CREATIVITY IN LANGUAGE TEACHING*
Jack C. Richards
Visiting distinguished professor, City University of Hong Kong (2013/2014)
Honorary professor, University of Sydney
Adjunct professor, Regional Language Centre, Singapore* Plenary address given at the Summer Institute for English Teacher of Creativity andDiscovery in Teaching University Writing, City University of Hong Kong, 5th June 2013.
Introduction
One of the consequences of the spread of English as an international language is a growing
demand at all levels in both the public and private education sectors for good English
language teachers. Schools want teachers who are dedicated, well-qualified, have a goodcommand of English, who work well with their colleagues, who can engage and motivate
their students and who are committed to helping their learners succeed. But above all theywant individuals who are good teachers. The notion of what it means to be a good teacher is acomplex one, since good teaching draws on many different qualities that teachers bring totheir classes – reflecting the knowledge, skills and understanding they have built up fromtheir professional education and from their experience of teaching. In this paper I want to
explore one quality among the many that characterize effective teachers – the ability to bringa creative disposition to teaching.

In recent years research and theorizing on the nature and impact of creativity has been afocus in almost every discipline and domain, from those where it has traditionally been
central such as fashion design and literature, to areas where it is perhaps less familiar such as
business or management. Talk about creativity is everywhere today, driven by the need forcompanies and organizations to be more competitive and by the movement towards learnedcentred rather than test-driven teaching in schools. Ministries of education in different partsof the world have encouraged schools to focus more on creativity in the curriculum across all
subject areas – something that is believed to have widespread consequences. For example a
recent report in the UK concluded that “Britain’s economic prosperity and social cohesion
depended on developing a national strategy for creative and cultural education”. - - Creative
teaching is said to increase levels of motivation and self-esteem on the part of learners and toprepare them with the flexible skills they need for the future. Developing the capacity to becreative is believed to have the potential to enrich lives and help contribute to a better society.

1However not all students have the opportunity to experience creative teaching. A recent study
at Vanderbilt University in the United States found that arts majors developed more creative
problem-solving skills than almost any other area of study: their courses helped them develop
the skills of risk-taking, dealing with ambiguities, discovering patterns, and the use ofanalogy and metaphor. 80% of arts students said the expressing creativity was part of theircourses, however only 3% of biology majors and about 13% of engineers and business
reported a focus on creativity in their coursework.

In education creativity is important because it can improve academic attainment. Fisher(2004: 11) reports:
Research…shows that when students are assessed in ways that recognize and value
their creative abilities, their academic performance improves. Creative activity canrekindle the interest of students who have been turned off by school, and teachers who
may be turned off by teaching in a culture of control and compliance.
In language teaching, Maley’s (1997) work has emphasized a focus on creativity throughthe use of texts drawn from a variety of different literary and non-literary sources that can beused to elicit creative thinking and foster the ability to make creative connections. Creativity
has also been linked to levels of attainment in second language learning. Many of thelanguage tasks favoured by contemporary language teaching methods are believed to releasecreativity in learners – particularly those involving student-centred, interaction-based, andopen-ended elements, and are therefore in principle ideally suited to fostering creative
thinking and behaviour on the part of learners. Creative intelligence seems to be a factor thatcan facilitate language learning because it helps learners cope with novel and unpredictable
experiences. Communicative teaching methods have a role to play here since they emphasizefunctional and situational language use and employ activities such as role-play andsimulations that require students to use their imaginations and think creatively. So what does
creativity look like in a language classroom?
Here is an example of a creative teacher at work. She was confronted with the following
situation:
A teacher has just called in sick. You are going to teach her 50-minute spoken English
class, lower-intermediate level, in five minutes. Your only teaching aid is an empty
glass.
The teacher thought about it for less than a minute and then elaborated her idea for the lesson.

