ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 11 ೐˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ1)ആǵᬏǵǵǵᯀ*
Analytical Framework of Sufism
TONAGA Yasushi*
This article seeks to reconsider the question of Sufism in order to attain a better
understanding of it, as well as an understanding of the matters of saint worship and.tarı̄qa. Although Sufism is generally translated as ‘Islamic mysticism,' such a translation
reveals only a partial aspect of it.
After examining the questions as to what is Sufism and who are Sufis, I intend topoint out that ‘Sufism' is not a substantial notion. I further declare that this notion was
first invented by the orientalists as something alien to Islam.
Therefore, we can use this notion only as an analytical concept. Here I propose ananalytical framework of Sufism in order to replace the former definition of Sufism as‘Islamic mysticism.'
My analytical framework consists of three poles. The first is a mystical pole, and wemust admit that Sufism does possess such an aspect. At the same time however we areaware that Sufism also has an ethical aspect which is the second pole, and the third is thatof folk religion.
The merits of this tripolar framework are as follows.
1. This schema clearly shows that Sufism is an analytical concept.
2. It shows that ‘Islamic mysticism,' which has been regarded as equivalent to Sufism, ismerely a part of it.
3. When we discuss Sufism, we should always be careful to specify which aspect(s)of Sufism we are talking about. Constant reference to this framework will make us
conscious of the subtle differences during discussion.
The next step is to consider the frameworks of saint and .tarı̄qa. This will lead to anunderstanding of the relationship that exists between the concepts of Sufism, saint and.tarı̄qa.

*1)

ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
Universityೣዣсଁ᧌ዐɴȲȦɩ⏋ᣧ‫ݞ‬ᮂॺລ⏃Ϋಚ߂࡝֖ఠஐ⏆⏋ගೣΥ߅ລ⏃‫׌‬༠᧑߂࡝֖ఠஐ⏆ȴʰ೑ᇰɲ˱͍Ͳ̜
ˁ᯳ଔɌɛ⏏៨ɌɩઢᡚɌɛȦ⏏

173

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬

1ȅ͉̲͛ͅȝ࿚ఴ͈ਫ਼ह
1.1ȁΑȜέͻΒθȆΗςȜ΃Ȇ୉৪૞ަ͈ਹါ଻
ǵ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠˁ቉ድɐʳ᭬ɴ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɰɄɫʢՏЦȩʢɹɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏋̊͠ͻˡ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖȵȡʳ⏏˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹʭȩɴ⏋̩ͩ̒ͻ̸༐ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼ‫ࢃܕ‬ᇕԇি˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴʭɤɩ⏋ɄʶʰˁʁɭɌɲʛɴ̲̝ˏ⏃˓˽͞ͻ͌ȴʰɹᧀᔵ⏆ɭɌɩக᭑ɐʳዎ೑ɲё޺ˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋ɄʶʰɹȦɑʶȴɹឹᏬɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹʓɭ˃ɰɐʏɩɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫ᠗ʠʰʶʳ⏏
ǵɛɭȭɽ⏋ౙ̅ᦹग‫৿ޙ‬ɹμ߈ˏ˻ˏ͹ˡ̶ˡͻ˽ɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂȵ⏋̠˪˹͖̫
Ͳ̚ˑͻఠ܎ʦˡͻ̚ˑ͠ͻఠ܎ɲɰɹ̊͠ͻˡɴʭɤɩ୊ʼʶɩȦʳɄɭɻɦɭɴ୭௎ɇʶ
ɩȦʳɌ⏋̦́ˤ͡ɭȦȩ‫ࢃܕ‬ɹȴɲʱɹᨆՕˁ⏋Ё౗⏋ᓩᓔˏͻ͇̝͹̫Ͳ̫ˁμਕɴ০ଁ2)ɇʶɛ̝͌̒͠ఠ܎⏃͌͠ͻ̚ˑͻఠ܎⏆ȵఌȭɩȦʳɄɭʢሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏

ǵᦲ।⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶɭ៱ɇʶʳ⏏̊͠ͻˡɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻఠ܎⏃ʢɌȼɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶఠ܎⏆ɭ៱ɇʶ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁທкɭɌɩ⏋12γᏛГᭇ຦ᝓɹᬚɴঃ
ʚɤɛ᧊֪кɭɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳᓩᓔѵЖɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȿ
ɩ᠝ʰʶʳɹȵᦲёɫȡʳ⏏
1.2ȁ3!৪͈‫଻߸۾‬ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋Ʉʶʰ 3 ᓔɹᬠѥɻ⏋ଂǾȵਃഀਲ਼ȦயȦɩȦɛʓɰ⏋ᎎ‫׬‬ɫɻɲȦ.ǵፀ 1ɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ̊͠ͻˡɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩȦȭɽ⏋೎ʢ೑‫ؿ‬ɲ̊͠ͻˡɹʁɭɦɫȡʳˡͻ
̚ˑ͠ͻఠ܎ɹ‫ؿ‬ኘˏ̸̝˕͡ˡͻ̚ˑ͡͹˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻ (d. 1166) ɴᬠɌɩ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɻɲȴɤɛɭȦȩᠶȵȡʳ␩Trimingham 1971: 40-41; Chabbi 1973␭⏏ɄɹᠦɴᬠɌɩ
3)ɻ⏋ᣊ‫و‬θᠶɫȡʳȵ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢȦʚɞɴᠶቑɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏

ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᓩᓔɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖɗɹʢɹȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴჿᠶᇕ
൓୞ˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɭᠦ౩ɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʶɽ⏋ೣഀɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɴȦɤɩჿᠶᇕ൓୞ɻɲ

ɛɭȭɽ␩Babajanov 1998␭ɻ⏋Ⴖጓ৿ɹ˗̀̾˥˽̊Ͳɹ኏Цᅊ༎ɴ৯ᯱˁήȭɛឹᏬɭɌɩ⏋຦౏ᇕˏ˓̚
Ͳ̘ˑ̘ˑ਋ᖂ⏋ԗ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫׋‬ɭι˃ɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻ͹˫͡ͻ̺ɹ༎֪ɹ਋༎ˁȡɁ⏋̠˪˹͖̫Ͳ̚ˑͻఠ܎ɹ༎֪ˁՕഓɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋␩ࢸाǵ1998: 236␭ɻ⏋ȋ̦́ˤ͡ɭȦȩ‫ࢃܕ‬ɻᝠ‫ك‬ȷɴɻ‫ࢃܕ‬ɭɌɩɹࢪ
ᯆˁɰȩʦʰѳɤɩɻȦʳȵ⏋ϺǾɹ޽ȼɴ̦́ˤ͡‫ܕ‬຦ɭɌɩɹ᠔ʱˁʢɛɓʳɄɭɴʢ⏋ʚɌɩʦᐁཕᇕ
࡫ࡴˁήȭʳɄɭɴʢ߉ఞɌɩȲʱ⏋኏Цᇕ⏋ᐁཕᇕ⏋Ꮔኜᇕɲμ൒ᨆՕˁେɇȭɩȦʳɹɻ˓˽͌͞ɹఠ܎⏋ʼȿɩʢ̝͌̒͠ఠ܎ɫȡʳȍɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏
3) ȋ˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻᯃ˽ͻ̶ˑͻᠶȍɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋␩Demeerseman 1988␭ɹ‫ؙ‬ᠶȵȡʱ⏋Υᦹɹᠶϝˁᎎ‫׬‬ɴ᏷ЂɌɛʢɹɴ⏋
␩Knysh 2000: 183␭ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ک‬ᰍɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ȦɑʶዣˁఒʠɩᠶɍɛȦ⏏ˡͻ̚ˑ͠ͻఠ܎ɻˏ̸̝˕͡ˡͻ̚ˑ͡͹˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻˁᓩᓔɭɌɩહȩϺǾɹᮃ܎ɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳȵ⏋ɄɄɫ⏋˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻᕶ᤹ȵᓩᓔɫȡɤɛȴɰȩȴˁ‫ک‬ȩɄɭɻᩂឹɫɻɲȦ⏏ଂǾɴɭɤɩተ᠗ɌɩȲȼʏȷɄɭɻ⏋˻ͻ͞ͻ̢ͻȵܑٞɹϺǾɴᓩᓔɭ‫؝‬ȿ๬ʠʰʶɩȦɛȴɰȩȴ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʱ⏋Ʉɹ‫ک‬Ȧɴࢪɐʳፐȭɻᔐࡴᇕɫȡʳ⏏
2)174ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

Ȧȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵ‫ܩع‬ɹ‫ܤ‬መᇕឹᏬˁ‫؜‬ʱᦉʞɲȴɫɗɹΥᄩɭɌɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌኏Цɴ൓ɧȦɛɭᠦ౩ɇʶʳɄɭʢȡʳ⏏Ȧɑʶɹ‫غݭ‬ʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȿɩᓩᓔѵЖɻ᠝ʰʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɞȿȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȦɩᓩᓔɹȋ๭ᐏȍਸˁѳ៷ɌɛɭɻᓒȭɴȼȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȴɲȦᓩᓔѵЖɹёɭɌɩ⏋˛˻̺̜ɹ˹͑ͻ̶ˑ˓ͻণɴࢪɐʳؒ᠄͹ѵЖȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏˹͑ͻ̶ˑ˓ͻɭɻ⏋˽Ͳ̠༐ 4 ໬࡝༐ɹʁɭɦ˹͑ͻ̶ˑ˓ͻ࡝༐ɹ࡝ኘɫȡʱ⏋৳ᕶ᤹ɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɻɲȴɤɛɌ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɌɩࢴईɇʶɛɹɫʢɲȴɤɛ⏏৳ɴࢪɐʳࢴईɻ⏋մ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɲឹᏬɹ๿ࡔɭᓒȭʳɄɭʢᮑɌȦ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳᓩᓔѵЖˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɹʛᐄʃɦȿɩ᠝
ʳɄɭᕶкɴ‫ک‬ᰍȵȡʳɭៜȭʳ⏏4)
ǵፀ 3 ɴᓩᓔɭ̊͠ͻˡɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᓩᓔ⏃ʢɌȼɻᓩᓔ‫⏆އ‬ˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼᮃ܎ɭɌɩ̊
͠ͻˡȵࡔጓɌɩȷɛɄɭɻ⏋ɦɭɴ᠗ᡫɇʶɩȷɛȵ⏋ɞȴʰɭȦɤɩ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻఠ܎ȍɭȦȩ̊͠ͻˡɴȡɩʰʶɛ៱᠝ȵ‫ک‬ᰍɭɇʶɩɄɲȴɤɛɭȦȩϟࡸɻ⏋ɗɹ‫غݭ‬ɹᓩᓔʢʦɻʱ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᬠʼʱˁ୫ɦʢɹɞɭȦȩ᠗ᡫˁኍɌɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ᓩᓔɭ̊͠ͻˡɭɻ⏋ʦɻʱ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁࠬЂɭɌɩᐄʃɦȦɩȦʳɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛɭៜȭʳ⏏
ǵਃഀɹ቉ድɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡ͹ᓩᓔ⏃ȲʭʃᓩᓔѵЖ⏆ȵ⏋ІᏳɴද៷ɇʶʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ΪеΥкɹʢɹɫȡʳɭਲ਼ʼʶɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹ᠗ᡫɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽ̊͠ͻˡʦᓩᓔɴࢹɲȼɭʢ 1 ጟɑɦˁւȴɲȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹෙᠦೆȵ⏋ʚɑࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦɭȦȩϟࡸɴጩᇕɴᝠʶɩȦʳ⏏
ǵፆᓔɻ⏋Ʉʶʰ 3 ᓔȵ⏋ࢹɲȴʰɵᨆՕɴȲȦɩᩂɲʱ‫غ‬ȩɄɭˁ‫ࡴو‬ɐʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏
ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ᩂɲʱ‫غ‬ʼɲȦᨆՕȵȡʳɭȦȩɄɭɴᬠɐʳ᠗ᡫɻ⏋቉ድᓔɹᬚɴᲊȼʓɰ
жȦɭਲ਼ȩ⏏5) ɰɹᨆՕȵᩂɲʱ‫غ‬Ȧ⏋ɰɹᨆՕȵᩂɲʱ‫غ‬ʼɲȦɹȴɭȦȩᏄᑈɲද៷ɴᕸɤ
ɩɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɲɇʶɩȦɲȦɭៜɤɩʢ᧌ៜɫɻɲȦ⏏6)˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȦɩᓩᓔɹȋ๭ᐏȍਸˁѳ៷Ɍɛɹɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɽȴʱɫɻɲȦ⏏˽Ͳ̠༐ኜ࡝ɹͩ͠ͻ⏃ᓩᓔ⏆ᠶ⏋˽Ͳ̠༐͹˹ͻˏ༐‫౅ؘ‬ɴࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɛ˵˓˓̝ᠶ⏃ʢɌȼɻ˹͑͠ͻ̶ᠶ⏏˵˓˓̝ʢ˹͑͠ͻ̶ʢ⏋᯺ៜᓔ̩͌Ͳ͇̝ɹࡎ࡟ˁ୭ɐ⏆⏋˹ͻˏ༐ɹ˓͇ͻ͌⏃˹ͻˏ༐ɴȲȿʳኜϺᇕ୭ࢷᓔ⏆ᠶɻ⏋Ȧɑʶʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹᓩᓔѵЖɴჿᠶᇕ൓୞ˁήȭʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ‫ي‬ʠ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢɄʶʰ 4 ዛᰖɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕѳ៷ɹᠶჿˁᓒȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ɗʶГ޺ɴ⏋ࡸ઴ɭɌɩɹᓩᓔѵЖ⏃ɗʶɻɌɽɌɽᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕʢɌȼɻ‫͌ͻ͞˽˓ؙ‬ᇕɭɌɩΥᨆɹ͌˽͌͠ȴʰᯃᮑɇʶʳឹᏬˁ‫ي‬ʛ୫ɦ⏆ȵࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛɄɭˁᓒ࢘
ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳᓩᓔˁ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɹʛᐄʃɦȿɩᠶɍʳɄɭɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɴɦȦɩɻ⏋␩Tonaga 2001␭ؒ၇⏏
5) ё޺ɻ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖ቉ድɫȡʳ⏏ɄɹՕᩃɴȲȦɩɻ⏋౛ȼȴʰᓩᓔѵЖɴȋᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕឹᏬȍȵ‫ي‬ʚʶɩȦʳɭȦȩ᠗ᡫȵȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌɗɹ᭬⏋ȋᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕឹᏬȍˁʓʖȋᯃ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ᇕឹᏬȍɭ‫ؾ‬ᒶɭᓒȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ɗɹឹᏬˁ‫؜‬ʱᦉʞɴʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ֐ȵȡɤɛɭɐʳဣɫɻ⏋ʦɻʱᓩᓔѵЖˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɹᬠᦹȴʰɹʛᓒ࢘ɌɩȦɛɭៜȭʳɹɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋␩Chittick 2000: 22␭ɴȡʳʭȩɴ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹៀ፴ˁɌɽɌɽံែɐʳ຦ᝓᇕࡱఠ᧊֪ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȿʳɹɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ʍɹపࢪ
ᓔȵʚɑ᝔ɤɩȷɛɄɭɫȡʱ⏋቉ድᓔɹʛɹ֯ଝɲਲ਼ȦɄʛɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȼʼȿɫɻਖɑɌʢɲȦ⏏
6) ɄɄɫ‫ک‬ᰍɭɲɤɩȦʳ 3 ᓔɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻʚɛ⏋ᩂɲʱ‫غ‬ʼɲȦᨆՕȵȡʳɹɻয়းɫ⏋ɗɹɄɭˁᠶɍ
4)175

