Global Action Programme on Education for
Sustainable Development as follow-up tothe United Nations Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development after 2014
(Endorsed by UNESCO Member States through the adoption of 37 C/Resolution 12)

Introduction
1. Sustainable development cannot be achieved by political agreements, financial incentives ortechnological solutions alone. Sustainable development requires changes in the way we think andact. Education plays a crucial role in bringing about this change. Action at all levels is therefore
required to fully mobilize the potential of Education for Sustainable Development and enhancelearning opportunities for sustainable development for all. The Global Action Programme onEducation for Sustainable Development (ESD) intends to generate this action. The present
document provides the framework for the Global Action Programme.
2. The important role of education in sustainable development has long been recognized.
Improving and reorienting education is one of the goals of Agenda 21, which was adopted at theUnited Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992,
and whose Chapter 36 is dedicated to “Promoting Education, Public Awareness and Training”.
Reorienting education towards sustainable development has been the focus of many initiatives
under the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014), which
was declared following the World Summit on Sustainable Development, in Johannesburg, SouthAfrica, in 2002. Education is, furthermore, part of the major three so-called Rio Conventions, theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), the Convention on BiologicalDiversity (1992), and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (1994).
3. In The Future We Want, the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on SustainableDevelopment (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012, Member States agreed “to promote
education for sustainable development and to integrate sustainable development more actively
into education beyond the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development”.
The Global Action Programme on ESD responds to this agreement and provides the follow-up tothe United Nations Decade. It has been developed on the basis of broad consultations and input
from a wide range of stakeholders. As a follow-up to the United Nations Decade, it is at the sametime intended as a concrete, tangible contribution to the post-2015 agenda.
4. The United Nations Decade has been successful in raising awareness regarding ESD, hasmobilized stakeholders across the globe, has created a platform for international collaboration,
has influenced policies and contributed to the coordination of stakeholders at the national level,
and has generated large amounts of concrete good practice projects in all areas of education andlearning. At the same time, considerable challenges remain: successful activities in ESD often
merely operate within fixed time-frames and with limited budgets; ESD policies and practices
are often not properly linked; ESD has yet to complete its integration into the mainstream of27.02.19

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the education and sustainable development agendas. Furthermore, sustainable development
challenges have acquired even more urgency since the beginning of the Decade and new concerns
have come to the fore, such as the need to promote global citizenship. Consequently, a scaling-upof ESD actions is required.

Principles
5. The Global Action Programme encompasses policies and practices on ESD. ESD in the context of
this Global Action Programme is understood to adhere to the following principles:(a) ESD allows every human being to acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes thatempower them to contribute to sustainable development and take informed decisions andresponsible actions for environmental integrity, economic viability, and a just society forpresent and future generations.
(b) ESD entails including key sustainable development issues into teaching and learningand requires innovative, participatory teaching and learning methods that empower andmotivate learners to take action for sustainable development. ESD promotes skills like criticalthinking, understanding complex systems, imagining future scenarios, and making decisions
in a participatory and collaborative way.
(c) ESD is grounded in a rights-based approach to education. It is concerned with the provisionof quality education and learning that is relevant today.
(d) ESD is transformative education in that it aims at reorienting societies towards sustainabledevelopment. This, ultimately, requires a reorientation of education systems and structures
as well as a reframing of teaching and learning. ESD concerns the core of teaching andlearning and cannot be considered an add-on to existing educational practices.
(e) ESD relates to the environmental, social and economic pillars of sustainable development
in an integrated, balanced and holistic manner. It equally relates to a comprehensive
sustainable development agenda as contained in the outcome document of Rio+20, which
includes, among others, the interrelated issues of poverty reduction, climate change, disasterrisk reduction, biodiversity, and sustainable consumption and production. It responds tolocal specificities and respects cultural diversity.
(f) ESD encompasses formal, non-formal and informal education and lifelong learning fromearly childhood to old age. It therefore also encompasses training and public awarenessactivities within wider efforts towards sustainable development.
(g) ESD, the term used for this Global Action Programme, is intended to encompass all activities
that are in line with the above principles irrespective of whether they themselves use the term
ESD or – depending on their history, cultural context or specific priority areas – environmental
education, sustainability education, global education, development education, or other.

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Goal and objectives
6. The overall goal of the Global Action Programme is to generate and scale up action in all levels
and areas of education and learning to accelerate progress towards sustainable development.
This goal is further declined into two objectives, the first relating directly to the education sector
and the second going beyond this sector:(a) to reorient education and learning so that everyone has the opportunity to acquire theknowledge, skills, values and attitudes that empower them to contribute to sustainabledevelopment; and(b) to strengthen education and learning in all agendas, programmes and activities that promotesustainable development.