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1. I would start by showing the glass and asking students to form groups and brainstorm
for five minutes, to come up with the names of as many different kinds of containers as
possible. They would then group them, according to their functions. For example,
things that contain food, things that are used to carry things, things that are used tostore things in and so on. I would model how they should do this and suggest the kindof language they could use. (10 minutes).
2. Students would present their findings to the class to see who had come up with thelongest list. (10 minutes).
3. For a change of pace, and to practise functional language, I would do some dialogue
work, practising asking to borrow a container from a neighbour. First, I would model
the kind of exchange I want them to practise. Then students would plan their dialogue
following this outline:a) Apologize for bothering your neighbour.
b) Explain what you want and why you need it.
c) Your neighbour offers to lend you what you want.
d) Thank your neighbour and promise to return it on the weekend.
Students would then perform their dialogues.
But how do teachers arrive at creative solutions to problems like this and what exactly
does creativity consist of? There are many different ways of defining creativity depending onwhether we see it “as a property of people (who we are), processes (what we do) or products(what we make)” (Fisher, 2004: 8). Hence creativity is usually described as having a numberof different dimensions:

the ability to solve problems in original and valuable ways that are relevant togoals;
seeing new meanings and relationships in things and making connections;having original and imaginative thoughts and ideas about something;using the imagination and past experience to create new learning possibilities.

When creativity is viewed as a product the focus might be on a particular lesson, a task oractivity in a book, or a piece of student writing. What are the specific features of the lesson
that enables us to say that is creative? When viewed as a process the focus is on the thinking
processes and decisions that a person makes use of in producing something that we would
describe as creative (Jones, 2012). It is these two dimensions to creativity that I want toillustrate in here by focusing on both the special attributes and qualities of a group of creative
teachers of English – this is the product dimension if you like – and then to consider how
these attributes lead to particular classroom processes in language teaching. I will also
consider how schools can foster a culture of creativity and the benefits it can bring for the3

school as well as for teachers and students. But first let me say something about my data
sources.
My most recent interest in creativity in teaching was prompted by reading a report of a
UK research project that was carried out in Kent by a team from Canterbury Christ Church
University (Cremin, Barnes, and Scoffham, 2009). This involved an initial survey of 20
schools followed by a more detailed study undertaken in four of the schools – two primary
and two secondary – in which the quality of creative teaching was acknowledged to beoutstanding. The teachers in these schools were not TESOL teachers but the research
identified three interrelated dimensions of creative teaching that are both product and process
related and which also emphasized the school context as a crucial factor in facilitating
creative teaching. The findings in the Kent study highlighted three factors:a) the personal qualities of the teacherb) the pedagogy the teacher adopts; andc) the ethos of the class and school
I decided to look further into these dimensions of creative teaching in relation to thethinking and practices of teachers of English, by first asking a group of English teachers who
had participated in an essay writing competition during one of my recent lecture-tours towrite about their philosophies of teaching. (The teachers are identified by an initial in thispaper). I then selected from the teacher’s stories those that appeared to reflect a creative
disposition. Following this I conducted follow-up interviews – both spoken and written - toprobe further into the teachers’ thinking and to find examples from their classroom practicethat illustrated creative approaches to teaching. In order to summarize the results of theseconversations and interviews and following on from the Kent research I will discuss threedifferent dimensions of creative teaching:
1. The qualities creative teachers possess
2. How teachers apply creativity in their teaching
3. How creativity can be supported in the school

1. THE QUALITIES CREATIVE TEACHERS POSSESS
We can probably all recall teachers we know who were very creative in their approach toteaching. Of course we have all encountered teachers who make use of carefully developed
lesson plans, who keep their lessons focussed on accurate performance of tasks, who arestrict about getting homework in on time and returning it with detailed corrections and4suggestions. Hopefully however we also have powerful and fond memories of a teacher who
sparked our imagination, who inspired us by their individual and personal teaching style, who
motivated us to want to continue learning and perhaps to eventually decide to become an
English teacher? What makes teachers like this different?
Creativity depends upon the ability to analyse and evaluate situations and to identify
novel ways of responding to them. This in turn depends upon a number of different abilities
and levels of thinking. Let me now try to describe eight aspects of teacher ability andcognition that characterize some of the qualities of creative teachers.

