ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2744
L2/04-130
Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set
International Organization for Standardization
Organisation Internationale de NormalisationМеждународная организация по стандартизации

2004-04-20

Doc Type: Working Group Document
Title:
Revision of the Coptic block under ballot for the BMP of the UCS
Source: Michael Everson and Stephen Emmel
Status:Individual Contribution
Action:For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC
Date:
2004-04-20
This document requests additional characters to be added to the UCS and contains the proposal summary
form. It replaces contains characters accepted in N2636 along with additional characters and rationale for
their inclusion.
A. Administrative

1. Title
Revision of the Coptic under ballot for the BMP of the UCS.
2. Requesterʼs nameMichael Everson and Stephen Emmel
3. Requester type (Member body/Liaison/Individual contribution)
Individual contribution.
4. Submission date
2004-04-20
5. Requesterʼs reference (if applicable)
NN2611 (2003-08024), N2444 (2002-05-08), N2636
6. Choose one of the following:
6a. This is a complete proposal
Yes.
6b. More information will be provided later
No.

B. Technical – General

1. Choose one of the following:
1a. This proposal is for a new script (set of characters)
No, but it is a proposal for a new block of Coptic characters.
Proposed name of script
Coptic1b. The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing blockNo.
1b. Name of the existing block
2. Number of characters in proposal
114
3. Proposed category (see section II, Character Categories)
Category A
4a. Proposed Level of Implementation (1, 2 or 3) (see clause 14, ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000)
Level 1.
4b. Is a rationale provided for the choice?
Yes.
4c. If YES, reference
Spacing characters are proposed.
5a. Is a repertoire including character names provided?
Yes.

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5b. If YES, are the names in accordance with the character naming guidelines in Annex L of ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000?
Yes.
5c. Are the character shapes attached in a legible form suitable for review?
Yes.
6a. Who will provide the appropriate computerized font (ordered preference: True Type, or PostScript format) for
publishing the standard?
Michael Everson. TrueType.
6b. If available now, identify source(s) for the font (include address, e-mail, ftp-site, etc.) and indicate the tools used:
Michael Everson, Fontographer.
7a. Are references (to other character sets, dictionaries, descriptive texts etc.) provided?
Yes, see bibliography below.
7b. Are published examples of use (such as samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) of proposedcharacters attached?
Yes.
8. Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing (if applicable) such as input, presentation,sorting, searching, indexing, transliteration etc. (if yes please enclose information)?
Yes, see below.
9. Submitters are invited to provide any additional information about Properties of the proposed Character(s) or Scriptthat will assist in correct understanding of and correct linguistic processing of the proposed character(s) or script.
Examples of such properties are: Casing information, Numeric information, Currency information, Display behaviour
information such as line breaks, widths etc., Combining behaviour, Spacing behaviour, Directional behaviour, Default
Collation behaviour, relevance in Mark Up contexts, Compatibility equivalence and other Unicode normalization
related information. See the Unicode standard at http://www.unicode.org for such information on other scripts. Alsosee Unicode Character Database http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/ UnicodeCharacterDatabase.html andassociated Unicode Technical Reports for information needed for consideration by the Unicode Technical Committee
for inclusion in the Unicode Standard.
Yes, see Unicode properties below.

C. Technical – Justification

1. Has this proposal for addition of character(s) been submitted before? If YES, explain.
Yes. N1658, N2444, N2636. This proposal is preliminary to ballot comments.
2a. Has contact been made to members of the user community (for example: National Body, user groups of the script orcharacters, other experts, etc.)?
Yes.
2b. If YES, with whom?
Stephen Emmel representing the International Association for Coptic Studies (IACS). This proposal has been aided in partby funds made available by the Society of Biblical Literature, and by the Script Encoding Initiative, University of California
Berkeley.
2c. If YES, available relevant documents
This document
3. Information on the user community for the proposed characters (for example: size, demographics, information
technology use, or publishing use) is included?
Scholarly, ecclesiastical, and library communities.
4a. The context of use for the proposed characters (type of use; common or rare)
Characters are used to write the Coptic language.
4b. Reference
See below.
5a. Are the proposed characters in current use by the user community?
Yes.
5b. If YES, where?
By scholars, ecclesiastical researchers, Coptic Christians, and librarians.
6a. After giving due considerations to the principles in Principles and Procedures document (a WG 2 standing
document) must the proposed characters be entirely in the BMP?
Yes.
6b. If YES, is a rationale provided?
Yes.
6c. If YES, reference
Accordance with the Roadmap. Other Coptic characters are encoded in the Greek and Coptic block.
7. Should the proposed characters be kept together in a contiguous range (rather than being scattered)?
Yes, they should be encoded in a single block as presented here.

