United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

ATTACHMENT C-13

METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSEFROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALUNSCEAR 2013 Report, Annex A, Levels and effects of radiation exposure dueto the nuclear accident after the 2011 great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami,
Appendix C (Assessment of doses to the public)

Notes
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©

United Nations, January 2015. All rights reserved, worldwide.

This publication has not been formally edited.

Contents
NOTES ......................................................................................................................................... 1
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5
II. DOSES ESTIMATED............................................................................................................ 6
III. ASSESSMENT OF DOSES FROM INGESTION ON THE BASIS OF
MEASUREMENT DATA ..................................................................................................... 6
A. Evaluation of data ............................................................................................................. 6
B. Assessment of doses to representative individuals from ingestion ofradionuclides .................................................................................................................... 7
IV. DOSES FROM THE INGESTION OF TERRESTRIAL FOODS ........................................ 9
A. Individual doses ................................................................................................................ 9
B. Collective doses .............................................................................................................. 10
C. Intake rates ..................................................................................................................... 10
D. Domestic production ...................................................................................................... 11
E. Activity concentrations of radionuclides in food ........................................................... 12
F. Food restrictions ............................................................................................................. 13
G. Dose calculations ............................................................................................................ 15
V. DOSES FROM THE INGESTION OF AQUATIC FOOD AND DRINKINGWATER ................................................................................................................................ 15
A. Individual doses from aquatic food ................................................................................ 15
B. Individual doses from ingestion of drinking water ........................................................ 17
VI. COMMENTARY ON UNCERTAINTIES .......................................................................... 18
SUPPLEMENT A. DOSE COEFFICIENTS ............................................................................. 19
SUPPLEMENT B. FOOD CATEGORIES AND RELATED DATA ....................................... 21
SUPPLEMENT C. MODEL PARAMETERS AND AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES USED IN THE FARMLAND MODEL ........................................................ 31
SUPPLEMENT D. TRANSFER FACTORS FOR JAPANESE FOOD USED IN
THE FARMLAND MODEL ............................................................................................... 35
SUPPLEMENT E. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING DOSES FROMINGESTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER ........................................ 43
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 47

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALI.

5

INTRODUCTION

1.
Following an accidental release of radionuclides to the environment, the ingestion offood can be an important route by which radionuclides enter the body. This applies to releases
both to atmosphere and water bodies. Following the releases from the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power station (FDNPS) in 2011, widespread monitoring of various types of food was
carried out to determine the quantities of key radionuclides contained in them. In order to limit
radiation exposure of the public, restrictions on the supply of foodstuffs were introduced inJapan, with the aim of ensuring that food above defined levels of contamination was notmarketed and hence consumed by the public. Where possible, the estimated doses from theingestion of food took these restrictions into account.
2.
Different approaches were used to estimate doses from the ingestion of terrestrial andmarine food. For doses in the first year in Japan, the main assessment was based on thecomprehensive set of measurement data obtained by the Japanese authorities and provided to
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The measured concentrations were combined withinformation on how much of particular food people eat to estimate radiation doses. In order toestimate doses beyond the first year, a modelling approach was used for both terrestrial andmarine food. Because it was not possible to find a suitable Japanese model for the transfer ofradionuclides through terrestrial food chains, a modified version of the FARMLAND model[Brown and Simmonds, 1995] was used to estimate concentrations of key radionuclides invarious foods as a function of time on the basis of estimated or measured deposition densities
of radionuclides on the ground (including plants). The model was adapted to Japanese
agricultural practices and conditions to the extent possible. For marine food, estimated activity
concentrations in seawater and sediment were used to estimate activity concentrations invarious marine foods and hence doses from ingestion.
3.
For intakes of terrestrial food, collective doses were also estimated by calculating acollective intake on the basis of the total production of food for human consumption indifferent regions of the country. In estimating collective doses, the Committee assumed thatany foods with activity concentrations above the levels recommended by the Japanese
authorities were not eaten.
4.
Only a very limited assessment of doses in countries very close to Japan was carriedout, with a simplified approach. It was assumed that there was no contribution to dose fromfood imported from Japan in view of the widespread controls that were introduced by both theJapanese and national authorities together with the reductions in food exports from Japanfollowing the accident. This assumption was supported by the very low levels of radionuclides
measured in food imported from Japan as reported by Member States. Account was taken of
the levels in food produced only in the country of interest; these were estimated using themodified FARMLAND model, using the estimated deposition densities of radionuclides on the
ground. The pattern of food consumption was assumed to be the same as that for Japan.
5.
This paper summarizes the methodology used by the Committee for estimating thedoses to the public from ingestion of foodstuffs.

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ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALII.

DOSES ESTIMATED

6.
The emphasis in the dose assessment was to estimate doses to defined groups ofindividuals considered representative of the different subsets of the Japanese population. The
aim was to consider doses characteristic of those that have been, or will be received by typicalmembers of the public with average habits living in different locations. The uncertainties
associated with the assessment were also addressed. Estimates were also made of collective
doses to the public.
7.
The doses estimated were: the effective dose as defined by the International
Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [ICRP, 1991, Publication 60; ICRP, 2007,
Publication 103] and the absorbed dose to the thyroid. In addition, absorbed doses to otherorgans (colon, lower large intestine, lung and red bone marrow) were estimated in some cases.
In all cases, the dose estimated was the committed dose (integrated over 50 years or to age 70
as used by ICRP) from intakes by ingestion in the period of interest. Three age groups wereconsidered (20-year-old adults, 10-year-old children and one-year-old infants) but
consideration was also given to the doses to the foetus and breast-fed infant. The dosecoefficients (dose per unit activity intake) for members of the public used in the assessment
were those provided by ICRP [ICRP, 2012, Publication 119] and are reproduced insupplement A.
8.
Doses were estimated to the three age groups for the first year following the accident.
In addition, lifetime doses — up to age 80 years — were calculated taking into account ageing.
Doses to those who were infants, aged one year at the time of the accident, were consideredusing the dose coefficients and other relevant data for one-year-old infants up to age 5 years,
data for 10-year-old children were used from ages 6 to 15 years and data for adults were usedfrom ages 16 to 80 years. Doses to those who were children, aged 10 years at the time of theaccident, were considered using the data for 10-year-old children up to age 15 years and data
for adults were used from ages 16 to 80 years.

III. ASSESSMENT OF DOSES FROM INGESTION ON THE BASIS OF
MEASUREMENT DATA
A.

Evaluation of data

9.
A combined FAO/IAEA/MAFF database of measured activity concentrations in foods
in Japan was used in this assessment to estimate radiation doses in the first year following thereleases from the FDNPS. The data were obtained from the relevant Japanese authorities
through the FAO/WHO International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) andconsiderable effort was required by the staff of FAO/IAEA to manually check these data, toensure that the nomenclature (food and location names) was clear and consistent and that thedata were appropriate for further use. These data were also further developed by the Japanese
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and the two sets of data werecombined to form an overall database for use in this assessment. Detailed cross-checks werecarried out to ensure that the combined database was correct and consistent. Further details on
the database are given in attachment C-8.
10.
The database contains data for a wide variety of foods but in order to assess doses,
these were grouped for use with the available data on food consumption. The following broad

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7

categories of food were considered (full details of the categories used in the database, the dataon food consumption and the FARMLAND model are given in supplement B):− Vegetables. Leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and other vegetables;− Fruits. Fresh and processed fruits, and juices;− Fish and shellfish. Marine and migratory fish (such as salmon and freshwater fish), andcrustaceans and molluscs;− Meats. Beef/cattle, pork (excluding wild boar), poultry, and other meat;− Eggs.
− Milk and dairy products. Milk, and dairy (including cheese);− Cereals. Rice and rice products, wheat and wheat products, and other cereals;− Other food. Soya and soya products, mushrooms, and algae.
11.
The locations provided in the database are defined by name and can cover broad areas.
However, this was not a problem in the assessment of doses to representative individuals
because people do not generally obtain all of their food from their immediate locality. Rather,
they consume food produced throughout the country and imported from outside Japan. For thisassessment, the approach was to estimate average doses from ingestion to be added to theaverage individual doses from the other exposure pathways (external irradiation plus
inhalation). In addition, an estimate was made of the possible distribution in doses fromingestion resulting from the variability in activity concentrations in food and the extent towhich people eat locally produced food.
B.

Assessment of doses to representative individuals from ingestion ofradionuclides

12.
The aim was to estimate doses to representative individuals with typical habits living inspecific locations. It would be very cautious and unrealistic to assume that the average person
obtained all of their food from the location where they lived. However, the measurements ofactivity concentration that are given in the database and used in this assessment were for foodas marketed and so should, to some extent, be representative of the food consumed. However,for the first few months following the accident, insufficient data were available to permit theCommittee to estimate doses from ingestion at a local level (settlement or town). It wastherefore necessary to estimate the doses from ingestion for wider areas. Three sets of doses
were estimated: for Fukushima Prefecture; for the neighbouring prefectures (Chiba, Gunma,
Ibaraki, Miyagi and Tochigi) treated together; and for the rest of Japan.
13.
A significant amount of food is imported into Japan. The dose assessment was based on
the average proportion of each type of food that is imported into Japan on a yearly basis[MAFF, 2012]. This proportion was assumed to be independent of location and time (seesupplement B). The importance of this assumption was investigated through an assessment of
the doses that would have been received if it had been assumed that 100% of all food had been
produced in Japan.
14.
Approximately 126,000 records of activity concentrations of radionuclides in food areincluded in the database for the period from March 2011 to March 2012. About 5,000 samples
were collected in the first three months, predominantly from Fukushima Prefecture and theneighbouring prefectures; there was a rapid increase in the number of samples collected after