1.1.Creative teachers are knowledgeable
Creative teachers have a solid knowledge base. They know their subject – English, teaching
English, and learning English - and they draw on their subject matter knowledge in building
creative lessons. A knowledge base is important because without knowledge, imagination
cannot be productive. Creativity doesn’t mean making unfocussed and unprincipled actions.
It doesn’t mean making it up as you go.
Let me first give an example of creativity without a solid knowledge base - which I
characterize as mis-placed creativity. I once worked with a native-speaker teacher who had
no formal education in TESOL but had taught for 8 years in an EFL context by virtue of thefact that he was a native speaker. He had developed a technique he called “sponting”, which
he used as a feature of every class he taught. For example he might take a word to begin alesson: “English”. He would ask students to come up with words that started with E -N -G –L- I- S -H. Then he would take the ending “ish” and ask for nationalities that ended in “ish”.
Suddenly he was comparing “Finnish” – the nationality, with “to finish”. Next he was asking
students if they knew what a finishing school was. And so it went on. When I asked him to
explain the theoretical rationale for this activity and what it was supped to achieve he could
not come up with a convincing response.

This is what I mean by creativity not linked to a solid knowledge base. It leads toactivities that have no legitimate goals or purpose. Compare that approach to creativity withthis teacher’s account of a lesson:

5Drawing on knowledge of texts
When I teach I may not have a detailed lesson plan but I keep my goals firmly in mind
and I know what I am trying to teach, whether it is a reading lesson, a speaking lesson and soon. And if I decide to do something that I hadn’t planned it’s because I suddenly thought of amore interesting and engaging way of practicing something. For example the other day wewere studying narratives and were looking at a text in the book when it occurred to me that it
would be fun if students created a jigsaw narrative in groups. Each group would prepare theopening section of a narrative, and then pass them around so that each group added the next
section to the story. It turned out to be a good way of reinforcing what we had been studying,
about the features of narrative texts – you know about setting, characters, events, problem,and resolution. – C - English teacher, Mexico
In the next example, the teacher refers to differences in the use of formal and casualspeech:Making use of sociolinguistic knowledge
One of the things that my students seem to find interesting and even amusing is when I
present a different point of view from an idea presented in one of the texts we are using. I
guess this is just a matter of confidence but I feel it is good for learners to see that ideas inprint can be challenged. The most obvious example of this is when texts we are reading havebeen written by someone writing in a different cultural context. For instance, the other day
we were reading a text, written in the USA, about taking part in a job interview. The text saidvery clearly that the interviewee should call any male interviewers “Sir” and any females“Ma’am”. So I explained that in the country I come from, that would be completely
inappropriate because those terms of address are not familiar. This opened up a very
interesting discussion about terms of address, formality and respect. My intention was tohighlight for the learners that such matters are defined very differently in different culturalcontexts and it is important to be sensitive to the context. The same issues of formality andinformality occur in writing of course, so I was able to refer to this conversation later when
we started working on letter writing. – S, university teacher, UAE
Having a solid knowledge base means that the teacher has a rationale and purpose for thecreative activities he or she uses. They have not been chosen merely for their novelty value
but because they reflect the teachers’ knowledge and understanding of teaching and learning.

1.2. Creative teaching requires confidenceThis attribute partly follows on from the preceding one, since knowledge of subject mattercan provide a sense of confidence that enables the teacher to be original and creative. One
feature of confidence is that it gives teachers a sense that they are in control of theirclassroom and that is the teacher – not the book or the curriculum- that can make adifference. Creative teachers see their input to the lesson as being decisive and so they have asense of personal responsibility for how well learners learn.
Following one’s intuitions

