Cooperation on Arctic Research
between Japan and Russia
2017

Research
Theme

Human
Resource

Infrastructure

Network

Japan and Russia Joint Group on Arctic Research
February, 2018
AERC Report 2018-01

This report was prepared by the Japan and Russia Joint Group on Arctic Research, and authorship
belongs to them.
This report is published by the Arctic Environmental Research Center of the National Institute ofPolar Research, Tokyo, Japan, in February 2018.
Contact email address concerning this report is aerc@nipr.ac.jp.
A PDF version of this report can be obtained at http://www.nipr.ac.jp/aerc/document/newsletter.html

Preface

This report will describe the past and present condition of Russia-Japan Cooperation and the new
topics and results of discussions at the Russia-Japan Workshop on Arctic Research, held in Moscow
March 20–21, 2017. This workshop is the second following the two 2014 workshops held in Tokyo.
The venue of the workshop was the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy
and Biochemistry (IGEM) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), and the organizers are gratefulfor their cooperation and support.
The organizers and participants in the workshop this year hope that the discussions shown in thisreport will be developed and realized in some way with the support of the funding agencies. Since
research conditions in the Arctic will change internationally and at the two present countries in the
coming years, a workshop such as this is recommended to be held every few years.
The organizers of the workshop are grateful for the financial support from the Research
Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS) and the Japan Arctic Research Network Center (JARC Net).
February 1, 2018
Representing the joint group
Vladimir Pavlenko, Arkhangelsk Science Center, Russia
Hiroyuki Enomoto, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan
Members of the joint group
Vladimir Pavlenko, Aleksandr Georgiadi,
Hiroyuki Enomoto, Tetsuo Ohata, Yuji Kodama, Atsuko Sugimoto

Contents

Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4

2. Japanese and Russia cooperation on Arctic Research ....................................................................... 5
2.1. History of cooperation
2.2. Recent situation of Arctic research in Russia
2.3. Recent situation of Arctic research in Japan
3. Outline of Russia-Japan WS 2017 .................................................................................................... 93.1. Objective of the WS
3.2. Preparation of the WS
3.3. Program and participants in the WS
4. Proposal of Joint Research ............................................................................................................. 11
4.1. Theme 1: Predictability studies using extra radiosonde observations during the Year of Polar
Prediction (YOPP)
4.2. Theme 2: Central Aerological Observatory offers of collaboration
4.3. Theme 3: Assessment of the influence of water vapor diffusion on heat transfer in snow coverbased on mathematical modeling4.4. Theme 4: Change of land ice under climate change in northeastern Asia
4.5. Theme 5: HyARCrio: Hydrology of pan-ARCtic rivers and its impact on the ocean
4.6. Theme 6: Effects of boreal forest fires on the global environment
First step: Analysis of weather conditions for concurrent widespread forest fires
5. Discussions at the WS ..................................................................................................................... 28
5.1. Human resource development
5.2. Cooperation at the Russian research base and network
5.3. Data archive
5.4. Various regulations in Russia confronting research in Russia
6. Special remarks and conclusion of the WS. ................................................................................... 30

2

Contents

Appendix
Appendix 1. Program
Appendix 2. Participants List
Appendix 3. Acronyms of Organization and Institutes

3

1.Introduction

1. Introduction
Understanding and projection of Arctic change are important issues not only for Arctic countries
but also for non-Arctic countries, and both need to be solved under multistate and bilateralinternational cooperation. Researchers in Japan and Russia have been cooperating as far back as the
1970s and recognized that there is a need to cooperate more due to the urgent issues arising around
Arctic change.
Under governmental direction between the two countries, intensive talks on research cooperation
were started from 2014 through two workshops in Tokyo and publication of the Report on Cooperative
Research in 2015 (AERC, 2015; hereinafter denoted as Report 2015). As was recommended in thisreport, a follow-up workshop was planned and held in March 2017. During the three years, theenvironment for cooperation has been changing slightly due to changes in international conditions,such as the agreement among Arctic countries based on discussions at the Science Cooperation Task
Force of the Arctic Council (SCTF) that was finally concluded in May 2017, activities of theInternational Science Initiative in the Russian Arctic (ISIRA) Group of the International Arctic Science
Committee (IASC), and development of national programs in Arctic and non-Arctic countries. There
was also additional information concerning Arctic research issues, such as release of the Snow, Water,
Ice, Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) Report in 2017.
The present report will include the progress and implementation of the workshop that was held
March 20–21, 2017, in Moscow (sections 3 to 6), and other matters related to building up cooperation
between the researchers of the two countries (section 2).
It should be noted that discussions on cooperation among scientists was not only made by seniorscientists but was also done recently by group of young scientists. This workshop was held in October
2016 in Moscow, and it means that cooperation is promoted by a wide range of generations.
This report consists of the history and present conditions of cooperation, about the workshop, thethemes presented, discussion matters, and information in the Appendix.
Reference
AERC (2015): Cooperation on Arctic Research between Japan and Russia. AERC Report 2015-1,
88pp. (www.nipr.ac.jp/aerc/e/info/20141028report.pdf)

42.Japanese and Russian cooperation on Arctic Research

2. Japanese and Russian cooperation on Arctic Research
2.1 History of cooperation
Cooperative research on the Arctic in Russia can be said to have been initiated in the 1970s. The
Permafrost Conference organized by the International Permafrost Association (IPA) held in Yakutsk
in 1973 was an important conference, since several Japanese scientists attended that meeting and also
directly visited the permafrost landscape to understand the extraordinary phenomena there. This wasa chance for the Japanese community to become acquainted with the vast permafrost region of Siberia.
The Hokkaido University (HU) Group started their research activities in eastern Siberia with theinstitute in Yakutsk in the early 1970s. They engaged in sporadic research observation after that, anddid research work at Tiksi and other sites, and continued research under the topic of permafrost
degradation due to forest fires in the 1990s. The National Institute of Environmental Science (NIES)
initiated greenhouse gas (GHG) studies with the Central Aerological Observatory for the Siberia
Region starting in 1991, and has cooperated with other institutes since then. They used an old tower
to monitor GHGs near Yakutsk, and carried out aircraft measurement of GHGs in western Siberia; thisis still continuing. The National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) implemented snow-coverobservations for a limited period in the latter half of the 1990s in eastern Siberia in cooperation with
the Melnikov Permafrost Institute (MPI).
The greatest interaction on Arctic research between Japan and Russia started in 1997, when theWorld Climate Research Program (WCRP)-Asian Monsoon Experiment GAME (GEWEX) Project
started and selected the Lena River Basin as the target region. Experts from the leading Russianscientific centers representing mainly the RAS and Federal Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring Service of Russia (Roshydromet) have taken part in this program. They included theInstitute of Geography (IG) as the leading organization, MPI, the Institute of Biological Problems of
Cryolithozone (IBPC), the Siberian Branch (SB) of the RAS in Yakutsk, the Institute of Physical andTechnical Problems of the North, the Polar Geocosmophysics Observatory of RAS in Tiksi, the State
Hydrological Institute (SHI), the Central Aerologic Observatory (CAO), the All-Russia ResearchInstitute of Hydrometeorological Information World Data Center (RIHMI-WDC) of Roshydromet, theInstitute of Agrophysics of the Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences in St. Petersburg, and so on.
As a symbolic event, the IBPC and Japanese Universities, including HU, Nagoya University (NU),
and others, constructed a 32-m-tall observation tower for meteorological and surface observation at
Spasskaya Pad. Another Arctic observation site was constructed at Tiksi at the same time, and land
surface processes were studied. This study was later enhanced by the participation of the Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) and also by other countries, such as a groupfrom the Netherlands. As glaciological and meteorological observations on glaciers, helicopter photos