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ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

three months including a higher proportion from more distant prefectures, as discussed inattachment C-8. Results for a large number of different types of food are included in the
database, but there are far more data for some foods than for others. For example over 84,000
measurements of beef were made (about 67% of the total), which was significantly greater thanfor any other food type. Nevertheless, the Committee concluded that sufficient data wereavailable for the dose assessment.
15.
Limits of detection. A number of the measurements were reported as less than the limit
of detection (in most cases, the specific limits of detection were not provided). When this was
the case, the approach was to assume that the activity concentration of each of three major
radionuclides (131I, 134Cs and 137Cs; see paragraph 21) was 10 Bq/kg (except for the situations
given below). In some cases, this assumption was likely to overestimate actual concentrations
because some analytical techniques were available for which the limit of detection wasconsiderably lower than 10 Bq/kg. However, owing to the needed throughput of a large numberof samples in a short time frame, less sensitive techniques were also used and, in some cases,
the limits of detection were reported to be up to 50 Bq/kg. Hence overall, the assumption of
10 Bq/kg was thought to be reasonable.
16.
There were two situations where the assumption of a minimum value of activity
concentration of 10 Bq/kg was not adopted:(a) For 131I, all samples collected after 15 July 2011 were reported to be below the limit ofdetection. In view of the short half-life of iodine (8 days), the activity concentration
four months after the accident was assumed to be zero;(b) Rice in Japan is not harvested until September each year, so the activity concentrationsof radionuclides in rice were also assumed to be zero before this month in 2011.
17.
Where insufficient measurement data were available (particularly during the first six
months after the accident in the prefectures other than Fukushima Prefecture), an activity
concentration of each radionuclide (131I, 134Cs and 137Cs) in food of 10 Bq/kg was assumed,
except as indicated in the previous paragraph.
18.
Variation with time. The activity concentrations of radionuclides in food after an
accident vary significantly with time and depend on the season of the year when the releaseoccurs and farming practices. For this reason, the doses received during different periods oftime were estimated from the measured activity concentrations. For the first four months after
the release (15 March to 14 July 2011), the doses received during each month were estimatedfrom the activity concentrations of 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs measured during the particular month.
From 4 to 6 months after the release (15 July to 15 September 2011), again the doses received
during each month were estimated but only for 134Cs and 137Cs. For the period from15 September 2011 to 15 March 2012, the doses were estimated for each period of threemonths because there was comparatively little change in the activity concentrations during thistime. These were summed to obtain the doses from ingestion in the first year. Beyond one year
after the accident, the dose assessment was based on modelling and not directly on themeasurement data.
19.
Delays between production and consumption. Generally, food is not eaten immediately
after it is produced owing to the time taken to process and distribute it. Food may also be
stored in the home prior to consumption. For a crop such as rice which is harvested at one timeof year and then eaten over the next year or more, the time lag between production andconsumption may be particularly long. Long time-lags may also occur with preserved food(frozen or canned). However, some food, such as fresh vegetables, is usually eaten within a day

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

9or two of harvest. The radioactive decay between production and consumption is negligible for134
Cs and 137Cs but could be significant for 131I. The use of the measured activity
concentrations carries the implicit assumption that the levels in food stayed the same until
consumption. This may have led to some overestimation of the doses from 131I but would have
had a negligible effect for 134Cs and 137Cs.
20.
Losses due to food processing and preparation. Commercial processing of food prior tosale and preparation in the home prior to consumption may lead to a reduction in the activity
concentrations of radionuclides in food; more rarely, it may lead to an increase in the activity
concentrations. Information on the losses of radionuclides in processing and preparation iscollated in [IAEA, 2010]. The FAO/IAEA/MAFF database includes the results ofmeasurements of the activity concentrations of radionuclides in some processed foods and inmany instances in foods that have been prepared to some extent (e.g. outer leaves removed
from leafy vegetables). For the dose assessment, any additional losses due to processing andpreparation were not taken into account.
21.
Radionuclides. The FAO/IAEA/MAFF database contains the results of measurementsof the activity concentrations of 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs only. Other radionuclides were released
from the FDNPS, but experience from other studies [Kamada et al., 2012; WHO, 2012] has
shown that the majority of the dose from ingestion following a nuclear accident is from 131I,
134
Cs and 137Cs.

IV. DOSES FROM THE INGESTION OF TERRESTRIAL FOODS22.
For the assessment of doses beyond the first year from ingestion in Japan, data on theactivity concentrations of radionuclides in terrestrial food were obtained through the use ofmodels. Models were also used for the assessment of doses in the nearby countries. In general,
the same dosimetric and other data were used to assess doses from ingestion regardless ofwhether the activity concentrations in food were obtained from measurements or frommodelling. However, in the case where the activity concentrations were obtained using models,the activity concentrations were those for food grown at particular locations. Because mostpeople obtain their food from supermarkets supplied through national distribution networks,
the activity concentrations were averaged over each prefecture and it was assumed that only
25% of the food consumed came from the local prefecture with the remaining 75% comingfrom the rest of Japan. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to estimate the doses fromingestion from eating greater amounts of locally produced food, particularly for individuals
living in the most contaminated areas.
23.
Doses were estimated for Japan and, to a limited extent, for nearby countries. The
atmospheric dispersion model used did not provide sufficient information for the estimation ofdoses to members of the public elsewhere in the world. The radionuclides considered reflected
the source term data provided, with priority given to assessing doses from 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs.
A.

Individual doses

24.
The doses to representative individuals from each ingested radionuclide and foodstuff,
Ding (Sv), was estimated using the following equation:
Ding = DCing × AI × FoodTF × Deposition density

(1)

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ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

where DCing is the dose coefficient for ingestion for the radionuclide (Sv/Bq) taken from
[ICRP, 2012, Publication 119] and given in supplement A; AI is the average annual intake ofthe foodstuff (kg) (see table 1); FoodTF is the transfer factor for the foodstuff ((Bq a)/kg per(Bq/m2)) (see supplement D); Deposition density is given in Bq/m2.
25.
A breakdown of dose by radionuclide and type of food, and also the total dose fromingestion, were calculated.
B.

Collective doses

26.
Collective doses from the ingestion of terrestrial food were estimated by calculating acollective intake on the basis of the total production of food for human consumption indifferent regions of the country [MHLW, 2010]. The Committee assumed that any food above
the restriction levels recommended by the Japanese authorities was not eaten. Nevertheless, acalculation was also carried out without this assumption to determine the implications. The
dose coefficients for adults were used in the assessment of collective dose. The collective dosefrom each ingested radionuclide and foodstuff, CDoseing (man Sv) from a year’s production, isgiven by:
CDoseing = DCing × AFP × FoodTF × Deposition density(2)

where AFP is the annual food production in kg (see supplement B), and the other symbols are
as in equation (1).
27.
A breakdown of collective dose by radionuclide and type of food, and also the totalcollective dose from ingestion, was calculated.
C.

Intake rates

28.
Annual intakes of food in Japan were based on the data provided by MHLW using theresults of the National Health and Nutrition Survey undertaken in 2009 [MHLW, 2010].
Average daily intakes for adults were provided for all of the categories of food considered.
More limited data were provided for the other age groups; for example, information only on the
total intake of meat was provided, without any breakdown for each type of meat. Where thiswas the case, the total was split between the different food subgroups by assuming the sameintake ratios as for adults. The resulting intake data are given in table 1 for the categories offood (see supplement B). The intakes in table 1 make up around 75% of the adult diet as
recorded by the survey. Of the food categories not included in the assessment, beverages werethe largest contributor, making up 16% of the total adult intake. The intakes in table 1 werealso used for the estimates of doses from ingestion in the nearby countries.

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11

Table 1. Data on food intake by age group used in the dose assessment
These age ranges are from the reports of the surveys provided by the Government of Japan and were adopted by
the Committee without amendment for age

Food category

Sub-classifications(see attachment C-8 and supplement B)

Per capita food intake by age group (g/d)
Adults(≥20 years)

Children(7–14 years)

Infants(1–6 years)

Leafy vegetables

27, 30, 34, 37

71.3

60.4

35.7

Root vegetables

13–16, 26

75.1

77.7

52.7

Other vegetables

25, 28, 29, 31–33, 35, 38

193.0

161.8

96.7

Soya and soya products

18–22

57.5

38.1

25.9

Rice and rice products

1, 2

342.2

312.1

190.1

Wheat and wheat
products

3, 4, 6–9

96.4

88.8

65.1

Other cereals

10–12

8.3

7.6

4.8

Fresh and processed
fruits39, 40, 42, 43

86.0

81.9

76.8

36, 45

22.4

20.0

16.3

48–52, 60

37.1

25.3

14.9

53–59

42.8

29.2

17.2

Eggs

70

34.3

33.6

23.8

Beef/cattle

61

13.6

17.6

9.5

Pork (excluding wildboar)

62, 63

43.1

55.9

30.1

Poultry

65, 66

21.4

27.7

15.0

Other meat64, 67

1.7

2.2

1.2

Milk

71, 73

83.2

259.7

174.8

Milk and dairy products

JuicesMarine and migratory
fish
Crustaceans and molluscs

72, 74

7.8

24.4

16.4

Mushrooms

46

16.5

13.2

8.6

Algae

47

10.9

8.7

5.8

D.

Domestic production

29.
Much of the food consumed in Japan is imported from overseas. It was therefore
important to take into account the fraction of food that is domestically produced. Data for foodproduction in Japan were provided in the form of food balance sheets by MHLW [MHLW,
2010]. The data relate to food production and imports in 2010. The production data were used
to calculate the percentages of domestically produced food in each category, see table 2. The
numbers were rounded to avoid the impression of unrealistically high precision.

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Table 2. Percentage of domestically produced marketed food in Japan
Food category
Leafy vegetables

Marketed food domestically produced(%)

27, 30, 34, 37

80

Root vegetables

13–16, 26

80

Other vegetables

25, 28, 29, 31–33, 35, 38

80 aSoya and soya products

18–22

10

Rice and rice products

1, 2

100

3, 4, 6–9

10

Wheat and wheat products
Other cereals

10–12

1

39, 40, 42, 43

40

36, 4540 aMarine and migratory fish

48–52, 60

50

Crustaceans and molluscs

53–59

50 a

Eggs

70

100

Beef/cattle

61

40

Pork (excluding wild boar)

62, 6350

Poultry

65, 6670

Other meat64, 6740 a

Milk71, 73100

Other dairy products

72, 7450

Fresh and processed fruits
Juicesa

Sub-classifications(see attachment C-8 and supplement B)

Mushrooms

46

90

Algae

47

unknown

Estimates based on related groups.

E.

Activity concentrations of radionuclides in food30.
In order to estimate the concentrations of radionuclides in terrestrial foodstuffs
following deposition on the ground, a dynamic food chain model is required, so that the timedependence of the concentrations can be determined. The model should also be able to take
into account the time of year when the accidental releases occurred and Japanese agricultural
practices. In the absence of a Japanese-specific model, the Committee decided to use the
FARMLAND model [Brown and Simmonds, 1995] to estimate the activity concentrations of
key radionuclides in various foodstuffs as a function of time on the basis of estimated or
measured deposition densities on the ground. This model was used to calculate the foodtransfer factors (FoodTF) — the activity concentration per unit deposition density — for anumber of foodstuffs, including cereals, leafy green vegetables, root vegetables, orchard fruit,soft fruit, cow milk, meat and liver, and sheep meat and liver.
31.
The FARMLAND model is based on general agricultural practices and soil types in atemperate climate to reflect conditions in northern Europe. The model was adapted as far as
possible to Japanese agricultural practices and conditions. Several scientific papers studying
the transfer of radionuclides from soil to plants in Japanese conditions were reviewed and theresults compared with the existing parameters in the FARMLAND model to obtain Japanesespecific transfer factors for use in the model (see supplement C). The FARMLAND model
simulates the deposition of radionuclides from air to soil and to plants that are growing at thetime of deposition. The model takes into account weathering from the surface of plants,
translocation from the surface of plants to internal tissues (plus seeds, fruits and tubers, as

