2023
Professor Richard Thompson OBE FRSProfessor Tamara Galloway OBE
Professor Penelope LindequeInterview Summary

Professor Richard Thompson OBE FRS / Middle
Born: 15 July 1963 / UK
Professor of Marine Biology andDirector of the Marine Institute, Plymouth University

Professor Tamara Galloway OBE / Right
Born: 6 February 1963 / UK
Professor of Ecotoxicology, School of Biosciences,
University of Exeter

Professor Penelope Lindeque / Left
Born: 7 September 1971 / UK
Head of Science, Marine Ecology and Biodiversity,
Plymouth Marine Laboratory―Research and Achievements by the Three Laureate Professors―<Impact of ingestion of microplastics by plankton>
A team of researchers comprising of three professors has conducted research on the effects ofpollutant microplastics on marine life and outlined the adverse effects of microplastics onzooplankton after ingestion as follows:◇ Microplastics can be mistaken for food and when ingested by zooplanktons it would cause
them to feel less hunger, which results in reduced intake of real food, leaving themundernourished and leading to reduced reproductive rates and increased production of
unhatched eggs, which ultimately decreases their viability.
◇ Certain microplastic chemicals inhibit molting and can impede the growth of zooplankton.
◇ Plastics contain a range of additives, and their microscopic particles can pass through thedigestive system and enter the bloodstream of zooplankton. This can interfere with the
immune and hormonal systems, leading to health problems for genetic material.
◇ Zooplankton forms the basis of the food web and decline in zooplankton populations causedby nutritional deficiencies and health damage reduces the food available for animals that1

depend on them.
◇ Zooplankton absorb carbon from the water surface and settle on the seabed after their death.
This absorption of carbon helps hinder the progress of global warming, however, the uptakeof microplastics enhances the buoyancy of dead zooplankton, which hinders the transfer ofcarbon to the seabed, leaving a negative impact on the biological pump as a whole.

Zooplankton ingesting microplastics

In addition, the following influences can be expected on the food web◇ Zooplankton ingest microplastics◇ Small fish ingest the zooplankton that ingested microplastics◇ The small fish would normally also ingest microplastics through seawater in addition to
the intake through zooplankton, resulting in multiplied contamination◇ Larger fish and marine mammals that prey on these small fish also ingest multiple layersof plastic through various sources
As shown above, plastic pollution is widespread in all layers of the marine food web.
Plastic pollution is prevalent not only in marine life but also in wildlife and human tissue. However,
the extent and location of ingestion, as well as the adverse effects, are subjects of ongoing research.
Professor Galloway, who specialises in biotoxicology, explains;“In toxicology, we have a saying that all substances are a poison. There is no substance that is no

poison. It's the dose that makes the poison. So generally, the more of something that you take, themore its effects are going to be. With plastics, we don't yet understand, at what level they start tohave a negative effect.”＜Working Towards Solutions＞
While the professors are researching the effects of microplastics on marine life, they are also
exploring solutions to the issue.
One potential solution is the utilization of mussels and other bivalves for microplastic removal.
Professor Lindeque’s team is conducting tests on such natural filtration methods.
Bivalves such as mussels ingest seawater and extract nutrients from the enclosed plankton and other2

substances. They have a voracious appetite and filter vast quantities of water up to 150,000 litres
per day. Moreover, shellfish display superior resistance to plastic pollution compared to zooplankton.
Professor Lindeque and her team have constructed a unique tank to mimic coastal conditions andplaced mussels inside, to measure their ability to eliminate microplastics from running water in anaturalistic setting. The results indicated that a kilogram of mussels was capable of filtering out
250,000 pieces of microplastic per hour. Naturally, most of the microplastic would be ingested by
the mussels and then discharged again, so they put the mussels in a custom-made cage-like container
in a natural setting and fix a funnel-like setup at the container's base to gather all the mussels' excreta
which contains microplastic. Professor Lindeque highlights that this technique can be executed withany bivalve mussel worldwide.
Professor Galloway collaborates with various companies to study methods of utilizing organic waste
to produce easily degradable plastic substitutes, which break down into water and carbon dioxide
after use. One such method currently under consideration is deriving polymers from the carbon inbanana peels. They try designing prototype products that provide the advantages of plastic yet could
easily decompose with no harm to the environment after use. The research collaborated withProfessor Lindeque is currently underway in the Galapagos Islands, where plastic waste poses a
significant challenge to the environment. Their experiment aims to reduce plastic waste through thedevelopment of new plastic materials from waste that biodegrades back into the local environment.

