Cooperation on Arctic Research
between Japan and Russia

Research
Theme

Human
Resource

Infrastructure

Network

日露北極研究ワークショップ
Joint Group of Japan and Russia on Arctic Research
March, 2015
AERC Report 2015-01

Cooperation on Arctic Research
between Japan and Russia

Joint Group of Japan and Russia on Arctic Research

March, 2015
AERC Report 2015-1

PrefaceThis is the report on the results of the discussions conducted by Japanese and Russian institutes andresearchers on Arctic research following the recommendations made by the 11th Japan-Russia Joint Committee on
Science and Technology Cooperation in September 2013. The discussions were mainly conducted at two workshops(WSs) held in July and October of 2014 in Tokyo, Japan.
The Arctic region has been facing drastic changes in recent years. These changes are affecting the region’senvironment and life in society, and moreover pose a threat to affect regions outside the Arctic region as well as theglobal environment. Clarification of these changes is an urgent issue, and it needs to be carried out by internationaland domestic efforts as well as through bilateral cooperation. The discussion on cooperative research between Russia,
which dominates the largest area in the Arctic region among the Arctic countries, and Japan, which is a non-Arctic
country but has long history of Arctic research, will surely make a substantial contribution to the overall
understanding of these phenomena.
We hope that the discussion made here will be implemented in some manner in the near future.
Furthermore, continuous discussions in WSs are needed to narrow the existing gaps between the themes, and define
other potential and productive research themes that could not be discussed in 2014.
The organizers would like to thank Dr. Vladimir Pavlenko and Professor Tetsuo Ohata who on took theroles of WS coordinators and finishing the report for each side, and the International Science and Technology Center(ISTC), which financially supported the realization of the WSs and the development of this report.
The organizers would also like to thank Mr. Hiroyasu Kumagai, Ms. Yukie Uwaso of NIPR and Mr. Takeshi
Matsunaga of ISTC for great support at the WSs which was the basis of the report, and editing of the report at the laststage.

March 10, 2015

Kazuyuki Shiraishi(Director-General, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan)
Alexander Khanchuk(Academician, Member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)
Ivan Frolov(Director, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Roshydromet, Russia)

CONTENTS
Preface ··············································································································· 3
Summary ············································································································ 6§1.Introduction ····································································································· 7
1.1

Objectives of the report

1.2

Past history of Japanese and Russian cooperation on Arctic research

1. 3

Present status of Arctic research in both countries

1. 4

The role and structure of the report§2. Activities Related to the Discussions on Cooperation ················································· 13
2. 1

The building phase of mutual relations (October 2013 to April 2014)

2. 2

Visit of Japanese members to Russian organizations (April 2014)

2. 3

Preparatory WS (June 2014)

2. 4

Main WS (October 2014)

2. 5

Several discussions during the WSs§3. Proposed Research Themes ················································································ 17
3. 1

THEME 1 : Climate impacts of black carbon and aerosols in the Arctic (Spitsbergen, Baranov Cape, Tiksi)

3. 2

THEME 2 : Preliminary joint study in the frame of the Polar Prediction Project

3. 3

THEME 3 : Reliability and risk estimation for sea-ice navigation along the Northern Sea Route

3. 4

THEME 4 : Comparative study on carbon and water in the permafrost ecosystem of Siberia

3. 5

THEME 5 : Glacier research in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic

3. 6

THEME 6 : Contemporary changes of water, heat, and dissolved and suspended organic/inorganic matter
fluxes from Siberian rivers into the Arctic Ocean

3. 7

THEME 7 : Variability of snow cover including blowing snow and snowmelt processes of the permafrost
area under Arctic environment change

3. 8

THEME 8 : Development of space remote sensing technologies to monitor seasonal variations in temperatureand moisture in the active topsoil of the Arctic tundra

3. 9

THEME 9: Permafrost changes in Siberia in the past and future based on projections of climate warming

3.10

THEME10: Ecosystems and biodiversity

3.11

THEME11: Effects of global climate change on commercial fishing and indigenous coastal cultures in Siberia
and the North Pacific

3.12

THEME 12: Arctic and global climate change: feedbacks and forecasting dynamics

§4. Research Infrastructure ····················································································· 65
4. 1

Human resource development 1

4. 2

Human resource development 2

4. 3

Research stations: The scientific stationary base Ice Base Cape Baranova

4. 4Research network

4. 5

Data archive

4. 6

Regulations in Russia§5. Concluding Remarks ························································································ 72
5.1 Summary of the process of discussion on cooperative research
5.2 Future issues
5.3 Main conclusions

Appendix ·········································································································· 75
Appendix 1: Agenda of WS in July 2014. ·················································································76

Appendix 2: Participant List of WS in July 2014. ········································································78

Appendix 3: Agenda of WS in October 2014.·············································································79

Appendix 4: Participant List of WS in October 2014. ···································································83

Appendix 5: Acronyms of Organization and Institutes ··································································87

Summary

Summary
The first official discussions on cooperative research between Japan and Russia on Arctic research, which wasrecommended at the Japan-Russia Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation at the government level,
were made at the level of institutes and academies during 2014. Continuous negotiations between the government
level and institute level led to a productive discussion on cooperative research between the two countries andmutually agreed themes were determined.

The following 12 research themes were approved as future joint research themes.
(1) THEME 1: Climate impacts of black carbon aerosols in the Arctic (Spitsbergen, Baranov Cape, Tiksi)(2) THEME 2: Preliminary joint study in the frame of the Polar Prediction Project(3) THEME 3: Reliability and risk estimation for sea-ice navigation along the Northern Sea Route(4) THEME 4: Comparative study on carbon and water in the permafrost ecosystem of Siberia(5) THEME 5: Glacier research in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic(6) THEME 6. Contemporary changes of water, heat, and dissolved and suspended organic/inorganic matter fluxes
from Siberian rivers into the Arctic Ocean(7) THEME 7: Variability of snow cover including blowing snow and snowmelt processes of the permafrost area
under Arctic environment change(8) THEME 8: Development of space remote sensing technologies to monitor seasonal variations in temperature andmoisture in the active topsoil of the Arctic tundra(9) THEME 9: Permafrost changes in Siberia in the past and future based on projections of climate warming(10) THEME 10: Ecosystems and biodiversity(11) THEME 11: Effects of global climate change on commercial fishing and indigenous coastal
cultures in Siberia and the North Pacific(12) THEME 12: Arctic and global climate change: feedbacks and forecasting dynamics

Some of the themes are well-focused research themes, and some are themes with broad perspectives; some aresmall-group and some are large-group; some are new and some are research related to ongoing projects. In the case of
implementation, these conditions will need to be considered.
It was acknowledged that human resource development is an important issue for both countries, and thecooperation on research networks and research stations is important for efficient and sustainable observation in the
Russian Arctic. Moreover, the actual style of cooperation needs to be discussed further and developed, and data andlegal regulation issues need to be discussed continuously.
It was agreed that successive WSs need to be held in 2015, preferably in Russia, to substantiate and follow up thediscussions made at the WSs in 2014, and to broaden the potential for cooperation.

6§1. Introduction§1. Introduction

1.1 Objectives of the report
This report has been developed in order to present the process and conclusions made by the Japanese and Russian
government and scientists in order to fulfill the recommendations on discussion on cooperation on Arctic Research
made at the 11th Meeting of the Japan-Russia Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation held inTokyo, Japan on September 11, 2013.
This report on the results of the discussion is scheduled to be presented at the 12th Meeting of the Joint
Committee, to be held in 2015.

1.2 Past history of Japanese and Russian cooperation on Arctic research
Cooperative research on the Arctic in Russia can be said to have been initiated in the 1970s. The Permafrost
Conference organized by the IPA held in Yakutsk in 1973 was an important conference, since several Japanesescientists attended that meeting and also directly visited the permafrost landscape to understand the extraordinary
phenomena there. This was a chance for the Japanese community to become acquainted with the vast permafrost
region in Siberia.
The Hokkaido University Group started their research activities in Eastern Siberia with the institute in Yakutsk inthe early 1970s. They engaged in sporadic research observation after that, and did research work at Tiksi and othersites, under the topic of permafrost degradation due to forest fires (wildfires) in the 1990s.
The National Institute for Environmental Science (NIES) initiated GHG studies with the Central AerologicalObservatory for the Siberia Region starting in 1991, and has cooperated with other institutes since then. They used an
old tower to monitor GHGs near Yakutsk, and carried out aircraft measurement of GHGs in Western Siberia, and thisis still continuing.
The National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) implemented snow cover observations for a limited period in thelatter half of the 1990s in Eastern Siberia in cooperation with the Melnikov Permafrost Institute (MPI).
The greatest interaction on Arctic research between Japan and Russia started in 1997, when the WCRP-GAME
Project started and selected the Lena River Basin as the target region. Experts from the leading Russian scientificcenters representing mainly the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and Russian Federal Service for
Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet) have taken part in this program. They included theInstitute of Geography (IG) (leading organization), the Melnikov Permafrost Institute (MPI, SB, RAS; Yakutsk), theInstitute of Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SB of RAS (Yakutsk), the Institute of Physical and Technical
Problems for the North, SB of RAS (Yakutsk), SB of RAS, the Polar Geocosmophysics Observatory (Tiksi) of RAS,
and the State Hydrological Institute (SHI, Saint-Petersburg), the Central Aerologic Observatory (CAO, Moscow
region), RIHMI-WDC (Obninsk) of Roshydromet, and the Institute of Agrophysics, Russian Academy of Agriculture
Sciences (Saint Petersburg), and so on.
7§1. Introduction

As a symbolic event, the IBPC and Japanese universities (Hokkaido University, Nagoya University, etc.)
constructed a 32-m high observation tower for meteorological and surface observation at Spasskaya Pad. AnotherArctic observation site was constructed at Tiksi at the same time, and land surface processes were studied. This study
was later enhanced by the participation of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
and also other countries such as a group form the Netherlands.
As glaciological and meteorological observations on glaciers, helicopter photo and infrared camera surveys ofthe entire glaciers of the Suntar-Khayata Mountains were organized by Institute of Geography, RAS in cooperation
with Japanese universities in the first half of the 2000s.
The cooperation between Japan and Russia mainly occurred in the region of Eastern Siberia on the topics ofpermafrost, the water cycle, GHGs, and land surface processes, on an institute basis, and this is still continuing under
the present project. Cooperation on the other research subjects and other regions was carried out on a smaller scale.

1.3 Present status of Arctic research in both countries(1) Russia
First Russian expeditions and discoveries in the Arctic are dated by 15th century, while the Russian scientificresearch as such in the Arctic started in the middle of 18th century (P. Chichagov’s expedition). At the present stage, it
is developing in the following directions: solar activities and solar – Earth interactions, atmosphere and ionosphere
physicalprocesses

and

their

impactsonclimate; radio

astronomy, electromagnetics

in

the

Arctic;acoustics, oceanology of the Arctic Ocean, glaciology, interaction between land/ocean and atmosphere; onshore andoffshore geology and geophysics, glaciations and permafrost; biology and bio-chemistry, continental hydrology
within the Arctic Ocean watershed; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in changing climates and environments; CO2
and CH4 stocks and cycles; paleontology, and the behavior of radioactive and stable pollutants in various Arctic
landscapes and seas, economic and social development in Subarctic regions, Arctic ethnography, anthropology andarchaeology.
Research has been particularly active in recent years due to the increased attention of the state to economic
development and research in the Arctic. Major research programs are implemented by the institutes of Roshydromet
and the RAS. In general a synergic effect of the Russian scientific research in the Arctic is provided by cooperative
realization and thematic overlapping of activities carried by RAS and Roshydromet.
The institutes of Roshydromet have carried out scientific and applied development and natural experiments.
These activities are directed to: complex development of basic scientific knowledge about the processes occurring in
the Arctic environment (ice cover, oceans, island water, river estuaries, atmosphere, upper atmosphere, ionosphere)
and interaction between these media; creation of new technical means and technologies for contact andremote-sensing measurement of parameters of the media under study; collection, concentration, analysis, anddistribution of data on the state and variability of media including those under anthropogenic influence, long range
transport, and climate changes; hydro-meteorological, hydro-physical, and ecological provision (including operative
provision) of economic and defense activities of Russia in polar regions including work on Arctic shelves; planning,
coordination, and provision of complex scientific research in the Arctic using research vessels, aircraft, polar stations8§1. Introduction

etc.; training of highly skilled scientific staff to perform complex investigations in the Arctic in the field of
oceanography, physics of ice, oceans and inland water, meteorology, ocean/air interaction, geophysics, sea ice studies,
glaciology, polar geography, hydrochemistry, hydrology of river mouths and water resources, ecology, interaction ofship hulls and other engineering constructions with ice, and polar medicine.
Investigations in Arctic regions are being carried out within the framework of existing and newly organizedprograms of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and programs of the Central and Regional Branches of RAS.
The Presidium of the RAS has been implementing a large-scale program on basic research for the developmentof the Russian Arctic since 2014. One of the three parts of this program concerns environmental, socio-economic, andpolitical problems. Within its framework new methods are being developed for the study of snow cover, Arctic sea ice,permafrost, gas hydrate, and methane emissions and models of their evolution in time and space are being created;
new global and local factors modifying environmental systems and biological resources of the Arctic are investigated;
the scientific basis for improving the quality of life of the population of the Arctic territories is being developed; andgeopolitical, environmental, social, and humanitarian problems of the Arctic regions are being examined.
International and bilateral programs and projects also have important role. Russian specialists participate in these
programs and projects, which are implemented with the support of international and national funding from a numberof countries (Japan, Germany, and so on).
Among the largest international projects in which Russian experts are actively involved and participating,highlights are the Siberian sub-project executed in 1996–2004 within the large regional program GAME (GEWEXAsian Monsoon Experiment, http://www.hyarc.nagoya-u.ac.jp/game/), the Northern Eurasian Earth Science
Partnerships Initiative (NEESPI), http://neespi.org (since 2005), and the International Polar Year, 2007–2009(http://www.ipy.org/, www.ipyrus.aari.ru).
More detail conditions about the present RAS follows. Extractable resources in the Arctic, their known and
expected reserves contain a general part of the Russian Federation mineral ore materials base. This is the area where
over 90% of nickel and cobalt, 60% of copper, over 96% of platinum metals are produced and about 80% of gas and
60% of oil are extracted. Herewith expected reserves of mentioned materials make over 70-90% of that in Russia.
Arctic regions of Russian take a first place in the
Arkhangelsk Scientific Center

world

Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Main Structures of the Arctic Research in Russia

forselectedmaterials,

likenickel,diamonds, platinum metals, oil and gas. Arctic
seabed is undoubtedly may be considered as

Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) –full range of fundamental research areas

strategic
Institutes of Federal Service on Hydrometeorology
and Environmental Monitoring

reservefor

enforcement

of

the

mineral-ore security of Russia.
Continental part of the Russian Arctic zone,

Universities of the Ministry of Education and Scienceas most broad and industrially developed among
Higher Education Institutions of the Ministry of Healthcare

other subarctic states, is the significant test site
for global fundamental and applied research in

Institutions of the Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environment

various areas of knowledge, for transfer ofHigher Education and Scientific Institutionsof the Federal Service on Fisheries

knowledge into a new technologies of theregional resources development.

Fig. 1.3-1 Main structures of the Arctic research in Russia.

9§1. Introduction

Arctic research always has been taking an important place in activities of research institutes of various
departments due to their role in the economic development of the country. Currently these studies involve institutes of
the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Hydro-meteorological Service, ministries of Natural Resources, Educationand Science, Federal Agency for Fisheries.
9 research clusters of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its regional branches, and connected with the Arctic
research in various disciplines, are located in appropriated regions of Federation.

Arkhangelsk Scientific Center

Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Main Regional Clusters of the Arctic Research in Russia(Scientific Centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences)

Kola Scientific CenterNorth-Eastern ScientificCenter (RAS Far-Easternbranch) in Magadan

Karelian Scientific Center
Arkhangelsk ScientificCenter (RAS Ural branch)
Komi Scientific Center(RAS Ural branch)
Tyumen Scientific Center(RAS Siberian branch)
Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center(RAS Siberian branch)
Yakutsk Scientific Center(RAS Siberian branch)

Kamchatka ScientificCenter (RAS Far-Easternbranch)Fig. 1.3-2 Main Regional Clusters of
the Arctic Research in Russia(Scientific Centers of the Russian
Academy of Sciences).

Potential of the RAS Regional Scientific Clusters in the Arctic Research:• 43 research institutes• 21 stand-alone centers and departments of fundamental and applied research• Laboratories and test sites

Arkhangelsk Scientific Center• Doctorate courses in over 40 specializations

Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Main Areas of the Arctic-Oriented Research in the Regional Clusters of the RAS• Scientific journals and publication facilities• Scientific archives and museums

Economy, Infrastructure and Industrial Developmentin the Arctic and Northern Regions• United information systems and e-libraries

Kola Scientific Center: Institute of Economical Problems• Social infrastructure

Karelian Scientific Center: Institute of Economy• Advanced networks of international cooperation

Arkhangelsk Scientific Center, RAS Ural branch:
Department of Economic Research
Komi Scientific Center, RAS Ural branch: Institute of SocialEconomic and Energetic Problems of the North
Tyumen Scientific Center, RAS Siberian branch: Institute ofNorthern Development Problems
North-East Scientific Center, RAS Far-East branch:“ARKTIKA” Research Center

Fig. 1.3-3 Main areas of the Arctic-oriented
research in the regional clusters of the RAS.

10§1. Introduction

Among them 6 are primary oriented to the Arctic research in the areas of industrial and infrastructuraldevelopment, environmental protection and social-cultural development. They are located in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk,
Tyumen and Magadan regions, republics of Komi and Karelia.
Financing of the Arctic research, along with federal budget, has been provided within programs of Russian
Scientific Foundation, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russian Foundation for Humanities, and by National
corporations and big extracting companies and regions.

Arkhangelsk Scientific Center

Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Sourcing of the Arctic Researchin the Regional Clusters of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Foundation for Humanities
small- and medium-scale research and field short-term projects in Economy, Social& Political Science, Art & Humanities

Russian Foundation for Basic Researchsmall- and medium-scale research short-term projects in natural, Earth andtechnical sciences, economy

Russian Scientific Foundation
medium- and large-scale research medium-term projects in all sciences

Other sources: Russian and International Foundations, own incomes,commercialization of intellectual property

General integrating instrument of the Arctic research since 2014:
Program of Fundamental Research of Presidium of RAS «Basic
Fundamental Scientific Research for Benefits of Development of
the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation»

Fig. 1.3-4 Sourcing of the Arctic research in theregional clusters of the Russian Academy of
Sciences.

(2) Japan
Japan has long history of Arctic research dating back to the IGY period (1957–59) in various parts of the Arctic
region. However, this consisted of ad-hoc and small-group research. It has been enhanced since the 1990s when NIPR
established an Arctic Environment Research Center and a research station was built in Svalbard. JAMSTEC initiatedits Arctic sailings in 1997 and several large projects such as GAME were started in 1996. Long-term observations
under institute-level agreements were initiated. In the 2000s, research projects of various scales were initiated, butthey were not interconnected. From the middle of the 2000s, Japanese scientists and institutes started to exchange
information among research areas and groups, and started to interact to build interdisciplinary research topics.
Based on such activities, Japan started the new GRENE Arctic Project in 2011 to enhance Arctic research inaddition to what was being done by the institutes and various research activities of university groups. The researchpresently being done in relation to Russia mainly covers the area of on-site research in the Siberian region of Russia
through cooperation with institutes such as the MPI and IBPC of RAS. Japan started a consortium called JCAR
(Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research), which is composed of individual scientists, to enhanceresearch activities on various aspects of Arctic science. At the government level, there is the Strategic Committee on
Arctic Research, but there are plans to reform it in the coming year.
In addition to the large movements of Arctic research under the GRENE Arctic Project, the cruises made by R/V“Mirai” and other foreign vessels of JAMSTEC, various research studies at Svalbard where NIPR has a station, andother institutional and group research such as that done in Greenland, and also wider research areas such as the upper11§1. Introduction

atmosphere and paleoclimate studies are being done.
At present, the post-GRENE Arctic Project is being discussed in Japan, and one of the directions is to strengtheninternational cooperation on Arctic research. We hope that the discussions made and reported here on Russia-Japan
cooperation will be realized somehow in the post-GRENE Arctic Project.

1.4 The role and structure of the report
The present discussions, which are based on the discussions at the government level, mark a new direction in thehistory of cooperative research between Japan and Russia on Arctic research. From these discussions, it is hoped thatboth countries will widen their cooperation subjects to a new and larger scale, as well as sustainable and higher-levelresearch on subjects that have a past history.
This report will be structured in the following way. The process of negotiations between Russia and Japan from2013 to 2014 for the discussions and the outline of the two WSs will be described (Section 2), the scientific themes
proposed and agreed by both countries will be introduced (Section 3), the proposals and discussions on otherimportant matter such as infrastructure will be described (Section 4), and finally important matters and future
prospects will be cited (Section 5). The steering group for the development of the report consisted of three persons
from Russian side (Pavlenko, Priamikov and Georgiadi) and two persons from Japanese side (Ohata and Enomoto).