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13

appropriate) and also the uptake of radionuclides from soil via the roots. The model was run toallow for fallow periods in Japan. Account was also taken of whether animals were grazing
outdoors at the time of the accident or being given stored feed. Full details of the agricultural
practices assumed and the parameters used in the FARMLAND model are given insupplement C.
32.
The parameters in the FARMLAND model were also compared with the values givenin the compilation of data for modelling the transfer of radionuclides in both terrestrial andfreshwater environments published by IAEA [IAEA, 2009; IAEA, 2010].
33.
A key food produced and consumed in Japan and neighbouring countries is rice and it
was recognized that the cereal component of the FARMLAND model may not adequatelyreflect the agricultural conditions for rice. Particularly important is the fact that rice is usuallygrown in flooded, paddy fields. The physical and chemical conditions of the soil are different
from those assumed in the FARMLAND model. One of the existing models for radionuclidetransfer to rice that was considered in the review was the model, ECOREA-RICE, developed in
the Republic of Korea [Keum et al., 2004]. Although it was not possible to obtain sufficient
data to fully implement it, it was noted that the ECOREA-RICE model does share a similar
structure with the cereal component of the FARMLAND model. The results from the twomodels were compared to give confidence in the use of the cereal component of the
FARMLAND model adapted for rice. The importance of specific consideration being given torice is highlighted in a paper by Uchida et al. [Uchida et al., 2007] which states that a “safetyassessment for people who live in Japan should consider rice and vegetables as critical food”.
34.
The addition of a rice component to the FARMLAND model was the most significant
adaptation made in the dose assessment; the structure of the cereal component was retained butwith revised transfer rates based on the findings of Uchida et al [Uchida et al., 2007; Uchida etal., 2009]. Data were available for the majority of radionuclides of interest.
35.
The adapted FARMLAND model was used for the assessment of doses from ingestion
for Japan and the limited assessment for nearby countries. Priority was given to the assessmentof doses from ingestion of the radionuclides that are expected to give the most significant
doses, namely 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs.
36.
The results obtained from the FARMLAND model for Japanese conditions and for arelease on 12 March 2011 are presented in supplement D.
F.

Food restrictions

37.
Doses both with and without restrictions on the supply of foodstuffs being taken into
account were estimated. It was understood that no restrictions on the supply of foodstuffs wereapplied in countries outside Japan (other than in restricting imports from Japan).
38.
The levels used to apply restrictions on the supply of foodstuffs in Japan from March2011 until April 2012 are given in table 3. These were taken from the MHLW website[MHLW, 2011].

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Table 3. Activity concentrations of radionuclides at which restrictions on the supply offoodstuffs were introduced in Japan March 2011 through March 2012
Provisional regulation values of radioactive material in foodstuffs in accordance with the Food Sanitation Act
Radionuclide
Radioiodine
Representative radionuclides amongmixed radionuclides: 131I）

Foodstuff

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Drinking water300

Milk, dairy productsa
Vegetables (except root vegetables and tubers)

2 000

Fishery productsRadiocaesium

Drinking water

200

Milk, dairy products
Vegetables

500

Grain
Meat, eggs, fish, etc.
Uranium

Infant foods
20

Drinking water
Milk, dairy products
Vegetables

100

Grain
Meat, eggs, fish, etc.
Alpha-emitting isotopes of plutonium
and transuranic elements（Total activity concentration of
238
Pu,239Pu, 240Pu, 242Pu, 241Am,
242
Cm, 243Cm, 244Cm)

Infant foods
Drinking water

1

Milk, dairy products
Vegetables
10

Grain
Meat, eggs, fish, etc.
a

Guidance was provided so that materials with activity concentrations exceeding 100 Bq/kg were not used in milk supplied for direct
consumption or used in making powdered milk for babies.

39.
The values given above for radiocaesium were updated from 1 April 2012 and thefollowing information was taken from an English translation of a MHLW document [MHLW,
2011].
Table 4. Activity concentrations of radiocaesium at which restrictions on supply of foodstuffs
applied from 1 April 2012
Foodstuff category

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Drinking water

10

Milk

50

General foods

100

Infant foods

50

40.
In the regions of Japan with the highest deposition densities, extensive remediation
work was under way or planned at the time that this report was being prepared to reduce
exposures. The effectiveness of this work remains to be determined.

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

15

G. Dose calculations
41.
The dose calculations were performed using a Python™ script implemented in the
ArcGIS® software of Esri [Esri, 2014; Python, 2014]. Levels of deposition density ofradionuclides from both measurements and the atmospheric dispersion modelling were used ina form which was converted to an ArcGIS® feature class. The script tested whether the activity
concentrations in food exceeded the threshold for the restrictions on the supply of foodstuffs
and subsequently doses were calculated using equations 1 and 2.
42.
The results of these calculations gave the estimated doses from ingestion of terrestrial
food as a function of the type of food and radionuclide and the total doses from all types offood and radionuclides. Two sets of doses were estimated. The first set was based on thedeposition densities of radionuclides on the ground, estimated from the atmospheric dispersion
modelling (attachment C-9). The second set was based on the deposition densities ofradionuclides on the ground obtained from the monitoring data (attachments C-1 and C-2). The
activity concentrations of radionuclides in food estimated from the atmospheric dispersion
modelling were compared with the measured levels where data were available for validation
purposes.

V. DOSES FROM THE INGESTION OF AQUATIC FOOD AND
DRINKING WATER
A.

Individual doses from aquatic food43.
The measurements of activity concentration of radionuclides in food in the
FAO/IAEA/MAFF database included values for both marine and freshwater fish and theseprovided part of the input for the assessment of dose in the first year following the accident.
Extensive restrictions were introduced on the supply of fish caught in Fukushima Prefecture
and these were taken into account as for other food by including the data only for food that wasmarketed.
44.
In order to estimate doses from the ingestion of marine food in future years, activity
concentrations of radionuclides in key marine foodstuffs were estimated from predictedactivity concentrations in seawater for 2, 5 and 10 years following the accident. These
predictions were based on work by Nakano and Povinec [Nakano and Povinec, 2012].
Concentration factors were used to estimate the activity concentration in aquatic food (marine
algae, fish and shellfish) from the predicted activity concentrations in seawater. It was assumed
that all marine food consumed would be obtained from the northern Pacific Ocean, which islikely to be cautious as a fraction of the seafood consumed is probably imported from areas
with lower activity concentrations. Some seafood harvested close to the FDNPS could havehigher activity concentrations than estimated here, but because these foods are monitored andrestrictions applied, no account was taken of these activity concentrations in the assessment ofdoses from intakes of these foods. Doses were also estimated for 20 and 50 years after theaccident on the basis of observations of the decrease in 137Cs concentrations with time
following the fallout from the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons in the late 1950s andearly 1960s [Aoyama et al., 2012].
45.
The data on intake of fish, shellfish and marine algae given in table 1 were used toassess the doses from ingestion. The dose coefficients for ingestion were taken from ICRP[ICRP, 2012, Publication 119] and are given in supplement A. Doses in the second and16

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

subsequent years after the accident were assumed to be due to 134Cs and 137Cs only. The
activity concentrations in the sea were available only for 137Cs but it is known that initiallythose of 134Cs and 137Cs were approximately the same. Therefore, the 134Cs concentrations werebased on those of 137Cs, with allowance being made for the differences in the half-lives of thetwo radionuclides.
46.
The results of modelling of the dispersion of 137Cs that were used as input to the dose
assessment are shown in figure I. Details about the methodologies for the simulation are
described in [Nakano and Povinec, 2012].
Figure I. Estimated distributions of137

Cs in surface seawater from 2012 to 2041

(Modified after [Nakano and Povinec, 2012])

47.
Two years after the accident. Radiocaesium released from FDNPS was estimated tohave reached about two thirds of the northern Pacific Ocean by November 2012 (20 months
after the accident). In general, the activity concentration of 137Cs was estimated to be below
0.4 Bq/m3; all concentrations were estimated to be below 0.7 Bq/m3. Therefore, two years after
the accident, an activity concentration of 137Cs of 0.4 Bq/m3 was considered to be
representative for seawater of the northern Pacific Ocean. However, because of biological

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

17

processes, the concentration of radiocaesium in fish is known to decrease more slowly than its
concentration in seawater. Activity concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs in seawater of 0.35 and
0.7 Bq/m3, respectively, were cautiously assumed for estimating doses from ingestion ofseafood two years after the accident.
48.
Five years after the accident. By November 2016 (5.5 years after the accident), theradiocaesium was predicted to have reached most of the northern Pacific Ocean, including theNorth American coast above latitude 30°N. In general, the activity concentrations of 137Cs werepredicted to be below 0.1 Bq/m3. Only a limited area was predicted to have activity
concentrations between 0.1 and 0.2 Bq/m3 and areas of negligible size were predicted to haveactivity concentrations of more than 0.2 Bq/m3. Activity concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs inseawater of 0.037 and 0.2 Bq/m3, respectively, were cautiously assumed in order to estimate
doses from the ingestion of seafood 5 years after the accident.
49.
Ten years after the accident. By November 2019 (8.5 years after the accident), theradiocaesium was predicted to have reached all of the northern Pacific Ocean. The activity
concentrations of 137Cs were predicted to be generally below 0.1 Bq/m3, with only very few
areas with concentrations greater than this. The estimate of doses at 10 years after the accident
from the ingestion of seafood was based cautiously on an activity concentration of 137Cs inseawater of 0.1 Bq/m3. The activity concentration of 134Cs was assumed to be negligible
10 years after the accident.
50.
Twenty and 50 years after the accident. The overall decrease in the concentration of137
Cs in the northern Pacific Ocean was assumed to be exponential with a half-life of about
20 years on the basis of long-term observations of the 137Cs concentrations resulting from thetesting of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere [IAEA, 2005]. Thus, 20 and 50 years after theaccident, the activity concentrations of 137Cs in seawater were assumed to be 0.07 and0.025 Bq/m3, respectively. These values were used to estimate the doses from the ingestion ofseafood 20 and 50 years, respectively, after the accident.
51.
The concentration factors used to estimate activity concentrations of radiocaesium indifferent types of seafood are given in table 5.
Table 5. Concentration factors used for marine foodstuffs [IAEA, 2004]
Foodstuff category

Concentration factor (L/kg fresh food)

Macroalgae

50

Marine fish

100

Crustaceans

50aMolluscs

60aBecause the data on food intake (table 1) did not distinguish between crustaceans and molluscs, a single concentration factor of 60 L/kg forboth was assumed in the assessment.

B.

Individual doses from ingestion of drinking water

52.
Following the accidental releases from FDNPS, elevated levels of some radionuclides
were measured in drinking water supplies at some locations for limited periods of time. These
measurements were used to estimate the doses to representative individuals from the ingestionof radionuclides in drinking water. Only a limited set of measurements were above the limits ofdetection and in order to investigate the likely range in doses, three approaches wereconsidered. In the first, all activity concentrations listed as below the limits of detection were

18

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

assumed to be zero; in the second, all activity concentrations listed as below the limits ofdetection were assumed to be 5 Bq/L (the detection limits ranged between 5 and 15 Bq/L); inthe third, if subsequent measurements were also reported to be below the limits of detection,
the activity concentrations were assumed to be zero but if they were reported to be above thelimits of detection, they were assumed to be 5 Bq/L. In all cases, data points listed as N/A weretreated as zero. In addition, all activity concentrations less than the limits of detection for 131I
and 132I were assumed to be zero if the measurements were made more than 80 days after theaccident. The intakes of drinking water given by the World Health Organization (WHO) wereused to estimate doses. There were relatively few instances where measurable levels ofradionuclides were found in drinking water and these lasted for only a short time. Drinking
water was therefore not a significant source of long-term exposure of the Japanese populationand no attempt was made to model the doses from drinking water beyond the first year.
Supplement E gives further information on the methodology adopted for the drinking water
pathway.