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬

1.3ȁ‫ڠ‬षഎࡄ‫͈ࣾݪ‬ඳུ̯͂ࣂ͈࿒എ
ǵɗɹჿᅓɹʁɭɦɻ⏋ɗʶəʶˁᓒ࢘Ɍɩȷɛ቉ድᓔȵ⏋աɹ̚ˑ˹̺͠ͲɴࣚɌɩȷɛɭ
ȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌቉ድɻ⏋০ᓗΫ࡝ˁμਕɭɌɩʢɤɿʰਲ਼઎቉ድᓔ
ȵɄʶˁ᝔Ȧ⏋̊͠ͻˡ቉ድɻςɭɌɩ๴‫⏃ࢃر‬ჼБɹ̊͠ͻˡɴɦȦɩɻϺᰖ࡝ᓔ⏆ɴʭɤɩ⏋క໠͹ᐁཕ͹኏Цᇕүᯆȵៗ౩ɇʶ⏋Ј౅ᓩᓔ⏃ѵЖ⏆቉ድɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᓩᓔᠶ⏃ͩ͠ͻᠶ⏆ɻਲ਼઎቉ድᓔȵ⏋ᓩᓔѵЖɹࡸ઴ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ςɭɌɩϺᰖ࡝ᓔ⏃ɭ‫إ‬ȦಁБɴɦȦɩɻ๴‫⏆ࢃر‬ȵ‫؜‬ʱᏼ˃ɫȷɛ⏏
ǵɄʶʰˁᐏ‫غ‬ɐʶɽ⏋ʁɭɦɹᐏΥᇕɲӉȵ਄ʰʶɗȩɲʢɹɫɻȡʳȵ⏋႒ϟɻɗȩᎎ‫׬‬ɫɻɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦᓩᓔɭȦɤɛɄɭɽʁɭɦɭɤɩʛɩʢ⏋‫ع‬቉ድᓔȵୃȦɩȦʳ˓͍ͻ˻ɻ⏋‫ेן‬Ψաɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ኜዃሾɴᦲɍɛ‫ڒ‬Ϻ⏋ਏɹᲞȦᓩϺȴʰ⏋క໠ᇕ͹ᐁཕᇕณ֐ˁȡʦɦʳᶌ८⏋᥅ϟᇕ‫܎֐ܦ‬кˁრȦʳᰄ᯿⏋ഗɩɻ኏ЦɹঈᦇɴȦʳϒᰩܰςʚɫɹঃȵʱˁ୫ɦ⏏ɌȴʢɄʶʰɹे᧓ɻ⏋቉ድᓔȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦᓩᓔ⏋ʢɌȼɻ̊
͠ͻˡɭᬠʼʱȵȡʳɭᓒȭʳࢪᢒˁ⏋య჉ʢɌȼɻ̶ˑͻ̝͡ȴʰ᠞ࡸɴୈՏɌɩȼʳ᭬ɴ
ᅊɍɩȼʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹɄɭɻ⏋Гάɹ 2 ɦɹɄɭˁኍ‫ڗ‬ɐʳ⏏
ǵፀ 1 ɴ⏋ࢪᢒɻȡʚʱɴ޽෵ɫȡʱ⏋‫̚ع‬ˑ˹̺͠Ͳɻɗɹ޽ȼɹүᯆɹΥᨆɞȿˁ‫؜‬ʱՏɌɩʛʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɲʚɍ‫ؾ‬ɍᅎ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳɞȿɴ⏋቉ድᓔɰȩɌɻ⏋աɹүᯆˁឿɩȦʳɭȦȩϟࡸɴຩȵɦȷɴȼȦ⏏
ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋ɇʰɴΥ๰ᦡȦɩᓒȭɩʛʶɽ⏋ೣয়ɴ‫ؾ‬ɍᅎ᠝ˁ⏋ଂǾɻΥ๖ᣂషȴʰୈՏɌɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩ‫ک‬ᰍʢȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ʈɦȩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁɇɐɹɴᅎȦʰʶʳ٧ዌɻ⏋˱Ͳ̘˥˽̜ɴʭɤɩᅵɲʱ⏋˛͡Ͳ˽̜ɻɗɹёˁ 40 ГΫʢ՞୲ɌɩȦʳ␩Ernst 1997:
27-29␭⏏ɄʶʰɹȦɑʶȴɹᅎ᠝ɴՏЦɤɛɭȷ⏋ଂǾɻɗʶˁᕶ֪ᇕɴȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȍɭȦȩ᠝ɭᒞȷȴȭɛȩȭɫ⏋ȋᕶՕɹᅎȦɩȦʳ‫ر‬షɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɻȴȼȴȼɹʢɹɞ⏃Ʉɹʭȩɲៜ֪ˁɭʳ⏆ȍɲɰɭ᠝ɤɩȦʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋؅ᣂషɫᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳɄʶʰɹᅎ᠝ȵ‫ؾ‬ɍʢɹˁɇɌɩȦʳɭȦȩѳ៷ɻ⏋ᓒȭɩʛʶɽлʢɲȦʼȿɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹྴးɛʳ൓୞ɭɲɤɩȦʳɹȵ⏋ଂǾɹሾɤɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹӉ⏃ɹࢹɲȼɭʢΥᨆ⏆ɭ᧟‫غ‬ɐʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ʢɌʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹӉɗɹʢɹˁᆄʼɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦʭȩɲϟ઴ȵᅊɑʶɽ⏃ɗɌɩɗɹɄɭɄɗ⏋ೣዣȵɄʶȴʰ‫ک‬ᰍɴɌʭȩɭɐʳɄɭɫȡʳȵ⏆⏋ᡴᠶɻմரȴʰग‫ޙ‬ɌɩɌʚȩ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋ፀ 1 ɹဣɭປʏɩɇʰɴཉխɲ‫ک‬ᰍˁହɩʛɩʢЇ౅ȵɲȦ⏋ɭȦɤɛጓ‫ݭ‬ʢ⏋ɌɽɌɽឿ‫؝‬ȿʰʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲౖଁɹ̚ˑ˹̺͠ͲɴᬔɍɄʢʸȩɭɐʳࠒֳɫɻ⏋ኽɛɠȵࢪᢒɭɌɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡ͹ᓩᓔѵЖភ‫غ‬ჼᢒɴࢪɌɩృ
ɛɲˏ̺ͦͻ̍ˁரኍɫȷɲȦɭᓒȭʳ⏏

176ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ǵ2002 ॷ 3 ೐ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

Ɂȴȿʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋ፀ 1 ဣɻᅵɲʳՕഓ౅໬ˁ୫ɦ቉ድᓔɹᬚɴᣱɄʳɭ઎ࡴɇʶʳɑʶɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɻȡʳዐ঎଼ʱᦉʛཕʛɫȡʳȵ⏋Ј౅ፀ 2 ဣɻ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍՕഓ౅໬ˁ୫ɦ቉ድᓔɰȩɌɹᬚɴʢᣱɄʱȩʳɑʶɫȡʱ⏋ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋൓ঈɭɌɩȦʳӉˁᕶ౩ɹʢɹɭɌɩԊ೑ɌɩȦʳȴȹʱɴȲȦɩ⏋ȿɤɌɩᝠᯆ‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭȵɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏7)ǵೣዣɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴᬠɐʳᦏॷɹ቉ድ֪‫ك‬ˁʈʚȭɛȩȭɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁԗᓒɌ⏋ɗɹՕഓങᏼˁரኍɌʭȩɭɐʳ᠅ʛɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋࡝᭬ᇕ቉ድɴȲȦɩɄɹ 3 ᓔɹᬠѥਸˁද៷ɌሁɐɭȦȩ⏋ᬏೝᇕɲᇿᇕɴ‫ك‬ȿɩɹፀΥ๰ɭеᒞɧȿʰʶʳ⏏

2ȅΑȜέͻΒθठࣉǵೣጟɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɻᠨɹɄɭȴ⏋ɭȦȩ‫ک‬ȦɴɦȦɩ⏋൓ೣɴጓɠଖɤɩԗᓒɌɩʛɛȦ⏏
2.1ȁ໦ଢ଼‫ٽ‬ැ̱͈͂̀ΑȜέͻΒθ
2.1.1ȁȶΑȜέͻΒθ͉͂‫̥ة‬ȷͅ൞̢ͥࣾඳ̯
ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ɻ⏋ΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋ᦲ।ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭ៱ɇʶʳ⏏ፆᓔɻ⏋Ʉɹ៱᠝ȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹࡸ઴ˁ‫מ‬ԃɴᝠɌɩȲʰɑ⏋ʞɌʸᠡៗˁ୛ȷʦɐȦʢɹɫȡȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍʳɄɭˁ⏋ᑵʱᦐɌς৓Ɍɩȷɛ⏏8) ɗɹɄɭɹ౸ᯃɴɦȦɩᓒȭʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ɭɻлȴɭȦȩɄɭɭ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭɻлȴɭȦȩɄɭɹ 2 ɦɹ‫ک‬ᰍˁᓒȭɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏৿ᓔɻ⏋ɗʢɗʢȋኜዃςᒶȍɭɻлȴɭȦȩ߂‫ک‬ᰍɴ᝔ȷመȼȵ⏋ɄɄɫɻɭʱȡȭɑ⏋౗।ᅊ༎ʦჿਸˁᣳȭɛᐓࢪᓔɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ˁઢ਄Ɍ⏋ɗʶɭᕶैȵ‫غ‬Υɐʳкᱻˁ൒ɭɐʳʢɹɭᓒȭɩȲȼ⏏ೣዣɫςɭɌɩ‫ک‬ᰍɴɌɛȦɹɻ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍɭɻлȴ⏋ɭȦȩմᓔɹ‫ک‬ᰍɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ʭȼද២ɇʶʳɄɭɹɲȦʚʚɴ⏋ᕶ౩ɹʢɹɭɇʶʳɄɭፆᓔɻȋᓩᓔѵЖ͹˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡˁʠȽʳ቉ድЦȍˁ⏋ॶଁ 9-13 ॷ঎యᨆዀ࡝ህዀ࡝቉ድᢹ⏃࡝᝗օଁ቉ድᢹ⏆
ȋჼБ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹ֪઴ᇕ቉ድȍ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɴȲȦɩ᧌ؑ 5 ॷᬚ⏋‫ݞ‬ा਒ϴᨊ޺‫ܕ‬᠝߂࡝ఠஐ͹ᣧ‫ݞ‬ᮂॺΫಚ߂࡝֖ఠஐɭɭʢɴᏼᑩ͹᧊‫ۊ‬Ɍɩȷɛ⏏̚ˑ˹̺͠Ͳˁᣴȭʳ቉ድᓔɹᮃʚʱɫȡʳɄɹ቉ድЦɫ।ɴᰄˁੱʚɓʰʶɛɹɻ⏋ଂǾɻʓ˃ɭȩɴ‫ؾ‬ɍࢪᢒɴɦȦɩᠶɍɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ଂǾɹᡴᠶɻʓ
˃ɭȩɴȴʛ‫غ‬ɤɩȦʳɹȴ⏋ɭȦȩᆄ‫ک‬ɫȡɤɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ଂǾɹ቉ድЦɻμ‫ܕ‬͹ആ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ȴʰ˵̩͞Г‫̶͠ˏ׫‬ˡʚɫɹԃ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠˁࢪᢒɭɐʳʢɹɫȡɤɛȴʰ⏋‫ݖܩ‬ɹ᧓ȦȵɄʶɴ֓ʼɤɩ⏋ϟ઴ɻɇʰɴȦɤɗȩភᮊɲʢɹɭɲɤɩȦɛ⏏ೣዣɻ⏋Ʉɹ‫ܐ‬ᮑɇˁώʱᣴȭʳɛʠɹ᠅ʛɹፀΥ๰ɭеᒞɧȿʰʶ⏋‫ؾ‬቉ድЦȲʭʃॶଁ 12-14 ॷ঎ዀ࡝቉ድᢹ⏃ᘭᗂ቉ድ⏆ȋˏ̸͞͹̜͡˱γᅠɴȲȿʳ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻ࡝༐ɹᏙᡮȍ⏃቉ድБᝠᓔ⏧ആᬏᯀ⏆ɫ਀ǾɴȡʰʼɴɲɤɩȷɛᡉǾɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɹȩɠ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴᬠʼʳᨆՕˁ఩ჿɌ⏋ɗʶɴࢪɐʳჼಁဣɫɹፆᓔɹៗໆ໬ˁரៜɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɲȲ⏋ɄɹςౚˁʦʦᎎᅭɴΥᖔᠧᓔ‫ك‬ȿɴᦚʏɛʢɹɴ␩ആᬏǵ2002c␭ȵȡʳȵ⏋ೣዣɻɗɹς৓ɴᗐॵɹ޴ೃˁేɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ʭʱ᠎Ᏻɴᠶɍ
ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
8) ␩ആᬏǵ1993; 2002a␭ɲɰˁؒ၇⏏ឹဣɻ⏋1⏆˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɻኜዃςᒶГ޺ɹឹᏬȵ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ⏋2⏆˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳኜዃςᒶɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Г޺ɴʢឿՏɓʳ⏋ɭȦȩς৓ɫȡʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶ (Islamic mysticism) ɭ៱ɐɄɭɴࢪɐʳᆄᒶɻ⏋␩Ernst 1997: xvii; Chittick 2000: 1-2␭ɲɰɴʢឿՏɓʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ଩ȩ೎ᦏɹᘿсɫ⏋Ʉɹ៱᠝ˁံଫՠɴ‫؝‬ȿԂʶʳʢɹɻ⏋ȷʼʠɩዎɫȡʳ⏏

7)

177

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏ɗɹɄɭɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣˁ⏋Гάɴɻ 5 ဣɴՕȿɩ୭௎ɌɛȦ⏏
ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏃̊˵˗˗̶⏆ɭɻлȴ⏋ɭȦȩ‫ک‬ȦɴࢪɌɩɻ⏋Ʉʶʚɫధ޽ȼɹϺǾȵ9)˽ͻ̶ˑͻᕶ᤹ɴʭʳࡴᒶˁᮃʠɛʢɹɴ⏋␩Nurbakhsh 1981: 16-41␭ȵȡʳȵ⏋ፐȭɩȷɛ⏏

ɗɄɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴᬠɐʳ 108 ɹࡴᒶɭ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɴᬠɐʳ 55 ɹࡴᒶȵᦚʏʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶʰɹࡴᒶȵ޽෵ɫȡʳɄɭɻៜȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋቉ድᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɦȦɩᦚʏʳ᭬ɴʢ⏋ɌɽɌɽ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹࡴᒶȵᦚʏʰʶʳȵ⏋ɗʶʢʚɛ޽෵ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵፀ 1 ɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɭɌɩ⏋ɄɄɫଂǾɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲ޽ధɹࡴᒶˁఌȭʳჿៗɴ⏋2 ዛᰖȡʳɄ
ɭˁᓒȭʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏Υ౅ɻៀ፴ᇕჿៗɭʢៜȩʏȷʢɹɫȡʱ⏋Ј౅ɻ៨ᦚᇕჿៗɭ٧ʏ
ʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏10)ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠᕶ᤹ȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩៜᘽˁᅎȦʳɭȷ⏃ȡʳȦɻɗʶˁࡴᒶɐʳಁ⏆⏋ɗʶɻ৳ʰɴɭɤɩɹȋȡʳʏȷ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹჿ઎ȍɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ⏋ᠶᓔɴɭɤɩɹჿਥ͹ѵਥˁɄʠɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩᅎ᠝ȵᅎȦʰʶʳ‫⏋غݭ‬ɗʶɻៀ፴ᇕ
᝗᠝ɭɌɩჿៗɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁଫՠɐʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɹϺȵɄɹ᠝ˁᅎȦʳ‫غݭ‬ʢ⏋‫ؾ‬෵ɴៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɫȡʳ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋৳ʰɻɗɹѵਥɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻ⏋๭ɌȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴ‫ؙ‬ɐʳɌȴɍȴɹʢɹɫȡʳȍɭȦȩ০ɫ⏋৳ʰɹჿៗɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊˁᦚ11)ɗɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɴ‫غ‬ᕹɐʏʳ⏏ᠶᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɗɹʢɹˁଫՠɌɩȦʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȵᇿɹմɴȦʶɽ⏋য়းᯃᮑɹࢪᢒɭɲʳ⏏Ј౅⏋ɛɭȭᇿɹմɴ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁ‫ؿ‬ώʳϺȵȦɩʢ⏋ɗɹϺȵ৳ʰɹᓒȭʳȋ๭ɌȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȍɴ‫غ‬ᕹɌɩȦʳ⏃ɐɲʼɠ৳
ʰɹᓒȭʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴ‫غ‬ᕹɌɲȦ⏆ȴȹʱɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɻ᠗ᡫɇʶɑɴ⏋ա12)Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫሗɴɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸɹȡɹ‫ؿ‬ዌɫ٧ɽʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏

ʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹԒȴʰ⏋ᕶʰɹѵਥɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋ΥᨆˁஅᢒɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏃ʚɛᦥɴಁ
13)ɴɻΥᨆˁЊ֓ɐʳɄɭɫ⏆⏋ៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɭɌɩɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻଁጓɐʳ⏏

̊˵˗˗̶ tasawwufɭɻȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫȡʳɄɭȍȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɹ‫ۊ‬ဤȍˁᝠɐˏ̲͞ˏ᠝⏏Ʉʶˁ͜ͻͦ̒.
̮᠝ɴɗɹʚʚᒞȷȴȭɛɹȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɞɭ⏋ਃഀᠦ౩ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɹ‫ک‬ᰍਸɻ๖፲ɫᦚʏʳȵ⏋ೣ፲ɹ៨ᦚɻ̊˵˗˗̶ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ‫ؾ‬ᒶɞɭᓒȭɩȷɛਃഀɹ቉ድɴհɤɩ᝔ɤɛ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Υ๖ᣂషɫᅎȦʰʶʳ̊˵˗˗̶ɭȦȩ᠝ʢ⏋ೣ፲ɫɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɌɩ៨ᦚɇʶʳ⏏
10) ␩Ernst 1997: xvi␭ȵ prescriptive term, descriptive term ɭᦚʏʳʢɹɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏
11) ࡸɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɗɹʢɹˁԃᯆ‫ࡴو‬ɐʳᠶᓔɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌‫ر‬Ϋȷʼʠɩዎɫȡʳ⏏ፆᓔɹሾʳᭉʱɫɻ⏋ᦏॷɹ˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏტ‫ܕ‬ȵɄɹጓ‫ݭ‬ˁɭʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏˓͞Ͳɹ˵̶ˎʹˑͻ೛ɫɻ⏋ᦲ।ଂǾ቉ድᓔȵჿៗɌɩȦʳȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍɹሾᇕүᯆɻ˓̶͡ˎͻͲ⏃‫آ‬ಚ࡝⏆ɭȦȩ০ɫཧࡔɇʶɛʢɹɹ⏋tasavvof⏃ˏ.
̲͞ˏ᠝ɹ tas. awwuf ɴሂয়ɐʳ̿͡˹ˏ᠝⏆ˁ̊͠ͻˡˁμਕɭɐʳʢɹɭɌɛȩȭɫ⏋Ʉʶˁৗ‫ܦ‬Ɍɛ⏏ᦏॷɹ˓͞Ͳɫʢ tasavvofɭȦȩ٧ዌȵᔐࡴᇕɴᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭɻዎɫȡʳ⏏
.
12) ໶ 11) ɫȡɁɛ⏋˓͞ͲɴȲȿʳ˓̶͡ˎͻͲɹШᐏɴࣚɐʳਲ਼઎ࢃʍɹ៿ѝȵ⏋ʚɇɴɄɹёɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ᦥɴ๘Ꭶɹсɤɩȷɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɴ৳ʰȵԂɤɩȦʳɄɭɻ⏋աɹઝ٢ɫៀ፴ᇕɞɭៜȭʳ⏏
13) ʚɛ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ̊˵˗˗̶ɭȦȩ᠝ɻ⏋ಁɴଫՠɹɛʠɹ̘ͤ̒͡ɹ৲ւˁഗɛɌɛ⏏Ʉɹ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋ሂ

9)

178

ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

ǵЈ౅⏋៨ᦚᇕჿៗɴጓɦ‫غݭ‬ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫ˽ͻ̶ˑͻʢɌȼɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ‫ؿ‬ɹάɴ᠝ʰʶɩȦʳჼᢒˁ⏋ᠶᓔɹѝғՠుɴʭɤɩ᧧ିɓɑɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹΥᨆɞɭ᠗ʠ
ʳɭȦȩጓ‫ݭ‬ˁɭʳ⏏14)ǵࡸ᭬ɴଂǾȵᡴᠶˁɐʳ᭬ɴɻ⏋Ʉɹៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɭɌɩɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ៨ᦚᇕ᝗᠝ɭɌɩ
ɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵ⏋‫ך‬աɇʶʳɄɭɲȼᅎȦʰʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɻ⏋Υᨆɹஅᢒɴ
ʭɤɩଁጓɐʳɹɞȴʰ⏋ɄɹΥᨆɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳ᭬ɴɻ⏋Υ౅ɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɫɲȦʢɹɭɌɩ᠝ʱ⏋ʢȩΥ౅ɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɌɩ᠝ʳɭȦȩϟ઴ȵᅊɍʳɄɭɴɲʱ⏋ཌྷϕɹʢɭɭɲʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ଂǾȵԎ୞ɭɐʳᣂషɹμɫɄɹෙਥɴՏЦȩ᭬ɴɻ⏋ៀ፴ᇕɴᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧɭᓒȭɩ⏋ɄʶɴᅥઝɌɩȦʳ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ⏋቉ድᓔɰȩɌɹᡴᠶɫɻ⏋ɦȦȲϣȦɴ៨ᦚᇕɴᅎȦɩȦʳɹɞɭਲ਼Ȧȵɠɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌΥ๖ᣂషˁɗɹʚʚৄᅎɌɩȦʳʭȩɲ‫ݭ‬‫غ‬ɲɰ⏋቉ድᓔȵʭʓɰઝᡫɌɲȦɭ⏋ៀ፴ᇕ៨ᦚȵᠶɴᏪʶᦉʞɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɄȩȦɤɛɄɭˁᓒȭʶɽ⏋ᡴᠶɹᶯᶷˁȷɛɇɲȦɛʠɴ⏋ៀ፴ᇕ᝗᠝ɭ៨ᦚᇕ᝗᠝ɹे᧓ɴᕶៅᇕɴɲ
ʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʸȩ⏏
ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴɭȦȩ‫ک‬Ȧȵឿȴȿʓɰ‫׬‬ᏤɫɲȦჿᅓɹፀ 2 ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ޺
যˁኍɐ‫ޅ‬ᅠᐻˁɰɄɴৄȼȴɭȦȩ‫ک‬ᰍɭᬠʼʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ɌɽɌɽ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᬠ
ѥɧȿɩ᠝ʰʶʳ຦ᬚѵЖˁɰɄʚɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴ‫ي‬ʛᦉ˃ɫᓒȭʳȴɴʭɤɩ⏋਄ʰʶʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴଂǾȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫɌɽɌɽ᧠ᧇɐʳᓩೠईଢ଼ʦᓩቄईଢ଼ȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ‫ؿ‬ɹάɴ᝔ʼʶʳɄɭɻხɌȼɲȦ⏏ਲ਼઎቉ድȵɌɽɌɽ᝔ɤ
ɩȷɛʭȩɴ⏋০ᓗΫ࡝ᇕͤ̾͡ɫៀ፴ᇕɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁࡴʠ⏋Ʉʶʰɹી᝔ɻɗɹ‫ݤ‬ᘺ০઴͹ѯ‫׋‬ɞɭɌɩ⏋ᓒ࢘ɹࢪᢒȴʰ᭑޺ɌɩɌʚȩɄɭɻࢅ౫ɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȿɩჿៗɌɩȦʳჼ‫ݭ‬ɹϺǾɹઝ‫ܒ‬ˁံែɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋ਲ਼઎ͤ̾͡ɴ‫ک‬ᰍˁᭉʳɭɌɩʢ⏋Јɹ࡝‫ک‬Օᩃɭɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠᐻȵ߂ȷɲ‫ک‬ᰍɭɲʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋၇౩‫࡝ڒ‬ˁ‫ڟ‬ȭɛ˹͑˓̶͡˓˹͖͞ͻ˪͹˽̶ͩ̚͞͡ˑͻ (d. 1191) ʦ৳ɴࠃʚ
ʳ၇౩࡝༐⏃˓˹͖͞ͻ˥ͻ͘ͻͲ ishrāqı̄yūn⏆ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌‫࡝ڒ‬ɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠᐻΫɴеᒞɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋˓͞Ͳɹ˵̶ˎʹˑͻ೛ɴȲȿʳ˓̶͡ˎͻͲ‫آ⏃࡝ڒ‬ಚ࡝⏆ɻ⏋ଝˁଫՠɐʳɄɭȵፀ 1 ɹᇿᇕɫȡʱ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ̊˵˗˗̶ɭȦȩ᠝ɻ೎՟ȴʰᢦѝғˁᝠɐʢɹɭɌɩ⏋ᠶᓔɹᰄɹμɫៀ፴ᇕɴៀࡴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋␩ᚹϥǵ2002: 25␭ɻ˵ͻ˓̤̒̚ˑͻͲ͹˓̸Ͳ͹̜˕͡ˡ (d. 1432 or 1433) ɴᬠɌɩ⏋̘ˑ͌ͻ͡೛άɹᠶϝɴȲȦɩ⏋৳ˁਢȼਲ਼ʼɲȦϺǾȵ⏋৳ˁȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȍɭ٧ʉɄɭɴʭɤɩக᭑ɌʭȩɭɌɛɭȦȩϟёˁ‫ݬ‬ٚɌɩȦʳ⏏
14) ɛɞɌ⏋ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ଫՠȵ౩ʰȴɴɌɩʛɓɛʭȩɴ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴࢹɲȼɭʢς៎ᇕɴɻѝғμጓᇕɫȡʸȩɭɐʳ៨ᦚᇕჿៗȵ⏋ံઝᡫɹȩɠɴៀ፴ਸˁԒ‫׃‬Ɍ⏋ಁɴʭʱ߂ȷɲ‫׶‬᭝ਸˁɻʰʞɄɭɻៜȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ϟࡸ⏋Гάɫឿʳʭȩɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩᅎ᠝ᕶкȵ⏋ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ɹៀ፴ɴʭɤɩ০ଁɇ
ʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ‫׶‬᭝ਸˁ᠗ᡫɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ᕶʰɹៀ፴ɴʭɤɩȡʰȴɍʠлʰȴɹࢪᢒˁᓒ࢘ɹࢪᢒȴʰக᭑ɐʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ɗʶˁʢ‫ي‬ʛᦉʞ০ɫᬏಁᬚɴʼɛɤɩᓒ࢘ɌɦɧȿʭȩɭɐʳɄɭɴ
ઝ٢ȵȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏

179ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬˹ͻˏ༐⏃12 ˓͇ͻ͌༐⏆ኜ࡝ɭ‫࡝ڒ‬ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹཌྷ༶Ɍɛʢɹɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ଂǾȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ᠝ʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɻ⏋Ʉʶʰˁ‫˃ي‬ɫ᠝ʳɄɭȵᦲёɫȡʳȵ⏋ɛɭȭɽჼБ˓͞Ͳɫ˓̶͡ˎͻͲɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ (ta.savvof) ɹΥᨆɭᓒȭʰʶɲȦɄɭˁʢɤɩɌɩʢ⏋‫ک‬ᰍɻɇʓɰࢅ౫ɫɻɲȦ⏏15)ǵГΫɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɗɹʢɹɴɦȦɩɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉʶɴ֓ȭɩፀ 3 ɴ⏋ਃഀ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᩂɷ‫غ‬ʼɓɩ⏃ȡʳȦɻࢌஞɴᐄʃɦȿɩ⏆ჿៗɇʶɩȷɛ̊͠ͻˡ⏋ᓩᓔ⏃ѵЖ⏆ɭɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩʢ⏋Օ౩ɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉʶʰˁ‫ي‬ʞ০ɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁɭʰȭʳȴɰȩȴɴʭɤɩ⏋਄ʰʶʳӉɻᅵɲʳɞʸȩ⏏Ʉɹဣɻɐɫɴ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏
2.1.2ȁȶ౗̦ΑȜέͻȜ̥ȷͅ൞̢ͥࣾඳ̯
ǵɄɹʭȩɴୈᢒᇕɲෙਥɫȡʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁᠶɍʳɄɭɴɻ‫ܐ‬ᮑȵЫȩ⏏ɗɄɫ⏋ᠨȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȴɭȦȩᰟɴ‫ک‬ȦˁጓɩሁɐɄɭʢ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳ⏏ԍкᇕɲϺˁࢪᢒɭɐʳɹɞȴʰ⏋ɗɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫȡʳȴɲȦȴɻᎎ‫׬‬ɴໆʠʰʶɗȩɲʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ϟɻɇʓɰɴࢅ౫ɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉʶȵፀ 4 ɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹ‫̶ͻ˽⏋غݭ‬ˑͻˁᕶዌɐʳϺˁ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɐʳᓒȭɭ⏋ܑٞɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭᓒȭʳϺˁ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɐʳᓒȭȵȡʱȩʳ⏏
ǵմᓔɹ‫غݭ‬ɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽ೎ʢ೑‫ؿ‬ɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶ‫࡝ڒ‬ᓔ͹᠆Ϻɫȡʱ⏋৿ɹ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻ (d. 1240) ȵ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ
16)˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ
ɭᕶዌɌɩȦɲȴɤɛɭȦȩϟࡸɴጩᇕɴᝠʶɩȦʳ␩Chittick 2000: 317␭⏏