12§2. Activities Related to the Discussions on Cooperation§2. Activities Related to the Discussions on Cooperation

2.1 The building phase of mutual relations (October 2013 to April 2014)
The following actions were taken at the initial negotiations between the Japanese and Russian sides until the
direct visits and talks by institute members.
Through the Embassy in Moscow, the Japanese side made contact with AARI, Roshydromet, RAS Presidium,and also the Russian Science Foundation to discuss the recommendation made by the Joint Committee. During thediscussions, the present conditions and past activities of Arctic research on the Japan side in relation to Russia, thepresent conditions of Russian institutes and funding agencies, and the thoughts of each side about the topics ofcooperative research were exchanged. All participants on the Russian side expressed the necessity for and welcomeddiscussions about this new step of cooperation on Arctic research. The Russian side expressed that not only the
Roshydromet institutes specialized in Arctic research, but also the RAS institutes, which also do research work in the
Arctic, should be incorporated in the discussions. The preliminary responsible persons for the discussions oncooperative research were appointed by each side in January.
Negotiations on the persons, date, place, and content of discussions at the time of the visit of Japanese delegates(MEXT and NIPR) to Russia continued up to March and were determined.

2.2 Visit of Japanese members to Russian organizations (April 2014)
The first direct contacts between Japanese and Russian institutes to discuss the new cooperation were realized
from April 14–15, 2014, just after ASSW2014 in Helsinki, Finland. Two staff members from NIPR and one personfrom MEXT visited AARI and the RAS Presidium, as well as one institute of RAS in Moscow (the Institute ofGeography). In St. Petersburg, at AARI, they were greeted by the Director and related AARI scientists, andintroduced their activities related to Arctic research, as well as their thoughts about the planned WS. Both found outthat there are many areas for cooperation in future activities.
In Moscow, the Japanese delegates visited the RAS Presidium and met the past Vice President and several otherrelated personnel. They discussed the proposal on research themes made and sent beforehand to the Russian side by
the Japanese side, and comments and discussions on them were carried out. It was interesting that there were somedifferences in thinking about the basic science concerning Arctic warming between the two sides, but they agreed togo forward, and the Russian side agreed to make proposals in the coming 1 to 2 months, and discuss them along with
the Japanese proposals, at the planned preparatory WS in June. The Russian side promised to determine the delegates
for the June WS. Due to practical matters, the WS was finally scheduled for early July. The Russian members
attending the WS and the main contact persons for Russia changed slightly from the original proposed members in
February, based on discussions made during the visit in April.

13§2. Activities Related to the Discussions on Cooperation

2.3 Preparatory WS (July 2014)
This WS was held at NIPR from July 3–4, 2014. This WS was designated as a preparatory WS for the October
WS. Six persons attended from the Russian side and 14persons attended from the Japanese side. The main objectiveof the meeting was preparation for the main WS in October. The main discussion was the selection and treatment of
the scientific proposals made by both side beforehand, which were to be discussed at the main WS. 19proposals weremade by the Russian side and 11 proposals were made by the Japanese side. Some were discussed and became
subjects for merging with other themes, and some were downgraded based on the discussions. Finally, the proposed
themes were classified into three categories: (1) appropriate themes for which scientists exist on both sides; (2)appropriate theme for which scientists exist only on one side; and (3) additional themes to be proposed soon and to be
included in the October WS. The meeting concluded that close information exchange would be made in the coming
months, and the themes to be discussed by scientists and the participants to attend the WS in October would be
decided by the beginning of September.
Detailed information about (2) proposed by the Russian side arrived in Japan and was distributed to the JCAR
Network in August in order to search for Japanese counterparts. Provisional themes to be brought up at the October
WS were determined and participant selection began in mid-September. Finally, 13 themes were determined forinclusion in the October WS.

Figure 2.3-1. Photograph of participants at the July WS, held on July 3–4, 2014 at NIPR.

14

§2. Activities Related to the Discussions on Cooperation

2.4 Main WS (October 2014)
The October WS was held at Arcadia Ichigaya in Tokyo from October 28 to 30, 2014. Thirteen Russian scientists
and more than 50 Japanese scientists and related persons attended the meeting (See Figure 2.4-1). The first day was
an introduction day for the Russian participants, and the second day was an open meeting for JCAR members andother people. The meeting consisted of brief information on Japanese and Russian Arctic research, presentation anddiscussion of 13 themes, discussion on infrastructure, and other related matters. The third day was a day for further
discussions such as infrastructure and the results of discussions made on research themes between the corresponding
scientists. It was the first time in the history of both countries to have a meeting on discussions of future cooperationand possibilities with such a wide range of topics. In the end, the recommendation was that another WS should beheld to follow up this meeting in 2015 in Russia, because some discussions had not been deep enough, and there
might be other themes that could be investigated together. Moreover, the Japanese scientists wanted to know more
about Russian scientists by visiting Russia.

Figure 2.4-1. Participants in the October WS, held on October 28–30, 2014 at Arcadia Ichigaya.

2.5 Several discussions during the WSs(1) Geographical extent of the Arctic
The geographical extent of Arctic research is always a matter of discussion when visioning research on the Arctic.
This differs among countries, and also within the research bodies of each country, as well as according to the researchsubject. The geographical extent of Arctic research in the present discussion is considered as follows. The Arctic is
generally considered to be the region of the Arctic Ocean and terrestrial area north of the Arctic Circle, but it isnecessary to consider an area down to around 60°N or so for certain topics. This is needed in order to include theprocesses related to matters of global importance, and for Arctic change that is strongly dependent on Arctic warming,
which is the most essential and strongest background for the present Arctic research. Two examples of such researchsubjects are (1) topics related to the hydrological cycle (i.e., topics such as change in the Arctic flow of large river15§2. Activities Related to the Discussions on Cooperation

basins into the Arctic Ocean) and (2) globally important phenomena (i.e., the changes in GHG emissions under thechanging permafrost landscape), for which it is strategically necessary to consider drainage basins and tundra-taigatransect areas, which need to include southern regions.

(2) Note on terminology and concepts
During the discussions between the Russian and Japanese sides, there were several matters that are interesting tonote here to illustrate the necessity for deeper discussions between the two sides. One example concerns the researchfacilities in Russia. The research infrastructure is equipped with research instruments called bases, stations, orlaboratories, or identified in some other manner. The Japanese side had rather vague impressions about this, but theRussian side had more precise definitions. This was not a point of severe discussion, but it seemed to be a differencein customs on both sides.
Another example was the expression used to describe the Arctic warming that is occurring at present. The
Japanese side expressed it as “change,” but the Russian side had a strong argument that it is not a “change,” but partof a cyclic fluctuation of climate, and is “variation.” This showed a slight difference in the general understanding of
the present phenomena occurring in the Arctic.
It can be said that Japan and Russia have slightly different cultures regarding environmental science and Arctic
research, and also use different wording and in some aspects have different understandings and concepts about
phenomena. When, as was done on this occasion, two such communities need to hold discussions together using
English, which is a foreign language for both sides, the problem becomes much greater. The discussions sometimes
needed to go as far as identifying definitions, but this was unavoidable in order to go forward, and very worthwhile innarrowing the gaps between the two communities, which is something that is necessary for doing productive
cooperative research.

16§3. Proposed Research Themes§3. Proposed Research Themes
The following research themes were discussed at the October WS, and approved as potential
collaborative themes.

3.1 THEME 1: Climate impacts of black carbon and aerosols in the Arctic (Spitsbergen, Baranov Cape, Tiksi)(1) Proposers (Main Proposers:＊)<Japanese side>＊Makoto Koike (Department of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan)
Yutaka Kondo (Department of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan)<Russian side>＊Alexander Makshtas (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia)
Vladimir Radionov (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute,St. Petersburg, Russia)
Olga Popovicheva (Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia)(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
Black carbon (BC) is the atmospheric particulate species that is most efficient at absorbing visible light. As aresult, it exerts a warming effect that contrasts with the cooling effect of purely scattering aerosol components. Pure
BC particles rarely occur in the atmosphere, however. Soon after emission, BC becomes mixed with other aerosol
chemical components such as sulfates and organics. BC-containing aerosols can have either a warming effect or acooling effect on climate depending on the albedo of the underlying surface relative to the albedo of the BC hazeitself. The albedo of the haze depends on what other chemical species are present, their relative amounts, and whether
they primarily scatter or absorb light. As a result, when determining the climate impact of BC and the effectiveness ofa given mitigation strategy, species co-emitted with BC (e.g., OC and SO2) must be taken into account.
BC-containing aerosols in the Arctic can perturb the radiation balance in a number of ways. Direct aerosol
forcing occurs through absorption or scattering of solar (shortwave) radiation by aerosols. An absorbing aerosol, suchas one containing BC, over a highly reflective surface will result in warming at altitudes above and within the hazelayer (Shaw, 1995). The added atmospheric heating will subsequently increase the downward longwave radiation to
the surface, warming the surface and accelerating the initiation of snow/sea ice melting. With the highly reflective
surfaces typical of the Arctic springtime, even a moderately absorbing aerosol can lead to a heating of thesurface-atmosphere-aerosol column.
Radiative forcing by BC can also result from aerosol-cloud interactions (Yun et al., 2013). The aerosol firstindirect effect in the shortwave occurs when pollution particles lead to an increase in cloud droplet number
concentration, a decrease in the size of the droplets, a corresponding increase in shortwave cloud albedo, and coolingat the surface (Twomey, 1977). Measurements made at Barrow, Alaska over a four-year period indicate that pollution
transported to the Arctic produces high cloud drop number concentrations and small cloud droplet effective radii in17§3. Proposed Research Themes

low-level cloud microstructures (Garrett et al., 2004).
Measurements and global modeling studies indicate that carbonaceous aerosols have a significantly larger
impact on cloud albedo than sulfate aerosols (Lohmann et al., 2000). Aerosol-cloud interactions can also lead tosignificant longwave forcing and warming at the surface. When the cloud droplet number concentration of thin Arctic
liquid-phase clouds is increased through interaction with anthropogenic aerosols, the clouds become more efficient at
trapping and re-emitting longwave radiation (Garrett et al, 2006).
BC-containing aerosol has an additional forcing mechanism when it is deposited to snow and ice surfaces(Clarke and Noone, 1985; Bogorodsky et al., 2014). Such deposition enhances absorption of solar radiation at thesurface, which can warm and induce snow and ice melting. The BC snow/ice forcing mechanism is in addition to thestronger snow-albedo feedback process. Snow-albedo feedback is driven by the melting of snow and loss of sea ice
exposing darker surfaces and enhancing absorption of radiation and surface warming. Surface temperature responses
are strongly linked to surface radiative forcings in the Arctic because the stable atmosphere of the region prevents
rapid heat exchange with the upper troposphere (Hansen and Nazarenko, 2004).
In light of the many atmospheric processes altering the properties and lifetime of BC, the potential for transportof BC to the Arctic and deposition to reflective surfaces, and the multiple forcing mechanisms, it is necessary toconsider the entire source-climate response spectrum in order to establish the impact of changing emissions and theeffectiveness of mitigation action.

(3) Goal
To quantify how changes in black carbon (BC) emissions affect atmospheric concentrations of BC and surface
albedo in the Arctic.

(4) Possible scientific directions for collaboration• Elaboration of approaches and advanced methods for BC physical and optical measurements.
• Quantification of aerosol emission sources of pollution by diesel, shipping, and biomass burning (agriculturaland wildfires).
• Estimation for imputing the local and long-transport aerosol impacts on the Arctic marine environment.
• Study of cloud formation processes due to aerosols in the Arctic.
• Characterization of BC in snow cover during deposition events to quantify the role of BC in snow/ice
transformation.
• Development of light instruments for studying vertical distribution BC with unmanned aircraft.

(5) Proposed methodology• Measure BC and other aerosols in the Arctic region on the basis of on going international monitoring methods
in the global network.
• Measure BC in sampled precipitation (rain and snow) and snow on the ground.
• Make model calculations to identify source regions and transport processes of BC and evaluate its impact on
snow/ice albedo.
18

§3. Proposed Research Themes(6) First steps in collaboration
1) We plan to organize atmospheric BC measurement using the COSMOS instrument, developed by the
University of Tokyo (UT), in the Russian Arctic. The University of Tokyo (UT) will provide the COSMOS
instrument and AARI will operate the COSMOS instrument on their own responsibility in the Ice Base Cape
Baranova scientific station. For this purpose, Russian scientists will visit UT in Tokyo, Japan for training on
operation and data analysis (this will likely take two weeks to one month). This is a critical step for accurate
measurement in Russia. AARI will send data to UT in a timely manner. If satellite Internet is installed, it will
be possible for UT to monitor the data on a computer used for COSMOS, using TeamViewer or other software.
AARI will send the instrument back to UT if instrument trouble occurs, because, due to the limitations ofhuman resources in UT, their scientists cannot visit the observation site.
2) A new mobile portable aethalometer will be developed by MSU/CAO for long-term atmospheric monitoring in
the Ice Base Cape Baranova station. It will be inter-calibrated with the COSMOS instrument and linked tobuild a local network for mobile monitoring measurement campaigns.
3) We also plan to collect and analyze precipitation (rain/snow) water and samples from filters installed by theInstitute of Nuclear Physics (INP) and AARI in the Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi and Ice Base Cape
Baranova.
4) We plan to execute short field campaigns for measurements of BC vertical distributions with Unmanned Arial
Vehicles (UAVs) equipped with jointly developed lightweight instruments, developed in Russia.

As a result, we expect to obtain important new information about BC and other aerosol pollution in the Russian
Arctic, its origin, and its influence on the Arctic environment in less-investigated regions. UT, AARI, and INP will
share data and write scientific papers together with appropriate co-authorship.
References
Bogorodsky PV, Makshtas AP, Marchenko AV, Kustov VYu. 2014. The role of coal pollution in intensification of fast ice melting in
Sveja Bay (Van Mijenfjorden Fiord, West Spitsbergen Island). Snow and Ice. 1(125):101–112. Russian.
Chung C, Ramanathan V, Kiehl J. 2002. Effects of South Asian absorbing haze on the Northeast monsoon and surface-air heatexchange. J Climate. 15:2462–2476.
Clarke AD, Noone KJ. 1985. Soot in the Arctic Snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer. Atmos Env.
19(12):2045–2053.
Garrett TJ, Zhao C, Dong X, Mace GG, Hobbs PV. 2004. Effects of varying aerosol regimes on low-level Arctic stratus. Geophys Res
Lett. 31(17). 10.1029/2004GL019928.
Garrett TJ, Zhao C. 2006. Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes. Nature.
440:787–789. 10.1038/nature04636.
Yun Y, Penner JE, Popovicheva, O. 2013. The effects of hygroscopicity on ice nucleation of fossil fuel combustion aerosols in
mixed-phase clouds. Atmos Chem Phys. 13:4339–4348.
Hansen J, Nazarenko L. 2004. Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 101:423–428.
Lohmann U, Feichter J, Penner JE, Leaitch WR. 2000. Indirect effect of sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols: A mechanistic treatment. J
Geophys Res. 105:12193–12206.
Shaw GE. 1995. Arctic haze phenomenon. B Am Meteorol Soc. 76:2403–2413.
Twomey SA. 1977. The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. J Atmos Sci. 34:1149–1152.

19

§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.2 THEME 2: Preliminary joint study in the frame of the Polar Prediction Project(1) Proposers<Japanese side>
Jun Inoue (National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan)<Russian side>
Alexander Makshtas (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia)(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
Radiosonde data over the Arctic Ocean are very limited due to the difficulty of operational observations. To date,
only a few Arctic expeditions have provided data (e.g., Inoue et al., 2011). The number of radiosondes launched over
the Arctic Ocean has been very limited; however, the impact of Arctic radiosonde observations on weather forecasts
and reanalyses data has not been fully investigated. Using the special radiosonde data observed by the Japanese
research vessel “Mirai” and the data assimilation system developed by the Earth Simulator Center at JAMSTEC,
Inoue et al. (2013) demonstrated that high-temporal radiosonde observations over a portion of the ice-free Arctic
Ocean can help reduce uncertainty, not just at the local observation site and time, but throughout the northern half of
the Northern Hemisphere for weeks afterwards.
An improved weather forecasting capacity over the ice-free Arctic Ocean is vital for safe ship navigation in the
Northern Sea Route and Northwest Passage, because storms can generate strong winds, high waves, icing on the shipsurface, and sea-ice advection. A precise prediction depends on not only a sophisticated model itself, but also in situ
observations. Expansion of the Arctic observation network would also help improve weather forecasting over the
mid-latitudes. Therefore, the impact of a special sounding array on local and remote atmospheric circulations will be
investigated by expanding the observation network with international collaboration. Japan has led the Arctic Research
Collaboration for Radiosonde Observing System Experiment (ARCROSE) since the autumn of 2013. This project
consists of intensified Arctic sounding network and data assimilation. The aim of this project is to understand theuncertainty of Arctic atmospheric circulation, and to propose a future observation network.

(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
This scientific direction is a timely fit with the Polar Prediction Project (PPP), which has been formallyestablished by the WMO’s World Weather Research Programme (WWRP). One of the key elements of the Polar
Prediction Project is the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP), which will consider both the Arctic and Antarctic, and isscheduled to take place from mid-2017 to mid-2019. The intention is to have an extended period of coordinatedintensive observational and modeling activities in order to improve polar prediction capabilities on a wide range oftime scales. YOPP is expected to foster relationships with partners, provide common focused objectives, and be held
over a bit more than a one-year period in association with a field campaign providing additional observations. It
should coincide with, support, and draw on other related planned activities for polar regions.
During the YOPP Preparation Phase (until mid-2017) plans will be further developed through international
workshops, there will be engagement with stakeholders and arrangement of funding, coordination of observations andmodels, and preparatory research. The YOPP from mid-2017 to mid-2019 encompasses four major elements: an20

§3. Proposed Research Themes

intensive observing period, a complementary intensive modeling and forecasting period, a period of enhanced
monitoring of forecast use in decision making including verification, and a special educational effort. The YOPP
Consolidation Phase from mid-2019 to 2022 will provide a legacy of data and publications, as well as implementationof YOPP findings to achieve significant improvement in environmental prediction capabilities not only for the polar
regions, but also beyond these regions, because of linkages with lower latitudes.

(4) Approaches and Methods
In the framework of preparation for the Year of Polar Prediction there has been a proposal to organize
radiosoundings more often (four times per day) at the Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi and at Ice Base Cape
Baranov on the Bolshevik Island (in recent times both polar observatories have been executing one sounding per day).
The cooperation could be organized (among other options) under the Program of Scientific and TechnicalCooperation between the Russian Federation and Japan for 2013–2016. The ARCROSE project might be a good
opportunity for mutual collaboration.
The Russian side presented information about the radiosounding systems installed at Tiksi and Bolshevik Island,
which could be used during YOPP. Based on the discussion, the following things to be prepared for soundings at
Cape Baranova during YOPP under Japan-Russia collaboration have been elaborated: (1) equipment for datatransmission for GTS; (2) extra Vaisala (RS92) sensors (two extra launches per day × 365 days); and (3) high-quality
balloons (e.g., TOTEX balloons: four balloons per day × 365 days). The total estimated cost is approximately
350,000 USD.
Preliminary estimations for Tiksi, executed by the Yakutian Branch of Roshydromet, would be done during theyear before the beginning of the joint study. After meeting and taken into account the absence of any plans for fieldstudies of free atmosphere by NIPR in 2015, this joint study would be focused on the YOPP/MOSAiC year(2018–2019).

References
Inoue J, Hori ME, Enomoto T, Kikuchi T. 2011. Intercomparison of surface heat transfer near the Arctic marginal ice zone for multiple
reanalyses: A case study of September 2009. SOLA. 7:57–60.
Inoue J, Enomoto T, Hori ME. 2013. The impact of radiosonde data over the ice-free Arctic Ocean on the atmospheric circulation in the
Northern Hemisphere. Geophys Res Lett. 30:864–869.

21§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.3 THEME 3: Reliability and risk estimation for sea-ice navigation along the Northern Sea Route(1) Proposers (Main proposer：＊)<Japanese side>＊Hajime Yamaguchi (University of Tokyo)
Noriaki Kimura (NIPR/University of Tokyo)
Kazutaka Tateyama (Kitami Institute of Technology)<Russian side>＊Sergei Frolov (AARI)
Tatiana Alexeeva (AARI)(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
The Northern Sea Route (NSR) has been opened due to sea ice retreat in the summer Arctic Ocean. We need tofocus on hydrometeorological conditions and ecological safety in the NSR area caused by increased shippingtransportation. Sea ice is the main obstacle for navigation in the Arctic. Risk estimation of ice navigation with thehelp of simulation modeling of vessel movement will lead to obtaining the objective performance of the maritime
transport system and to the development of effective recommendations for risk minimization.
Concerning these problems, research on the use of the NSR in Japan has been carried out since the International
Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP) in 1999. Additional research on temporal and spatial variations of sea ice
by using numerical models, satellite remote-sensing data, and field observation has become active in recent decades.
In Russia, a model for risk estimation of ship navigation through the ice cover had been developed at the AARI
in the 1980s. The empirical model has been the main instrument to select an optimal route of navigation up to thepresent time. Information on the ice cover, and correspondingly the calculations, are robust, i.e., oriented on an
estimation of average parameters of difficulty of navigation. This method makes it possible to provide navigational
recommendations, obtain comparative analyses of various routes of navigation, study temporal variability ofconditions of navigation, etc.

