IGA NEWS1

I GA New s No. 78

New slet t er of t he I nt ernat ional Geot herm al Association
Quart erly No. 78

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Ladsi Rybach
Dear IGA member
This is the eighth message from your current President.
A new institution, the Center of Excellence for
Geothermal Energy Larderello (CEGL), has recently been
formed. As its Scientific Advisory Board member I was
invited to give the opening Keynote presentation“Geothermal energy within the renewables – Status andprospects” at the CEGL International Workshop on
Geothermal Energy Development – Opportunities andChallenges, Pomerance/Italy, 3 – 4 September 2009.
The presentations of the IEA GIA – IGA Workshop“Geothermal Energy - Its Global Development Potential& Contribution to Mitigation of Climate Change”,
Madrid/Spain, 5-6 May 2009 are now assembled on the
IEA GIA Website www.iea-gia.org under “Achievements”.
The findings are currently being incorporated into the new
Chapter 4: “Geothermal Energy” of the IPCC Special
Report “Renewable Energy Sources” (SRREN). IGA
Officers Ruggero Bertani and Arni Ragnarsson are Lead
Authors; I am currently serving as Contributing Author
and am foreseen as Reviewing Editor of Chapter 4.
The deliverables of the World Bank – IGA contract
have all been completed and submitted. Unfortunately the
WB does not intend to continue the cooperation within
the GeoFund program; however, negotiations areunde rway for a ne w c ontra c t w ithin the A RGe oframework.
At the occasion of the GRC General Assembly 2009 in
Reno, Nevada/USA I had a discussion with GRC Board
Member Marcelo Lippmann, GRC Communications
Director John Galbraith and Joseph Moore, chair of
GRC’s Education Committee. A closer GRC – IGA
cooperation is envisaged, especially joint actions likespecial Workshops, more links between the IGA and GRC
websites, cross-referencing publications in the GRC
Bulletin and in IGA News. A special Task Force of the
IGA BoD is now designing the next steps.
The 48th BoD meeting took place in Antigua Cuscatlan,
El Salvador, on 29 October, excellently and generously
organized by BoD member Francisco Montalvo (LaGeo,
President of the El Salvador Geothermal Association).
The meeting was preceded on 28 October by Committee
meetings and the 2009 IGA Annual General Meeting, andwas followed by the Central American Geothermal

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Contents

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Snapshots of the WGC 2010 Technical Program
Call for nominations by petition for the
2010-2013 IGA Board of Directors

1
2
3

EUROPE
Germany/ Deep Geothermal Projects and Micro2
Seismicity
Switzerland/ Basel EGS Project cleared of “deliberate
damage”
3
Norway / Geothermal Energy and Mitigation of
Climate Change

4

Spain / Spain´s “Green Shoots” – Joining the
GeoPowGen Club5

AMERICASEl Salvador / Geothermal Short Course in
El Salvador and the Central American
Geothermal Workshop
Mexico / Geothermal Energy in Mexico:
Background and Present Status

9

OCEANIANew Zealand / Book Review

13

8

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
China /IGA WPRB - GCES Joint 2009 Annual
14
Activities Held in Chengdu, China
UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

2

Workshop on 30 October. At the Workshop, besides
various presentations by IGA Board members, key
geothermal representatives of Costa Rica, Dominica,
Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, St. Kitts and Nevis,
and Nicaragua reported on latest developments. The
Workshop was followed by a highly informative trip to theBerlin geothermal field.
The 48th BoD meeting finalized the selection process
to determine the host of WGC2015: it will be Australia
and New Zealand, more precisely the Australian
Ge othe r ma l E ne rg y A ssoc ia tion, the Austra lia n
Geother mal Energ y Group, and the New ZealandGeothermal Association. The Congress venue will be
Melbourne, with field trips in Australia and New Zealand.

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I GA New s No. 78

The BoD had already decided that the 49th BoD
meeting will be held in Bali/Indonesia, in conjunction with
WGC2010. The Board meeting will be on 1 May 2010.
The 50th BoD meeting will take place, in conjunction with
GRC 2010, on 29 October 2010.
The cooperation between IGA and our partnerorganizations within the REN Alliance (the International
Renewable Energy Alliance) develops well with increasinga c t i v i t y. T h e n e w, p o w e r f u l i n s t i t u t i o n I R E N A(International Renewable Energy Agency, established in
Abu Dhabi) invited IGA to participate in a meeting on RE
potential database in Paris on 5 November 2009. Executive
Director Arni Ragnarsson represented IGA.
The submission deadline for papers to WGC2010 has
now been passed (over 1000 have been received).
Hopefully most IGA members have taken advantage ofthe benefits of early registration (before 30 November).
The real good news at the end: the new IGA website(www.geothermal-energy.org) is now up and running!
Many thanks are due to all organizers and designers, firstand foremost to Eduardo Iglesias, Zbigniew Malolepsy,
Arni Ragnarsson and Benedikt Steingrímsson.
I look forward to continuing to working with all of you
in our joint effort to promote geothermal and thank you
for your support.
Ladsi Rybach

Snapshots of the WGC 2010
Technical Program
Roland Horne and Nenny Saptadji, WGC2010 Technical Program Co-Chairs
There are 1040 received papers; there will be 650 oralpresentations in 130 sessions, running 10 in parallel and390 posters. The Technical Program will be formulated
and made available to the authors (and public) on
1 February 2010.
Assembling a 1000-paper program is a big task. The
1040 papers are from about 80 different countries. The
papers have been reviewed by an international panel of
142 experts. The revised papers have been edited forEnglish by a team of 8 people at Stanford University, andreformatted by a team of 20 at Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Bandung, Indonesia.