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I have been teaching for nearly ten years and now I am much more confident in theclassroom than I was when I first started teaching. At first I used to worry about what mystudents thought about me – did I know my subject, did I know how to introduce the material,
was I in control of the class and so on. Now that I am much more confident as a teacher I am
more willing to follow my intuitions, to try out new approaches and strategies, to take risks
and experiment. It makes teaching more enjoyable for me. – M, English teacher, Peru
1.3. Creative teachers are committed to helping their learners succeed
Conversations with creative teachers confirm that they are very committed to their learner’s
success. The fact that they are creative means they are constantly adjusting their teaching inorder to better facilitate learning. They want their learners to succeed and they try to find out
as much as they can about their learners to enable them to best cater to their needs. They alsoseek to develop their learners’ self-confidence.
Developing self-confidence in learners
The more I know about my leaners, the better I can help them learn.
Self-assurance can inspire second language learners to pass through the door of theworld of English especially those who do not believe in themselves. Why is it important for a
student to believe in one self? I have to deal with this question when working with students.
Learners who boost self-confidence, boost success in acquiring the knowledge of a foreign
language. In other words, they awake their credence in learning English.
R, English teacher, Mexico
One teacher emphasized the need to recognize individual differences among learners:
Focusing on learners as individuals
I believe that one of the most important things I can do for my learners is to increase
their confidence in their ability to learn successfully. It never ceases to amaze me how
different the learners in a single class can be. I believe it is my job to find out what theparticular strengths and weaknesses of each learner are to and to work with those, usuallyoutside of class time. One of the ways I do this is by personalizing the feedback I give on mylearners’ writing. This is where I can give advice about the areas that a particular learnerneeds to work on or where I can congratulate them on something they have done very well. In
this way, I treat my written feedback with them as part of an ongoing conversation. In a way,it allows me to extend the time I can spend with each learner beyond the hours we spend
together in the classroom and the times where they drop into my office with a question or justto chat. – S, University English teacher, UAE

1.4. Creative teachers are non-conformists
Conformity is the enemy of creativity. It reduces the likelihood of creating fresh points ofview and new insights. Bruner (1962) defined creativity as ‘an act that produces effective
surprise’. Fisher (2004: 9) comments:
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It is originality that provides effective surprise. To do the same things in the sameway is not to be creative, to do things differently adds variation to mere habit, butwhen we do or think things we have not done before, and they are effective, we arebeing original and fully creative.
The creative teacher does not simply present lessons from the book. He or she looks fororiginal ways of creating lessons and using the textbook and teaching materials and seeks tocreate lessons that reflect his or her individual teaching style. This is another way of sayingthat being creative means seeking to adapt and modify lessons to better match the learners’
needs. For this reason creative teachers are generally very different from each other.
Learning to be a creative teacher does not mean modelling or copying the practices of othercreative teachers, but rather it means understanding the principles that underlie creative
teaching. Individual teachers will realize these principles in different ways. We see thisapproach reflected in principles articulated by creative teachers:

Creating effective surprises
I like my students to feel that when they come to my class they will always experiencesomething a little different and unexpected. Not novelty for its own sake but a different way of
doing things. For example, in addition to teaching how to write I make a point of teaching
students how not to write. I try to find the worst possible examples and ask students to markthese as if they were the teacher. I then reveal to them who the texts were written by. Students
love finding out that some of the texts came from Ministry of Education documents andwebsites! I try to add new techniques to my repertoire every year. – L, English teacher,
MexicoAvoiding repetition
I have been using the same textbook for over five years, along with lots of other teachers
in my school. Each time I teach from it I try to do different things with it, to use it ways thatare a little bit different from the ways my colleagues use it. They tend to stick to the book a lotof the time. I find it much more interesting to try to find different ways of teaching it,
sometimes reversing the order of exercises in a unit, having students rewrite some of thereading texts, sometimes having the students teach the book themselves, taking turns. It
becomes more interesting for me as well as more fun for the learners too. I try to challenge
myself by not repeating things too many times. – R, English teacher, Mexico
1.5. Creative teachers are familiar with a wide range of strategies and techniques
Creativity in teaching means having a wide repertoire of routines and strategies whichteachers can call upon, as well as being ready to depart from established procedures and touse one’s own solutions. In general I find that novice teachers are much less likely to becreative than experienced teachers simply because they are familiar with fewer strategies and8techniques. The danger is that once a teacher becomes comfortable in using a core set oftechniques and strategies these become fixed.
Varying tasks and activities
I have a repertoire of at least 20 different ways of dealing with a writing task dependingon which stage of the process we are working on. Sometimes we work with brainstorming
techniques like listing, cubing or mindmapping. These can be done orally or in writing.
Sometimes it’s more productive when learners work in pairs. Sometimes we do continuous
writing on topics they generate, just to focus on fluency. Other times we work with theorganization of texts, identifying the best sequence in which to present elements of the text
and allocating different learners to generate the ideas and language for different parts. Thisway we come up with a collaborative text. I also use reformulation in class a lot – thisinvolves presenting two versions of a completed text: the learner’s original text and then aversion of it that I have reworked to make it communicate more effectively. The positive thing
about reformulation is that it involves no “correction” of the learner’s text but invites
students to identify the changes that have been made and to discuss why they have beenmade. In this way it is developing their critical skills and helping them find ways ofevaluating and improving their own texts. The key is to keep the activities fresh and toencourage learners to contribute the content. With writing, the sky’s the limit as far as
content is concerned; they are only limited by their imagination. – S, University teacher,UAE

