Characters for Classical Latin
David J. Perryversion 13, 2 July 2020

Introduction
The purpose of this document is to identify all characters of interest to those whowork with Classical Latin, no matter how rare. Epigraphers will want many ofthese, but I want to collect any character that is needed in any context. Those thatare already available in Unicode will be so identified; those that may be available
can be debated; and those that are clearly absent and should be proposed can beproposed; and those that are so rare as to be unencodable will be known.
If you have any suggestions for additional characters or reactions to the suggestions
made here, please email me at hospes02@scholarsfonts.net . No matter how rare,
let’s get all possible characters on this list. Version 6 of this document has been
updated to reflect the many characters of interest to Latinists encoded as ofUnicode version 13.0.
Characters are indicated by their Unicode value, a hexadecimal number, and theirname printed IN SMALL CAPITALS. Unicode values may be preceded by U+ to set
them off from surrounding text. Combining diacritics are printed over a dotted circle ◌ to show that they are intended to be used over a base character. For morebasic information about Unicode, see the website of The Unicode Consortium,
http://www.unicode.org/ or my book cited below.
Please note that abbreviations constructed with lines above or through existing letters are not considered separate characters except in unusual circumstances, nor are
the space-saving ligatures found in Latin inscriptions unless they have a uniquegrammatical or phonemic function (which they normally don’t). Characters that
require more discussion are highlighted in green. Missing or incorrectly shaped
glyphs are highlighted in purple; these will be fixed in future versions of this document.
Some references are made to “smart font technology.” This refers to OpenType
fonts (Windows and Linux, and now also on Mac OS) or AAT (Mac only) fontsthat can do things like position diacritics correctly over a variety of base letters or
replace one sequence of characters with a ligature glyph. Such technology is now
available, although not supported by every application; there is every reason tothink it will be even more widely supported in the future. What users need toknow, however, is that they must tell font developers what they need so that fonts
can be created.
In many cases one has the choice of using precomposed combinations of base letterplus diacritic(s) or combining diacritics. For a long time combining diacritics were
not well supported by software, so I recommended the precomposed versions whenavailable. They are still the most reliable choice, but support for combining diacritics has been steadily improving; users should feel free to experiment with them.
For the sake of completeness the combining versions are mentioned also. It is amark of the progress that has been made that some large databases are using themin preference to the precombined forms.
For more about Unicode, the issue of combining diacritics, smart font technology,
and other things, see my book on document preparation for scholars available at
http://scholarsfonts.net.
The Medieval Unicode Font Initiative is a group of medievalists working hard to
get characters needed by medievalists into Unicode and to create a standardized solution for those that cannot be encoded. Some of their work overlaps with thisdocument, and when appropriate cross-references are given. See the MUFI website
at https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk/m.php?p=mufi .
The current version of my Cardo font, contains all the characters mention in thisdocument and provides access to glyph variants through OpenType features. Any
font that complies with version 3.0 of the MUFI character recommendation contains almost all of these characters.
Thanks to Deborah Anderson of the Script Encoding Initiative, John Bodel ofBrown University, and Richard Peevers of TLG for helpful suggestions. Any errors that remain are mine.
This file updated July 2020 with a few characters added in Unicode 13 (IG extensions for Gaulish and the ascia symbol) and a more recent URL for MUFI.

Classical Latin Character Listv. 13

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List of Classical Latin Characters
I. Letters, including letters with diacritics
A. Long I and other tall lettersꟾ

A7FE

LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER I LONGA

Unicode does not normally encode letters that are variant forms of items alreadyin the Standard. However, the fact that the long I is intended to represent thephoneme /i:/, distinct from /i/, justified its encoding. Other letters are occasionally found written in an extra-tall form, but unless they can be shown to havespecific phonemic or grammatical values (not the case, as far as I know), theyshould be treated as glyph variants.