VI. COMMENTARY ON UNCERTAINTIES53.
The important sources of uncertainty in the dose assessment were identified andassessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The use of different methods to assess doses
from ingestion also provided insight as to the possible magnitude of uncertainty in theassessment. Consideration was also given to the limitations of the FAO/IAEA/MAFF food
database regarding the frequency of sampling, the spatial distribution of samples and how thisvaried with time, plus the type of food items collected. Some sensitivity analyses were carriedout on the modelled results to determine the doses that might have been received if food had
been consumed in the first few days after the accident before the restrictions were introduced.

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

19

Supplement A. Dose coefficientsA1.
The list of radionuclides corresponds to that included in the source term used in the
WHO assessment of dose arising from the FDNPS accident [WHO, 2012]. These dosecoefficients were all taken from [ICRP, 2012, Publication 119]. The coefficients expressed interms of equivalent doses to organs given by ICRP were assumed to be numerically equal to thecoefficients expressed in terms of absorbed dose, because the doses of interest are due to lowLET radiation.
Table A1. Committed effective dose coefficients for ingestion for members of the publicRadionuclide

Committed effective dose coefficient (Sv/Bq)
Adults10-year-old

One-year-old

Ruthenium-103

7.3 × 10-10

1.5 × 10-9

4.6 × 10-9

Ruthenium-106-97.0 × 10-8

1.5 × 10

4.9 × 10-8

Tellurium-127m

2.3 × 10-9

5.2 × 10-9

1.8 × 10-8

Tellurium-129m-93.0 × 10

-9

6.6 × 10

2.4 × 10-8

Tellurium-131m

1.9 × 10-9

4.3 × 10-9

1.4 × 10-8

Tellurium-132

3.8 × 10-9

8.3 × 10-9

3.0 × 10-8-8-8Iodine-131

2.2 × 10

5.2 × 10

1.8 × 10-7

Iodine-132

2.9 × 10-10

6.2 × 10-10

2.4 × 10-9

Iodine-133-94.3 × 10-8

1.0 × 10

4.4 × 10-8

Iodine-135

9.3 × 10-10

2.2 × 10-9

8.9 × 10-9

Xenon-133---

Caesium-134

1.9 × 10-8

1.4 × 10-8

1.6 × 10-8

Caesium-137

1.3 × 10-8

1.0 × 10-8

1.2 × 10-8

Barium-137m

-

-

-

Barium-140-92.6 × 10-10

-9

1.8 × 10-8-9

5.8 × 10

Cerium-141

7.1 × 10

1.5 × 10

5.1 × 10-9

Cerium-144

5.2 × 10-9

1.1 × 10-8

3.9 × 10-8

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ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table A2. Committed absorbed dose coefficients for the thyroid for ingestion for members of the
publicRadionuclide

Committed absorbed dose coefficient for the thyroid (Sv/Bq)
Adults10-year-old

One-year-old

Ruthenium-103

6.7 × 10-11

1.3 × 10-10

4.1 × 10-10

Ruthenium-106-9

1.4 × 10-9

2.8 × 10

8.7 × 10-9

Tellurium-127m

3.1 × 10-9

7.7 × 10-9

3.4 × 10-8

Tellurium-129m-94.6 × 10-8

1.1 × 10

5.1 × 10-8

Tellurium-131m

1.8 × 10-8

4.5 × 10-8

1.5 × 10-7

Tellurium-132

3.1 × 10-8

7.5 × 10-8

3.2 × 10-7

-7

-6

Iodine-131

4.3 × 10

1.0 × 10

3.6 × 10-6

Iodine-132

3.4 × 10-9

8.3 × 10-9

3.5 × 10-8

Iodine-133-88.2 × 10-7

2.0 × 10

8.6 × 10-7

Iodine-135

1.6 × 10-8

3.9 × 10-8

1.7 × 10-7

Xenon-133---

Caesium-134

1.8 × 10-8

1.4 × 10-8

1.6 × 10-8

Caesium-137

1.3 × 10-8

9.7 × 10-9

1.1 × 10-8

Barium-137m

-

-

-

Barium-140-118.7 × 10-13

-10

8.3 × 10-10-13

4.2 × 10

Cerium-141

3.0 × 10

8.6 × 10

4.5 × 10-12

Cerium-144

1.2 × 10-11

2.2 × 10-11

6.8 × 10-11

Table A3. Committed absorbed dose coefficients for the colon for ingestion for members of the
publicRadionuclide

Committed absorbed dose coefficient for the colon (Sv/Bq)
Adults10-year- old

One-year-old

Ruthenium-103

4.3 × 10-9

9.2 × 10-9

2.9 × 10-8

Ruthenium-106-8

4.5 × 10-7

1.0 × 10

3.3 × 10-7

Tellurium-127m

6.2 × 10-9

1.4 × 10-8

4.6 × 10-8

Tellurium-129m

1.4 × 10-8

3.2 × 10-8

1.1 × 10-7

Tellurium-131m-9

5.9 × 10-8

1.3 × 10

4.0 × 10-8

Tellurium-132

1.3 × 10-8

2.7 × 10-8

8.5 × 10-8

-10

-10

Iodine-131

1.2 × 10

2.8 × 10

1.5 × 10-9

Iodine-132

4.6 × 10-11

8.9 × 10-11

2.5 × 10-10

Iodine-133

1.1 × 10-10

2.3 × 10-10

7.8 × 10-10

Iodine-135

-11

-10

4.1 × 10-10

7.3 × 10

1.5 × 10

Xenon-133---

Caesium-134

2.1 × 10-8

1.7 × 10-8

2.4 × 10-8

Caesium-137

1.5 × 10-8

1.3 × 10-8

2.3 × 10-8

Barium-137m

-

-

-

Barium-140

1.7 × 10-8

3.5 × 10-8

1.2 × 10-7

Cerium-141

5.5 × 10-9

1.2 × 10-8

4.0 × 10-8

Cerium-144-8-8

3.1 × 10-7

4.2 × 10

9.2 × 10

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

21

Supplement B. Food categories and related data
B1.
Table B1 gives the subcategories used in this assessment, and the correspondingclassifications used by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) as shown intable B4 below. The tables in this supplement use data provided to the Committee by theJapanese authorities as indicated and are considered to be primary data as described in table A1of appendix A of annex A.
Table B1. Categories of food used in this assessment and the corresponding MHLW
classifications
Category

Description

MHLW classification

Leafy vegetables

Leafy vegetables, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, spinach

27, 30, 34, 37

Root vegetables

Potatoes, starch/starch products, sweet potatoes, carrots

Other vegetables

All other vegetables (excluding vegetable juices)

Soya and soya products

Soybean/soybean products, other pulses and their products

Rice and rice products

Rice/rice products

Wheat and wheat products

Wheat/wheat products

Other cereals

Other cereals/other cereal products (e.g. buckwheat, corn)

Fresh and processed fruits

FruitsJuicesFruit juices, vegetable juices

36, 45

Marine and migratory fish

Raw fish, fish ham and sausage

48–52,60

Crustaceans and molluscs

Shellfish, prawn, shrimp, crab, squid, octopus, mostprocessed seafood

53–59

Poultry eggs

Poultry eggs

Other eggs

Other eggs

Beef/cattle

Beef

61

Pork (excluding wild boar)

Pork62, 63

Poultry

Chicken and other poultry

65, 66

Other meat

Offal, other animal meat64, 67

Milk

Milk, fermented milk

71, 73

Other dairy products

Other dairy products

72, 74Mushrooms

Mushrooms

46

Algae

Algae

47

13–16, 26
25, 28, 29, 31–33, 35, 38
18–22
1, 2
3, 4, 6–9
10–12
39, 40, 42, 43

70

22

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table B2. Percentage of each food category produced in Japan (taken from table B5) and thefood categories included in the FARMLAND model
Category

Domestic production (%)

Leafy vegetables

80

Leafy green vegetables

Root vegetables

80

Potatoes

Other vegetables

80aSoya and soya products

10-

Rice and rice products

100

Rice

Wheat and wheat products

10

CerealOther cereals

1

CerealFresh and processed fruits

40

Leafy green vegetables

Orchard fruit

Juices40a-Marine and migratory fish

50-

Crustaceans and molluscs

50 a

-

Eggs

100

-

Beef/cattle

40

Beef

Pork (excluding wild boar)

50

Pork (based on cereal feed)

Poultry

70

Chicken meat (based on cereal feed)

Other meat40a

Cow liver

Milk

100

Cow milk

Other dairy products

50

Cow milk

Mushrooms

90-

unknown

-

Algae
a

FARMLAND model

Estimates based on related groups.

Table B3. Food excluded from the categories
Food excluded

MHLW small classifications

Justification

Japanese buns

5

Sugar and sweetener

17

Other pulses and its products

23

Nuts and seeds

24

Bananas

41

Jams

44

Whale meat

68

Intake very small

Other meat, processed products

69

Category not well defined, intake negligible

Others (milk)

75

Fats and oils

76–80

Heavily processed before reaching consumer

Confectioneries

81–85

Heavily processed before reaching consumer

Beverages

86–91

Mainly containing water (especially highest
consumed types such as tea and coffee)

Seasonings and spices

92–98

Heavily processed before reaching consumer

Heavily processed before reaching consumer

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table B4. Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare food classification numbers
Food categories
Cereals

Small classification number
1–12

Rice/rice products

1, 2

Rice

1

Rice products

2

Wheat/wheat products

3–9

Flour

3

Bread (except Japanese buns)

4

Japanese buns

5

Udon (Japanese noodles)/Chinese
noodles6Precooked Chinese noodles

7

Pasta

8

Other wheat products

9

Other cereals/other cereal products

10–12

Buckwheat/buckwheat products

10

Corn/corn products

11

Others12

Potatoes and starches
Potatoes/Potato products

13–16
13–15

Sweet potatoes/sweet potato products

13

Potatoes/potato products

14

Others15

Starch/starch products
Sugar and sweetener
Pulses

16
17
18–23

Soybean/soybean products
Soybeans (whole beans and its products)

18

Tofu (bean curd)19

Age (fried tofu)

20

Natto (fermented soybeans)

21

Other soybean products

22

Other pulses and its products
Nuts and seeds

18–22

23
24

23

24

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Food categories
Vegetables

Small classification number
25–38

Green and yellow vegetables

25–29

Tomatoes25

Carrot26

Spinach27

Sweet peppers

28

Others29

Other vegetables

30–35

Cabbage30

Cucumber

31

Daikon (Japanese white radish)