Priority action areas
7. The Global Action Programme focuses on five priority action areas in order to enable strategic
focus and stakeholder commitment. These action areas, which build on successes, challenges
and “unfinished business” of the United Nations Decade, are considered as key leverage points
to advance the ESD agenda. While ESD action at all levels and in all areas of education andsustainable development is encouraged, action under this Global Action Programme focuses inparticular on the following areas and the following strategic objectives:

Policy support
8. Integrate ESD into international and national policies in education and sustainable development.
An enabling policy environment is crucial for mobilizing education and learning for sustainable
development and the scaling up of ESD action in formal, non-formal and informal educationand learning. Relevant and coherent policies should be grounded in participatory processes anddesigned through interministerial and intersectoral coordination, also involving civil society, theprivate sector, academia and local communities. Creating an enabling policy environment, whichmust be properly linked to implementation, requires in particular the following:(a) ESD is systematically integrated into education policies that cover the education sector as awhole or a subset of the sector. This includes the integration of ESD in curricula and in national
quality standards and indicator frameworks that establish standards for learning outcomes.
It also includes integrating ESD as an important element of international education agendas.
(b) ESD is systematically integrated into policies relevant to key sustainable development
challenges. This includes reflecting the role of education and learning in national policies
related to the three Rio Conventions, in line with the important role the Conventions ascribe
to communication, education, training, and public awareness. It includes integrating ESD
into relevant international agendas in sustainable development.
(c) ESD is a systematic element of bilateral and multilateral development cooperation
frameworks.

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Whole-institution approaches
9. Promote whole-institution approaches to ESD at all levels and in all settings. Whole-institution,or institution-wide, approaches require not only the reorientation of teaching content andmethodology, but also campus and facility management that is in line with sustainable
development as well as the cooperation of the institution with sustainable developmentstakeholders in the community. Particular successes in this regard can be found in the areas ofhigher education and secondary schools. These need to be scaled up and expanded to other levels
and types of education, including early childhood care and education, technical and vocational
education and training and the non-formal education of youth and adults. The promotion ofwhole-institution approaches requires in particular the following:(a) An institution-wide process is organized in a manner that enables all stakeholders – leadership,teachers, learners, administration – to jointly develop a vision and plan to implement ESD in
the whole institution.
(b) Technical and, where possible and appropriate, financial support is provided to the institution
to support its reorientation. This can include the provision of relevant good practice
examples, training for leadership and administration, the development of guidelines, as wellas associated research.
(c) Existing relevant inter-institutional networks are mobilized and enhanced in order tofacilitate mutual support such as peer-to-peer learning on a whole-institution approach, andto increase the visibility of the approach to promote it as a model for adaptation.

Educators
10. Strengthen the capacity of educators, trainers and other change agents to become learningfacilitators for ESD. Educators are one of the most important levers to foster educational change
and to facilitate learning for sustainable development. There is therefore an urgent need to build
the capacity of educators, as well as trainers and other change agents, on relevant issues related
to sustainable development and appropriate teaching and learning methodologies. This requires
in particular the following:(a) ESD is integrated into pre-service and in-service education and training for early childhood,primary and secondary school teachers, as well as teachers and facilitators in non-formal
and informal education. This may start with the inclusion of ESD in specific subject areas but
will ultimately lead to the integration of ESD as a cross-cutting issue. It includes ESD training
for head teachers.
(b) ESD is integrated into the pre-service and in-service education and training of teachers andtrainers in technical and vocational education and training. This includes building capacities
on sustainable consumption and production modalities as well as skills for green jobs.
(c) ESD is integrated into faculty training in higher education institutions to enhance capacity inteaching sustainability issues, conducting and supervising solution-oriented interdisciplinary
research, and informing policy-making on ESD and sustainable development.
(d) Sustainable development perspectives – including, for example, resource efficiency andsocial and corporate responsibility – are integrated in an enhanced manner in post-graduate
education, capacity-building and training of decision-makers, public sector personnel,
members of the business sector, media and development professionals, and other sectoral

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and thematic specialists relevant to sustainable development. This includes, among others,“train-the-trainers” ESD programmes, the integration of ESD into executive education, as well
as aligning in-house training programmes of private company staff with ESD.

Youth
11. Support youth in their role as change agents for sustainable development through ESD. Youthhave a high stake in shaping a better future for themselves and generations after. Moreover, youth
are today increasingly drivers of the educational process, especially in non-formal and informal
learning. Supporting youth in their role as change agents through ESD requires in particular thefollowing:(a) Learner-centred non-formal and informal learning opportunities in ESD for youth areenhanced. This includes developing and enhancing e-learning and mobile learning
opportunities for ESD.
(b) Participatory skills that empower youth to act as change agents in global, national andlocal sustainable development processes become a specific focus of formal and non-formal
education programmes within and outside of ESD.

Local communities
12. Accelerate the search for sustainable development solutions at the local level through ESD.
Effective and innovative solutions to sustainable development challenges are frequently
developed at the local level. Multi-stakeholder dialogue and cooperation play a key role inthis, for example, between local governments, non-governmental organizations, the private
sector, media, education and research institutions, and individual citizens. ESD supports multistakeholder learning and community engagement, and links the local to the global. The full
mobilization of education and learning for sustainable development calls for enhanced action at
the local level. This requires in particular the following:(a) Local networks that facilitate multi-stakeholder learning for sustainable development aredeveloped, operationalized and enhanced. This includes the diversification and expansion ofexisting networks, so that new and more stakeholders are integrated, including indigenouscommunities.
(b) Local authorities and governments enhance their role in providing learning opportunities
for sustainable development. This includes, as appropriate, supporting, at the local level,
the integration of ESD in formal education, as well as the provision of, and support to, nonformal and informal learning opportunities in sustainable development for all members ofthe community.