5

2.Japanese and Russian cooperation on Arctic Researchand infrared camera surveys of all the glaciers of the Suntar-Khayata Mountains were organized by
the IG of RAS in cooperation with Japanese universities in the first half of the 2000s.
The cooperation between Japan and Russia mainly occurred in the region of eastern Siberia on the
topics of permafrost, the water cycle, GHGs, and land-surface processes on an institute basis, and thisis still continuing under the present project. Cooperation on the other research subjects and otherregions was carried out on a smaller scale.
2.2 Recent situation of Arctic research in Russia
Large Russian and international scientific programs study the dynamics of processes in Arctic
regions of Russia. The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences Program titled “Fundamental
Scientific Program for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation,” whose entire
section is devoted to the study of the region’s environment, is among the largest Russian programs.
Special attention is given to the study of climate and processes in the atmosphere, in the Arctic Ocean
and adjacent seas, including the dynamics of ice cover, interaction between land-ocean and atmosphere,
glaciers and permafrost, rivers and water bodies, terrestrial ecosystems in a changing climate andenvironment, circulation of greenhouse gases, and other issues. This program, to a great extent, serves
as the base of Russia-Japan cooperation in fundamental research of the Arctic.
Recently, the results of over 25 years of Russia-Japan research were summarized at the anniversaryinternational symposium titled “C-H2O-Energy Balance and Climate over the Boreal and Arctic
Regions with Special Emphasis on Eastern Eurasia,” held November 14, 2016, in Yakutsk and attended
by scientists from Russia, Japan, Sweden, Italy, Switzerland, and other countries.
Since 2014, a new stage of the development of scientific cooperation between Russia and Japan
has begun, when Japan put forward an initiative to organize an integrated Russia-Japan program ofjoint research in the Russian Arctic. The seminar, held in October 2014 in Tokyo, formulated the mainareas of joint research, including such relevant topics as “Climate Impacts of Black Carbon (BC) andAerosols in the Arctic,” “The Polar Prediction Project, “Comparative Study On Carbon and Water in
the Permafrost Ecosystem of Siberia,” “Glacier Research in the Russian Arctic and Sub-Arctic,”“Contemporary Changes of Water, Heat, and Dissolved and Suspended Organic-Inorganic Matter
Fluxes From Siberian Rivers into the Arctic Ocean,” “Variability of Snow Cover Including Blowing
Snow and Snowmelt Processes of the Permafrost Area Under Arctic Environment Change,”“Permafrost Changes in Siberia in the Past and Future Based On Projections of Climate Warming,”“Ecosystems and Biodiversity,” and others (Report 2015). The interaction of scientific teams fromleading centers of Russia and Japan was established. Among them are the Russian Academy of
Sciences scientific organizations such as the newly established Federal Research Center for Integrated
Arctic Studies (FCIArctic) and IG,Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), MPI, and IBPC, other62.Japanese and Russian cooperation on Arctic Research

academy structures, and the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), as well as NIPR, HU, NU,
JAMSTEC, and others.
2.3 Recent situation of Arctic research in Japan
Japan has long history of Arctic research dating back to the International Geophysical Year (IGY)period (1957–1959) in various parts of the Arctic region, including Russian territory and in the Arctic
Ocean. However, this consisted of ad-hoc research done by small-groups. This has been enhanced
since the 1990s, when NIPR established an Arctic Environment Research Center and a research station
was built in Svalbard. NIES initiated joint research on the carbon budget since 1991 in Siberia.
JAMSTEC initiated its Arctic sailings in 1997, several large projects such as GAME started in 1996,
and some others started later on. Long-term observations under institute-level agreements were
initiated then. In the 2000s, research projects of various scales were initiated, but they were notinterconnected. From the middle of the 2000s, Japanese scientists and institutes started to exchange
information among research areas and groups and started to interact to build interdisciplinary research
topics.
Based on such activities, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology(MEXT) started the new Green Network of Excellence (GRENE) Arctic Project in 2011 to enhance
Arctic research in addition to what was being done by the institutes and various research activities ofuniversity groups. The research under the GRENE Project, in cooperation with Russia, mainly covered
the area of on-site research in the Siberian region through cooperation with institutes such as the MPI
and IBPC of RAS. Specific glacier study was made in the Suntar-Khayata Mountains. Japan started aconsortium called the Japan Consortium for Arctic Environmental Research (JCAR), which iscomposed of individual scientists, to enhance research activities on various aspects of Arctic science.
At the government level, Japan became an observer of the Arctic Council in 2013, and the Arctic
Policy of Japan (the Headquarters for Ocean Policy, 2015) was completed in 2015. These movements
are enhancing Arctic Research in Japan. At MEXT, the Strategic Committee on Arctic Research
discusses important issues.
In addition to the all-Japan Arctic research under the GRENE Arctic Project (2011–2016) are thecruises made by the RV Mirai and other foreign vessels of JAMSTEC, various research studies at
Svalbard, where NIPR has a research station, and other institutional and group research such as thatdone in Greenland, and also research being done in wider research areas, such as the upper atmosphereand paleoclimate studies, in the recent years.
After four years of GRENE, MEXT initiated a new project titled Arctic Change and Sustainability(ArCS) since 2015 as the successor of GRENE. At the same time, MEXT established the Japan Arctic
Research Network Center at HU. The center was established in order to enhance collaboration mainly
among the Japanese research community, but to a certain degree also the international community.
7

2.Japanese and Russian cooperation on Arctic Research

ArCS aims to contribute to Arctic scientific issues under cooperation especially with AC countries aswell as AC activities. New cooperation with Russia is included in this, and an attempt is being madeto start joint observation at Baranova Station of AARI in Severnaya Zemlya.
In the recent years, interchange among young scientists from Russia and other countries isincreasingly influenced by the International Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS)
activity. One of the events with Japan and Russia related to this was the meeting titled Prospects of
Joint Investigations in Polar Regions of the Planet, held October 10–12, 2016, in Moscow (see thereference below). This was the first time that young scientists convened to discuss Arctic issues.
Shunsuke Tei and Ayumi Kotani were the organizers for the Japan side, and altogether nearly 50
Russian and Japanese scientists attended.
References
The Headquarters for Ocean Policy (2015): Japan’s Arctic Policy. October 16, 2015,
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/arcticpolicy/jpn_arcticpolicy/Japans_Arctic_Policy[ENG].pdf.
Moscow Meetinghttps://istina.msu.ru/conferences/30360344/ (in Russian)https://www.jcar.org/newsletter/ (in Japanese).

83.Outline of the Russia-Japan WS 2017

3. Outline of the Russia-Japan WS 2017
3.1 Objective of the WS
After the WS in 2014, and publication of the report in March 2015, presentation of the results wasmade at the 12th Meeting of the Russia-Japan Joint Committee for Science and Technology held on
September 10, 2015, in Moscow, and the result of the collaboration activity was welcomed at themeeting. Afterward, follow-up of 2014–2015 activities was discussed between the organizers of thepresent workshop after then, since the topics treated in 2014–2015 were limited and new developments
were arising in both countries.
The objectives of the WS was to present and discuss ongoing collaboration themes and potential
themes in the future, obtain common understandings of the scientists in both countries, and discuss
the realization of cooperation. The outcome of the WS will be material for the next meeting of theRussia-Japan Joint Committee for Science and Technology, planned to be held in 2017.
3.2 Preparation of the WS
V. Pavlenko for Russia. Ohata and Y. Kodama for Japan searched the possibility of a second WS
since March 2016 by having discussions at the occasion of Arctic Science Summit Week (ASSW)
2016 in Fairbanks, Alaska. The Japanese side was able to obtain funding from ROIS in April, and thenactual talks on the WS started. During the planning stage, J-ARC Net offered funds for the WS, andfinally it was possible to hold the WS at a reasonable scale. The IGEM cooperated by preparing thevenue of the WS in central Moscow. The WS was held on March 20 and 21, 2017, at this institute.
3.3 Program and participants in the WS
The program and participants of the WS are shown in appendixes 1 and 2. Altogether 35 researchers
participated. Among them, 19 were from Japan and 16 were from all over Russia, including researchers
from Yakutsk and St. Petersburg.
As seen in the program (Appendix 1), WS was composed of talks on the general situation of Arctic
research in both countries, scientific presentations from researchers, and a wrap-up talk concerning
cooperation. Concerning the presentations, some were themes previously proposed in 2014, including
themes implemented afterward and themes that were not implemented due to certain circumstances.
In addition to these, more than half the themes were newly proposed.

93.Outline of the Russia-Japan WS 2017

Figure 1. Participants in the Russia-Japan Workshop 2017 on Arctic Research, March 2017.

Figure 2. Scene of the WS in the seminar room at IGEM, March 2017.

