩͇̒̊͡Ͳቆ‫ނ‬ȵᭇʱ⏋ᮒ࡚մɴɻ৔Ȧ౗ࢮɭᲞཧɹ౗ǾȵᐚȦɛɛʠ⏋ᦅ຦᧒ɻЁॷɹᮒ࡚ɻ޽ᮒɫᭇᮒȵ౛ȼഀʳɭϜཀྵɌɩȦɛ⏏ࡸ᭬⏋ᮒ࡚ɹᭇᮒɻ 4 ೐ೢɴࠃʚɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻᦲ।ॷʭʱʢ‫ץ‬೐ᦏȼ౛Ȧᮒ࡚ɹᬖࠃɫ
ȡʱ⏋ᭇᮒʢᦹᐚɌɩᏝ 2 ˡ೐‫ץ‬ɴ‫˃ؖ‬ɞ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉʶɻᦅ຦᧒ɹϜཀྵˁɻʳȴɴΫ‫܌‬ɤɩȦɛɛʠɴ⏋޽ᮒࢪፑʢӱՕɲ֟ഗˁȡɁɑ‫ؚ‬ᩄȵ‫ץ‬ཝɌɛᦅࢃʢ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ɗȩɌɛϜཀྵȵᦜѵɫȡʳɭɌɩࢪፑˁᡙɍɲȴɤɛᦅ຦ɹμȴʰɻ⏋ȋɄȩɌɛϟ઴ɴɲɤɩ⏋ȡʰɛʠɩШᐏɹሾਜ਼ˁឿሁɌɛȍɭɹުʢᓬȴʶɛ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɩʛʳɭ⏋Ʉʶʰɹϟёɻᕶးɴћ୞Ɍɛᣂ྇፬ჿɹሾਜ਼ɭሾᡫɫȡʳɄɭȵՕȴʳ⏏ɄʶʚɫɹᬏȦ๴‫ر‬ɹμɫɻᰪ᰼ʦ߃ပɴឿᖏʼʶɛɄɭʢ޽ȴɤɛʸȩɭ஠࢘ɇʶʳȵ⏋ɗȩɌɛᗑɌȦᐁᱻɹɲȴɫᅊʚʶ⏋ៜȦШȭʰʶɩࡸᤋɌɩȷɛሾᡫʦଯ᝗ȵɄɹ೴ɹᅊ෌ˁఌȭɩȷɛɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ɗȩɌɛሾᡫʦሾਜ਼ɻ೴ɹᅊ༎ɹɲȴɴʢਖ਼ɧȦɩȦʳ⏏
3.7ȁఆ͈୆‫ͥͩ۾ͅڰ‬঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑ
ǵ1 Ϻɫ೴ɴԂʳ᭬ɴɻᬏᓑɹ 1 Ϻɫȡʳ˵ͤ (Salle) ລɹ˧̋ɴ໩ʠɩʢʰȩɄɭɴɌɩȦʳ⏏˵ͤລɻɄɹ೴ɫʢ͍̒ˡʍɹी኎⏋̩˻ (hadj) ˁཕʚɓɛధࢹɲȦ̩˻ (Hadji) ɹ 1 Ϻɲɹɫ⏋ᦲ।ˏ̩͡˻ (Al hadji) ɭɞȿ٧ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏೴Ϻɻɐʏɩ͌˽͌͠ɫȡʱ⏋౗Ǿɹ኎ଢ଼ˁ๕ȴɐɄɭȵɲȦ⏏˵ͤລɹ˧̋ɴɻ౗ॵɌͤͲˤɫсʰʶɛ኎ଢ଼ଘȵ᭰ஞɌɩȲʱ⏋ࢃ౏ɞȿɫɲȼᦏ᭰ɹᅖɛɠʦᦲʱɐȵʱɹ̶̢͞ɹᅖʢናʱɹಁᬚɴɻɄɄɴؒᮃɌɩ኎
ଢ଼ɐʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏኎ଢ଼ଘɫɹ 1 ౗ 4 ‫܌‬ɹ኎ଢ଼մɴɻਖɑᰑʦ‫܋‬ᔊɹནୡˁ᝔ȩ⏏኎ଢ଼ಁɅɭ
ɴ⏋1 ϺȡɛʱᏝ 1 L ɹອˁ༥ᢹɐʳɛʠ 10 ధ L ȴʰ⏋޽Ȧಁɴɻధ 10 L ɹອȵьʼʶʳȵ⏋ьᅎ৿ɹອˁ኎ଢ଼ଘɹܑٞɴඨȭɛ̠͍͓̓˹ɲɰɹඨ႒ɹဌອɴьȩɲɰɹᨗૅʢʛʰʶʳ⏏
ǵɄɹ኎ଢ଼մɹནʠɹອɭ၊ဘȷʦᰰషອ⏋ༀ࿰ɲɰɹᅊ༎ᅎອɻ⏋ᮒ࡚ɴɻᦏȼɹଝ஗ϥକȴʰໄʛΫɁʰʶʳȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɴɻ᧙ȼᮐʶɛ˳Ͳ˳͞ा (Gongola) ɹໜআˁ஗ɤɩཻՏɐʳອˁ᧊˃ɫȼʳ⏏ອ᧊ெɻߨਸʦࡎњɛɠɹ౗ᠩɫ⏋1 ‫܌‬ɴɦȷ 10 L ࢅɹ̫˭̓ˁᰄɴᥔɓɩл81ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬঎ʢ৵਋Ɍɩ᧊ʉɛʠȴɲʱɹᩂ֝ӈɫȡʳ⏏
ǵᮒ࡚ɴȲȿʳ‫̋˧ع‬ɹ 1 ౗ȡɛʱɹອ༥ᢹᩄɻॶ‫ܯ‬Ɍɩ 148.9 L ɫȡʳȵ⏋ࢃ౏ధɴਝɍɩ