28a. Can any of the proposed characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character sequence?
Yes.
8b. If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided?
Yes.
8c. If YES, reference
Coptic characters are similar to, but not identical to, Greek characters, and Copticists need to distinguish the two in plain text.
9a. Can any of the proposed characters be encoded using a composed character sequence of either existing charactersor other proposed characters?
No.
9b. If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided?
9c. If YES, reference
10a. Can any of the proposed character(s) be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to an existing
character?
Yes. COPTIC SYMBOL TAU RO is similar to COPTIC LETTER SAMPI but the two are distinct characters with distinct
origins and uses.
10b. If YES, is a rationale for its inclusion provided?
Yes. Greek and Coptic have been disunified.
10c. If YES, reference
The more generic U+2627 CHI RHO must be considered to be a logotype derived from two Greek letters; the KHI RO proposed
here is derived from two Coptic letters, and is used in Coptic text.
11a. Does the proposal include use of combining characters and/or use of composite sequences (see clauses 4.12 and 4.14
in ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000)?
Yes.
11b. If YES, is a rationale for such use provided?
Yes.
11c. If YES, reference
Combining diacritical marks.
12a. Is a list of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images (graphic symbols) provided?
No.
12b. If YES, reference
13a. Does the proposal contain characters with any special properties such as control function or similar semantics?
No.
13b. If YES, describe in detail (include attachment if necessary)
14a. Does the proposal contain any Ideographic compatibility character(s)?
No.
14b. If YES, is the equivalent corresponding unified ideographic character(s) identified?
14c. If YES, reference

D. Proposal

N2636 noted that additional characters including, at least, alphabetical characters representing the Old
Nubian sounds /d/, //, //, /w/ were likely to be required for addition to the Coptic repertoire, which
is currently out for ballot. Research has indicated that 46 additional letters and 8 other characters are
required. We propose the complete replacement of the Coptic block (currently under ballot) with theblock given below. We also propose the replacement of the glyphs at U+03E2-U+03EF with a set ofglyphs in the same style as the other glyphs shown here.
Development of the Coptic script
The best-known Coptic dialects are Sahidic and Bohairic, whose characters were proposed in N2636.
Coptic scholarship also recognizes a number of other dialects which use additional characters. The
repertoires of Sahidic and Bohairic reflect efforts to standardize the writing of Coptic, but attempts towrite the Egyptian language with the Greek script preceded that standardization by several centuries;
during the initial period of writing, a number of different solutions to the problem of representing nonGreek sounds were made, mostly by borrowing letters from Demotic writing. These early efforts aregrouped by Copticists under the general heading Old Coptic. (In the case of Old Nubian, which is a NiloSaharan language, some additional letters seem to have been borrowed from Meroitic.) While the sounds
these letters represent can be written with the letters later employed in standard Sahidic and Bohairic
Coptic, they are in fact different letters; modern Copticists rely on these letters to help identify different
3Old Coptic dialects, particularly in the case of short inscriptions or ostraca which may be ambiguous as tothe dialect used. These additional characters are described here.
Coptic is considered to be a casing script, chiefly because case has accrued to the script during the last
several centuries of typographic development. Even in Old Coptic manuscripts, letters can be written
larger (particularly at the beginning of paragraphs), though it is chiefly in the Bohairic manuscript andtypographic tradition that the capital letters have the most distinctive shapes. In order to facilitate modern
casing operations for the Coptic script, it has been judged appropriate to treat all of Coptic as a casing
script, including the uniquely Old Coptic characters. In a scholarly publication, for instance, an article
title at the top of a journal page might be set in all caps; it would be nonsensical for all but one or two of
the Coptic letters to be able to be cased with an all caps command. Because Bohairic Coptic uses only
a subset of the letters in the Coptic repertoire, a Sahidic font style – based on the designs of Dirk van
Damme, who died a decade ago – has been used in this proposal for the code chart.
Ä Å COPTIC LETTER DIALECT-P ALEF. This letter is found in the Coptic Dialect P and represents a sound// often replaced in other dialects by vocalic gemination (so Dialect P ´Å /o/ is written ´´ in otherdialects). It derives from Demotic letter Ç representing the Hieroglyphic FLOWERING REED ì ã. See figures
8 and 14.
Ç É COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC AIN. This letter is found in the Egyptian Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, where it
represents a Middle Egyptian sound //. It derives from Demotic letter é representing the Hieroglyphic
group FOREARM and PAPYRUS ROLL ê å. See figures 1–3.
é è COPTIC LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE and ¶ ß COPTIC LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI. A common Coptic
substitution alphabet that was used to encrypt texts had the disadvantageous feature whereby three of theletters (EIE, NI, and FI) were substituted by themselves. Since the first two of these are two of the highestfrequency characters in Coptic, Copts felt that the encryption was not strong enough, and replaced thoseletters with these cryptogrammic ones. Copticists preserve this substitution in editions of these texts
and do not consider them mere glyph variants of the original letters. An example: ≠ôçáôï£ piebiên ʻthiswretchʼ encrypted with the substitution system is rendered õUè£Uáß kfEnfbN. Just as õ is not a glyph
variant of ≠, so è and ß are not glyph variants of ç and £. See figure 9.
ú ù COPTIC LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA. This letter is found in Dialect P (in that dialect, ö õ COPTIC LETTERKAPA is used to represent what in other dialects is written with \ ] COPTIC LETTER SHIMA); it derives from
Demotic letter ä representing the Hieroglyphic SANDY HILL-SLOPE î k. . See figures 7, 8, and 14.
§ • COPTIC LETTER DIALECT-P NI. This letter is found in Dialect P. It derives not from GREEK LETTER NU,
but from Demotic letter á representing Hieroglyphic RIPPLE OF WATER ú n. Dialect P also uses ¢ £COPTIC LETTER NI for non-syllabic /n/. See figures 8 and 14.
æ ø COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC OOU. This letter is found in the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus andrepresents a sound /o/. It derives from Demotic letter ç representing the Hieroglyphic BACKBONE AND
RIBS í Åt. See figures 4–6.
¿ ¡ COPTIC LETTER SAMPI. This letter has a numeric value of 900 and corresponds to GREEK LETTER SAMPI.
It is not found in abecedaria, but is used in cryptogrammic contexts as a letter. See figure 9.
¬ √ COPTIC LETTER CROSSED SHEI. This letter is found in Dialect I where it represents a sound /ç/; it isfound alongside R S COPTIC LETTER SHEI which represents //. The diacritic is not productive. See figures
13 and 14.