B. Claudian letters
The ancient Romans of course did not use these letters in lowercase, but lowercase forms are included in Unicode so that they can be used when an inscription
is transcribed in lowercase in modern publications.
Ⅎ
ⅎ
Ↄ
ↄ

2132
214E
2183
2184

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED FLATIN TURNED SMALL LETTER FROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDREDLATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C
The fact that U+2183 is named ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED

might seem to make it unsuitable as a regular letter, but Michael Everson, author of the proposal for the Claudian letters and expert on Unicode, recommends this use.
Ⱶ
ⱶ

2C75
2C76

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HALF H
LATIN SMALL LETTER HALF H

C. Turned letters for abbreviations
Ↄ2183

ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED

The reversed C sometimes found for Gaia should be represented by this character; see above under Claudian letters for justification of using this “numeral” asa regular letter.
ꟻ

A7FB

LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER REVERSED F, abbreviation for filia.

ꟼ

A7FC

LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER REVERSED P, abbreviation for puella.

ꟽ

A7FD

LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER INVERTED M, abbreviation for mulier.

There is a sideways glyph variant
ꟿ

A7FF

.

LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER ARCHAIC M, the five-legged archaic variant of M

used to abbreviate the praenomen Manius.

D. Ligatures
ZWJ 200D

Unicode does not encode ligatures, except when they can be shown to have special phonemic values (not true for ancient Roman usage, where ligatures aremainly space-saving devices). Encode them by entering the first letter, then aZERO WIDTH JOINER, then the second letter. Smart fonts can replace such sequences with the appropriate glyph.

Classical Latin Character Listv. 13

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E. Apex and other markers of vowel lengthÁ

00C1

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

É

00C9

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE

Í

00CD

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE

Ó

00D3

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE

Ý

00DD

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE

For the apex, use the acute accent. Á, É, Í, Ó and Ý exist in precomposed form;
V-apex should be encoded with the combining acute (U+0301). If a PUA codepoint for the latter is needed until combining marks are handled better, use
E33A, as found in the Titus font and the MUFI spec. Fonts may contain glyph
variants if it is desired to use a different shape for the apex, such as the curved
hook form. Using other diacritics such as U+0309 COMBINING HOOK ABOVE or
U+0313 COMBINING COMMA ABOVE for alternate apex shapes is not recommended.
Ā
ā
Ē
ē
Ī
ī
Ō
ō
Ū
ū

0100
0101
0112
0113
012A
012B
014C
014D
016A
016B

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRONLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON

Ȳ
ȳ

0232
0233

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH MACRONLATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH MACRONLATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRONLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRONLATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH MACRONLATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRONLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRONLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRONLATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRONLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON

If it is desired to use the modern convention of a macron to indicate length, all
six vowels with macron are present in precomposed form in Unicode (given atleft for easy reference). The 19 century convention of using a circumflex forlong vowels can be represented, if needed, with the precomposed circumflex
vowels found in the Latin-1 Supplement range of Unicode (Ŷ/ŷ are at
0176 / 0177).
Ă
ă

0102
0103

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE
LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE

Ě
ě

011A
011B

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH BREVE
LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH BREVE

Ĭ
ĭ

012C
012D

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH BREVE
LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH BREVE

Ŏ
ŏ
Ŭ
ŭ

014E
014F
016C
016D

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH BREVE
LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH BREVE
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH BREVE
LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH BREVE

To mark a vowel specifically as short, the precomposed vowel + breve combinations are recommended. Y̆/y̆ are not encoded, however, so Y/y followed by U+0306 COMBINING BREVE would be used. If a PUA codepoint forClassical Latin Character Listv. 13

page 4the latter is needed until combining marks are handled better, use E376/E776, as
found in the Titus font.