(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
We propose the following framework of collaborative work between Russia and Japan.
1) Analysis of sea ice and hydrometeorological conditions.
2) Advanced sea ice prediction and forecasting with requirements from shipping operations taken into
consideration.
3) On-site observations to improve satellite remote sensing and model predictions.
4) Risk analysis and databases during ice-ship impact and ship icing.
5) Cost/benefit analysis.
6) Developing an empirical-statistical model of quantitative estimation of navigational difficulty for operating
and projected vessel types, developed in the AARI.
7) Developing objective criteria and methods of estimation of integrated risks of icebreaker exploitation and iceclass vessel navigation through the ice cover.
22§3. Proposed Research Themes8) Drawing up recommendations for independent objective estimations of navigation reliability.

(4) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
Under the GRENE Arctic Project, a Japanese group is proceeding with studies of sea ice and NSR:
high-resolution numerical modeling of sea ice, medium-range ice forecasting by a statistical method, satellite
monitoring of sea-ice thickness, optimum routing of ships in the ice area, ship-ocean interaction, and economicalevaluation.
AARI has a wealth of data and expertise on hydrometeorological and ice conditions in Arctic seas, including
work on ice navigation and hazard assessments through model simulation, which will be evaluated to minimize risks
for operators and coastal communities.
The Japanese group’s experience in satellite remote sensing, numerical modeling, and economical evaluation
will be useful for Russian activities. Knowledge and data from the Russian side are necessary for the Japanese group
to develop these studies. This collaboration will certainly bring a wide range of benefits for both sides.

(5) Approaches and Methods
First, we will analyze sea ice and hydrometeorological conditions using field observation and remote-sensing
data. The Japanese side anticipates opportunities to participate in on-site observations using Russian icebreakers (e.g.,
the Akademik Fyodorov) and drifting ice/ground stations (e.g., NP or Tiksi) from 2015. The Japanese side hopes to
use their remote sensing tools such as ship-borne/airborne electromagnetic induction ice thickness profilers, 3D laser
scanner, passive microwave radiometers, and so on to measure snow depth, ice thickness, roughness, surface salinity,
and temperature. Based on these analyses, Japanese collaborators will develop several algorithms for deriving
information on snow depth, ice thickness, and surface melting from satellite microwave data (SSM/I, SSMIS,AMSR-E, AMSR2) and improve the method for medium-range ice forecasting using the field observation data fromthe Russian side of the Arctic.
In the framework of Japanese-Russian collaboration, there is a plan to adapt the model to estimate risks ofnavigation along the NSR. Distribution of characteristics and determined difficulties of navigation on the perspective
routes of navigation will be analyzed. The present changes in the ice cover and limited amount of operating
information will be taken into account. To test a model and to show its application to planning navigation in the
Arctic, a model will be used to estimate risks of navigation of the most likely types of ships along the NSR over theyears with easy, average, and difficult ice conditions.
A model experiment to estimate the difficulties of ship navigation in various ice conditions, and to calculate theprobability of damage to ships in the definite area of navigation, will be carried out. We plan to create an instrumentthat will enable quantitative estimation of the difficulties of modern ship navigation.

23§3. Proposed Research Themes

Figure 3.3-1. Scheme of the study and responsibility of each sides.

24§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.4 THEME 4: Comparative study on carbon and water in the permafrost ecosystem of Siberia(1) Proposers (Main proposer:＊)<Japanese side>＊Atsuko Sugimoto (Hokkaido University)
Yoshihiro Iijima (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology)
Toshinobu Machida (National Institute for Environmental Research)
Yojiro Matsuura (Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute)Takeshi Ohta (Nagoya University)
Rikie Suzuki (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology)<Russian side>
Trofim Maximov (Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, North Eastern Federal University)
Alexander Fedorov (Melnikov Permafrost Institute)
Sergey Goryachkin (Institute for Geography)
Boris Belan Zuev (Institute of Atmospheric Optics)
Anatoly Prokushkin (Sukachev Institute of Forest)(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
The Russian Arctic occupies one-quarter of the total terrestrial region of the Arctic. Material cycles in this large
area seem to greatly affect the global climate system through various feedback processes. The Arctic and sub-Arctic
region in Siberia play an important role in the Arctic system due to the existence of permafrost, which also creates
uncertainties for future projections including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The permafrost condition undergoes
significant spatial changes from west to east, which results in changes in the response of larches and also in the
carbon and water cycles. The geology and soil type in each region also affect these factors. Terrestrial ecosystems in
Siberia vary not only from south to north, but also from west to east.
(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
As described above, permafrost characterizes theecosystem in Siberia. Permafrost degradation has a great
influence on the ecosystem, and results in changes in thewater and carbon cycles, and GHG emissions. Irreversible
change such as alas formation may occur if the permafrost in
the area is rich in ice, as shown in the figure below. How theecosystem changes depends on the characteristics of thepermafrost and the geological setting. Changes in surface
condition severely affect vegetation and GHG emissions.
Therefore, due to the spatial variability of the ecosystems,
current status, responses to environmental changes, and25

Figure 3.4-1. Schematic figure of changes in surface
condition and carbon cycle with permafrost dedradation.

§3. Proposed Research Themes

resulting feedback are expected to be different among regions. We therefore set the research questions as follows.
Q1: What are the differences in the status of climate, soil, vegetation, and carbon budget among
Siberian regions?
Q2: How does the feedback mechanism in each region differ?
Clarifying these research questions will contribute to a better understanding of the Arctic system.
(4) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
Japanese and Russian scientists have been cooperating on observational research in Siberia for more than 20
years. Spasskaya Pad is a super-site in eastern Siberia, where fully equipped hydro-meteorological observation was
initiated in 1998 under cooperation between Russian and Japanese scientists in the GEWEX-GAME/Siberia project.
Spasskaya Pad is also placed as an important site to acquire ground truth values for satellite remote sensing.
Observations in central Siberia and western Siberia have also been started by Russian and Japanese joint projects.
There are already many findings on the processes of material cycles in each region, while comparative studies ortrans-regional studies have not yet been fully attempted. Based on this long history as well as the experience andachievement in each region, it is possible to take on trans-regional and comparative studies, as proposed here.
Cooperation between Russian scientists and Japanese scientists who are well acquainted with the processes at the site
is essential for the proposed research here.
(5) Approaches and Methods(a) Regional studies
To clarify and predict future changes in water and carbon cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, and GHG exchange
and emission, observations will be conducted as follows.
• Comprehensive hydro-meteorological and biogeochemical and ecological observations at super-sites for tundra(Tiksi), the tundra-taiga boundary (Chokurdakh), and taiga (Yakutsk and Ust-Maya), including tower flux
observations, soil respiration and CH4 emissions, and ecological investigations on biomass and carbon storage.
• Reconstruction of forest stand structure and carbon sequestration trajectory through stand development.
• Observations on atmospheric greenhouse gases by aircraft and ground towers in Siberia.
• The flow of greenhouse gases and 14C of litter, peat, and soils at various sites with different kinds of climate andland use in European Russia, and other regions.

Figure 3.4-2. Map of observation
area. Observation sites will be set inwestern, central and eastern Siberia.

26§3. Proposed Research Themes(b) Trans-regional, continental-scale, and comparative studies
On the basis of the results at each site, investigations will be expanded to trans-regional and continental scales
by monitoring and sampling as follows.
•

Permafrost monitoring across the region to ascertain the current status.

•

Observations on tree ring width and carbon isotope ratios to clarify the trend of growth change and its
controlling factors.

•

Estimation of soil carbon and biomass by observation and data mining.

•

Airborne observation on GHGs for comparison between western and eastern Siberia.

•

Satellite image analysis to estimate leaf area index (LAI), forest above-ground biomass (AGB), and phenology(growing season) accompanied by ground-level surveys for ground truth acquisition.

(6) Expected Outcomes or Products
Differences and similarities in the processes of water and carbon cycles and responses of permafrost ecosystems
will be clarified from comparative and synthetic studies by means of comparisons among the regions. These results
will be fundamental for future projections by modeling.
Regional- to continental-scale vegetation distributions (LAI, forest AGB, and growing season) will be delineatedbased on satellite data, which will provide us with a baseline to discuss the spatio-temporal variability of vegetation
and related material cycles.

Figure 3.4-3. Research structure of comparative study on carbon and water in permafrost ecosystem of Siberia.

27§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.5 THEME 5: Glacier research in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic(1) Proposers (Main proposer:＊)<Japanese side>＊Shin Sugiyama (Hokkaido University)
Kumiko Goto-Azuma (NIPR)
Nozomu Takeuchi (Chiba University)
Hiroyuki Enomoto (NIPR)
Tetsuo Ohata (JAMSTEC)<Russian side>＊Vladimir M. Kotlyakov (Institute of Geography RAS, Moscow)
Andrey F. Glazovsky (Institute of Geography RAS, Moscow)
Maria Ananicheva (Institute of Geography RAS, Moscow)
Sergey R. Verkulich (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg)(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem(a) Glaciers in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic
Glaciers in the Russian Arctic cover an area of 51,160 km2, which corresponds to 7% of the total glacier area on
earth (IPCC, 2013). Most of these glaciers are located on the archipelagos in the Arctic Ocean: Novaya Zemlya,
Severnaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, and the De Long Islands (Figure 3.5-1). In addition to those in the Arctic
Ocean, glaciers are distributed in the sub-Arctic, including the Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka regions.

Figure 3.5-1. Map showing glacierdistributions in the Russian Arctic.

(b) Glacier changes in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic
The glaciers in Russia are losing mass, resulting in contributions to sea level rises. Recent projections of sea
level rises in the 21st century state that glacier mass loss in the Russian Arctic accounts for 13% of the total
28

§3. Proposed Research Themes

contribution of global glacier mass loss (Radic and Hock, 2014).
This estimate indicates a relatively rapid glacier mass loss in thisregion, because glacier volume in the Russian Arctic corresponds toonly 8% of the global total. Among these glaciers, those on Novaya
Zemlya lost ice mass most rapidly over the last decade: 80% of themass loss in the Russian Arctic archipelagos from 2003 to 2011 has
occurred on this island (Figure 3.5-2) (Moholdt et al., 2012), whichis covered by ice over an area of 22,182 km2.
The influence of rapidly rising air temperature in the Russian
Arctic is clear (e.g., Konya et al., 2014). However, the glacierchanges are not spatially uniform, suggesting additional controls on
the rate of ice mass loss in the Russian Arctic (Kotlyakov et al,

Figure 3.5-2. Recent mass loss in the threearchipelagos in the Russian Arctic (Moholdt et al.,2012)2010). Surface elevation changes over the glaciers on Novaya
Zemlya show that ice thinning is greater near the coast, particularly
near the front of marine-terminating calving glaciers (Carr et al.,2014). Thinning and retreat are more significant on the western sideof the island (Barents Sea side) as compared to those on the easternside (Kara Sea side). It has been suggested that the glaciers on theeastern side are more protected by sea ice, which covers the Kara
Sea over a longer period of the year than the Barents Sea (Figure
3.5-3). Such interaction with the ocean is suspected as a control of
the recent rapid retreat of calving glaciers in Greenland.

(c) Previous Japan-Russia collaboration in glaciology
Japanese and Russian researchers have been collaborating inglaciological research activities for the last several decades.
Previous collaborations include glacier research in the Eastern
Siberia and Kamchatka regions, and drilling and analyses of ice
cores from Russian glaciers and other regions such as Antarctica.

Figure 3.5-3. Satellite image of Novaya Zemlya.
Note the clear contrast in the sea ice coverage overthe Barents and Kara Sea. This MODIS satellite
image was acquired on June 11, 2001 (NASA).

Japanese researchers in Hokkaido University, the National Instituteof Polar Research, and the Kitami Institute of Technology have been deeply involved in these collaborations. In
Russia, the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, and Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute haveplayed a central role in the collaboration.
With the background described above, we propose future collaboration between Japanese and Russian scientists
in the field of glaciological research in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Because of the recently
accelerating warming trend in the Arctic, it is urgently necessary to quantify glacier changes and understand themechanisms driving ice mass loss in the region. Moreover, studying paleoclimatic conditions using ice cores isincreasingly important to better understand current and future climate changes. Based on the discussion at theJapan-Russia Workshop on Arctic Research held in Tokyo on October 28–30, 2014, possible research subjects,29§3. Proposed Research Themes

methodologies, and study sites are proposed in the following sections.

(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals(a) Mass loss of glaciers
Glaciers are retreating and thinning in the Russian Arctic. However, measurements of the ice mass change are
relatively sparse in the region, and thus more accurate quantification of current glacier mass loss is required.
Moreover, a detailed understanding of glacier mass balance processes (i.e., snow accumulation, surface melting,melt water refreezing, calving, and melting in the ocean) is required to project mass loss in the future. More reliablelong-term data are needed, and therefore monitoring of mass balance and ice speed is essential to achieving thesegoals. To study ice-ocean interactions, collaborative research activities with an ocean research group should beconsidered.

(b) Microbes and impurities in snow and ice
Among the processes related to the glacier mass balance, the influences of dust, black carbon, and microbes on
glacier surface albedo are poorly defined. Recent studies in Greenland revealed a substantial impact of darkening of
the ice surface on the glacier mass balance (Sugiyama et al., 2014), and this change in the ice surface condition isdriven by biological processes as observed in other regions (Takeuchi et al., 2001). On the snow surface, black
carbon and dust play key roles in the reduction of albedo by absorbing insolation, as well as by accelerating snow
grain growth. Collection of ice and snow samples from different regions is needed to better understand the spatial
distributions of organic and inorganic impurities and their roles in glacier changes in the Arctic.

(c) Ice cores
New ice cores from Russian Arctic glaciers will act as an excellent tool for the reconstruction of environmental
history in the Arctic. Detailed knowledge of the past is also important to project changes in the future. New datafrom ice cores are required to better understand the recent warming trend, changes in precipitation, sea ice
conditions, and deposition of chemicals, dust and black carbon. These ice core data can be applied to estimate thepast and future mass balance of glaciers as well as material transport in the Arctic.

(4) Approaches and Methods
The above-proposed subjects will be studied by means of field measurements, satellite and airborne remotesensing, snow and ice sampling and analyses, climatic data analysis, and numerical modeling. Japanese and Russianscientists will share their resources and facilities in the field and laboratory, and jointly develop novel researchtechniques and instruments. We list possible research activities below.
(a) Land-based measurements: GPS measurements for ice speed and surface elevation; radar echo sounding for ice
thickness; subglacial and englacial measurements in hot-water-drilled boreholes; verification data for satellite
remote sensing (e.g., surface elevation, ice speed, albedo).
(b) Airborne measurements: radar echo sounding for ice thickness; laser altimetry; aerial photogrammetry.
(c) Satellite remote sensing: glacier front position; surface elevation (stereo photogrammetry); ice velocity; speed;
albedo; sea ice; sea surface temperature.
30

§3. Proposed Research Themes(d)Ocean measurements: seawater properties (e.g., temperature, salinity, turbidity, circulation); ocean depth
sounding; water sampling and analysis; sea ice observation.
(e) Ice core analyses: black carbon; isotope composition; aerosols; chemical impurities; physical properties of ice.
(f) Climate data analysis: weather station data; reanalysis data.
(g) Numerical modeling: mass balance modeling; ice dynamics modeling; regional climate modeling.
(h) Glacial microbe analysis.

(5) Study sites(a) Novaya Zemlya
To study glacier mass loss in the Russian Arctic, the scientifically most interesting region is Novaya Zemlya(Figures 3.5-1 and 3.5-3), where the most rapid mass loss is occurring at calving glaciers. This is an ideal site to
study ice-ocean interactions, which is possibly a most important driver in rapid glacier changes. We should bear inmind that field activity in this region is logistically demanding. Helicopter operation for a long distance and lodging
in a difficult environment should be solved in advance. We can probably start with satellite studies and look for a
possibility to organize a field campaign that is well-focused on an important subject.

(b) Severnaya Zemlya
Severnaya Zemlya (Figures 3.5-1 and 3.5-4) provides locations for different types of glaciological research. For
the last half-century, many measurement and sampling activities have been performed in this region (Figure 3.5-4).
Large ice caps are ideal sites for long-term mass balance monitoring, as well as snow and ice sampling. Some partsof the ice caps are flowing into the ocean, and thus offer locations for studies on ice-ocean interaction. The summitsof ice caps are ideal drilling sites for ice cores, and indeed, several ice cores have been drilled on some of the ice
caps in the past (Fritzsche et al., 2002). These activities are more feasible on Severnaya Zemlya because oflogistical support from the Baranov research station.

Figure 3.5-4. Satellite image of Severnaya Zemlya, showing thelocations of previous glaciological research activities (1–5) and
Baranov station (Δ). (1) Mass balance measurements on Dezhnev Ice
Dome (1965–1975). (2) Mass balance and ice thickness
measurements, and drilling on Vavilov Ice Dome (1974–1990). (3) Ice
core drilling on Academy of Sciences Ice Cap (1986–1987,
2001–2003). (4) Snow and ice sampling. (5) Mass balancemeasurements on Mushketov Glacier. This MODIS satellite image
was acquired on July 6, 2001 (NASA).

(c) Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka
Japan and Russia have been working together on the glaciers in northeastern Russia. Glacier measurements and31§3. Proposed Research Themes

ice core drilling were carried out in the Kamchatka Peninsula in the late 1990s (Shiraiwa et al., 2001). Field
campaigns have been organized on the glaciers in the Suntar-Khayata region (Takahashi et al., 2011), and thisresearch activity was continued by the recent Japanese GRENE Arctic Project. Glaciers in these regions are
relatively less studied, and thus suffer from a lack of on-site data. Because old glaciological data exist for manysites in these areas, collecting new data provides an opportunity to study glacier changes over the last several
decades. The project, proposed by a group of glaciologists from IG RAS, Moscow, will also include assessment ofmountain glaciers in Northeast Siberia in the changing climate from the recent past to the present time and up to thenear future. This will be done using glaciological and climate data, field measurements, satellite imagery, andprojections by climate change models. The study of mountain glaciers had been conducted earlier in those regions
shown in Figures 3.5-5 and 3.5-6.

Figure 3.5-5. Study regions where estimation of the state ofmountain glaciers was conducted (blue ovals) and is proposed for
new work in the future cooperation (red oval).

Figure 3.5-6. Total reduction of glacier areas in km2 in all glacierregions until the present: Suntar-Khayata Range, since 1945, Chersky
Range, since 1970, Byrranga Mountains, since 1967, Meinypylginsky
Range, since revision in the 1980s (Ananicheva, 2014).