4ƒ ≈ COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEI. This letter derives from a Demotic letter â representing Hieroglyphic
POOL WITH LOTUS FLOWERS ò š (as does R S COPTIC LETTER SHEI). It is found in the Old Coptic
Horoscope, in the two Old Coptic Mummy labels in Berlin, and in the Demotic Magical Papyrus (where
Coptic glosses a Demotic text); it represents //. See figure 14.
Δ « COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH. This letter is found in the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus and represents asound //. Its origin is uncertain. For the name, the IPA name for  has been used. See figures 4–6.
~ À COPTIC LETTER DIALECT-P HORI. This letter is found in the Old Coptic Horoscope, where it represents asound /h/; and in Dialect P, where it represents a sound /ç/. It derives from Demotic letter Ñ representing
Hieroglyphic group ELEPHANT TUSK and PAPYRUS ROLL ó h. . See figures 7, 8, and 14.
Ã Õ COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI. This letter is found in the Mimaut Papyrus and the first non-Greek
section of the Paris Magical Papyrus, where it represents a sound /h/; in the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus
it represents /h. /. Like DIALECT-P HORI, it derives from Demotic letter Ñ representing Hieroglyphic group
ELEPHANT TUSK and PAPYRUS ROLL ó h. , but unlike the letterform Ñ which is the source of the letter
DIALECT-P HORI, this letter derives from a different letterform Î. See figures 10, 12, and 14.
Œ œ COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC HA. This letter is found in the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus and represents
a sound /h/. It derives from Demotic letter à representing the Hieroglyphic REED SHELTER ô h. See figures
1–6 and 14.
– — COPTIC LETTER L-SHAPED HA. This letter is found in the second non-Greek section of the Paris Magical
Papyrus and represents a sound /h/. It may derive from the Greek epigraphic rough breathing. See figures
11 and 14.
“ ” COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC HEI. This letter is used in a number of Coptic dialects to represent a sound/ç/; in the Mimaut Papyrus and the second non-Greek section of the Paris Magical Papyrus it represents//. It derives from Demotic letter Ü representing Hieroglyphic HUMAN PLACENTA ö h . The name HEI for˘ and 14.
/ç/ is “softened” from the attested name KHEI used for … ~ W /x/. See figures 1–3, 10–12,‘ ’ COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC HAT. This letter is found in the Old Coptic Munich Papyrus and represents asound /h. /. It derives from Demotic letter Ö representing the Hieroglyphic WICK OF TWISTED FLAX ñ h. . For
the name, Egyptian õñ h.Öt ʻwickʼ has been used. See figures 1–3.
÷ ◊ COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIA. This letter appears to derive from a Demotic letter å representing
Hieroglyphic FIRE-DRILL ï d (as does later COPTIC LETTER GANGIA Z [) and is found in a number of
Coptic dialects, where it represents /t/. See figures 1–6, 10, and 14.
ÿ Ÿ COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA. This letter is found in the Mimaut Papyrus and represents a sound /t/.
This letter appears to derive from a Demotic group of letters ã representing the Hieroglyphic group FIREDRILL and EGYPTIAN VULTURE ëï dÅ; this is the source used for the name of this character. See figures 12
and 14.
⁄ € COPTIC LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMA. This letter is found in the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus andrepresents a sound /c/. Its origin is uncertain. See figures 4–6.
‹ › COPTIC LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMA. This letter is found in Old Nubian, where it represents a sound/d/. It has an appearance consistently distinct from that of COPTIC LETTER SHIMA \ ]. See figures 15-18
and 20.