F. Sicilicus
◌͗

0357

This relatively rare diacritic (representing a doubled consonant, esp. over V inwords such as SERVS = seruus) can be encoded using 0357 COMBINING HALF
RING ABOVE. This seems a better choice to me than U+0309 COMBINING HOOKABOVE since the latter is intended as a tone mark in Vietnamese and since theshape of U+0357 is closer to that used by the Romans.

G. Latin extensions for Gaulish
Ꟈ
ꟈ
ꟈ
ꟈ
ꟈ
ꟈ
ꟷ

A7C7
A7C8
A7C9
A7CA
A7F5
A7F6
A7F7

LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAYLATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAYLATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAYLATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH SHORT STROKE OVERLAYLATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED HALF H
LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED HALF H
LATIN EPIGRAPHIC LETTER SIDEWAYS I

These characters were devised to enable Gaulish to be written in the Latin alphabet, rather than in Greek letters as had been done earlier. They are found in
inscriptions from Gaul and are included here for completeness, although not
used for texts in Latin.

H. Lines for general abbreviations
◌̅

0305

◌̶

0336

COMBINING OVERLINEThis character is specifically designed to connect visually and form a continuous line, which is usually what we find in Latin inscriptions. If adjacent letterswith non-connecting overline are desired, use a macron, either the precomposed
forms when they exist, or the COMBINING MACRON U+0304 after a base letter.
Smart font technology is needed to postion the combining marks correctly, bothhorizontally and vertically.
COMBINING LONG STROKE OVERLAY

Use this to construct abbreviations where the stroke goes through the letter.
Smart font technology is needed to position the overlay at the right height andto supply a glyph with an overlay of the proper length. There is also a COMBINING SHORT STROKE OVERLAY at U+0335. I suggest standardizing on one overlay (the long one) for abbreviations and using smart font technology to get thedesired appearance.

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II. Numerals
Roman numerals should normally be represented by the standard Roman letters
I, V, X, L, D, C, and M. Epigraphers may use the alternate characters when theywish to show specific forms such as the early fifty or the late form of six. The
Roman numeral forms in Unicode that duplicate the standard Latin letters(U+2160–217F) were put there for use in East Asian text (often printed vertically) and should not be used in Latin script.
◌¯

0305

COMBINING OVERLINE

Roman numerals are barred above to indicate multiplication by 1,000, whenused as a prefix on words (IIviri = duumviri), when used as ordinal adverbs, andsometimes for other reasons. In all these cases, use the COMBINING OVERLINE;see I.G above.
|

007C

VERTICAL BAR

A bar above and a vertical line on either side of a numeral indicate multiplication by 100,000. Use U+007C for the latter. Smart font technology may beneeded to get the corners of the overline and the vertical bar lined up right.
Ϝ
Ϛ

Đ

ↀ

2185

ROMAN NUMERAL SIX LATE FORM, found most often in Christian inscriptions.

03DC
03DA

GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DIGAMMAGREEK CAPITAL LETTER STIGMA

Some Roman coins minted in the East, with legends in Latin, use the Greek digamma or stigma with the numeric value of six. Use the appropriate Greek
characters in such cases, with glyph variants as needed (e.g., sometimes the Digamma looks more like a Gamma).
glyph var. The Romans wrote the numeral for 500 with a horizontal bar. I suggest treating
this as a glyph variant of the letter D, since standard Latin letters are normallyused for Roman numerals. This also makes it easy to search for (users don’t
have to enter a special codepoint). It could, however, be encoded as D followedby U+0336, COMBINING LONG STROKE OVERLAY. The characters Ð U+00D0
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH or Đ U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH
STROKE or Ɖ U+0189 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AFRICAN D should not be used.
2186

ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY EARLY FORM; glyph variants

2180

ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND CD

andThis is the original form. The Romans did not write 1000 with the letter M except in a few abbreviations (mille passus, e.g.,). There is a common later formof this character that looks somewhat like a mathematical infinity sign. It isbest to treat this as a glyph variant of U+2180 because using characters withmathematical properties such as U+221E outside of mathematical contexts occasionally causes problems. This character and the following ones have many
glyph variants which can be accommodated with smart font technology.
ↁ

2181

ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE THOUSAND

ↂ

2182

ROMAN NUMERAL TEN THOUSAND

Ↄ

2183

ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED

2187

ROMAN NUMERAL FIFTY THOUSAND

2188

ROMAN NUMERAL ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND

Unicode states that the letter C
can be used with Ↄ U+2183 and the letter I to represent larger values. It is better is to use the following two characters which were added in Unicode 5.1.