32§3. Proposed Research Themes

References
Ananicheva MD. 2014. Assessment of the area, volume and ELA of glacier systems in Northeast Russia from satellite images in the
beginning of the twenty-first century. Ice and Snow. 1(125):35–48.
Ananicheva MD, Koreisha MM, Takahashi S. 2005. Assessment of glacier shrinkage from maximum in the LIA in the Suntar-Khayata
Range, North-East Siberia. Japanese Society of Snow and Ice: Bulletin of Glaciological Research. 22:9–17.
Carr, JR, Stokes C, Vieli A. 2014. Recent retreat of major outlet glaciers on Novaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, influenced by fjord
geometry and sea-ice conditions. Journal of Glaciology. 60(219):155–170.
Konya K, Kadota T, Yabuki H, Ohata T. 2014. Fifty years of meteo-glaciological change in Toll Glacier, Bennett Island, De Long Islands,
Siberian Arctic. Polar Science. 8:86–95.
Kotlyakov VM, Glazovsky AF, Frolov IE. 2010. Glaciation of the Arctic. Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 80(2):155–164.
Fritzsche D, Wilhelms F, Savatyugin LM, Pinglot JF, Meyer H, Hubberten HW, Miller H. 2002. A new deep ice core from Akademii
Nauk ice cap, Severnaya Zemlya, Eurasian Arctic: first results. Annals of Glaciology. 35:25–28.
Moholdt G , Wouters B, Gardner AS. 2012. Recent mass changes of glaciers in the Russian High Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters.
39(10):L10502.
Radic V, Hock R. 2014. Glaciers in the Earth’s hydrological cycle: assessments of glacier mass and runoff changes on global and regional
scales. Surveys in Geophysics. 35:813–837.
Shiraiwa T, Muravyev YD, Kameda T, Nishio F, Toyama Y, Takahashi A, Ovsyannikov AA, Salamatin AN, Yamagata K. 2001.
Characteristics of a crater glacier at Ushkovsky volcano as revealed by the physical properties of ice cores and borehole
thermometry. Journal of Glaciology. 47(158):423–432.
Sugiyama S, Sakakibara D, Matsuno S, Yamaguchi S, Matoba S, Aoki T. 2014. Initial field observations on Qaanaaq Ice Cap innorthwestern Greenland. Annals of Glaciology. 55(66):25–33.
Takahashi S, Sugiura K, Kameda T, Enomoto H, Kononov Y, Ananicheva MD, Kapustin G. 2011. Response of glaciers in the
Suntar–Khayata range, eastern Siberia, to climate change. Annals of Glaciology. 52(58):185–192.
Takeuchi N, Kohshima S, Seko K. 2001. Structure, formation, and darkening process of albedo-reducing material (cryoconite) on a
Himalayan glacier: a granular algal mat growing on the glacier. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research. 33(2):115–122.
IPCC AR5. 2013. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

33§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.6 THEME 6. Contemporary changes of water, heat, and dissolved and suspended organic/inorganic matter
fluxes from Siberian rivers into the Arctic Ocean(HyARCrio: Hydrology of pan-ARCtic rivers and its impact on the ocean)(1) Proposers<Japanese side>＊Tetsuya Hiyama (HyARC, Nagoya University, Japan)
Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan)<Russian side>＊Aleksandr Georgiadi (Institute of Geography RAS, Russia)
Irina Fedorova (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia)
Mikhail Tret'yakov (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia)(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
There has been noticeable warming during the last few decades in the vast Siberian region (area about 10 million
2km ). It has been accompanied by a rise in air temperature, and to lesser degree by increased precipitation. Thesechanges are characterized by considerable spatial heterogeneity and significant changes in the hydrological regime,
fluxes of heat, and dissolved/suspended matter. River runoff changes have a significant impact on the surrounding
seas, affecting the circulation of seawater masses, the formation and dynamics of multi-year sea ice, and the balanceof biogeochemical substances. The phase of long-term climate cooling, which began in 1940s, continued until the
1970–1980s. After that, the phase of climate warming has continued to the present. It could be that the phase of
global warming will stop temporally, and it could change due to a decadal mature phase in the near future, which
would lead to corresponding hydrological changes. Anthropogenic factors could also have a significant impact on theconsidered hydrological characteristics. They must be characterized by considerable spatial heterogeneity and theirscale and impacts could have changed markedly in recent decades.
Various aspects of long-term changes in different characteristics such as runoff, fluxes of heat, and suspended
sediment and dissolved matter of major rivers in the region have been studied (Alekseevsky, 2007; Georgiadi and
Kashutina, 2011, 2014; Georgiadi et al., 2011; Gordeev, 2012; Georgiadi and Zolotokrylin, 2007; Holmes et al., 2012;
Lammers et al, 2007; Nikanorov et al., 2007; Shiklomanov et al., 2007; Stuefer et al., Georgiadi and Fukushima,
2007; Shiklomanov, 2008; Yang et al., 2002). However, the degree of their synchronicities in time and space has notbeen sufficiently developed, and climatic-anthropogenic contributions to the long-term dynamics of their changes
have not been revealed.
This study is a first attempt to provide an integral assessment of the long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of themain characteristics of river runoff, fluxes of heat, and suspended sediment and dissolved matter of major rivers of
the Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean watershed. New knowledge will be obtained about: (1) the long-term phase ofchange for characteristics of annual and seasonal runoff, heat, and suspended sediment and dissolved matter in thelower reaches of the large rivers as well as the main tributaries; (2) the degree of inter-basin and intra-basin
simultaneity of changes; (3) contingency of hydrological changes with climate change (including macro-scaleatmospheric circulation and anthropogenic influences); (4) the climatic and anthropogenic contribution to the34§3. Proposed Research Themes

long-term changes; and (5) the possible impact of these changes on surrounding seas.

(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
Overall goal
The overall goal is to investigate contemporary changes of river runoff, fluxes of heat, and dissolved/suspended
organic/inorganic matter of the three largest Siberian rivers due to climatic and anthropogenic impacts, based on theuse of long-term data sets of state network stations and by conducting special field work.

Objectives (research issues)
There are four research issues in this study. They are as follows.
1) Water temperature and dissolved organic/inorganic matter, which affect sea ice extent and the primary
production of the Arctic Ocean, will be monitored in the Arctic rivers (Lena, Yenisei, and Ob) at main junctionsof tributaries as well as river mouths.
2) Spatial and temporal changes in river discharge, heat, and material fluxes due to climate/anthropogenic impacts
will be investigated.
3) Differences of hydro-geochemical processes between delta-river (Lena delta) and estuary-river (Ob and Yenisei)interaction under climate change will be investigated.
4) Re-distribution and reaction of the terrigenous matter in river-ocean mixing zones of the surrounding sea (i.e.,Kara, Laptev, and East Siberia) will be observed.

Research details are given as follows.
1) Investigation of features of long-term changes regarding annual and seasonal characteristics in river waters
during periods of observation caused by climatic changes and anthropogenic impact.
For this purpose, long-term changes of characteristics downstream of the major rivers, along them from theupper to lower reaches, and also downstream of their main tributaries will be analyzed, taking into account the main
anthropogenic factors.

2) Items(a) Spatio-temporal synchronicity of changes in characteristics within the large river basins and between them.
(b) Correlation of contemporary changes for runoff of large rivers and climatic changes (air temperature,
precipitation, and large-scale atmospheric circulation).
(c) Anthropogenic impact on long-term changes.

3) Profiling of water temperature, and dissolved and suspended matter in the Arctic rivers
Water temperature and suspended/dissolved organic/inorganic matter, which affect sea ice extent and theprimary production of the Arctic Ocean, will be monitored in the Arctic rivers (including river mouths) such as Lena,
Yenisei, and Ob.

4) Creation of GIS of large river basins including hydrometeorological, hydrochemical long-term data sets35§3. Proposed Research Themes5) Investigations in river-ocean mixing zones for a quantitative understanding of process differences between
delta-ocean (Lena delta) and estuary-ocean (Ob and Yenisei) interaction under climate change
Research vessels, fishing boats, or zodiacs will be used for observations in coastal areas (it will be necessary toseek opportunities). Also, historical observations of biogeochemical parameters in coastal regions (in the
Hydrochemical Atlas of the Arctic Ocean) will be investigated and compared with changes in river water.

6) Area of investigation
Large river basins of Siberia (Ob’, Yenisei, Lena), their major tributaries, and their estuaries and delta will be thearea of investigation (see Figure 3.6-1).

Figure 3.6-1. Map showing the area of investigation.

7) Considered characteristics• Mean annual and seasonal water discharges (river runoff).
• Water temperature and heat flux.
• Mean annual and seasonal fluxes of dissolved organic/inorganic matter.
• Mean annual and seasonal fluxes of suspended matter.
• Ice cover characteristics for river channels and estuaries and deltas.

36§3. Proposed Research Themes8) Initial data
No.

Data

1

Long-term data of standard hydrological, meteorological and hydrochemical observations
Hydrometric data
1) Monthly and daily water discharges

2) Water temperature3) Ice cover characteristics
4) Suspended matter
Hydrochemical data
1) Physical-chemical data
2) Major ions (cations and anions)
3) Organic matters and nutrients
4) Metal trace elements
2

Data of other projects (PARTNERS, ArcticGRO etc.)

3

Data collected in the UNEP GEMS/Water Program etc.

(4) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
Cooperation among scientists from different specialties and countries is particularly necessary for such complex
investigations. Cooperation by experts from Russia and Japan will allow us to obtain significant results as modern
technologies for determination of a number of investigated characteristics. This first concerns water quality indicators,
and will allow us to obtain more reliable results.

(5) Approaches and Methods
The studies will be based on interconnected geographical, hydrological, and statistical techniques, forming an
original approach that allows us to identify regularities of long-term changes in the considered characteristics.
Relationships, degrees of synchronicity in time and space, and the contribution of climatic and anthropogenic factors
in the long-term dynamics will be analyzed. The project participants have contributed to the development of a numberof methods and have significant experience in applying the methods mentioned above in river basins of the Siberian
sector of the Arctic Ocean watershed (Alekseevsky, 2007; Georgiadi et al., 2008a, 2008b; Georgiadi et al. 2011;
Georgiadi and Kashutina, 2011, 2014).

Methods
We will apply the following methodologies.
(a) Long-term data set analysis• Geographical regionalization using GIS (Geographical Information System) to explore: (1) intra-year andlong-term changes of characteristics; and (2) the types of human impacts on the hydrological regime.
• Methods for naturalization of river runoff based on river indicators of climate conditions and methods ofhydrograph transformation.
• Methods for analysis of long-term and short-term changes of characteristics (curves of cumulative sums of37

§3. Proposed Research Themes

normalized annual values of characteristics; Fourier and wavelet analysis).
• Statistical approaches to detect characteristics of regressions for two periods with different types of climate andanthropogenic influences.
• Methods of hierarchical classification.

(b) Use of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model
The POM (Princeton Ocean Model) will be used to detect seasonal hydrological processes including ice
processes. Using this model, long-term changes in the seasonal processes of interaction between the river and sea in
the Ob and Yenisei estuaries will be performed. Boundary conditions using data from state network stations to
calculate the characteristics of hydrological processes in these estuaries will be applied.

(c) Conducting field measurements and laboratory analysis of water samples
DOC, DIC, DON, DIN (together with C and N isotopes), water isotopes, and major cations and anions will bemonitored. The sampling sites will be major junctions of tributaries as well as main streams.

Outline of Project Working Packages
Project working packages (WPs) are shown in Figure 3.6-2.

Figure 3.6-2. Working package of the Project.

(5) Expected Outcomes or Products
Knowledge regarding temporal and spatial regularities of long-term changes for the complex of characteristics
within this huge region (including estuaries) caused by changes of climate and anthropogenic influence will be
improved. A hydrologically oriented GIS of large Siberian river basins will be presented. The investigation results
will be disseminated through a special website and joint publications.
38§3. Proposed Research Themes

References
Alekseevsky NA, ed. 2007. Geo-ecological state of the Russian Arctic shore and security of use of natural resources. Moscow: GEOS.
(in Russian)Georgiadi AG, Fukushima Y, editors. 1999. Water and energy cycle in permafrost regions of Eastern Siberia. Moscow and Nagoya:Institute for Hydrospheric Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. Research report of IAHS, No. 6 and GAME publication
No. 17.
Georgiadi AG, Kashutina EA. 2011. Regional features of river water inflow into Arctic Ocean. In: Contribution of Russia to International
Polar Year 2007/2008: Polar cryosphere and continental water. Paulsen: Moscow and St. Petersburg; p. 252–264. (in Russian)Georgiadi AG, Kashutina EA. 2014. Features of long-term changes of annual and seasonal runoff for rivers of the Lena River basin. Proc.
of Russian Academy of Sciences, Geographical series. 2:71–83. (in Russian)Georgiadi AG, Koronkevich NI, Milyukova IP, Kislov AV, Anisimov OA, Barabanova EA, Kashutina EA. 2011. Scenario assessment ofprobable runoff changes in Russian large river basins: Part 1, Lena River basin. Moscow: Maks Press. (in Russian)Georgiadi AG, Milyukova IP, Kashutina EA. 2008a. Recent and projected river runoff changes in permafrost regions of Eastern Siberia(Lena River Basin). Proceedings of International Conference on Permafrost (ICOP); June 29 to July 3, 2008; Fairbanks, Alaska.
Georgiadi AG, Milyukova IP, Kashutina EA. 2008b. Sensitivity of river runoff in Eastern Siberia to recent and projected global climate
warming. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Arctic Research (ISAR-1); November 4–6, 2008; Tokyo, Japan.
p. 100–103.
Georgiadi AG, Milyukova IP, Kashutina EA. 2010. Response of river runoff in the Cryolithic Zone of Eastern Siberia (Lena River Basin)
to future climate warming. In: H. Balzter (ed.), Environmental change in Siberia: earth observation, field studies, and modelling.
Advances in Global Change Research 40:157–169. DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8641-9_10.
Georgiadi AG, Zolotokrylin AN, editors. 2007. Heat and water cycles of permafrost landscapes in Eastern Siberia and their factors.
Moscow-Tver’: Triada. Russian.
Gordeev VV. 2012. Geochemistry of the river-sea system. Moscow. (in Russian)Holmes RM, McClelland JW, Peterson BJ, Tank SE, Bulygina E, Eglinton TI, Gordeev VV, Gurtovaya TY, Raymond PA, Repeta DJ,
Staples R, Striegl RG, Zhulidov AV, Zimov SA. 2012. Seasonal and annual fluxes of nutrients and organic matter from large rivers
to the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas. Estuaries and Coasts. 3:369–382.
Lammers RB, Pundsack JW, Shiklomanov AI. 2007. Variability in river temperature, discharge, and energy flux from the Russianpan-Arctic landmass. Journal of Geophysical Research. 112(G04S59):1–15.
Nikanorov AM, Ivanov VV, Bryzgalo VA. 2007. Rivers of the Russian Arctic in recent conditions of anthropogenic impact. Rostov on
Don: NOK. (in Russian)
Shiklomanov IA, editor. 2008. Water resources of Russia and their use. St. Petersburg: State Hydrological Institute. (in Russian)
Shiklomanov AI, Lammers RB, Lettenmaier DR, Polischuk YuM, Savichev OG, Smith LC, Chernokulsky AV. 2013. Hydrologicalchanges: historical analysis, contemporary status, and future projections. In Groisman PYa and Gutman G, editors, Regional
environmental changes in Siberia and their global consequences. Chapter 4. Springer Environmental Science and Engineering.
Dordrecht: Springer Science and Business Media; p. 111–154.
Stuefer S, Yang D, Shiklomanov A. 2011. Effect of streamflow regulation on mean annual discharge variability of the Yenisei River. Cold
Region Hydrology in a Changing Climate (proceedings of symposium H02 held during IUGG 2011 in Melbourne, Australia, July2011). IAHS Publ. 346:27–32.
Yang D, Kane DL, Hinzman LD, Zhang X, Zhang T, Ye H. 2002. Siberian Lena River hydrologic regime and recent change. Journal ofGeophysical Research. 107(D23):14-1–14-10.

39

§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.7 THEME 7: Variability of snow cover including blowing snow and snowmelt processes of the permafrost
area under Arctic environment change(1) Proposers (Main proposer:＊)<Japanese side>＊Konosuke Sugiura (University of Toyama)<Russian side>＊Alexander Sosnovsky (IG, RAS)
Nikolay Osokin (IG, RAS)
Trofim Maximov (IBPC, RAS)
Vladimir Makarov (MPI, RAS)

(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
The temperature in the Arctic is expected to increase during this century. Snow cover conditions in this region
are sensitive to changes in climate. In these circumstances, the snow cover has significant spatial and temporal
heterogeneity. The snow cover is significant in determining the stability of permafrost and ground and soil thermal
conditions. The heat-resisting properties of snow cover, which are characterized by its thermal resistance, depend
both upon its thickness and density and upon the stratigraphy of snow mass (Osokin et al., 2013). To date, the thermal
resistance of the snow cover as a complex parameter that determines thermal insulation properties of the snow coverhas not been studied. The thermal resistance of the snow cover depends on the heat conductivity of snow. Currently,
there are many formulas for calculating the thermal conductivity of snow. However they do not account for the
structure of snow and thermal conditions (Osokin et al., 2012).
Therefore, an important research element is the mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer in thesnowpack to assess the variability of the thermal conductivity of snow (Kotlyakov et al., 2004). Currently, there arefew empirical dependencies of the thermal conductivity of snow on the temperature in a small range of variation of
the density of the snow (Osokin and Sosnovsky, 2014).
An important area of research on the interaction of the snow cover and permafrost is the analysis of spatial andtemporal variability of snow cover heat-resistance in case-study areas in the Russian and foreign Arctic on the basisof experimental and field research, and archive data analysis. Analysis of the variability of the thermal resistance ofthe snow cover will provide an opportunity to evaluate the stability of permafrost in different regions under climatechange (Osokin et al., 2005; Osokin et al., 2013). The assessment of the influence of snow cover heat-resistancevariability upon permafrost thermal conditions will be based on mathematical modeling and numerical experiments(Osokin et al., 2000; Sosnovsky, 2006).

(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
For the study and assessment of thermophysical properties of snow cover having different densities andstructures, we will continue the experimental study regarding the bases in the Moscow region and Svalbard (Norway).
In the course of this work, we will study the stratigraphy of snow and its thermal regime, and perform experimental
studies on the thermal conductivity of varying structures of snow. The purpose of these studies is to evaluate the40§3. Proposed Research Themes

thermal conductivity of snow of varying structures and densities, and especially depth hoar. Its presence cansignificantly increase the thermal resistance of the snow and worsen freezing conditions and cooling of permafrost. In
areas with the presence of discontinuous permafrost, this would enhance its degradation.
In these experimental bases, soil temperature is being measured at the depth of the active layer, including thoseunder the snow and different thicknesses of moss. These measurements are the basis for the mathematical modelingof freezing-thawing, and evaluate its thermal stability under different conditions.
Thus, another goal of the research is to assess the thermal properties of different structures of snow cover andthe impact of snow cover on the thermal regime of the soil, as well as the stability of permafrost in different
geographic and climatic conditions.
An important factor affecting the thermal resistance of the snow cover is its stratigraphy. Our research has
shown that neglecting the stratigraphy can result in more than 50% underestimation of the thermal insulation
properties of the snow cover, which strongly affects the evaluation of the thermal state of the soil. The dynamics ofthe thermal resistance of the snow cover, and its spatial and temporal variability, make it possible to determine areas
with different permafrost stability under climate change. Processing and analysis of archival materials regarding the
spatial and temporal dynamics of the height and density of snow cover make it possible to construct distribution mapsof the thermal resistance of snow cover (Figure 3.7-1). In the calculations of thermal resistance and thermal
conductivity of snow  [W/(m･K)], we use a simplified formula of Pavlov (2008):  = k, where k = 10-3,  = snow
density [kg/m3].

Figure 3.7-1. The thermal resistance of the snow cover in March for the period 2001–2010.

Another factor affecting the thermal regime of the permafrost is the growth dynamics of snow depth andtemporal variability of the thermal resistance of the snow cover. Rapid growth of snow depth at the beginning of thecold period will worsen conditions of freezing and cooling of permafrost. Numerical experiments show that thedifference in the rate of freezing of the soil at different growth rates of snow cover can exceed 50%. To evaluate suchconditions requires an analysis of archival material on the dynamics of change in the height and density of the snow
41§3. Proposed Research Themes

cover. The difference in the thermal state of the permafrost will be even more significant at a different thermal
resistance of the snow cover (Figure 3.7-2).

Figure 3.7-2. The freezing and thawing of the soil for a snow cover thickness of 1 m;(a) density of snow s = 400 [kg/m3]; (b) s = 100 - 200 [kg/m3]

The research aims are as follows.
1) To study and evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the snow cover in the typical landscape of the
Arctic.
2) To analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the physical and chemical characteristics of the snow cover inthe Russian Arctic on the basis of experimental and field studies, and the analysis of archival data.
3) To evaluate the influence of snow cover variability in terms of the thermal resistance regarding the permafrost
thermal conditions on the basis of mathematical modeling and numerical experiments.
4) To estimate snow cover variability due to blowing snow and snowmelt processes in the Arctic, which experiences
rapid warming, on the basis of a land surface model and re-analysis data.

(4) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
Measurement of temperature and heat flow in snow with different structures and stratigraphy requires the use ofmodern technical means. Russia has different structures of permafrost and snow cover, which will make it possible tostudy the interaction of permafrost and snow cover with a wide range of parameters. Observation areas with vast, flatsnow cover, as well as climate conditions such as tundra and taiga related to rich snow types, are limited in Japan.
Collaboration between Japan and Russia will produce a network of skilled researchers who have gained experience in
the Arctic.

(5) Approaches and Methods
The research methods are as follows.
1) Field studies of physical and chemical parameters of the snow cover in the Arctic regions.
2) Experimental studies regarding the Permafrost Institute SB RAS Tuymaada research site, including changes intemperature, moisture flux, stratigraphy, and chemical composition of the snow during the cold season of the42

§3. Proposed Research Themesyear.
3) Mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer in the snowpack.
4) Analysis of the transformation of the physical and chemical parameters of snow cover during the environmental
changes in the Arctic during the monitoring period (since 1998).
5) Analysis of aerial and space information.
6) Data analysis using a land surface model and re-analysis data.

(6) Expected Outcomes or Products
These include the spatial and temporal variability of the physical and chemical characteristics of the snow coverin the Russian Arctic, as well as evaluation of the influence of snow cover variability in terms of thermal resistanceregarding permafrost thermal conditions.