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fi fl COPTIC LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGI. This letter is found in Old Nubian, where it represents a sound //. It
may derive from a vertical ligature of two Coptic letters gamma. See figures 15–18, and 20.
‡ · COPTIC LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI. This letter is found in Old Nubian, where it represents a sound //. It
appears to derive from a Meroitic letter  ny. See figures 15–18 and 20.
‚ „ COPTIC LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU. This letter is found in Old Nubian, where it represents a sound /w/.
It appears to derive from a Meroitic letter  w. See figures 15–16, 17, and 20.
Additional symbols‰ COPTIC SYMBOL KAI. This symbol is used as a standard abbreviation for õÖô kai but also in native Coptic
words: Dialect P £¯‰ is equivalent to Sahidic £¯]ô ʻnamelyʼ. See figure 7.
Â COPTIC SYMBOL MI RO. This symbol is used in dates to indicate the Diocletian Era and is derived fromthe Greek ˉÚÓỖ Ì∙ÚÙ‡Ú̂Ó ʻtime of martyrsʼ.
Ê COPTIC SYMBOL PI RO. This symbol is used as a standard abbreviation for ≠Ø´± pros ʻtoʼ.
Á COPTIC SYMBOL STAUROS. This symbol represents the word ±≥ÖµØ´± ʻcrossʼ in Bohairic texts.
Ë COPTIC SYMBOL TAU RO. This symbol is used as a standard abbreviation for ≥ÖµØ taur in ±¯Ë´¯±̄ =±≥ÖµØ´± ʻcrossʼ.
È COPTIC SYMBOL KHI RO. This symbol is used in dates to indicate the Diocletian Era and is derived fromthe Greek ˉÚÓỖ Ì∙ÚÙ‡Ú̂Ó ʻtime of martyrsʼ.
Í COPTIC SYMBOL SHIMA SIMA. This symbol is used as a standard abbreviation for ]Ωô± côis ʻlordʼ.
Combining diacritical marks
A number of generic characters are used in Coptic.
U+0300  COMBINING GRAVE ACCENT is used in some dialects (especially Bohairic) to indicate syllabic
consonants (and sometimes a vowel that by itself forms a syllable). This is either a consonant
pronounced with a reduced vowel or in a purely syllabic fashion: so £̀ is pronounced [n�] or [en].
U+0301  COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT can be used to indicate stress, occasionally in antiquity, but also inmodern editions.
U+0304  COMBINING MACRON is used in many dialects (including Sahidic) texts to indicate syllabic
consonants: so £¯ is pronounced [n�] or [en].
U+0305  COMBINING OVERLINE is used over two or more characters to indicate abbreviation (morespecifically, contraction): ≠¯£¯Ȫ for ≠£çµ°Ö ʻspiritʼ.
U+0307  COMBINING DOT ABOVE is used in Bohairic texts to indicate syllabic consonants (and sometimes
a vowel that by itself forms a syllable). In Bohairic this mark is called jinkim (as is the COMBININGGRAVE ACCENT sometimes).
U+ 0308  COMBINING DIAERESIS can be used over ô and µ; it is used in at least one dialect to indicate
syllabic consonants.
U+0311  COMBINING INVERTED BREVE is used on vowels which form independent syllables.
U+0323  COMBINING DOT BELOW is used by scholars to indicate doubtful or restored readings.
U+0361  COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVE is used over pairs of letters which form independent
syllables.