10

4. Proposals of Joint Research

4. Proposal of Joint Research
Among the research themes presented at the WS were the following three types. The type of theme
as shown in the following section appears in parentheses.
(1) Research theme already proposed in 2014 (included in Report 2015), and being implemented (Theme
1).
(2) Research theme already proposed in 2014 (included in Report 2015), but implementation is notrealized by 2017 (Theme 3, Theme 5).
(3) New research theme proposed at the WS2017 (Theme 2, Theme 4, Theme 6).
For some of the themes in categories (1) and (2) above, the content of the proposal have been changed or
modified.
The following list of the proposed research themes are roughly in the order of Atmosphere, Ocean,Glaciology, Land/Ecosystem, and Social/Human Science, and the style and content differ slightly
among the themes.
4.1 Theme 1: Predictability studies using extra radiosonde observations during the Year of Polar
Prediction (YOPP)(1) PIsJun Inoue (NIPR) and Vasilii Kustov (AARI)(2) Collaborating scientists
Kazutoshi Sato (NIPR) and Alexander Makshtas (AARI)(3) Introduction and background of the theme
Radiosonde data over the Arctic Ocean is very limited due to the difficulty of operational
observations. The number of radiosondes launched over the Arctic Ocean has been very limited;
however, the impact of Arctic radiosonde observations on weather forecasts and reanalysis data has
not been fully investigated. Improved weather forecasting capacity over the ice-free Arctic Ocean isvital for safe ship navigation on the Northern Sea Route and the Northwest Passage, because storms
can generate strong winds, high waves, icing on the ship surfaces, and sea-ice advection (Inoue et al.
2015). A precise prediction depends on not only a sophisticated model itself, but also in situ
observations. Expansion of the Arctic observation network would also help improve weather
forecasting over the mid-latitudes (Sato et al. 2017). Therefore, the impact of a special sounding arrayon local and remote atmospheric circulations will be investigated by expanding the observation
network with international collaboration. Japan has led the Arctic Research Collaboration forRadiosonde Observing System Experiment (ARCROSE) since the autumn of 2013 (Inoue et al. 2015),
11

4. Proposals of Joint Researchwhich consists of intensified Arctic sounding network and data assimilation experiments. The aim of
this joint project is to understand the uncertainty of Arctic atmospheric circulation and to propose afuture observation network.
(4) Definition of questions and goals
In a timely manner, this scientific direction fits with the Polar Prediction Project (PPP), which has
been formally established by the WMO’s World Weather Research Programme (WWRP). One of the
key elements of the PPP is the YOPP, which will consider both the Arctic and Antarctic, and isscheduled to take place from May 15, 2017, to mid-2019. The intention is to have an extended periodof coordinated intensive observational and modeling activities in order to improve polar prediction
capabilities on a wide range of time scales. The YOPP encompasses four major elements: special
observing periods (SOPs), a complementary intensive modeling and forecasting period, a period ofenhanced monitoring of forecast use in decision-making including verification, and a special
educational effort. This joint project will contribute to the YOPP observing activity and investigate theimpact of such extra soundings on atmospheric and sea ice forecasting over the Arctic and beyond.
(5) Justification as cooperative research between Russia and Japan
A process for an agreement on this collaborative work is ongoing.
(6) Approach and Method
Using the AFES-LETKF data assimilation system developed by JAMSTEC, called ALEDAS2, theimpact of extra observations in 2017 and 2018 at Cape Baranova, with two launches per day, and the
RV Mirai, with four launches per day, will be investigated.
(7) Expected outcome or product
Data will be open for operational weather forecasts through the Global Telecommunication
System (GTS). The data will also be used for generating atmospheric reanalysis products. The impact
of such observations on extreme atmospheric and sea-ice events will be assessed.
(8) Progress and Problems
Joint analysis using extra radiosondes at Cape Baranova with the RVs Araon and Polarstern has
started since 2016. The target events are the Arctic cyclone that developed in late August 2016 andTyphoon Lionrock near the Japan at the same time. The predictability study using the Japanese data
assimilation system ALEDAS2 and forecast outputs initialized by the two sets of ensemble reanalyses,
which include and exclude the special Arctic radiosondes, show that the track of the typhoon was well12

4. Proposals of Joint Researchpredicted when observation data was assimilated into the initial fields. The results will be submitted
to an international peer reviewed journal.
As for the collaborative radiosonde observations at Cape Baranova during the YOPP, the trial
campaign will be made during late summer 2017, mainly covered with the RV Mirai Arctic cruisefrom August 23 to October 2, 2017. The other existing land stations, such as Ny-Alesund, will also
increase the frequency of radiosonde observations. The big issue related to the Cape Baranova
operation is that the data transmission through GTS is not stable. In particular, the number of cases
succeeding in transferring to the GTS has been just a few days in February 2017 so far. If this trial
campaign is not effective in terms of real-time data transmission, subsequent campaigns such as YOPP
special observing periods (SOPs) would not be considered under this Japan-Russian framework. In
addition to this problem, there are several logistical issues to implement the joint observations. The
first is that AARI researchers did not attend the Japan-Russian workshop in March 2017, which
substantially delays the process of paperwork to make a contract. The second is that a shipping processfrom Japan to Cape Baranova is very unclear for the Japanese side. Especially, the preparation ofhelium gas for radiosonde observations is hard to negotiate with the third party, such as the Germangas company.
(9) References
Inoue, J., A. Yamazaki, J. Ono, K. Dethloff, M. Maturilli, R. Neuber, P. Edwards, and H.
Yamaguchi. 2015. Additional Arctic Observations Improve Weather and Sea-Ice Forecasts
for the Northern Sea Route. Sci. Rep. 5, 16868.
Sato, K., J. Inoue, A. Yamazaki, J.-H. Kim, M. Maturilli, K. Dethloff, S. R. Hudson, and M. A.
Granskog. 2017. Improved Forecasts of Winter Weather Extremes over Mid-latitudes with
Extra Arctic Observations. J. Geophys. Res. 122, 775–87.
4.2

Theme 2: Central Aerological Observatory offers of collaboration(1) PIs
Nikolay Sitnikov (CAO, Pervomayskaya 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia, 141700)(2) Introduction and background of the theme
Developments of new methods and instruments for atmospheric investigations using unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAV) are carried out in CAO. There are onboard instruments for the measurements ofmeteorological parameters, and some gas and aerosol species are sampled Meteorological sound for
meteorological parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction) basedon a UAV is developed. Developments of returnable aerological sound for balloon sounding of theatmosphere have been carried out.
13

4. Proposals of Joint Research(3) Advantages to using UAVs for environmental monitoring tasks, atmospheric investigations, andsatellite validation:Possibility to provide remote measurements by in-situ onboard instruments.



Mobility: UAVs can be brought at any point by any type of transport: trains, cars, aircraft, ships,
and so on.

Small size and weight; do not need special places and hangars for storage.

Do not need a large service staff.

Comparably low cost.

Possibility to provide operational monitoring in dangerous places: radioactive pollution, naturaland anthropogenic disasters, accidents in chemical plants and nuclear power plants, monitoringof space infrastructure, and so on.

(4) Tasks that can be solved using UAVs:

High-resolution measurements of horizontal and vertical distribution of meteorologicalparameters as well as gas and aerosol composition of the atmosphere.

Environmental monitoring in dangerous regions: places of anthropogenic disasters including
atomic stations and chemical production, as well as forest fires, volcanoes, and so on.

Monitoring of atmospheric pollution.



Monitoring of biomass burning products.



Investigation of processes in atmospheric boundary layers.

Monitoring of greenhouse gases.



Investigation of clouds.

Sampling of gas and aerosol species (including biological aerosols, viruses, and bacteria) atdifferent altitudes.

Control of transboundary pollution.

Satellite validation.

Validation of mathematical models.



Validation and calibration of remote sounding methods and instruments (meteorologicalradiolocation, radiometric, acoustic) and so on.

14

4. Proposals of Joint Research

4.3 Theme 3: Assessment of the influence of water vapor diffusion on heat transfer in snow coverbased on mathematical modeling(1) PIs
A. Sosnovsky and N. Osokin (IG, RAS)
(2) Introduction, background and content of the theme
Snow cover is an important factor in heat exchange in the atmosphere–surface cover–soil system(Osokin and Sosnovsky 2015, Osokin and Sosnovsky 2016a, Osokin and Sosnovsky 2016b). The
thermal protective properties of snow cover are determined by its thermal conductivity (Osokin et al.
2013a). The coefficient of thermal conductivity depends on snow density, structure, and its
temperature regime. Diffusion of water vapor increases the effective coefficient of the thermal
conductivity of snow. The variability of snow structure and its temperature lead to a large range ofthermal conductivity coefficient (Osokin et al. 2013b).
The study shows that an error in the evaluation of the thermal conductivity by 2 times gives thesame consequences as an error in the thickness of the snow cover by 2 times. Therefore, it is importantto calculate the coefficient of thermal conductivity of snow as accurately as possible and to investigate
all the factors that affect it.
A mathematical model of heat transfer in snow cover that takes into account the water vapor
diffusion and sublimation-condensation was used to assess the impact of water vapor diffusion on theheat transfer in snowpack and the coefficient of thermal conductivity of snow. Numerical experiments
were performed. The temperature distribution in snow cover was calculated by the Fourier equation,
taking into account the diffusion of water vapor, sublimation, and condensation (Kotlyakov et al. 2004).

