Psych-passive＋by Constructions in the OEDand Henry Bradley's Lexicographical Philosophy*
TAKETAZU, Susumu

1．Introduction
Human emotions are expressed in a variety of linguistic devices. Passives with psychological verbs (psych-verbs)，or psych-passives are oneof them. These psych-passives are observed to take prepositions otherthan by as an agentive preposition. This may be illustrated by the following examples from Leech & Svartvik (2002) and Quirk et al. (1985).

(1)
a. She was surprised at your resignation from the club; Is he pleased
with his present? (Leech & Svartvik: §306,307)1)
b. I was a bit surprised at her behaviour; We were all worried about thecomplication. (Quirk et al.:§3.76)

Contrary to traditional usage, we have seen an increasing use of by as anagentive preposition with psych-passives. The ratio of at and by* This is a slightly revised English version of the article I wrote in 2002．
1) Leech and Svartvik say， An emotive reaction to something can be expressed by
the preposition at ． In＜BrE＞，with is often used instead of at when what causes
the reaction is a person or object rather than an event.
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for the be surprised construction in Present-day English is approximately
1：1，as opposed to the ratio of late Modern English, which was 3：1.
(Taketazu，1999: 199, 207‑208; 2015:55)．
Let us show some examples of psych-passives being used with by in recent years. Most of these examples are taken from BNC:

(2)
When he stepped out, he was astonished by his first view of the place.
(Conran, Crimson, 1992); Since writing his Book of the Royal Wedding...he has been amazed by the evolution of the Princess of Wales.
(Harpers & Queens, 1990‑4); She smiled to herself, rather pleased bywhat she thought of as a compliment. (McCallum, Driven by Love，
1990); [A]s I motored on in the sunshine towards the Berkshire border,
I continued to be surprised by the familiarity of the country around me.
(Kazuo Ishiguro, The Remains of the Day, 1989); Mountbatten was
worried by these developments. (Tinker, Men Who Overturned Empires,
1987); etc.

This tendency of taking by as an agentive preposition seems to have extended to many other psych-verbs. It may be confirmed by the fact that
more dictionaries and reference books are treating psych-passive＋by
constructions as an acceptable and legitimate usage than before. The following quotations and usage descriptions from Kenkyusha's Luminous English-Japanese Dictionary in (3) aptly show this tendency. The sentences in(3a) are quotations and (3b) are usage descriptions.

(3)a. We were very [pleasantly] surprised by [at] the news; We were surQePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

prised at [by] his behavior.
b. The active voice of We were surprised by the news is The news surprised us very much; By is a colorless preposition used to mention afact, whereas when at is used, a strong shock or an emotional
response or reaction can be felt.

The dictionary also gives a similar treatment to such psych-verbs as
delight, scare and worry, for instance, providing them with quotations containing an agentive by as well as conventional prepositions other than by.

(4)
a. He was very much delighted with [by] my gift.
b. I am worried about the situation; He was worried by her absence.
c. I'm scared of snakes; They were scared by the loud noise.

These kinds of quotations and usage descriptions are not confined tothis dictionary alone, but they are seen in many others. Judging from theproper quotations and apt descriptions, it may be safely said that psychpassive＋by constructions are gaining recognition as a standard and acceptable usage in Present-day English.
The linguistic situations in the 19th and early 20th centuries, however,were different from those of today. Psych-passives occurring with by as anagentive preposition do not seem to have been recognized as an acceptable
and legitimate usage during that period, when the OED was being edited
and compiled. I wonder what were the attitudes of the editors of the OED
toward psych-passive＋by constructions? Did they treat them as nonstandard or unacceptable constructions? Did the four editors treat them inthe same way or differently?
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It has been argued in my article (1999) that Onions, the fourth editor of
the OED, was supposedly possessed with a grammatical prescriptivism. It
may have led to his unwillingness or reluctance to utilize psych-passive＋
by constructions in his compilation of the dictionary. Bradley, however,
may have been far from it. In this article, analyses will be made as to how
Bradley dealt with psych-passive＋by constructions and consideration
will also be given to his editorial attitude.
In §2, I will treat how agentive prepositions occur with psych-passives
in usage descriptions and illustrative quotations in the OED. Samples ofpsych-passives are collected by consulting the OED on CD-ROM and it
will be shown that Bradley adopts more illustrative quotations containing
psych-passive＋by constructions and uses more of them in defining
psych-verbs than other editors.
In §3, a hypothesis will be presented showing that Bradley, being acorresponding clerk at a cutlery firm in Sheffield and lacking formal
higher education, was a self-taught scholar and may have been free fromgrammatical prescriptivism. This freedom from prescriptivism is assumed
to have led to his rather ample employment of psych-passive＋by constructions in editing the dictionary.
In §4，lexicographers have their own academic and career backgrounds, and those backgrounds may be affecting their views and ideas ofwhat a language is and what a dictionary should be like. And it will be argued that those factors, together with their personal dispositions, may
have an influence on their attitudes toward the dictionary editing. In consequence, some lexicographers may be more lenient and tolerant toward
non-standard or unacceptable usages and may have an inclination to use
those anomalous constructions in defining words and adopt quotations
containing them. This assumption may be applicable to Bradley and to his
SePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

philosophy and attitude in dictionary editing.