UPCOMING EVENTS
35 th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir
Engineering, 1-3 February 2010, Stanford, California,
USA. Website: http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/research/geoth/conference/workshop.html
GeoPower Americas, 15-17 February 2010, San Francisco,California, USA. Website: www.geopowerseries.com
Renewable Energy World Noth America Conference
and Exposition, 23-25 February 2010, Austin, Texas,
USA. Website: www.renewableenergyworld-events.com
GeoTHERM – expo & Congress, 25-26 February 2010,
O f f e n b u r g , G e r m a n y. C o n t a c t : S a n d r a K i r c h e r
kircher@messeoffenburg.de
World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29
April 2010. Website: www.wgc2010.org
International Geothermal Conference 2010, 19-20 May
2010, Freibug, Germany. E-mail: agentur@enerchange.de
Renewable Energy World Europe 2010, 8-10 June 2010,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Website: www.renewableenergyworld-europe.com
Re n e w a b l e E n e r g y 2 0 1 0 , 2 7 Ju n e - 2 Ju l y 2 0 1 0 ,Yiokohama, Japan. Website: www.re2010.org
2010 IAHR International Groundwater Symposium –Session on Mass Transfer in Geothermal Systems, 222 4 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 0 , Va l e n c i a , S p a i n . We b s i t e :http://iahr2010-gw.com
1 1 t h Wo r l d Re n e wa b l e E n e r g y C o n g r e s s a n d
Exhibition, 25-30 September 2010, Abu-Dhabi. Website:www.wrenuk.co.uk
34th GRC Annual Meeting, 24-27 October 2010,
Sacramento, California, USA. Website:www.geothermal.org

EUROPE
Germany
Deep geothermal projects andmicro-seismicity
The following is based on a press release put out by theGerman Geothermal Association (GtV- Bundesverband
Geothermie e.V.) on 21 September 2009, following some

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics
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I GA New s No. 78

Call for nominations bypetition for the 2010-2013
IGA Board of Directors
The election for the 2010–2013 term of the IGA Boardof Directors must be held before the end of July 2010.
The permanent Nominating Committee of the IGA iscurrently compiling a list of candidates for the election.
Most of these candidates will be nominated from the 29
affiliated member organizations of the IGA. However,through Article 13c of the IGA Bylaws, a candidate may
also be nominated for the Board of Directors through apetition signed by at least 30 current members of the
IGA. The Nominating Committee hereby notifies
members that any such petition must reach the
Executive Director of the IGA before Friday 12 March
2010. This deadline is final and petitions reaching the
IGA after that date will not be accepted.
Each nomination should be accompanied by a
‘Candidate Statement’. This should be of no more than
150 words, describing what the candidate proposes to do
if elected to the BoD, indicating on which IGA
committee they would be willing to ser ve, andsuggesting what they feel should be the main activities
of IGA in the near and long-term future. Nominees
must be able and willing to attend at least one BoD
meeting every year at their own expense.
‘felt’ micro-earthquakes in the region of Landau during
August and September. These had provoked some public
discussion and were thought to be associated with theoperation of the local geothermal power plant.
Stressing that the German Geothermal Association,
GtV-BV, does not want to prejudge the results of specificinvestigations, the President Hartmut Gassner said “Wewelcome the establishment of an expert group by the
Rhineland-Palatinate Ministry of Environment, and offer
our full support”.
GtV-BV points out that, irrespective of the particulardetails of this case, it is a fact that the construction and theoperation of geothermal power plants may trigger microseismicity. The same phenomena occur frequently with gas
and oil production and in tunneling, and are related to theparticular geological structures in the respective regions.
Landau is at the edge of the Upper Rhine Graben, ageologically rather active region. In the Upper Rhine
Graben many earthquakes occur naturally; since June 2000
there have been 57 events comparable in strength to therecent one in Landau. Under such tectonic conditions,human inter ventions can lead to micro-seismicity.
Generally, such events will cause little or no damage. In thecase that they are related to a geothermal project, theoperator’s insurance will cover damages.
There is a need for more public information andgreater public participation, such as regional civic forums,

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during construction and operation. This is an important
issue for GtV-BV, and its Deep Geothermal section isabout to establish a working group on “deep geothermalenergy and seismic activity”.
In Germany there are currently over 150 mining
licences for exploration and exploitation of deep
geothermal energy. Many projects are under developmentin the Upper Rhine Graben, in the Bavarian Molasse basin,
and increasingly in the remaining areas of Germany. The
opportunity to produce base-load, renewable and CO2-freeelectricity, heat and cold from domestic sources needs local
support. Many citizens have recognized this opportunityand support the projects of their towns and villages.
Unterhaching, Neuried, Pullach, Erding and Aschheim aregood examples.
More information on www.geothermie.de.
Contact:
Dr. Horst Kreuter, Vice-President, Section Deep
Geothermal Projects, and Nicola Moczek, Director, GtVBundesverband Geothermie e.V. , Stralauer Platz 34, 10243
Berlin, phone 0049 (0)30.726102.841, www.geothermie.de,nicola.moczek@geothermie.de

Switzerland
Basel EGS Project cleared of“deliberate damage”
Robert Hopkirk
The Basel EGS project was suspended in December 2006
following a magnitude 3.4 seismic event almost certainly
triggered by hydraulic stimulation in the first 5km deep
borehole. Many cases of minor damage were reported andcompensation of nearly USD 9 million was paid, eventhough most of the claims were neither investigated nor
verified. The project leader, Dr Markus Häring, wasprosecuted by the city authorities for deliberately causing
damage to property but, in the week prior to Christmas
2009, he was completely cleared by the court.
The project has confirmed a number of issues for EGS:
that not all sites are suitable for EGS systems; that extra
time and effort will be necessary in the detailed site
evaluation and that communication with the local
population is particularly important. The Basel EGS
project will not continue, but has been given permission tocomplete the measurements and tests necessary to further
improve the state of knowledg e of the site. For
geothermal energy and for EGS, it must be regarded as arather positive, instructive and informative experience. It
has confirmed the need for a widespread, active campaign
to learn better how to predict on one hand the expectedmagnitude and intensity of seismic events induced at agiven site and on the other hand to assess the risks ofdamage to property, people and infrastructure in theneighbourhood.

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I GA New s No. 78

Geothermal team participants in the Second Lead Authors Meeting in Oslo. Left to right:
Hirofumi Muraoka, Chris Bromley, Arni Ragnarsson, Luis Gutiérrez-Negrín, Ernst
Huenges, Barry Goldstein, Gerardo Hiriart, Vladimir Zui, Jeff Tester and John Lund.