1.6. Creative teachers are risk-takers
The creative teacher is willing to experiment, to innovate, and to take risks. Risk-taking
reflects the flexible mindset of creative teachers as well as their self-confidence. They arewilling to try things out, even if at times they may not work quite the way they are intended.

So the teacher is willing to rethink or revise, or if necessary abandon her original plan andtry something else. But this is seen as a learning moment and not an indication of failure.

Pausing to rethink
Last year I got students to keep a writing portfolio. The idea was to get them to reflect on
their progress and motivate them by getting them to see evidence of their work. They hated it!
They just thought it was more work and didn’t help them with their exams. I will really needto rethink this one. – E, English teacher, Mexico
Trying something new
Recently in my writing class I asked learners to find any website or a blog that interested
them and submit a question to that blog and see if they got an answer. I was a bit nervousthat learners might choose unsuitable sites but thought I’d give it a go anyway. As it
happened only a few students completed the assignment but one of them who did reported ona Tandem Language Learning website she had found that welcomed learners to join for free.

9She had been paired up with an Australian girl who was learning Spanish and they had
already exchanged a number of emails and were planning to have a Skype meeting. Her
report was completely unexpected but ended up motivating a number of other students to visit
the same site and find their own partners. Whereas at first I thought the activity had been
unsuccessful because not everyone did it, in fact this one student’s enthusiasm ended up
influencing several others to follow her lead, which eventually provided lots of additional
written communication practice in English. – S, UAE
1.7. Creative teachers seek to achieve learner-centred lessons
A trait that is reflected in several of the comments above is that of learner-centredness. Thisis seen in teachers who listen to their learners and who seek opportunities for learners to takeresponsibility and control of their learning. An important feature of learner-centred lessons is
the extent to which the lesson connects with the learners’ life experiences.
Personalising lesson content
As far as I can I try to involve my students in developing the content of lessons. For
example if I am teaching students to write narratives, while the textbook provides examples ofwhat narratives are and what their features are, as soon as possible to shift the lesson focus
to sharing personal stories. When students share accounts of their childhoods and write
about important events or experiences in their lives they become much more involved in theirwriting. – S, English teacher, Singapore
Another teacher describes how he develops students’ awareness of texts through focusing
on texts they bring to class:Using student-selected content
I ask my students to collect examples of interesting texts they encounter out of class andbring these to class. I use these as the basis for teaching them about different text types andstyles. The texts they bring to class are often more interesting than the ones in the bookbecause these are the texts THEY are interested in. – J, English teacher, Ecuador
1.8. Creative teachers are reflective
Lastly, a quality that creative teachers seem to possess is what we can call critical reflectivity.
They review and reflect on their own practice, seek to expand their knowledge and try to find
new ideas and practices that they can apply in their own classrooms. They ask questions likethese:

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





Do I vary the way I teach my lessons?
Do I try out new activities and assess their role in my classes?
Do I compare my teaching with the teaching of other teachers to find out creative
solutions that they may have developed?
Can I find ways of making my tasks more creative and hence more engaging forlearners? (For example by presenting a reading text as a jigsaw reading).
Can I adapt the activities I use so that they increase the personal value of my lesson to
my learners? (For example by adapting an activity so that it centers on the students’
lives rather than on characters in a textbook?)