2． Psych-passive＋by constructions in the OED
2.1 Psych-passives and their agentive prepositions in the definitions

In this section we will consider psych-passives and the agentive prepositions they occur with. The verbs to be taken into consideration are the following ones:(5)
alarm, amaze, amuse, annoy, astonish, bewilder, bother, chagrin, confuse,deject, delight, depress, disappoint, disgust, dismay, displease, excite, frighten, grieve, interest, offend, overwhelm, perplex, please, puzzle, satisfy, scare,shock, startle, stun, surprise, terrify, vex, worry

They are typical psych-verbs used daily in our conversations andwritings.2) Some of the past participles forms such as amazed, frightened,
pleased and the like are listed as distinct headwords as adjectives in the
dictionary, and they are also included in our analysis.
There were four editors of the OED: Murray (1837‑1915)，Bradley(1845‑1923)，Craigie (1867‑1957) and Onions (1873‑1965)．It was Murray who set sail for the uncharted waters of this monumental lexicographical work, followed by Bradley as a joint editor and later joined by Craigie
2) Verbs like appall, concern, content, thrill are excluded from our consideration because their illustrative quotations of psych-passive＋by are not found through thetext search of the OED on CD-ROM, nor are there any reference to it in their definitions.

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and finally by Onions. The following list shows who edited which letter(OED, 1933: xvii-xix)。

(6)
Murray: AB, C, D, H, IJK, O, P, T
Bradley: E, F, G, L, M, S-Sh, St, W-We
Craigie: Q, N, R, Si-Sq, U, V, Wo-Wy, Supplement: L-R, U-Z
Onions: Su-Sz, Wh-Wo, XYZ, Supplement: A-K, S, T

From this list we know who edited which letters and the following listshows who is the editor for each psych-verb.

(7)
Murray: alarm, amaze, amuse, annoy, astonish, bewilder, bother, chagrin,
confuse, deject, delight, depress, disappoint, disgust, dismay, displease, interest, offend, overwhelm, perplex, please, puzzle, terrify
Bradley: excite, frighten, grieve, satisfy, scare, shock, startle, stun
Craigie: vex, worry
Onions: surprise

In what follows, I will examine the definitions and their illustrative quotations of each verb. The verb please, for instance, is provided with the following definitions, usage descriptions and illustrative quotations.

(8)
Please 4.a. Passive. To be pleased: To be gratified, delighted, or agreeably satisfied. Const. with.
1535 Coverdale Ps. l[i]．19 Then shalt thou be pleased with theUePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

sacrifice of rightuousnesse.
1718 Free-thinker No.61．40 Every One is pleased with such an Occasion of shewing the Superiority of his Understanding．
1850 McCosh Div. Govt. II. ii．(1874) 213 Nor can God be pleased withthe perverted adoration.

It shows that the verb is used in a sense of have pleasure in the passive
construction and it takes with as an agentive preposition. This description
is illustrated by the three quotations.
I have examined all the definitions, usage descriptions and illustrative
quotations of the psych-verbs mentioned in (5). The examination reveals
that psych-verbs in the passive occur with such prepositions as are shownon the following table.

(9)
alarm

( at, by, with)amaze( at, with)

amuse

with, by, atannoy*after，*for，*of，( with)astonish( at, of, with)bewilder―bother( with)chagrin( at, by)confuse―deject( by)delight

with, at，*indepress( by)disappoint

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disgustfrom, of, against，( at, with)dismay―displease

with, at，*of，*against

excite―frightenat, of, for，( by)grievewith，( at, by)interest( about, in, by)offendwith, atoverwhelm( with)perplex( with)pleasewithpuzzle( by)satisfy

with, at, of，*in, ( by)scare( at, by)shock

at，( by)startle( with)stun( by, with)surpriseat，*withterrify―vex

at, withworry( about, by, with)

Further explanation should be offered here with regard to this table.
Prepositions in bold letters are the ones which are explicitly described as
used in the definitions and/or in the usage descriptions. The prepositionsin the parentheses are the ones used in their illustrative quotations
although no mention is made about them in the usage．̲̲̲̲̲̲ shows that
there are no descriptions nor are there any quotations in which a preposiWePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OEDtion is used.
Such verbs as alarm, chagrin, deject, depress, frighten, grieve, puzzle, satisfy, scare, stun and worry are provided with quotations containing psychpassive＋by constructions but there is no description about it in their definitions. Only amuse has the usage description of the agentive by, which is
as follows: to be amused with a toy or whimsical person, by a story told
me, at an incident, the self-complacency of another. It shows that the useof by is permissible with a particular type of object word, that is, astory ．No quotation is given, however, to illustrate this usage of the verb．
Judging from the fact that there is no description of by in the definitions
nor is there any quotation to illustrate it for all psych-verbs, it may be said
that psych-passive＋by constructions were not considered to be a standard or a legitimate usage at the time when the OED was being edited.
What is noticeable is that a number of illustrative quotations withpsych-passive＋by constructions are adopted, even though there is no
mention of it in the definitions. Those are the following thirteen examples.
The editor's name is in parentheses.

(10)
alarm v.5 1653 The King was again Alarum'd by the Protestation．
(Murray)
chagrin v.2 1878 Surprised and chagrined by the coldness of her manner．(Murray)deject v.5 1625 The king was much dejected by a Lettre received from
Denmark．(Murray)depress v.6 1806 We came ．
．．amidst rain and wind, and depressedby ill-forebodings．(Murray)frighten v.a 1883 In fearing that England would go into schism theX·è§§åwoÏw_W

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pope was frightened by a shadow．(Bradley)grieve v.5 1841 He was grieved by the corrupt speech of his son．
(Bradley)interest v.5 1791 She had been too much interested by the events of the
moment．(Murray)puzzle v.1 1870 Like a schoolmaster puzzled by hard sum．(Murray)satisfy v.7 1611 If any doubt hereof, he may be satisfied by examples
enough．(Bradley)scare v.1 1671 When they should find themselves more skarred thanhurt by His Threats．(Bradley)
shock v.4 1849 Every moderate man was shocked by the insolence,cruelty, and perfidy with which the nonconformists were treated．
(Bradley)stun v.2 1802 Lady Catherine was stunned by this distinct refusal．
(Bradley)
worry v.7 1867 Men when they are worried by fears...become suspicious．(Craigie)

Bradley edited eight verbs out of thirty-four verbs shown above in (7) andhe provides six of them with illustrative quotations containing psych-passive＋by ，Murray five, Craigie one and Onions none. The number of quotations that Bradley uses is larger, relatively or otherwise, compared toother editors.