References
Kotlyakov VM, Osokin NI, Sosnovsky AV. 2004. Mathematical modeling of heat and mass exchange in snow cover during melting.
Earth Cryosphere. V.VIII(1):78–83.
Osokin NI, Samoylov RS, Sosnovskiy AV, Sokratov SA, Zhidkov VA. 2000. Model of the influence of snow cover on soil freezing.
Annals of Glaciology. V(31):417–421.
Osokin NI, Samoylov RS, Sosnovsky AV, Chernov RA. 2005. Assessment of climatic warming effect on thermal state of frozen ground.
Data of Glaciological Studies. 99:144–150.
Osokin NI, Sosnovsky AV, Shevchenko AV. 2012. The influence of temperature and density of a snow on mass transfer in a snow cover.
Data of Glaciological Studies. (1):3–8.
Osokin NI, Sosnovsky AV, Nakalov PR, Nenashev SV. 2013. Thermal resistance of snow cover and its effect on the ground freezing. Ice
and Snow. M. V(1):93-103.
Osokin NI, Sosnovsky AV, Chernov RA. 2013. Influence of snow cover stratigraphy on its thermal resistance. Ice and Snow.
M.V(3):63–70.
Osokin NI, Sosnovsky AV. 2014. Field investigation of efficient thermal conductivity of snow cover on Spitsbergen. Ice
and Snow. M. V(3):50–58.
Pavlov AV. 2008. Monitoring of permafrost. Novosibirsk: Geo Publishers. p. 229.
Sosnovsky AV. 2006. Mathematical modeling of the influence of snow cover thickness on degradation of permafrost at climate warming.
Earth Cryosphere. V. Х(3):83–88.

43

§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.8 THEME 8: Development of space remote sensing technologies to monitor seasonal variations intemperature and moisture in the active topsoil of the Arctic tundra(1) Proposers (Main proposer：＊)<Japanese side>＊Hiroyuki Enomoto (NIPR)
Koichiro Harada (Miyagi University)
Manabu Watanabe (JAXA)<Russian side>
Valery Mironov (Laboratory of Radiophysics of Remote Sensing, KIP, RAS)
Konstantin Muzalevskiy (Laboratory of Radiophysics of Remote sensing, KIP, RAS)
I. Savin (Laboratory of Radiophysics of Remote sensing, KIP, RAS)
A.A. Vasilev (Earth Cryosphere Institute)(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
The temperature and moisture profiles in the active layer of the permafrost zone are crucial indicators of energy
exchange between the soil and the atmosphere as well as of the processes of permafrost degradation that result in the
additional release of carbon dioxide and methane. At the same time, the weather station networks in the northernlatitudes are too sparse to provide sufficient data on temperature and moisture profiles of the active layer ofpermafrost. Currently, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) provides some data on the temperature andmoisture in the permafrost active layer (http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/). Space remote sensing is a highly
sought-after information technology for monitoring seasonal variations of temperature and moisture in the active
topsoil of Arctic tundra. However, according to the studies in (Hachem S,et al.,2012), (Jones LA, et al.,2007), and(Muzalevskiy KV,et al.,2013), these data do not meet the WMO standards. In particular, studies carried out for the
North Slope of Alaska have shown that the data attained for soil temperature and moisture with the use of thespace-borne radiometers MODIS (Hachem S,et al.,2012), AMSR-E(Jones LA, et al.,2007), and SMOS (Muzalevskiy
KV,et al.,2013) have errors reaching 10–12C and 0.3 cm3/cm3.
At the same time, the error in temperature and moisture retrieval from space remote sensing data using theradiometer on board the SMOS have been recently reduced down to 3C and 0.06 cm3/cm3, and even temperature
profiles in the active permafrost layer have been derived with error of about 3C to 5C (Muzalevskiy KV, etal.,2013), (Mironov VL,et al.,2013). This result has been obtained by the Russian team due to using physically basedmodels of emission and scattering from the permafrost active layer. At the same time, the Japanese team has
demonstrated the feasibility of improving existing scattering models when applied to radar space remote sensing of
the permafrost active layer and subglacial environments (Watanabe M, et al.,2012),(Fujita S, et al.,2012). Thisadvance has been achieved by using the data from the ALOS/PALSAR space-borne radar in conjunction with theelaborated on-site observations, making it possible to improve the physical basis of radar remote sensing. As a resultof recent activities of both the Russian and Japanese teams, an opportunity has appeared to promote space remotesensing technologies, with the WMO standards for data on temperature and moisture in the active permafrost layer
having been reached.
44§3. Proposed Research Themes(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
In the framework of our joint project, we will focus on the development of physically based models for emission
and scattering from the permafrost active layer as the major research question. The goal of the project will be todevelop remote sensing retrieval algorithms that provide WTO-eligible data on temperature and moisture in thepermafrost layer on the basis of observations from space, using the radiometers GCOM-W1/AMSR2 andSMOS/MIRAS, and the radars ALOS-1,2 /PALSAR, SMAP, and Sentinel-1.

(4) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
The Japanese team has long-standing experience of research in remote sensing of the Earth’s surface with theuse of the domestically produced space sensors ALOS-1,2 /PALSAR and GCOM-W1/AMSR2, having free access to
all the data provided by these instruments. They also have comprehensive experience in fieldwork, and haveconducted in-situ measurements at a number of Arctic sites, such as North Slope, Alaska, and Ny-Ålesund, Norway.
At the same time, the Russian team has expertise in developing physically based models for thermal radiation
and wave scattering from the Earth’s surface. In particular, a data processing algorithm providing Level 2 data on soil
moisture regarding the temperate latitudes, with the use of radio brightness data measured by SMOS, has beendeveloped in cooperation with the Russian team. Recently, the Russian team has extended its experience indeveloping adequate models for thermal radiation from the Earth’s surface, having suggested retrieval algorithms toderive temperature and moisture in the active permafrost layer over some Arctic tundra sites in Alaska and the Yamal
Peninsula, using the SMOS data. In addition, the Russian team has access to the infrastructure situated on the Yamal
Peninsula and on Samoylov Island, with the facilities required to conduct long-term fieldwork being available
together with the regular weather station data. The advantages of both teams complement each other, making it
possible to achieve the goals of this project through cooperative research.

(5) Approaches and Methods
In this project, a multi-pronged approach is assumed. First, the data potentially provided by the radiometers
GCOM-W1/AMSR2 and SMOS/MIRAS, and the radars ALOS-1,2/PALSAR, SMAP, and Sentinel-1, will be attained
and systematized in time series form regarding the test sites in North Slope, Alaska, the Yamal Peninsula, SamoylovIsland, and Ny-Ålesund (the final choice for a test site will be made later on). Second, in-situ measurements ofbrightness temperature and backscatter coefficient will be measured by the Japanese team with the use of aradiometer (6 GHz, 18 GHz, 36 GHz) and scatterometer (4–6 GHz). At the same time, the temperature and moistureprofiles, as well as profiles for dielectric constants, in the active permafrost layer will be registered in-situ with theuse of weather stations and a complex dielectric constant device (50 MHz to 6 GHz). Along with this, the soil surface
roughness parameters will be measured with a needle profiler. Third, a number of soil samples from the active
permafrost layer at the test sites will be collected, and laboratory dielectric measurements will be conducted by the
Russian team with the use of a network analyzer (50 MHz to 16 GHz) to develop temperature-dependent dielectricmodels for the collected soil samples (Mironov VL,et al.,2010). Fourth, on the basis of in-situ and laboratory soil
measurements, physically based models of emission and scattering from the permafrost active layer will be developedby both the Japanese and Russian teams. Fifth, the moisture and temperature profiles in the permafrost active layer45§3. Proposed Research Themes

will be derived using the developed models of emission and scattering and the data from both space-borne and in-situ
radiometers and radars. Finally, the moisture and temperature profiles pertaining to the remote sensing measurements,from space as well as on the ground, will be compared with those obtained by contact sensors placed in the soil. As aresult, the root mean square error for the temperature and moisture profiles obtained with the use of the developed
remote sensing algorithms can be estimated. Ultimately, this approach will ensure a search for optimal retrieval
algorithms in terms of minimal error by modifying the developed models of emission and scattering.

(6) Expected Outcomes or Products(a) On the basis of radiometric data from the SMOS and GCOM-W1 instruments, Level 2 products for someterritories of Arctic tundra will be developed; regarding the temperature and moisture profile in the active
permafrost layer, this will be done down to a depth of 20 cm. The error in retrieving these values from remotesensing data is expected not to exceed 3–5C and 0.04 cm3/cm3.
(b) On the basis of radar data from the ALOS-2 instrument, Level 2 products for some territories of Arctic tundra
will be developed; regarding the temperature and moisture profile in the active permafrost layer, this will be done
down to a depth of 5 cm. The error in retrieving these values from remote sensing data is expected not to exceed
5C and 0.04 cm3/cm3.
References
Fujita S, Holmlund P, Matsuoka K, Enomoto H, Fukui K, Nakazawa F, Sugiyama S, Surdyk S. Radar diagnosis of the subglacialconditions
inDronning
Maud
Land,
East
Antarctica.
The
Cryosphere.
2012;
6:1203–1219.
www.the-cryosphere.net/6/1203/2012/, doi: 10.5194/tc-6-1203-2012
Hachem S, Duguay CR, Allard M. Comparison of MODIS-derived land surface temperatures with ground surface and air temperature
measurements in continuous permafrost terrain. The Cryosphere. 2012; 6:51–69. doi: 10.5194/tc-6-51-2012,.
Jones LA, Kimball JS, McDonald KC, Chan STK, Njoku EG, Oechel WC. Satellite microwave remote sensing of boreal and Arctic soil
temperatures from AMSR-E. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2007; 45(7):2004–2018.
Mironov VL, Muzalevskiy KV, Savin IV. Retrieving temperature gradient in frozen active layer of Arctic tundra soils from radiothermal
observations in L-band: theoretical modeling. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote
Sensing. 2013; 6(3):1781–1785.
Mironov VL, De Roo RD, Savin IV. Temperature-dependable microwave dielectric model for an Arctic soil. IEEE Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2010; 48(6):2544–2556.
Muzalevskiy KV, Mironov VL. Measuring of soil moisture of Arctic tundra using MIRAS radiometer on board of SMOS. Izvestiya
vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Fizika. 2013; 56(10/3):85–87. Russian.

Watanabe M, Kadosaki G, Yongwon K, Ishikawa M, Kushida K, Sawada Y, Tadono T, Fukuda M, Sato M. Analysis of the sources ofvariation in L-band backscatter from terrains with permafrost. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2012
Jan; 50(1):44–54.

46

§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.9 THEME 9: Permafrost changes in Siberia in the past and future based on projections of climate warming(1) Proposers (Main proposer:＊)<Japanese side>＊Mamoru Ishikawa (Hokkaido University)
Tetsuo Sueyoshi (NIPR)
Yoshihiro Iijima (JAMSTEC)
Kazuyuki Saito (JAMSTEC)<Russian side>＊I.I. Mokhov (IAP, RAS)
A.V. Eliseev (IAP, RAS)
V.Ch. Khon (IAP, RAS)
M.M. Arzhanov (IAP, RAS)
S.N. Denisov (IAP, RAS)
D.S. Drozdov (Institute of the Earth Cryosphere, RAS)
G.V. Malkova (Institute of the Earth Cryosphere, RAS)
M.N. Zheleznyak (Melnikov Permafrost Institute, RAS)
A.N. Fedorov (Melnikov Permafrost Institute, RAS)
A.A. Velichko (Institute of Geography, RAS)
V.E. Tumskoy (Lomonosov Moscow State University)(2) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
Past changes: Study of permafrost development in northeast Eurasia from paleoreconstructions. Here we
propose investigating glacial-interglacial variations of permafrost distribution between the Last Glacial Maximum
and the Holocene by means of a transient climate simulation with the state-of-art climate model CCSM3 (Liu et al.,2009). The model simulation is run with realistic changes in boundary conditions and forcing, with the model results
generally capturing major features of deglacial climate evolution.
Recent changes: Global, regional, and local dynamics of permafrost under contemporary climate changes.
Future changes: Assessment of changes in the permafrost characteristics in the Northern Hemisphere under
different scenarios of anthropogenic and natural forcings. An analysis of the permafrost reaction to climate changes interms of the dependence on the rate and direction of the external forcing. Synthesis of the results for the permafrost
dynamics in northeast Eurasia.

(3) Approaches and Methods
The simulation starts at 22,000 years before present (22 ka) and finishes in 1990 CE. The model is forced withtransient orbital parameters and greenhouse gas concentrations. Transient boundary conditions include the ICE-5G
ice sheets: extent and topography, and changing paleogeography as sea level rises from its LGM low stand to modern
levels. There is also a prescribing transient scenario of freshwater forcing to the oceans from the retreating ice sheets.
The soil variables are calculated using the detailed scheme for computation of the thermal and hydrological state of47

§3. Proposed Research Themes

soil developed at IAP RAS. The scheme employs a deep soil column with 250 computational layers including layers
reserved for snowpack calculation. The upper two soil layers in the regions covered by tundra and taiga areprescribed to contain organics, which is interpreted as a mixture of litter fall and low-level vegetation.
Future projections of the permafrost extent and thaw depth will be made by using the global climate model
developed at IAP RAS. The scenarios of external forcings employed in these simulations will correspond to theSMIP5 (Coupled Models Intercomparison Project, Phase 5) protocol. This suite of scenarios covers a wide range ofpossible anthropogenic influence on the climate system, from the mitigation scenario to the scenario with very highanthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and with aggressive land use. The simulations will start in1700 and will be continued until the year 2300.
To assess the dependence of the permafrost reaction on the rate and direction of external forcings, the CMIP5
scenario will be extended further up to the year 4000 by illustrative paths, in which anthropogenic forcing returns to
the preindustrial level. This will be supported also by the IAP RAS global climate model simulations with an
idealized forcing to interpret the respective simulations obtained under the extended CMIP5 scenarios.

(4) Expected Outcomes or ProductsCompiling present and future permafrost maps in northeastern Eurasia and regions. The obtained results will behighly relevant for the interpretation of past variations of permafrost extension derived from paleoreconstructions, aswell as for a better understanding of anticipated future changes. The estimates of possible permafrost changes in the
Northern Hemisphere under anthropogenic scenarios will be obtained. An assessment of the dependence of thepermafrost reaction on the rate and direction of external forcings will make it possible to estimate how the permafrost
recovers if the anthropogenic forcings on climate are diminished. The latter simulations will also be compared withthe paleoreconstructions for the last several glacial cycles.

48

§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.10 THEME 10: Ecosystems and biodiversity(1) Proposers (Main proposers:＊, ST: Sub-Theme)<Japanese side>＊Ryuichi Masuda (Hokkaido University) (ST: 2)
Shirow Tatsuzawa (Hokkaido University) (ST: 1.3)
Hazuki Arakida (RIKEN) (ST: 1)
Satoshi Ohdachi (Hokkaido University) (ST: 2)<Russian side>＊Arkadiy Tishkov (Institute of Geography, RAS) (ST: 1)
Innokentiy Okhlopkov (Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SD, RAS) (ST: 1, 3)
Nikita Solomonov (Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SD, RAS) (ST: 1, 3)
Isaev Arkady (Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SD, RAS) (ST: 1, 3)
Tatiana Vlasova (Institute of Geography, RAS) (ST: 1)
Irina Pokrovskaya (Institute of Geography, RAS) (ST: 1)
Alexei Abramov (Zoological Institute, RAS) (ST: 2)
Pavel Kosintsev (Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, RAS) (ST: 2)
Andrey Puzachenko (Institute of Geography, RAS) (ST: 2)(2) General introduction to the study(a) Content of the study
The purpose of this cooperative study is to identify the biogeographical implications of rapid climate changes
and anthropogenic influences that lead to synergetic, cumulative, and cascading effects for biota and ecosystems in
the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. In addition, we would like to study the biogeographical history of
mammals in northern Eurasia, compared with temporal environmental changes. By clarifying the current and past
status of biodiversity, biological resources, and landscapes, we will be able to forecast their changes in the near
future.

For these purposes, studies on phylogeography, zoogeography, and ecology will be performed as follows.
1) Molecular and morphological variation and diversification on modern populations of mammals, especiallycarnivores, insectivores, and rodents, which are distributed in northern Eurasia.
2) Development of methodology for ancient DNA analysis from old museum specimens, archaeological
mammalian bones, and fossils in permafrost.
3) Application of the developed ancient DNA analytical techniques to the investigation of biogeographic history,
and temporal and spatial changes of mammalian populations, compared with the modern and ancient changes
in environments of northern Eurasia.
4) Reconstruction of the paleo ranges of some specific species, which can be indicators of climate changes during
the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene of northern Eurasia.
5) Dynamics of mammalian species diversity from the Pleistocene to the Holocene in northern Eurasia.
49§3. Proposed Research Themes6) Detection of behavioral changes (especially on habitat use and migration behavior) of ecological key species(e.g., wild reindeer, bear species, wolves, geese, sandpipers, etc.) and domestic species in arctic ecosystems
under a global warming environment by satellite auto-location techniques and ground observation.
7) Habitat evaluation of the above migratory species by analysis of remote sensing data, i.e., the Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
8) Detection of the features of new fauna under global warming by using stable isotope ratio analysis from thestandpoints of the food web and resilience of ecosystems.
9) Clarification of the cause of ecological changes (in migration behavior, habitat use, population dynamics, etc.)
and prediction of their multi-temporal changes by combining of results of the above three studies (6) to (8)with the GIS technique.
10) Proposals for social adaptation for local indigenous people in wildlife conservation and resource animal use
by means of a socio-economical analysis of the above results with system dynamics models.

Figure 3.10-1. Wild reindeer in Siberia(b) Introduction
In the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, the present status and causes of changes in biodiversity have notbeen fully investigated, although these changes have already directly and indirectly influenced ecosystems andpeople’s lives. To understand and take effective counter-measures to these changes, we need short- and long-term
perspectives. In this collaborative study, we will study the short-term dynamics of biodiversity and biogeography byecological methods, and the long-term dynamics by morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods. We willthen propose some social options for the conservation and wise use of biota in this region by combining the results ofthese studies.
In ecological studies for the short-term perspective, we will take notice of changes in migration behaviors andhabitat environments of some key species from the Arctic and sub-Arctic fauna. Changes in migration/habitat use will
be detected, and the relationships between their behavioral and climatic/environmental changes will be analyzed.
In addition to the above perspective, we will perform stable isotope ratio analysis of new emerging fauna in the
Arctic as a middle scale perspective, because this technique should clarify the features of the local food web system
and we can assume its resilience.
50§3. Proposed Research Themes

For the long-term perspectives, studies on biogeographical variation and biodiversity, especially in mammals ofnorthern Eurasia, have never been fully conducted, because this region comprises a huge area including the Arctic
region and Siberia. However, a high level of biodiversity is found in this area, and thus it is very important to further
understand the mechanisms of biodiversity formation and the evolutionary history of each organism that is widelydistributed in this region. The changes in the climate and environment of northern Eurasia both in the short and longterms have affected the evolutionary and ecological processes of organisms. Thus, a comparison between the resultsof phylogeographical and environmental investigations (zoogeography and paleogeography) is an appropriate method
to understand the natural history of the region. Morphological, genetic, and biogeographical approaches will beapplied in this project, and the obtained knowledge can contribute to clarification of the relationships between theevolutionary history and the environmental changes in northern Eurasia.
(c) WS and Progress
At the WS, the Japanese group (Drs. Ryuichi Masuda, Satoshi Ohdachi, and Shirow Tatsuzawa) met Dr. Arkadiy
Tishkov (main proposer of Russian side), and we deeply discussed the future collaborative project. Based on our
discussion, we clarified the purpose of our collaboration, key species, study areas, approaches, and methods. We thendetermined the three major projects shownbelow. In addition, some members had another meeting about detailed
planning of our collaboration in Moscow and Yakutsk.

(d) Sub-Themes
The details will be cited according to the following three sub-themes.
• Sub-Theme 1 :Biogeographic implications of modern natural and human impacts on the biota, biological resources, andlandscape of the Russian Arctic. (This group will be divided into some sub-groups by region, i.e., western andeastern parts of Russia.)• Sub-Theme 2:
Biogeographic variation and biodiversity of mammals in northern Eurasia.
• Sub-Theme 3:
Wildlife and indigenous peoples in the North: their transformations in ecology and life history in the Russianarctic and sub-arctic ecosystems.

(3) Introduction and background of the problems
We have already experienced rapid influences of global warming on local ecosystems and local societies. To
make scientific and practical policies for a sustainable relationship between humans and nature, we need sufficientknowledge of the history and present status, and appropriate predictions of natural dynamics. However, these havenot been fully researched.
For Sub-Theme 1 and Sub-Theme 3, we will study changes of migration behaviors and habitat environments ofsome selected species of Arctic and sub-Arctic fauna. The short-term changes of migration and habitat use will be
detected, and the relationships between their behavioral and climatic/environmental changes will be analyzed. We
will then perform stable isotope ratio analysis of new emerging fauna in the Arctic as a middle scale perspective to51

§3. Proposed Research Themes

clarify the features of the local food web system, and we can assume its resilience.
In addition, the long-term changes will be investigated by morphological and molecular phylogenetic methods in
Sub-Theme 2. We have already studied genetic and morphological regional differences on some mammals including
carnivores, insectivores, and rodents in northern Eurasia, and found that even mammalian species with similar ranges
often have different phylogeographic features, reflecting the different biogeographic events. This is related to
dynamic environmental changes of habitats from past to present. However, we have investigated only a small part of
the whole animal fauna in this region. Therefore, the phylogeographical study of more species of mammals in theirwhole range, in collaboration with zoogeographic and paleogeographic studies, can contribute to our further
understanding of biodiversity and evolutionary history in northern Eurasia.