Here is how one teacher engages in this process of critical reflection:
Reflecting through journal-writing
I keep a teaching journal in which I jot down thoughts and reflections on my teaching. I
try to take 30 minutes or so, once week, to look back at my teaching and reflect on things ofinterest, or issues that arose that I need to think more about. If I have tried out a new activity
and it worked particularly well I may make a note of it for future reference. I find journalwriting to be a useful consciousness-raising tool. It helps me focus on things that I may
otherwise forget and helps me make better decisions about my future teaching. It’s
interesting to read things I wrote at different times to get a sense of my understanding ofmyself as a teacher. – E, English teacher, Mexico
Getting feedback from learners
One way that I help myself remain reflective on my teaching is to regularly ask mylearners to scribble on a piece of paper at the end of a morning’s teaching what they
remember about the class. This can be very telling. Sometimes the learners refer tosomething that I didn’t pay much attention to, and that makes me wonder why it was sosalient for them and not for me. Sometimes I realize that they are more focused on the content
of what we are writing about than the strategies and skills and elements that contribute toeffective written texts. This information is extremely valuable as it gives me an inkling of how
the learners perceive what goes on in class and gives me the opportunity to make adjustments
to my practice where I think this is needed. – S, University teacher, UAE

2. HOW TEACHERS APPLY CREATIVITY IN THEIR CLASSROOMS
How does having some of the traits I have described so far influence the way a creative
teacher teaches his or class? We see a creative disposition reflected in several different
dimensions of creative teachers’ lessons.

2.1. Creative teachers make use of an eclectic choice of methods
Typically rather than being bound to a particular method, creative teachers often adopt an
approach that might be called principled eclecticism. In other words they don’t choose
methods and procedures at random but according to the needs of their class. They use a wide11

variety of teaching approaches and a wide range of resources and activities. Instead of
depending on a single method, creativity is promoted by a mixture and combination of styles.

Using a blend of methods
I teach at a private language school where learners from all over the world come to study
five days a week for anything from two weeks to two years. In order to keep learners engaged
for that many hours, one methodology simply doesn’t cut the mustard. I’ve lived throughquite a few briefly fashionable movements and gleefully looted whatever I could from each.
With more experience, one blends them all and develops a best practice which utilises
anything that works with one’s own particular learners. – P, English teacher, New Zealand2.2. Creative teachers use activities which have creative dimensions.
Teaching creatively means assessing activities and materials for their potential to support
creative teaching. Researchers have identified a number of dimensions of creative tasks: they
are said to involve open-ended problem solving, to be adapted to the abilities of theparticipants, and to be carried out under constraints (Burton 2010; Lubart 1994). Some of thefeatures that Dörnyei (2001) identifies as productive language learning tasks can also be seen
to promote creative responses:
Challenge: tasks in which learners solve problems, discover something, overcome
obstacles, or find information
Interesting content: topics that students already find interesting and that theywould want to read about outside of class, such as stories we find about sports andentertainment personalities we find on YouTube and the internet
The personal element: activities that make connections to the learners’ lives andconcerns
The novelty element: aspects of an activity that are new or different or totally
unexpected
The intriguing element: tasks that concern ambiguous, problematic, paradoxical,
controversial, contradictory or incongruous material stimulate curiosity
Individual choice: they look for tasks which give students a personal choice. For
example students can choose their own topics to write about in an essay or choose
their own topics and group members in a discussion activity.
Tasks that encourage risk taking: they don’t want their students to be so
worried about making mistakes that they feel reluctant to take part in activities.
Reward them for effort and not only for success.
Tasks that encourage original thought: activities that require an original
response. So instead of comprehension questions after a reading passage that test
recall, they seek to use tasks that encourage a personal and individual response to thewhat the student has read.
The fantasy element: activities that engage the learners’ fantasy and that invite
the learners to use their imagination for creating make-believe stories, identifying
with fictional characters or acting out imaginary situations