NorwayGeothermal energy andmitigation of climate change
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín
T h e Wo r k i n g G r o u p I I I ( W G I I I ) o f t h e
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) isdevoted to identifying methods that can contribute to
mitigation of climate change. WG III has been preparing a
new report on the probable impact that the expected useof new energy sources could have on climate change inthe coming years. This is called the IPCC Special Report
on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change
Mitigation (SRREN).
The decision on the main structure of the SRREN was
taken by the IPCC plenary meeting in Budapest, Hungary,in April 2008. Currently it comprises the following
chapters: 1. Introduction, 2. Bioenergy, 3. Direct solar
energy, 4. Geothermal energy, 5. Hydropower, 6. Ocean
energy, 7. Wind energy, 8. Integration of renewable energy
into present and future energy systems, 9. Renewableenergy in the context of sustainable development, 10.
Mitigation potential and costs, 11. Policy, financing andimplementation. Therefore, there are six ‘technical’
chapters and five ‘non-technical’. In November 2008 the
IPCC Bureau of the WG III nominated the coordinating
lead-authors (CLA) and lead-authors (LA) for each chapter,
who then met in the First Lead Author Meeting in Brazil
on January 2009, where the internal structure for eachchapter was decided. Since then, CLAs and LAs have

October - December 2009invited a number of contributing authors (CA) to write,
review and/or comment on their respective chapters.
Between February and July 2009 the invited authors
prepared a preliminary version of the report, called theZero Order Draft (ZOD), which was internally reviewed
during August. The SRREN is scheduled to be finished by
December 2010 and published by early 2011, with a total
length of around 400 pages.
The Second Lead Author Meeting was held in Oslo,
Norway, through 1-4 September 2009, hosted by the
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT). Objectivesof this meeting were, among others, to discuss how theinternal comments on the ZOD version would be taken byeach chapter and how each chapter would deal with crosscutting issues, as well as to assure the transfer of
infor mation from the technical chapters to thesummarizing chapters. Over 110 participants from 50
countries of the five continents were welcomed in theplenary session of this meeting, and heard speeches from
Signe Namdal, Director of Industry and Climate of the
SFT, Ottmar Edenhofer, Co-chair of the IPPC WG III,and Helene Pelosse, Interim General Director of the
newly established International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), the new energy agency of the United Nations,that was officially launched in January 2009, includes 75
countries so far and will be based in Abu Dhabi. After theplenary session, authors of each chapter gathered indifferent rooms of the SFT Conference Center to review
and update their respective ZOD versions. Meetings to
discuss different cross-cutting themes (metrics andc o n c e p t s, b a r r i e r s a n d p o t e n t i a l s, e t c. ) , w i t h a
representative for each technology chapter, were also
conducted.

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I GA New s No. 78
The CLAs of the SRREN chapter 4 (Geothermalenergy) are Barry A. Goldstein (PIRSA, Australia) andGerardo Hiriart (UNAM, Mexico). Besides them, theSecond Lead Author Meeting in Oslo was attended by thefollowing lead and contributing authors: Christopher J.
Bromley (New Zealand), Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín(Mexico), Ernst Huenges (Germany), John W. Lund (USA),
Hirofumi Muraoka (Japan), Arni Ragnarsson (Iceland),Jefferson W. Tester (USA) and Vladimir I. Zui (Belarus)(see photo). They spent three very productive days
reviewing the last ZOD version of chapter 4, which had
been assembled with inputs from them and other authors(like Ruggero Bertani, Trevor Demayo, Stephanie Frick,
Arthur Lee, David Newell and Ken Williamson, among
others). Over these three days, the geothermal teamproduced the first FOD version of the chapter 4, which
now is being updated, complemented, and reviewed inorder to produce the final FOD version by December
2009. Then, as scheduled, the complete FOD version of
the SRREN will be submitted to external scrutiny during
February 2010, prior to the Third Lead Author Meeting to
be held in March 2010.
It is expected that the important role that geothermalenergy can play in mitigating climate change by replacing
fossil fuels in the production of electric energy and heating(and cooling with geother mal heat pumps) can beappropriately highlighted in the final version of the IPCC
SRREN, and then governments and policymakers canadopt the proper decisions. Geothermics is not only amature industry with more than a century of experience
worldwide and major players in the energy market but also
has the potential to become an important contributor to
mitigation of climate change in the coming decades.

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SPAIN
SPAIN’S “GREEN SHOOTS” Joining the GeoPowGen Club
Iñaki Etxebarria Lekanda, UGARRIZA
S.L. General Manager, Bizkaia (BasqueCountry)

INTRODUCTION
As stated in our last country report, written by Jose
Sanchez Guzman (TRT) and Celestino Garcia de la
N o c e d a M a rq u e z ( IG M E ) , g e o t h e r m a l r e so u r c e
exploration, assessment and evaluation started throughout
Spain in the 1970s with a g eneral g eological andgeochemical survey of known thermal springs and otherareas showing signs of thermal activity.
A f t e r d e c i d i n g o n t h e m o s t p r o m i s i n g a r e a s,investigations were made over the following decades using
various techniques, including deep drilling, thus enablingevaluation of the geothermal potential in the mostimportant areas.
In recent years, several public and private institutions
have thrown their weight behind the establishment of areal market. Among these are the Industry Ministry (withits Minister Mr. Sebastian), IGME (Geological and Mining
Institute), APPA (Renewables Private Producers Assoc.),
IDAE (Institute for Energy Saving and Diversification)and its leaders Enrique Jimenez, Enrique Gavilanes andRenewables Director Jaume Margarit, the Spanish Centre
for Industrial Technology Development (CDTI) and many
more.

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International graduate programme insustainable energy – Iceland

Next application deadline is February 1st 2010www.reyst.is
While some areas of the country are fixated on the
short-term potential of low enthalpy exploitation, there
are some decentralized regions, like Catalunya, where their
institutions are laying the ground work for the future ofhigh enthalpy by taking some solid steps to deploy market
initiatives that could help geothermal electricity become areality.

THE SPANISH ELECTRICITY MARKET
Even though affected by the ongoing deep andg eneralized global crisis, the Spanish g eother mal
stakeholders are showing high levels of resilience (thepositive ability of a system to adapt itself to a new
scenario after drastic changes), to overcome this toughperiod and jump start a new market of high potential.
It should be borne in mind that Spain’s 40+ million
population, with its ever-growing electricity market (withsteady annual average increase of 5%) and together with
its government’s Renewable Energy (RE) support scheme,
make the country one of the most interesting spots forgeothermal investment and will soon make Spain one of
the leading actors of the EU geothermal theatre.
Spain has become a benchmark with regard to thedevelopment of some renewables. With solar and windenergy markets already solidly established (the Aeolic Grid,just this past Nov 8th, provided the country with 50% of
its demand!!), the geothermal market will also awake; it’s
just a matter of time.
Despite this, even greater changes will be required toachieve the new and ambitious targets established by the
EU for all member states, with the requirement that a total
20% of EU electricity consumption must come fromrenewable sources by 2020. For that, each State mustelaborate an Action Plan (PAN) which must be submitted

October - December 2009

to the European Commission before June 30th next year.
Although the current Spanish Plan for Renewable
Energy (PER) 2005-2010 already sets targets for thedifferent areas, with the global objective of covering atleast 12% of total primary energy demand from RE
sources by 2010, nowadays a new PER 2011-2020 is being
prepared by the Government at the same time as a new
Law on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
The new PER 2011-2020 will go into consolidated
areas in depth and it will incorporate other new ones, suchas geothermal energy and its concrete objectives (thermaland electric objectives), by 2020.