60 ȴʰ 250 L ʚɫɹ३ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶˁ 1 Ϻȡɛʱɴழ፤ɐʳɭᏝ 13.2 L⏒౗ɭɲʳ⏏೴Ԓɴత‫ܧ‬ɐʳϥକɻ 7 ೣȡʱ⏋Ԋ‫ؾ‬գᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏‫ع‬ϥକɹཉɇˁϗ࡚ɹഞཔಁɴᠭീɌɛᐄഗ⏋ɐʏɩ 5 m ȴʰ 8 m ɹປᥒᇕ༓ȦϥକɫȡʳɄɭȵՕȴɤɛ⏏ᮒ࡚ɹ೎ᇵಁɴɻϥକɹອеȵΫᨆȴʰᏝ 1 m ʚɫΫ౥ɐʳɛʠᅊ༎ᅎອɹᮛឹɻʓʖྃɛɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉʶʰɹϥକɻϗ࡚ɹμ᯴ɴȡɛʳ 12 ೐ȴʰ 1 ೐ɴȴȿɩɐʏɩഞཔɐʳ⏏ɗȩɲʳɭ⏋մᦚɌɛʭȩɴໜআˁ஗ɤɩ਄ɛອˁ˧̋ʚɫ᧊ʉɄɭɴɲʳ⏏
ǵ၊ဘȷɴɻߨਸʦࡎњ᧒ɴʭɤɩХᬘ‫ܩ‬ʦဌೠകȴʰ஛ᮃ͹᧊ெɇʶɛᚩȵьʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
‫̋˧ع‬ȡɛʱɹᚩ༥ᢹᩄɻॶ‫ܯ‬Ɍɩ 89.8 kg⏒ᦼɲɹɫ⏋̶ˎ͞೴‫ך‬ԃкɫɻ 1 ॷᬚɴ 248.2 tɹᚩȵ༥ᢹɇʶɩȦʳɭឿዩʢʰʶʳ⏏15⑯20 ॷմʚɫɻ˧̋ȴʰ 500 m⑯1 km ɹ፴ܑɫ਄
ʰʶɛᚩʢ⏋ჼ‫⏃ܧ‬2001 ॷ⏆ɫɻ 3⑯5 km ᮐʶɛဌೠക‫ܩ‬ʚɫՏȴȿɲȿʶɽ஛ʶɲȼɲɤ
ɩȷɛ⏋ɭȦȩ⏏Ʉʶɻ೴ᘺϺ‫ؤ‬ɹ‫֓ވ‬ɴʭɤɩᚩɹᮛឹȵᲞʚɤɩȷɛɭȦȩჿᅓɞȿɫ
ɲȼ⏋ழᩆᇿᇕɫဌೠˁФ஛ɐʳᩄʢࢹɲȼɲȦɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ⏋ᚩɹ 10 kg ɹࢸ೺ɻᦏ᭰ɹᅘɴ୫ɤɩʪȿɽ 20 ̠˓͞⏃Ꮭ 0.2 ̝͡⏆ɫ⏋̫˗̍॑ɫɻ 100 ̠˓͞⏃Ꮭ 1 ̝͡⏆ɫެʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɴᚩသೳᇿᇕɹඨകȵ᝔ʼʶɛɄɭ
ɻɲȦ⏏
ǵ೴ᘺٞᦇɹปೠɻᚩʦᔋషೠȡʳȦɻᰲషೠɭɌɩɞȿɫɲȼ⏋ᰩᅎʦᚫᅎ⏋ᦅᓚ᧑ԍʦࢃɹলೳፈǾ⏋ɇʚɊʚɴգᅎɇʶɩȷɛ␩കǵ1994; Hayashi et al. 1996␭⏏ɛɭȭɽᰩᅎɴɻ⏋ปೠɹᘽˁɦʉɌɩᎳ༰Ⴅɹ˽ͻ̺ɴьȩปዛȵ 8 ዛȡʳ⏏ɗɹԒ⏋౗।ᇕɴᰈᅎɇʶɩȦʳɹɻ̫ˠ̸̫ɹೠɭɌɩሾʰʶɩȦʳ˪ˡ (Kuka: Adansonia digitata)⏋ɗɌɩˡ̒ˡ (Kaka:
Sida linifolia) ɭ̈ˤͻ͡ (Zogall: Moringa oleifera) ɹᘽɫȡʳ⏏ഗࡸˁϺᬚȵᅊᰩɫȷʳ‫ܧ‬ഀɹปዛɻ 15 ዛȡʱ⏋ᘽˁᰲషɭɌɩࢃᅨɴήȭʳปዛɻ 20 ዛȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̝ͦͻͩ (Dorowa,
African locust bean: Parkia biglobosa) ɹዛࡎˁᇍᨥɇɓɩсʳ̋ͩ̋ͩ (Dawadawa cakes) ɻ⏋Ꮲᢊɗɤȼʱɹ᱗ʱȵɐʳ˽ͻ̺ɹ٢Њȿೳɭɲʳ⏏ˡ̋Ͳ͓ (Kadanya, Shea butter tree:
Vitellaria paradoxum) ɹࡸȴʰɻᰩᅎໞȵ਄ʰʶʳ⏏
ǵ‫ܧ‬ഀዛȴ޺ഀዛˁ‫ک‬ʼɑ⏋ჼ‫ܩ‬ɴȡʳʓɭ˃ɰɹปዛɴлʰȴɹᚫ֟ȵȡʳɭʛɲɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹգᅎᨆеɻᘽ⏋ഗࡸ⏋൓⏋ปᇤɭɇʚɊʚɞȵ⏋႕ɴ༥‫۬׋‬Ꮩɹᆓ੮ɭШയਸᆓ੮ɴ
ࢪɌɩգᅎɐʳปዛȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɗɹᚫ֟ɹዐ঎ɴɦȦɩɻ‫ع‬ᕶɹઝឿɹेȵ߂ȷȼɩࡴȴɫɻɲȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᩃᗳʦᮊᗳɹμɴʢᚫ֟ˁʢɦዛȵȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋̋˓̝͓ (Daidoya: Ocimum