ATs   Ts   s  F ( z , ) z  z 

(1)where the coefficient A takes into account the effect of sublimation-condensation of vapor on thetemperature of snow.

A   s c s  Le

e
 Ts

(2)

The effective coefficient of thermal conductivity s is the sum of conductive and convective heattransfer, due to the diffusion of water vapor.

s  c  Le D

e
Ts

(3)

where Тs is the temperature of the snow in K; z is the coordinate along the depth of the snow layer; is time; сs is the specific heat of the snow; c is conductive thermal conductivity of snow; Le is the15

4. Proposals of Joint Research

specific heat of evaporation; D is the diffusion coefficient of water vapor in the snow cover; and e isthe density of saturated water vapor.
The condition of heat exchange of atmosphere with snow cover surface is

s

 Ts
 z

Q

(4)

Q = Qc + Qe + Qr is the total heat flux due to convective heat transfer, evaporation, and effective
radiation of the surface, respectively.
For calculations, we used the snow density values ρ = 180 and 250 kg/m3. The initial snow
temperature was assumed to be 0°С. The diurnal variation of the air temperature Ta was taken using
the sinusoidal dependence Ta = 0.5Тв sin(/12) + Ta with an average daily temperature Ta = –4 or–10°С and the amplitude of diurnal oscillations Ta = 4 and10°С, respectively. At lower air
temperatures diffusion is small.
In the calculations, the conduction thermal conductivity of snow c was adopted for medium snow,
according to the international classification for seasonally falling snow, by the formula of A. V. Pavlov(2008), cP, and for soft snow by the formula of M. Sturm (1997).
The formula of A.V. Pavlov is sP =  cP KP,(5)

where cP is the coefficient of conduction thermal conductivity of snow (at ts < –25°С) that isequal tocP = 0,035 +0,353s – 0,206 s2 + 2,62s3, at 0,12 < s < 0,35 (s, g/cm3)
KP –temperature coefficient: KP = 1 + 1,18exp(0,15ts), where ts – is the snow temperature, °С.
The formula of M. Sturm issg = 0,138 – 1,01s + 3,233s2, at 0,156 < s < 0,6 (s, g/cm3)(6)

The temperature distribution in the snow cover was calculated. Calculations were performed for
different types of snow, density, and temperature. Depth of penetration of the temperature front -1°C
in snow in 24 hours was estimated, taking into account the diffusion of water vapor and without it. It
allowed evaluation of the effect of diffusion of water vapor on heat transfer into snow. The results ofcalculations with snow temperature of Ta = -10°С, Ta = 10°С, and snow density ρ = 180 kg/m3 arepresented in figure 1.

16

4. Proposals of Joint Research

Figure 1. Temperature distribution in snow after 24 hours for medium snow (a) and soft snow (b). 1:
no diffusion; 2: with diffusion of water vapor.
Given the diffusion of water vapor, the depth of cold front penetration with temperature −1°C
increases by 28–43% for snow density 180 kg·m−3 (fig. 1) and by 20–30% for snow density 250 kg·m−3.
For snow of lower density, the effect of diffusion of water vapor on heat transfer is greater than forsnow of higher density.
The value kd = (s – c)/s shows the fraction of diffusion in the coefficient of thermal conductivityof the snow. With the growth of the value of kd, the effect of diffusion on the coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the snow increases. We assessed the influence of snow temperature and density onheat transfer related with the water vapor diffusion. When the snow temperature increases from −30°C
to −1°C, the value kd increases from 0.06 to 0.48 for snow with a density of 150 kg/m3 and from 0.02
to 0.21 for snow with a density of 400 kg/m3.

Figure 2. The value kd at snow density 1: 150; 2: 200; 3: 250; 4: 300; 5: 400 kg/m3; 6: according to
A. V. Pavlov's formula (5).
The calculations have shown that the simulating of heat transfer in the atmosphere–snow cover–soil system requires using dependencies to determine the thermal conductivity of the snow,
174. Proposals of Joint Researchcorresponding to the temperature conditions of the process or to apply the values of conductive
coefficient of thermal conductivity of snow with addition of heat transfer due to the diffusion of water
vapor.
(3) References
Kotlyakov, V. M., N. I. Osokin, and A. V. Sosnovsky. 2004. Mathematical Modeling of Heatand Mass Exchange in Snow Cover During Melting. Earth Cryosphere V.VIII(1):78–83.
Osokin, N. I, A. V. Sosnovsky, P. R. Nakalov, and S. V. Nenashev. 2013a. Thermal Resistance ofSnow Cover and Its Effect on the Ground Freezing. Ice and Snow M. V(1):93–103.
Osokin, N. I., A. V. Sosnovsky, and R. A. Chernov. 2013b. Influence of Snow Cover Stratigraphyon Its Thermal Resistance. Ice and Snow V(3): 63–70.
Osokin, N. I., and A. V. Sosnovskiy. 2016a. Influence of Snow Cover Thermal Resistance on
Permafrost Stability. Earth Cryosphere V. XX(3): 105–112.
Osokin, N. I., and A. V. Sosnovskiy. 2016b. Spatial Distribution of the Snow Thermal Resistanceon the Russian Territory and Its Impact on the Ground Freezing and Thawing. Ice and Snow
56(1):52-60.
Osokin, N. I., and A. V. Sosnovskiy. 2015. Impact of Dynamics of Air Temperature and Snow
Cover Thickness on the Ground Freezing. Earth Cryosphere V. XIX(1): 99–105.
Pavlov, A. V. 2008. Monitoring of Permafrost. Novosibirsk: Geo Publishers. p. 229.
Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, M. Konig, and K. Morris. 1997. The Thermal Conductivity of Seasonal
Snow. Journal of Glaciology V. 43(143): 26–41.
4.4 Theme 4: Change of land ice under climate change in northeastern Asia
(1) PIs
Russian PI
Ananicheva Maria (IG, RAS)
Mailing Address: Staromonetny per 29(2) Collaborating scientists
Tetsuo Ohata (NIPR) and/or Shuhei Takahashi
Askar Iliyasov (Lomonosov State University) and Andrey Mikhailov (IG, RAS)
(3) Introduction and background of the theme
Northeastern Asia, in terms of glaciological and climatic issues, is still quite a poorly studied
region. It is distant and can be accessed with special transpiration, which is expensive. Because of that,so far remote sensing methods are optimal for solving such questions as:18

4. Proposals of Joint Research-

Assessment of glacier state in the present by high-resolution satellite images in the study
region, comparison with existing inventories, and archival satellite images-

Estimation of the climatic situation in northeastern Asia and the relationship with the glacier
state, trend analysis, factor analysis by data of weather stations, reanalysis-

Modeling future change of glaciers of the study region involving our methods and approaches
under various scenarios, such as atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs),
statistical extrapolation(4) Definition of questions and goals
See the previous points(5) Justification as cooperative research between Russia and Japan
Japanese scientists are quite experienced in Arctic and Subarctic research; the study region isfamiliar for them. The Japanese side can provide satellite images of high resolution and take part indeciphering and analysis with success.
It can also share the Japanese climate models scenario for assessment of the future state of thecryosphere of the Russia Arctic.
(6) Approach and method
Assessment of present glacier state by high-resolution satellite images
Statistical and factor analysis of weather, meteorological data
Modeling of future change of glaciers by climate data and climatic scenarios
Validation of modeling by in situ evidence(7) Expected outcome or productMutual paper in a high level journal besides the report(8) Progress and problems
None(9) Other matters that need to be cited concerning cooperationNone(10) References
Ananicheva, M. D., A. N. Krenke, and R. G. Barry. 2010. The Northeast Asia Mountain Glaciers in
the Near Future by AOGCM Scenarios. The Cryosphere 4, 435–45.
19