2.2 The illustrative quotations of psych-passive＋by
The OED on CD-ROM 3) can be utilized to collect illustrative quotations
This is considered to be a very useful historical corpus and it supposedly contains
30 million words from Old English to the early twentieth century.

3)

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ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

containing psych-passive＋by constructions. Sentence samples are obtained through the text-search of the past-participle form of psych-verb＋
by ．There is a chance that an adverb or some modifying word(s) is/areinserted between the verb and by, so the text-search of the past-participle
form alone was conducted.
The retrieved samples were sieved to exclude the following examples:
non-psych-verb uses, sentences with a non-human subject (except for impersonated ones), inappropriate collocations and the coordinated use of a
psych-verb and a non-psych-verb, which naturally takes by as an agentive
preposition.4) Some quotations are cited for the two different head-words
by the two editors.5) We count them as two quotations. There is a quotation in which two psych-verbs are used and this is also counted as two quotations.
The illustrative quotations that we have collected and take into consideration are confined to the period of late Modern English (1700‑1900)．
This is the period when many prescriptive grammar books were written
and a sense of prescriptivism began to emerge and spread throughout British society and it is my assumption that this prescriptivism may have to dowith editor's attitudes in compiling a dictionary.
The results of the examination are shown in Appendix I and II. Appendix I is a table which shows the number of quotations for each verb used
4) The illustrative quotation of 1860 below is non-psychological, the one of 1865 is asentence whose subject is not human. The one of 1705 is an example of inappropriate collocation. The example of 1847 is a sentence in which by is supposedly triggered by the verb drum.
1860 A man is stunned by a blow with a stick on the head. He becomes unconscious; 1865 An unfastidious taste is not offended by its style; 1705 Her Majesty hathbeen...pleased, by Writ, to Call [him] to the House of Lords; 1847 Small children
are likely to be worried and drummed into apathy by dogmatic catechisms.
5) The following sentence is quoted in two words, bitter a. & n. edited by Murrayand sweet n. edited by Craigie: 1749 Fielding Tom Jones iii. vi. Surfeited with thesweets of marriage, or disgusted by its bitters. There are some examples like this.

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by each editor. Appendix II is a list of illustrative quotations.
In Appendix I, the numbers of quotations used by each editor are
shown: Murray 76 examples, Bradley 72, Craigie 40 and Onions 16．
These figures, however, do not mean much because the total editing pages
differ from editor to editor.6) So for the sake of comparison and clarity,
the frequencies per 1,000 words are provided. The figures for each editor
are: Murray 10.5，Bradley 15.7, Cragie 12.3 and Onions 11.5．We now
realize that Bradley's figure of 72 examples, or 15.2 examples per
1,000 words, is very high, practically the highest among the four editors.
Especially, such frequently-used verbs as frighten, please and surpriseare noticeable, considering the fact that the collocation with prepositions
like of, with, at is so strong as to be called idiomatic and therefore seems to
defy the occurrence with by. Bradley is observed to utilize more quotationsof psych-passive＋by constructions than other editors.

2.3 The definitions using psych-passive＋by
Not only does Bradley adopt illustrative quotations containing psychpassive＋by constructions, but he also uses them in defining some headwords. They are such words as excitement, fear-struck, get over, glad of,grimalkined, mind, scare, shade, weak as in (11):(11)
excitement 2c.: In recent use: The condition of being mentally excited,
whether by pleasurable or painful emotion．
fear-struck: struck with or overwhelmed by fear．
get over: to cease to be troubled or surprised by.
The total pages for each editor are: Murray 7,207 pages, Bradley 4,590, Craigie
3,242 and Onions 1,395.

6)

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ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

glad of(c): joyful account of, delighted or pleased by (an event, a stateof things)
grimalkined pa. pple.: (nonce-wd.)．vexed by a grimalkin ．
mind v.8a.: (Not) to object to, be troubled or annoyed by, dislike(something proposed, something offered to one, etc.)
scare v.3: To take a scare (see scare n.2); to be alarmed by rumours or
the like．
shade n.6c: Orig.，in humourous invocation of the spirit of a deceased
person, as likely to be horrified or amazed by some action or occurrence.
weak a. & n.: Hence allusively in weaker brethren ... who are in dangerof being shocked by extreme statements of principle or policy.

Aside from Bradley's nine examples, Murray has seven examples, Craigie
three and Onions two. Bradley is more conspicuous than other editors inmaking use of the constructions in defining words．
What is remarkable is that Bradley seems to make a distinction in theuse of with and by in the definitions of glad of ，depending on the object
word. If we compare the definitions of glad of (a) and glad of (c) as in below, the difference is obvious.