(4) Research questions and goals
The purposes of Sub-Theme 1 and Sub-Theme 3 are divided into four as follows.
1) To reveal the contemporary changes in biodiversity, distribution, and population dynamics of Arctic andsub-Arctic animals.
2) To investigate changes in migration processes for some species including geese, sandpipers, wild reindeer, etc.
3) To establish the process of irreversible changes in the distribution of some plants and animals, using thestatistical data for bio-resources of game species and remote sensing data (e.g., to identify spatial alteration of
the productivity of natural pastures for reindeer).
4) To undertake a synthesis of data for natural and anthropogenic factors on changes in biogeographic boundaries,
zonal borders, the increased number of some boreal species in the North (“green” tundra, which is especiallyclearly viewed on the NDVI), and ecosystem services, including the transformation of the “nursing landscape”
for indigenous peoples of the North.
5) To make suggestions for sustaining original fauna and ecosystems and for sustainable development for local
societies in the Russian Arctic.

The purpose of Sub-Theme 2 is to identify the biogeographic implications for mammals in the wide range ofnorthern Eurasia, especially Siberia, compared with the knowledge of environmental and zoogeographic changes.
For this purpose, the following tasks will be performed.
1) Analysis of molecular and morphological phylogeography of modern populations of mammals, especiallycarnivores, insectivores, and rodents. Specimens to be examined are museum collections and newly collected
specimens from the field.
2) Development of a methodology for ancient DNA analysis from old museum specimens, archaeological
mammalian bones, and permafrost fossils.
3) Application of the developed ancient DNA technology to examine temporal and spatial changes in mammalian
populations, compared with modern and past changes of environments in northern Eurasia.
4) Application of reconstructions of the selected species ranges during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene in
the north of Eurasia to compare with the results of phylogeographic analysis.
5) Development of a methodology for biodiversity analysis based on paleontological data.
52§3. Proposed Research Themes(5) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
The Russian group has extensive field-based information about changing ecosystems and related issues (i.e.,hunting and economics), and some Russian and Japanese members have already collaborated on these issues using
new techniques such as habitat analysis and isotope ratio analysis. Thus, our further collaborations should be fruitful
not only for the natural sciences, but also for policies and local societies.
The Russian group has also already studied the morphological evolution and zoogeography of mammals in
Eurasia, and thus far has accumulated data on mammals from comprehensive areas of their habitats. The Russiangroup has a huge collection of modern and fossil mammals collected from a wide range of Eurasia including theArctic and sub-Arctic regions. In addition, the Russian group has access to one of the largest databases on fossil
North Eurasian mammals (PALEOFAUNA). Meanwhile, the Japanese group has been studying molecularphylogenetics and population genetics of mammals and birds that are distributed in northern Japan and Eurasia, andhas discussed migration history from the continent to the Japanese islands. The Japanese group also has conducted
modern DNA analysis as well as ancient DNA analysis on mammals including a mammoth from the Siberian
permafrost, and brown bear and deer bones from archaeological sites. They clarified the bottleneck event of theseanimals and the relationships between the animals and human cultures. Therefore, when combining these researchbackgrounds and achievements between the Japanese and Russian groups, it will be possible to achieve remarkableadvances and development in the study of the evolution and biodiversity of mammals throughout northern Eurasia,
and it will be a breakthrough for our further understanding of the relationships between animal migration history andenvironmental changes from the past to present in these regions.

(6) Approaches and methods
In Sub Theme 1:• Development of new algorithms for interdisciplinary approaches, which will allow us to trace the entire chain ofchanges in the biota and landscape. The GIS-technology and statistical data on the status of landscapes, thenumber of commercial fish fauna, and the status of rare species and forests at the northern limit of distribution
can be applied to analysis.
• In analysis on migrations of waterfowl, the “labeling” method will be used to track their movement during theseasonal migrations.
• In the phytogeographic study, the status of vegetation at different levels of transformation will be recognized.
• The analysis of climate data will be conducted using a
global database of climate information and forecasts.
• Satellite telemetry auto-location system to detect real-timeand long-term movement and habitat use of someecological key species.
• Habitat evaluation using remote sensing data such as
NDVI.
• Stable isotope ratio analysis to clarify the feature of local
Fig. 3.10-2 Capturing a wild reindeer for
ecological study

food web systems and their resilience.
53§3. Proposed Research Themes• Socio-economic analysis with a system dynamics model.
• Main research fields: Olenek district, Kytalyk-Chokurdagh, Lena River delta, Koryma region, etc.

In Sub Theme 2:•

Morphological analysis of modern and fossil animals from museum collections and collections newly obtained
from fieldwork.

•

Molecular phylogenetic analyses and population genetic analyses using nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA ofmodern species and populations.

•Ancient DNA analyses of museum samples, including old skins, fossils, and subfossil bones of past and extinct
populations and species.

•

Study of the range dynamics of selected species as indicators of climate and other environmental changes during
the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in north of Eurasia.

•

Mammalian diversity analyses for the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene using a GIS-based technique.

In Sub Theme 3:•

Satellite telemetry auto-location system for domestic animals.

•

Habitat evaluation model by using remote sensing data such as the HSI model.

•

Socio-economic analysis with a system dynamics model.

•

Main research fields: Olenek district, Kytalyk-Chokurdagh, Lena River delta, Koryma region etc.

(7) Expected outcomes or products•

The establishment process of the biodiversity of the Russian Arctic will become apparent with the molecular
genetic and phylogenetic analyses of museum materials. It will be possible to define conservation policy by the
results of these analyses.

•

Remote sensing and simulation technologies will clarify the qualitative and quantitative changes of animal
behavior (habitat use) and habitat environment under global warming in present and the near future. These
results will be essential to prevent the deterioration of ecosystem services and mitigate regional biodiversity.

•

Stable isotope ratio analysis of flora and fauna will reveal changes in the interspecific relationships (especiallyprey-predator interactions). The results will be able to contribute to predicting the vulnerability and resilience ofregional ecosystems and to establishing conservation and restoration policies for Arctic biodiversity.

•

Publications of scientific articles in international journals and books written in English.

•

Symposia on ecosystems, biodiversity, and biogeography relating to the environmental changes in northernEurasia, to be held in Japan and Russia.

•

New biodiversity monitoring and evaluation systems.

•

Proposals for ecological, economic, and social adaptation tactics for the Arctic ecosystem and indigenous
people.

54§3. Proposed Research Themes

Figure 3.10-3. Migration routes of wild reindeer (coloured dots)
and distribution ranges of “reindeer moss” (coloured areas) in the
preparatory study, as determined by satellite tracking system.

Figure 3.10-4. An example of a stable isotope ratio analysis,
which shows “simplification” of prey-predator interaction in a
new wolf habitat in the Russian Arctic.

(8) Other
Human Resources• Proposers from Japan and Russia.
• Graduate students in Master’s and PhD courses in the proposers’ laboratories at Hokkaido University.
• Young researchers in the proposers’ institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Observation and research bases•

Hokkaido University (Faculty of Science; Institute of Low Temperature Science [Graduate School ofEnvironmental Science], Graduate School of Letters), Sapporo.

• Zoological Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg.
• Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow.
• Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, RAS, Ekaterinburg.
• Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, SD, RAS, Yakutsk.

Data• Morphological measurement data to be published in scientific journal articles.
• DNA sequence data to be deposited in DNA sequence databases and published in scientific journals.
55§3. Proposed Research Themes• Genotypic data to be presented in journal articles.
• Zoogeographical data to be published in scientific journal articles and stored in the PALEOFAUNA database(state registry certificate # 2011620493, June 29, 2011).
• Ecological data to be published in scientific journal articles.

(9) Summary
In this collaborative study, we would like to identify the biogeographical implications of rapid climate changes
and anthropogenic influences that lead to synergetic, cumulative, and cascading effects for biota and ecosystems in
the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. In addition, we will study the biogeographical history of mammals innorthern Eurasia, compared with temporal environmental changes. By clarifying the current status of biodiversity,
biological resources, and landscapes, we will be able to forecast their temporal changes in near future.

56

§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.11 THEME 11: Effects of global climate change on commercial fishing and indigenous coastal cultures inSiberia and the North Pacific(1) Proposers (Main proposer:＊)<Japanese side>＊Hiroki Takakura (Tohoku University, Japan)<Russian side>＊Sardana Boyakova (Institute of Humanities and Indigenous Studies of the North, SB RAS)
Vanda Ignatyeva (Institute of Humanities and Indigenous Studies of the North, SB RAS)

(2) Introduction and Background of the Problem
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Assessment Report No. 5, 2013), global warming
causes a rise in temperatures of the Arctic Sea, which may accelerate the development of Arctic and sub-Arctic
fishing resources. Today, while commercial fishing is prohibited in many related sea areas except for purposes ofindigenous subsistence, some of these regions are already connected to global markets, and as a result, Arctic andsub-Arctic fishing in Russia and its relationship with the Japanese market would also change.

(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
The purpose of this project is to explore the possibility of sustainable indigenous fishing in the northern region
as an important stakeholder of Arctic human society. The primary target is salmon, because this species is speciallyfavored among the northern indigenous peoples as an economically valued resource and a religiously sacred being.
The salmon is also a highly valued resource in the international market. Taking account of climate and societal
changes, the goal of this research is to investigate how the change in the environment of the Arctic region would
affect the existing regional dynamics of the Russian Far East with East Asian markets, in relation to using fishing
resources.
Integrating interdisciplinary knowledge fromclimatehydrology,socio-culturalconservation

anthropology

andgenetics,
resource

management, and economics, we would attempt toidentify the effects of the changing habitat ofsalmon caused by climate change, and responses
of indigenous fishing related to commercial
fishing. We also plan to explore trends in demand
for salmon in East Asian markets, including Japan.
Finally, integrating all the knowledge gained fromthese studies, we will attempt to identify strategies
for building a sustainable management structure
Figure 3.11-1. Project concept and interdisciplinary framework.

for fishing resources in the Arctic and Subarctic
areas.

57

§3. Proposed Research Themes(4) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
The salmon is an ecologically, economically, and culturally important maritime resource between Japan andRussia. Climate change would have some effect on the habitat and migration of various types of salmon populationsin the North Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The salmon is embedded in Japanese cuisine and food culture, which
demands a vast volume of consumption. The Russian Far East has played a role as one of the major suppliers to theJapanese market. This relationship is historically and economically close.
The salmon is also a cultural symbol of some indigenous societies of the Russian North. They have developed
their own sustainable ways of skill, knowledge, and religion to deal with maritime resources. Coastal villages inNorthern Japan have also transmitted their unique fishing of salmon and related cultural customs. Comparative
studies of local salmon cultures both in the Russian North and Japanese North will provide new perspectives onhuman adaptation in the North.
An interdisciplinary approach to salmon and climate change is a matter of social and economic concern for bothnations. The collaboration of Japan and Russia will effectively strengthen the feasibility of scientific implementation,and encourage people in Japan and Russia as regional stakeholders to understand changes in the environment and theimpact on human society in the Arctic and North Pacific.

(5) Approaches and Methods(a) Research Area
The research area is in the Russian Far East. We have identified three different target regions for field research,in Sakhalin-Amur, Kamchatka, and the Lena River. Comparing differences in latitude and water type (river and sea)that may be affected by climate change, the responses of indigenous and commercial fishing will be explored inrelation to international market trends and the politics of resource management.

Figure 3.11-2.Research area.

58§3. Proposed Research Themes(b) Key to Integration
The key to integration in this project is the method of combining the results of conservation genetic analysis
with anthropological field research. Conservation genetics will examine the genetic diversity of salmon and describe
the phylogeography of target regions. It will evaluate changes of habitat both in the recent past and the future.
Anthropologists have conducted ethnographic fieldwork, both in indigenous and commercial fishing sites, which will
be shared by conservation geneticists. They will describe the techniques, knowledge, and social organizations related
to fishing and evaluate the resilience of these communities and organizations.
Climate hydrology offers knowledge related to climate and ecological conditions related to the habitat of thesalmon and its behavior. Resource politics and economics also offer knowledge related to politics and economics
related to human organization and behavior.

(c) Research Organization
In order to implement this interdisciplinary project, our research organization would be divided into threegroups: a climate-genetics group, an anthropology group, and a resource politics and economics group. The Japaneseside covers all these disciplines. However, the Russian side is not sufficiently represented in these disciplines, or in
geography. We need Russian scientists in Kamchatka and Sakhalin as counterparts of conservation genetics andanthropology.

(6) Expected Outcomes or Products
The research results will contribute to evaluating the development of indigenous and commercial fishing inSiberia and the North Pacific, in relation to East Asian market trends. These fishing resources are one of the criticalmediums connecting the Arctic with globalized markets. In particular, the relations of Siberia and the North Pacificwith East Asian countries are important and need to be fully exploited; unfortunately, they are presently veiled andnot under special study.
The conclusions of this study would show how climate change and globalization could change the Arctic andsub-Arctic regions from the perspective of the Russian Far East and East Asia. They would also contribute tointernational Arctic science by including the unique viewpoint gained through Japanese and Russian collaboration.

59§3. Proposed Research Themes

3.12 THEME 12: Arctic and global climate change: feedbacks and forecasting dynamics(1) Proposers<Japanese side>
M. Uchida (NIPR)<Russian side>
S.I. Bartsev (IBP SB RAS)

(2) Introduction and Background of the Scientific Problem
The final goal of the research is to predict the response of regional Arctic ecosystems to observed and expectedclimate change on the basis of revealed mechanisms formalized by mathematical models of different hierarchicallevels. However, nonlinearity of ecosystems and climate systems and a number of feedbacks make doubtful a simple
extrapolation of observed time series to the future. In addition, experimental assessment of the sensitivity of theecosystem compartments to global changes in the environment is insufficient for long-term prediction, since globalchanges themselves can be subject to the total response of local ecosystems.
Therefore, predicting long-term changes in regional ecosystems is possible only by analyzing the global system,
since feedbacks influencing global dynamics manifest themselves at the global level. Mathematical models capable oforganizing and matching data with different origins (i.e., field observation, remote sensing, experimental testing oftundra ecosystem fragments) are thus necessary. Only after matching the data will it be possible to make an adequate
prediction for a regional ecosystem and the biosphere-climate system.
The ultimate criterion of data matching correctness is compliance with the matter conservation law, which mustbe performed in material cycles and first of all in the carbon cycle. This data matching is not a trivial objective. For
example, a small-scale model of global carbon cycle accounting data on the dynamics of global net primary
production, soil respiration, temperature, atmospheric CO2, terrestrial and marine carbon sinks, and burning of fossil
fuels was balanced only after assuming additional flux of carbon into the system (Degermendzhi et al., 2013). Thismeans that matching the data is the key step in understanding regional Arctic ecosystems (and any others) and theircontribution to global changes. In the context of the problem, simple mathematical models closely connected with the
maximum set of ecological and climatologic data are the obligatory tools for this kind of investigation.

(3) Definition of Research Questions and Goals
The question is how to provide a correct self- and data-consistent description of Arctic (regional) ecosystems
involved in the biosphere-climate system. The answer to this question can be obtained in the course of investigations
concentrating on the following topics or goals.

I. Studying the biological response of tundra ecosystems to variations of external conditions.
a) Coordinated (synchronized) data gathering from observations in the field and experiments, and acute
experiments (green part, roots, organic matter, micro flora) (expected collaborators: A. Sugimoto, Hokkaido
University; T. Maximov, IBPC RAS; A. Degermendzhi, IBP SB RAS).
b) Mathematical modeling of typical tundra ecosystems (data organization and matching) (expected collaborators:
60§3. Proposed Research Themes

M. Uchida, NIPR; A. Degermendzhi, IBP SB RAS).
II. Matching tundra models with global data for evaluating interactions and feedbacks (expected collaborators: M.
Uchida, NIPR; A. Degermendzhi, IBP SB RAS).
III. Developing permafrost soil descriptions.
a) Mathematical modeling of seasonal transitions of soil states (expected collaborators: A. Degermendzhi, IBP SB
RAS; M. Uchida, NIPR; M. Ishikawa, Hokkaido University; P. Bogorodski, AARI).
b) Coupling physical models of soil transition with biological components (expected collaborators: M. Uchida,
NIPR; A. Degermendzhi, IBP SB RAS).
IV. Remote sensing evaluation of NPP of tundra ecosystems (upland, lowland, lakes) (expected collaborators: R.
Suzuki, JAMSTEC; A. Degermendzhi, IBP SB RAS; V. Mironov, KIP SB RAS).
V. Cross-validation of data of different natures, in the scope of mathematical models accounting for natural laws,
biochemical data, etc. (expected collaborators: A. Degermendzhi, IBP SB RAS; M. Uchida, NIPR).

All these topics will contribute to accomplishing the final goal of the research: predicting the response ofregional Arctic ecosystems to observed and expected climate change.

(4) Justification of why collaboration between Japan and Russia is necessary
Each of the expected collaborators has their own achievements and opportunities in specific areas. Some ofthese opportunities are complementary to each other, and some concern the same things, but differently. In any case,the association is expected to have a synergistic effect that will justify the joint efforts.

(5) Approaches and Methods
1) Statistical analyses of global and regional time series of climate and ecological data, which make it possible todetect principal regularities in the systems. For example, a climate shifts hypothesis has recently been suggestedon the basis of statistical analyses of global temperature time series (Belolipetskii et al., 2015). If it is true, thenit has to be accounted for in any prediction of the Arctic future.

Figure 3.12-1. Reconstruction of the SSTtime series for the tropical zone (30° S to
30° N). (a) The black line is the SST; thegray line is a linear regression based on El
Niсo and the index of the climate regime,
adjusted for 1900–2012; the rhombic line
describes average annual temperatures onland based on CRUTEM4 for the tropicalzone. (b) Contribution of El Niсo tochanges in SST in the tropical zone. (c)Contribution of climate regime switches
to changes in SST in the tropical zone.

61§3. Proposed Research Themes

2) Analyzing regional and global feedbacks by small-scale process mathematical models, based on the principle of
the worst-case scenario. Understanding that, for practical purposes, it is important to know the worst-casescenario, this can essentially reduce the complexity of biosphere-climate system (BCS) models, and makes itcompletely transparent. This approach makes it possible to build small-scale models for organizing andmatching diverse data on Arctic ecosystems and BCS. In addition these models can play the role of conceptualmodels.

Figure 3.12-2. The results of modeling the effectof self-heating tundra soil. Red lines represent theexperimental data that were used for BCS-model
fitting. The purple line in the upper graph indicatesthe concentration of methane increased 100-fold.
In the second picture from the top, the green curve
describes the dynamics of biomass: black indicateschange in soil organic matter except thepermafrost soil; and purple indicates the dynamics
of tundra soil organic matter. On the sinks chart,
the blue line describes the flow into the ocean,green the flow into terrestrial ecosystems, andpurple is the total flux.

3) Experimental modeling of ecosystem fragments
under controlled conditions. In principle, thismakes it possible to investigate the response of an
ecosystem to conditions that are expected but
which did not take place yet.

Figure 3.12-3. BIOMS facility for studying
temperature impact on an ecosystem.

62§3. Proposed Research Themes4) Modeling of specific properties of permafrost vertical structure at seasonal changes. This seems to be obligatory
for a correct description of seasonal changes in the soil micro flora activity and their contribution into carbon
cycle.
Fn atmosphere

Fn

F
Fnn

atmosphere
water

ice

atmosphere
atmosphere
water
water

ice
thawed soil

frozen soil

thawed soilIfrozen soil

frozen soil

thawed soil

thawed soil

II

Fn

III
Fn

atmosphere

atmosphere
ice

ice

water

frozen soil
thawed soil

thawed soil

frozen soil

frozen soil

thawed soil

thawed soil

V

IV

Figure 3.12-4. Permafrost vertical structure at seasonal changes.

5) Adaptation of remote sensing estimations of NPP to local terrestrial biota. This approach is of great importance,since discrepancies between the field measurements and remote sensing can essentially disturb assessment ofcarbon fluxes.

700
600

gC/m2/yr

500
400

glopem300

modis npp
ground truth

200
100
0
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

sample area number
Figure 3.12-5. Comparison of NPP values based on satellite data (GLO-PEM and MODIS NPP models) andground-based measurements in different areas: 1–6, Dark taiga belt; 7–9, Mountain taiga belt; 10, Subalpine belt.

63§3. Proposed Research Themes(5) Expected Outcomes or Products
Organization, matching, and cross-referencing data of different type by means of small-scale mathematicalmodels as the base for prediction of the response of Arctic ecosystems to different variants of anthropogenic andnatural impacts.