12Here are examples of creative tasks that reflect some of these characteristics:
Making use of a personal element
Even though my students don’t seem to like writing in class, I realised that they do quite a
bit of writing in their daily lives, in the form of tweets and Facebook updates for example. I
created a twitter account and a Google+ page for our class and got students to start writing
short messages in response to each other. Gradually I assigned them different roles and had
everyone contribute different parts to a short story we wrote collaboratively. The students
loved it as it made the activity more familiar to their out-of-class experiences. – C, English
teacher, Colombia
Encouraging original thought
In my Business writing course we have to work with lots of very routine texts such as
email messages, blogposts and business letters. To make it more interesting I ask students atthe start of the semester to invent their own company, logo, staff list and products so that they
can use this material when they are developing their own scenarios and situations throughout
the semester rather than having to stick rigidly to examples in the textbook. In this way, theycreate a kind of personal narrative throughout the semester, telling different stories about
what has happened in the company and what they need to communicate about. – M, English
teacher, Peru
Here Sara describes the use of an activity with a fantasy element:
Making use of fantasy
One of my learners popped into my office the other day and asked me if I had a minute toread something written on his telephone. I was intrigued. When I read it, I saw that it was
the opening lines of a thriller, rich with description of place and person. Because he’s in my
Research Writing course, I had no idea he had such a lively imagination and an ability towrite such creative text, so I asked him how we could find a way of seeing more of his talent
for words in his research writing. He took a risk in showing me that writing but I figure that
he did so because he wanted me to know what he is capable of. Since that day I’ve
encouraged him to be as creative as possible during our free writing sessions and to focus on
personal links to the rather academic and serious topic that he is exploring in his research
paper. – S, University teacher, UAE
2.3. Creative teachers teach in a flexible way and often adjust and modify their teaching
during lessons
Flexibility is another feature we often observe in the lessons of creative teachers.
Flexibility in teaching means being able to switch between different styles and modes ofteaching during the lesson, for example if necessary changing the pace of the lesson and,giving more space and time to learners. The teacher may not need to refer to a lesson plan
because he or she is able to create effective lessons through monitoring the learners’ responseto teaching activities and creating learning opportunities around important teaching moments.
This kind of teaching can be viewed as a kind of skilled improvisation. Here a teacher
describes how he makes use of “teachable moments.”
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Making the most of teachable moments
The longer I teach the more often “teachable moments” emerge in my teaching. It might
be a topic, it might be a type of text, it might be a situation - many prompts can invite me toshare a story or an experience with my learners which relates to the lesson goals. Usually I
find these diversions are helpful; sometimes they relieve tension when we have been working
hard on something. For instance, one day I was working through some examples with myEAP class of how to integrate another writer’s ideas into my own text. In the example I wasusing, one of the learners suddenly stopped me to ask about the name of one of the authors in
the in-text citation. Since I had noticed that my leaners frequently confused the first namewith the family name of Western authors, this gave me a perfect opportunity to draw attention
to the names of the authors in the text and to ask them to suggest what the citation would be if
each of them had written the original text. Personalizing the example in this way, and being
willing to be diverted from the focus of the activity at hand is sometimes necessary. I usuallytell myself if one learner has thought it important enough to ask the question, others arelikely to be wondering the same thing. It’s important to be ready to let the learners’ agenda
take over at times. – P, English teacher, New ZealandCreative teachers often improvise around their teaching materials, moving back and forth
between book-based input and teacher-initiated input. Hence even though a teacher may
teach the same lesson from a textbook many times, each time he or she teaches it becomes adifferent lesson due to the improvisations the teacher initiates during teaching.