(12)
glad of (a): make happy or joyful, delighted or pleased with(an object
possessed)(obs.)
glad of (c): joyful account of, delighted or pleased by (an event, a stateof things)

This means that Bradley thinks that pleased by can be acceptable de13

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pending on the object word and the difference can be easily seen between
this and Murray's definition of please, shown in (6).
From the observations made above, we now realize that among the four
editors, Bradley made most use of psych-passive＋by constructions in
defining words and he adopted the largest, if relatively, number of illustrative quotations containing them. This suggests that Bradley was morelenient and understanding of the usages which were not considered standard or acceptable in those days and he had a willing mind to utilize themin his editing the dictionary.
How can we explain Bradley's tolerant and lenient attitude toward theunacceptable and illegitimate usages? In my previous article, I argued
that Onions had an inclination for prescriptivism and excluded the quotations of non-standard or unacceptable constructions. Bradley, on the other
hand, may have freed himself from prescriptive grammar and showedleniency and even sympathy for non-standard usages. This will explain thereason that Bradley adopted illustrative quotations containing non-standard or unacceptable constructions.
In the next section I will propose a hypothesis that Bradley's academic
and occupational careers may have influenced his philosophical views on
language and grammar and also affected his attitudes and methods in editing.

3．Bradley's career and his views on language
My arguments about Onions' prescriptivism is that it may have comefrom his academic and career backgrounds: he went to university, where
he must have studied prescriptive grammar; he worked as a schoolteacher, whose job it was to teach prescriptive grammar to his pupils; later
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ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

he wrote a grammar book with a number of prescriptive comments in it.
All of these experiences may have combined to lead to his spirit ofprescriptivism.
Bradley's career seems to make a stark contrast to that of Onions (Matsunami et al., 1995: 1101; Sasaki・Kihara, 1990: 32‑33)．Robert
Bridges, a laureate poet, describes Bradley's life in his memoir dedicatedto the posthumous collection of Bradley's papers (1928: 3‑56)．The following brief summary of Bradley's early and later life is based on Bridges'
memoir．
Born in 1845 to the gentle and genial parents of John and Mary Bradley,
Henry was a very precocious child and in 1855,started going to Chesterfield Grammar School in Derbyshire. Thanks to

his superior mental

gifts, his gentle manners, his patience, his modesty… , Bradley was wellliked and was worshipped by boys at school. He obtained the mass of his
informationforthrough

his inordinate love of reading and was praised

the excellence of his essays. His old notebooks show that he wasreading Homer, Virgil, Sallust, and the Hebrew Old Testament at thesame time.

Bradley left school because his master, the Reverend

Frederick Calder,advised his leaving, since there was nothing more thathe could learn in class. He spent the next couple of years as a tutor,
teaching and living together with a physically delicate son of an affluent
physician at a farmhouse he had built for the son in the moors. After thistutoring post, he got a similar tutorship position with another physician'sson.
Due to poor health, Bradley abandoned the hope to study further atuniversity, and began to work as corresponding clerk to Messrs Taylor,an exporting cutlery firm in Sheffield at the age of eighteen. During thetwenty years at this firm, he was engaged in the work of corresponding15

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with foreign clients. For the sake of occupational need and for his own interest he learned and was versed in many languages: classical languages
like Latin, Greek and Hebrew as well as such modern languages as German, French and Spanish. Henry Bradley was a self-taught scholar, just as
James Murray, Chief Editor of the OED, was. Bradley preoccupied himself in academic and scholarly activities and contributed philological articles to the local paper, the Sheffield Independent,7) and he also read papers
at the Philological and Linguistic Society.
In 1884, after he had been disengaged from the job at a cutlery firm,8)Bradley went down to London with his family to make a living and partly
to improve his wife's health. Was it because Fortune smiled at him thatthe first fascicle (A-Ant) of the OED (then the New English Dictionary)
was published in the same year? Bradley was asked to write a review ofthe fascicle by Cotton, Editor of the Academy, and this review he wrote ona moving package caught the eye of James Murray. Murray came to realize Bradley's gift and talent in languages and lexicography and invited him
to join the editorial staff of the OED. After working for several years as an
assistant editor to Murray, Bradley was promoted to become the second
Editor in 1888．
Bradley did not attend university but he was working at a cutlery firmfrom his late teens, when a person is likely to be affected by the surrounding worldly circumstances. Arguably being constantly exposed to Yorkshire dialect or non-standard English of the people working and associating with him, Bradley may have developed a sense of tolerance and lenienFrom Hollamshire worthies, Who's Who in South Yorkshire.
The business-house that he was serving gave him notice that their foreign trade
could no longer support a special agent, and that they must therefore reluctantly
dismiss him with the honorarium of six month's pay… (Bridges，1828: 12)
7)
8)

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ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

cy for non-standard or sub-standard English usages. When corresponding
with foreign clients, he may have encountered foreigners' ungrammaticalor unacceptable English usages as well. Those experiences in the realworld, not a secluded academic society in which an ordinary scholar or lexicographer resides, may have accustomed him to the English usages andsentences considered to be non-standard and illegitimate.
Bradley was a self-taught scholar and may have been a distant personfrom grammatical prescriptivism that had been prevalent in those days as
he did not have a formal higher education nor did he experience a career
as a schoolteacher unlike Onions.
Bradley wrote a renowned book, The Making of English in 1904，or
coincidentally in the same year when Onions published An Advanced English
Syntax. Unlike Onions' grammar book, which contains abundant prescriptive descriptions, this book of Bradley's, dealing with the history of the
English language, considers language change from non-standard to standard usage, or the decline of standard usages, as a matter of course or inevitable in the history of a language. The following descriptions in his
book illustrate Bradley's philosophical views on the English language andlanguage change.