basilicum) ɻ⏋̸͓ᛞɹᬿ᭑ɴ߂ȷɲ֟ഗȵȡʳɭȦȩ⏏ᩃ޺с෌ɹ᭬ɴɻ⏋̋˓̝͓ˁၚʦ
Ɍɛ၁ɫ̸͓ᛞˁᦠȦଡɤɛʱ⏋ᘽˁଝɫ௷ʱɦʉɌɩ᤹кɴ‫ݸ‬ʱЊȿʳ⏏ʚɛࢃ঑ɫɻ⏋ϗၥɌɛ̋˓̝͓ɹᘽˁᎬቊɌɩ͓˧ȴʰ஛ɤɛໞɭཌྷɕɩᛚʭȿɭɌɩᅎȦɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ᱗82ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎ອɭɌɩʢьʼʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄʶʰɹሾᡫɻ⏋ᓑᗐᅖߨˁ‫ک‬ʼɑʓɭ˃ɰɹ೴ϺȵʢɤɩȦʳɭȦɤɩʭȴʸȩ⏏ɭȦȩɹʢ⏋‫̋˧ع‬ɫɹᓬ‫؜‬ʱᠭീಁʦᩃ޺៎࢘Ɍɩ๰ȦɩȦʳಁ⏋ȋŔɹೠ⏃ᗳ⏆ɴɻᚫɹ֟ഗȵȡʳȴ⏱ǵɰ˃ɲᆖຩɴ֟ȼɹȴ⏱ȍɲɰɭ០ɷʳɭ⏋ᓑϺɻʢɭʭʱࡎњɛɠȴʰʢ‫׸‬এɴፐȭȵᦐɤɩȷɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏

4ȅ঵௽എ̈́౷֖۪‫ޏ‬঩࡙‫ۯ‬ၑͥ͢ͅ෠ఆ͈ুၛഎ̈́อജ‫خ‬ෝ଻ǵɄʶʚɫɴʛɩȷɛᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɹϟёɻ⏋Ʉɹ೴ɫɹᰩషᅊᅋɭᅊ༎ˁᐣ୫ɐʳɛʠɹሾᡫɹΥүᯆˁ୲ɁɛɴɐȹɲȦ⏏য়းɹɄɭɲȵʰ⏋Јɹᇍࣙ᦭Ϋ‫ܕ‬ɹᦅ೴ȵሁᯆɌɩȦʳɇʚɊʚɲ‫ک‬ᰍ⏋႕ɴϺ‫֓ވؤ‬ʦ॑‫ݭ‬ᐁཕɹ೴ᘺ኏Цʍɹ৯ᯱɻ⏋য়೴ɴȲȦɩʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɴୃȭɩȦʳ⏏೴ɫɻᰩషέ᣸ȴʰഀʳെ᰸߉ᠭɫᕊˁᕛʰʚɓɛࡎњɛɠˁឿȴȿʳɄɭʢ޽Ȧ⏏ΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ອʦၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɹέ᣸ɻॷǾ؏ɌȦႥ໥ɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ᠭീɌɛ೴ȵჼ‫ܧ‬ɗȩɌɛ‫ک‬ᰍႥ໥άɴȡʳࡸ઴ˁᤑʚȭʳɭ⏋ȴɦɩɻ೴ɹᅊ෌͹ᅊ༎ˁѳ᭭ɌɩȷɛɄʶʚ
ɫɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɫɻȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɞȿɴћࡔɌɩ਄ʰʶʳᕶᐌᰩషʦອ⏋ʚɛၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɲɰɻ⏋Ё৿ɭʢ೴ɹϺ‫ؤ‬ȵ‫֓ވ‬Ɍᐚȿʳɲʰɽ⏋ʭʱཉխɲિਸᇕέ᣸Ⴅ઴ɴ᭒
ʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭ‫׶‬ઉɇʶʳ⏏ᦅ຦ɛɠʢʚɛ⏋ɄȩɌɛϟ઴ˁմɴɌɩጓɠ৵ᅊɌɩȦʳ⏋ɭȦȩɹȵᠭീɹ᧌ዐɫઢɍɛፆᓔɹ‫׵‬ᢒɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ೣ቉ድɫɻ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇ɹգᅎɭɗɹ፬ჿી᝔ɹࡸ઴ˁᤑʚȭɛȋᦅ೴ɹᕶጓᇕᇍࣙˁѦɐɛʠɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎɭɗɹ୫ᐚᇕɲ፬ჿଝ໬ɹተጓȍˁᇿ୭Ɍɛᦅ೴