6

Punctuation
A number of punctuation characters are used in Coptic (not always in a particularly standardized way).
U+002C . COMMA: divides clauses.
U+002E . FULL STOP: divides clauses.
U+003A : COLON: ends paragraphs.
U+003B ; SEMICOLON: is used by some editors as a question mark in imitation of Greek punctuation.
U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT: divides clauses.
U+2053 ~ SWUNG DASH: ends paragraphs.
U+2056 – THREE DOT PUNCTUATION: divides clauses.
U+2058 — FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION: divides clauses.
U+2059 “ FIVE DOT PUNCTUATION: divides clauses.
**2CF9 ˘ COPTIC OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP: divides clauses. See figure 18.
**2CFA ˙Ó COPTIC OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARK: ends direct ques tions. See figures 19–20.
**2CFB ˚Ó COPTIC OLD NUBIAN INDIRECT QUESTION MARK: ends indirect questions. See figures 19–20.
**2CFC ¸Ó COPTIC OLD NUBIAN VERSE DIVIDER: divides verses. See figure 19.
U+2CFE ˛Ó COPTIC FULL STOP: ends paragraphs.
**2CFF ˇ COPTIC MORPHEME DIVIDER: ends prosodic units to aid reading or marks morpheme boundaries;
has many glyph variants. See figure 8.
U+2E17 Õ DOUBLE OBLIQUE HYPHEN: used in editions to mark grammatical particles.
Numerals
Numerals are indicated with letters of the alphabet, as in Greek; sometimes COMBINING OVERLINE U+0305
is used with them. The GREEK LOWER NUMERAL SIGN U+0375 or the COMBINING DOUBLE OVERLINE U+033F
can be used to indicate multiples of 1000, so Ö = 1, Ö/ or Ö¯¯ = 1000; Ö/ Ω¯≠¯ï¯ = 1888. The GREEK NUMERALSIGN U+0374 is used for fractions, so â´ = 1⁄3, though 1⁄2 is indicated by U+2CFD ˝.
Ordering
The order of the all of the Coptic (and Old Coptic) letters is ÄÅ, ÇÉ, ÑÖ, Üá, àâ, äã, åç, éè, êë, íì,îï, ñó, òô, öõ, úù, ûü, †°, ¢£, §•, ¶ß, ®©, ™´, ¨≠, ÆØ, ∞±, ≤≥, ¥µ, ∂∑, ∏π, ∫ª, ºΩ, æø, ¿¡,RS, ¬√, ƒ≈, Δ«, TU, »…, VW, XY, ~À, ÃÕ, Œœ, –—, “”, ‘’, Z[, ÷◊, ÿŸ, \], ⁄€, ‹›, fifl, ‡·, ‚„ (^_ isordered as a ligature of ≥ and ô). The order of the traditional Bohairic alphabet (shown here in a Bohairicfont) is a true subset of this: ê∞, ë±, í≤, ì≥, î¥, ïµ, ñ∂, ó∑, ò∏, ôπ, ö∫, õª, úº, ùΩ, ûæ, üø, †¿, °¡,¢¬, £√, §ƒ, •≈, ¶Δ, ß«, ®», ÇÉ, ÑÖ, Üá, àâ, äã, åç (éè is ordered as a ligature of √ and π).

Unicode Character Properties

2C80;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ALEF;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C81;
2C81;COPTIC SMALL LETTER ALEF;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C80;;2C80
2C82;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER AIN;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C83;
2C83;COPTIC SMALL LETTER AIN;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C82;;2C82
2C84;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ALFA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C85;
2C85;COPTIC SMALL LETTER ALFA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C84;;2C84
2C86;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER VIDA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C87;
2C87;COPTIC SMALL LETTER VIDA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C86;;2C86
2C88;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C89;
2C89;COPTIC SMALL LETTER GAMMA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C88;;2C88
2C8A;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DALDA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C8B;
2C8B;COPTIC SMALL LETTER DALDA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C8A;;2C8A
2C8C;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER EIE;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C8D;
2C8D;COPTIC SMALL LETTER EIE;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C8C;;2C8C
2C8E;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C8F;
2C8F;COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C8E;;2C8E
2C90;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SOU;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C91;
2C91;COPTIC SMALL LETTER SOU;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C90;;2C90
2C92;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ZATA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C93;
2C93;COPTIC SMALL LETTER ZATA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C92;;2C92
2C94;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER HATE;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C95;
2C95;COPTIC SMALL LETTER HATE;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C94;;2C94
2C96;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER THETHE;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C97;
2C97;COPTIC SMALL LETTER THETHE;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C96;;2C96
2C98;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER IAUDA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C99;
2C99;COPTIC SMALL LETTER IAUDA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C98;;2C98
2C9A;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KAPA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C9B;