SPANISH GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL
Even though very important steps have been taken, theprogress of geothermal energy in Spain will require further
exploration drilling and the development of new
investigation and exploration techniques to discover thegeothermal potential in areas with very low amount of
information. This will involve a combined effort of bothnational and regional governments, together with private
initiatives.
Today, more than 50 geothermal exploration andinvestigation licences have already been taken out byprivate initiatives, covering an area of approximately 7,500
km². Millions of euros are to be spent by private
institutions and the leading private companies over the
next three years, mostly on early exploration programs.
As far as the different possibilities are concerned, Spain
has areas for conventional (volcanic) geothermal systems,
as in the Canary Islands; hydrothermal sedimentary
systems as in the Madrid, Duero, Guadalquivir, Catalunya,
Betic and Pyrenees (internal) basins; and extended areas
for EGS.

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7

PRIVATE MOVESFor some of these projects, Petratherm has a greatly
experienced collaborating agent, Jose Sanchez Guzman
and his TRT company.

Private businesses are also deeply involved. Among all
the actions being undertaken by the leading stakeholders
ACCIONA, EYRA, IBERDROLA RENOVABLES,
MOLINOS DEL EBRO, NORVENTO, TRT andUGARRIZA, the Spanish branch of PETRATHERM isdefinitely leading the way. They have many Geothermal
Exploration Licences (GELs), like those held on Tenerife,
the largest of the seven islands in a Spanish archipelago
located off the west coast of North Africa. The CanaryIslands, known for their volcanism, are considered an
excellent site for exploiting conventional geothermal
technology.
On Tenerife, Petratherm España, in preparation for thefeasibility study for a hydrothermal project, is currently
involved in an extensive magneto-telluric (MT) survey
across the volcanic island to decide on the best locations
for a deep test well. Many estimate that, if successful, thiscompany could start power generation in this area as soon
as 2013.
Early results obtained in the area showed evidence fora potential conductive zone which may represent a clay
alteration cap above a hydrothermal reservoir. The datasuggest that a 200ºC reservoir occurs at about 2000 m
depth. The historical well Tenerife-1 was spudded inAugust 1992 and was drilled to a total depth of 1060 m.
The well showed positive signs, ending in 60 m ofextensively clay altered rock which coincided with anincrease in logged temperatures. The intersection of thisaltered zone correlates with the expected top of theinterpreted hydrothermal clay cap modelled in the MT data.
The bottom 160 m well section records a temperature
gradient of 94 ºC/km.
Petratherm is also well advanced on a large-scale
8 MWth deep geothermal district heating project for thenorthern Madrid area, and is already surveying the market
for final consumers with an estimated 2011 delivery date.
Petratherm’s Madrid project has been highlighted as oneof six RE projects of interest to the Madrid Regional
Government’s RE Cluster project that is seeking toadvance REs in the Region.
Finally, Petratherm is also the holder of additional
geothermal investigation permits covering areas within theValles and Ebro Basins, in Canoves, Montbui and Vic areas.
The permit areas are located about 30 km N-NE ofBarcelona (Catalunya) and in close proximity to major
electricity transmission systems with a capacity in excess of
2 GW. According to their company’s spokesman, thepermits cover locations of known high heat flow withlocal hot aquifers evidencing temperatures of between
115ºC to 130ºC at depths of 1.5 to 2.0 km. A 1 km deep
geothermal well (Samalus 6) on the northern edge of theValles basin has a measured temperature of 90 ºC. The
heat source arises from high heat production granites that
underpin the Valles Basin and outcrop in the adjacent
ranges. The basin thickness is estimated at around 3 km.

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COLLABORATIVE APPROACH
One of the most successful initiatives has been theputting together of a High Enthalpy Geothermal Groupinside APPA, which pursues a GeoMarket from acollaborative point of view. All agents already involved orwith profound interests in GeoPowGen are working
together, meeting with government officials, sharing
information and leading initiatives that will ultimately
generate a demonstration geothermal power plant, with aturnkey estimate of maybe as soon as 2015.
The strategic objectives of the group are to study
Spanish geothermal resources, define basic explorationlines to improve the resource, define specific investigationlines and financing mechanisms, study the legal framework
applicable to the geothermal development, define theappropriate financing mechanisms and feed-in tariffs tomake geothermal business attractive and contribute to the
Spanish Geothermal Renewables National Plan objectives.
It is already deeply involved in an independent in-depth
study to evaluate the potential for geothermal electricity
generation and its possible impact on the 2010-2020 RE
PAN.
The group members are also collaborating with theInternational Energy Agency (IEA) through its energetic
Geothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA), and working
together with the European Geothermal Energy Council(EGEC) for the putting together of the Research Agenda
for Geothermal Energy 2008-2030 and a Geothermal
Regulation Framework, sharing legal guidelines andfinancial incentives to set the rules for a European
geothermal sector.
From one of the “engines” of this group (Margarita deGregorio, APPA) came also the idea for the establishmentof an all-new Spanish Geothermal Technology Platform(www.geoplat.org), with the main aim of identifying anddeveloping sustainable strategies for the promotion andmarketing of geothermal energy in Spain. The group
works together in a coordinated way to ensure thecommercial settlement of this RE and its continuous
growth, in a competitive and sustainable manner.
It is also an important priority for APPA’s HighEnthalpy Section to influence the Spanish Government toinclude geothermal objectives in the next national PER
2011-2020 and PAN, both leading the way and learningfrom elsewhere, trying to build on the best from otheralready-successful national plans like Germany’s.
The key for the group’s success is collaboration. Rather
than competing, the members are working together.
More information:
Iñaki ETXEBARRIA LEKANDA (UGARRIZA).
etxebarria@ugarriza.com

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Participants in the Short Course