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III. Units of Weight
Tables of weights are found in di Stefano Manzella p. 309 and OCD3 p ???.
They agree except with regard to the sextula; see below.
I0049

The libra (pound) is represented by the Roman numeral I, for which use the ordinary capital letter I.

10190
101911

ROMAN SEXTANS SIGNROMAN UNCIA SIGN

These shapes are similar to the Aegean numbers one and two, U+10110 and
10111, except that the lines are longer. The uncia has glyph variants including adot (common on Republican coins), , , and . The sextans has a glyph variant 𐆐 (probably the two lines formed without lifting the pen) or Z. See Capelli
p. 411. Because of the glyph variants, it was not considered appropriate to unify the uncia and sextans with the two Aegean numbers. Should numismatists
encode the dot (aka “pellet”) with U+10191 or something like U+2022 BULLET
•?

˘

S

0053

The semis (1/2 as or 6 unciae) is represented by the letter S, which is also usedin other situations as an abbreviation for one half.
Note that all the fractions from the deunx down to the quadrans can be built by
combining the letter S, the uncia, and/or the sextans. Use these characters tomake the other fractions.

𐆐

10192

ROMAN SEMUNCIA SIGN

The semuncia sign was almost certainly a Greek Sigma in origin, whose central
point was lowered and squished as time went on. It is denoted with the glyphs
Σ, 󰃉, , 𐆐, and recheck the last. The latter two glyphs are not found in
Greek, and the character represents a specifically Roman monetary unit, so the
semunica was accepted as a separate character in Unicode.
𐅀

10140

GREEK ACROPHONIC ATTIC ONE QUARTER (= Roman sicilicus)

While the symbol for the Roman sicilicus (1/48 of an as or ¼ of an uncia, andnot the same as the diacritic for doubled consonants) was probably not borrowed from the Greek acrophonic sign, the fact that the latter has the correct
value and the correct shape made it unnecessary to propose a separate character.
𐆐

10193

ROMAN SEXTULA SIGN

The sextula is 1/72 of an as or 1/6 of an uncia; it has a glyph variant . Binae
sextulae or duella is shown by two of the reversed S glyphs or by the variant .
𐆐

10194

ROMAN DIMIDIA SEXTULA SIGN; has a glyph variant ???.

℈

2108

SCRUPLEThis apparently was added to represent a medical symbol. Since it has the correct shape, it may be used for the ancient Roman scripulum (1/288 of an as or
1/24 of an uncia). The Roman scripulum has a glyph variant ??.
𐆐

10195

ROMAN SILIQUA SIGN; the siliqua is 1/1728 of an as or 1/144 of an uncia.

1 All characters with five-digit Unicode values belong to one of the supplementary planes.

Most software nowadays displays
supplementary characters without difficulty, but a few programs still cannot handle them; this is probably the reason if you
enter them but can’t see them.

Classical Latin Character Listv. 13

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IV. Monetary Signs
NB: currency property
𐆐

10196

ROMAN DENARIUS SIGN

𐆐

10197

ROMAN QUINARIUS SIGN, with glyph variant S (for semis, since a quinarius is

one half of a denarius)
𐆐

10198

ROMAN SESTERTIUS SIGN, with glyph variants

𐆐

10199

ROMAN DUPONDIUS SIGN; glyph variant

𐆐

1019A

ROMAN AS SIGN; glyph variants | and [stroke with spur at lower right]

and [IS SS S all with bars]

This sign, referred to as as libralis, is mentioned in Hans Biedermann and Inge
Schwarz-Winklhofer, Das Buch der Zeichen und Symbole, Graz 1980. I havenot seen it elsewhere and have not actually consulted this book; more info needed. It is in the MUFI spec in the PUA at F2E0.
Note that some Republican coins use the same weight symbols discussed above(I for one as, S for semis, and dots rather than lines for the uncia and its multiples).