7

2C9B;COPTIC SMALL LETTER KAPA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C9A;;2C9A
2C9C;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C9D;
2C9D;COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C9C;;2C9C
2C9E;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER LAULA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C9F;
2C9F;COPTIC SMALL LETTER LAULA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2C9E;;2C9E
2CA0;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER MI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA1;
2CA1;COPTIC SMALL LETTER MI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA0;;2CA0
2CA2;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER NI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA3;
2CA3;COPTIC SMALL LETTER NI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA2;;2CA2
2CA4;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P NI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA5;
2CA5;COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P NI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA4;;2CA4
2CA6;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA7;
2CA7;COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA6;;2CA6
2CA8;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KSI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA9;
2CA9;COPTIC SMALL LETTER KSI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CA8;;2CA8
2CAA;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER O;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CAB;
2CAB;COPTIC SMALL LETTER O;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CAA;;2CAA
2CAC;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CAD;
2CAD;COPTIC SMALL LETTER PI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CAC;;2CAC
2CAE;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER RO;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CAF;
2CAF;COPTIC SMALL LETTER RO;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CAE;;2CAE
2CB0;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SIMA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB1;
2CB1;COPTIC SMALL LETTER SIMA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB0;;2CB0
2CB2;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER TAU;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB3;
2CB3;COPTIC SMALL LETTER TAU;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB2;;2CB2
2CB4;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER UA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB5;
2CB5;COPTIC SMALL LETTER UA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB4;;2CB4
2CB6;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER FI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB7;
2CB7;COPTIC SMALL LETTER FI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB6;;2CB6
2CB8;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KHI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB9;
2CB9;COPTIC SMALL LETTER KHI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CB8;;2CB8
2CBA;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CBB;
2CBB;COPTIC SMALL LETTER PSI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CBA;;2CBA
2CBC;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OOU;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CBD;
2CBD;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OOU;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CBC;;2CBC
2CBE;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOU;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CBF;
2CBF;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOU;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CBE;;2CBE
2CC0;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SAMPI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC1;
2CC1;COPTIC SMALL LETTER SAMPI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC0;;2CC0
2CC2;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CROSSED SHEI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC3;
2CC3;COPTIC SMALL LETTER CROSSED SHEI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC2;;2CC2
2CC4;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC5;
2CC5;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC4;;2CC4
2CC6;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC7;
2CC7;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC6;;2CC6
2CC8;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC9;
2CC9;COPTIC SMALL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CC8;;2CC8
2CCA;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CCB;
2CCB;COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CCA;;2CCA
2CCC;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CCD;
2CCD;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CCC;;2CCC
2CCE;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CCF;
2CCF;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CCE;;2CCE
2CD0;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER L-SHAPED HA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD1;
2CD1;COPTIC SMALL LETTER L-SHAPED HA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD0;;2CD0
2CD2;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD3;
2CD3;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD2;;2CD2
2CD4;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HAT;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD5;
2CD5;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HAT;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD4;;2CD4
2CD6;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD7;
2CD7;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD6;;2CD6
2CD8;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD9;
2CD9;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CD8;;2CD8
2CDA;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CDB;
2CDB;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CDA;;2CDA
2CDC;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMA;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CDD;
2CDD;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMA;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CDC;;2CDC
2CDE;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CDF;
2CDF;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CDE;;2CDE
2CE0;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CE1;
2CE1;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CE0;;2CE0
2CE2;COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU;Lu;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CE3;
2CE3;COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU;Ll;0;L;;;;;N;;;2CE2;;2CE2
2CE4;COPTIC SYMBOL KAI;So;0;N;;;;;N;;;;;
2CE5;COPTIC SYMBOL MI RO;So;0;N;;;;;N;;;;;
2CE6;COPTIC SYMBOL PI RO;So;0;N;;;;;N;;;;;
2CE7;COPTIC SYMBOL STAUROS;So;0;N;;;;;N;;;;;
2CE8;COPTIC SYMBOL TAU RO;So;0;N;;;;;N;;;;;
2CE9;COPTIC SYMBOL KHI RO;So;0;N;;;;;N;;;;;
2CEA;COPTIC SYMBOL SHIMA SIMA;So;0;N;;;;;N;;;;;
2CF9;COPTIC OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
2CFA;COPTIC OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARK;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
2CFB;COPTIC OLD NUBIAN INDIRECT QUESTION MARK;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
2CFC;COPTIC OLD NUBIAN VERSE DIVIDER;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
2CFD;COPTIC FRACTION ONE HALF;No;0;ON;;;;1/2;N;;;;;
2CFE;COPTIC FULL STOP;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;
2CFF;COPTIC MORPHEME DIVIDER;Po;0;L;;;;;N;;;;;

8

Bibliography

Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne. 2004. “Towards a historical (diachronic) grammar of Nobiin Nubian:directionality and the verb” in S. M. Bay, ed. Studia Palaeophilologica. Champaign, Illinois. Pp. 7–17.
Browne, Gerald M. 2002. Old Nubian grammar. (Languages of the World/Materials; 330) [s.l.]: Lincom
Europa.
Budge, E. A. Wallis. 1909. Texts relating to Saint Mêna of Egypt and canons of Nicaea in a Nubian dialectwith facsimile. London: British Museum.
Kasser, Rodolphe. 1960. Papyrus Bodmer VI: livre des proverbes. (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum
Orientalium; 194 – Scriptores Coptici; 27) Louvain: Secrétariat du CorpusSCO.
Kasser, Rodolphe. 1988. “La ʻGenève 1986ʼ: une nouvelle série de caractères typographiques coptes,
protocoptes et vieux-coptes créée a Genève” in Bulletin de la Société dʼÉgyptologie de Genève 12 :5960.
Kasser, Rodolphe. 1990. “A standard system of sigla for referring to the dialects of Coptic” in Journal of
Coptic Studies 1:141–51.
Osing, Jürgen. 1976. Der spätägyptische Papyrus BM 10808. (Ägyptologische Abhandlungen; 33)
Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Preisendanz, Karl. 1971. Papyri graecae magicae: die griechischen Zauberpapyri. Leipzig and Berlin: B.
G. Teubner.
Satzinger, Helmut. 1975. “The Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus” in Journal of the American Research Centerin Egypt 12:37-50, pl. 13.
Wisse, Frederik. 1979. “Language mysticism in the Nag Hammadi texts and in early Coptic monasticism
I: cryptography” in Enchoria: Zeitschrift für Demotistik und Koptologie 9:101-20.
Zyhlarz, Ernst. 1928. Grundzüge der nubischen Grammatik im christlichen Frühmittelalter (Altnubisch).
Leipzig: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft.