32

Onion

33

Chinese cabbage

34

Others35

Vegetable juices

36

Pickles37, 38
Leaf vegetables

37

Japanese white radish and others

38

Fruits

39–45
Fruits

39–43
Strawberry

39

Citrus fruits

40

Banana

41

Apple

42

Others

43

Jams

44

Fresh fruit/fruit juice beverages

45

Mushrooms

46

Algae

47

Fish and shellfish

48–60

Raw fish and shellfish

48–55

Mackerels, sardines

48

Salmon, trout

49

Sea breams, flatfish

50

Tuna, marlins and swordfish

51

Other raw fish

52

Shellfish

53

Squid, octopus

54

Prawn, shrimp, crab

55

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Food categories
Seafood, processed products

Small classification number
56–60

Seafood (salted, semi-dried and fullydried)

56

Seafood (canned)

57

Seafood (tsukudani)

58

Seafood (fish paste)

59

Fish ham and sausage

60

Meat

61–69
Animal meat

61–64

Beef

61

Pork

62

Ham and sausage

63

Others64

Chicken and poultry

65, 66Chicken65

Other poultry

66

Offal

67

Others68, 69Whale

68

Other, processed products

69

Eggs

70

Milk

71–75
Milk and dairy products

71–74

Milk

71

Cheese72

Fermented milk and lactic acid73

Other dairy products

74

Others75

Fats and oils

76–80
Butters

76

Margarines

77

Vegetable fats and oils

78

Animal fats

79

Others80

Confectioneries

81–85
Traditional confectioneries

81

Cakes and pastries

82

Biscuits

83

Candies

84

Others

85

25

26

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Food categories
Beverages

Small classification number
86–91

Alcoholic beverages

86–88

Sake

86

Beer

87

Wines and spirits

88

Other beverages

89–91

Teas

89

Coffees and cocoas

90

Others91

Seasonings and spices
Seasonings

92–98
92–97

Sources

92

Soy sauces

93

Salts

94

Mayonnaise

95

Miso (soybean paste)

96

Other seasonings

97

Spices and others98Quantity (106 kg)
Item

Cereal grains

1.

Imported

Exported

9 317

26 037201

Stockvariation

Domestic
supplySupply lessvariation-- 17

35 170-- 240-- 340-- 35

Domestic supply (%)
Imported

Domestic

35 153

74

26

9 424

9 184

9

91

6 384

6 044

91

9

2 098

2 063

92

8

531

15 516

16 047100

0Husked rice(brown rice)

8 554

831

201

b.

Wheat

571

5 473

0

c.

Barley

161

1 902

0

d.

Maize (corn)

0

16 0470e.

Sorghum

0

1 473

0

47

1 426

1 473

100

0

f.

Others

31

311

0

20

322

342

91

9

15 201

7 555

9

30

22 71722 747

33

67

3 187

1 357

0

0

4 544

4 544

30

70

Fruit-like vegetables

735

65

0

0

800

800

8

92

Leafy and stem vegetables

5 680

911

0

0

6 591

6 591

14

86

6 017

1 539

9

0

7 547

7 547

20

80

Sweet potatoes

864

65

2

0

927

927

7

93

Potatoes

2 290

959

2

0

3 247

3 247

30

70

Others

2 863

515

5

0

3 373

3 373

15

85

Pulses

317

3 748

0

30

4 035

4 065

92

8

Soybeans

223

3 456

0

37

3 642

3 679

94

6

Others

94

292

0

-7

393

386

76

24

a.
b.

Fruiting vegetables

Root and tuber vegetables
c.

d.

27

a.

Vegetables

2.

Foreign trade

Domestic
production

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table B5. Food supply balance sheet for Japan in 2010 [MAFF, 2012]

28

Item

Fruits3.

Exported

2 960

4 756

42

Domestic
supplySupply lessvariation

- 45

7 719

Domestic supply (%)
Imported

Domestic

7 674

62

38

828

784

0

100

-1

1 357

1 356

44

56

Satsuma or satsuma mandarin

786

0

2

b.

Apples

787

592

23

- 44

c.

Others

1 387

4 164

17

0

5 534

5 534

75

25

3 215

2 588

13

21

5 769

5 790

45

55

a.

Beef

512

731

1

24

1 218

1 242

59

41

b.

Pork

1 277

1 143

1

3

2 416

2 419

47

53

c.

Chicken

1 417

674

11

2 087

2 080

32

68

d.

Others

6

40

0

0

46

46

87

13

e.

Whale

3

0

0

-7
1

2

3

0

100

Chicken eggs

2 506

114

1

0

2 619

2 619

4

96

Cattle milk and milk products

7 631

3 528

24

- 231

11 366

11 135

32

68

0

4 177

4 177

0

100

7 189

6 958

51

49

-3

41

38

3

97

5.

6.

ImportedStockvariation

a.

Meat

4.

Foreign trade

Domestic
productiona.

Marketed for direct consumption

4 180

0

3

b.

Marketed for further processing

3 451

3 528

21

ⅰ) Evaporated milk andsweetened condensed milk

37

1

0

- 231

ⅱ) Condensed skimmed milk

5

0

0

0

5

5

0

100

ⅲ) Whole milk powder

14

0

0

0

14

14

0

100

ⅳ) Skimmed milk powder

149

3

0

163

152

2

98

ⅴ) Powdered infant formula

25

0

0

- 11
0

25

25

0

100

ⅵ) Cheeses

46

199

0

0

245

245

81

19

ⅶ) Butter

70

2

0

- 12

84

72

3

97

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Quantity (106 kg)

Item

Fishes and shellfishes
7.

Foreign trade

Domestic
production

Imported

Exported

4 166

3 268

702

Domestic
supplySupply lessvariation

- 33

6 765

11

Domestic supply (%)
Imported

Domestic

6 732

49

51

2 748

2 759

41

59

3 701

3 658

55

45

-1

316

315

33

67

a.

Fresh, chilled or frozen

2 220

1 138

599

b.

Salted, dried or smoked

1 727

2 027

96

c.

Canned

219

103

7

- 43

Seaweeds

106

47

2

0

151

151

31

69

Starches

2 580

129

0

- 52

2 761

2 709

5

95

8.
9.

Sugar

10.

Stock
variationa.

Raw sugar

175

1 250

0

1 425

88

12

Refined sugar

2 023

406

1

- 109

1 534

b.

2 453

2 428

17

83

c.

Brown sugar

23

11

0

5

29

34

32

68

-6

227

221

55

45

- 25

2 920

2 895

32

68

- 22

2 513

2 491

34

66

-6

489

483

4

96

21

980

1 001

1

99

-5

52

47

100

0

- 32

992

960

80

20

-3

407

404

21

79

96

80

26

74

-1

133

132

45

55

178

192

2

98

d.

106

121

6

Fats and oils

1 980

929

14

a.

Vegetable oils and fats

1 657

846

12

a.

ⅰ)Soybean

468

18

3

ⅱ)Rapeseed

993

9

1

ⅲ)Coconut

0

47

0

11.
b.

Molasses- 25ⅳ)Others

196

772

8

Animal oils and fats

323

83

2

ⅰ)Fish and fin whale

60

21

1

ⅱ)Cattle fat and tallow

73

59

0

- 16

ⅲ)Others

190

3

1

14

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Quantity (106 kg)

29

30

Item

Foreign trade

Domestic
production

Imported

467

ExportedStockvariation

Domestic
supplySupply lessvariation

8

10

2

463

465

-1

829

6

4 677

0

537

397

8 818

12.

Fermented soybean paste

13.

Soy sauce

845

1

18

14.

Others

2 337

2 346

0

Mushrooms

464

73

0

Alcoholic Beverages

8 755

516

56

Domestic supply (%)
Imported

Domestic

2

98

828

0

100

4 683

50

50

537

14

86

9 215

6

94

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Quantity (106 kg)

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

31

Supplement C. Model parameters and agricultural practices used in the
FARMLAND modelA.

The FARMLAND model modified for Japanese conditions

C1.
The FARMLAND model [Brown and Simmonds, 1995] was used for the assessment ofactivity concentrations in food resulting from deposition of radionuclides on the ground.
Although no Japanese-specific model of the transfer of radionuclides through the food chain
was available, several changes to the FARMLAND model were implemented to adapt it moreclosely to the Japanese conditions.
C2.
The dates of sowing and harvesting of crops in the modified FARMLAND model werebased on data provided by the Japanese experts. Where insufficient data were available, thedefault values in the FARMLAND model were used. Table C1 is a summary of the growing
and harvesting dates assumed for the crops.
Table C1. Agricultural practices for crops grown in JapanFARMLAND crop

Start of growing season

Start or end of harvest

Cereal

1 Feb.

Leafy green vegetables

Growing all year round, continuous cropping

1 June (start)

Orchard fruit

1 Apr.

15 Sept. (start)

Soft fruit

1 Apr.

31 Oct. (end)Root vegetables

1 Feb.

15 Nov. (end)

Potatoes

1 Feb.

15 Nov. (end)

PastureGrowing all year round, silage harvested 15 Sept.

Rice

1 June1 Oct. (start)

C3.
The animal husbandry practices assumed for the animal component of the
FARMLAND model are summarized in table C2. In the absence of other information, it was
assumed that pigs and chickens were kept indoors and were fed solely on grain growndomestically (activity concentrations taken from the cereal component of the model).
Table C2. Animal husbandry practices for animals reared in JapanFARMLAND animal

Husbandry practices

Cows

Indoors, fed stored grass silage from 1 Nov.–15 Apr.
Outdoors, grazing pasture from 15 Apr.–1 Nov.

Sheep

Outdoors, grazing pasture all year round

Pigs

Indoors, fed grain all year round

Chickens

Indoors, fed grain all year round

C4.
Available literature on the transfer of radionuclides to plants in Japan was reviewed to
inform the choice of soil-to-plant concentration ratios [Ban-Nai et al., 1995; Ban-Nai et al.,
1999; Ban-nai and Muramatsu, 2002, 179; Ban-Nai and Muramatsu, 2003; IAEA, 2010;
Uchida and Tagami, 2007; Uchida et al., 2007; Uchida et al., 2007; Uchida et al., 2009]. The
default concentration ratios were revised where there was sufficient evidence to support adifferent value. The final values used are presented in table C3.

32

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table C3. Soil-to-plant concentrations ratios
Crop

Concentration ratio, caesium

Concentration ratio, iodine

Cereal1 × 10-2

5 × 10-4

Leafy green vegetables

1 × 10-2

1 × 10-3

Orchard fruit

3 × 10-3

2 × 10-2

Soft fruit

3 × 10-3

2 × 10-2

Root vegetables

7 × 10-3

2 × 10-2

Potatoes

6 × 10-3

2 × 10-2

Pasture3 × 10-2

2 × 10-2

Rice

5 × 10-3

2 × 10-3

C5.
Default values were used for other parameters in the FARMLAND model, such as soil
density, plant interception factors and weathering half-lives. Discussion of these is included in[Brown and Simmonds, 1995] and tables C4–C7 contain the details of these parameters.
Table C4. Soil migration rate constants
Soil model
Well-mixed soil a
Undisturbed land

a
b

b

Depth

Rate constant (per day)From 0–30 cm to deeper soil

1.90 × 10-5

From 0–1 cm to 1–5 cm

6.65 × 10-4

From 1–5 cm to 5–15 cm

1.72 × 10-4

From 5–15 cm to 15–30 cm

1.07 × 10-4

From 15–30 cm to 5–15 cm

4.03 × 10-6

From 15–30 cm to deeper soil

3.80 × 10-5

Applies to all crop models except pasture and hay/silage.
Applies to pasture and hay/silage models.