Another collaborative project involving Professor Thompson and Professor Lindeque is the
Bioplastic Risk Project. Bioplastics are renewable plastics created from carbon sources like plantmaterials. Biodegradable bioplastics are now widely used as a superior alternative to traditional
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plastics and a vast amount is already entering marine environments. Regrettably, sufficient research
has not yet been done in this field. Even if bioplastics are made from biologically derived raw
materials, the resulting material may not be highly degradable, depending on environmental
conditions. The team led by the professors placed various so-called biodegradable materials innatural, terrestrial, and marine environments to research their biodegradation process in eachecosystem. They investigate how biodegradable substances move through the environment, how
they are processed in ecosystems and geobiochemistry, whether they also move and settle insediments, and whether they have any negative effects, etc. They aim to provide evidence for thedevelopment of new plastic alternatives that have less impact on the environment.
In this way, the three professors are not only collaborating in their efforts to solve the existing
plastics problems, but also addressing new issues surrounding microplastics.

＜New challenges with microplastics＞
Plastic issues are expanding beyond microplastics. Over a decade ago, an article studying plastics in
cosmetics revealed that a lone cosmetics container held three million plastic particles. This evidence
was presented to the UK Parliament and eventually led to the creation of legislation to forbid the
production of such cosmetics. Nonetheless, there are now another type of plastic concern. One
example is microfibres, i.e., plastic fibres originating from clothing and fabric. These fibres arelengthy, slim plastic strands that emerge from textile waste and the manufacturing and washing ofgarments. With hundreds of millions of garments produced globally each year, and a third of them
discarded without even being worn, the vast discharge of plastic fibres into the environment posesa serious issue. In the effort to reduce the level of fibres discharged into the environment, extensive
research conducted by Dr. Imogen Napper, who collaborates with Professor Thompson, revealed
that altering the types of materials and the way they are used in the clothing could reduce the amountof fibre release by 80%. This result highlighted the importance of choosing the right materials in
the clothing from the production stage, to significantly decrease harmful plastic discharge into theenvironment. It also turned out that the plastic particles generated from car tyres are posing a serious
issue to the environment. As tyres wear down, they release thousands of particles onto the roadsurface every time a car is driven. These particles are scattered far and wide by the atmosphere andpenetrate into the natural environment. In the event of heavy rainfall, they are washed into drainage
channels and eventually carried into rivers and the sea. The problem with tyre particles is that they
are more toxic than other types of plastics and that they are extremely small and black in colour,
making them extremely difficult to collect. It is also impossible to stop the usage or production oftyres in today's world, as they would be required even with all-electric vehicles. Professors are
currently working to find out how tyre particles move and where they accumulate, as well as to
identify highly toxic chemicals. The aim is thereby to provide evidence of safety at the planning anddesign stages and to encourage the production of safer tyres.

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＜The Ubiquity of Microplastic on Earth＞
Professor Thompson is a renowned pioneer and leading authority on the issue of microplastics andreceives valuable input from numerous scientists. Researchers examining the deep sea have sought
his advice concerning plastics discovered in thousands of metres of water. In close collaboration withDr Lucy Woodall of the Natural History Museum, he has identified significant amounts of plastic
present in deep-sea sediment. Scientists working in the Arctic have discovered plastic in the ice
cores they've retrieved and analysed. They have also received queries from an indigenous individualliving in the Arctic Circle of North America, who questioned whether a change in the taste of theirdrinking water could possibly due to plastic contamination. There is also a report from some project
analyzing the snow near the peak of Mount Everest, which revealed the presence of plastic.
Small fragments of plastic which became microparticles, nanoparticles as well as microbeads, arenow ubiquitous across the globe. They travel invisibly through both human and natural pathways,
spreading via the ocean and atmospheric circulation.

＜International Contribution＞
The warning about the dangers of microplastic pollution by three scientists, Professors Thompson,
Galloway and Lindeque, and the researchers who collaborated with them on the problem of plastics,
resulted in the passing of the Microbead-Free Waters Act in the US in 2015. In 2017, the United
Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolved to a global objective to tackle plastic
pollution in marine environments. In 2018, legislation was enacted in the UK, Sweden, Canada,
New Zealand and South Korea that prohibits products containing plastic microbeads in an effort to
tackle the issue. Furthermore, the REACH regulation, which regulates chemicals in the EU, hasresulted in global limitations on intentionally adding microplastics to products. The study findingsof the professors are affecting decision makers, instigating modifications and carrying notableconsequences for the international society.