AMERICASEL SALVADOR
Geothermal Short Course in
El Salvador and the Central
American Geothermal
Workshop, in October 2009
Benedikt Steingrímsson, Chairman IGA
Information Committee
The “Short Course on Surface Exploration for
Geothermal Resources” for young professionals in Central
America and the Caribbean was held during October 17th

to 30th, 2009 in El Salvador. The course was organized by
UNU-GTP and LaGeo as a two week course and focusedon geophysics and geochemistry. This is the thirdworkshop/short course that UNU-GTP and LaGeo haveorganized in El Salvador. The first week consisted offieldwork at the Ahuachapan geothermal field where thepar ticipants were trained to conduct g eophysicalprospecting using resistivity methods (Schlumberger, TEM
and MT) and gravity, magnetic and soil temperature
measurements as well as sampling of geothermal fluids
from geothermal manifestations in the area and CO2 soil
flux measurements. The data gathered were evaluated anddiscussed at the end of the week. The second week of thecourse was held at LaGeo’s headquarters in Santa Tecla
and was dedicated to lectures and exercises and application

At the Workshop

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of relevant computer software. The papers and thepresentation at the short course will soon be available on
the UNU-GTP website: http://www.unugtp.is.
More than fifty geothermal professionals participated in
the course. The students came from Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominica and
St. Kitts & Nevis. Session instructors were professionals
from LaGeo of El Salvador, ICE of Costa Rica, Ormat ofNicaragua, and UNU-GTP and ISOR of Iceland.
During the last day of the course the participants
attended the Central American Geothermal Workshop,
which was org anized by El Salvador Geother mal
Association (ESGA), LaGeo, UNU-GTP and IGA at
LaGeo’s headquarters and held in conjunction with the
IGA Annual General Meeting and the 48th BoD meetingin El Salvador on October 28th and 29th. At the workshop
Ladsi Rybach g ave a presentation on Geother mal
Sustainability and John Lund on Direct Use Projects. Thenseveral IGA board members and participants in the shortcourse gave presentations on the geothermal situation in
their home countries. The presentations for the Workshop
will be available on the LaGeo´s ftp server.
Finally, LaGeo organized a one day excursion to theBerlin Field on October 31st. The participants were
impressed by LaGeo’s operations, both the geothermal
operation and the social responsibility LaGeo is accepting
and operating in co-operation with the surrounding
communities.

MEXICO
Geothermal energy in Mexico:
Background and present status
Rosa María Barragán Reyes 1 , Víctor
Manuel Arellano Gómez 1 , Luis C. A.
Gutiérrez-Negrín2
1Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Gerencia de Geotermia, Reforma

113, Col. Palmira, 62490 Cuernavaca, Mor. México
2Geocónsul, Morelia, Mich., México

Introduction
Due to its location in the “Ring of Fire”, Mexico has vast
geothermal resources. The inventory of resources withgeothermal springs at temperatures higher than 28°C
contains 2,332 sites distributed in 27 of the 32 states of
the Republic (Arellano et al, 2008), (Figure 1). It has been
documented that in Pre-Colombian times Mexico’s
low/moderate temperature geothermal resources wereused extensively (Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2009). Nowadays,
however, the main use of geother mal energ y is inelectricity generation. Present geothermal electric
installed capacity in the country is 958 MW, distributed infour high-temperature geothermal fields: Cerro Prieto,Figure 1. Location of main geothermal fields, zones and sites in Mexico

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I GA New s No. 78

Table 1. Review of chronological development of geothermal energy
in Mexico (1940s-1973) for electricity generation.
1940s- CFE started interest on geothermal resources togenerate electricity
1950 - Studies for geothermal exploitation started
1955 - The “Comisión de Energía Geotérmica” was established- Pathé (Hidalgo) geothermal zone (~300 km northof México city) started development
1956 - One well drilled at Pathé, steam production
1958 -First (steam) well drilled at Ixtlan de los Hervores(Michoacan)-Exploration studies for the Cerro Prieto geothermal
field began-An agreement between Larderello and CFE washeld with the purchase of one 3.5 MW unit to beinstalled at Pathé
1959 -Pathé started electricity generation (first in America).
17 wells were drilled. The plant was in operation
until 1973 (Arellano et al, 2008)-People gained experience
1959-1960 Three exploration wells were drilled at Cerro Prieto
1963 First deep well drilled at Cerro Prieto (M-3)
1967-1968 14 wells drilled at Cerro Prieto (CP-I)
1969 Starting construction of two 37.5 MW units
1973 Both 37.5 MW units started power generation at CP-I

Baja California (720 MW); Los Azufres, Michoacán(188 MW), Los Humeros, Puebla (40 MW) and Las Tres
Vírgenes, Baja California Sur (10 MW). Based on its
installed generation capacity, Mexico is ranked fourth int h e wo r l d a f t e r U S A ( 2 9 5 7 . 9 M W ) , P h i l i p p i n e s(1967.7 MW) and Indonesia (992 MW);( h t t p : / / w w w. e a r t h p o l i c y. o r g / U p d a t e s / 2 0 0 8 /Update74_data.htm#table1). Electricity generation fromgeothermal resources in Mexico in 2008 amounted to

Figure 2. Trend of installed electricity generation capacity in Mexico.

October - December 2009

Figure 3. 2008 electricity generation installed capacity in Mexico.
7,047 GWh, equivalent to crude oil savings (resources thatwould have been required to generate the same amount ofelectricity) of 13.5 mboe (Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2009). For thesame reason, electricity generation from geothermal
resources in 2008 avoided CO2 emissions of 5.65 million
tons by comparison with
oil-fuelled production. This
work presents a brief backg round of g eother mal
development in the country and an update regarding
electricity generation based on geothermal energy together
with plans to increase capacity in the near term.