V. Other characters
1019B

ROMAN CENTURIAL SIGNThis is specifically the military symbol, distinct from the reversed C character.
There are many other versions of this sign, including the reversed C, that shouldbe treated as glyph variants:
Ↄ
ZƵ.
𐆜

1019C

ASCIA SYMBOL (Unicode 13)

add to Cardo

This symbol (a workman’s tool, variously identified as an adze, axe, or hoe) isfound on many gravestones in the area around Lugdunum (Lyon). The reference glyph faces to the left, but right-facing examples are also found.
Θ/θ 0398 / B8 GREEK CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER THETA is sometimes used to indicate a deceased
person. There is some uncertainty about this; Hübner recommended that the“deceased” abbreviation not be conflated with theta, and medievalists consider
it an abbreviation for obiit. This is probably best left up to the judgment of individual editors. If the editor believes it really is a theta, use the standard
Unicode Greek letters. Otherwise use U+A74A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITHLONG STROKE overlay Ꝋ or U+A74B LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LONGSTROKE OVERLAY ꝋ. These are preferable to U+019F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OWITH MIDDLE TILDE Ɵ, whose lowercase is U+0275 LATIN SMALL LETTER
BARRED O ɵ, because the strokes of the former continue beyond the edges of
the O and therefore are not apt to be confused with Theta.
v
Mͦ

0076

LATIN SMALL LETTER V, = vivit, normally smaller and raised to the left of a person’s name in lists. should this be capital?? U+1D20 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL V is also a possibility

The abbreviation for modius should be encoded as the letter M followed by
U+0366, COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL O. Smart font technology may beneeded to get an appropriate display.

Classical Latin Character Listv. 13

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☧2627

CHI RHOClassical Latin Character Listv. 13

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VI. Punctuation·

00B7

The interpunct is a very common character in inscriptions and is difficult inUnicode. U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT is the character that I have suggested in the past
for the interpunct and it remains the first choice (for now). Another option is
U+2022 BULLET, which has a larger diameter than MIDDLE DOT. Both of thesehave the punctuation property, are found in many fonts, and have approximately
the right shape. Another issue is line breaking; applications should break lines,
if needed, after an interpunct even if no space character is entered, which does
not happen with these two characters. In inscriptions, aside from the dot, one
finds horizontal wedge shapes, triangles, and (in Republican texts) a square; allmade with one stroke of a punch. There are also hederae and star-shaped forms(latter made with two overlapping strokes of a triangular punch). U+2023 TRIANGULAR BULLET has an appropriate shape, but exhibits the same line breaking
behavior as the two round characters.
Despite the line-breaking problems, at the moment there is no better alternative to U+00B7. I suggest that this be used for most interpuncts and that smart
fonts provide various alternate glyphs. Unicode does provide appropriate characters for encoding the hedera and the ramulus, sometimes used as interpuncts,
and editors may use them to show the presence of these specific forms
A new character is making its way through the Unicode approval process, tentatively assigned as U+2E31 WORD SEPARATOR MIDDLE DOT. I am searching for
more information about this character. If it turns out to have line breaking
properties, then it will be preferable as the Latin interpunct.