4. Proposals of Joint Research

Ananicheva, Maria D., and Andrey Karpachevsky. Glaciers of the Orulgan Range: Assessment of
the Current State and Possible Development for the Middle of the 21st Century. Environmental
Earth Sciences 74:3 (August 2015), 1985–95,
http://link.springer.com/search?query=+Orulgan&search-within=Journal&facet-journalid=12665#page-2.
Takahashi, Shuhei, Konosuke Sugiura, Takao Kameda, Hiroyuki Enomoto, Yury Kononov, Maria D.
Ananicheva, and Gregory Kapustin. 2011. Response of Glaciers in the Suntar–Khayata Range,
Eastern Siberia, to Climate Change. Annals of Glaciology 52(58), 185–92.
4.5 Theme 5: HyARCrio: Hydrology of pan-ARCtic rivers and its impact on the ocean(1)PIsRussia: Aleksandr Georgiadi (IG, RAS)Japan: Tetsuya Hiyama (Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, NU)(2) Collaborating scientists
Russia: Anatoly Prokushkin (V. N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB, RAS)
Irina Fedorova (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg State University,
St. Petersburg)
Nikita Tananaev (Melnikov Permafrost Institute SB RAS, Yakutsk)
Japan: Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology [TUMST])(3) Introduction and background of the theme
There has been noticeable warming during the last few decades in the vast Siberian region, an
area of about 10 million km2. It has been accompanied by a rise in air temperature, and to lesser degree
by increased precipitation. These changes are characterized by considerable spatial heterogeneity andsignificant changes in the hydrological regime, fluxes of heat, and dissolved or suspended matter.
River runoff changes have a significant impact on the surrounding seas, affecting the circulation ofseawater masses, the formation and dynamics of multiyear sea ice, and the balance of biogeochemical
substances. The phase of long-term climate cooling, which began in the 1940s, continued until the
1970s and 1980s. After that, the phase of climate warming has continued to the present. It could bethat the phase of global warming will stop temporally, and it could change due to a decadal maturephase in the near future, which would lead to corresponding hydrological changes. Anthropogenic
factors could also have a significant impact on the considered hydrological characteristics. They must
be characterized by considerable spatial heterogeneity, and their scale and impacts could have changed
markedly in recent decades.

20

4. Proposals of Joint Research

Various aspects of long-term changes in different characteristics such as runoff, fluxes of heat,and suspended sediment and dissolved matter in major rivers in the region have been studied(Alekseevsky 2007; Georgiadi and Kashutina 2011, 2014, 2016; Georgiadi et al. 2011; Gordeev 2012;
Holmes et al. 2012; Lammers et al. 2007; Nikanorov et al. 2007; Shiklomanov et al. 2007; Stuefer et
al. 2016, Georgiadi and Fukushima 1999; Shiklomanov 2008; Yang et al. 2002, Baggard et al. 2011;
Pokrovsky et al. 2012, Amon et al. 2012; Myers-Pigg et al. 2015).
However, there is no developed complex assessment of the long-term spatiotemporal dynamics
of the main geo-runoff components of major Eurasian rivers, the degree of their synchronicities intime and space, and climatic-anthropogenic contributions to the long-term dynamics.
(4) Definition of questions and goals
The overall goal of this study is to investigate contemporary changes in river water runoff, heat,and dissolved or suspended organic or inorganic matter fluxes of the three largest Siberian rivers (theLena, the Yenisei, and the Ob) due to climatic and anthropogenic impacts, using long-term data setsof state-hydrological station networks as well as conducting special field work.
There are four topical research issues in this study:1) Water temperature and dissolved organic or inorganic matter, which affects sea ice extent and theprimary production of the Arctic Ocean, will be monitored in the three largest Siberian rivers at themain junctions of tributaries as well as at the river mouths.
2) Spatial and temporal changes in river discharge, heat, and material fluxes due to climate oranthropogenic impacts will be investigated.
3) Differences of hydro-geochemical processes between delta-river (the Lena) and estuary-river (theOb and the Yenisei) interaction under climate change will be investigated.
4) Redistribution and reaction of the terrigenous matter in river-ocean mixing zones of the surroundingsea (i.e., Kara, Laptev, and East Siberia) will be observed.
(5) Justification as cooperative research between Russia and Japan
In order to achieve this study, cooperation among scientists from different specialties andcountries is particularly necessary. Cooperation by experts from Russia and Japan will allow us toobtain significant results as modern technologies for determination of a number of investigatedcharacteristics. Specifically the first concerns on water -quality analysis will allow us to obtain morereliable results.
(6) Approach and method
We will apply the following methodologies.
(a) Long-term data set analysis
21

4. Proposals of Joint Research

Geographical regionalization using geographical information system (GIS) is planned in order toexplore seasonal, inter-annual, and long-term changes of characteristics and the types of humanimpacts on the hydrological regime. Methods for naturalization of river runoff based on river
indicators of climate conditions and methods of hydrograph transformation will be used. Methods foranalysis of long-term and short-term changes of characteristics, such as Fourier and wavelet analyses,
will also be performed. Additionally, statistical approaches in order to detect characteristics ofregressions for two periods with different types of climate and anthropogenic influences are planned.
(b) Use of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model
The Princeton Ocean Model (POM) will be used to detect seasonal hydrological processes,
including ice processes. Using the model, long-term changes in the seasonal processes of interaction
between the river and sea in the Ob and Yenisei estuaries will be performed. Boundary conditions
using data from state network stations to calculate the characteristics of hydrological processes in theseestuaries will be applied.
(c) Conducting field measurements and laboratory analysis of water samples
DOC, DIC, DON, DIN, together with C and N isotopes, as well as water isotopes and major
cations and anions will be monitored. The sampling sites will be major junctions of tributaries as wellas main streams and the river-ocean mixing zone.
(7) Expected outcome or productKnowledge regarding temporal and spatial regularities of long-term changes for the complex ofcharacteristics within this huge region caused by changes of climate and anthropogenic influence will
be improved by this proposed research. The investigated results will be disseminated through a special
website and joint publications.
(8) Progress and problems
1) Long-term phases of multiyear changes of water flow and heat flux for the largest Siberian rivers (theOb, the Yenisei, and the Lena) were analyzed. Their associativity with air temperature changes and themacroscale atmospheric circulation, presented in the form of commonplace indexes, was examined.
Features of these phases have been revealed on the basis of normalized cumulative sum curves, showingthat long-term changes of water flow and heat flux, as well as water temperature, are characterized by
two main long-term phases. The phase of their decreased values began in the 1930s and 1940s andproceeded for some decades. In the 1970s and 1980s, and in the 1990s for the heat flux of the Yenisei, it
was replaced by a long-term phase of their increased values (fig. 1). Phase synchronism of their long-termchanges with increase or decrease of air temperature and rising or weakening of the intensity of zonal fluxin the atmosphere is revealed.

22

4. Proposals of Joint Research2). Usual runoff of suspended, dissolved, and solid material to the Arctic Ocean has been calculated
according to the element measurements on the last cross -sections (gauge lines) of the Arctic rivers.
These are Salekhard for the Ob, Dudinka for the Yenisei, and Kusur for the Lena. Our investigations
downstream on the Lena show another transformation of material. For instance, maximal turbidity
occurs before the Lena delta: near the Vilyui River tributary, the turbidity can reach 260 mg per liter,while on the delta head it was 40 mg/l and only 3–5 mg/l on the coastal line of the delta. So, thecalculations can be 5–8 times or more higher than real runoff of suspended material. Geochemicalbarriers in the mixing zones are also not taken into account, unfortunately. The last information about
the colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) parameter shows it dissolving downstream in the Lena
River due to permafrost thawing and possible ice complex melting. Therefore, mid- and small
geochemical processes should be investigated better and be included in marine ecosystem modeling.
(9) Other matters need to be cited concerning cooperation
Following is a summary of the group discussion held on March 21, 2017, after the Russia-Japan
Workshop on Arctic Research 2017, which was held at IGEM:
1) Processed-based (including chemical processes) and physical-based modeling are needed. However,the purpose of modeling chemical processes should be made clearer. We have a scale-gap for
implementing processed-based and physical-based modeling.
2) Focusing on water sampling and analyzing measurements, the upstream region and the downstream
or river mouth, which is the mixing zone, should be applied separately. For the mixing zone,
chlorophyll, pCO2, nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate, silicate indicating turbidity, and dissolved
organic carbon are very important for ocean production. Suspended material and sediments should
also be sampled at the mixing zone. Mixing zone measurements in the coastal line should be employedusing a ship. Buoy measurements on all sensors and hundreds of data loggers should be applied not
only for the upstream region but also for the downstream and/or mixing zone. Most of all, the mixing
zone should be analyzed between isohaline 1‰ and riverine part of the estuaries and deltas under tidal
and surge effects because exactly these regions can have organic and inorganic avalanche
sedimentation and consequent biodiversity increase.
3) In the beginning, nonfrozen seasons such as September will be targeted. Then the frozen season
and peak flood season will also be targeted. We should start at the Yenisei and Lena river basins. Bothrivers are unique in that they have different water resources on the catchments and hydrodynamic
condition at the mouths; the Yenisei has a longer plume of material to the surrounding sea, while theLena River, in contrast, accumulates material within; the Yenisei is regulated by reservoirs, unlike theLena. In addition, winter season is underestimated on all Arctic rivers due to the measurement
complexity on the biggest large rivers, with huge ice thickness, hazardous weather conditions, andflooding in spring. Special scientific stations Igarka on the mouth of the Yenisei and Samoylov at the23