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―Personal, Educational and Professional Background of the Laureates Professors―
Professor Richard Thompson;＜Early Childhood to University＞
Professor Richard Thompson was born in July 1963 in Nottingham,UK., where he resided until he commenced his university studies. He
was an only child, raised by parents who came from families deeply
rooted in Nottingham for over a century. Many of his relatives also
lived nearby. The family house, on the city's outskirts, had a charming
garden. During his childhood, he dug a sizable hole in the garden to
create a pond, fostering a habitat for wildlife.
Frequent family trips to the seaside and expeditions to nearby rivers tolook at the creatures living there became cherished memories,
fostering his deep connection to the natural world, especially watersideenvironments. One enduring childhood memory centers around his
fascination with a TV documentary series titled “The Undersea Worldof Jacques Cousteau,” presented by the renowned oceanographer

Childhood photo ofProf. Thompson at primaryschool in Arnold, Nottingham.

Jacques-Yves Cousteau.
Professor Thompson's passion for biology was ignited by a dedicated teacher who nurtured his
innate curiosity for scientific exploration. Though uncertain of his academic path after high school,
he ventured into the business world for seven years, running his own shop selling everything frombirthday cards to Christmas decorations. Despite its success, the business lacked personal fulfillment,
pushing him towards higher education. His love for the sea deepened during this period, as heactively pursued snorkeling and acquired diving skills in his leisure time. This fueled his natural
progression towards Marine Biology.
Professor Thompson aimed for a career Marine Biology and enrolled at
Newcastle University. Though other universities caught his attention,
Newcastle's proximity to the River Tyne and the nearby coastline,
ensuring a constant connection to the sea, was a decisive factor.
He recalls those university days with fondness, marked by academic
success that fueled his determination to push further. After hisbachelor's degree, Professor Thompson spent a year on construction
sites, working part-time while refining his academic focus, before
pursuing a PhD at the University of Liverpool.

Graduation from
Newcastle University

6During his time at the University of Liverpool, Professor Thompson delved into the intricate
relationship between grazing molluscs and their food, revealing its profound impact on coastal
ecosystems. Mollusc populations devour algae, which can trigger a domino effect with theabundance of larger seaweed declining, impacting its dependent organisms and causing biodiversity
shifts. Conversely, an algae boom may lead to a shellfish decline, reshaping the entire ecosystem.
"Understanding this delicate equilibrium was paramount," Professor Thompson emphasizes,
highlighting the importance of this work.
Larger algae tend to be scarce in wave-battered coasts, where filter-feeders like barnacles andmussels flourish due to constant water flow. Sheltered areas, conversely, favor lush algal growth. Yet,even moderate-wave beaches experience dramatic fluctuations, boasting abundant algae one year
and complete barrenness a few years later. What environmental forces disrupt this delicate balance?
Professor Thompson's exhaustive research revealed the significant role of meteorological factors.
The effects become particularly pronounced during summer when the sun's altitude increases,
leading to rising temperatures, enhanced UV radiation, and desiccation stress, impacting both algae
and shellfish. Professor Thompson underscores the importance of understanding these naturalinteractions. Distinguishing these natural variations from human-induced changes is essential for acomprehensive understanding of environmental changes. This prevents misattributing naturalfluctuations to human actions, ensuring informed conservation and management practices.
Following his PhD at the University of Liverpool in 1996, Professor Thompson held lecturing
positions at the Universities of Newcastle and Southampton. He eventually settled in Plymouth,
taking up a vacant post in Marine Ecology at the University of Plymouth.

＜Interest in plastics, related papers and people’s reactions＞
During his PhD research, Professor Thompson helped organise beach cleanups, diligently collecting
all the rubbish along the coast. However, despite his unwavering efforts, the tide of litter seemed
endless, prompting him to investigate its source. Seeking a deeper understanding, Professor
Thompson enlisted the collaboration of local volunteers. Together, they organized extensive beachcleanups, meticulously sorting and recording data on the gathered litter. But a concerning reality
emerged: the most prevalent culprits, tiny plastic fragments, were often overlooked, their insidiouspresence unrecorded. Recognizing this, Professor Thompson asked his students to find the smallest
items po of plastic on the beach. Microscopic examination of their sand samples confirmed thepresence of these insidious microplastics, revealing the extent of the invisible threat.