(13)
Now this is obviously an instance of the famous principle of survival of
the fittest. (p.36)
A considerable amount of new grammatical material has been introduced, to serve the needs of expression in cases where the oldmachinery has become inefficient through phonetic change and othercauses, or where it was from the beginning inadequate for its purpose．
(p.53)
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The analogous passive forms, as in the house is being built,

he wasbeing taught to ride, were hardly known till near the end of the eighteenth century, and long afterwards they were condemned by sticklers
for grammatical correctness. Yet the innovation was clearly needed ...
the language has found means for representing shades of signification
which had previously no accurate expression．(p.70)

The description about morphology on p.36 says that the principle ofsurvival of the fittest applies to language change. It is intended to meanthat non-standard expressions would survive to be standard usage if theyshould fit the actual situation of a society in which the language is spoken.
The description on p.53 indicates that a new usage would be born toreplace a certain standard usage if it should become inappropriate or outdated. The description about passive progressive on p.70 seems to be intended to ridicule the grammarians who try to stick to the rules ofprescriptivism.
Bradley seems to have had an interest in slangs, or non-standard words
or usages associated with a particular context or society. He contributed
an article Slang to Encyclopaedia Britanica (1910，vol. xxv, pp.207‑10)．
Generally speaking, slangs are supposed to lie at the periphery of a language and they have been treated as if they were illegitimate and even disdained with contemptible eyes (Baugh, 1957: 350)．Bradley, however,considers slangs as legitimate elements of a language and analyzes themas an appropriate object of language science in his 5,000‑word article.
Although slangs are non-standard vocabulary and expressions, some ofthem are said to have entered standard vocabulary (Bradley 1928: 145，
155)．Bradley treats slangs in the framework of language change from
non-standard to standard. Judging from his attitude toward slangs, Brad18

ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

ley did not seem to harbor any prejudices against non-standard or unacceptable English; rather he seems to have leniency and understanding
toward it. Bradley's distance from grammatical prescriptivism may have
had an influence on his editing of the OED in adopting illustrative quotations and defining words.
For the sake of clarity and comparison, let us touch on Murray andCraigie, the chief and third editors, and the relation between their academic and occupational careers and their sense of prescriptivism. Murray,
another self-taught scholar, had an experience as a schoolteacher for many
years (Sasaki・Kihara, 1995: 247‑48)．Craigie was a university-educated scholar but he had no experience as a schoolteacher．(Sasaki・Kihara,
1995: 60)．In terms of prescriptivism, Murray and Craigie may be placed
between Bradley and Onions.
Furthermore, Craigie may be closer to Bradley, in that Craigie adopts
an illustrative quotation in which by is recognized as an agentive preposition with the passive of the verb, nettle (nettle v.2b. In pa. pple. Irritated,
vexed, provoked, annoyed. Const. at, by, with, etc.)．The figure of
Craigie's (12.5) on Appendix 1，which is close to that of Bradley (15.7)，
is another reason. This may be explained by the fact that Craigie was ascholar of the Scandinavian languages as well as English and he was a
man a generation later than Murray or Bradley.

4．Dr. Johnson's unconventional way of editing his dictionary
Lexicographers are supposedly attempting to be scientific and objectivein editing and compiling a dictionary. However, it seems to be inevitablethat their personal dispositions and characteristics may affect the way of
their editing and as a result, dictionary editing can be a subjective matter.
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Lexicographers have their own academic careers and scholarly experiences and these may lead to their own views of what a language is andtheir own ideas of what a dictionary should be like, and thus their distinctive and characteristic ways of dictionary editing.
Samuel Johnson, for instance, is well-known to be subjective or even eccentric in his way of editing his dictionary. First of all, there are words
whose

definitions reflect Johnson's dispositions (Hayashi, 1968: 1)．

Oats ，for instance, are defined as a grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people and it shows Johnson's dislike of Scotland. A lexicographer' is described as a writer ofdictionaries: a harmless drudge, that busies himself in tracing the original,and detailing the signification of words and it may contain a sense of humor or irony, or even self-ridicule.
As for illustrative quotations, Johnson makes use of his proper judgments, based on his own philosophy and learning, as to which one toadopt. Of course he adopts such quotations as would best and properly illustrate words, but he is said to have made it a rule to collect and utilize
such quotations as to be a model or an exemplar in various fields of learning and literature. Furthermore, according to Boswell, who wrote Johnson's
biography, Johnson did not adopt the sentences of the writers which may
harm and endanger religious minds and morality (Imazato・Tsuchiya，
1985: 61)．It is in the fourth edition, the virtual revised version, that thisis typically represented.
In the fourth edition, the quotations of religious flavor are adopted ingreat numbers. The Bible is a source of a number of quotations throughout the first and second volumes of the fourth edition and so are the quotations from the seventeenth-century advocates of the Anglican Church or
the Royalists who were opposed to the Puritans (Reddick，1990: 141‑42)．
20

ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

Let us show some quotations.

(14)
O Lord, make haste to help me. Psalms (HELP, v. a． 1．To assist; tosupport; to aid. ）God himself is with us for our captain. Chron．(HIMSELF, pron． 2．
It is added to a personal pronoun or noun, by way of emphatical discrimination. )(Reddick: 141)

To illustrate help or himself, these quotations do not seem to be linguistically best or most appropriate quotations nor do they seem to be essential
to illustrate these words. They are not adopted for the sole purpose of illustrating the words but they are adopted simply for the sake of quoting
from the Bible ．Any quotations from the Bible might have served Johnson's purpose and intention. Our arguments that a lexicographer can be
subjective or even idiosyncratic in their way of editing a dictionary may besubstantiated.