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

33

Table C5. Element-independent parameter values used in the FARMLAND model for crops
Greenvegetables

Cereal/rice

PastureHay/silage

Rootvegetables/potatoes

Orchardfruit

Soft fruit

Yield, fresh
weight (kg/km2)

1 × 106

4 × 105

5 × 105

1 × 106

3 × 106

1.69 × 106

1.31 × 106

Dry matter
content of crops
(%)

20

90

20

20

20

16

10

Interception factor

0.3

0.3 whole plant
0.012 grain

0.25

0.62

0.4

0.74 plant
0.007 fruit

0.74 plant
0.003 fruit

Half-life on plantsurface (days)

14

14 plant
14.4 grain

14 summer
28 winter

1414

14 plant
14 fruit

14 plant
14 fruit

Soil on plantsurface (% of dry
plant weight)

0.1 a0.01 a

4

4

0.1 a

0

0.1 a

Depth of soil (cm)30

Parameter

Mass of soil per
cm depth(kg/km2)ab

1.5 × 1030
7

1.5 × 1015
715

1.5 × 107

1.5 × 1030
7

1.5 × 1030
7

1.5 × 1030
7

1.5 × 107

Soil density(g/cm3)

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

Fraction ofactivity retained
after preparation b

0.2

0.1

-

-

1.0

1.0

1.0

Before preparation and processing.
Applies to surface contamination only.

Table C6. Element-independent parameter values used in the FARMLAND model for animals
The values are appropriate for the United Kingdom
Parameter
Mean life (years)aCattle a

Cattle b

Sheep aSheep b

6

6

1

1

Weight of muscle (kg)230

Weight of liver (kg)

6

c

360

d

6

0.8

30 d
1

Daily milk production (L)

10

10

-

-

Number of animals (km-2)

400

400

500

500

Simple model used for all elements other than strontium, caesium and iodine.
Complex model used for strontium, caesium and iodine.
cThis is the carcass weight; the weight of lean meat is 150 kg for cattle and 15 kg for sheep.
dThis is the weight of all soft tissues; the weight of lean meat is 150 kg and 15 kg for sheep.
b

18

c

34

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table C7. Summary of animal intakes
AnimalPasture(kg/d dry mass)

Silage(kg/d dry mass)

Grain(kg/d fresh mass)

Water
(L/d)

Soil (% dry
matter intake)Air (m3/s)

Cattle

13

15.5

-

55

4

1.5 × 10-3

Sheep

1.5

1.5

-

4

20

1.0 × 10-4

Pigs

-

-

1.0

7

-

6.2 × 10-4

Chickens--

Layers 0.1
Table 0.05

0.23

-

1.3 × 10-5

B.

Rice model

C6.
In view of the large quantity of rice grown in Japan and its importance in the diet of theJapanese population, this food was specifically included in the assessment. Since a ricecomponent did not exist in the FARMLAND model, a modified cereal model was used withthe specific soil-to-plant concentration ratios and harvest times applicable for rice included (seetables C1 and C3).

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

35

Supplement D. Transfer factors for Japanese food used in the FARMLAND
model
D1.
The FARMLAND model was implemented for Japanese growing conditions for arelease on 12 March and normalized for a deposition density of 1 Bq/m2. Tables D1–D12
present the output results from these models. The values are given to two decimal places
for use in the subsequent calculations of dose but this should not be taken to imply thisdegree of precision.
Table D1. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in leafy green
vegetables
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration ((Bq a)/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

06.00 × 10-2

6.00 × 10-2

6.00 × 10-2

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

7

2.39 × 10-2

4.34 × 10-2

4.37 × 10-2

7.52 × 10-4

9.83 × 10-4

9.85 × 10-4

14

9.53 × 10-3

3.15 × 10-2

3.19 × 10-2

1.05 × 10-3

1.70 × 10-3

1.70 × 10-330

1.18 × 10-3

1.53 × 10-2

1.57 × 10-2

1.23 × 10-3

2.68 × 10-3

2.71 × 10-360

2.45 × 10-5

4.12 × 10-3

4.33 × 10-3

1.25 × 10-3

3.38 × 10-3

3.43 × 10-390

5.35 × 10-7

1.16 × 10-3

1.25 × 10-3

1.25 × 10-3

3.57 × 10-3

3.63 × 10-3

180

1.97 × 10-10

5.29 × 10-5

6.17 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.65 × 10-3

3.72 × 10-3

270

8.28 × 10-13

2.46 × 10-5

3.10 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.65 × 10-3

3.73 × 10-3365

3.17 × 10-15

1.69 × 10-5

2.30 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.66 × 10-3

3.74 × 10-3730

2.03 × 10-18

1.10 × 10-5

2.06 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.67 × 10-3

3.76 × 10-3

1 095

1.30 × 10-21

7.74 × 10-6

1.98 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.68 × 10-3

3.78 × 10-3

1 825

5.41 × 10-25

3.89 × 10-6

1.86 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.69 × 10-3

3.82 × 10-3

3 650

5.62 × 10-30

7.00 × 10-7

1.60 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.70 × 10-3

3.90 × 10-3

5 475

5.84 × 10-35

1.26 × 10-7

1.38 × 10-5

1.25 × 10-3

3.70 × 10-3

3.98 × 10-3

1 825

5.87 × 10-43

3.62 × 10-12

4.81 × 10-6

1.25 × 10-3

3.70 × 10-3

4.27 × 10-3

21 9000.00 × 10+00

1.19 × 10-13

3.56 × 10-6

1.25 × 10-3

3.70 × 10-3

4.32 × 10-3

25 5500.00 × 10+00

3.92 × 10-15

2.63 × 10-6

1.25 × 10-3

3.70 × 10-3

4.35 × 10-3

36

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table D2. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in root vegetables
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration ((Bq a)/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

00.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

90

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

180

5.96 × 10-11

3.16 × 10-4

3.68 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

3.88 × 10-4

4.29 × 10-4

270

3.92 × 10-14

3.04 × 10-4

3.82 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

4.43 × 10-4

4.95 × 10-4

365

1.09 × 10-17

2.78 × 10-4

3.80 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

5.18 × 10-4

5.95 × 10-4730

2.76 × 10-30

7.80 × 10-5

1.46 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

6.53 × 10-4

8.02 × 10-4

1 095

8.89 × 10-30

5.56 × 10-5

1.42 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

7.19 × 10-4

9.47 × 10-4

1 825

4.16 × 10-33

2.80 × 10-5

1.34 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

7.99 × 10-4

1.22 × 10-3

3 650

5.11 × 10-38

5.02 × 10-6

1.15 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

8.67 × 10-4

1.84 × 10-3

5 475

6.25 × 10-43

9.01 × 10-7

9.86 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

8.79 × 10-4

2.38 × 10-3

1 825

0.00 × 10+00

2.32 × 10-11

3.39 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

8.82 × 10-4

4.50 × 10-3

21 9000.00 × 10+00

7.61 × 10-13

2.50 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

8.82 × 10-4

4.79 × 10-3

25 5500.00 × 10+00

2.49 × 10-14

1.84 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

8.82 × 10-4

5.01 × 10-3

Table D3. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in cereals
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration ((Bq a)/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

+00

+00

+00

+00

+00

0.00 × 10+00

00.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

90

1.19 × 10-5

2.56 × 10-2

2.76 × 10-2

5.18 × 10-7

7.04 × 10-4

7.58 × 10-4

180

5.09 × 10-9

2.36 × 10-2

2.75 × 10-2

8.96 × 10-7

6.76 × 10-3

7.55 × 10-3

270

2.17 × 10-12

2.17 × 10-2

2.73 × 10-2

8.96 × 10-7

1.23 × 10-2

1.43 × 10-2

365

6.04 × 10-16

1.99 × 10-2

2.72 × 10-2

8.96 × 10-7

1.77 × 10-2

2.14 × 10-2730

2.36 × 10-31

1.11 × 10-5

2.08 × 10-5

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.74 × 10-2

1 095

4.67 × 10-27

7.86 × 10-6

2.01 × 10-5

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.74 × 10-2

1 825

2.18 × 10-30

3.96 × 10-6

1.89 × 10-5

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.74 × 10-2

3 650

2.67 × 10-35

7.12 × 10-7

1.63 × 10-5

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.75 × 10-2

5 475

3.26 × 10-40

1.28 × 10-7

1.40 × 10-5

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.76 × 10-2

1 825

0.00 × 10+00

3.09 × 10-12

4.89 × 10-6

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.79 × 10-2

21 9000.00 × 10+00

1.02 × 10-13

3.63 × 10-6

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.79 × 10-2

25 5500.00 × 10+00

3.34 × 10-15

2.69 × 10-6

8.96 × 10-7

2.20 × 10-2

2.80 × 10-2

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table D4. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in potatoes
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration ((Bq a)/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

00.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

90

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

180

5.96 × 10-11

1.96 × 10-4

2.28 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

3.59 × 10-4

3.96 × 10-4

270

3.92 × 10-14

1.94 × 10-4

2.45 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

3.85 × 10-4

4.28 × 10-4

365

1.09 × 10-17

1.78 × 10-4

2.43 × 10-4

9.13 × 10-8

4.34 × 10-4

4.92 × 10-4730

2.76 × 10-30

6.91 × 10-6

1.29 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

4.83 × 10-4

5.64 × 10-4

1 095

8.89 × 10-30

4.92 × 10-6

1.26 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

4.89 × 10-4

5.77 × 10-4

1 825

4.16 × 10-33

2.48 × 10-6

1.19 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

4.96 × 10-4

6.02 × 10-4

3 650

5.11 × 10-38

4.46 × 10-7

1.02 × 10-5

9.13 × 10-8

5.02 × 10-4

6.57 × 10-4

5 475

6.25 × 10-43

8.01 × 10-8

8.77 × 10-6

9.13 × 10-8

5.03 × 10-4

7.04 × 10-4

1 825

0.00 × 10+00

1.83 × 10-12

3.06 × 10-6

9.13 × 10-8

5.04 × 10-4

8.93 × 10-4

21 9000.00 × 10+00

6.01 × 10-14

2.27 × 10-6

9.13 × 10-8

5.04 × 10-4

9.20 × 10-4

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.98 × 10-15

1.68 × 10-6

9.13 × 10-8

5.04 × 10-4

9.40 × 10-4

Table D5. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in orchard fruit
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