7

He collaborated with chemists to analyze the particles
andidentified

commonpolymers,

particularly

polyethylene. This marked the inception of Professor
Thompson's exploration into microplastics. Nearly adecade later, in 2004, his paper titled "Lost at Sea:
Where Is All the Plastic?" was published in the journal
Science. The paper unveiled the accumulation ofminuscule plastic particles as imperceptible waste in
the oceans, a previously overlooked reality. He wassurprised when the paper sparked an overwhelming
and substantial response, inundating the university
with emails, phone calls, and inquiries. Consequently, Professor Thompson shifted his primaryresearch focus from marine ecology to the pressing issue of plastic pollution, consuming a significant
portion of his research time. This groundbreaking paper initiated a new field of scientific inquiry
into plastics.
Professor Thompson considers himself extremely fortunate that his paper was published in Science.
At the time, his research on plastics was unfunded and conducted during his spare time, driven by
personal interest—essentially, a hobby pursuit. He expresses gratitude for the invaluable assistanceof numerous student volunteers who contributed to the research without requiring substantial
funding. The absence of time constraints allowed him to delve deeply into the subject, and several
fortunate circumstances also contributed to the paper's production. He coined the term
'microplastics' to describe these small plastic fragments, defining them as particles smaller than
5mm.
The publication of his paper in Science significantly raised global awareness about the issue of
microplastics and profoundly impacted Professor Thompson's research trajectory. Subsequently, it
spurred collaborations with Professor Galloway, Professor Lindeque, and numerous scientists fromdiverse fields, all centered around this critical issue.

＜Encounter with Professor Galloway and Professor Lindeque＞
A research paper by Professor Hideshige Takada from Tokyo University of Agriculture andTechnology prompted Professor Thompson's interest in the link between plastics and chemicals.
Takada's study revealed a startling fact: plastics have a strong affinity for hazardous chemicals in theenvironment. Imagine washing dishes with vibrant food coloring like curry in a plastic bowl; thepigments, due to their hydrophobic nature, stick stubbornly to the plastic, preferring it over water.
This raised concerns about plastics serving as a conduit for toxic chemicals, potentially releasing
them into the environment and impacting marine life. Intrigued by these implications, andprompted by his Head of School, Professor Thompson sought the expertise of Professor Galloway,8

a renowned ecotoxicologist.
He was subsequently introduced to Professor Lindeque through Galloway, who she already sharedcollaborations with. Lindeque, with a keen interest in the reciprocal relationship between plastics
and plankton, joined forces with them from the Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Plankton, being thefoundation of the food chain, plays a pivotal role in any study concerning the impacts ofcontaminated plastics on marine organisms. Through the combined expertise of Professor Lindeque,specializing in plankton, Professor Galloway in ecotoxicology, and Professor Thompson inenvironmental science and marine biology, this small region in the southwest of the UK has become
a global leader in plastics research.

Professor Tamara Galloway:＜Early Childhood to University＞
Professor Tamara Galloway was born in February 1963 in Sussex,
England, moving to Glasgow, Scotland when she was a year old.
Raised in a family of four, she lived with her father - a Russian
linguist at the University of Glasgow - her mother, a teacher, andher brother. Their residence on the outskirts of the city offered
Tamara easy access to the stunning Scottish countryside, which
she frequently explored on nature walks. In addition, she enjoyedplaying with dolls at home. From a young age, Professor Galloway
exhibited a keen curiosity about the world around her, particularlyin understanding how things worked. She holds deep gratitude forher parents, who consistently supported and encouraged herChildhood photo ofProf. Galloway with her brotherexploration of various interests. It was, however, during her timeat the university that her passion for science and biology truly blossomed.
Scottish university education differs from that in England in several ways. Tuition fees are notimposed, and it operates under a distinctive academic system known as the "broad general" program.
In their first year, students take a wider range of subjects before specializing in a chosen field during
a three-year undergraduate bachelor's program. Professor Galloway embarked on her academic
journey at the University of Glasgow, selecting biochemistry as her major. Her choice was influenced
by an inspiring visit to the laboratory of Dr. Duncan Stewart-Tull, a microbiologist and a close friendof her father, who lived in their neighborhood. It was during her time at the university that Professor
Galloway became captivated by biology. The intricate explanations of the mechanics of life, thecomplexities of our existence, and the evolution of life forms held a deep fascination for her. She
marveled at how this discipline explores the unique characteristics defining various living species,
from the depths of the ocean to the vastness of the skies, and unravels the fundamental basis for9their diverse adaptations. Recognizing the depth of understanding entailed in the science of biology,
she found these phenomena utterly captivating.
Following her undergraduate studies in biochemistry at the University of Glasgow, Professor
Galloway delved deeper into the biochemistry that enables living processes by pursuing a Ph.D in
Biochemistry at the esteemed University of Edinburgh Medical School, where she focused on the
intricate toxins produced by cholera bacteria. It was during this phase that her passion for theenvironment began to blossom. The seed of curiosity was planted when she attended a captivating
lecture by an ecologist. The lecture vividly painted a picture of the environmental impact of humanactivity - the mountains of waste we generate, the vast quantities of oil we burn, the rivers we drain.
Professor Galloway was surprised, then immediately intrigued, by the sheer scale and complexity ofthis impact. It dawned on her that human awareness of our environmental footprint was woefully
inadequate.
The cholera toxin she researched was significantly influenced byenvironmental factors, rather than being solely attributed to thestructure of the bacterium. Simply encountering the bacteria
may not cause significant harm. However, when the bacteria
thrive in unsanitary conditions, like contaminated water or poor
sanitation, it can lead to severe illness in humans. Therefore,
addressing these concerns could involve focusing on improving
environmental hygiene and sanitation practices, rather thansolely targeting the bacteria itself. Fueled by her deep passion for the field and unwavering support
from friends and mentors, Professor Galloway completed her Ph.D. in Biochemistry at the
University of Edinburgh. Following graduation, she pursued a career in clinical diagnostics at a
pharmaceutical firm in London, where she lived with her partner. However, after the birth of her
first child in 1988, she took a seven-year career break to focus on raising her family.