Background and present geothermal
electricity status
A brief review of the development of geothermalenergy for electricity generation in Mexico since the 40s to1973 is given in Table 1. The first generation plant in
Mexico, a 3.5 MW power unit installed in Pathé, Hidalgo,started generation in November 1959 (Arellano et al, 2008).
This plant produced only 600 kW and was operating until
1973. At that time, the Cerro Prieto geothermal fieldstarted generation (2 units of 37.5 MW each) and sincethen the installed power capacity of the country has
increased steadily (Figure 2).
The Cerro Prieto geothermal field is located 30 km
south of Mexicali city near the USA border (Figure 1).
Exploration activities at Cerro Prieto began in the 1950s.
Currently four sectors have been developed with a total
installed capacity of 720 MW. CP I sector consists of 5
power units: 2 x 37.5 MW that started generation in 1973,
2 x 37.5 MW units that started operation in 1979 and one
30 MW unit that has been operating since 1981. CP II andCP III consist of 2 x 110 MW plants in each sector, andstarted generation between 1985 and 1987. CP IV sector
has 4 x 25 MW units that started generation in 2000
(Arellano et al, 2008).
The Los Azufres geothermal field is located in thenorthern part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt, about 200 km
west of Mexico city (Figure 1). Exploration activities
began during the 1950s and the first production wells were
drilled in 1977. Electricity generation started in 1982 withthe operation of 4 x 5 MW units, and the capacity wasincreased subsequently: in 1986 a 5 MW plant was added,
in 1988 a 50 MW unit started production and then two
more 5 MW units started generation in 1990 and 1992.
Two 1.5 MW binary cycle units were then added and, in
2003, a further 4 x 25 MW units, bringing the present

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I GA New s No. 78

Figure 4. 2008 electricity generation in Mexico.
capacity to 188 MW (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al, 2010).
The Los Humeros geothermal field is located at theeastern part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt about 200 km
from Mexico city (Figure 1). Exploration studies at Los
Humeros began in 1968 and the first deep well was drilled
in 1982. Commercial exploitation started in 1990 with thegeneration of 5 MW. At present there are 8 x 5 MW
generation units, with a current capacity of 40 MW(Arellano et al, 2008).
The Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal field is located in
the northern part of Baja California Sur in the Baja
California Peninsula (Figure 1). Exploration studies began
in 1982 and the first well was drilled in 1986. Exploitationof this resource started in 2002 with the installation of 2 x
5 MW units, providing the present capacity of 10 MW(Gutiérrez-Negrín et al, 2010).
According to Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE)
data, the 2008 installed geothermal power capacity was
958 MW, which represented 2% of total installed capacity
in Mexico (Figure 3) and ~3.07% of the total electricity
produced (Figure 4). As seen in both figures, a large partof electricity generation in Mexico is still dependent on
fossil fuels.
However, although at a country level the percentage of
geother mal electricity seems to be very low, it canrepresent up to 80% of the Baja Califor nia state
production (Figure 5). As both the Baja California and theBaja California Sur states are isolated from the National T& D grid, geothermal energy has made an important
contribution at a more local level (Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2009).
Besides this, and due to the location of the Cerro Prieto
field close to the USA border, part of the electricity
generated is being exported to USA, which represents
benefits to Mexico’s economy (Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2009;http://www.publicradio.org/columns/kpcc/kpccnewsinbr
ief/2009/02/la-dwp-buys-geothermal-energy.html).

11(a) Cerro Prieto V (CP-V sector, 100 MW): Construction
and commissioning of two 50 MW condensing units at
Cerro Prieto geothermal field. This project will also
remove two 37.5 MW units from CP I sector, so the
net capacity increase for this field will be 25 MW.
Currently this project is under bidding process but isplanned to be completed in 2011.
(b) Los Humeros II: Construction and commissioning of
one 25 MW condensing unit to be in operation in 2011.
At present this project is underway. A further capacity
increase of 25 MW, using binary cycle plants, is planned
to take place in this field in 2013.
(c) Los Azufres III: This project involves the replacementof 7 x 5 MW backpressure units by 2 condensing units(50 and 25 MW) to increase the capacity from 188 to
225 MW (Torres et al, 2008). This project is planned tobe accomplished in 2015.
(d) Cerritos Colorados. 75 MW is planned to be installed at
Cerritos Colorados, Jalisco geothermal field. 25 MW
capacity is scheduled for installation in 2013 while theremaining 50 MW will be installed in 2014.
Exploitation feasibility studies are being developed by CFE
for the following geothermal zones: Tulecheck (Baja
California), Piedras de Lumbre (Chihuahua), El Ceboruco(Nayarit), Acoculco (Puebla), Tacaná and Chichonal(Chiapas). The Acoculco project results after drillingprovided very high temperatures but no fluids, hence a
HDR system might be considered (Gutiérrez-Negrín,2009). Furthermore, detailed exploration activities arebeing planned to estimate potential capacities of thefollowing zones: La Soledad, Los Borbollones and Los
Hervores de la Vega (Jalisco); El Domo San Pedro and San
Diego el Naranjo (Nayarit); Maguarichic (Chihuahua),
Ixtlán de los Hervores, Los Negritos and Purúandiro(Michoacán), Comajilla and San Bartolomé de los Baños

Near-future electricity projects
New developments in the country that will increase theinstalled geothermal generation capacity are planned tostart operating as early as 2011 and include the following
projects (Gutiérrez-Negrín et al, 2010):

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Figure 5. Percentage of geothermal electricity generation in the Baja
California state.

October - December 2009

12
(Guanajuato), Pathé (Hidalgo), Las Derrumbadas (Puebla),
Laguna Salada (Baja California), Riíto (Sonora), Santispac,
Agua Caliente, Los Volcanes de Saquisismunde and Bahía
Concepción (Baja California Sur). Possible capacities of allthese resources have been estimated to be about 1,000 MW.

Direct uses of geothermal energy in
MexicoAt present direct uses of geothermal energy in Mexico arelimited to balneology (Spas) and therapeutic usage.
Installed capacity for these facilities located at around 160
geothermal sites in 19 country states is 164.7 MWt,
(1931.8 TJ/year) produced by ~12,500 t/h hot water at an
average temperature of 50°C (Gutiérrez-Negrín and
Quijano-León, 2005). Some pilot projects have beendeveloped by CFE at the geothermal fields to illustrate thedirect uses of hot fluids. These include: salts recovery at
Cerro Prieto, residential heating, greenhouses, fruit andvegetable drying, timber drying, etc. At the same time,
re se a rch ha s be e n de ve lope d a t the Instituto deInvestigaciones Eléctricas (IIE) on heat pumps operated
by geothermal and waste heat (García et al, 2007). Anotherapplication to be exploited in the country is the installation
and use of geothermal heat pumps for space heating andcooling. This technology, although commercially available
nowadays, has not been used in Mexico due to the mild
temperatures occurring throughout the year.
A first assessment of medium-low temperature(<200°C) geothermal resources was developed at theInstituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas (IIE) (Iglesias &Torres, 2009). A first assessment of medium-low
temperature (<200°C) g eother mal resources wasdeveloped at the Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas(IIE) (Iglesias & Torres, 2009). Considering data for 20
states, the total energy was estimated between 3.08 and3.45 x 1017 kJ (8.56 - 9.58 x 1010 MWt). According to thetemperature distribution (60°C - 180°C) the recoverable
energy was estimated between 7.7 x 1016 and 8.6 x 1016 kJ.
Such vast available energy should be used by developing
direct use projects that can solve basic requirements (forexample refrigeration to preserve foods) which could
benefit local economies. For this, it is necessary to identify
opportunities for the optimal use of resources, call for theinterest of government and investors and inform people
about the advantages in the use of geothermal energy.