ᬖᇍ቉ድɭɌɩᧅ᝔Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋য়೴ɹୃȭʳᅊ෌ɭᅊ༎Ϋɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁᣂ྇፬ჿᯆȴʰ౩ተɴɌ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛᣂ྇գᅎɭ፬ჿɴ֓ȭ⏋ೡɞ๿ɇʶɩȦʳգᅎ‫خ‬ᔨɲᣂ྇ɹ
ᇍ஗ɭɗɹ༎ᅎɴʭɤɩ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ‫ک‬ᰍៗໆˁ‫ܒ‬ʸȩɭɌɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ៜȦȴȭʶɽ⏋ᦅ೴ɹᇍࣙឹᏬˁ޺ᨆȴʰɹହԂᣂೳɴɗɹ޽ȼˁћࡔɐʳɹɫɻɲȼ⏋ɫȷʳᭉʱȋ‫ݖܩ‬ɴȡʳ࿃‫ܧ‬ᇕɲɇʚɊʚɲᄩ‫ޅ‬ᣂ྇ȍˁ೎᧟գᅎɌ⏋ɗɹ୫ᐚᇕ፬ჿɴʭɤɩᕶጓᇕɲᦅ೴ᬖᇍȵ‫خ‬ᔨȴɰȩȴˁද២Ɍɛ⏏
ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋ӦӴᇕɴៗໆɐʏȷ‫ک‬ᰍဣɭɌɩ࡫ࡴɌɛ୫ᐚᇕᰩᏒᅊᅋ˹˽̘͌ɹɛʠɹᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿ⏋ၚష˛̦͡˧ͻέ᣸ɹఒ‫࡫⏋ڵ‬ԃɲᰰషອɹተѳˁȡɁɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɗʶʰɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁៗໆɐʳɛʠɹȦȼɦȴɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᣂ྇ɹ፬ჿଯ᝗ˁர൜Ɍ⏋೑ਚᦅ຦ɹ‫֐ת‬ˁ਄ɩˠͲ̶ˎͻ͌ɫɹࡸ៷᠅ᱻˁࡸేɌɛ⏏
ǵʚɑ⏋ɄɄɫɹ቉ድɹμਕෙਥɭʢȦȭʳȋ‫ݖܩ‬ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᣂ྇ɭɻлȴ⏱ȍɴɦȦɩࡴᒶɌɩ
ʛʭȩ⏏ᣂ྇ɭȦȭɽ⏋Υᖔɴɻ᩿႒ʦс႒ɹʭȩɲ႒ᣒᇕɲࡸкɹȡʳʢɹˁ୭ɐɫȡʸȩȵ⏋ɄɄɫɻ⏋߂ຩ⏃߂ຩଁՕ⏋ᰟ⏋‫⏋ܤ⏋⏆ނ‬ອ⏋‫ܩ‬০⏋߄᭞⏃ཧ঎⏋ӵ⏆⏋ඨᅊ⏃ปೠ⏋ᮊᗳ⏋ᩃᗳ⏋с႒⏆⏋֪႒⏃ࢃᅨ⏋ᩃᅊ֪႒⏋౤ᛚ⏆⏋Ϻᬚ༎֪⏃ଯ᝗⏋֝֐⏋ሾᡫ⏋ሾਜ਼⏆ፈǾ
83ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɹ‫ݖܩ‬ᅊ઴Ꮩˁ෯ଁɐʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳɐʏɩɹឹᏬˁ‫ي‬ʞɄɭɴɐʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ၖय़ɹཧ঎
ᄩ‫ޅ‬ɻฌᲞेɴʭɤɩ࢑य़ȴʰၖय़ʚɫɹཧ঎ᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁգᅎɐʳɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɲ‫ݖܩ‬ʢȡʱ⏋ၖय़ɹᲞฌᲞ‫ݖܩ‬ɻжཧˁᣂ྇ɭɌɩ༎ᅎɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ອᄩ‫ޅ‬ʢʚɛ⏋ᭇອᩄȵࢹɲȦɭȴϗ࡚ɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ȵ೑գɴɲʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏ӵᄩ‫ޅ‬ʢ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳ⏏ᮊᗳʦࢀᛚɲɰʢ⏋ែဣˁ޴ȭʶɽᣂ྇ɭɲʱȩʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ອᣒູയ೑ล႒ˁᣂ྇ɭɌɩ‫ؚ܌‬ɐʳែဣɭ‫ؾ‬ɍɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɗȩɌɛែဣɹ᥊ழɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄʶʚɫᰩషᅊᅋȡʳȦɻᅊ༎ɐʳɴȡɛɤɩέգɲᄩ‫ޅ‬ɫȡʳɭឿɲɇʶɩȷɛϟᢒˁ⏋ɰɹʭȩɴɐʶɽʭʱ೑գɲ౅‫ك‬ɴࢷȼ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳȴ⏏Ʉʶȵ‫ک‬ᰍˁୃȭʳჼ‫ݭ‬ɫɹᇍ൜ɭࡸ៷᠅ᱻˁࡸేɌɩȷɛᔘಕɴȡʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɴᦚ
ʏɩȷɛ೴ɹᣂ྇ɭɗɹШᐏᇕɲ፬ჿી᝔ȴʰ਄ʰʶʳ͍̜̒͠ɹങˁ⏋ɇʰɴঃɁʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɐʳʭȩɲଯ᝗ᇕ֖ៜʦரៜˁ᝔ȩɭɭʢɴ⏋ᦅ຦ᕶʰɹᐁᱻˁᦲɌɩተጓɇʶʳଯ᝗ɴɐʳɛʠɴ⏋Ȧȼɦȴɹࡸ៷᠅ᱻˁˠͲ̶ˎͻ͌ɫࡸేɌɛ⏏
ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋ႌɻᩂឹɲ৲ᅨɫȡʳɭ‫ؾ‬ಁɴɗɹᏎɻс႒๿རɭɭʢɴШᐏᇕɲᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɴ๕ȴɓɲȦឹᏬɫȡʳ␩Dakora 1996␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ႌᏎʦс႒๿རˁɗɹʚʚᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴత॒ɐʳʭʱʢ⏋Υ঎֟რᇕɲၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɭɌɩգᅎɐʳ̺ͦ́˽ˁɄʶʚɫɹᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɹμɴ୻ԂɐʳɄɭɫǸ˛̦͡˧ͻɭᔋషɹθ౅ȵ਄ʰʶʳృɛɲᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿଯ᝗ˁர൜Ɍɛ␩Histop 1992:
Ch. 6␭⏏ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋ჼ‫ܩ‬ɫԂଝ‫خ‬ᔨɲᣂೳ⏃͍́Ͳ̜፬ɭ̝͌͞ᒊ⏆ˁᏼʛ‫غ‬ʼɓ⏋ᦅ຦ɭɭʢɴсនɌɛࢌᬔࢅ۬⏃̫˓ˠˤ˽ᇍᅊខᒞ⏆ɴႌᏎʦс႒๿རˁହԂɌɩ͍̊Ͳˤ˽ˁ‫؜‬ʱՏɌ⏋၊ဘȷɹၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɭɌɩьȩ᠅ᱻˁ 1998 ॷȴʰࡸేɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋য়‫ܩ‬ɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲ೑ลᔋషɫȡʳႌᏎˁЈɹᇿᇕɴ᥊ᅎɐʳɄɭɴɲʳɛʠ⏋ᓚ‫ܩ‬ɹ