9Figures

Figure 1. Table of Demotic-based letters from the Oxyrhynchus manuscript (Osing 1976).
The letters ◊ OLD COPTIC GANGIA, ” OLD COPTIC HEI, œ OLD COPTIC HA, ’ OLD COPTIC HAT,and É OLD COPTIC AIN are shown.

10

Figure 2. Text of lines 1-15 of the Oxyrhynchus manuscript.

Figure 3. Facsimile of lines 1-15 of the Oxyrhynchus manuscript.

11

Figure 4. Table of Demotic-based letters from the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus (Satzinger 1975). The
letters « OLD COPTIC ESH, œ OLD COPTIC HA, ◊ OLD COPTIC GANGIA, € OLD COPTIC SHIMA,and ø OLD COPTIC OOU are shown.

Figure 5. Text of the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus.

12Figure 6. Facsimile of the Old Coptic Schmidt Papyrus.

Figure 7. From the table of letters from the Dialect-P manuscript Bodmer VI (Kasser 1960).
The letters õ KAPA, ù DIALECT-P KAPA, À DIALECT-P HORI, and ‰ SYMBOL KAI are shown.

13

Figure 8. Text and facsimile of the Dialect-P manuscript Bodmer VI.
The letters £ NI, • DIALECT-P NI, À DIALECT-P HORI, õ KAPA, ù DIALECT-P KAPA,Å DIALECT-P ALEF, and ˇ MORPHEME DIVIDER, are shown.

14

Figure 9. Example of cryptogrammic Coptic text (Wisse 1979).
The letters ¡ SAMPI, è CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIE, and ß CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI are shown.

Figure 10. Text of the first non-Greek section of the Paris Magical Papyrus (Preisendanz 1971).
The letters ” OLD COPTIC HEI, Õ OLD COPTIC HORI, and ◊ OLD COPTIC GANGIA are shown.

15

Figure 11. Text of the second non-Greek section of the Paris Magical Papyrus (Preisendanz 1971).
The letters ” OLD COPTIC HEI and — L-SHAPED HA are shown.

Figure 12. Text of the Mimaut Papyrus (Preisendanz 1971).
The letters Õ OLD COPTIC HORI, ” OLD COPTIC HEI, and Ÿ OLD COPTIC DJA are shown.
Note that the last of these is shown in the font as ô—, reflecting its Demotic origin as ã < ëï,
but it is not IAUDA + OLD COPTIC HA.

16

Figure 13. From Kasser 1990, showing √ CROSSED SHEI.

Figure 14. Type specimen for a Coptic font including Old Coptic characters (Kasser 1988).
The letters Å DIALECT-P ALEF, ù DIALECT-P KAPA, • DIALECT-P NI, √ CROSSED SHEI, ≈ OLD COPTIC SHEI,” OLD COPTIC HEI, À DIALECT-P HORI, œ OLD COPTIC HA, — L-SHAPED HA, Õ OLD COPTIC HORI,◊ OLD COPTIC GANGIA, and Ÿ OLD COPTIC DJA are shown.

17

Figure 15. From a description of MS Oriental 6805 (Budge 1909). The letters › OLD NUBIAN SHIMA,· OLD NUBIAN NYI, fl OLD NUBIAN NGI, and „ OLD NUBIAN WAU are shown.

Figure 16. Facsimile of folio 16b of MS Oriental 6805 (Budge 1909). The letters · OLD NUBIAN NYI,
fl OLD NUBIAN NGI, › OLD NUBIAN SHIMA, and „ OLD NUBIAN WAU are shown.

18

Figure 17. Old Nubian text in a rather unaesthetic font (Bechhaus-Gerst 2004).
The letters · OLD NUBIAN NYI, › OLD NUBIAN SHIMA, and fl OLD NUBIAN NGI.

Figure 18. Discussion of Old Nubian letters and punctuation (Browne 2002), showing › OLD NUBIANSHIMA, fl OLD NUBIAN NGI, · OLD NUBIAN NYI, „ OLD NUBIAN WAU and ˘ OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP.

Figure 19. Discussion of Old Nubian letters and punctuation (Browne 2002). The punctuation marks¸ OLD NUBIAN VERSE DIVIDER, ˙ OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARK, and ˚ OLD NUBIAN INDIRECTQUESTION MARK are shown.
19

Figure 20. Discussion of Old Nubian letters and punctuation (Zyhlarz 2002),
showing › OLD NUBIAN SHIMA, fl OLD NUBIAN NGI, · OLD NUBIAN NYI, „ OLD NUBIAN WAU
are shown in the table at the top; Old Nubian question marks are ˙ OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARKand ˚ OLD NUBIAN INDIRECT QUESTION MARK are described at the bottom of the figure.