Бᝠɐʳɭঃȼ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻˁக᭑ɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻӉɻ⏋Υ౅ɫଂǾɹୃȦɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ⏒˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩෙਥȵࡸкෙਥɫɲȦɄɭˁኍɐ⏏ɌȴɌЈ౅⏋ɄȩɌɩ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻˁக᭑Ɍɩ਄ʰʶʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ⏒˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹӉɻ⏋˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻˁҤ߂ɲ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɌɩईଢ଼Ɍɩȷɛ޽ȼɹ৿Бɹ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɹឿៗɴሂ‫ؙ‬ɐʳɄ
ɭɴɲʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ᕶዌɴʭɤɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁࡴʠʳ౅໬ɻΨᔨɭɻៜȭɲȦ⏏
ǵ৿ᓔɹ‫⏋غݭ‬ɐɲʼɠЈዌɴʭɤɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁࡴʠʳ౅໬ɻ⏋Ʉɹ‫غݭ‬ɹȋܑٞɹϺȍɭɻᠨȴȵ‫ک‬ᰍɭɲʳ⏏޽ȼɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭ᠗ʠɩʢΥᨆɹϺȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɲȦɭɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ɌɽɌɽᣱɄʳ⏏ܑٞɹϺʃɭȵɗʶəʶɴᅵɲɤɛឿៗˁ୫ɦႥ໥ɫ⏋ɗʶˁᠭҪɌ15) ɄɹɄɭɴɦȦɩ⏋ኽᇕɲкᱻˁᦚʏʳɄɭˁȲ៰Ɍ᯳ȷɛȦ⏏2002 ॷ 1 ೐ɴ˛˻̺̜͹ˡ˓ͦɹ‫ܕ‬̸᭬̒˪̶˙ˏɴȲȦɩ˓͞Ͳ͹˹ͻˏ༐ɹ՘ೣˁ଩ȩೆঊɫ͐̒͞ͻ͹˵̝͞ͻɲɰ˓̶͡ˎͻͲˁБᝠɐʳᘿᦚࢃɹ‫ܒ‬ೆˁ᧧˃ɫȦɛᘿᓔɴࢪɌɩ⏋ೆঊɹᗐȦਃ෌‫ڊ‬ɻлˁࢭᬐɴɌɩȦʳɹȴɭ‫ک‬ȩɩȷɛ⏏ፆᓔȵ˽ͻ) ɫȡʳɭፐȭʳɭ⏋৳ɻȋɌȴɌȡɲɛɹ᧧˃ɫȦʳೣɻ˓̶͡ˎͻͲɹೣɫȡɤɩ⏋̶ˑ̀͌ (tasawwuf.
tasawwufɫɻɲȦɫɻɲȦȴȍɭέਲ਼ᡴɗȩɴࢵɷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ፆᓔɻ⏋˓͞ͲɴȲȦɩɄɹ‫ך‬աȵȡʳɄɭ.
ˁೣˁᦲɌɩሾɤɩɻȦɛȵ⏋ɗɹ‫ך‬աȵᕶ౩ɹʢɹɭɌɩϺǾɹᬚɴԊ೑ɇʶɩȦʳɄɭˁ᤹ˁʢɤɩкᱻɐʳɹɻ⏋Ʉʶȵ՟ʠɩɫȡɤɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋‫ࢃܕ‬ɴʭʳ‫̶ͻ˽ؙ‬ˑ̀͌ࡺШȵሂয়ዐ঎༡ᦩɌɩȦʳɄɭɹʁɭɦɹԍкᇕɲᝠʶɭឿʳɄɭȵɫȷʭȩ⏏
16) ˓̸Ͳ͹ˏ̲͞ͻɻᕶՕɛɠɹጓ‫ݭ‬ˁ ahl al-haqq. ⏃ሎჿɹਂ⏆ɭᝠɐʳɄɭȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏

180ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

ɛʱ⏋೎ᏺᇕɲໆుˁάɐล෯ˁʢɛɲȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɫɻ⏋Ʉɹ౅໬ɫΥઝᇕɴ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɻᠨȴˁໆɐʳɄɭɻέ‫خ‬ᔨɭៜʼɊʳˁȭɲȦ⏏
ǵፀ 5 ɹ‫ک‬ᰍဣɭɌɩ⏋ɗʢɗʢଂǾɹᓒȭʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ୊Ȧଝɻ⏋ೣয়ɴȦɦʢ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭ٧ɽʶɩȦɛɹȴɭȦȩ൓ӯᇕɲ‫ک‬Ȧȵ༝Ϋɐʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑͻɴɻ⏋ᰖаෙਥɭɌɩ⏋̶ˎ˥ͻ͡⏃ནᢩɲʳᓔ⏆⏋˹͑˓̶⏃ढ़⏆⏋̩˥ͻ͌⏃ಚᓔ⏆ɲɰధ޽ȼɹ٧ዌȵࡔɐ17)Ʉʶʰˁ⏋ʁɭɦʁɭɦᏄീɐʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ɐʏɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭ‫ؾ‬ᒶɞɭᕧుɐʳɄɭ
ʳ⏏

ˁմரɴ⏋ଂǾɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁᠶɍɩȷɛɹɫȡʳ⏏ଂǾȵ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭᓒȭʳϺǾᕶ᤹ȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭȦȩ٧ዌˁ࠶ɤɩȦʳϟёʢȡʳɄɭˁଂǾɻʭȼᓒȭɩʛʳਖ
ឹȵȡʳ⏏18)
2.1.3ȁ͂͛͘ǵГΫˁᦲɍɩៜȭʳɄɭɻ⏋Гάɹ 2 ဣɴᮃᏝɇʶʳ⏏
ǵፀ 1 ɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁࡴᒶɐʳɄɭʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɻᠨȴˁៜȩɄɭʢ⏋ȷʼʠɩ‫ܐ‬ᮑ
19)
ɫȡʳ⏏

ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋ଂǾɻɄʶʚɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁ‫ؿ‬ώɤɩȦʳϺǾȵȦɛ⏃ЁʢȦʳ⏆ГΫ⏋ɗʶɻࡸкෙਥɲɹɞɭਲ਼ɤɩȷɛȵ⏋ࡸɻࢪਝɐʏȷࡸкˁਖɑɌʢ୫ɛɲȦෙਥɫȡʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɴȲȦɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ʢ⏋ଂǾȵ቉ድΫᅎȦɩȦʳՕഓෙਥɲɹɞɭᓒȭɛ౅ȵʭȦ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹̊͠ͻˡ͹ᓩᓔѵЖភ‫غ‬ჼᢒɴɦȦɩៜȭɽ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴȲȿʳȋᓩᓔȍȵ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲ؅᠝͹ࡸкˁԒ‫׃‬ɐʳՕഓෙਥɫȡʳɄɭɻ⏋ɦɭɴ୭௎ɇʶɩ
Ȧɛ⏏20) ɌȴɌ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ʢՕഓෙਥɫȡʳɄɭȵ⏋ɄɄɴ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
2.2ȁ΂ς΀ϋΗςΒθ͈ॲ໤̱͈͂̀ΑȜέͻΒθǵɗʶɫɻ⏋ɲɕ⏋Ȧɦȴʰ⏋ኽɛɠɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ˁࡸкෙਥɞɭਲ਼ȦɄʞʭȩɴɲɤɛɹȴ⏏ɗɄɫଘήɹʢɹɭɇʶɩȦʳ˓͍ͻ˻ɻɰɹʭȩɴ০ଁɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɲɹȴˁೣ፲ɫɻද៷ɐʳ⏏21)
2.2.1ȁ΂ς΀ϋΗςΒθոஜ͈πȜυΛῼ̤̫ͥΑȜέͻΒθၑٜǵʚɑɻ⏋մரɭɌɩ⏋μγГᭇɹ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴȲȿʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌៨ᦚˁራឿɌɩȲȷɛ17) ␩Ernst 1997: 27-31␭ɻࡸ᭬ɴᅎȦʰʶɛ٧ዌˁ 40 ГΫ՞୲ɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋␩Chittick 2000: 18␭ʢ٧ዌȵɇʚɊʚɫȡʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳ⏏
18) ␩иǾೠǵ2002: 65-70␭ɻ̿͡˹ˏኜዃςᒶ᠆Ϻ̩ͻ̶˙̀ɴɦȦɩ⏋Ʉɹϟёˁ‫ݬ‬ٚɌɩȦʳ⏏
␩Schimmel
1975: 21␭ɻ‫ˏ˻ˏ׫‬ɹኜዃςᒶ᠆Ϻ͊ͻ͡͹̝̋͡ɴɦȦɩ⏋ȋኽɻ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭ٧ɽʶɛȼɲȦȍɭ᠝ɤɛϟёˁ᏷ЂɌɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋␩Ernst 1997: 27␭ɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɹШ៨ɴȋ˽ͻ̶ˑͻȍɹ᠝ȵ޽ᅎɇʶʳȵ⏋੬ʱɐʚɌɛϺˁᇤᔀɤʗȼៜȩɹɴьȩɄɭȵ޽ȦɄɭȵ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
19) ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋␩Schimmel 1975: 3; Ernst 1997: xvii; Chittick 2000: 1-2␭ɲɰɫʢ୭௎ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
20) ɗɹɄɭˁᎎ‫׬‬ɴʚɭʠɛʢɹɴ␩ആᬏǵ2002b␭ȵȡʳ⏏
21) ೣ፲ɹ៨ᦚɴȡɛɤɩɻ⏋␩Arberry 1998 (1942); ˵˓ͻ̝ǵ1993 (1978 and 1985); Schimmel 1975; Shaibi 1991;
Ernst 1997; Chittick 2000␭ˁؒᓒɴɌɛ⏏ɭʱʼȿ˛͡Ͳ˽̜ɹᘿсɴ࡝ʉɭɄʸȵ޽ȴɤɛ⏏

181

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬Ȧ⏏
ǵɐɫɴ 13 γᏛɴɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ৯ᯱȵ᠗ʠʰʶʳ⏏Υ౅ɫɻ⏋μγ˥͠
˽̜ఠኜዃࢃ͞˓͌Ͳ̝˕˽͹͡͡˽ (Raimundus Lullus, d. 1316) ȵɄɹ৯ᯱˁ‫؝‬ȿ⏋ͦͻ͇ɴആ໽᠝࡝ോˁсɤɩȦʳ␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 7; Schimmel 1975: 7␭⏏Ј౅ɫɻ⏋͡˓ 9 γɹࡿሂɫȡɤɛ Joinville ȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌՟ೝɹኧ๙ςᒶɹಁБɴ⏋ડɹឹᏬˁࢷԂɌɛɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌‫ر‬Ϋ೑‫ؿ‬ɲ͞ͻ̲ˏ͹ˏ̋˗ˑͻ͓ (d. ca 801) ɹШᠦˁ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴШȭɩȲʱ⏋Ʉɹ͞ͻ̲ˏШᠦɻɗɹ৿͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴঃȼ༑॒ɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛ␩Schimmel 1975:22)8␭⏏