Implementation
13. The Global Action Programme is expected to be implemented at international, regional, subregional, national, sub-national, and local levels. All relevant stakeholders are encouraged
to develop activities under the five priority action areas. Responsibility lies in particularwith: Member States’ governments, civil society organizations, the private sector, media, theacademic and research community, education and other relevant institutions that facilitate and27.02.19

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support learning, individual teachers and learners, as well as intergovernmental organizations.
Contributions are expected both from education and sustainable development stakeholders.
Responding to requests for a light organizational structure at the international level and flexibility
regarding implementation and target-setting at the national level, the Global Action Programme
will mainly be implemented in a decentralized manner.
14. In order to facilitate the implementation, key partners for each of the five priority action areasof the Global Action Programme will be identified and commitments will be solicited regarding
specific activities under each priority action area. These activities, which should have concrete
timelines and targets, are expected to serve as catalysts for further activities by other actors. A
coordination forum for key partners under each priority action area will be established. Researchon ESD will be mobilized to support advances under each priority action area. This includes
research on innovative approaches to ESD.
15. Building on the experiences of the United Nations Decade of ESD, the establishment of national
coordination mechanisms is encouraged, or, as appropriate, the continuation of successful
mechanisms that were put in place under the Decade. Each Member State is invited to designatea national focal point. A coordination mechanism among United Nations agencies will bemaintained. Through interagency and further relevant mechanisms, full coherence with otherrelevant international processes and agendas will be sought in implementing the Global Action
Programme.
16. A secretariat will be maintained by UNESCO, to be confirmed by the United Nations General
Assembly, whose major functions will be: facilitating the implementation of the Global Action
Programme through partnerships; monitoring of progress at the global level; providing aclearinghouse of key actors and successful practices.
17. There exists a recognized need to properly resource activities on ESD. At the same time, andgiven that ESD is not an add-on agenda but cuts across education and sustainable development
concerns, there is considerable potential to mobilize funding for ESD from existing funding
mechanisms in education and sustainable development. Donors are encouraged to consider
the compatibility of ESD with existing funding mechanisms. ESD stakeholders are encouraged
to fully and systematically use the existing potential. Furthermore, considerable potential
exists in the development of new partnerships, including with the private sector, to support theimplementation of the Global Action Programme.
18. The implementation of the Global Action Programme will be regularly monitored. A reporting
mechanism will be developed that takes into account the need for evidence-based monitoring,
including specific targets and benchmarks, the need for impact-oriented reporting, the different
nature of activities that are expected under each action area, as well as the decentralized
implementation of this Global Action Programme that concerns a wide range of stakeholders.
The development of evaluation mechanisms at the national, sub-national and local level will beencouraged, as appropriate, and the development of indicators will be sought. Reporting on theGlobal Action Programme may include alternative monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
19. The Global Action Programme is expected to be launched at the World Conference on ESD in2014 (Aichi-Nagoya, Japan). The Global Action Programme will be established for an initial period
phase of five years, after which it will be reviewed for eventual extension. At this time, the priority
action areas may be revised, depending on evolving needs.

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The Global Action Programme on ESD was endorsed by the following resolution adopted by the 37th
session of the General Conference of UNESCO.

37 C/Resolution 12
Follow-up of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
post-2014 – Global Action Programme

The General Conference,
Taking note of 190 EX/Decision 9 and 192 EX/Decision 6,

Also taking note of the strong support expressed by the Executive Board for the Global Action
Programme on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and its five priority action areas,
Having examined the proposal for a Global Action Programme on ESD as follow-up to theUnited Nations Decade of ESD after 2014 (37 C/57),
1. Endorses the Global Action Programme on Education for Sustainable Development;
2. Recognizes the need for strong political support for the successful implementation of theGlobal Action Programme on ESD;
3. Encourages ministers of Member States and heads of United Nations agencies to participate
in the UNESCO World Conference on ESD, which will review the implementation of theUnited Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development and discuss further
promotion of ESD;
4. Requests the Director-General to bring the Global Action Programme on ESD to the attentionof the United Nations General Assembly at its 69th session (2014) for consideration andappropriate action;
5. Also requests the Director-General to mobilize all UNESCO programme sectors andnetworks to enhance their contribution to ESD and engage with the preparations for theimplementation of the Global Action Programme;
6. Emphasizes the need for collaboration and partnership with other relevant United
Nations agencies and especially the 10-year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable
Consumption and Production;
7. Invites Member States to support the adoption of the Global Action Programme by theUnited Nations General Assembly as a concrete contribution to the post-2015 development
agenda.

(Resolution adopted on the report of the ED Commission at the 16th plenary meeting, on 19 November 2013.)

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