5．Concluding remarks
This article is an attempt to analyze psych-passive＋by constructionsin the OED's quotations and the definitions and how Bradley, the OED's
second editor, dealt with them. Psych-passives are supposed to be occurring with prepositions other than by, but we have seen an increase of by in
Present-day English. In late Modern English, when the OED was being
compiled, psych-passive＋by constructions were not recognized to be an
acceptable and legitimate usage. In spite of their illegitimacy, they areused in defining words and are adopted as illustrative quotations in the21

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OED.
We have observed that Bradley utilized these constructions most of all
the four editors. My speculation is that Bradley was free from grammatical prescriptivism, which was prevalent in those days, and his freedom
from it may have contributed to his rather ample employment of the nonstandard constructions.
His exposure to the real world, as opposed to the academic world, as acorrespondent at a cutlery firm in Sheffield for twenty years and his lackof higher education and a career as a school teacher may be combined tolead to the paucity of his grammatical prescriptivism. Being a self-taught
scholar of philology, Bradley may have distanced himself from academic
snobbishness, which may be equated with prescriptivism. His tolerance
and acceptance of non-standard or unacceptable usages like the ones inquestion may come from his estrangement from the prescriptivism.
How a lexicographer's attitudes are affected in the ways of dictionary
editing can be seen in Sameul Johnson's dictionary. Johnson was the editor of the Dictionary of the English Language, the most important and influential dictionary before the OED. Johnson may have had his own ways
and edited the dictionary as he pleased. Some of his definitions are said tobe subjective and even eccentric and the illustrative quotations are takenfrom the viewpoint of morality and his religious faith. The same may betrue of the OED and the editors. The editor's scholastic learning and theirphilosophy on languages and dictionaries, together with their personal dispositions, may affect the ways a dictionary is being compiled.
If an editor were a scholar with a strong tendency for prescriptivism,
then he would be reluctant to use non-standard or unacceptable English
constructions when he defines words and adopts illustrative quotations. If
an editor were non-prescriptivist, then he might not be hesitant or even22

ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

willing to do so. It is understandable that Bradley, lacking a sense ofprescriptivism, may have been tolerant and lenient toward the then nonstandard or unacceptable psych-passive＋by constructions and it would
be little wonder if he had had a willing mind to use the constructions in
defining words and adopting the quotations containing them.

References
Baugh, Albert C．1957．A History of the English Language, 2nd ed. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bradley, Henry．1904．The Making of English. London: Macmillan.
Bradley, Henry．1928．The Collected Papers of Henry Bradley. Oxford: Oxford
Clarendon Press.
Bradley, Henry．1940．Correspondence of Robert Bridges and Henry Bradley. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Bridges, Robert．1928． A Memoir of Henry Bradley ，in The Collected Papers ofHenry Bradley. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press.
Burchfield, Robert ed．1972‑86．A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary，
4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press．
Johnson, Samuel．1755, 17734．A Dictionary of the English Language on CD-ROM,
ed. by Anne McDermott. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press．
Leech, Geoffrey and Jan Svartvik．1975, 20023．A Communicative Grammar of English，3rd ed. London: Longman.
Murray, J. A. H., H. Bradley, W. A. Craigie and C. T. Onions．1933．The Oxford
English Dictionary，12 vols and Supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press．
Odom, W., the Rev．1926．Hallamshire Worthies: Characteristics and Work of Notable Sheffield Men and Women. Sheffield: J. W. Northend Ltd.
Onions, C. T．1904．An Advanced English Syntax. London: Routledge and KeganPaul.
Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. Leech and J. Svartvik．1985．A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman．
Reddick, Allen．1990, 19962．The Making of Johnson's Dictionary 1746‑1773 .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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æ49ªæPi2015Nj

Simpson, J. A. and E. S. C. Weiner．1992．The Oxford English Dictionary on CDROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Svartvik, Jan．1966．On Voice in the English Verb. The Hague: Mouton & Co.
Taketazu, S．1999． Onions and his treatment of be surprised by in the OED．
Nagasaki Prefectural University Journal. Vol.33，No.3．9‑28.
今里智晃・土屋典生．1984.『英語の辞書と語源』東京：大修館書店．(Imazato,
Tomoaki and Tuschiya Norio．1984．English Dictionaries and Etymology.
Tokyo: Taishukan-shoten.)
太田朗・池谷彰・村田勇三郎．1972.『文法論 I』東京：大修館書店．（Ohta,
Akira, Ikegaya Akira, Murata Yusaburo．1972．Grammatical Theory I.
Tokyo: Taishukan-shoten.)
佐々木達・木原研三（編）．1995．『英語学人名辞典』東京：研究社．（Sasaki,
Tatsu and Kenzo Kihara (ed)．1995．A Biographical Dictionary of English
Linguistics. Tokyo: Kennkyusha.)
竹田津進．2002．「OED における「心理受動文＋by」構文と Henry Bradley」長崎
県立大学論集第35巻第４号．343‑364．(Taketazu, Susumu．2002．

Psych-

passive＋by constructions in the OED and Henry Bradley. Nagasaki Prefectural University Journal. Vol.35，No.4．343‑364.)
竹田津進．2008．「シェフィールド時代の Henry Bradley」田島・末松編『英語史研究ノート』開文社．339‑343．（Taketazu, Susumu．2008． Henry Bradleyin his days of Sheffield ，in Collection of Notes of the History of the English Language. 339‑343．Tokyo: Kaibunnsha.）
竹田津進．2008．「OED の見出し語

slangと Henry Bradley」田島・末松編『英語史研究ノート』東京：開文社．294‑299．（Taketazu, Susumu．2008．
Headwordslang

in the OED and Henry Bradely ，in Collection of Notes ofthe History of the English Language. 294‑299．Tokyo: Kaibunnsha.）
竹林滋他．2005．『ルミナス英和辞典』第２版．東京：研究社．(Takebayashi,
Shigeru et al. Luminous English-Japanese Dictionary, 2nd ed. Tokyo:
Kenkyusha.)
中原章雄．1999.『「辞書のジョンソン」の成立−ボズウェル日記から伝記へ−』
東京：英宝社．（Nakahara, Akio．1999．Johnson, the Lexicographer−fromBoswell's Diary to Biography−．Tokyo: Eiho-sha.)
永島大典．1983.『ジョンソンの『英語辞典』：その歴史的意義』東京：大修館書店．
（Nagashima, Daisuke．1999．Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language:
24

ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

its Historical Significance. Tokyo: Taishukan-shoten.)
林哲郎．1968.『英語辞書発達史』東京：開文社．（Hayashi, Tetsuro．1968．A
Developmental History of English Dictionaries. Tokyo: Kaibun-sha.)
松浪有・池上嘉彦・今井邦彦（編）．1983．
『大修館英語学辞典』東京：大修館書店．
（Matsunami, Tamotsu, Yshhiko Ikegami and Kunihiko Imai ed．1983．
Taishukan Dictioanry of English Linguistics. Tokyo: Taishukan-shoten.）
渡部昇一．1975．『英語学史』東京：大修館書店．（Watanabe, Shoichi．1975．A
History of English Philology. Tokyo: Taishukan-shoten.)

Appendix I
The number of illustrative quotations containing psych-passive＋by constructionsin the OED（Frequency per 1,000 pages）
MurrayBradley

Craigie

Onionsalarm

6(0.83)5(1.09)3(0.93)2(1.43)amaze

2(0.28)1(0.22)

0

0

amuse

2

2(0.44)2(0.62)1(0.71)annoy

6

4(0.87)2

1astonish1(0.14)1

00bewilder3(0.42)2

1(0.32)

1bother1

0

01

chagrin

1

0

0

1

confuse

2

1

0

1

deject2

1

0

0

delight

0

1

0

0

depress

1

0

1

0

disappoint

2

1

2

0

disgust4(0.56)1

22

dismay1000displease

1

0

0

0

excite23(0.65)20frighten5(0.69)10(2.18)

20

grieve4300interest

1

1

1

1

offend3

100

overwhelm

0

2

0

0
25

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perplex

2

0

2

1

please0301

puzzle1002satisfy

2

1

1

0

scare

4

4

2

1

shock

2

1

2

0

startle68(1.74)4(1.23)

0

stun

2

3

1

0

surprise3

85(1.54)0terrify

2

1

4

0

vex

2

1

0

0

worry

0

2

1

0

total

76(10.5)

72(15.7)40(12.3)

16(11.5)

total pages

7,207

4,590

3,242

1,395

Appendix II
Illustrative quotations with psych-passive＋by constructions in the OED（Thenumber in parentheses after each psych-verb is the frequency of occurrence of
psych-passive＋by sentences. Words in parentheses are headwords）

alarm(16)a1716 Alarmed by an experience of the baseness, and the exceptiousness of men(exceptious); 1791 They were alarmed by the tramping of horses near the abbey(tramp, v.); 1800 The people of the vale had been a good deal alarmed by the appearance of that unaccountable being water-horse (water-horse); 1851 You will
not be alarmed by my use of pruning-knife (prunig-knife); etc．
amaze (3)1667 tis easie to discern how much he must be distracted and amazed by them(tremulous); 1850 I started first, as some Arcadian, Amazed by goatly God in
twilight grove (goatly); 1876 You are amazed by the profusion which is characteristic of Nature (profusion)．
amuse (7)1774 He then placed them in a cage at his chamber window, to be amused by theirsportive flutterings (sportive); 1816 Emma would have been amused by its variations (wavering); 1858 Amused by a couple of rams butting at each other (butt26

ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OEDv.); 1879 You would be screamingly amused by one (screaming); etc．
annoy (13)1834 Sadly annoyed he is sometimes by her malapropisms (malapropism);1839 The men... were evidently annoyed by my success (squint-eye); 1844 My
reception has been so large, that I am not annoyed by receiving this or that superabundantly (superabundantly); 1876 Washington was annoyed by shoals of selfish
importuners (importuner); 1885 We have been greatly annoyed of late by a lot oftin horn gamblers and prostitutes (tinhorn); etc．
astonish (2)1876 Astonished by an invitation to dinner, which she denies (card); 1883 Never
was more astonished than by Lady Arabella's gaucheness (gaucheness).
bewilder(7)1751 I was bewildered by an unseasonable interrogatory (interrogatory); 1837 Bewildered by long terror, perturbations and guillotinement (guillotine v.);
1855 Bewildered by his own skillful word-juggling (word n.); 1909 The chorussingers seemed a little bewildered by his batonless movements (batonless); etc．
bother (2)1846 I really am bothered by this confounded dramatization of the Christmas
books (dramatization); 1923 If you are particularly bothered by the proximity ofwires (capacity)．
chagrin (2)1928 Mr. Churchill was deeply chagrined by being compelled to withdraw his
proposed kerosene tax (kerosene); etc．
confuse (4)1711 she was perfectly confused by meeting something so wistful in all she encountered (wistful); 1822 This man being confused by the pervicaciousness of all(pervicacious); 1857 We were soon confused by numerous logging-paths (logging); etc．
deject (3)1638 Yet in the meridian of his hopes [he] is dejected by valiant Rustang (meridian, n.); 1712 we should take delight in being terrified or dejected by a Description (pass, n.); etc．
delight (1)1796 I am extremely delighted by the attentive perusal of musico-philosophical27