＜Returning to science and starting a career in biotoxicology＞
While raising her children, Professor Galloway and her family relocated from London to Cornwall
in southwest England. During this time, she worked as a part-time lecturer at several further
education colleges. A chance encounter at a party on the outskirts of a small town led to a pivotal
moment in her career: she met Dr. Peter Mitchell, the 1978 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry.
Engaging in a conversation about her career aspirations, Professor Galloway was offered a research
assistant position at Dr. Mitchell's private research institute. This unexpected opportunity reignited
her passion for science. Dr. Mitchell imparted two fundamental principles of scientific methodologythat left an indelible mark on her. The first principle emphasized dedicating ten times more time topondering an experiment than to its execution. The second principle stressed the futility of
conducting an experiment if it couldn’t be succinctly explained in a single sentence. These insights
10profoundly influenced her approach to experimental work. To this day, she regularly asks herself,"What precisely is my objective, and am I conducting this experiment after thoroughcontemplation?" Moreover, she endeavors to instill these concepts in her students, aiming to passon Dr. Mitchell's valuable teachings.
Professor Galloway began her academic journey by taking on a part-time teaching role at Plymouth
University, instructing biology to nurses. Following this, she transitioned into a research group at
the same institution, devoting herself to exploring ecotoxicology. Her pivotal moment arrived in1998 when she supervised a Ph.D. student focusing on the impact of insecticides, igniting her careerin ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology delves into the ecological consequences of hazardous contaminants,
meticulously assessing their effects not only on individual organisms but also on communities,
populations, habitat functions, and even minute alterations at the molecular level. This field
extensively studies and investigates the repercussions of these changes on cells and organisms,
ultimately aiming to understand and mitigate their environmental impact.
Leveraging her expertise in human health, Professor Galloway embarked on a new path,investigating the impact of contaminants on marine and underwater organisms. To delve deeper
into this research domain, she initiated a collaboration with Professor Richard Thompson, who wasthen pursuing separate research at the University of Plymouth. This collaboration proved pivotal,
prompting Professor Galloway to apply for an available position at the University of Exeter. In 2007,
she secured her professorship in ecotoxicology, marking a significant milestone in her career. In thesubsequent years, she co-supervised a student with Professor Lindeque, solidifying a long-lastingand productive collaboration between them.

＜Plastic and Biotoxicology＞
Professor Galloway's primary research focuses on endocrine disruptors, synthetic chemicals released
into the environment that pose significant ecotoxicological risks. Their strong link to plastic
production led her to collaborate with Professor Thompson on a comprehensive investigation into
the plastic lifecycle, uncovering its final destinations and ecological impacts. For Professor Galloway,
this exploration marked a significant departure from her previous expertise in human health scienceand diagnostic research, opening up a whole new research avenue.
The collaboration between Professor Thompson, a renowned expert on the impact of microplastics
on marine life, and Professor Galloway, an ecotoxicologist with a background in human healthscience, was further enhanced by the involvement of Professor Lindeque, an expert in microscopic
plankton ecology integral to the marine food web. Leveraging the collective knowledge and expertiseof all contributors has significantly advanced the understanding of how plastics affect marine life
and their ecosystems.