4. Proposals of Joint Researchmouth of the Lena are participants in field experience during winter, and new approaches andequipment provide the possibility to extend knowledge about unstudied processes. It is well known
that some algae have maximum activity under thin ice before a flood period but there are not enoughdata about these specifically on the large Arctic river mouths. Planned methods for this project willallow receiving new information to clarify these unknown processes.
(10) References
More than 20 papers were published in 2015–2016. Among them:
Bring, A., I. Fedorova, Y. Dibike, L. Hinzman, J. Mård, S. H. Mernild, T. Prowse, O. Semenova, S. L.
Stuefer, and M.-K. Woo. 2016. Arctic Terrestrial Hydrology: A Synthesis of Processes, Regional
Effects, and Research Challenges. Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences 121 (3),621–49.
Georgiadi, A. G., and E. A. Kashutina. 2016. Long-Term Runoff Changes of the Largest SiberianRivers. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya 5: 70-81.
Georgiadi, A. G., E. A. Kashutina, and I. P. Milyukova. 2016. Long-Term Changes of Geo-Runoff
Components in Russian Arctic Rivers. East Siberian Shelf: Observations, Data Analysis, Modelling
Efforts, LenaDNM project. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.236945: 23.
Fedorova, I., A. Chetverova, D. Bolshiyanov, A. Makarov, J. Boike, B. Heim, A. Morgenstern, P. P.
Overduin, C. Wegner, V. Kashina, A. Eulenburg, E. Dobrotina, and I. Lena Sidorina. 2015. Delta
Hydrology and Geochemistry: Long-Term Hydrological Data and Recent Field Observations.
Biogeosciences 12 (2), 345–63.
Tananaev, N. I. 2015. Hysteresis Effects of Suspended Sediment Transport in Relation to Geomorphic
Conditions and Dominant Sediment Sources in Medium and Large Rivers of the Russian Arctic.
Hydrology Research 46(2), 232–43, doi:10.2166/nh.2013.199.

24

4. Proposals of Joint Research

Figure 1. Long-term phases of increased and decreased values of naturalized mean annual water flow:(1a) water flow of the May–August high water period; (1b) of the November–April winter season;(1c) on the Ob at Salekhard (1), the Yenisei at Igarka (2), and the Lena at Kyusyur (3).
4.6 Theme 6: Effects of boreal forest fires on the global environment
First step: Analysis of weather conditions for concurrent widespread forest fires(1) PIs and Collaborating scientists
Japan:
Hiroshi Hayasaka (Arctic Research Center, HU)
Russia:Solovyev Vladimir (temporary, Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, SB, RAS)
Evgenii Ponomarev (Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB, RAS, Federal Research Center,
Krasnoyarsk)
Lena Tarabukina (Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, SB, RAS)
(2) Introduction and background of the problem

25

4. Proposals of Joint Research

In the vast Russian boreal forest, forest fires occur every year in various places. By analyzing
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) hotspot data for more than 10 years,
frequent fire regions in the Russian Forest are gradually becoming evident. In this study, we will show
the results of analyzing weather conditions of large forest fires in the boreal forest of southern Sakha.
In the boreal forest of Southern Sakha, large-scale forest fires occurred in 2002, 2008, 2011, 2012, and2014. Hotspot distributions in 2002 and 2012 are shown in figure 1 with different colors (red for 2002,
yellow for 2012). As a result of examining the weather conditions of seven active fire periods in theabove five fire years, a low-pressure weather pattern was commonly confirmed. Low pressure nearsouthern Sakha played an important role in making active fires. Figure 2 is prepared with a NASAworldview image with a superimposed weather map. Fire hotspots are shown by a red dot in figure
2.The steep gradient of contour lines indicating average height over the study area shown by a yellow
rectangle in figure 2 suggests relatively strong wind speed or one of fire weather conditions. Thissituation is created by a low-pressure system located in northwest of the study area.

Figure 1. Study area of southern Sakha

Figure 2. Fire weather map, August 2012

(3) Definition of questions and goals
Questions: Why and how did the largest fires in Siberia occur in the last decades? What weather
conditions cause concurrent widespread fires in boreal forest? Is there any climate change effect onboreal forest fires?
Goals: The final goal is to clarify the effect of recent active boreal forest fires under climate changeon the global environment. Based on our analysis results, measures to reduce the impact of boreal
forest fires and mitigate global warming will be proposed. As the first step, we will clarify fire weather
conditions of each fire-prone area. Then, the comprehensive fire regime of each area could be definedby considering vegetation, climate, weather, fire, and terrain. Finally, we could establish a suitablestrategy to control boreal forest fires based on scientific knowledge. This approach will be one of ways
to mitigate global warming.

26

4. Proposals of Joint Research(4) Justification as cooperative research between Russia and Japan
Recent analysis results for boreal forest fires done by Russian researchers using satellite data for
1996–2016 will be needed to carry out this research theme promptly. In addition, detailed data on
vegetation, climate, weather, fire, and terrain from Russian researchers are also needed to establish thecomprehensive fire regime.
(5) Approach and method
The proposer of this research already analyzed synoptic-scale fire weather conditions for Alaskan
boreal forest fires. Large fire-weather conditions in Alaska clearly showed the comprehensive fire
regime in the of interior Alaska. A similar analysis approach will be carried out for several boreal
forest fire areas in Russia. Then, the comprehensive fire regime will be established.
(6) Expected outcome or product
The effects of boreal forest fires on the global environment will be clear based on results fromthis first-step research—analysis of weather conditions for concurrent widespread forest fires. The
quantitative characteristics will be evaluated for the model scenarios of fire danger during fire season
at the level of subregions of Siberia as well as the relative forests burning. By understanding the fire
regimes of Siberian boreal forests through this research, we could evaluate recent active fires morescientifically and improve the present fire forecast.
(7) Progress and problems
New theme(8) Other matters need to be cited concerning cooperation
None(9) References
Hayasaka H., H. L. Tanaka, and P. A. Bieniek, 2016. Synoptic-Scale Fire Weather Conditions in
Alaska. Polar Science 10:3, 217–26, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2016.05.001.
Ponomarev, Evgenii I., Viacheslav I. Kharuk, and Kenneth J. Ranson. 2016. Wildfires Dynamics inSiberian Larch Forests. Forests 7:125, 9, doi:10.3390/f7060125, http://www.mdpi.com/19994907/7/6/125.
Tomshin, O. A., and V. S. Solovyev. 2014. The Impact of large-Scale Forest Fires on Atmospheric
Aerosol Characteristics. International Journal of Remote Sensing 35:15, 5742–49.