ǵ16-17 γᏛɴԂʳɭ⏋ో᝔ᓔɛɠɴʭʳ៎࢘ȵ޽ȼ៨ᦚɇʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏৳ʰɹ៎࢘ɻ⏋ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ᣱ྇ɹ̶ˎ˥ͻ͡⏃fakirʢɌȼɻfakeer⏆ɭ̿͡˹ˏ᠝ᣱ྇ɹ̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖
(dervish) ɭȦȩᅎ᠝ɴᢒਐᇕɴឿʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹθ᠝ɻʓʖ‫ؾ‬ᒶɴᅎȦʰʶɛ⏏23) ͍ʹͤʹˑͻఠ܎‫ڊ‬ˁ୭ɐȋ‫܌‬ʳ̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ȍ⏋̶͠ˎͻ˓ͻఠ܎‫ڊ‬ˁ୭ɐȋ‫ه‬ȭʳ̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ȍɲɰɭៜȩᝠჼɻɄɹಁБɹ៨ᦚɴ᧚ʳ␩Ernst 1997: 3; Schimmel 1975: 8␭⏏Ȧɑʶɴɓʭ⏋Ʉʶʰɹ᠝ɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴɭɤɩߏቃɲʢɹ⏋ᅵᣒɲʢɹɭȦȩ˓͍ͻ˻ˁ৔ȼήȭʳʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏
2.2.2ȁ΂ς΀ϋΗςΒθ̤̫ͥͅΑȜέͻΒθ͈஻੄ǵɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋18 γᏛ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴᦲঈɐʳȋಔ᧋ᇕȍѝғˁ୫ɦʢɹˁ୭ɐ
ᅎ᠝ɭɌɩօՏɇʶɛɹȵ⏋Sufi-ism ɫȡɤɛ⏏մБɹᢦɹ˓͍ͻ˻ˁ୫ɤɛ̶ˎ˥ͻ͡⏋̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ɭȦȩ᠝ɴБȭɩ⏋ςɭɌɩ̿͡˹ˏయ࡝ɴȲȿʳయ࡝с‫ڃ‬ʍɹ߫ઝᇕ៿ѝˁЫɤɛ᠝ɭɌɩ⏋Ʉɹ᠝ɻᅎȦʰʶࠃʠɛɭៜʼʶɩȦʳ␩Ernst 1997: 9␭⏏
ǵആ໽࡝ɭɌɩɹˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɹμɫʢ̾Ͳˤ͡⏋ɗ22) ɄɄɫȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌‫ر‬Ϋ೑‫ؿ‬ȍɭȦȩɹɻ⏋ଂǾɹሾɤɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌‫ر‬Ϋ೑‫ؿ‬ɭȦȩઝ٢ɫȡʱ⏋ਖɑɌʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹ᧌ؑɴȲȦɩயȴʶɩȦɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌‫ر‬ΫɴȲȦɩʢ೑‫ؿ‬ɫȡɤɛɭȦȩɄɭˁઝ٢ɌɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋10-12 γᏛɴೆȴʶ⏋Ёɫʢ˽̊Ͳ̋ͻ̝ɭɇʶʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ՞Ш͹ᓩᓔ՞Шɹʓɭ˃ɰ
ɻ⏋ɄɄɫ‫؜‬ʱΫɁʰʶɛ͞ͻ̲ˏɴៜ‫ؖ‬ɌɩȦɲȦ⏏ʼɑȴɴˏ̒̊ͻ͡ȏᓩᓔ՞Шȑ(Tadhkira al-awliyā’ )ȵɗʶˁШȭʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋ʓȴɴʢ˓̸Ͳ͹˻͑˗̀ˑͻ (d. 1201) ȵ͞ͻ̲ˏɹᒭਏˁዌȭʳШ៨
(Manāqib Rābi‘a al-‘Adawı̄ya) ˁ๿ɌɩȦʳɲɰɭȦɤɛϟёȵሾʰʶɩȲʱ⏋͞ͻ̲ˏɻΥࡴɹሾ‫ؿ‬঎ˁ୫ɤɩ
Ȧɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ё౗ଂǾɹሾʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊ͹˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌‫ر‬ӉɴȲȿʳ৳ߨɹеᒞɧȿɻ⏋᧌ؑɹ͌˽͌͠ᘿᦚࢃȵ৳ߨɴήȭɩȷɛʢɹɴປʏɩȷʼʠɩ߂ȷȦ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋͞ͻ̲ˏɹᘿ‫ؿ‬ɇȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɹΥ๖ᣂషɴʭɤɩȦʳɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɴᬏʰȼШȭʰʶɩȷɛ͞ͻ̲ˏШᠦɴʭɤɩȦʳɹɫɻɲȦȴɭȦȩᆄȦˁୃȴɓʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
23) ˏ̲͞ˏ᠝ɹ̶ˎ˥ͻ͡ (faqı̄r) ɻ⏋ནᢩɲʳᓔ͹ᢩᓔˁ୭ɐ⏏̚͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ɻ⏋̿͡˹ˏ᠝ɹ̋͡ʹˑͻ˹͖ (darvı̄sh) ʢɌȼɻ̜͡˱᠝ɹ̚͡ʹˑ˹͖ (derviș) ˁ៩ɤɩᓬȷៅȭɛʢɹɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏̋͡ʹˑͻ˹͖/̚͡ʹˑ˹͖⏃ɇʰɴ˗̝͡˕ͻ᠝ɲɰɫɻ̋͡ʹ˙ͻ˹͖ɭʢᇍᯭɐʳ⏆ɻ⏋ଢ᩻ӒʦϒᰩӒˁઝ٢ɐʳɭ
ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɛɞɌ⏋
␩Ernst 1997: 4␭ɴʭʶɽ⏋̶ˎ˥ͻ͡ɹ᠝ɻ⏋͌ˤ͡ज़‫ܕ‬ɹࡲӎȵ͜˧ɲɰᯃ͌˽͌͠
ኧ๙ࢃˁ୭ɐɹɴᅎȦɩȦɛɹˁ⏋˓˧͠˽Ϻȵ‫؝‬ȿᐙȦɞʢɹɫ⏋19 γᏛɹᗔ᠝ɫɻ̯Ͳ̝˕ͻɹኧ๙ࢃˁ
୭ɐɹɴࢭʰᅎȦʰʶɩȦɛɭȦȩ⏏Ʉɹ᠝ȵɛʚɛʚᗔ᠝ɹ faker ɴаɩȦɛɛʠ⏋៻๝ढ़͹̘̿Ͳढ़ɭȦȩ‫׵‬ᢒˁ֖ᬏɌɛʭȩɞɭʢᦚʏʰʶɩȦʳ⏏

182

ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

ɹμɫʢˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɫࠃʚʳȵ⏋ɗɹօࠃᓔɭᇿɇʶʳɹȵ⏋William Jones (d. 1794) ɫȡʳ
␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 8-9␭⏏৳ɻ⏋ˡ͡ˡ̒̊ɴȲȦɩ 1874 ॷ 1 ೐⏋̾Ͳˤ͡͹ˏ˻ˏ‫ת‬Цɹօጓ߂ЦˁҼɌ⏋՟БЦᬏɭɲɤɛ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋˓Ͳ̝ɴȲȿʳ˓˧͠˽ტጓ‫ת‬Цɹ৲ւˁഗɛ
ɐʢɹɫȡɤɛ␩˵˓ͻ̝ 1993 (1978 and 1985): Ϋॎ 185␭⏏৳ɻ⏋؏ൔɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹѵЖɭံᬠѥɲ free thinker ɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑͻˁயȦɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠ⏋˧͠˹ˏ‫ڒ‬࡝ʦ̾ͻ̋ͻͲ̊ɭԊᦲɐʳʢɹɭɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ␩Ernst 1997: 9␭⏏
ǵ๖Ȧɫ⏋John Malcolm (d. 1833) ɻ⏋˓˧͠˽ആ˓Ͳ̝Ц኏ɹ̿͡˹ˏࡾরʍɹ߂ьˁֵʠɛϺ႒ɫȡʳȵ⏋৳ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȴʰՖʱᮐɐӃ‫ك‬ɻʭʱᰒᘿɫ
ȡɤɛ⏏৳ɻ⏋1815 ॷɴ՘᝔Ɍɛȏ̿͡˹ˏ‫ر‬ȑɹμɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹςឹఠᒶˁ՟ʠɩȼ
ʼɌȼᠦ౩Ɍɛȵ⏋˻͚ͻͲ̀‫ؾ‬෵⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴԒ‫ܧ‬ɐʳʢɹɭᓒȭɑ⏋˓Ͳ̝ᣱ྇ᠦˁ‫ڟ‬ȭɛ␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 11, 14; Ernst 1997: 11-12␭⏏
ǵɄɹ͇͡˱͌ɹ៨ᦚɹԎ୞ɭʢɲɤɛᡙྲˁ⏋̓Ͳ̾˓యᖿ‫ת‬Ц (Bombay Literary Society)ɫ 1811 ॷɴ᝔ɤɛɹȵ⏋James William Graham ɫȡɤɛ⏏Ʉɹᡙྲɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ᕶкˁՖʱᮐɌɩ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒᠝ɫ՟ʠɩᠶɍɛʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋˹͑͠ͻˏˁ‫ࡴو‬Ɍ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠɴ
ᦏȦࡔ‫ܧ‬ɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁயȦɩȦʳ⏏৳ɴʭʶɽ⏋ɛɭȭɽ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹડɴᬠɐʳ
ᅎ᠝ɫȡʳ⏋ડɇʶʳᓔ (mahbūb)͹ડ(mahabba)͹ડɐʳᓔ(muhibb)ɻ⏋˥͠˽̜ఠɹΪе.
.
.
ΥкᠦɴȲȿʳࡎ͹ᓩᮠ͹ၼɭࢪਝɐʳɭɇʶʳɹɫȡʳ␩Arberry 1998 (1942): 11-13; Ernst
1997: 13, 15␭⏏˽ͻ̶ˑͻᕶкˁ৳ɻኜዃࢃɭɌɩᲞȼ៿ѝɐʳȵ⏋ɗɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ɻ৳ɴɭɤɩɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹѵЖɭɻʓɭ˃ɰᬠѥɲȦɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛɹɫȡɤɛ⏏
ǵЈ౅⏋̺̘ͦ˽̊Ͳ̜ኜ࡝ᓔɫʢȡɤɛ F. R. D. Tholuck (d. 1877) ɻ⏋1821 ॷ͜ͻ̮ͦ̒᠝⏃̘͞Ͳ᠝⏆ɫ՟ʠɩɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ෙᠦೆˁ՘᝔Ɍɛ␩Schimmel 1975: 9␭⏏৳ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᬠѥˁ⏋́͌ᇕ৾໬ςᒶࢪˏͻ͠ˏᇕኜዃςᒶɭȦȩ‫ܒ‬িɫɭʰȭɩȦɛ⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ৳ɹᘿೆɹ̊˓̜͡⏃ȏ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏋ʢɌȼɻ̿͡˹ˏϺɹີኜᠶᇕኜಚ࡝ȑ
Ssufismus, sive theosophia Persarum pantheistica⏆ɴʢ౩ʰȴɫȡʳ␩Ernst 1997: 15␭⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲΥᦹɹˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɛɠɹᘿᦚˁᦲɍɩ⏋͜ͻ̮ͦ̒ɹ࡝ᅠɴȲȦɩ⏋࡝‫ک‬ՕᩃɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵଁጓɌɛ␩Ernst 1997: 16␭⏏-ism ɭȦȩஞ࣊᥻ɴѝɐʳఠᒶ͹࡝ɹΥᨆɭ᠗ʠʰʶʳɄɭɴɲɤɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ೎՟ȴʰ⏋৾໬ˁμਕɭɐʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭɻೣഀံᬠѥɲʢɹ⏋ɗɹΥ౅ɫ˥͠˽̜ఠɹѵЖɭɻᦲঈɐʳɭɄʸɹȡʳȋಔ᧋ᇕȍѝғˁ୊ɤɛʢɹ⏋ɭ᠗ᡫɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍჿៗȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠԒᨆɴɗʶʚɫࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɩȦɛ̊˵˗˗̶ჿៗɭᅵɲɤɩȦʳɄɭɻៜȩʚɫʢȡʳʚȦ⏏ࢹɲȼɭʢմᦏБ͌˽͌͠ɛɠɹ޽ȼɴ
ɭɤɩ⏋̊˵˗˗̶ʦ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭȦȩៜᘽɫϛៗɇʶɩȦɛʢɹɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹѝғˁлʰȴɹ০ɫк਄͹кჼɐʳɛʠɹ᧑ʦѹ᝔ᓔɫȡʱ⏋ɗɄɴɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹჿ઎Ӊȵᩂɷ‫غ‬ʼ
183ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ɇʶʳɄɭɄɗȡʶ⏋‫͌ͻ͞˽˓ؙ‬ᇕɲʢɹɭɌɩᕶᅙӉˁயȼɄɭɻᓒȭʰʶɲȴɤɛ⏏
ǵɭɄʸȵ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɴʭʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɻ⏋Υᨆɹ͌˽͌͠ᕶ᤹ɴʭ
ʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɭ⏋ᇤᔀɲጾ‫غ‬ˁឿɓɩȦʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ᦏБɹఒᯊςᒶᓔʦ⏋Ȧʼʪʳȋ˓˽͌͞؅ჿςᒶᓔȍɹயȼ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴೣഀࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɲȴɤɛ̲̝ˏ⏃ᧀᔵ͹ᅵጩ⏆ɭɌɩ⏋৿ɹಁБɴЊ֓ɇʶɛʢɹɭɇʶɛ⏏ᢦѝғɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭՖʱᮐɐɄɭɫ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁᲞȼ៿ѝɌʭȩɭɐʳˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɭ⏋ᢦɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌Ӊˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴେɌɦȿ⏋ɄʶˁՕᮐɐʳɄɭɫ˓˽͞ͻ͌ˁᲞȼ៿ѝɌʭȩɭȦȩΥᨆɹ͌˽͌͠ɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼ๭‫ࢪؙ‬ɹ̾˪̜͡ˁ୫ɠɲȵʰ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁံᬠѥɲʢɹɭɐʳɭȦȩΥဣɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ʚɤɛȼ‫ؾ‬෵ɹς৓ˁɐʳɄɭɭɲɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵჼ‫ܧ‬ɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋Ȧʼʪʳȋ؅ჿςᒶᓔȍᇕɲς৓ȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹς༑ɫȡʳɭȦȩ᠗ᡫɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɭᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɭˁ‫ک‬ʼɑ⏋ȷʼʠɩ৔Ȧ⏏ɄɹɄɭʢȡɤɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴᯃೣᣒᇕɲʢɹɭɌɩ⏋ʚɑɻˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɴʭɤɩயȴʶɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɻ⏋ɄɹߏߴɲԊႢᬠѥɹȩȭɴ⏋Ё౗ɴᕸʳʚɫ⏋ɗɹ٨ᔭˁѳɠᐚȿɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʢɤɭʢ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌቉ድɹᦽࣙɴЫȦ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭɹᬠѥਸɴɦȦɩៜȭɽ⏋๘Ꭶɹ቉ድɫɻʞɌʸ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ԓ‫ܧ‬ᠦȵς༑ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ɗɹઝ٢ɫɻ⏋ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɴʭɤɩсʱՏɇʶɛ˓͍ͻ˻ɗɹʢɹȵЁ౗ɫʢଂǾɴԊ೑ɇʶɩȦʳɭȦɤɩɻៜȦ᧌ȹɴɲʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ଂǾȵਛʶɩɻɲʰɲȦɄɭɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ɴೣഀˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ȵɄʠɛઝ٢ʢɇʱɲȵʰ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝͹ෙਥɗɹʢɹȵ⏋ˠ͠˛Ͳ̊͠˽̜ɴʭɤɩᅊʛՏɇʶɛɭȦȩϟࡸɗɹʢɹɲɹɫȡʳ⏏

3ȅΑȜέͻΒθ͈໦ଢ଼იழ
3.1ȁͼΑρȜθ໘‫͈ޟ‬଎৆ǵմጟɫፆᓔɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹࡴᒶɹ‫ܐ‬ᮑɇˁᦚʏɛȩȭɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵՕഓෙਥɫȡʳɄɭˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩෙਥȵ⏋ӯഀˠ͠˛Ͳ̊̀͌͠ɹᅋ႒ɫȡʳɄɭʢ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴԒ‫ܧ‬ɐʳࡸкෙਥɞɭɐʳմரɹʢɭɴᡴᠶˁᏼʛጓɩʳɄɭɻ⏋ʢɻʦέ‫خ‬ᔨɫȡʳɄɭˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏24)ǵɄɹʭȩɴਃഀɹങᏼˁᔵ෯፷ɌɛГΫ⏋лʰȴɹԗ෯፷ˁɐʳɄɭȵ቉ድᓔɭɌɩɹ᢮֭ɫȡʸȩ⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌⏮˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭȦȩࡴᒶɴጩᇕɴኍɇʶʳਃ24) ɛɞɌɄɹɄɭɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ̊˵˗˗̶ȵࡸкෙਥɫɻȿɤɌɩɲȦɄɭˁ⏋ਖɑɌʢઝ٢ɌɲȦ⏏៨ᦚᇕጓ‫ݭ‬ɴጓɦ‫غݭ‬ɴ⏋య჉ʦ̶ˑͻ̝͡ɴȲȦɩ⏋ᕶै᠗ᡫɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ЈȴʰɹᝠᢒɴȲȦɩʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻʦ̊˵˗˗̶ɞɭ᠗ʠɊʳˁȭɲȦёɻࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ଂǾɻ⏋ᡴᠶɹᨊ঎⏋ɗʶȵ⏃ࢹɲȼɭʢɗɹ
‫ݭ‬ɫɻ⏆ࡸкෙਥɭɌɩᅎȦʰʶɩȦʳɹȴ⏋Օഓෙਥɴ᧌ȹɲȦɹȴˁȦɠȦɠද៷ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏

184

ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

ഀɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉɴБʼʳ⏋лʰȴɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉˁயȼɄɭˁ᠅ʛɛȦ⏏
ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴ⏋ɭȦȩ‫ک‬Ȧɴ๭ᯆȴʰፐȭʳɄɭȵᯃ।ɴ‫ܐ‬ᮑɫȡʳɄɭɻ⏋ᑜǾᦚʏɩȷɛ⏏ࡴᒶɗɹʢɹˁɌʭȩɭɐʳɭ⏋ధǾɹˏ͠ͅˏɴ᣸ˁɭʰʶʳɄɭȵࢅ౫ɴϜ઎ɇʶʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵՕഓෙਥɫȡʳГΫ⏋ՕഓങᏼɭɌɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ෯ᦶˁኍɐ
Ʉɭȵ⏋Ʉɹˏ͠ͅˏȴʰᦣʶʳ᝗ɫɻɲȦɞʸȩȴ⏏ɗɹɛʠɹ᣸ȵȴʱɭɲʳɹȵ⏋␩ࢸ೰ǵ2001: 19-23␭ɴኍɇʶɛ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂɹ‫ܒ‬িɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɗɄɫɻ⏋ෙᅭ๖ɹʭȩɲ‫ܒ‬িȵயȴʶʳ⏏
ǵʚɑ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹШᐏȵΥᨆ๿ࡔɌɦɦʢ⏋ԃкɭɌɩɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ؅հɴጓᔰɌɩ
ɻȦɲȦɭ᠗ᡫɇʶʳ͌˽͌͠኏ЦȵჼႥɭɌɩࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳ⏏ɗɹɲȴɫ⏋Ʉʶɻ˓˽͞ͻ͌኏ЦɫɻɲȦɭȦȩଫՠᇕ᠗ᡫ⏋ɐɲʼɠȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ៅᨮȍȵᅊɍʳ⏏Ʉʶȵ҅Ϻᇕɲͤ̾͡
ɫᣱɄʳɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋኏Цᇕࡸᤋɴው᝔Ɍɛͤ̾͡ȵȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ȍɭ͐̚͡‫׋‬ɇʶʳ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹʭȩɲ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂȵక໠˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻ‫׋‬Ɍɛ‫⏋غݭ‬Ʉʶˁȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂςᒶȍɭ٧ʉ⏏25)ǵɭɄʸɫ⏋҅Ϻͤ̾͡ɹȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ៅᨮȍȴʰ⏋Ԋ‫ؾ‬кͤ̾͡ɴ᥊‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂ᧊֪ȍȵᣱɄʳɭȦȩɹȵࢸ೰ລɹ‫ܒ‬িɫȡʳȵ⏋ɄɄɫԊ‫ؾ‬кͤ̾͡ɴ᥊
‫׋‬ɐʳБʼʱɴ⏋҅Ϻͤ̾͡ɹѵЖɹཉ‫׋‬ȵᅊɑʳɄɭʢᣱɄʱȩʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋ଃ৾ɹ᧤ࡪʦ᧑ਏɹ਋ᖂɭȦȩ๖ӯȴʰɇʰɴᦽ˃ɫ⏋ԒᯆᇕᏄኜਸˁஜድɌʭȩɭɐʳ֪ȷɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋౗।ᅊ༎ʦ౗।ઝᡫˁᣳȭɛʭʱᲞȦлȴ⏋ȡʳȦɻɗɹߡɴȡʳʭʱཉȦлȴˁሁஞઢ਄ɌɛȦɭȦȩᰔȦɴఌȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ଃ৾ʦ᧑ਏɹμɴʢ⏋ɄȩȦɤɛлȴɻࠒˁჼɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɗʶɻΥ౅ᇕɲ⏃ႅ֭ᇕɲ⏆ኜɹ٨ВɭȦȩ০ˁɭʳ⏏ɗʶɴࢪɌ
ɩ⏋‫ك౅ؘ‬ᇕɲኜɭɹϯ༑⏋ሁஞкᱻ͹ሁஞሾɴʭʳኜɹઢ਄ȵ⏋ΥຍᲞȦʢɹɭɌɩິʠʰʶʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
3.2ȁΑȜέͻΒθ͈२ޭࢹ௮
ǵմ፲ɹ‫ܒ‬িɴ઎ˁ਄ɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ๖ɹΪෑȴʰɲʳʢɹɭɌɩჿៗɐʳɄɭˁர൜Ɍ
26)
ɛȦ⏃‫ ܒ‬1 ؒ၇⏆⏏

ǵፀ 1 ෑɭɌɩ⏋ԒᯆᇕᏄኜਸɹஜድɹᐄഗɭɌɩɹኜዃкᱻɴ൓ɊɌɛ⏋ኜዃςᒶɹ᥍ˁᒞ
ȼ⏏ᣳ।ᇕɲኜዃкᱻˁິʠʳឹᏬȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏

25) Ʉɹ‫ܒ‬িɻ⏋ჼБɹʛɴȡɩɻʚʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹȋ‫ݤ‬ᘺȍȵࡸઢɇʶʳȦɦɹಁБɴʢ᧟ᅎɌ
ȩʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
26) ೣዣɹ̶̝̜͞ˁсଁɌɛ᭬ɴɻ⏋ȋΪࣝ෯ᦶȍɭȦȩങᏼˁᓒȭɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹ৿‫ݚ‬ፆɌɛ␩ആᬏǵ2002c;
2002d␭ɫʢɗɹᅎ᠝ˁᅎȦɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹ৿ɹ቉ድЦᇍᝠɲɰɹลЦˁᐁɩ⏋ȋΪෑ෯ᦶȍɭȦȩෙਥɫᠦ౩ɐʳ౅ȵʭʱՕȴʱʦɐȦɭᓒȭʳʭȩɴɲɤɛɹɫ⏋࡭ଁዣɴȲȦɩɻɄɠʰˁᅎȦʳɄɭɭɌɛ⏏θᓔɹ᧓Ȧɻ⏋ςɭɌɩ‫ܒ‬ኍɌɛ᭬ɹែៅᇕɲՕȴʱʦɐɇɴȡʱ⏋ᠶɹ൓ॻɴɻɲ˃ʰ޴ೃɻɲȦ⏏

185

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬

଎!1!ȁΑȜέͻΒθ͈२ޭࢹ௮⏃ፆᓔсଁ⏆ǵ๖ɴ⏋μ߈ɹፀ 2 ෑɴ⏋᧑ਏɹ᥍ˁ઎ࡴɐʳ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹჿᠶೆˁᠧ˃ɞɄɭɹȡʳϺɻᠨɫʢ⏋ɗɄɴᠦȴʶɩȦʳɄɭɹࢹɲȴʰɵᨆՕȵ⏋౗।ᇕҙჿɴᬠʼʳʢɹɫȡʳɄɭˁሾɤɩȦʳɞʸȩ⏏ɗʶɻɭȼɴᯃ౗।ᇕɲкᱻˁᠦȷֱʳʢɹɫɻɲȦ⏏ɄɄɫɻ⏋ʭȷ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫȡʶ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɭ⏋ʭȷ͌˽͌͠ɫȡʶ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭɭɹᬚɴɻࡸᣒᇕɲे᧓
ɻɲȦɭៜɤɩʭȦ⏏
ǵɗɌɩፀ 3 ෑɭɌɩ⏋຦ᬚѵЖɹ᥍ˁᓒȭʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ᕶʰɹԒᯆʦ᝔֪ˁ޴ᯊɐʳɭȦȩʭʱɻ⏋ЈᓔɴᰉɤɛʱӈȷȴȿɛʱɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᕶՕˁ‫؜‬ʱॎȼႥ໥ɹ޴ᯊˁᰔ೚
ɐʳɭȦȩɄɭȵឿʰʶʳ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ಁɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭᐄʃɦȷ⏋ಁɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ‫ؿ‬ˁҏʱɩ᝔ʼʶʳ⏋຦ᝓɹᬚɹࡱఠࡸᤋɹͤ̾͡ɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɻಁɭɌɩ⏋‫͌ͻ͞˽˓ؙ‬ᇕʢɌȼɻᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɭᯃᮑɇʶʳឹᏬˁ‫ي‬ʛ୫ɦ⏏Ʉɹፀ 3 ෑɹ୭Ɍኍɐ፴ܑɹɰɄʚɫȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɫɰɄȴʰȵ‫͌ͻ͞˽˓ؙ‬ᇕ⏃ᯃ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕ⏆ȴɻ⏋ᠶᓔȵɰɹʭȩɲȋ๭ɌȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ȍӉˁ୫ɤɩȦʳȴɴʭɤɩᅵɲʳɹɫ⏋ΥઝᇕɴໆʠʳɄɭɻɫȷɲȦ⏏ȡʳಁБɴɻ⏋ɗɹʓʖɐʏɩȵ˓˽͞ͻ͌ᇕɞɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦɛɄɭʢ઎ӉɴᮑȼɲȦ⏏
ǵɄʶɻՕഓങᏼɫɻȡʳȵ⏋‫ع‬ෑˁ႕ਐɧȿʳෙਥˁ؅᠝ɫᦚʏɩȲȼɄɭɻઝ٢ȵȡʳɞʸȩ⏏ፀ 1 ෑɻ̶ˎ̠ͻ ( fanā’ ) ɴʭɤɩ႕ਐɧȿʰʶʳ⏏ኜዃкᱻˁᝠɐȋ༥ྙ͹༥ᜨȍˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏ፀ 2 ෑɻˏͻ̋ͻ̸ (ādāb. ‫׬‬ధ০ɻˏ̸̋ adab) ɭȦȩෙਥȵБᝠɐʳ⏏ѹ᝔ᓔɹȋс໬ȍˁઝ٢ɐʳɄɭɽɫȡʳ⏏ˏ̸̝˕͡ˡͻ̯͡͹˽̶ͩ̚͞͡ˑͻ (d. 1168) ɹςᘿȏѹ᝔ᓔɛɠɹс໬ȑ(ādāb al-murı̄dı̄n) ɲɰ⏋ˏͻ̋ͻ̸ɹ᠝ˁԢɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᘿ
ᦚɻࢹɲȼɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌʚɛ‫ؾ‬ಁɴ⏋ˏ̸̋ʦˏͻ̋ͻ̸ɻ⏋̶ˎ̠ͻɭᅵɲʱ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ‫װ‬೑ɐʳෙਥɫɻɲȴɤɛ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋͇̝͞˵ɫਖѹɭɇʶɛਏᇿɫȡʱ⏋ˏ̸̋ɹೆɻ
˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɫɻధ޽ȼೆȴʶɩȷɛ⏏ɄɹɄɭɴጩᇕɴឿʰʶʳʭȩɴ⏋ፀ 2 ෑɻЈɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹᡉ࿈༑ɭᩂɲʱ‫غ‬ȩ০ɫࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɛ⏏27) ፀ 3 ෑˁᢒਐɐʳᅎ᠝ɭɌɩɻ⏋ˡ͞ͻ͇ͻ27) ʚɛ⏋ҙჿ khulq (pl. akhlāq)ǵɭȦȩ᠝ʢ⏋ɄɹෑˁБᝠɐʳᅎ᠝ɭȦȩɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹෙਥʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹࢭެ႕៰ɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ᡉ࡝ɴɭɤɩᩂឹɭɇʶɩȷɛʢɹɫȡʳ⏏

186

ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

̜ (karāmāt) ˁ୲ɁɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ɄɹɄɭɽɻߏᤤˁઝ٢ɐʳ⏏ᕶՕɛɠᕶ᤹ɻЕɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹѹ᝔ˁዩʢȩɭɌɲȦɴɓʭ⏋ҤȦᓩᓔɹਏˁՕȿήȭɩʢʰȲȩɭɐʳ຦ᝓɹᰔ೚Ʉ
ɗȵ⏋ɄɹෙਥɴɄʠʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅵఠਂɴࢪɐʳ˻̩ͻ̝ʦ኏Ц޴ᯊʢ⏋ɌɽɌɽɄ
ɹʭȩɲˡ͠˽͇ᇕϺൔɹ᝔ȩߏᤤʍɹᰔ೚ȵՀᮃɌɛɭɄʸɴჼࡸ‫׋‬Ɍɩȷɛ⏏28)
ǵ̚ˑ˹̺͠ͲɭɹࢪਝɫȦȭɽ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɻςɭɌɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ਲ਼઎቉ድ⏃ɭȼɴ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶ቉ድ⏆ɹࢪᢒɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋Ϻᰖ࡝ɻςɭɌɩፀ 3 ෑˁࢪᢒɭɌɩȷɛɭៜ
ȭʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦏБГմɴȲȦɩɻ⏋๴‫࡝ر‬ʢፀ 3 ෑˁࢪᢒɭɌɩȷɛ⏏ፀ 2 ෑɻ౗।ҙჿˁᠦȼɛʠ⏋ȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍɭȦȩෙਥȴʰ೎ʢ᧙ȦɓȦȴ⏋μਕᇕɲ቉ድᠩᰍɭɌɩɭ
ʱȡɁʰʶʳɄɭȵࢹɲȴɤɛʭȩɴਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ё޺ᇕɴ⏋ਲ਼઎቉ድɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌՟ೝɹ̶̝̀⏃ኧ๙ςᒶ⏆቉ድɻ⏋ɄɹෑˁςɛʳࢪᢒɭɌɩȦʳ⏏29) ჼБɴȲȦɩʢ޽ȼɹ͇̝
͞˵ɫȋҙჿ࡝ȍ(‘ilm al-akhlāq) ɹ‫ؿ‬ɫఠȭʰʶɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻჿᠶೆɹද២ʦ⏋ჼБμ߈ˏ˻ˏɴȲȿʳ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂɹՕഓɲɰɻɄɹෑˁࢪᢒɭɐʳʢɹɭɲʳɻɑɞȵ⏋ʚɞ‫מ‬Օɲᬠਕˁ୫ɛʶɩȦʳɭɻៜȭɲȦ⏏
ǵɄɹΪෑ෯ᦶˁ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ‫׶‬ลઝᡫȴʰ˓˽͞ͻ͌਋ᖂʍɹ‫ܒ‬িɴɲəʰȭɩៜȭɽ⏋ʚɑᕶՕɛɠɹٞʱɹી᝔̆ɛɭȭɽᓩᓔѵӁȵ⏋๭ɌȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌͹๭ɌȦ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴ᧟‫غ‬ɌɩȦɲȦɭȦȩઝᡫȵᅊɍʳ⏏ɄȩɌɩ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹҙჿ͹᧑ਏˁ਋ᖂɌ⏋ଃ৾ˁ᧤ࡪɌʭȩɭȦȩៅᨮȵᣱɄʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴȲȿʳҙჿˁ୊ɤɛʢɹɭɌɩɻ⏋‫࡝ڒ‬͹ኜ࡝͹˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɲɰȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏃˽Ͳ̠༐γᅠɫɻ‫࡝ڒ‬ɻɗɹʢɹᕶкɭɌɩɻ౛ȼɴֳ֐ˁ
߉ɤɛɭɇʶʳ⏆ȵ⏋‫࡝ڒ‬ʢኜ࡝ʢ˛͠ͻ̜ɹʢɹɫȡɤɛɹɴࢪɌɩ⏋຦ᝓɹᬚɴҙჿˁᠦȷঃʠʳ৲ւˁ୊ɤɩȦɛɹȵ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɫȡɤɛɭៜȭʳ⏏ɄȩɌɛ౗।ҙჿ͹౗।ᇕࡱఠࡸᤋɴᰳȷ᣸ʱɲȼɲɤɛಁ⏋ɇʰɲʳԒᯆ‫׋‬͹ཉ‫׋‬ˁິʠɩ⏋ኜዃςᒶʍɭϺɻᦽʞ⏏
Ʉɹ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹ‫׶‬ลɴȲȿʳ‫ܒ‬িɫɻ⏋ፀ 3 ෑɹ຦ᬚѵЖɻ‫ࡴو‬ɇʶʳʏȷʢɹɫȡʱ⏋ፀ
1 ෑɭፀ 2 ෑɹʛȴʰɲʳ‫ܒ‬০ȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ᠗ᡫɇʶʳɫȡʸȩ⏏
ǵЈ౅⏋‫׶‬ลઝᡫȵմᯆɴჼʶɲȦಁዷᬚɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ʞɌʸፀ 2 ෑȵ༎֪ˁჿៗɐʳɛʠɹՏᇍဣ͹μਕɭɲʳɞʸȩ⏏ϺǾɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᬚɹύᮐˁ᠗ᡫɐʳɄɭɲȼ⏋ʭȷ͌˽͌͠⏮ʭȷ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛʸȩɭ֗ʠʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋‫҅ع‬ϺȵѵЖ͹᝔ဤɹθᯆɫᕶ৾ᇕɫȡʳɄɭɹʛɲʰɑ⏋Ԋ‫ؾ‬кɹ౗।ᇕៀ৾ˁ᧤ࡪɐʳɄɭȵᇿฌɭɲʳ⏏ɗɄȴ28) ʚɛ⏋ɭʱɲɌ shafā‘a ɭȦȩෙਥʢ⏋ɄɹෑˁᝠɐɹɴʈɇʼɌȦ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ᕶʰ֗֐ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩɫɲ
ȼ⏋᯺ៜᓔ̩͌Ͳ͇̝ʰɴɭʱɲɌɩʢʰȩɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᒜ᭭ɹ༥ྙˁິʠʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏
29) ␩Kinberg 1985␭ȵ⏋̶̝̀ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹΥᨆɭɌɩɫɻɲȼ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌኏Цɹ౗।ᅊ༎ɴȲȿʳҙჿˁᝠɐʢɹɭɭʰȭʳʏȷɞɭᠦȦɩȦʳɄɭɴፆᓔɻᣊଁɫȡʳ⏏̶̝̀ɻ⏋৿Б⏋ࢹɲȴʰɵ͌˽͌͠ɹ᝔
֪෵ি͹ሾᇕ‫ۊ‬ဤɴ৯ᯱˁήȭ⏋፴݀ɭɇʶɩȷɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹմຍ᭥ɭɌɩɹʛ
ᭉࡴᇕɴ̶̝̀ˁɭʰȭʳɄɭɻ๭ɌȼɲȦɭᓒȭʳ⏏ɌȴɌЈ౅⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁςɛʳᓒ࢘ࢪᢒɭɐʳ‫ݭ‬‫⏋غ‬ɗɹΥᨆɴ̶̝̀⏃ᇕӃ‫⏆ك‬ȵ‫ي‬ʚʶʳɹʢਖးᇕɫȡʳ⏏

187ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ʰ⏋Υ౅ɫɻਲ਼ষᇕ͹кᱻᇕɴ҅ɹԒᇕᏄኜγᅠɴໍ࿃ɌʭȩɭɐʳӃ‫ك‬ȵፀ 1 ෑɭɌɩ⏋Ј౅ɫɻԊ‫ؾ‬кɴȲȿʳኢነ͹ә኎⏃ჼγգᇰʦࠞූਸˁິʠʳʢɹˁɌɽɌɽ‫ي‬ʞ⏆ʍɹዩෑᇕؒ֓ˁѦɐӃ‫ك‬ȵፀ 3 ෑɭɌɩՕࣦɌɩȼʳ⏋ɭᓒȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏

4ȅ͍ࠫȝ२ޭࢹ௮̥ͣࡉͥΑȜέͻΒθ͈ఉအ̈́௨
ǵɫɻ೎৿ɴ⏋ɄɹʭȩɴΪෑ෯ᦶˁɲɐʢɹɭɌɩ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁɭʰȭʳɄɭɹ͍̜̒͠
ˁᦚʏɛȩȭɫ⏋Ʉɹ෯ᦶˁᅎȦʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋޽෵ɲ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉˁഓՏɌȩʳɄɭˁ୭௎ɌɛȦ⏏
ǵΪෑ෯ᦶᠶɹ͍̜̒͠ɻГάɹ 3 ဣɴᮃᏝɇʶʳ⏏
ǵፀ 1 ɴ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ‫ܒ‬ি‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵՕഓෙਥɫȡʱ⏋ᕶ౩ɹʢɹ
ɭɌɩᅎȦɩɻɲʰɲȦɄɭˁ౩ኍɐʳ⏏
ǵፀ 2 ɴ⏋ਃഀ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭፈᒞɇʶɩȷɛȋ˓˽͞ͻ͌ኜዃςᒶȍȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹΥᨆɫɌȴɲȦɄɭˁኍɐ⏏
ǵፀ 3 ɴ⏋቉ድࢪᢒȲʭʃ቉ድᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɦȦɩ᠝ʳಁ⏋ɰɹෑˁɇɌɩɗɹ᠝ˁᅎ
ȦɩȦʳȴˁ⏋ᠶᓔ‫ع‬ᕶȵᕶៅᇕɴተ᠗ɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ᡴᠶɹɑʶȵࢹɲȼɲʳɄɭȵೝ৺ɫȷʳ⏏ਲ਼઎቉ድᓔ͹๴‫ࢃر‬͹Ϻᰖ࡝ᓔ͹య࡝቉ድᓔ͹క໠࡝ᓔɲɰ⏋ᅵɲʳ̚ˑ˹̺͠Ͳˁ
୫ɦ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠ቉ድᓔȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴɦȦɩ᠝ʳ᭬⏋ɌɽɌɽɑʶȵᅊɍʳɹɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɴ޽ෑ෯ᦶˁɲɌɩȦʳࢪᢒˁ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩʁɭɦɹᅎ᠝ɫȲϣȦȵ᠝ʱ⏋ɌȴʢሂଝɹᠶɍɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ӉɭᕶՕɹᠶɍɩȦʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɹᅵ‫ؾ‬ˁ⏋ᕶៅᇕɴද
២ɌʭȩɭɌɲȴɤɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵГά⏋Ʉɹፀ 3 ဣɴɭȼɴ໶ᇿɌɩ⏋ଂǾȵ‫ؾ‬ɍ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩ᠝ɫ᠝ɤɩȦʳࢪᢒ30)ȵ⏋Ȧȴɴ޽෵ɲʢɹɫȡʳȴˁ⏋Ϊෑ෯ᦶˁᅎȦɩኍɌɛȦ⏏

ǵʚɑɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵɄɹΪෑ෯ᦶɫɭʰȭʰʶʳɭȦȩፆᓔɹς৓ɻ⏋Ȧɦɫʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵɄɹΪෑˁ୫ɤɩȦʳɭȦȩς৓ɫɻɲȦɄɭɴ໶ઝˁѦɌɩȲȷɛȦ⏏ɭȼɴ⏋ៀ፴ᇕࡴᒶɴȲȿʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋ɄɹΪෑɹȩɠɹȦɑʶȴˁ⏋ȋ๭ɌȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍɫɻɲȦɭȦȩჿᅓɫஅᢒɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ਄ʰʶʳɹȵᦲ।ɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ଂǾɻ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ‫ؿ‬ɹάɴ៎࢘ɇʶʳჼᢒ͹ࡸᤋˁ⏋ɄɹΪෑɹȩɠɹɰɹෑɴȡɩɻʚʳʢɹȴ⏋ɰɹෑˁ౸ɭɌ⏋ɰɹෑˁ‫و‬ɭɐʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɴᅓഀɐʳʢɹȴˁ⏋ɗɹᨊ঎ද៷ɐʳɄɭˁິʠʰʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏Ʉɹᕶៅᇕද៷ɹᑵʱᦐɌɄɗȵ⏋࡝᭬ᇕ቉ድɴȲȿʳᡴᠶɹᰩȦ᧓ȦˁᬿȽ೑֟ɲଝຍɭɲʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɄɫɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭȦȩෙਥɴ‫ي‬ʚʶʳ޽෵ਸˁኍɐɛʠɴ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᦲ‫ر‬ɴ30) ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ᦲ‫ر‬ˁ‫ي‬ʠɛࡸ‫ܩ‬ʍɹΪෑ෯ᦶᠶɹਝᅎɹ᠅ʛɴɦȦɩɻ⏋␩ആᬏǵ2002d␭ؒ၇⏏

188ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

ឿʰʶʳ႕ਐᇕɲᡉ࣌ᯆˁ⏋ɄɹΪෑ෯ᦶˁᅎȦɩᎎ‫׬‬ɴɛɰɤɩʛʳɄɭɴɌɛȦ⏏
ǵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᦲ‫ر‬ɻ⏋850 ॷ᯴ɹଁጓГմɴ⏋ȋኧ๙ςᒶȍ⏃̶̝̀⏆ɹຍ᭥ȵȡɤɛɭᦚʏʳɭɄʸȴʰࠃʚʳɹȵᦲёɫȡʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌కณȵტ೛‫׋‬ɌɩȦȼɲȴɫ⏋ࡱఠᇕ˛ͻ̜˽ˁឿ߉Ȧ⏋ᇤሂɴ༑ʶɩȦȼ͌˽͌͠‫ؾ‬ᔟɹᅊȷ౅ˁۘȷ⏋ѵЖɭࡸᤋɹ༒‫׋‬ˁ៲ȭʳϺǾȵ༎֪Ɍɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹς৓ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹፀ 2 ෑɹʛɴʓʖሂয়ɐʳ⏏ɗɄɴɻ⏋႕աኜዃᇕɲς৓ȵȡʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋๙೚ˁ፲ըɐʳɄɭȵςሗɭɲʳ⏏Ʉɹኧ๙ςᒶɻ⏋৿ɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɌɩᬖᖽɌɛɹʛɲʰɑ⏋໬࡝ʦኜ࡝ɹᡴᠶɭʢᦲঈɐʳɭɄʸȵȡɤɛ⏏
ǵᐚȼ 850 ॷȴʰ 950 ॷ᯴ɹፀ 2 ೝɻ⏋໬࡝ʦኜ࡝ɫɻᅎȦɲȦʭȩɲෙਥ͹ᅎ᠝ˁᅎȦɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠȵ᠝ʱՏɐಁೝɫȡʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ⏋ѹ᝔᭥඀⏃͇ˡͻ͇ͻ̜⏆⏋ਕᇕႥ઴⏃ˏ̶ͩͻ͡⏆⏋༥ᜨ⏃̶ˎ̠ͻ⏆⏋୫ᐚ⏃̫ˡͻ⏆ɭȦɤɛ˽ͻ̶ˑͻႶᕶɹᠦȵሂ๖Ȧɫ‫ڟ‬ȭʰʶɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɻ⏋մБɹፀ 2 ෑɴᰳȷ᣸ʱɑ⏋ɗɹߡɴȡʳፀ 1 ෑʍɭ᣸ˁᤑʛԂʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ᭬⏋ፀ 2 ෑɭፀ 1 ෑɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɻ⏋2 ɦɹឿៗȵшࡔɌɩȦɛ⏏Υ౅ɻ⏋
ፀ 1 ෑɹኜዃςᒶᇕүᯆɻʢɠʸ˃ᩂឹɞȵ⏋ɗʶɻፀ 2 ෑɹ‫ݜ‬ኄɹȩȭɴ᧒ଁɇʶʳʢɹɫɲȼɩɻɲʰɲȦɭɐʳጓ‫⏏ݭ‬Ј౅ɻ⏋ፀ 2 ෑɻፀ 1 ෑɴԂʳɛʠɹྈҺຍ᭥ɴ᧌ȹɲȴɤɛɹɫȡʱ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɴզ᧒ɐʶɽʢɻʦፀ 2 ෑɴઝˁଡȩਖឹɻɲȦɭɐʳጓ‫ݭ‬ɫȡʳ⏏ȋଂɄɗሎჿȍɭ‫ڟ‬ȭɩ՛๷Ɍɛ̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ʰȵ৿ᓔɹጓ‫ݭ‬ˁБᝠɐʳ⏏
ǵɄʶɴᐚȼ 200 ॷᬚ⏃950-1150 ॷ᯴⏆ɻ⏋Ʉɹ 2 ࿈༑ɹযᬏᐻΫɴȡʳ⏏ɐɲʼɠ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊɻፀ 2 ෑɭፀ 1 ෑˁɭʢɴԒ‫׃‬ɐʳʢɹɭɌɩயȴʶʳȵ⏋Ȧɑʶɴ֐ဣˁᒞȼ
ȴɴʭɤɩ 2 ɦɹ༑ʶȵȡɤɛ⏏Υ౅ɫɻ⏋̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ʰ⏋ፀ 2 ෑˁ๕Ȧɛፀ 1 ෑˁʢɤɩ
˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭዌɐʳᓔˁ⏋ҳ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɭɌɩՖʱஅɩʳ০ɫ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹȋ๭ᐏ‫׋‬ȍˁ᝔ɤɛ༑ʶɫȡʳ⏏ɗɄɫɻ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɻፀ 2 ෑɹ‫ݜ‬ኄɹȩȭɴࣙᬖɇʶɩȦʳɹɞɭȦȩᠦ౩ȴʰ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ‫إ‬Ԏ̢͇͖ˏ͡ȵ⏋໬࡝ʦኜ࡝ɭɹ఩‫غ‬ਸɴ‫מ‬ՕઝˁଡȦɲȵʰᑂᑻɇʶɛɹɫȡʳ⏏Ј౅⏋ɄɹಁБɹᏺʼʱɴɻ⏋ፀ 2 ෑᇕɲȡʱ౅ɞȿɫɻ͌˽͌͠ɭɌɩɻ
έ‫מ‬Օɫ⏋ፀ 1 ෑˁкჼɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɴॠହɌɩɻɍʠɩሎɹ͌˽͌͠ɛʱȩʳɭȦȩ৔Ȧς৓ȵᅊʛՏɇʶʳ⏏ɗʶˁБᝠɐʳɹȵ⏋ˏ̸ͻ͹̩ͻ̝͊͹ˤ˸ͻ͠ͻ (d. 1111) ɹȏࡱఠᡉ࡝ɹԗᅊȑɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄʶɴᐚȼɹȵ⏋ѯɴμγɭ٧ɽʶʳ 1150 ॷȴʰ 1700 ॷ᯴ʚɫɫȡʳȵ⏋Ʉɹಁೝɹ೎߂
ɹ႕ਐɻ⏋ፀ 3 ෑʍɹঃȵʱɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ຦ᝓʍɹঃȵʱɭȦȩ০ˁɭɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋‫࡝ڒ‬ɭཌྷ༶ɐʳɄɭɴʭʱ⏋ፀ 1 ෑɹኜዃςᒶкᱻɻჿᠶᇕɴༀᑇɇʶɩȼʳ⏏Ʉɹಁೝɴɻ⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 2 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑɹɐʏɩȵ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹԃкӉˁᝠɌɩȦɛɭៜȭʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵɄʶɴࢪɌɩ⏋1700 ॷ᯴ȴʰࠃʚʳᦏჼБɴȲȦɩɻ⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑʍɹ૭ᆄȵᰒᘿɲ
189

ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬ʢɹɭɲɤɩȷɛ⏏˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹүɫɻ⏋ɄȩȦɤɛުɭ᥄ˁΥɴɐʳȴɹʭȩɴ⏋ፀ 2 ෑˁɭȼɴ৔ᠭɌɛ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌Ӊȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦȼ⏏Ј౅⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑʍɹଫՠˁෑጩɴ
஠Ɍᦽʠ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹԃ‫ࡴو‬ˁ᝔ɤɛɹȵ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹԇি˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɻ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹ͌˽͌͠ȵᲞȼ៿ѝɐʳ‫إ‬ԎೝɹБᝠᇕ˽ͻ̶ˑͻ⏋˻͖̠˓̝ˁ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɻɲȼȋ๭ɌȦᓩᓔȍ(walı̄ .s āli .h) ɞɭᝠɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹԃ‫ࡴو‬ɴᕸʳ⏏ɄʶʚɫȦȴɲʳଫՠᓔʢ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁԃ‫ࡴو‬Ɍɲȴɤɛɹɻ⏋ɗʶȵ
ፀ 2 ෑˁ೑ɐʳȵʪȭɫȡɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˵˗˻ˏ̲͞ˏɹԇি˓˽͞ͻ͌ɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁፀ 1 ෑɭፀ 3 ෑȴʰɹʛɲʳʢɹɭɌ⏋ፀ 2 ෑˁɗɹଘ೑ȴʰߥȦؑɤɛɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋‫ؾ‬ɍ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ‫ؿ‬ɫ٧ɽʶɩȦɩʢ⏋ɗɹ୭ɐԒࢅɻ⏋ፀ 2 ෑɹʛ⏋ፀ 2
ෑɭፀ 1 ෑȴʰɲʳʢɹ⏋ፀ 1 ෑ͹ፀ 2 ෑ͹ፀ 3 ෑˁɐʏɩԏɷҺȭʳʢɹ⏋ɇʰɴɻፀ 1 ෑ
ɭፀ 3 ෑȴʰɹʛɲʳʢɹ⏋ɭɇʚɊʚɲɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹ޽෵ਸˁȷʼʠɩ౩ኍᇕɴഓՏɌȩ31)ʳɄɭɻ⏋Ϊෑ෯ᦶᠶɹ೑֟ਸˁኍɐʢɹɫȡʳɭᓒȭʳ⏏

31) Ʉɹ‫ܒ‬িˁᅎȦɩ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɴᬠɐʳ୚యɴࢊɓʰʶɛଫՠʍɹ‫ؙ‬ᠶˁʢ᠅ʛɛȦ⏏ᅢ‫ؗ‬μᅒᓒລɻ⏋ɗɹᘿೆȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹͦ˻̒˪ȑɹμɫ⏋๖ɹʭȩɲଫՠˁɌɩȦʳ⏏ࢹɌᬏȼɲʳȵ⏋ɗɹʚʚৄᅎɐʳ⏏
˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᇍᅊɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋໬࡝ɹ০িςᒶɴࢪɐʳ‫⏋ؙ֪‬ɭȦɤɛᠦ౩ȵɲɇʶʳɄɭȵ޽Ȧ⏏ɛɭȭɽೣ᧷ɹБᝠᇕ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌቉ድᓔɫȡʳആᬏᯀɻᦚʏʳ⏏
ໆʚʱɻɦɷɴ০Ზ‫׋‬ɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ʢё޺ɫɻɲȦ⏏˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɻ⏋ਕɹԒᯆʭʱɻʞɌʸ⏋ɗɭ⏃͇͇⏆ɴȡʰʼʶɛ᝔ဤˁʢɤɩѝғՠుɹ‫ݜ‬ྈɭɐʳӃ‫ك‬ȵȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ
⏃͇͇⏆⏋ɗȩȦȩ০ɫɻɲȼ⏋ԒɲʳȋਕȍɄɗȵʭʱ߂ϟɲɹɞ⏋ɭȦȩς৓ȵȡʰʼʶɩȷɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ٧ʉ⏃ȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹɭʰȭ౅ȑ⏋ϤϠ᯲␩͇͇␭
⏆⏏
ɄɄɴɻ⏋ȋ৾໬ȍɹࡱఠȋ͓̋͘ఠȍȴʰȋડɹࡱఠȍ˥͠˽̜ఠʍ⏋ɭȦȩី๘ࡱఠ࡝ɹ๴‫ر‬ᇍࣙ‫ܒ‬ি⏋ȡʳȦɻȋଃ৾ȍɹࢸώȴʰ⏋ȋલੳȍɹ߂ώʍ⏋ɭɹ౗ೣЅఠɹᕶै᠗ᡫȵହ৯ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲჿៗɫɻ⏋՟ೝ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵȋኧ๙ςᒶȍɭɌɩࠃʚɤɛɄɭʢ⏋৿ೝ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵ౗।ᅊ༎ɹᏳᨆɴʼ
ɛʳႶᕶɹଃ৾ˁɦʞȹɞɌɩȦɤɛɄɭʢᠦ౩ɫȷɲȼɲʳ␩μᅒǵ2001: 235-236␭⏃యμ͇͇ɻ⏋μᅒລɴʭʳৄᅎಁɹᬚ᧓Ȧ⏆⏏

190

ആᬏ⏧˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹՕഓങᏼ

ǵЁ৿ɹᠩᰍɭɌɩɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹ෯ᦶɴᐚȦɩ⏋ᓩᓔ⏃ѵЖ⏆͹̊͠ͻˡɹ෯ᦶˁᓒȭʳɄɭȵਖឹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʰ‫ع‬Ǿɹ෯ᦶˁປᥒɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ɇʰɴ 3 ᓔᬚɹᬠѥɹᓒ࢘ɭȦȩʭʱ߂ȷɲೣഀɹᇿᇕɴᦏɧȼɄɭȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵʢɠʸ˃⏋Օഓങᏼˁсʳɞȿɫࢪᢒȵʼȴʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋Ϋɴ୲Ɂɛʭȩɲ‫ک‬ᰍဣɴచઢɴɲɤɛȩȭɫ⏋؅Ԏᣂష⏃ʢɌȼɻ̶ˑͻ̝͡⏆ˁᠧʛៗȼɭȦȩᏄᑈɲс෌ȵΥ౅ɫਖឹɭɇʶʳɄɭɻៜȩʚɫʢɲȦ⏏ᏄᑈɲᠧʛᦉʛɭѺሮᇕɲՕഓങᏼɹшᅎȵᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋ɄɹθᓔȵȲϣȦɴ̶ˑͻ̝̫̒˪ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ჿៗȵཉʚɤɩȦȼɭᓒȭʳʏȷɫȡʸȩ⏏
֨ȁဥȁ໲ȁࡃ
Arberry, Arthur J. 1998 (1942). An Introduction to the History of Sufism: The Sir Abdullah Suhrawardy Lectures for
1942. repr. New Delhi: Orient Longman Limited.
Babajanov, Bakhtiyar. 1998. Le renouveau des communautés soufies en Ouzbékistan, Cahiers d’Asie Centrale 5-6:

ǵʚɑ⏋Ʉɹଫՠˁ‫؝‬ȿɩȦʳፆᓔɹయጟɻ⏋Ϋ៨ɹৄᅎయɫᏺʼɤɩȦɲȦɄɭɴ໶ઝˁ‫ڽ‬ᣱɌɛȦ⏏
ȋɄʶˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ٧ʉȍɭȦȩయɴᐚȿɩ⏋؅ᘿɫɻȋ০ɴʭʳఛȦˁʢɛʰɐ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɭ⏋ਕɴʭʳఛȦˁʢɛʰɐ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɻ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɹθᥢɭȦȭʳȍɭೆȦɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏃ɲȲ⏋ፆᓔȵ؅ᘿɴȲȦɩ⏋০ɭਕɭȦȩ౗ೣϺɴՕȴʱʦɐȦɄɭɽɫᠦ౩ɌɩȦʳʢɹɻ⏋ʭʱ؏ࢌɴȦȭɽ⏋޺ᯆਸ (zāhir)ɭԒ.
(tanzı̄h) ɭ៊ᦏਸ (tashbı̄h) ɴࢪਝɐʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏆ᯆਸ (bātin)⏋ʢɌȼɻኜɹᣳᣴਸ
⏏
.
ǵμᅒລɹৄᅎɌɛᨆՕɞȿˁᠧʞɭ⏋Ȧȴɴʢ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɹᇎ‫ݭ‬ɴʭɤɩ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɻώʱᣴȭʰʶ⏋έឹɭɇʶɛȴɹʭȩɴᠧʠʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋ɗʶɴᐚȼμᅒລɹᠦ౩ȵ᧓‫ٮ‬ઢɲȼ‫؝‬ȿ๬ʠʰʶɩɌʚȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ፆᓔɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭ˓˽͞ͻ͌໬ɹ‫౅ؘ‬ȵሂϣជ࡭ᇕɴลᔨɐʳɹȵ⏋˓˽͞ͻ͌ɴɭɤɩ
‫ݜ‬ೣᇕɲᓒȭ౅ɞɭᠦȦɩȦʳɹɫȡʳ⏏
ǵລɹଫՠɴȡʳȋɄɹʭȩɲჿៗɫɻ⏋՟ೝ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵȏኧ๙ςᒶȑɭɌɩࠃʚɤɛɄɭʢ⏋৿ೝ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȵ౗।ᅊ༎ɹᏳᨆɴʼɛʳႶᕶɹଃ৾ˁɦʞȹɞɌɩȦɤɛɄɭʢᠦ౩ɫȷɲȼɲʳȍɭȦȩయɻ⏋ೣዣɫᦚʏɩȷɛΪෑ෯ᦶɫȦȭɽ⏋ፀ 2 ෑȵᠦ౩ɫȷɲȦɭς৓ɌɩȦʳɹɫȡʸȩ⏏ɗʶȵᠡៗɫȡʳɄɭɻΫᦚɌɛ⏏
ǵʢɤɭʢ⏋ፆᓔɻ⏋˽ͻ̶ˑͻɛɠɹμɴ⏋޺ᯆᇕɲଃ৾ʭʱɻԒᯆᇕɲᏄኜਸȵ߂ϟɞɭᓒȭɛʱ⏋ɇʰɴɻԒᯆᇕᏄኜਸɹɛʠɲʰ޺ᯆᇕଃ৾ɻቑʰʶɩʢʭȦɭᓒȭɛϺǾȵȦʳɄɭˁʢ⏋‫ؾ‬ಁɴᦚʏɩȲȴɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ፀ 1 ෑʢɌȼɻፀ 3 ෑɹᓒȭ౅ˁɐʳϺǾʢࢹɲȴʰɑࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍɛȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵȡȭɩμᅒລɹᝠჼˁҏʱʳɲʰɽ⏋μᅒລȵɌɩȦʳʭȩɲ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɫɻ⏋ᘿ‫ؿ‬ɲ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɹ̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ʢ⏋Ёʢ˓˽͞ͻ͌γᅠɴឿʰʶʳᓩᓔѵЖɹ޽ȼʢჿៗɫȷɲȦ⏏ɲɕɲʰ⏋৳ʰɻፀ 2 ෑɴȦɲȦȴʰɫȡʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗȵȡʱȩʳɞʸȩȴ⏱ǵ޽ȼɹ቉ድᓔɻ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲລɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɴ
ᣊ‫ؾ‬ɐʳɄɭɴɛʠʰȦˁៅȭʳɞʸȩ⏏
ǵɌȴɌࡸɻ⏋ཉȼᓒȭɩʛʳɭ⏋ࡸɻ̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ˁჿៗɫȷɲȦ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɭȦȩɹɻ⏋๴‫ر‬Ϋɴɻࡔ‫ܧ‬ɐʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɄɗɻ⏋10-12 γᏛɴ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ˽Ͳ̠༐ɴ᧟ਝɇɓʭȩɭᗑ֝Ɍɛ՞Шсᓔɛɠɹ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ჿៗɫȡɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ೣయμɴΫᦚɌɛʭȩɴ⏋৳ʰɹ޽ȼɻ⏋̩̒͞ͻ˻͖ˁ˽ͻ̶ˑͻɫɲȦɭՖʱஅɩʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋ᕶʰɹς৓ɐʳ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁ๭ɌȦʢɹɞɭ᠗ʠɇɓʭȩɭɌɛɹɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰȵȡȼʚɫ⏋ȡʳʏȷ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ˁៀ፴ᇕɴ᠝ɤɩȦɛɄɭɻ⏋ЁɇʰᑵʱᦐɐʚɫʢɲȦɞʸȩ⏏
ǵɄɹɄɭȴʰ౩ʰȴɴɲʳɹɻ⏋μᅒລɻፀ 2 ෑɹʛˁ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɐʳៀ፴ᇕჿៗˁς৓ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏

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ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 2 ‫ش‬

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ആᬏǵᯀ⏏2002a⏏ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ȍɹԒȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻȍ߂‫߅ٮݻ‬͹ࢸ೰ǵ໹͹ࢸഌχᅖ͹ആᬏǵᯀ͹ᒽᅒǵ๭͹࣢Ԓ౨ψᑂȏ࣬໳˓˽͞ͻ͌᥻Ԏȑ࣬໳ೆঊ⏋536⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏2002b⏏ȋᓩᓔȍɹԒȋᓩᓔɭɻȍ߂‫߅ٮݻ‬͹ࢸ೰ǵ໹͹ࢸഌχᅖ͹ആᬏǵᯀ͹ᒽᅒǵ๭͹࣢Ԓ౨ψᑂȏ࣬໳˓˽͞ͻ͌᥻Ԏȑ࣬໳ೆঊ⏋558⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏2002c⏏ȋ˽ͻ̶ˑ̀͌ɭɻлȴŅɗɹ෯ᦶɭеᒞɧȿˁʠȽɤɩȍȏ˓˽͞ͻ͌ɭɻлȴŅȋγᅠ‫ر‬ȍɹែဣȴʰȑ⏃աԕȏᄩȑፀ 4 ‫⏆ش‬ᚹ؅ೆঊ⏋143-148⏏
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