11Professor Penelope Lindeque:＜Early Childhood to University＞
Professor Penelope Lindeque was born in September 1971 in a village
near Totnes, South-west England, where she spent her childhood
with her family. Her father worked as a postman, her mother as ateacher, and she had an older brother. An active child, she devoted
most of her time to playing outdoors in the woods and fields aroundher home. Her curiosity was evident as early as two years old when
she dismantled a talking doll with a screwdriver to explore how it
produced sound.
As a child, she harbored a deep love for nature and animals, which
gradually evolved into a fervent interest in mathematics, chemistry,
physics, biology, and art during her secondary school years. It was inChildhood photo ofProfessor Lindequesixth form, however, that her fascination with biology blossomed. This field, encompassing thefunctions and survival mechanisms of all living organisms across molecular and ecosystem levels,
captivated her.
Guided by her passionate secondary school biology teacher, Penelope chose to pursue Applied
Biology at the University of Bath. There, her university years provided her with a comprehensive
education in biology, focusing on molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and ecology. This
education extended beyond traditional classroom learning, encompassing diverse field andlaboratory work. She worked on developing the animal model for multiple sclerosis, scrutinized fungi,
and delved into marine ecology on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall.
As her university tenure progressed, her passion gravitated toward biochemical science, specificallythe intricate workings of organisms at the molecular level.

12＜Plymouth Marine Laboratory＞
Fresh out of the University of Bath, Professor Lindeque landed a role at the Plymouth Marine
Laboratory, helping to host the International Zooplankton Production Symposium and edit theresulting special issue. This work ignited her passion for zooplankton, and so before heading off totravel through New Zealand, Australia, and Southeast Asia with her now husband, she worked withpotential supervisors to write a PhD proposal specializing in zooplankton and utilizing her
undergraduate biomolecular skills. Her PhD proposal was successful, and she returned fromtravelling to start a PhD at Plymouth Marine Laboratory. While her undergraduate studies hadn't
primarily focused on marine science, she was immediately captivated by the vital role the tiny
zooplankton creatures played in ecosystems worldwide. Peering through a microscope, she marveledat their intricate forms and captivating beauty.
Her early research at the institute delved into the molecular identification and adaptations ofzooplankton to changing environments. However, the course of her career took a sharp turn after
Professor Richard Thompson's groundbreaking 2004 paper defining microplastics. The discovery
ignited her passion to investigate the impact of these imperceptible plastic fragments on
zooplankton, the essential contributors to the ecological web.

＜Microplastics and Zooplanktons＞
Professor Lindeque and Professor Tamara Galloway first crossed paths at a meeting on nanoplastics
and microplastics. Both shared a deep concern about the potential adverse effects of plastics on themarine environment, and marine animals, but from different perspectives. Professor Galloway
focused on the ecotoxicology aspect, while Professor Lindeque's expertise lay in zooplankton biology.
This shared concern, along with their co-supervision of students, laid the foundation for a fruitfulcollaboration. Their joint research into the source, distribution and impacts of plastics expanded
significantly over the years. When joining forces with Professor Richard Thompson thisinterdisciplinary partnership, based in the southwest of the UK, became a powerhouse of plastic
research, involving colleagues from a wide range of disciplines. This bringing together of minds
across disciplines allowed the team to look at the wider picture, to assess the problem, develop novel
analysis techniques, challenge the status quo and look towards solutions.
In 2013, Professor Lindeque and her colleagues achieved a groundbreaking milestone. They
published the world's first research paper demonstrating that zooplankton ingest microplastics aspollutants. More importantly, their work included capturing stunning images of microplastics,
labeled with fluorescent dyes, being ingested by zooplankton and moving through their digestive
tracts. These vivid images, depicting real-time exposure to microplastics, resonated strongly withthe public. They served as a powerful visual reminder of the gravity of the issue, sparking widespread
concern and prompting calls for action.
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＜Research Beyond Marine Ecology＞
To achieve their groundbreaking discoveries, Professor Lindeque's team has pioneered several
ingenious research techniques. One such method involves isolating microplastics from biologicalmaterial using an enzymatic digestion technique, an adaptation of a technique Lindeque developed
for obtaining DNA from zooplankton.
They have also devised a clever method for extracting microplastics
from sediment. This process utilizes a highly concentrated salt
solution, which allows inorganic material to sink and microplastics
to float, the two then being mechanically separated.
Building upon their organic matter removal method, the teamdevised a new methodological pipeline for a crucial study looking
at the ingestion of microplastic by a marine top predator – the seal.
They collected seal excreta, aiming to assess microplastics within
it, and using molecular techniques, to determine the diet of theseal. This pipeline allows insights to be gained into the plastic
content of fish consumed by seals and therefore trophic transfer of microplastics. These methods
were rigorously optimized for minimal environmental impact.
In 2019 Professor Lindeque and colleagues demonstrated that the density of ingested microplastics
affects the sinking rate of copepod fecal pellets, a key route by which organic matter and carbon aretransported from the surface to the deep ocean. This finding has important implications for deep
ocean ecosystems, the carbon and climate.
Professor Lindeque has expanded her reach beyond biology, collaborating with chemists, remotesensers and mathematical modelers. One such collaboration has been with environmental
economists on a paper that unveils the alarming economic consequences of marine plastic pollution.
This groundbreaking research sheds light on how plastic contamination erodes the immense valueof ecosystem services provided by marine habitats. Their estimates paint a stark picture, revealingan annual economic damage ranging from $500 billion to a staggering $2.5 trillion.
Numerous studies have underscored the multifaceted impact of marine plastic pollution,highlighting its detrimental effects on all dimensions of ecosystem services. These encompass
tangible resources like food and materials (supply services), crucial regulatory functions such as theocean's role in climate regulation and storm protection (regulatory services), and even the cultural
benefits we derive from its beauty and recreational opportunities (cultural services).
This diverse collaboration of researchers underscores the power of pooling expertise and exchanging ideas tospark innovative research methodologies. Professor Lindeque considers this collaborative spirit a cornerstoneof the Plymouth Marine Laboratory, attracting and fostering a vibrant spectrum of scientific talent.
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―Relaxation and Work Motto of the Three Laureate professors―＜Professor Richard Thompson＞
Professor