Conclusions
Currently the main use of geothermal energy in Mexico iselectricity generation through the successful exploitationof four high-temperature resources. Direct uses ofgeothermal heat were important in the past but at thepresent time are limited to therapeutic uses and Spas. Vastamounts of medium and low-temperature heat areavailable, for electricity generation through binary cycle
plants or for direct applications, depending on thetemperatures of the sources. Near-future plans for

October - December 2009

I GA New s No. 78
increases in potential comprise both the installation of
new power units and also the replacement of old plants bymore efficient ones. Depending on the capacity estimation
results to be obtained from a number of geothermal zones
which are currently under prospection, the installed
electric capacity of the country could be increased in themedium term. This is highly desirable to help mitigate
greenhouse effects through reduction in fossil fuel usage
along with CO2 emissions savings. Important increases in
geothermal electric capacity in Mexico are expected in the
future as the technical/economic feasibility of advanced
technologies becomes available. To accomplish this,research programs should be supported that are focused,among other issues, on the efficient extraction/conversionof geothermal heat, minimization of environmental
impacts and cascade uses of geothermal resources.
Suitable training programs and related university careers to
prepare specialized human resources should also beoutlined.

References
Arellano V. M., Iglesias E. R., García A., (2008). La energía
geotérmica: Una opción tecnológica y económicamente
madura. Boletín IIE, Vol. 32, Núm. 3, pp. 102-114. (InSpanish).
C o m i s i ó n Fe d e r a l d e E l e c t r i c i d a d , C F E ( 2 0 0 8 ) .
http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/LaEmpresa/generacion
electricidad.
García A., Barragán R. M., Arellano V., (2007). Researchon heat pumps in Mexico operating on geothermal andwaste energy as heat source. Geothermal Resources
Council Transactions, Vol. 31, pp. 471-476.
Gutiérrez-Negrín, L.C.A., and J.L. Quijano-León, 2005.
Update of geothermics in Mexico. Proceedings of theWorld Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 2429 April 2005.
Gutiérrez-Negrín L. C. A., (2009). Aportación de lageotermia al desarrollo del país. In: (Arellano V. M.
editor) Prospectiva tecnológica de la geotermia en
México y el mundo, Instituto de Investigaciones
Eléctricas, Chapter 1, 13 p. (In Spanish).
Gutiérrez-Negrín L. C. A., Maya R., Quijano J. L., (2010).
Current status of geothermics in Mexico. World
Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 11 p. (Tobe presented).
http://www.earthpolicy.org/Updates/2008/Update74_
data.htm#table1
http://www.publicradio.org/columns/kpcc/kpccnewsinbr
ief/2009/02/la-dwp-buys-geothermal-energy.html
Iglesias E. R., Torres R. J. (2009). Primera estimación de las
reservas geotérmicas de temperatura intermedia a baja
en veinte estados de Mexico. Geotermia, Revista
Mexicana de Geoenergía, Vol. 22, Num. 2, pp. 54-65.
(In Spanish).

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I GA New s No. 78
Torres-Rodríguez M. A., Flores-Armenta M., Mendoza
Covarrubias A., (2008). The Los Azufres III (75 MW)
expansion project in the Los Azufres geothermal field,
Mexico. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions,Vol. 32, pp. 483-486.

OCEANIANew ZealandBook Review by Dr. Ron Keam,
Department of Physics,
University of Auckland.
“Characteristic Periodic Variations of Surface Geothermal
Features”. Author: Jonathan Leaver. Publisher: VDM
Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG (24 April2009). Language: English. ISBN-10: 3639148665, ISBN13: 978-3639148664. Paperback: 292 pages.
Jonathan Leaver’s PhD thesis has been reformatted andpublished by the Mauritius-based VDM Publishing House
Ltd as one of its Scientific Monographs. This is a good
example of a praiseworthy initiative that is resulting in themuch wider distribution of research material that
otherwise could well languish un-noticed on the shelves of
the host University.
As is well-summarized in the book’s opening chapter
Leaver’s research used three New Zealand case studies
where characteristic short period (less than 25 hours)
variations in several fluid parameters were measured andanalysed to find what significant infor mation they
contained. The underlying motivation was to see if suchan approach would enable time-efficient and resourceefficient monitoring strategies to be developed whereby
interested parties – environmental, developmental,
scientific – could obtain information of interest andimportance for their respective purposes. The threesystems studied were quite different, comprising one lowtemperature, unexploited field (Te Aroha), one hightemperature unexploited field (Orakeikorako) and one
high temperature exploited field (Rotorua). Naturalvariations with obvious external causes such as earth tides,
rainfall and barometric pressure changes could be
identified and removed and the residual changes attributed
to system specific thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic
causes. For unexploited fields one would seek natural
explanations for the periodicities, and for exploited fields
one would expect to find anthropogenic influences
affecting any periodicities and thereby offering aquantitative assessment of the perturbations being caused.
This book is well structured and contains usefulcontextual information particularly in its early chapters.
Chapter 2 is a concise coverage of geothermal systems ingeneral, and New Zealand systems in particular, andmention is made of several historical conflicts which arosew w w.geot herm al- energy.org