References
Barkhatov Y, Belolipetskii V, Genova S, Degermendzhi A. 2014. Mathematical modeling of the tundra soil ecosystem of Eastern Siberia.
Proceedings of Ecem 2014 (8th European Conference on Ecological Modelling); Marrakech, Morocco; October 27–30, 2014.
p. 53.
Bartsev SI, Degermendzhi AG, Erokhin DV. 2008. Principle of the worst scenario in the modelling past and future of biosphere dynamics.
Ecological modeling. p. 160–171.
Belolipetskii PV, Bartsev SI, Degermendzhi AG. 2015. A hypothesis about double surging climate change in the 20th century. Doklady
Earth Sciences. 460(1):46–49.
Degermendzhi AG, Bartsev SI, Barkhatov YuV, Belolipetskiy PV. 2013. Comparison of "biosphere-climate" global small-scale model andregional Siberian ecosystem models in studies of greenhouse effect mechanism. Proceedings of the 2nd International
Conference on Global Warming and the Human-Nature Dimension in Siberia; 8–11 October, 2013; Yakutsk, Russia. p. 16–19.
ISBN-978-4-906888-01-6.
Degermendzhi AG, Gubanov VG, Erokhin DV, Shevirnogov AP. 2008. Forecast of biosphere dynamics using small-scale models. In:
Global climatology and ecodynamics: anthropogenic changes to planet Earth. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer. p.
241–300.
Ivanova Y, Kryazhimskiy F, Ovchinnikova N, Maklakov K. 2012. Comparison of forest and tundra ecosystems NPP with remote sensing
and ground observation data. Proceedings of the 39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly; July 14–22, 2012; Mysore, India.
https://www.cospar-assembly.org/
Uchida M, Kishimoto A, Muraoka H, Nakatsubo T, Kanda H, Koizumi H. 2010. Seasonal shift in factors controlling net ecosystemproduction in a high Arctic terrestrial ecosystem. J Plant Res. 123:79–85.
Uchida M, Nakatsubo T, Kanda H, Koizumi H. 2006. Estimation of the annual primary production of the lichen Cetrariella delisei in a
glacier foreland in the High Arctic, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Polar Research. 25(1):39–49.
Varotsos C, Franzke C, Efstathiou M, Degermendzhi A. 2014. Evidence for two abrupt warming events of SST in the last century.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 116(1–2, April):51–60.

64

§4. Research Infrastructure§4. Research InfrastructureThis discussion was carried out at the two WSs for the following reasons.
(1) There are common actions that need to be pursued between Japan and Russia for good relations in thecooperative work for a long time, and to fulfill the objectives of the research themes cited in Section 3.
(2) To maintain the efficiency of the research, especially the research which includes in-situ observations.
(3) There are several matters that need to be considered when doing fieldwork in Russian territory.

4. 1 Human resource development 1＊Proposal by Atsuko Sugimoto (Hokkaido University) and Trofim C. Maximov (IBPC/NEFU)(1) Content of proposal
Field observations, as well as data and/or laboratory analyses, are essential activities for Arctic research. To
conduct field observations and to understand the processes, a wide range of scientific viewpoints and fieldwork
experience are necessary to solve the problems that happen very often in fieldwork in remote areas under severe
conditions such as the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.
Russian research institutes and universities provide various field courses including international courses using
their field facilities, while Japanese universities and institutes have well-equipped laboratories. On the basis of theseadvantages, human resource development can be enhanced under cooperation between the Japanese and Russiansides. The internationalization of young scientists is an important direction for both sides. Therefore, cooperation andexchange between Japan and Russia should also contribute to this.
As described regarding the research base in eastern Siberia, Hokkaido University has been contributing to theestablishment of the BEST center at NEFU. The BEST center is managed by scientists from NEFU and also research
institutes, and conducts education as well as research. Field stations such as the Spasskaya Pad experimental forest
station of IBPC are also important and useful for on-site research training. This is very important, especially forstudents who are just beginning their research. The BEST center also plays an important role not only in on-site
research training, but also in the recruitment of young people for the next generation.
On-site research training is one of the effective methods for training young scientists in both countries. Graduate
students and young scientists can develop their research skills during fieldwork and laboratory work experience.
Infrastructure for on-site research training and also a joint program framework to involve students and young
scientists including universities in both countries are necessary for human resource development. The involvement of
universities, which generally have various research fields, makes it possible to broaden the fields of research
including humanity and society. This is also a currently important scientific direction.

(2) Discussions and conclusions
The Russian side commented that scientific research and education in the Federal Universities is different,
although reform is currently underway in Russia. Therefore, the topic raised here is an important matter for thepromotion of Arctic science, but it is not a topic that can be discussed and conclusions reached in the present meeting,65§4. Research Infrastructuresince the Russian side in the present discussions is composed of the research institutes of Roshydromet and theRussian Academy of Science. However, it was stated that AARI has a system of education for young scientists undercooperation with foreign countries, and this is working well. Also, it was stated that foreign students can carry out
studies in RAS Institutes. These kinds of activities can be considered for human resource development, but not thosepresented by Professor Sugimoto in the present framework.
The conclusion of this proposal will be that this proposed topic is not a matter for direct discussions in this WS,
but may be a discussion topic in another meeting with other organizations in Russia. The way forward would be toalternate the character of the meetings between Japan and Russia (WSs such as this one) by including other ministries
in Russia, or to make a proposal that can fit the objectives of the presently participating Russian institutes. In any case,cooperation on human resource development is important and essential, and needs to be further discussed between
Russia and Japan.

4.2 Human resource development 2＊Proposal by V. Pavlenko (Archangel Scientific Center, Presidium of RAS, Arkhangelsk)(1) Content of proposal
Russian side additionally commented that all scientific centers of RAS related to the Arctic research provide
post-graduate and PhD studies and professional training of early career scientists specialized in wide scope of
disciplines. Annual research plans of all RAS scientific centers related to the Arctic research obligatorily include
expeditions and field activities with the use of own equipment facilities.
Research institutes under the RAS, federal ministries and agencies related to disposal of the Russian Federation’
Arctic Zone carry a various activities on extension of infrastructural opportunities of research of the Arctic resources,conditions of natural complexes, peculiarities of the climate change and their impacts on the life activities within theregion borders.
There is network of scientific facilities, including mobile laboratories, located in the Arctic Zone of the RussianFederation, mostly in the coastal areas. Marine research expeditions by specially equipped vessels have been
regularly carried out. Frequently, mostly in the autumn-winter period, icebreakers or vessels of enhanced ice class arebeing used.
The network of research facilities in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation is considered as test site for thefield research in various areas, field trainings for young researchers which are, as a rule, post-graduates or trainees of
institutes related to the RAS of federal ministries and agencies. Students from universities and other higher
educational institutions are also have an access to this infrastructure for the filed training after signing of appropriate
agreements.
All RAS scientific centers located in the Arctic Zone have their remote research facilities. Equipment of thesefacilities supposes an initial processing of research data and provisional accommodation of the limited-numerous
expedition teams.
However the growth of the Russian Federation Arctic Zone social-economic development demands the further
development of research, establishment of a new integrated research facilities, first of all in the regions of intensive66§4. Research Infrastructureindustrial and oil&gaz resources development. For instance, in the Nenets Autonomous district on the Pechora sea
coast for purposes of environmental explorations in the areas of intensive oil extraction, and on Gydanskiy peninsulacharacterized by absolute absence of anthropogenic and technical impacts.

(2) Discussions and Conclusions
Japanese side showed interest to this proposal. They also felt the necessity to broaden their area of activity, notonly the Eastern region of Russia, but also the western to central region, in order to understand the whole Russian
Arctic. However, due to the lack of knowledge of this region and lack of people who presently have interest in theseregions, deeper discussions could not be made on this matter in this WS. Continued discussions need to be made in
the future including those who have possibility or have will to do activities in these regions.

4. 3 Research stations: The scientific stationary base Ice Base Cape Baranova＊Proposal by V.T. Sokolov (Head of High Latitude Expedition, AARI) and A.P. Makshtas (Leading Scientist, AARI)(1) Content of Proposal
The key places for comprehensive studies in the Arctic, which are needed as a source of quality meteorologicaland oceanographic information, are the research stations located on the Arctic archipelagos. One such station wasorganized in 1986 at Cape Baranova (Archipelago Severnaya Zemlya) as a research field stationary base of AARI.
The station was closed in 1991. In summer 2013, after complex repair and restoration works, it was reopened as thescientific stationary base Ice Base Cape Baranova.
The stationary base is located at a sufficiently high (30 m) shore of the Shokalsky Strait separating the Bolshevik
and October Revolution Islands, near Cape Baranova. Its coordinates are 79°16'N, 101°45'E. The Shokalsky Strait is
40 km wide and 350 meters deep. The area adjacent to the location of the stationary base is characterized by a wide
range of drifting and fast sea ice, small lakes and rivers, high (up to 800 m) dome-shaped glaciers, and numerous
grounding icebergs (Figure 1).

Figure 1. The map of Archipelago Severnaya Zemlya and view of the Bolshevik Island from space.

67§4. Research Infrastructure

The main investigations started in April 2014 are as follows.
•Standard and special weather, solar radiation, and upper-air observations, including observations of atmosphericgas composition and black carbon.

•

Studies of dynamic-thermodynamic processes and evolution of the physical-mechanical and morphometriccharacteristics of sea and lake ice cover.

•

Investigations of thermohaline circulation and hydrochemical structure of the water masses and currents in the
Shokalsky Strait.

•

Studies of the components of the carbonate system in the upper mixed layer of the sea and in the atmosphericsurface layer.

•

Execution of hydrological and hydro-biological studies.

•

Glaciological investigations conducted on the Mushketov glacier.

•A study of the history of the formation and current state of the landscape in the vicinity of the stationary base.
The stationary base equipment includes tracks, snowmobiles, buildings, and electricity (220V).

Other sites for joint studies could be as follows:•

Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi (all information available at site www.iasoa.org); and•Scientific Center at Spitsbergen in Barentsburg (information at site www.aari.ru).

In addition to the directions of joint observations following Theme 1, there could be studies of permafrost, soil andvegetation, glaciology, radiation measurements, zoology, and projects with unmanned planes.

(2) Discussions and conclusions
There were questions about a North Pole station by ship in relation to this by a Japanese colleague. The answer
was that a station on ice is being considered, but due to the condition of the ice, this was not started, although it may
be organized in future. It was also mentioned that it is very expensive. Another question was about CO 2 observationin the inner area.
The Japanese side showed interest in this station, since the use of this station had already been presented in fourof the scientific themes (Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, and 3.6), which means that scientific results can be derived by the useof this station. The Japanese and Russian sides should discuss this in more detail, and find a way to cooperate indoing scientific work at Cape Baranova and in its surroundings.

4. 4 Research network＊Proposed by Y. Iijima (JAMSTEC)(1) Content of proposal
This is written in the theme proposal in Section 3.4. The concept is shown in Figure 3.4-2 with distribution ofpotential network.
68§4. Research Infrastructure(2) Discussion and Conclusion
The proposal stresses the networking of stations for the advance of science. All Japanese and Russian scientists
agreed that this is very important. Comments about an international network (INTERACT, page 21) were brought up,
but practical conclusions could not be derived.
This matter needs to be discussed further in relation to the science objectives of the network. One direction of
discussion may be how we can effectively use observations and data sets from East Siberian stations throughnetworking of these stations, and how both countries can cooperate on such issues.

4.5 Data archive＊Proposed by H. Yabuki (NIPR/JAMSTEC)(1) Content of Proposal
Various observation sites with various kinds of observations have been installed in Arctic and sub-Arctic Russia.
These observational data sets have resulted in useful information for Arctic researchers. Operational observational
data (i.e., meteorological and hydrological data) are now available in Russia. The situation of the availability ofexperimental observational data is not clear. The Arctic Data archive System (ADS) has now been constructed inJapan for the mutual use and distribution of Arctic research data.
However, the biggest question of Japanese side concerned why there was not much information from Russian
research institutes about observations such as when, where, and what kind of observations are made, and data
availability. This is not a question for this report.
In order to solve these problems, the creation of observation metadata (inventory) by the Russian side has been
proposed. The Japanese side proposed the construction of an interoperable data center to share data and observation
metadata (inventory).

The concrete proposal from the Japan researcher side is outlined below.
1) Metadata and data sharing/exchange between the Russian data archive and the data archive system (ADS) in
Japan.
2) Russian and Japanese researchers’ use of the Arctic Data archive System (ADS).
3) The Japanese ADS system software will be supplied to the Russian institutes. Russian and Japanese researchdata system will develop ADS–GRID for each institute.
4) Creation of a database of satellite images on the Russian Arctic from Japanese and Russian sources.

Benefits of the use ADS in Japan are outlined below.
1) The ADS system has already been completed, and new development is needed for better cost performance.
2) ADS not only has a data search function, but also the visualization of data is better.

The development of a data archive system for mutual use and the distribution of observational data is proposed,in order to clarify environmental and climate change in the Russian Arctic. This data archive system will benefit69§4. Research Infrastructuresociety by making Arctic data more available, and improve the efficiency of science through reduced costs andreduced time required to produce high quality research results.

(2) Discussion and Conclusion
There were no objections to the promotion of a data archive from either side, but the possibility of achieving it
was questioned by the Russian side. Requests for metadata information were made by the Japanese side, which would
make it easy to access the data, although the data itself is not automatically available.
Among the cases proposed, Case 3 seemed to be realistic: put simply, it would be to implant the data archive
system in the Russian institutes for data management, for organizing and opening up the data. The interest of theRussian institutes needs to be promoted, and future continuation of discussions will be necessary. As ADS is stilldeveloping, the performance of ADS may be a key factor in developing Russia-Japan cooperation on data sharing.

4.6 Regulations in Russia＊Proposed by Y. Matsuura (FFPRI)(1) Content of Proposal
Scientific field study in Russian territories is strongly restricted by federal regulations. Common digital devices,such as small box-type data loggers, portable CO2 analyzers, temperature loggers, and so on, are not allowed to bebrought into the territory. It is necessary to declare all devices six month before entering. Not only foreign scientists,
but also Russian scientists do not entirely know what we have to declare. We conduct field surveys to collectspecimens and samples to analyze. However, no soil, water, air, or plant samples are allowed to be taken out of
Russia. Moreover, the degree of regulation and items of regulation are sometimes different from region to region. The
rules for what is allowed in a given region often have no utility. Our cooperative scientific activities suffer a great
deal and are seriously hindered.

(2) Discussions
This matter is an old issue, but difficult to solve, because it is based on Russian law. This problem seems to
involve the regionality of Russia. The Russian participants said that every institute differs in treating this problem,with some having an effective method and some being strict. The only present way to solve this problem is to talk itover and ask for efforts including studies of changing rules, involving each institute with which Japanese groups are
doing work, and to solve or at least decrease the problem. AARI mentioned that they pursue a number of special
methods and do not have or solve large problems. Also, it was mentioned that developing the program into ahigh-level program between Japan and Russia may solve these issue to a certain degree.
Dr. Pavlenko, the WS Chair for the Russian side, commented as follows. Russian legal regulations regarding
international research activities are based on the assumption of significance of the region from ecological, cultural,
economic and security considerations. Nevertheless Russian legislation does not have prohibitive character towards
international scientific research in the Arctic upon condition of adherence of priority of the federal norms overregional ones. Terms and conditions specified by Russian legislation take a premise that appropriate activities should70§4. Research Infrastructure

be planned 1–1,5 (2) years beforehand. Which, in its turn, stimulates concerned parties to perform an extended
planning and to develop elaborated and comprehensive cooperation in a long-term perspective. In addition to, while
research activities in the Arctic fall under overlapping terms of the Russian and international statutes of civil,
ecological, maritime and branch law, this requires Russian institutes involved into international research projects in
the Arctic to provide a professional juridical support to such activities.

71§5. Concluding Remarks§5. Concluding Remarks
The selection and discussion of scientific themes and issues related to infrastructure and so on were quite fruitfulfor the Russian and Japanese sides to understand each other regarding present conditions, the direction of studies, andthe problems that still exist in doing cooperative research.
In the concluding section, the whole process of discussion will be summarized and future issues will be cited.

5.1 Summary of the process of discussion on cooperative research
In the beginning, MEXT and the Japanese Embassy in Moscow made a great deal of effort in making contact
with scientific organizations in Russia to start talks on cooperative research. Gradually, the main Russian andJapanese institutes were selected and determined, and the form of discussion such as the style of the WSs became
clear. The visit of MEXT and NIPR to Russia in April really moved this work forward, since face-to-face discussions
are crucial for the development of new relations. Both sides started to understand the views of the other country.
The next step was to select the topics of discussion. The process of selection of Russian institutes and their
proposal themes seem to have been different in Russia and Japan. AARI selected their main missions as themes forcooperative study. RAS selected their themes from 100 ongoing Arctic projects. Finally, at the June stage, Russia
proposed 19 themes. The Japanese side based their selection on the research topics included as ongoing and newthemes in the list of joint research in the document of the 11th Meeting of the Japan-Russia Joint Committee on
Science and Technology Cooperation, and a few other emerging themes related to the Russian Arctic. They were alllisted in the July meeting, and their adequacy as joint themes and the consolidation of themes were discussed at the
July WS. During the summer, Japanese scientists searched through JCAR for themes proposed by Russia without
Japanese counterparts, and several themes became joint proposals through that study. Finally, 13 themes were settled
in September, and were presented at the October WS, and it was possible to include 12 themes in the present report.

The titles of the proposals that were proposed but could not be built up as joint themes at this time are listed
below. They are cited here for reference, so that the Japanese and Russian sides can consider joint work in the future.
(1) Research Collaboration in Spitsbergen(2) Research collaboration in MATCH (Baranova St.)
(3) NABOS(4) The establishment of prevalence patterns and biogeochemical behavior of hydrocarbon gases and radioactive
elements in the sediments of the Arctic basin(5) Development of new methods for the study and modeling of the distribution and dynamics of the situation ofsubmarine permafrost and methane emissions from the Eastern Arctic seas(6) Ecological-biochemical characteristics of stability of hydrobionts of the Arctic zone of Russia in the conditionsof climate change(7) Ecological bases of preservation of natural reproduction and biodiversity of anadromous fish in the Arctic zoneof the Russian Federation(8) The influence of temperature oscillations and acidification on seawater bio resources and the productivity of theecosystems of the Arctic seas72§5. Concluding Remarks(9) Understanding the ecology and population genetic structure of salmonid species in Russia

We consider that the process of selection went generally well. At the beginning the Russian and Japanese sides
had slightly different views on the approach of selecting mutually agreed themes, but their understanding about theother side advanced and gaps narrowed, and this resulted in productive discussions and an agreed list of themes at the
October WS.

5.2 Future issues
The work of contact between Russia and Japan, and discussion and reporting, started in November 2013 andfinished in February 2014: it took one-and-a-half years of work. Themes were proposed and only joint themes wereselected, and these are written in Section 3. In addition to the scientific themes, cooperation on infrastructure wasdiscussed, and the understanding of both sides was advanced on each matter.

Both sides agreed on the necessity of another workshop in 2015. The reason for its necessity is as follows.
(1) Some themes need to be deepened more in order to be implemented.
(2) There are potential and promising themes that can be tackled by Russian and Japanese scientists. Since this was
the first time for such discussions, not all the concerned scientists made proposals and attended the meeting.
(3) Infrastructure issues need to be discussed more, and there is a need to start the ones that can be done. This is not
only important for Russia and Japan, but for the international community, since Russian territory dominates alarge part of the Arctic Ocean and land.
(4) In history, good and productive bilateral relations have been built on continuous discussions and better
understandings between scientists.
(5) Some important discussions made at the two WSs need to include other organizations in Russia and also Japanfor best implementation.

5.3 Main conclusions
The main conclusions that have been acknowledged by both the Russian and Japanese sides at the WSs andfurther discussions can be stated as follows.
(1) The first official discussions on cooperative research between Japan and Russia on Arctic research recommended
by the respective governments were carried out at the institute and academy level during 2014. Continuous
negotiations between the government level and institute level led to productive discussions on cooperative
research between the two countries and mutually agreed themes were determined, and it advanced the potentialof cooperative research.
(2) Twelve research themes (listed from Section 3.1 to 3.12) were developed and approved as future joint research
themes. They are as follows.
・THEME 1: Climate impacts of black carbon and aerosols in the Arctic (Spitsbergen, Baranov Cape, Tiksi)
・THEME 2: Preliminary joint study in the frame of the Polar Prediction Project73§5. Concluding Remarks

・THEME 3: Reliability and risk estimation for sea-ice navigation along the Northern Sea Route・THEME 4: Comparative study on carbon and water in the permafrost ecosystem of Siberia
・THEME 5: Glacier research in the Russian Arctic and sub-Arctic
・THEME 6: Contemporary changes of water, heat, and dissolved and suspended organic/inorganic matter fluxes
from Siberian rivers into the Arctic Ocean
・THEME 7: Variability of snow cover including blowing snow and snowmelt processes of the permafrost area
under Arctic environment change
・THEME 8: Development of space remote sensing technologies to monitor seasonal variations in temperatureand moisture in the active topsoil of the Arctic tundra
・THEME 9: Permafrost changes in Siberia in the past and future based on projections of climate warming
・THEME 10: Ecosystems and biodiversity
・THEME 11: Effects of global climate change on commercial fishing and indigenous coastal
cultures in Siberia and the North Pacific・THEME 12: Arctic and global climate change: feedbacks and forecasting dynamics(3) Some of the themes are well-focused research themes, and some are themes with broad perspectives; some aresmall-group and some are large-group; some are new and some are research related to ongoing projects. In thecase of implementation, these conditions will need to be considered.
(4) Human resource development is an important issue for both countries, and the cooperation on research networks
and research stations is important for efficient and sustainable observation in the Russian Arctic. Moreover, theactual style of cooperation needs to be discussed further and developed.
(5) Data and legal regulation issues need to be discussed continuously.
(6) Successive WSs need to be held in 2015 to substantiate the discussions made at the WSs in 2014 and to broaden
the potential for cooperation. The WSs in 2015 need to be held in Russia. Since the governments of the Japaneseand Russian sides are considering certain immediate funding for Arctic research, certain actions for
implementation of the proposed themes need to be considered.