Thompson,adedicatedresearcher,emphasizes the importance of vacations and quality
family time to unwind. During his spare moments, heindulgesinvarioushobbies,

includingboating,canoeing, and collecting coins and stamps. Appreciating
good food, wine, and short nature walks are alsoessential ways for him to recharge. In his professional
endeavors,

Professor

Thompsonprioritizes

theprecision and validity of his scientific research.

Professor Thompson with his daughters on
the occasion of him being elected as a
Fellow of the Royal Society＜Professor Tamara Galloway＞
Despite her bustling research commitments, Professor
Galloway finds solace in the sea. Whether it's swimming or
paddleboarding with friends, regardless of the season, theocean offers a sanctuary. Living in Cornwall with herpartner Simon, a renowned sculptor, surrounded by thesea, rivers, moors, and woodlands, she considers it one of
the world's most stunning locales. Walking her dog serves
as another cherished way to unwind, alongside her passion
for integrating yoga into her daily routine. Her work
philosophy is centered on identifying and pursuing what

Professor Galloway

surfing with her friend

truly ignites her enthusiasm. She firmly believes that if one lacks clarity on the purpose behind theiractions, it might be time for a reevaluation. Fortunately, Professor Galloway harbors a genuine
fondness for her work. She feels exceptionally fortunate to engage in what she regards almost as ahobby, all while being compensated for it.

＜Professor Penelope Lindeque＞
Professor Lindeque's passions extend far beyond the lab. For relaxation, she enjoys rowing andracing Cornish pilot gigs, a traditional wooden rowing boat that slices through the ocean waves. She

15

also finds serenity in the simple pleasure of walking
beside the sea and swimming in the open water. Herlove for nature extends to her garden, where she
cultivates fruits and vegetables, transforming them into
homemade juices and jams—a delightful pursuit thataligns with her commitment to reducing plastic waste.
During colder months, she crafts stunning jewelry frombeach-combed sea glass and loses herself in therhythmic art of crochet and other creative endeavors.
Having grown up amidst the verdant beauty of nature,

Professor Lindequeon SUP with her daughters

Professor Lindeque cherishes moments spent outdoors with her family and her loyal canine
companion.
Professor Lindeque's leadership style centers on trust and respect, treating every colleague withunwavering integrity. As a team leader, she cultivates a nurturing environment that unlocks thepotential within each member, fostering innovation, creativity, and perseverance. Ultimately, heraim is to guide her team towards generating impactful research that demonstrably fosters greater
biodiversity, health, and productivity of our seas for future generations.

―Messages from the Three Laureate Professors―
Below you will find the concerns for climate change and each Professor's message to policy makers,
industry stakeholders and to us all.