ৢ૯!3!ȁΓιϋΠ‫͂ۯ‬Ρρθ۲́ैୋ̱̹Ψͼ΂΄Αอ୆௡౾84ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎ᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿɴᶯᶷˁഀɛɐɄɭɴʢɲʱȴɷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋͍̊Ͳˤ˽ᇍᅊ৿ɹ˽͞͠ͻ⏃๿ྞ⏆ɻ༰ᔋ‫׋‬ɐʳɛʠ⏋ɗɹᔋ֟ˁႌᏎేᅎɭປᥒɐʳ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ൕ‫᠅ݛ‬ᱻˁ 2000 ॷɭ
2001 ॷɴࡸేɌɛᐄഗɫɻ⏋༰ᔋేᅎ‫ך‬ɹ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄȵႌᏎేᅎ‫ך‬ɹɗʶɴ֯ʳɭʢ֔ʰɲȦɄɭˁኍɌɛ⏏
ǵɄɹ᠅ᱻᐄഗȴʰ⏋ਃഀɹᣂ྇գᅎɹȡʱ౅ɴʁɭू߅ˁ֓ȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ʭʱ֟რᇕ
ɲᣂ྇ɹ༎ᅎȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʳɄɭˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɌɩȦʳɭȦȭʭȩ⏏ϺᏎɹգᅎȵ‫خ‬ᔨȴɰȩȴɴɦȦɩɻીᓃᇕɴ‫ࢅ؝‬ɇʶʳɹȴɰȩȴˁ‫ي‬ʠ⏋Ё৿ɹᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʚɛᦅ຦ɛɠȵࡸేɌɩȦʳᮊᗳɹ᪛ȷᦉʛɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ɗʶʰˁᮊᗳዛաɴ‫ך‬ՕɌ⏋ᅊɹʚʚɭϗၥ৿ɴՕȿɩ᪛ȷᦉʛ⏋ʚɛ͇̍͡ೳɭɌɩ‫ޚܤ‬ˁ᝵ុɐʳɲɰ⏋ɗɹᐶᔋ֟ഗɭ
͇̍͡Ͳ˫֟ഗȵ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ˵˵˰ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄɴ‫ؖ‬ʖɐ৯ᯱɹ᧓ȦɴɦȦɩʢᦅ຦‫ݭܘ‬ɫද២Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ᮊᗳዛɹμɫʢᢊዀᮊᗳɹ Cassia mimosoides ˁᅊɹʚʚ᪛ȷᦉ˃ɞ‫غݭ‬ɴ⏋̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɭ˵˵˰ɭʢɴЈɹᮊᗳేᅎɴປʏɩᰒᘿɲ‫ؚވ‬ȵ᠗ʠʰʶɛ⏏
ǵɇʰɴ⏋ᦅ຦ɛɠȵᔋషೠɭʛɲɌɩȦʳ 11 ዛɹปೠɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᘽɹଁՕՕഓɴʭɤɩ͠
˫̢Ͳʦ̶͠ͅ˙̨ͻ͡⏋ዾᏬ⏋͠Ͳᨧ⏋ˡ͠‫ي‬೑ᩄȴʰࢷȷՏɌɛᐶᔋ᧟ᅎ୭ధ (Suitability
index)␩Tian et al. 1995␭ȵᲞȦɭ᠗ʠʰʶɛ‫ܧ‬ഀปೠɹᘽʢ⏋ʚɛᓚ‫ܩ‬ɴ᪛ȷᦉʛ⏋ɗʶʰɹᘽȵ̜͐ͦ˱˹ɹ‫ؚ‬ᩄɴ‫ؖ‬ʖɐᐶᔋ֟ഗˁද២Ɍɛ⏏ɗɹᐄഗ⏋ᔋషೠɭʛɲɇʶɩȷɛปೠ
ɹᘽɻʢɠʸ˃⏋ɄʶʚɫᔋషೠɭɌɩ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ Anogeisus leiocarpus⏃Marke; ̩˗˵‫⏆ؿ‬ɹปೠᘽɴɻᲞȦᐶᔋ֟ഗɹȡʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹᐄഗɻ⏋Шᐏᇕɲᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿી᝔ɹμɴʢ࿃‫ܧ‬ᇕɲ‫ݖܩ‬ᣂ྇ȵ๿ɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏
ǵ˵̫Ͳ̠य़ɹᢌȴɲ౗၇ɭɗɹఔࢮၖˁգᅎ‫خ‬ᔨɲ˛̦͡˧ͻɭɌɩ༎ᅎɐʳɛʠɹ߄᭞
ၖᮃዩខᒞˁ 1999 ॷɴ᠅сɌɛ␩Alward 1982␭⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋1 ɲȦɌ 1.5 m ৹ɹ̮̓݀͞͞ࢅ۬
ˁсʱ⏋ɗɹᝠᯆɴˏ̶͊͡˝˓ͻ͡ˁᢺʱЊȿɛɞȿɹខᒞɫȡʱ⏋့ဣᨆɴᚫᒊȡʳȦɻ᫂⏋̶͞˓̮ͲˁᒞȦɩьȩ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ҹɫʢБᅎ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹខᒞˁᅎȦɩ 2001 ॷɹ 6 ೐ɴࡸేɌɛၖᩄཀྵࡴ᠅ᱻɹᐄഗɫɻ⏋ಘ߃ಁɴɻᏝ 90,000cal⏒ಁɹၖᩄȵ਄ʰʶɛ⏏ჼ‫ ܧ‬3 ‫د‬ɹ‫ؾ‬ខᒞˁьᅎॕ೚ɐʳᦅ຦ɹ˧̋ɴ៯ᒞɌ⏋౗।ᇕɲᰩϟɹྈҺɫȡʳᎦʦᩃᘛ⏋ᵋɹ၊ဘȷʦཾໝɌɴьɤɩʢʰȦ⏋ᦲ।ɹ౗।ᅊ༎ɫ༥ᢹɇʶ
ʳᚩɹᩄȵɰʶɞȿཝʰɓʳȴɴɦȦɩʢᠭീɌɛ⏏‫ॷץ‬ᬚɹьᅎᐄഗɻ⏋࡚፲ᇕɲ޴֪ɻȡʳʢɹɹॶ‫ܯ‬ɌɩᏝ 10 kg⏒౗ɹᚩьᅎᩄˁཝʰɓʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁኍɌɛ⏏Ʉʶɻᦲ।ɹ 1 ˧̋ȡɛʱɹᚩ༥ᢹᩄɹᏝ 2⏒3 ɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏Ʉɹᐄഗȴʰɻ⏋ၖय़˵̫Ͳ̠ɴɻʚɞೡգᅎɲ೑֟˛̦͡˧ͻᣂ྇ȵᢌ࢏ɴȡʳɄɭˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɫȷʳ⏏
ǵອɴɦȦɩɻ 33 m ɹय़ອࣝʚɫ஗ձɌɩଝɄȹͅͲ̺ɫໄʛΫɁɩȦʳȵ⏋ϗ࡚ɫʢഞཔ
ɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏏ɄɹཉϥକˁգᅎɌɩȦʳᦅࢃɻ⏋ͅͲ̺ȴʰ‫ץ‬৹ 500 m ፴ܑԒɹ 23 ˧̋ɫգᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹϥକȵ೴ᘺɹᅊ༎ɴ‫ؖ‬ʖɌɛ֟ഗɻ⏋1⏆ປᥒᇕᦏȼȴʰ஛ອɫȷʳ
85ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ৢ૯!4!ȁैୋ̱̹ఊု෎ਬୟ௡౾

ɹɫ⏋ອ᧊ெɴឹɐʳಁᬚɭ֝֐ȵ߂३ɴཝɤɛ⏋2⏆ϥକɹٞʱɴϺȵᮃʚʳɹɫ⏋ɄʶʚɫГΫɴ೴Ϻɹᬚɫɹϯ༑ȵ‫֓ވ‬Ɍɛ⏋႕ɴߨਸ᧒ɹᬚɫ⏋3⏆᤹кˁནୡɐʳลЦȵ‫ވ‬ȭɛɹɫ⏋ࡎњ᧒ȵན࿀ɴɲɤɛ⏋4⏆ອɴʭʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳάᆡɲɰɹᆖຩȵཝɤɛ⏋ɭȦȩʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵᇍࣙ᦭Ϋ‫ܕ‬ɹᕶጓᇕᇍࣙˁ‫خ‬ᔨɴɐʳɛʠɴɻఠᔒȵᩂឹɫȡʳɭުᲞɴ‫ت‬ɽʶɩȦʳ⏏ɞȴʰ⏋࡝ോˁсʱఠढ़ˁ༐᧛ɐʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʱ⏋ఠᔒɴࢪɐʳ‫ܕ‬᭬‫֐ת‬ʢʚɛɗȩɌɛ౅‫ك‬ɫᦽ˃ɫȦʳʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ɛɌȴɴɗɹᦲʱȴɭ⏋ɦȦ᱔ᔐɌɩɌʚȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋য়೴ɹʭȩɲ೴ɹ‫⏋غݭ‬ఠढ़ˁ༐᧛Ɍ࡝ോˁсɤɛɞȿɫࡎњ᧒ɴఠᔒɹลЦȵ‫ވ‬ȭʳȴɭ‫ک‬ʼʶʶɽ⏋‫و‬ɭៜʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏ɐɫɴᦚʏɛʭȩɴ⏋ᚩʦອɹ᧊ெȵࡎњ᧒ɴήȭʰʶɛ౗ᠩɞ
ȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ᚩɹ஛ᮃ‫ݭ‬ଘȵ᧙ȼɲʳʓɰ⏋ࡎњ᧒ɹᇎോลЦɻཝʳ⏏
ǵɌɛȵɤɩ⏋ɄɄɫࡸేɌɩȷɛృɛɲᣂ྇፬ჿɹ᠅ʛɻᅊ෌ɹ୫ᐚ‫خ‬ᔨਸɹʛɲʰɑ⏋ࡎњ᧒ʦߨਸɹ֝ӈᢦ୊ɹᥐཝ‫׋‬ˁᅊʛՏɐ֟ഗʢែᩃɴԂʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ⏏
ǵГΫᦚʏɩȷɛዛǾɹ᠅᝔᠅ᱻɹଁഗɻ⏋ᦅ຦ɛɠȴʰɹઝឿʦ៿ѝˁ‫؝‬ȿʳɄɭɴʭɤ
ɩࡸᅎᇕɲଯ᝗ɴɲʱȭʳਸᣒɹʢɹɫȡʱǸʚɛɄʶʰɹଯ᝗ɻᦅ຦ɛɠɴ̶ˑͻ̝̫̒˪ɇʶɷɽɲʰɲȦ⏏Ʉʶʚɫɹଁഗɻ᧌ཡᇕɲ៿ѝɴɭɰʚʳȵ⏋য়᠍‫ݖܩ‬ɫШᐏᇕɴգᅎɇ
ʶɩȷɛᣂ྇ɴ֓ȭɩ⏋ᔋ‫ݛ‬፬ჿʦၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɹӱ᣸ɴ৲ጓɦ࿃‫ܧ‬ᣂ྇ʢ޽ȼ๿ɇʶɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴɤɛ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ೡգᅎɫȡɤɛᮊᗳʦปೠᘽɴʢᐶᔋ֟ഗȵȡʳɄɭȵʼȴʶɽ⏋ɗʶˁɄʶʚɫɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɹμɴ‫؜‬ʱᦉʞɄɭɴʭɤɩ༎ᅎ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛᦅ຦ɛɠɹʢɤɩȦʳଯ᝗ͤ̾͡ɫʢ⏋ႌᏎȴʰᇍᅊɐʳ̫˓ˠˤ˽ˁᚩɴБʼʳၚష˛̦͡˧ͻɭɌɩգᅎɫȷʳʭȩɴ⏋ਃഀɹᣂ྇գᅎɭ፬ჿી᝔ɹμɴж˱˽̜ɫᎎѤɲଯ᝗ᇕఒ
‫ڵ‬ˁ֓ȭʳɄɭɴʭɤɩʢ⏋ᰩషᅊᅋʦᅊ༎ɴգᅎɫȷʳᣂ྇ɹʭʱȦɤɗȩɹ೑֟༎ᅎȵ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɄɭȵኍɇʶɛ⏏Ʉʶɻࢃᅨɹᰲ᰸ɴ˛̦͡˧ͻɹօՏɭȦȩʢȩʁɭɦɹѝғˁЊ
86ക⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡ͹˵̫Ͳ̠य़ᦅ೴ɹШᐏᇕɲᣂ྇፬ჿી᝔ɭϺǾɹᅊ༎ήɐʳɄɭɴɲʳɛʠ⏋ႌɹᰲ᰸ᰄధˁ‫ވ‬ʦɗȩɭɐʳ֪ลЊȿɴʢɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɛჼ‫ܩ‬ᠭീɭᦅ຦ɭɹᬠʼʱɹμȴʰᅊʛՏɇʶɛ‫ک‬ᰍៗໆɹɛʠɹዛǾɹᇍ൜ɻ⏋ࡸ៷᠅ᱻɴȲȦɩᦅ຦ɛɠɹ៿ѝˁᐁʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɴࡴመ‫خ‬ᔨɲృɛɲᣂ྇༎ᅎɭ፬
ჿଯ᝗ɹர൜ˁࢷȷՏɌ਄ʳʢɹɭȦȭʭȩ⏏Ё৿⏋ɄȩɌɛଯ᝗ȵ̶ˎ͞‫ך‬ȴʰ͓͌͞ͻ̜೴ʍ⏋ʚɛᦏҶɹ೴ʍɭᕶᇍᇕɴອॶው᥊ȵᦽ˃ɫʪȼɲʰɽ⏋˵̫Ͳ̠‫ᦅݖܩ‬೴ɹᕶጓᇕɲ
ᇍࣙ‫خ‬ᔨਸʢឿȭɩȼʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏
֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃകǵॺ‫⏏׭‬1994⏏ȋីˏ̶͠ˡɹ‫̠Ͳ̫˵ˏ̢˧׌‬य़ɴȲȿʳ‫ܔ‬೑ปዛɹᦅ຦գᅎɴɦȦɩȍȏTropical
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