+00

+00

+00

+00

+00

0.00 × 10+00

00.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

90

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

180

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

270

1.59 × 10-14

1.75 × 10-5

2.20 × 10-5

7.06 × 10-13

4.18 × 10-6

5.08 × 10-6365

4.42 × 10-18

1.60 × 10-5

2.19 × 10-5

7.06 × 10-13

8.53 × 10-6

1.08 × 10-5730

6.92 × 10-26

3.37 × 10-6

6.30 × 10-6

7.06 × 10-13

1.78 × 10-5

2.50 × 10-5

1 095

2.92 × 10-25

2.38 × 10-6

6.09 × 10-6

7.06 × 10-13

2.22 × 10-5

3.43 × 10-5

1 825

1.36 × 10-28

1.20 × 10-6

5.73 × 10-6

7.06 × 10-13

2.57 × 10-5

4.62 × 10-5

3 650

1.66 × 10-33

2.16 × 10-7

4.93 × 10-6

7.06 × 10-13

2.85 × 10-5

7.28 × 10-5

5 475

2.04 × 10-38

3.88 × 10-8

4.25 × 10-6

7.06 × 10-13

2.91 × 10-5

9.57 × 10-5

1 825

0.00 × 10+00

9.34 × 10-13

1.48 × 10-6

7.06 × 10-13

2.92 × 10-5

1.88 × 10-4

21 9000.00 × 10+00

3.07 × 10-14

1.10 × 10-6

7.06 × 10-13

2.92 × 10-5

2.00 × 10-4

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.01 × 10-15

8.13 × 10-7

7.06 × 10-13

2.92 × 10-5

2.10 × 10-4

37

38

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table D6. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in soft fruit
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentrations (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

00.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

90

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

180

6.01 × 10-11

1.92 × 10-5

2.25 × 10-5

1.50 × 10-9

1.19 × 10-5

1.34 × 10-5270

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

1.50 × 10-9

1.90 × 10-5

2.19 × 10-5365

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

1.50 × 10-9

1.90 × 10-5

2.19 × 10-5730

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

1.50 × 10-92.32 × 10-5

2.85 × 10-5

1 095

3.48 × 10-27

2.46 × 10-6

6.30 × 10-6

1.50 × 10-9

2.61 × 10-5

3.49 × 10-5

1 825

1.62 × 10-30

1.24 × 10-6

5.93 × 10-6

1.50 × 10-9

2.97 × 10-5

4.71 × 10-5

3 650

1.99 × 10-35

2.23 × 10-7

5.10 × 10-6

1.50 × 10-9

3.27 × 10-5

7.46 × 10-5

5 475

2.43 × 10-40

4.01 × 10-8

4.39 × 10-6

1.50 × 10-9

3.32 × 10-5

9.83 × 10-5

1 825

0.00 × 10+00

9.67 × 10-13

1.53 × 10-6

1.50 × 10-9

3.33 × 10-5

1.93 × 10-4

21 9000.00 × 10+00

3.18 × 10-14

1.14 × 10-6

1.50 × 10-9

3.33 × 10-5

2.07 × 10-4

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.05 × 10-15

8.41 × 10-7

1.50 × 10-9

3.33 × 10-5

2.17 × 10-4

Table D7. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in rice
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

+00

+00

+00

+00

+00

0.00 × 10+00

00.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

90

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

180

2.34 × 10-11

4.69 × 10-5

5.47 × 10-5

7.38 × 10-13

1.03 × 10-6

1.20 × 10-6

270

9.99 × 10-15

4.31 × 10-5

5.44 × 10-5

1.48 × 10-12

1.21 × 10-5

1.47 × 10-5

365

2.77 × 10-18

3.95 × 10-5

5.41 × 10-5

1.48 × 10-12

2.29 × 10-5

2.88 × 10-5730

8.62 × 10-28

5.72 × 10-6

1.07 × 10-5

1.48 × 10-12

4.34 × 10-5

5.98 × 10-5

1 095

4.33 × 10-27

4.04 × 10-6

1.03 × 10-5

1.48 × 10-12

5.07 × 10-5

7.53 × 10-5

1 825

2.02 × 10-30

2.04 × 10-6

9.73 × 10-6

1.48 × 10-12

5.66 × 10-5

9.54 × 10-5

3 650

2.47 × 10-35

3.66 × 10-7

8.38 × 10-6

1.48 × 10-12

6.14 × 10-5

1.41 × 10-4

5 475

3.03 × 10-40

6.58 × 10-8

7.21 × 10-6

1.48 × 10-12

6.23 × 10-5

1.79 × 10-4

1 825

0.00 × 10+00

1.59 × 10-12

2.52 × 10-6

1.48 × 10-12

6.25 × 10-5

3.36 × 10-4

21 9000.00 × 10+00

5.23 × 10-14

1.87 × 10-6

1.48 × 10-12

6.25 × 10-5

3.57 × 10-4

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.72 × 10-15

1.38 × 10-6

1.48 × 10-12

6.25 × 10-5

3.73 × 10-4

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table D8. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in sheep meat
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

00.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

7

2.16 × 10-2

1.81 × 10-1

1.82 × 10-1

2.74 × 10-4

1.94 × 10-3

1.95 × 10-3

141.60 × 10-2

2.72 × 10-1

2.75 × 10-1

6.41 × 10-4

6.39 × 10-3

6.44 × 10-330

4.64 × 10-3

3.07 × 10-1

3.15 × 10-1

1.06 × 10-3

1.98 × 10-2

2.01 × 10-260

2.09 × 10-4

1.65 × 10-1

1.74 × 10-1

1.18 × 10-3

3.94 × 10-2

4.05 × 10-2

90

6.98 × 10-6

6.88 × 10-2

7.43 × 10-2

1.19 × 10-3

4.85 × 10-2

5.02 × 10-2

180

1.02 × 10-8

7.93 × 10-3

9.25 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.47 × 10-2

5.70 × 10-2

270

8.76 × 10-13

4.50 × 10-3

5.67 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.61 × 10-2

5.87 × 10-2

365

5.03 × 10-15

3.59 × 10-3

4.91 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.71 × 10-2

6.01 × 10-2

730

5.29 × 10-19

1.73 × 10-3

3.23 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.97 × 10-2

6.40 × 10-2

1 095

3.45 × 10-22

8.89 × 10-4

2.27 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

6.09 × 10-2

6.67 × 10-2

1 825

1.53 × 10-25

2.61 × 10-4

1.25 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

6.19 × 10-2

7.01 × 10-2

3 650

1.81 × 10-30

1.41 × 10-5

3.23 × 10-4

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.36 × 10-2

5 475

2.16 × 10-35

7.85 × 10-7

8.57 × 10-5

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.44 × 10-2

1 825

2.80 × 10-43

6.06 × 10-12

9.14 × 10-9

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.48 × 10-2

21 9000.00 × 10+00

2.73 × 10-14

6.44 × 10-10

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.48 × 10-2

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.22 × 10-16

4.54 × 10-11

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.48 × 10-2

Table D9. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in sheep liverTime after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

+00

+00

+00

+00

+00

0.00 × 10+00

00.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

7

2.16 × 10-2

1.81 × 10-1

1.82 × 10-1

2.74 × 10-4

1.94 × 10-3

1.95 × 10-3

141.60 × 10-2

2.72 × 10-1

2.75 × 10-1

6.41 × 10-4

6.39 × 10-3

6.44 × 10-330

4.64 × 10-3

3.07 × 10-1

3.15 × 10-1

1.06 × 10-3

1.98 × 10-2

2.01 × 10-260

2.09 × 10-4

1.65 × 10-1

1.74 × 10-1

1.18 × 10-3

3.94 × 10-2

4.05 × 10-2

90

6.98 × 10-6

6.88 × 10-2

7.43 × 10-2

1.19 × 10-3

4.85 × 10-2

5.02 × 10-2

180

1.02 × 10-8

7.93 × 10-3

9.25 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.47 × 10-2

5.70 × 10-2

270

8.76 × 10-13

4.50 × 10-3

5.67 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.61 × 10-2

5.87 × 10-2

365

5.03 × 10-15

3.59 × 10-3

4.91 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.71 × 10-2

6.01 × 10-2

730

5.29 × 10-19

1.73 × 10-3

3.23 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

5.97 × 10-2

6.40 × 10-2

1 095

3.45 × 10-22

8.89 × 10-4

2.27 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

6.09 × 10-2

6.67 × 10-2

1 825

1.53 × 10-25

2.61 × 10-4

1.25 × 10-3

1.19 × 10-3

6.19 × 10-2

7.01 × 10-2

3 650

1.81 × 10-30

1.41 × 10-5

3.23 × 10-4

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.36 × 10-2

5 475

2.16 × 10-35

7.85 × 10-7

8.57 × 10-5

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.44 × 10-2

1 825

2.80 × 10-43

6.06 × 10-12

9.14 × 10-9

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.48 × 10-2

21 9000.00 × 10+00

2.73 × 10-14

6.44 × 10-10

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.48 × 10-2

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.22 × 10-16

4.54 × 10-11

1.19 × 10-3

6.24 × 10-2

7.48 × 10-2

39

40

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table D10. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in cow meat
Time after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

00.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

4.91 × 10-5

4.81 × 10-2

5.07 × 10-2

1.92 × 10-5

3.11 × 10-3

3.25 × 10-3

90

9.59 × 10-7

2.74 × 10-2

2.97 × 10-2

2.02 × 10-5

6.16 × 10-3

6.49 × 10-3

180

1.15 × 10-9

6.07 × 10-3

7.09 × 10-3

2.03 × 10-5

9.51 × 10-3

1.02 × 10-2270

2.65 × 10-13

9.70 × 10-3

1.22 × 10-2

2.03 × 10-5

1.09 × 10-2

1.19 × 10-2365

1.39 × 10-16

1.28 × 10-2

1.75 × 10-2

2.03 × 10-5

1.40 × 10-2

1.60 × 10-2730

2.97 × 10-20

5.98 × 10-4

1.12 × 10-3

2.03 × 10-5

1.74 × 10-2

2.09 × 10-2

1 095

2.64 × 10-23

2.47 × 10-4

6.31 × 10-4

2.03 × 10-5

1.78 × 10-2

2.18 × 10-2

1 825

1.31 × 10-26

5.86 × 10-5

2.80 × 10-4

2.03 × 10-5

1.80 × 10-2

2.26 × 10-2

3 650

1.60 × 10-31

2.90 × 10-6

6.62 × 10-5

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.33 × 10-2

5 475

1.94 × 10-36

1.60 × 10-7

1.74 × 10-5

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.35 × 10-2

1 825

1.96 × 10-44

9.91 × 10-13

1.93 × 10-9

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.36 × 10-2

21 9000.00 × 10+00

4.42 × 10-15

1.36 × 10-10

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.36 × 10-2

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.97 × 10-17

9.52 × 10-12

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.36 × 10-2

Table D11. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in cow liverTime after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