27

5. Discussions at the WS

5. Discussions at the WS
Discussions made concerning the conditions and environment of cooperative research during thepresentation sessions and the wrap-up sessions can be summarized as follows. Many parts of thefollowing text refer to the issues discussed in the 2014 workshop and compiled in Report 2015.
5.1 Human resources development
In Report 2015, many pages were devoted to discussions and proposals on this issue. This area isvery important, since sound research through the coming years will depend heavily on the younger
generations. The Japanese community thinks that to provide opportunities for young Japanese
researchers is important, especially for enhancing the fieldwork of Japan in the Arctic region. HU has
already been taking a role to undertake interactions in the Siberian region concerning human resources
development. The Joint Research Laboratory has been established by HU and Northeast Federal
University (NEFU) in 2016. Secondly, the Joint Master’s Course Program was started by NEFU and
HU in 2017. An overall program called the RJE3 project, including Arctic regions and combining
universities such as HU, NEFU, the Eastern Federal University (FEFU), Irkutsk, Pacific National, andSakhalin University, was initiated in 2014. Institutional effort is put into these activities.
In the eastern part of Russia, the Center for Integrated Arctic Studies was established in 2016 at
Arkhangelsk, and it will enhance research, including early career scientists.
Another interesting event last year related to the activities of young scientists was a conference
held by young scientists titled International Russian-Japanese Conference of Young Polar Scientists:
Prospects of Joint Investigations in Polar Regions of the Planet. It was part of international APECS
activity, and was held October 10–12, 2016, at Red Hall of the Presidium RAS, with the attendance of
24 people. The two objectives were:
1. To promote the interaction of scientists from Russia and Japan to study the issues of the Arctic andAntarctic as an ecosystem both potentially promising in terms of economic development of natural
resources and, at the same time, the most vulnerable to human impact in terms of the sustainability.
2. To strengthen existing interdisciplinary scientific relations and creation of new ones between young
scientists of Russia and Japan.
5.2 Cooperation at the Russian research base and network
In Report 2015, a proposal for usage of the Russian Arctic Research Base was made by AARI
scientists. Afterward, talk on cooperation at these stations started between AARI and NIPR, andthrough longtime negotiation, MOU and Research Agreement was concluded between AARI and
NIPR in August 2017, just before publication of this report. This is a milestone event, since this MOU
was between the core Institute for Arctic and Antarctic Research in Russia and in Japan, even though28

5. Discussions at the WS

these two countries had field cooperation in the Antarctic from time to time without a formal documentof cooperation. Cooperation in the Arctic will start on observation and research on black carbon using
facilities at the Baranova Station. This research is a part of the ArCS Project.
Concerning other cooperation on the observation network in the Arctic region of Russia, not muchhas moved forward. For such cooperation, specific stable funding is needed, and there is a need tosecure funding in both Russia and Japan. It may be an important issue for Japan to obtain such funding
in the next round of the governmental Arctic Program, which will succeed the ArCS Program of 2015–2020.
5.3 Data archive
In Report 2015, data-sharing principles were proposed by the Japanese side, but no advance has
been made concerning data up to now, including disclosure of detailed conditions of data policy inRussia in general. It is hoped that data-sharing will advance in the near future, since it is the basis ofadvancing science and good cooperation.
5.4 Various regulations in Russia confronting research in Russia
It can be said that no clear progress has been made since 2015.
One big event related to regulation for research in Russia for foreigners was the conclusion of theAgreement on Enhancing Science Cooperation in the Arctic (reference below) in May 2017, signed
by Ministers of the Eight Arctic Countries, including Russia. Apparently, this is an Agreement among
eight countries, but one of the items discusses the application of the same rules to non-Arctic countries
when Arctic countries cooperate with non-Arctic countries. If this agreement is applied to RussiaJapan Cooperation, some obstacles mentioned in Report 2015 would be resolved. However, we do not
know, at present, how Russia will apply this agreement to cooperation with non-Arctic countries such
as Japan.
This agreement was referred to during the discussion session of this workshop, but no Russianparticipants, including Dr. Pavlenko, were able to answer on potential changes in Russia. We needmore time to see how this agreement will be favorable for Russia-Japan Cooperation.
Referencehttps://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1916

29

6. Special remarks and conclusion of the WS

6. Special remarks and conclusion of the WS
A discussion of the prospects for developing joint research involved organizational issues as well
as issues of developing and using an available instrumental base of remote sensing of Arctic marine
and land areas and specific regions of eastern Siberia. The seminar participants agreed on a list ofcertain projects, the implementation of which is scheduled for 2017–2018, and also discussed thecapabilities of Russian and Japanese parties to organize joint research expeditions to the Arctic andnorthern regions of Siberia. The Japanese party announced the 5th International Symposium on Arctic
Research (ISAR-5).
The Moscow WS has become another important step toward developing scientific cooperation
between Russia and Japan in studying large-scale natural processes and phenomena in the Arctic, andstrengthening and establishing new contacts between Russian and Japanese scientists.
To note, IASC is planning to hold a two-day meeting of the International Study Initiative on Arctic
Russia in November 2017 in Moscow in order to discuss in depth the issues of scientific cooperation
between Russia and other countries. Some advances may come out from this meeting concerningscientific cooperation between Russia and Japan.

30

APPENDIX

Appendix 1. Program
Russia-Japan Workshop on Arctic Research 2017
(Resultant Program)
Date and Time: March 20 and 21, 2017.
Venue: IGEM (Institute of Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits Petrography Mineralogy andGeochemistry, Staromonetnyy per., 35с2, Moskva, Russia, 119017) See map.
Organizers: Russian and Japanese Group for WS (Vladimir Pavlenko, Aleksandr Gieorgiadi, Tetsuo
Ohata, Hiroyuki Enomoto, Yuji Kodama, Atsuko Sugimoto)Supporting Organization: FCIArctic, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan Arctic Research
Network Center, Japan Consortium for Arctic Research
1．Program
Duration of talk: 15 minutes for each presentation.
＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊March 20 (Monday)
9:30-11:00: Opening and general talk on cooperative research (chair: Ohata)(1) Opening Speech: Vladimir Pavlenko (FCIArctic, RAS), Hiroyuki Enomoto (NIPR)(2) Objective and what we do at this WS: Tetsuo Ohata (NIPR)(3) Arctic Research in Japan Hiroyuki Enomoto (NIPR)(4) Cooperative Research between Russia and Japan: Atsuko Sugimoto (HU)
(5) Report on the workshop “International Russian-Japanese Conference of Young Polar Scientists;
Prospects of Joint Investigations in Polar Regions of the Planet ”：Shunsuke Tei (HU.)
11:00-13:00 Presentation of Research Themes (from each research area)
Part 1: Atmospheric Research (chair: Pavlenko)
Jun Inoue (NIPR): Japanese predictability studies using extra radiosondes during YOPP
Kazutoshi Sato (NIPR): Impact of extra Arctic radiosonde observations during summer on weather
forecasts over the northern hemisphere
Roman Petrov (IBPC, SB, RAS): 25 years Russian-Japanese studies on climate change in north eastern
RussiaMikhail A. Strunin (CAO) : Experience of using Russian aircraft-laboratory Yak-42D “Roshydromet”
in Arctic region.
Ryoichi Imasu(University of Tokyo (UT)) : Objective of simulation study (short introduction by
Strunin)
Hiroyuki Enomoto (NIPR): TBD
14:00-16:20
Part 2: Cryosphere (chair: Sueyoshi)
A.V. Sosnofsky, N.I. Osokin (IG RAS). Evaluation of the effect of water vapour diffusion on heattransfer in snow cover
Maria Annanicheva. (IG RAS): Present state of Chukotka and Kolyma highlands' glaciers andassessment of their evolution in near future
31