74

Appendix

75Appendix

Appendix 1. Agenda of WS in July, 2014.

Preparatory Workshop for " Japan-Russia Workshop:
Toward future Japan-Russia cooperation in Arctic observation and research"

AgendaVenue: Room C201, NIPR
Chairs: Ohata, T. and Pavlenko, V.
July 3 10:00～17：30
10:00 1. Opening speech (5 minutes each)
Kiyoura, T. (MEXT)
Khanchuk, A. (RAS)
Shiraishi, K. (NIPR)
10:15

2. Introduction of members and practical information

10:30

3. Present condition of Arctic Research in Russia and Japan(including past cooperation between two countries) (15minutes each)
Khanchuk, A. (RAS)
Enomoto, H. (NIPR)
Priamikov, S. (AARI)
Kikuchi, T. (JAMSTEC)

11:30 4. Summary of the discussions made until this WS and expected outcome of the WS
Ohata, T. (NIPR）
11:45

5. Discussion on Cooperative Research Areas and Themes(3 minutes talk on each proposed theme by respective person)

12:00

Lunch

13:00

Special Seminar for NIPR
Priamikov, S. (AARI)
Khanchuk, A. (RAS)

14:00

Group Photo ＆ Short Visit to the Polar Science Museum76Appendix

14:30

5. Discussion on Cooperative Research Areas and Themes(3 minutes talk on each proposed theme by respective person)

16:00 Break
16:15 6. Other common issues related to Cooperation
Any matters other than research themes will be discussed. Such matters as
research infrastructure and others.
17:00

7. First day wrap-up and second day’s schedule

17:30

Close of 1st day

19:00

WS Dinner

July 4 9:00～12：00
09:00 8. Today’s discussion
09:10

9. Outline of the WS in October, 2014(Including Agenda 1st Draft)(Comments on the October WS including dates are welcome)

09:55

10. Report to be developed from this meeting and the October WS

10:40
10:55

Break
11. Schedule of Preparation for October WS

11:40 12. Others
12:00

Close of WS
Lunch

77

Appendix

Appendix 2. Participant List of WS in July, 2014.

RUSSIA
AARI:
Sergei Priamikov

Head of the Department of International Science Cooperation

RAS:
Alexander Khanchuk

Academician of RAS, Professor, Member of the Presidium of RAS

Vasily Bogoyavlensky

Corresponding member of RAS, Professor, Deputy Director (Artic & World Ocean) of
Oil & Gas Research Institute, Head of “Shelf” Laboratory

Vladimir Pavlenko

Professor, Chairman of the Presidium of the Archangel Scientific Center,
Vice-President of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC)

Alexander Georgiadi

Leading Scientist, Institute of Geography

Vladimir Sukhov

Expert, Foreign Relation Department

JAPAN
MEXT:
Takashi Kiyoura

Director, Ocean and Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau

NIPR:
Kazuyuki Shiraishi

Director-General

Hiroyuki Enomoto

Director, Arctic Environment Research Center

Koichi Abe

Deputy Director, Arctic Environment Research Center

Tetsuo Ohata

Professor, Arctic Environment Research Center, Japanese representative of IASC
CouncilYuji Kodama

Executive Director, Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research

Tetsuo Sueyoshi

Research Administrator

JAMSTEC:
Takashi Kikuchi

Group Leader, Arctic Ocean and Climate System Research Group

Tetsuro Isono

Deputy Manager, Planning Department

Hokkaido University:
Atsuko Sugimoto

Professor, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Chair of Japanese IASC
Subcommittee, Science Council of Japan

Embassy of Japan in Russia:
Yutaka HaraFirst Secretary, Economic Section

JST
Yuko Tsuda

Fellow, Center for Research and Development Strategy

ISTC:
Takeshi Matsunaga

Senior Project Manager

78

Appendix

Appendix 3. Agenda of WS in October 2014.

Japan-Russia Arctic Research Workshop
Toward Future Japan-Russia Cooperation in Arctic Observation and Research
Date
Venue

October 28 ~ 30, 2014
Arcadia Ichigaya Shigaku Kaikan
4-2-25, Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
Phone: +81-3-3202-9921
http://www.arcadia-jp.org/top.htm

Organizer

Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI)
National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)
International Science and Technology Center (ISTC)Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research(JCAR)

SupportChairs of the WS

V. Pavlenko (R A S), T. Ohata (NIPR)

Program◆

October 28
Pre-Meeting
14：00～16：30 Room: Kibune 貴船 (6F)
Briefing of the WS and practical matters to the Russian participants,by the WS Steering members and Secretariats.
◆

October 29（Open Day、Plenary）
Room: Kotohira

琴平 (7F)

9:30~10:30① Opening speech

T. Kiyoura (MEXT), V. Pavlenko (RAS), K. Shiraishi (NIPR)② Russian Arctic studies

V. Pavlenko (RAS)③ Japanese Arctic studies

H. Enomoto (NIPR)④ Objective and outcome of the WS. V. Pavlenko (RAS), T. Ohata (NIPR)

79

Appendix

10:30~10:45 Break／Photo
10:45~12:00

Room: Kotohira

琴平 (7F) R-J: Mutually agreed, R:Russian side, J:Japanese side

The number under the theme number is the total talk +discussion time.

⑤ Research Area 1:Intensified warming and atmospheric processes
1-1 Climate impacts of black carbon aerosols in the Arctic (Spitsbergen, Baranov(25) Cape, Tiksi) (R-J)

A. Makshtas (AARI)
M. Koike (Univ. of Tokyo)

1-2 Preliminary joint study in the frame of Polar Prediction Project (R-J)(25)

A. Makshtas (AARI)
J. Inoue (NIPR)⑥ Research Area 2: Decrease of Sea Ice and Arctic Ocean
2-1 Reliability and risk estimation for sea-ice navigation along the Northern Sea(25) Route (R-J)

S. Frolov (AARI)
T. Alekseeva (AARI)
N.Kimura(NIPR/Univ. of Tokyo)

12:00~13:00 Lunch

13:00~13:35

Room: Kotohira 琴平 (7F)

⑦ Research Area 3: Material Cycle and GHG
3-1 Carbon and water cycles in Arctic and sub-Arctic terrestrial ecosystems(35)
Terrestrial environmental change in Eastern Siberia (R-J)

13: 35~14:50

T. Maximov (IBPC, RAS)
A. Sugimoto(Hokkaido Univ.)-

Greenhouse gas study in Siberia (R-J)

T.Machida (NIES)-

Carbon cycle and forest in the Northeast Siberia (R-J)

Y.Matsuura (FFPRI)-

Estimation of changes in carbon cycle in ecosystems of the Arctic
zone of the Russian Federation as a result of climate change andnature use in radiocarbon data and measurements of greenhousegases.The establishment ofprevalence patterns
andbiogeochemical behaviour of hydrocarbon gases and radioactive
elements in the sediments of the Arctic basin (R)No Participation

Room: Kotohira 琴平 (7F)

⑧ Research Area 4: Glacier, permafrost and hydrology
4-1 Glacier dynamics in a changing climate in Arctic and sub-Arctic (R-J)(25)

S.Verkulich (AARI)
S. Sugiyama(Hokkaido Univ.)

4-2 Contemporary changes of water discharge, temperature, heat flux and dissolved(25) organic / inorganic matters from Northern Eurasian rivers into Arctic Ocean (R-J)

A. Georgiadi (IG, RAS)
T. Hiyama (Nagoya Univ.)

4-3 Variability of snow cover including blowing snow and snowmelt processes of(25) permafrost area under the Arctic environment change (R-J)

A. Sosnofsky (IG, RAS)
K. Sugiura(Univ. of Toyama)

14: 50~15:05 Break80

Appendix

15:05~15:40

Room: Kotohira 琴平 (7F)

⑨ Research Area 4: Glacier, permafrost and hydrology
4-4 Development of scientific bases of space monitoring of humidity and temperature(20) in active layer in the Arctic tundra (R）Development of microwave remote sensing observation technology forpermafrost research in the Arctic（J)4-5 Permafrost changes in Siberia in the past and in future based on projecting climate(15) warming (R )Observational evidences, innovative expression and eco-hydrological influencesof permafrost degradation over the northeastern Eurasia (J)

15:40~17:00

Room: Kotohira

K. Muzalevskiy (KIP, RAS)

H. Enomoto (NIPR)

No participation

M. Ishikawa (Hokkaido Univ.)

琴平 (7F)⑩ Research Area 5: Ecosystem and bio-diversity
5-1 Ecological bases of preservation of natural reproduction and biodiversity of(15) anadromous fish in the Arctic zone of Russian Federation (R)Understanding ecology and population genetic structure of salmonid species in
Russia (J)
5-2 Biogeographic implications of modern natural (climate) and anthropogenic(35) (economic development) impacts on biota, biological resources and landscapes of
the Russian Arctic (R)

5-3
(5)

No participation

H. Araki (Hokkaido Univ.)
A. Tishkov (IG, RAS)

Biogeographical variation and biodiversity of mammals in northern Eurasia (J)R. Masuda (Hokkaido Univ.)

Wildlife and indigenous peoples in the North: their transformations in ecology
and life history in the Russian arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems (J)S. Tatsuzawa (Hokkaido Univ.)

Effects of global climate change on commercial fishing and indigenous coastal
cultures in Siberia and the North Pacific (J)H. Takakura (Tohoku Univ.)

5-4 Mechanisms of global climate change and the dynamics of tundra ecosystems of(25) Eastern Siberia: satellite and ground based (R)S. Bartsev (IBP, RAS)

Change in biodiversity and material cycle in tundra ecosystem in response toenvironmental change (J)M. Uchida (NIPR)

17:00:~17:30

Room: Kotohira 琴平 (7F),⑪ Research Infrastructure#: This will be presented on October 29, others October 30.

Human Resource

V. Pavlenko (RAS)#,
A. Sugimoto (Hokkaido Univ.)

Base and Laboratory

A. Makshtas (AARI)# V. Pavlenko (RAS)#,
A. Sugimoto (Hokkaido Univ.), H. Enomoto (NIPR)

Data

H.Yabuki (NIPR)

18:00~20:00 Reception

Room: Daisetsu-nishi 大雪西 (5F)81

Appendix◆

October 30(Plenary and Split sessions)
9:00~ 9:10 Introduction

Room: Aso-nishi 阿蘇西 (6F)

9:10~10:40 Split sessions for theme discussion(Including Break)Room: Kibune 貴船 (6F)
Room: Yoshino 吉野 (7F)
Room: Choukai 鳥海 (7F)
Room: Aso-nishi 阿蘇西(6F)
Room: Aso-nishi 阿蘇西(6F)

10:40~12:00

Room: Aso-nishi 阿蘇西 (6F)

⑫ Research Infrastructure (Continue)
12:00~13:30 Lunch

13:30~15:30

Room: Aso-nishi 阿蘇西 (6F)

⑬ Report from each themes (result of split session and other matters)⑭ Report on research infrastructure⑮ Content of the WS Report⑯ Schedule of writing the Report⑰ Others (Future activities)
16:00 Adjourn82

Appendix

Appendix 4. Participants List of WS in October 2014.
Legend:☆＝Steering member, ○＝Secretariat

RussiaAnatolii Aleksanin

Automation and Control Processes, Siberian Branch of RAS, Vladivostok

Tatiana Alekseeva

Scientific Researcher, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg

Sergey Bartsev

Head of Theoretical Biophysics Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, RAS,
Krasnoyarsk

Andrey Dolgikh

Second Secretary, Science and Technology, Embassy of the Russian Federation in
Japan, Tokyo

Sergei Frolov

Leader of Ice Navigation Laboratory, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St.
Petersburg☆Aleksandr Georgiadi

Leading Scientist, Lab of Hydrology, Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow

Aleksandr Makshtas

Leading Scientist, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg

Trofim Maximov

Head of Biogeochemical Cycles of Permafrost Ecosystems Lab., Institute for
Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, RAS, Yakutsk

Konstantin Muzalevskiy

Research Fellow, Kirensky Institute of Physics, Siberian Branch of RAS,
Krasnoyarsk☆Vladimir Pavlenko

Professor, Chairman of the Presidium of the Archangel Scientific Center, Presidiumof RAS, Arkhangelsk☆Sergei Priamikov

Head of International Science Co-operation Department, Arctic andResearch Institute, St. Petersburg

Aleksandr Sosnovskii○Vladimir Sukhov

Antarctic

Leading Scientist, Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow
Expert, Foreign Relation Department, Presidium of RAS, Moscow(did not attend)
Arkadiy Tishkov

Professor, Deputy Director, Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow

Sergei Verkulich

Head of Polar Geography Department, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St.
Petersburg

83Appendix

JAPANYoshito Ando

Specialist, Ocean and Earth Division, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology, Tokyo

Hitoshi Araki

Professor, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo☆Hiroyuki Enomoto

Vice Director-General / Director of Arctic Environment Research Center, National
Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo

Koichiro Harada

Associate Professor, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,
Miyagi University, Sendai

Tetsuya Hiyama

Professor, Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya

Morio Ichihara

Administrative Staff, Planning Division, Planning Department, Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama

Yoshihiro Iijima

Senior Scientist, Research and Development Center for Global Change, Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka

Motoyoshi Ikeda

Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido University, Sapporo

Jun Inoue

Associate Professor, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo /Visiting Scientist, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology,
Yokohama

Mamoru Ishikawa

Associate Professor, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University,
SapporoTetsuro Isono

Deputy Director, Planning Division, Planning Department, Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka

Hisaya Kakiuchi

Senior Researcher, Department of International Affairs, Japan Science and Technology
Agency, Tokyo

Masaki Kanao

Associate Professor, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo

Noriaki Kimura

Project Researcher, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo /Visiting Researcher, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa

Takashi Kiyoura

Director, Ocean and Earth Division, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology, Tokyo

Hideki Kobayashi

Senior Scientist, Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama○Yuji Kodama
Makoto Koike

Yuuki Komata

Project Associate Professor / Executive Director for Japan Consortium for Arctic
Environmental Research National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo
Associate Professor, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Research Administrator, Task Force for Research Strategy, Creative ResearchInstitution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo

84

Appendix

Keiko Konya

Satoru Kuwata

Toshinobu Machida

Ryuichi Masuda○Takeshi Matsunaga
Yojiro Matsuura

Yosuke Nishida

Shigeto Nishino☆Tetsuo Ohata

Satoshi Ohdachi

Takeshi Ohta

Research Scientist, Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka
Director for Polar Research Programs, Ocean and Earth Division, Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tokyo
Head of Office for Atmospheric and Oceanic Monitoring, Center for Global
Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba
Professor, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo
Senior Project Manager, International Science & Technology Center, AstanaChief of Office, International Forest Informatics Laboratory, Bureau of International
Partnership, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba
Trainee, Ocean and Earth Division, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Scienceand Technology, Tokyo
Senior Research Scientist, Research and Development Center for Global Change,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka
Project Professor, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo
Assistant Professor, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,
SapporoProfessor, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya

Yuka Oishi

Graduate Student, Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University,
Tokyo

Hotaek Park

Senior Scientist, Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka

Hideki Sasaki

Deputy Director, Ocean and Earth Division, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology, Tokyo

Kazuyuki Shiraishi

Director-General, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo○Tetsuo Sueyoshi

Atsuko Sugimoto

Konosuke Sugiura

Shin Sugiyama

Research Administrator, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo /Visiting Scientist, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology,
Yokohama
Professor, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo

Associate Professor, Center for Far Eastern Studies, University of Toyama, Toyama
Associate Professor, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo85

Appendix

Rikie Suzuki

Director, Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama

Nozomu Takeuchi

Professor, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Chiba

Shingo Tanaka

Research Administrator, Task Force for Research Strategy, Creative ResearchInstitution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo

Kazutaka Tateyama

Shirow Tatsuzawa

Associate Professor, School of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami

Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Letters, Hokkaido University, Sapporo

Masaki Uchida

Associate Professor, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo

Koichi Watanabe

Deputy Director, Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar
Research, Tokyo

Manabu Watanabe

Senior Scientist, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba

Yasumasa Watanabe

Professor, Center for Engineering Education Development, Faculty of Engineering,
Hokkaido University, Sapporo

Hironori Yabuki

Akiko Yamada

Hajime Yamaguchi

Senior Scientist, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka /Project Associate Professor, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo
Administrative Staff, International Affairs Division, Business Promotion Department,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama
Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa

Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai

Associate Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo
University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo

Takashi Yamanouchi

Professor, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo

Yong Zhang

Project Researcher, Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar
Research, Tokyo.

86

Appendix

Appendix 5. Acronym list of organization and others<Organization>
AARI: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Roshydromet. (St. Petersburg, Russia)
AERC: Arctic Environment Research Center, NIPR. (Tachikawa, Japan)
ARHSC: Arkhangelsk Scientific Centre, UB, RAS. (Arkhangelsk, Russia)
CAO: Central Aerological Observatory. (Moscow, Russia)
FEB: Far-east Branch, RAS. (Vladivostok, Russia)
FFPRI: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
(Tsukuba, Japan)
GEOKHI: Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, RAS. (St. Petersburg, Russia)
HU: Hokkaido University. (Sapporo, Japan)
IAP: Institute of Atmospheric Physics, RAS. (Moscow, Russia)
IASC: International Arctic Science Committee.(Potsdam, Germany)
IB: Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, RAS. (Petrozavodsk, Russia)
IBP: Institute of Biophysics, SB, RAS. (Krasnoyarsk, Russia)
IBPC: Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone. (Yakutsk, Russia)
IG: Institute of Geography, RAS. (Moscow, Russia)
INP: Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, RAS. (Novosibirsk, Russia)
IPA: International Permafrost Association. (Potsdam, Germany)
IPOI: V.I.II'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB, RAS. (Vladivostok, Russia)
ISTC: International Science and Technology Center. (Moscow, Russia)
JAMSTEC: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology.(Yokosuka, Japan)
JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. (Tsukuba, Japan)
JCAR: Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research. (Tachikawa, Japan)
JST: Japan Science and Technology Agency. (Tokyo, Japan)
KIT: KITAMI Institute of Technology. (Kitami, Japan)
KIP: Kirensky Institute of Physics, SB, RAS. (Krasnoyarsk, Russia)
MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. (Tokyo, Japan)
MPI: Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB, RAS. (Yakutsk, Russia)
NEFU: Northeast Federal University. (Yakutsk, Russia)
NIES: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ministry of Environment.(Tuskuba, Japan)
NIPR: National Institute of Polar Research. (Tachikawa, Japan)
NU: Nagoya University. (Nagoya, Japan)
RAS: Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia)
RIKEN: Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. (Wako, Japan)
Roshydromet: Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring. (Moscow, Russia)
SB: Siberian Branch, RAS. (Nobosibirsk, Russia)
SHI: State Hydrological Institute, Roshydromet. (St. Petersburg, Russia)
87Appendix

SIEE: Sevetsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS. (Moscow, Russia)
SIF: Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB, RAS. (Krasnoyarsk, Russia)
TU: Tohoku University. (Sendai, Japan)
UB: Ural Branch, RAS.
UT: University of Tokyo. (Tokyo, Japan)
UT: University of Toyama. (Toyama, Japan)
TUMST: Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. (Tokyo, Japan)
WIM: V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, SB, RAS. (Tomsk, Russia)
WMO: World Meteorological Organization. (Geneva, Switzerland)
ZIN: Zoological Institute, RAS. (St. Petersburg, Russia)<Others>
BC: Black carbon.
GAME: GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment.
GRENE: Green Network of Excellence.
GHG: Greenhouse Gas.
MATCH: Determination of Stratospheric Polar Ozone Losses
NABOS: Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System.
NDVI: Normalized Vegetation Index.
WCRP: World Climate Research Program.
YOPP: Year of Polar Prediction.

88

Cooperation on Arctic Research between Japan and Russia(AERC Report 2015-1)

Issued: March 30, 2015 at Tokyo, Japan.
Prepared and Edited by “Joint Group of Japan and Russia on Arctic Research”
Published by “Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research”
Publication support by “International Science & Technology Center”
Contact address:
Arctic Environment Research Center, National Institute of Polar Research.
10-3 Midori-cho,Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo190-8518, Japan
Email: aerc-kikaku@nipr.ac.jp