⁋

204B

The PARAGRAPHUS has the shape in Roman texts and is used to mark the beginning of a section of text. Rather than proposing a new character, I suggest
treating this as a variant (actually, several variants) of U+204B REVERSED PILCROW SIGN ⁋. U+00B6 PILCROW SIGN ¶ is the usual division marker, but theformer has a shape more similar to that found in MSS. U+2E0F PARAGRAPHOS
is not suitable since it has the wrong shape and is specifically identified as anancient Greek textual mark. This mark continued in use throughout the Middle
Ages, often with a gallows-shape such as (MUFI at F1E1). I would like information about this character in classical Latin; Capelli lists a P with right footshape and nothing else.
The SIMPLEX DUCTUS is used to mark a pause, which usually correlates with abreak in the sense. It appears in a few manuscripts and a few inscriptions. See
MUFI at F1E3. There are a few other punctuation marks mentioned by Roman
grammarians; are these used enough that they need to be encoded? MUFI hassome of them in the PUA.

❦

2766

FLORAL HEART BULLETThis character is specified in Unicode as a hedera. U+2767 ❧ ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET and U+2619 ☙ REVERSED ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET
are also available. They are traditional shapes for printers’ ornaments in western
typography. U+2766 is the choice for the hedera in Latin inscriptions; fonts
need to make appropriate shapes available, since Roman hederae do not lookquite like the modern printers’ ornaments; a more typical Roman shape would
be .
2E19

PALM BRANCHClassical Latin Character Listv. 13

page 10

Occasionally found to mark divisions of text and as a decoration on coins.

Classical Latin Character Listv. 13

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VII. Modern Editorial Signs
*

002A

[]

005B / 005D LEFT SQUARE BRACKET / RIGHT SQUARE BRACKETASTERISK{ } 007B / 007D LEFT CURLY BRACKET / RIGHT CURLY BRACKET⁅/⁆

2045 / 2046 LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL / RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL

⸠/⸡

2E20 / 2E21 LEFT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL / RIGHT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL⸢⸣

2E22 / 2E23 TOP LEFT HALF BRACKET / TOP RIGHT HALF BRACKET
In general use U+2E22 in preference to the similar-looking U+2E00, which ispart of a set of New Testament punctuation.

⸤⸥

2E24 / 2E25 BOTTOM LEFT HALF BRACKET / BOTTOM RIGHT HALF BRACKET< > 003C / 003E LESS-THAN SIGN / GREATER-THAN SIGN. These were used in the past as a substitute for true angle brackets, which are now available in Unicode (see below).
†

2020

DAGGER

‡
◌̣

2021
0323

DOUBLE DAGGERCOMBINING UNDERDOTUnicode contains a large number of precomposed letters with underdot in the
Latin Extended Additional range, including all the Latin alphabet. To locate
these, see the code chart at http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf .
Any additional characters with underdot that may be required should use
U+0323 COMBINING UNDERDOT, in which case smart font technology will beneeded for good appearance.
〈〉2329 / 232A LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET / RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET. Do not
use the similar-looking U+3008/09, which are specific to East Asian text andare normally double-width, or U+27E8 / E9, which are for mathematics.

⟦ ⟧ 27E6 / 27E7 MATHEMATICAL LEFT WHITE SQUARE BRACKET /MATHEMATICAL RIGHT WHITESQUARE BRACKET◌͡◌ 0361

COMBINING DOUBLE INVERTED BREVEThis character may be used over two letters to indicate a ligature. If it is preferred to use a circumflex over the first letter of a ligature, the many precomposed circumflex forms may be used, or a base letter followed by U+0302
COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX.
2E26 / 27

LEFT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET / RIGHT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET

These sideways brackets are used in CIL to denote Claudian letters, inverted
letters, or images. The SUBSET OF and SUPERSET OF characters (U+2282 and2283) are mathematical operators and so should not be used; in addition the legsof the glyphs are too short.
⸨ ⸩ 2E28 / 29

LEFT DOUBLE PARENTHESES / RIGHT DOUBLE PARENTHESES

Some editors use double parentheses for similar purposes similar to the sideways U brackets.

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