APPENDIX

Mamoru Ishikawa (HU.): Permafrost change in northeastern Asia, past present and future
Yoshihiro Iijima (Mie University (Mie-U): Permafrost changes in Siberia in the past and future basedon projections of climate warming
Part 3. Hydrological Cycle and Ocean (chair: Georgiadi)
T. Hiyama (NＵ), M. Kawai (TUMST.), A. Georgiadi (IG RAS), A. Prokushkin (VN Sukachev Inst.
Forest, SB RAS) : HyARCrio: Hydrology of pan-ARCtic rivers and its impact on the ocean
A. Georgiadi, Е. Kashutina, I. Milyukova (IG RAS): Long-term changes of geo-runoff components in
Russian Arctic rivers
A. Prokushkin (VN Sukachev Inst. Forest, SB RAS): Hydrological flux of carbon within the Yenisei
River basin
M. Kawai (the TUMST.): Distribution of river water in the Arctic Ocean
Ilina Feudrova: TBD (Short introduction by Georgiadi)
16:50-18:30
Part 4: Terrestrial (Chair: Sugimoto)Atsuko, Sugimoto (H.): Innovation for sustainable use of forest ecosystem on permafrost
M.M. Arzhanov, S.N. Denisov, I.I. Mokhov (Obukov Inst. Atmos. Phys., RAS): Modeling of thermal
regime of the soil and methane emissions in permafrost regions in the past and future.
Go Iwahana (HU./ International Arctic Research Center (IARC)): Assessing and projecting
thermokarst and associated carbon release due to abrupt permafrost degradation
Yumiko Miyamoto (HU): Forest soil carbon dynamics in the permafrost regions of northeastern
Siberia
Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Tohoku University (TU)): Tectonic evolution of the Central Asia orogenic belt
and other earth scientific projects
Diana Mindaleva (TU): Hydration, dehydration and hydrothermal brecciation of the earth’s crust: An
example from Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica.
March 21(Tuesday)
9:30-11:45 (chair: Ohata)
Vladimir Pavlenko (FCIArctic, RAS): Arctic Research in Russia:
Hiroshi Hayasaka (NPO Hokkaido Inst. Hydro-Climate): Effects of boreal forest fires on global
environment (first step: Analysis of weather conditions for concurrent widespread forest fires)
Part 5 Ecology (chair: Petrov)
Elena Lappo (IG RAS): Declining of Arctic waders on the EastAsian Flyway
Kanichiro Matsumura (UT. Agriculture): Applying a drone observation along Sakhalin to Sea of
Okhotsk
Shirow Tatsuzawa (HU): Ecology and conservation of migratory birds between Russia and Japan.
Shirow Tatsuzawa (HU)：Ecology and community-based management of wildlife in Sakha Republic(Yakutia).
Shunsuke Tei (HU): A comparison of observational data in eastern Siberia for improving ourunderstanding of forest ecosystem response to climate changePart 6: Others

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APPENDIX

12:00-13:00 General Discussions on Cooperative Research○Issues, problems, questions concerning cooperative research○Summary of WS and Report
Adjourn＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊

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APPENDIX

Appendix 2. Participants List
Participants in the Russia-Japan Workshop on Arctic Research 2017
RussiaName
Roman

Petrov

Position

Organization

Researcher

IBPC, SB, RAS
Institute for Automation

Anatoly

Alexanin

Head of Laboratory

and Control Processes(IACP), Far-east
Branch (FEB) RAS

Maria

Ananicheva

Leading Researcher

IG, RAS

Mikhail

StruninHead of Laboratory

CAO

Elena

Lappo

Senior Researcher

IG, RAS

Alexandr

Georgiadi

Leading Researcher

IG, RAS

Alexander

Sosnovsky

Work Center Coordinator

IG, RAS

Scientific Secretary

IBPC, SB, RAS

Innokentiy Okhlopkov
SergeyDenisov

IAP, RAS

Maxim

Arzhanov

IAP, RAS

VladimirPavlenko

Vladimir

SukhovPresidium, RAS

Nikolay

Sitnikov

CAO

zArkadiy

Tishkov

Deputy Director

IG, RAS

Irina

Fedorova

Associate Professor

AARI, St. P. SU

Director

ARHSC, RAS

V. N. Sukachev
Anatoly

Prokushkin

Head of Laboratory

Institute of Forest, SB,
RAS

Japan
Diana

Mindaleva

Student (Masters Course)

TU

Hiroyuki

Enomoto

Deputy Director

NIPR

Jun

Inoue

Associate Professor

NIPR

Noriyoshi

Tsuchiya

Professor

TU

Yoshihiro

IijimaAssociate Professor

Mie-U

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APPENDIX

HiroshiHayasaka

Researcher

HU

MamoruIshikawa

Associate Professor

HU

AtsukoSugimoto

Professor

HU

Tetsuya

HiyamaProfessor

NU.

Kanichiro

Matsumura

Professor

UT Agriculture

Kazutoshi

Sato

Postdoctoral Scientist

NIPR

YumikoMiyamoto

Postdoctoral Fellow

HU

Shunsuke

Tei

Researcher

HU

Associate Professor

TUMST

Michiyo

YamamotoKawai

TetsuoSueyoshiResearch Administrator

NIPR

TetsuoOhata

Project Professor

NIPR

Yuji

KodamaProject Associate Professor

NIPR

Shirow

Tatsuzawa

Assistant Professor

HU

Go

Iwahana

Research Assistant Professor

35

University of Alaska
Fairbanks (UAF)APPENDIX

Appendix 3. Acronyms of Organization and Institutes
The acronyms below include those used in this report and also in Report 2015.
Organization
AARI: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Roshydromet (St. Petersburg, Russia)
AC: Arctic Council (Tromso, Norway)
AERC: Arctic Environment Research Center, NIPR (Tachikawa, Japan)
APECS: Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (Tromso, Norway)
ARHSC: Arkhangelsk Scientific Center, Ural Branch (UB), RAS (Arkhangelsk, Russia)
ASSW: Arctic Science Summit Week
CAO: Central Aerological Observatory (Moscow, Russia)
FCIArctic: Federal Research Center for Integrated Arctic Studies
FEB: Far East Branch, RAS (Vladivostok, Russia)
FFPRI: Forest Products Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Tsukuba, Japan)
GEOKHI: Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, RAS
HU: Hokkaido University (Sapporo, Japan)
IACP: Institute for Automation and Control Processes
IAP: Institute of Atmospheric Physics, RAS (Moscow, Russia)
IARC: International Arctic Research Center
IASC: International Arctic Science Committee (Akureyri, Iceland)
IB: Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Center, RAS (Petrozavodsk, Russia)
IBP: Institute of Biophysics, SB, RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Japan)
IBPC: Institute of Biological Problems of the Cliolithzone (Yakutsk, Russia)
IG: Institute of Geography, RAS (Moscow, Russia)
IGEM: Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Biochemistry
IPA: International Permafrost Association. (Longyearbyen, Svalbard)
IPOI: Iyichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB, RAS (Vladivostok, Russia)
ISIRA: International Science Initiative in the Russian Arctic (Akureyri, Iceland)
ISTC: International Science and Technology Center (Moscow, Russia)
JAMSTEC: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (Yokosuka, Japan)
J-ARC Net: Japan Arctic Research Network Center (Sapporo, Japan)
JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Tsukuba, Japan)
JCAR: Japan Consortium for Arctic Environment Research (Tachikawa, Japan)
KIT: Kitami Institute of Technology (Kitami, Japan)
KIP: Kirensky Institute of Physics, SB, RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia)
MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Tokyo, Japan)
Mie-U: Mie University (Tsu, Japan)
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APPENDIXMPI: Melnikov Permafrost Institute, SB, RAS (Yakutsk, Russia)
NEFU: Northeast Federal University (Yakutsk, Russia)
NIES: National Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environment (Tuskuba, Japan)
NIPR: National Institute of Polar Research (Tachikawa, Japan)
NU: Nagoya University (Nagoya, Japan)
RAS: Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia)
RIHMI-WDC: All-Russia Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information World Data Center(Obninsk, Russia)
ROIS: Research Organization of Information and Systems (Tokyo, Japan)
Roshydromet: Federal Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring Service of Russia
SB: Siberian Branch, RAS (Nobosibirsk, Russia)
SCTF: Science Cooperation Task Force of Arctic Council (Tromso, Norway)
SHI: State Hydrological Institute, Roshydromet (St. Petersburg, Russia)
SIEE: Sevetsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS (Moscow, Russia)
SIF: Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB, RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia)
TU: Tohoku University (Sendai, Japan)
UB: Ural Branch, RAS
UT: University of Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan)
UT: University of Toyama (Toyama, Japan)
TUMST: Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (Tokyo, Japan)
WIM: V. E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, SB, RAS (Tomsk, Russia)
ZIN: Zoological Institute, RAS (St. Petersburg, Russia)
OthersAOGCMs: Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models
ARCROSE: Arctic Research Collaboration for Radiosonde Observing System Experiment
ArCS: Arctic Challenge for Sustainability
BC: black carbon
CDOM: colored dissolved organic matter
GAME: GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment
GIS: geographical information system
GHG: greenhouse gas
GRENE: Green Network of Excellence
GTS: global telecommunication system
IGY: International Geophysical Year
ISAR-5: the 5th International Symposium on Arctic Research
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APPENDIX

MATCH: Determination of Stratospheric Polar Ozone Losses
MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
NABOS: Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System
POM: Princeton Ocean Model
PPP: Polar Prediction Project
SOPs: special observing periods
SWIPA: Snow, Water, Ice, Permafrost in the Arctic
UAV: unmanned aerial vehicles
WCRP: World Climate Research Program
WWRP: World Weather Research Programme
YOPP: Year of Polar Prediction

38