13from competing interests for the uses of systems.
Chapter 3 considers natural influences on geothermal
systems. Chapter 4 considers data analysis and modelling
methods in detail and explains the investigative uses ofsuch data processing as cross-correlation and autocorrelation. It also presents methods of Fourier analysis
and the more recently developed Wavelet analysis, andprovides a comparison of the two approaches.
The main part of the book comprises chapters 5 – 7
where, in turn, the practical and analytical work done ineach of the three carefully studied New Zealand systems
is presented. Chapter 7 (on Orakeikorako) is divided into
two parts, in the second of which a system dynamics
model of a hot spring is for mulated to assess thefundamental heat and mass transfer occurring in that
surface feature and in the substrate whence it is supplied.
This is a particularly illustrative case study.
In all, the thesis provides an understanding of thevalue of studying the effects of periodic forcing functions.
Success in such an endeavour relies on high accuracy
measurements being taken at sufficiently high sampling
rates.
More than 150 maps, diagrams, illustrations, graphs,
flow charts etc. are distributed throughout the main textof 242 pages. These are supplemented by eight pages ofreferences and nine brief appendices. There is no index
but the table of contents and list of figures are sufficiently
comprehensive to ensure that navigation to a specifictopic is conveniently facilitated.
In a very few places abbreviations are not explained
and a reminder is due to both author and publisher thatsuch minor editing as is required to make the material
more readily accessible to the larger readership of a book
as compared with just a thesis should not be overlooked.
A perhaps surprising omission is any reference to the
New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 85 “Geology and
Hot Springs of Orakeikorako” by E.F. Lloyd published in1972. In this pioneering work Lloyd mapped andnumbered all the surface features he could find and accessat Orakeikorako, so Leaver’s spring 1 and spring 2 could
have been correlated with Lloyd’s identifications. In thesame publication Lloyd presented comparisons of PalettePool water level and atmospheric pressure records during
the thirteen month period from January 1962 to January
1963 not long after the lake had been impounded behind
Ohakuri dam. Palette Pool lies within a few tens ofmetres of the springs Leaver monitored.
These are minor blemishes and cannot detract fromthe value and usefulness of this publication. This is a wellwritten, comprehensive, and engaging work. The thesis
and corresponding book are a significant addition toresources for studying near-surface aspects of geothermal
systems. The author is to be congratulated on the qualityof his work and on his opening up and demonstrating thevalue and importance of the methods he has used, both in
the field and in his mathematical analysis. I recommend

October - December 200914
the book’s acquisition by any library with a geothermal
section and to the attention of researchers involved indetailed studies of shallow str uctures and/or the
behaviour of surface features in geothermal systems.
Reviewer’s Profile:
Dr. Ron Keam is an Associate Professor of physics at
the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He has
maintained a constant stream of publications and books
on geothermal systems since 1955. In 2002 he was arecipient of the New Zealand Science & Technology silver
medal for his contributions to geothermal knowledge andconservation of geothermal features.
Author’s Profile:
Dr. Jonathan Leaver is an Associate Professor at Unitec
New Zealand. Dr. Leaver served as Chief Petroleum andGeothermal Inspector for the Ministry of Commerce
fro m 1 9 9 1 -1 9 9 8 a n d wo rke d i n th e G e o th e r m a l
Measurement and Reser voir Evaluation Section of
Ministry of Works at Wairakei from 1981-1988 becoming
the head in 1987. He holds a BE(Hons)(Civil),
PGDipEnergyTech(Geoth), and a PhD (Mech) from the
University of Auckland and an MS(Petroleum) from
Stanford University.

October - December 2009

I GA New s No. 78

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
CHINA
IGA WPRB/GCES joint 2009
Annual Activities held in
Chengdu, China
Keyan Zheng, GCES, China
The joint 2009 Annual Activities of the Western PacificRegional Branch (WPRB) of International Geothermal
Association (IGA) and of the China Geothermal Energy
Society (CGES) were held successfully on 16-22
September 2009 in Chengdu, China. The series ofactivities consisted of three parts: technical seminar,
annual general meeting and geothermal workshop.
In order to promote geother mal development,
especially in power generation and enhanced geothermal
systems in China, IGA sent three experienced experts to
support the Technical Seminar entitled “Geothermal
power generation”. The training was carried out for threedays on 16-18 September. Dr. Graeme Beardsmore(Australia) lectured on “Exploration for non-conventional
geothermal in Australia” and explained how to findgeothermal resources. Dr. Ernst Huenges (Germany)
lectured on “Development of non-conventional
geothermal reservoirs in Germany” and explained how to

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

15

I GA New s No. 78

IGA News

exploit the resources from geother mal fields. Paul
Quinlivan (New Zealand) lectured on “Geothermal power
plant design” and explained how to use geothermal fluids
to generate electricity. 27 trainees from different regionsof the country, including Tibet, attended the seminar.
They felt that the training was very satisfactory and thatthey had gained valuable knowledge of geothermal power
generation. In particular, the EGS study will be very usefulfor the future of our geothermal energy.
The WPRB Annual General Meeting was held also
during the activities. Attendees discussed and concluded
WPRB’s old and new business for the past year.
The WPRB/GCES joint g eother mal workshop
attracted 87 participants, including foreigners fromIndonesia, Kenya and Germany. The keynote speech given
by Surya Darma, Secretary General of WGC2010 and
President of the Indonesia Geothermal Association,
introduced geothermal resources and development inIndonesia, and extended a welcome to attendees of the
WGC2010. The Kenyan expert introduced their new
geothermal development plan and the German expert
introduced advanced drilling equipment. These foreign
presentations opened new windows for Chinese
geothermal workers. A total of 20 papers were presented
on 19-20 September. All presentations addressed thetheme of workshop - “Bring Superiority of Geothermal
Resources into Full Play on the Strategy of Energy
Development” - to bring out aspects of development
strategy, resources exploration, energy utilization and newtechnology etc.. The Australia and New Zealand paper “Acode for geothermal resources and reserves reporting”
was also introduced. Various questions after eachpresentation reflected the earnest participation and greatinterest of the participants. The proceedings, bringing
together 32 papers from Western Pacific authors, had been
published prior to the workshop. Chinese and foreign
geothermal colleagues spent a very pleasant week during
the best season of September in beautiful Chengdu.

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA Newsis to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consists of the IGA
Information Committee:
Benedict Steingrímsson, Iceland (Chairman)
Graeme Beardsmore, Australia
Werner Bussmann, Germany
Philippe Dumas, France
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Paul Hirtz, USA
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandPeter Ledingham, UK
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Francisco E. Montalvo Lopez, El Salvador
Martin N. Mwangi, Kenya
Mahmut Parlaktuna, Turkey
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Colin Randall, Australia
Yoonho Song, South Korea
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Toshihiro Uchida, Japan
François-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or
an article for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
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While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
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remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
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Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo
Iglesias. John Garnish proofread the articles. Producedby Gestur Gíslason for the IGA Secretariat. Design
layout by François Vuataz.

October - December 2009

16

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