20

Proposal for the Universal Character Set

Michael Everson, Stephen Emmel

TABLE XX - Row 2C: COPTIC
2C8

21

2C9

2CE

2CF

0

Ä ê † ∞ ¿ – ‡



1

Å

ë

—

·

Ò

Ò

2

Ç

í ¢ ≤ ¬ “

‚

Ú

R

3

É

ì

≥ √

”

„

Û

S

4

Ñ î § ¥ ƒ

‘

‰

Ù

T

5

Ö

µ

≈

’

Â

ı

U

6

Ü ñ ¶ ∂

Δ

÷ Ê

ˆ

V

7

á ó ß

«

◊ Á ˜

W

ï

2CA

°
£
•

2CB

±

∑

2CC

¡

2CD

8

à

ò

® ∏ » ÿ Ë

9

â

ô

©

A

ä ö ™ ∫

B

ã

C

π

03E

G = 00
P = 00XÈ ˘

Y~ ⁄ Í ˙

Z

…

Ÿ

Î

˚

[

å ú

À €
¨ º Ã ‹

Ï

¸

\

D

ç

≠

›

Ì

˝

]

E

é û

Ó

˛

^

F

è

Æ æ Œ fiØ ø œ fl

Ô

ˇ

_

õ
ù
ü

´

ª

Ω

Õ

Proposal for the Universal Character Set

Michael Everson, Stephen Emmel

TABLE XX - Row 2C: COPTIC
hex
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
8A
8B
8C
8D
8E
8F
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
9A
9B
9C
9D
9E
9F
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
AA
AB
AC
AD
AE
AF
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
BA
BB
BC
BD
BE
BF
C0
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
CA
CB
CC
CD
CE
CF

Group 00Name
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P ALEF
COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P ALEF
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC AINCOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC AINCOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ALFACOPTIC SMALL LETTER ALFACOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER VIDA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER VIDA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER GAMMA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DALDACOPTIC SMALL LETTER DALDACOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER EIECOPTIC SMALL LETTER EIECOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIECOPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC EIECOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SOU
COPTIC SMALL LETTER SOU
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER ZATA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER ZATA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER HATECOPTIC SMALL LETTER HATECOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER THETHE
COPTIC SMALL LETTER THETHE
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER IAUDA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER IAUDA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KAPA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER KAPA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER LAULA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER LAULA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER MI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER MI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER NI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER NI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P NI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P NI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER CRYPTOGRAMMIC NI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KSI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER KSI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OCOPTIC SMALL LETTER OCOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER PI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER RO
COPTIC SMALL LETTER RO
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SIMACOPTIC SMALL LETTER SIMACOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER TAU
COPTIC SMALL LETTER TAU
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER UA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER UA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER FI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER FI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KHI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER KHI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER PSI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OOUCOPTIC SMALL LETTER OOUCOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOUCOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC OOUCOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER SAMPICOPTIC SMALL LETTER SAMPICOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER CROSSED SHEICOPTIC SMALL LETTER CROSSED SHEICOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEICOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHEICOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH
COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC ESH
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEICOPTIC SMALL LETTER AKHMIMIC KHEICOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P HORI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HORI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HACOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HA

hex
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
DA
DB
DC
DD
DE
DF
E0
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
E9
EA
EB
EC
ED
EE
EF
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
FA
FB
FC
FD
FE
FF

Plane 00Name
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER L-SHAPED HACOPTIC SMALL LETTER L-SHAPED HACOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEICOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HEICOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC HATCOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC HATCOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIACOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC GANGIACOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA
COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC DJA
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMACOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD COPTIC SHIMACOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMACOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN SHIMACOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGICOPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NGICOPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI
COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN NYI
COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU
COPTIC SMALL LETTER OLD NUBIAN WAU
COPTIC SYMBOL KAI
COPTIC SYMBOL MI RO
COPTIC SYMBOL PI RO
COPTIC SYMBOL STAUROSCOPTIC SYMBOL TAU RO
COPTIC SYMBOL KHI RO
COPTIC SYMBOL SHIMA SIMA(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)(This position shall not be used)
COPTIC OLD NUBIAN FULL STOP
COPTIC OLD NUBIAN DIRECT QUESTION MARKCOPTIC OLD NUBIAN INDIRECT QUESTION MARKCOPTIC OLD NUBIAN VERSE DIVIDER
COPTIC FRACTION ONE HALF
COPTIC FULL STOP
COPTIC MORPHEME DIVIDER

Row 2C

22