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＜Professor Richard Thompson＞“I foresee a looming threat posed by the escalating pressure of the expanding human population
concerning the livable landmass and sustainable environmental conditions, including appropriate
temperatures and accessible water and food sources. Human-driven climatic changes will significantly
challenge our species, potentially sparking conflicts over increasingly scarce resources in the future.
My urgent message to both industry and policymakers is centered on the responsible usage of plastic.
While durable and affordable plastics introduced in the 1950s were groundbreaking, our adoption ofa disposable culture, primarily for convenience, has led to adverse consequences. In the 1950s, global
plastic production stood at 5 million tons, with around 40% dedicated to single-use applications—anamount relatively small on a global scale. Contrastingly, today, we manufacture 400 million tons ofplastic, 40% of which is single-use. Our planet cannot sustain such excessive waste generation rates.
When we're done with a plastic product, whether it's a soft drink bottle, a packet of crisps, or any
similar item, it's crucial to consider its subsequent fate. Therefore, a fundamental shift must occur
from the product's design phase. By incorporating environmental considerations into the design
process, we can substantially minimize the release of microfibers, tire particles, or microbeads into
our surroundings. Governments need to ensure that companies adopting responsible practices are
not undermined by those neglecting their environmental responsibilities.
We need legislation that can drive us toward more responsible practices, while at the same timeensuring a fair marketplace. Subsequently, we need actively engaged consumers to embrace thenecessary changes in production. Educating consumers on the responsible utilization of the planet's
limited resources is crucial. Furthermore, reviewing and modifying our own behaviors, questioning
the necessity of throwaway bags, and embracing reusable alternatives are crucial. Changing habits
so deeply ingrained over 50 to 60 years is extremely challenging. However, gradual progress isachievable. For instance, bringing our own reusable bags while shopping is a small step. In our daily
lives, we can adopt numerous practices, such as avoiding unnecessary plastic items and reusing
products whenever possible, to address this issue.
The future of our blue planet rests heavily in our hands. Considering the example of plastic, I don't
believe the solution lies in eliminating it from our lives, despite its undeniable harm to marine lifeand potential health impacts. Rather, it's about using plastics more responsibly. I strongly believe,
we can extend this approach to tackle climate change and other environmental crises. However,reaching these goals demands commitment and depends on the collective dedication of
governments, businesses, and each individual to embrace change and take action.“＜Professor Tamara Galloway＞“Our insatiable consumption and reckless disposal habits are the root of the problem. We extract,17

drive, and produce excessively, tossing things aside without a thought. It's time to pause, reflect—

what do we consume, what do we discard, and how can we shift towards a more sustainable future?
To policymakers, I urge a resolute commitment to making the Global Plastics Treaty a powerfulforce for good. We have successful precedents like the Stockholm Convention, the Minamata

Convention, and the fight against acid rain—proof that collective action can dramatically improve

our environment. By acting collectively, we can make a substantial difference.

To witness the devastating reach of plastic pollution firsthand, I invite businesses to visit the Galapagos

Islands. Far from any coastline, these pristine ecosystems are tragically marred by plastic debris. Would

your brands truly want to contribute to such environmental harm? Let's join forces to protect thesedelicate landscapes from encroaching waste and build a more sustainable future, together.

My message to the public is to reconsider their consumption habits. Before making a purchase, takea mindful pause. Ask yourself: Do you truly need that item? Will it be used more than once? Where

will it end up after use? Can we collectively reduce our reliance on plastic? Small changes, multipliedby billions, hold the power to transform our world.

Despite the immense challenges, I remain optimistic. The passion of countless individuals and thetireless efforts of scientists fill me with hope and faith in the possibilities ahead.”＜Professor Penelope Lindeque＞“My primary concern lies in the synergistic escalation of climate events our planet faces. If theseoccurrences continue at amplified frequencies and intensities, we risk reaching a tipping point, where

the damage becomes irreversible. This compounding effect of multiple stresses on our planet is mygreatest fear. As a scientist, I believe it's our duty to emphasize that every individual choice carries thepotential for a negative (or positive) impact, no matter how small. I urge industries and policymakers

to heed the stark warnings of scientific evidence. Let's prioritize actions backed by robust data, notjust short-term profit for a few, but long-term well-being and protection for our planet.

As consumers and citizens, we hold immense power in shaping our planet's future. Every choice we

make, from the travel we choose to the food we eat, carries an environmental footprint. By reducing

our travel footprint, reconsidering holiday destinations and flight frequency, and embracing plant-

based options in our diets, we can collectively weave a tapestry of change. Even seemingly small

steps, when stitched together, can create a powerful impact. When it comes to plastics, adopting

responsible practices like reusable alternatives can curb their devastating impact. My greatest hopelies in humanity awakening to the delicate balance of our planet. By learning to live within its means,fostering respect for its resources, and curbing the insatiable hunger for excess, we can strive for a

future filled with biological abundance and sustainable prosperity for generations to come.”18