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letters (musico-).
depress (2)1844 Had he allowed himself to be depressed by every unpleasantry (unpleasantry); etc.
disappoint (5)1648 [You] might have found yourself as sensibly disappointed by her Grant(grant, n); 1688 Greatly disappointed by this loss [of a horse](team, n);1880 They were wofully disappointed by the results of their intended sociability(sociability); etc．
disgust (9)1794 Emily was disgusted by the subservient manners of many persons (subservient); 1840 Very much disgusted by Mr. Elton walking out in the last scene(walk, v.); a1852 men must not be disgusted by occasional exhibitions of politicalharlequinism (harlequinism); etc．
dismay (1)1854 Somewhat dismayed by this specimen of barrack-life (barrack)．
displease (1)1822 I was so displeased by the jookeries of the bailie (jokery)．
excite (7)1823 Excited, as he said, by the drollness of the scene (droll, a.); 1858 Excited by
the waggery of his more intellectual neighbors (waggery); 1872 The Dutch were
not excited by those visions of American gold and silver (vision, n.); etc．
frighten (17)1794 If he supposes I am to be frightened by his pompous accusations, he hasmuch mistaken his man (mistake, v.); 1821 I am not to be frightened by fee, faw,
fum (fee-faw-fum); 1856 he was frightened by her denunciations (denunciation);
1879 Let not women be frightened by the scaring name (scaring); 1884 I am not
at all frightened by the word sectarian (sectarian); etc．
grieve (8)1775 By lack whereof they have been oftentimes touched and grieved by subsidies given (lack n.); 1802 I am more grieved than I can express by a cruel contretemps (contretemps); 1899 Lovers of old London have been grieved by the news
that... (knacker, n.); etc．

28

ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OEDinterest (4)1830 I have been gratified and interested by going over one of the largest
manufactories of this place (go, v.); 1861 Albinia had been strongly interested by
the touching facts (untouchingly); etc．
offend (4)1829 He dared not contest obstinately against persons of quality, who would beoffended by his discourse (contest v.); 1830 I myself am offended by the obtrusion of the new lections into the text (lection); 1842 The Tartars call themselves
Turks, and feel highly offended by being called Tartars (Tartar); etc．
overwhelm (2)1849 Clarendon was overwhelmed by manifold vexations (manifold); 1866 Not
only was I myself overwhelmed by these accounts of foreign travel (we, pro)．
perplex (5)1770 Perplexed by sophistries, their honest eloquence rises into action(sophistry); 1869 Perplexed for a moment by the suddenness of the tidings (tiding); a1871 A young person is perplexed by the dissential judgments．
(dissential); etc．
please (4)1855 His haughty spirit could not be pleased by the subordinate part (subordinate); 1859 Much excited and pleased by your accounts of your daughter's engagement (engagement); etc．
puzzle (3)1891 a German physician coming to this country became puzzled by the variety ofnervous disorders (American); 1928 There is no anti-Britishism here, but I am
puzzled by the objection to our being pro-American (anti-British); etc．
satisfy (5)a1631 we are sufficiently cleared and satisfied by the Authority of the Holy Spiritof God (clear v.); 1663 I was thereby much satisfied and confirmed by his uptaking of the nature and notion of faith (uptaking); 1701 When a lover becomes satisfied by small compliances without further pursuits (pursuit); etc．
scare (11)1756 I will not be scared out of my senses by improbabilities and maybe's(maybe); 1817 Scared by the faith they feigned (priestly); 1845 We are not scaredby all this towering indignance (indignance); 1855 It is difficult to believe that a29

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Prince would have been scared by so silly a hoax (hoax); 1901 I was oppressedand scared by the far-reachingness (far-reaching); etc．
shock (5)1851 Were Peter Damian still upon earth, To be shocked by such ungodly mirth(ungodly); 1881 It has never occurred to him that people would be shocked byseeing him tout at Albany (tout, v); etc．
startle (18)1854 I was startled by the loud honking of a goose (honk, v.); 1854 I was startled
by something descending, with a great flop, on to my hat (flop, n.); 1856 He wasstartled by the growing weakness of the ice (weakness); 1865 I have been startled
by hearing it urged in sober earnest (sober，a.); 1873 They were startled by an
exclamation from Ingran (exclamation); etc．
stun (6)1786 Stunned by their gibbering (gibbering); 1856 Perfectly be stunned By thoseinsufferable cicale (cicala); 1865 He is only stunned by the unvanquishable
difficulty of his existence (unvanquishable); etc.
surprise (16)1786 At the desert I was very agreeably surprised by the entrance of Sir Richard
Jebb, who stayed coffee (stay, v.); 1838 Miss Merton was surprised by the beauty of the young fairy before her (fairy n.5); 1845 I was a good deal surprised byfinding two species of coral, possessed the power of stinging (sting, v.); etc.
terrify (7)1658 When they are most terrified and huspil'd by these Ghosts (huspil，-el, v.);
1712 we should take delight in being terrified or dejected by a Description (pass,n.); 1897 A person had been terrified by hearing the curtains of the bed rustle(rustle, v); etc．
vex (2)1748 We are to live on at this rate (are we ?) vexed by you, and continually
watchful about you (watchful); 1890 His order-loving soul was daily vexed byreason of the irregularities (order, n.); etc．
worry (3)1869 Young Mr. Blucher was a good deal worried by the constantly changing
ship time (ship, n.); etc.

30

ePsych-passive{byfConstructions in the OED

Acknowledgment
The original Japanese paper was based on an oral presentation I madeat the conference of the Society of the History of the English Language
held at Kyushu University, Fukuoka, in 2002．Emeritus Professor Matsuji Tajima of Kyushu University was kind enough to give me encouragement to read the paper. He was also so generous as to give me a numberof useful comments on the draft of the paper.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Nicholas Caine, one of
my colleagues, who kindly read my manuscript and emended any irregularities therein. I owe another colleague of mine, Mr. Stephen Rife,for some useful comments and advice on the original draft. The responsibility for any remaining errors is of course mine.

31