+00

+00

+00

+00

+00

0.00 × 10+00

00.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

0.00 × 10

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

4.91 × 10-5

4.81 × 10-2

5.07 × 10-2

1.92 × 10-5

3.11 × 10-3

3.25 × 10-3

90

9.59 × 10-7

2.74 × 10-2

2.97 × 10-2

2.02 × 10-5

6.16 × 10-3

6.49 × 10-3

180

1.15 × 10-9

6.07 × 10-3

7.09 × 10-3

2.03 × 10-5

9.51 × 10-3

1.02 × 10-2270

2.65 × 10-13

9.70 × 10-3

1.22 × 10-2

2.03 × 10-5

1.09 × 10-2

1.19 × 10-2365

1.39 × 10-16

1.28 × 10-2

1.75 × 10-2

2.03 × 10-5

1.40 × 10-2

1.60 × 10-2730

2.97 × 10-20

5.98 × 10-4

1.12 × 10-3

2.03 × 10-5

1.74 × 10-2

2.09 × 10-2

1 095

2.64 × 10-23

2.47 × 10-4

6.31 × 10-4

2.03 × 10-5

1.78 × 10-2

2.18 × 10-2

1 825

1.31 × 10-26

5.86 × 10-5

2.80 × 10-4

2.03 × 10-5

1.80 × 10-2

2.26 × 10-2

3 650

1.60 × 10-31

2.90 × 10-6

6.62 × 10-5

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.33 × 10-2

5 475

1.94 × 10-36

1.60 × 10-7

1.74 × 10-5

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.35 × 10-2

1 825

1.96 × 10-44

9.91 × 10-13

1.93 × 10-9

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.36 × 10-2

21 9000.00 × 10+00

4.42 × 10-15

1.36 × 10-10

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.36 × 10-2

25 5500.00 × 10+00

1.97 × 10-17

9.52 × 10-12

2.03 × 10-5

1.81 × 10-2

2.36 × 10-2

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Table D12. Activity concentrations and time-integrated activity concentrations in cow milkTime after
release(days)

Activity concentration (Bq/kg)

Time-integrated activity concentration (Bq a/kg)

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

Iodine-131

Caesium-134

Caesium-137

00.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

70.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

14

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

30

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

0.00 × 10+00

60

4.30 × 10-5

8.24 × 10-3

8.68 × 10-3

4.69 × 10-5

1.41 × 10-3

1.46 × 10-3

90

5.28 × 10-7

2.11 × 10-3

2.28 × 10-3

4.76 × 10-5

1.74 × 10-3

1.81 × 10-3

180

8.11 × 10-10

6.63 × 10-4

7.74 × 10-4

4.77 × 10-5

2.02 × 10-3

2.12 × 10-3

270

7.62 × 10-13

2.61 × 10-3

3.29 × 10-3

4.77 × 10-5

2.33 × 10-3

2.51 × 10-3365

2.43 × 10-16

2.59 × 10-3

3.54 × 10-3

4.77 × 10-5

3.02 × 10-3

3.41 × 10-3730

5.91 × 10-20

1.09 × 10-4

2.04 × 10-4

4.77 × 10-5

3.49 × 10-3

4.11 × 10-3

1 095

4.20 × 10-23

4.61 × 10-5

1.18 × 10-4

4.77 × 10-5

3.56 × 10-3

4.26 × 10-3

1 825

1.96 × 10-26

1.11 × 10-5

5.32 × 10-5

4.77 × 10-5

3.61 × 10-3

4.42 × 10-3

3 650

2.36 × 10-31

5.53 × 10-7

1.26 × 10-5

4.77 × 10-5

3.63 × 10-3

4.56 × 10-3

5 475

2.85 × 10-36

3.05 × 10-8

3.33 × 10-6

4.77 × 10-5

3.63 × 10-3

4.59 × 10-3

1 825

0.00 × 10+00

1.89 × 10-13

3.69 × 10-10

4.77 × 10-5

3.63 × 10-3

4.61 × 10-3

21 9000.00 × 10+00

8.43 × 10-16

2.59 × 10-11

4.77 × 10-5

3.63 × 10-3

4.61 × 10-3

25 5500.00 × 10+00

3.75 × 10-18

1.82 × 10-12

4.77 × 10-5

3.63 × 10-3

4.61 × 10-3

41

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

Supplement E. Methodology
radionuclides in drinking waterI.

forassessing

doses

from

ingestion

43

of

INTRODUCTION

E1.
Following an accidental release of radionuclides to the environment, the ingestion ofdrinking water is one pathway through which radionuclides can enter the body. This applies toboth releases to atmosphere and releases to water bodies. Following the releases from FDNPS,
widespread monitoring of drinking water was carried out to determine the quantities of the key
radionuclides contained in water. In order to reduce radiation exposures of the public,
restrictions on the supply of drinking water were introduced in Japan, with the aim of ensuringthat water with radionuclides above defined concentration levels was not distributed. Where
feasible, the assessed effective doses from the ingestion of drinking water took into accountthese restrictions.
E2.
Radionuclides released to atmosphere may deposit onto water surfaces and may also
enter these water bodies via runoff from land. Radionuclides rapidly disperse and dilute inlarge water bodies. There are also natural and anthropogenic filtering systems that contribute to
the rapid removal of radionuclides from drinking water supplies.
E3.
The assessment of doses for the first year in Japan was based on the comprehensive setof measurement data collected by the Japanese authorities [MHLW, 2013]. The measured
concentrations were combined with information on how much water people drink to estimate
radiation doses. Doses were not estimated beyond the first year unless the monitoring results
suggested that measurable levels of radionuclides were still present in drinking water at thistime. No assessment was made for countries other than Japan.
E4.
This supplement summarizes the methodology used for estimating effective doses tothe public from ingestion of drinking water and the results obtained using this method.
II.

METHODOLOGY

E5.
The aim was to estimate the effective doses from drinking water to representative
people living in specific locations. Within Fukushima Prefecture, an average effective dose wasestimated for each district. For the rest of Japan, average effective doses were estimated foreach prefecture.
(a) Basic data and parameters

E6.
Radionuclide content in drinking water. The monitoring data for drinking water sources
in Japan [MHLW, 2013] were summarized for the dose estimates. The spreadsheet contained
information about the date and location of sampling, radionuclides to be tested, water supplierand the date when the results were published. Datasets of activity concentration in drinking
water collected by MHLW from May 2011 to April 2012 were used.
E7.
Age groups. Effective doses were estimated for three age groups—adults, 10-year-old
children and one-year-old infants.

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ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

E8.
Intake rates. Intake rates were taken from [WHO, 2012] and were 2 L, 1 L and 0.75 L
daily for adults, 10-year-old children and one-year-old infants, respectively. It was assumed
that all the water consumed by an individual was sourced from local water supplies and that nobottled water was consumed except when drinking water supplies were restricted by theJapanese authorities.
E9.

Dose coefficients. Dose coefficients were taken from [ICRP, 2011].

E10. Radionuclides. Data were available only for 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs concentrations indrinking water for areas outside Fukushima Prefecture and these were therefore the only
radionuclides considered in the dose assessment. For districts within Fukushima Prefecture,drinking water supplies were also tested for a number of other radionuclides. However, theonly radionuclides detected in drinking water throughout the entire prefecture were 131I, 132I,
134
Cs and 137Cs; therefore, these four radionuclides were the only radionuclides included in thedose assessment for these districts.
(b) Considerations in interpreting and using the data

E11. Delays in beginning measurements. The first day on which a drinking water sample wascollected in Fukushima Prefecture was 16 March 2011. Sampling did not begin in some
districts until late March or early April 2011. For each district or prefecture, the day on which
the first intake of drinking water containing radionuclides was assumed to occur wasdetermined by comparing the monitoring data with the data from the plume modelling.
E12. Limits of detection. The majority of results for concentrations of radionuclides indrinking water samples were reported as less than the detection limit. In most prefectures, there
were no measurements above the detection limit for the entire year following the accident. In
some cases, the detection limit was stated as being somewhere between 5 and 15 Bq/L. In othercases, a specific detection limit was provided (this was typically between 0.5 and 1 Bq/L). A
brief analysis was done to investigate the impact on the estimated doses of using different
values where a measurement was reported to be below the detection limit. The doses for two
districts in Fukushima Prefecture (Iitate and Date) were calculated for three scenarios: in thefirst, activity concentrations reported as less than the detection limit were assumed to be zero;in the second, activity concentrations reported as less than the detection limit were assumed tobe 5 Bq/L; and in the third, a variable approach was used, if subsequent measurements werealso reported to be below the limits of detection, the activity concentrations were assumed to bezero, but if they were reported to be above the limits of detection, they were assumed to be
5 Bq/L.
E13. Variation in sampling locations. The activity concentrations of radionuclides indrinking water were measured on some samples taken directly from taps or wells. Other
samples were taken at treatment plants. No data were available to determine whether there had
been any reduction in activity concentrations during transport to consumers and therefore nocorrection was made to the data to account for this. This may have led to some overestimationof the actual doses.
E14. Sampling bias. It is likely that more sampling occurred in areas where there was ahigher expectation of higher levels, or where higher levels had been found previously. Because
no attempt was made to correct for this sampling bias, this may also have led to someoverestimation of the doses from drinking water.

ATTACHMENT C-13: METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF DOSE FROM INGESTION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL

45

E15. Drinking water restrictions. In some locations, water drinking was restricted to preventthe intake of radionuclides in tap water. The majority of restrictions were intended to apply
only for infants. The Japanese authorities supplied bottled water to all regions whererestrictions were in place. Therefore, it was assumed in this assessment that all drinking water
restrictions were adhered to and the doses from radionuclides in drinking water were zero whenrestrictions were in place.
E16. Evacuation zones. Evacuation zones have not been accounted for in these dose
estimates, as there was not sufficient time for radionuclides to get into drinking water in manyof the districts that were evacuated. However, the assumption that the doses prior to evacuationfrom drinking water in these districts were zero need to be verified, particularly for deliberate
evacuation areas. For this reason, the excel spreadsheets used to calculate doses were set up toshow the average weekly and/or monthly intakes of radionuclides for each district/prefecture.
E17. Coverage of the data. Some districts/prefectures had very few measurements made andsome districts/prefectures did not have any measurements made from March 2011. For the
districts within Fukushima Prefecture, the tables of measurement results give the total numberof water samples used to estimate doses and the date that the first water sample was taken.
(c) Dose calculation

E18. For the districts within Fukushima Prefecture, weekly doses to the representative
individuals were calculated from March 2011 to the end of May 2011. After this time, monthly
doses were calculated because the concentrations of radionuclides in drinking water had fallen
significantly and fewer measurements had been taken. For prefectures other than Fukushima
Prefecture, monthly doses were calculated from March 2011 to March 2012. All monthly doses
were based on calendar months.
E19. Datasets of activity concentration in drinking water collected by MHLW from May
2011 to April 2012 were used.
E20.

Doses for each radionuclide were calculated as follows:
DoseDW (Sv)=∑annual intake (Bq) × dose coefficienting

radionuclides

where the annual intake (AI) is determined by:
Annual intake (Bq)=∑average concentration (Bq/L) × weekly or monthly intake (L)weeks/months(d) Population-weighted average dose

E21. In addition to estimating effective doses and absorbed doses to the thyroid to therepresentative individual for each district within Fukushima Prefecture, a population-weighted
average dose (PWD) was calculated for Fukushima Prefecture as a whole using the following
equation:Σ=i district

PWD=(average dosei ×populationi)
Σi populationi

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47

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