2.4. Creative teachers look for new ways of doing things
Learning to teach means mastering the formats of different kinds of lessons – reading lessons,conversation lessons, listening lessons, and so on. Lessons are structured in different ways
depending on their content but typically consist of openings, tasks, and closings. Delivering
lessons over time, teachers develop routines and procedures that enable these dimensions oflessons to be carried out efficiently and effortlessly. But there is a tendency for teaching tobecome increasingly standardized - the “one size fits all” approach – particularly whenteachers are working within a prescribed curriculum and teaching towards tests. This often
results in a teacher working from pre-packed materials such as a textbook and “transmitting”
it efficiently. This is perhaps appropriate at the beginning stages of a teacher’s career but
should not characterize the lessons of experienced teachers. Here are some comments by ateacher on how she seeks to introduce variety into familiar activities:
Giving learners choices
I find that the easiest way to do something new in the lesson is to invite the learners tomake the decisions about different aspects of the activities. There is no reason why theteacher has to decide which activities to focus on or in which order to complete them. There
are also many possibilities for arranging the grouping of learners as they work on tasks,
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from individual to pairs to small groups. I try and work through different aspects of lessonorganization and systematically vary the following: text type, audience, purpose, skill focus,
learning configuration (individuals, pairs, groups, whole class). I also routinely ask thelearners to tell me how long they believe they will need in order to complete a particular
activity. They have a much better idea than me and I always make sure I write some kind of“extension task” on the board while they are working, so that anyone who finishes early has
something else to do. – C, English teacher, Mexico
2.6 Creative teachers customize their lessons
Creative teachers develop custom-made lessons that match their students’ needs and interests
or adapt and customize the book to match their students’ interests. While in many cases abook may work perfectly well without the need for much adaptation, in some cases different
levels of adaptation may be needed. Through the process of adaptation the creative teacher
personalizes the text, making it a better teaching resource, and individualizes it for aparticular group of learners. Here are two examples.
Adapting the textbook
In using international textbooks, some of the topics included can be problematic for bothstudents and teachers. For example, when asked who John Lennon or Nelson Mandela were,
my Cambodian students had absolutely no idea, let alone how to the use the information
about these people in the book to practice specific rules of grammar and discourse. In my
current course book, there are sections where my students are introduced to the present
perfect at the early Pre-Intermediate level, by presenting information about famous people
like these, a common practice in foreign course books. For various reasons, Cambodianstudents have very limited knowledge of famous people and places outside of their country.
Therefore, trying to introduce new language and unfamiliar content at the same time creates
an unnecessary learning burden for my students. To help connect learning English to theirown lives I generally localize the content of the lesson by using names of people and otherinformation that my students are familiar with, which helps them connect learning ofEnglish with their own knowledge and interests. – T, English teacher, Cambodia
Encouraging students to question the textbook
I have to work with a writing textbook which is rather prescriptive. It lays down a lot ofrules about how things should be done in different types of texts and leaves very little to theimagination. At first I found this rather limiting but now I use it as a talking point at the startof each lesson. I actively encourage the students to comment on the extent to which they
believe the approach recommended by the textbook would work in every context and whether
it is possible to generalize about how to produce a particular kind of text in every situation.
Of course the learners realize that the textbook writer cannot anticipate every situation andthey are very creative in these discussions, often mentioning aspects of their culture which
would oblige writers to do something differently. In this way I believe that questioning the
textbook “rules” ends up teaching them more about writing and gives them a moresophisticated understanding of the way that context affects writing. – J, English teacher,Ecuador15

2.7. Creative teachers make use of technology
Creative use of technology in the classroom can support the development of imagination,
problem-solving, risk-taking, and divergent thinking on the part of teachers and students.
Using blogging as a resource
A productive way of engaging my students and helping them to improve their writing
skills is through Creative nonfiction (CNF). CNF involves using creative literary techniquesand deviceswhen writing about non-fiction events, e.g, diaries, memoirs. autobiographies,
essays, obituaries, journalism, travel writing,. I have incorporated a CNF strand into mywriting course - blogging.
I begin by showcasing blogs to the class as a whole using the classroom computer andscreen, e.g., a leading newspaper, The Guardian, ran a blogging competition and I bring up
the winning sites, e.g. ‘Scaryduck. Not scary. Not a duck.’ This blog is full of short, often
witty pieces, about whatever interests the blogger. The blogs express a particular point ofview, are funny and aimed at a younger adult audience, which reflects the age range andinterests of my students. The blog is reader-friendly consisting of short, lively texts liberally
punctuated with photographs. I find that my students engage very quickly. I look in moredetail at one of the blogs eliciting ways that the writing is creative, e.g., use of adjectives,
irony, voice, register, metaphor. My students bring their tablets, laptops, smartphones toclass and after the showcase I give them the web address for three other suitable blogs andask the students to browse them and be prepared to comment.
I then set up their blogging task. Each student has to set up an online blog and then blog
on five separate subject areas from a choice of eight subject areas: food, music, transport,
sport, media, politics, religion, fashion. Students are encouraged to read and interact with
their fellow students blogs. After each set of blogs I give a whole class commentary on
selected student blogs highlighting areas of successful creative writing, e.g, alliteration,
original use of adjectives, realization of a distinctive voice. I also give personal, online
feedback to my students about their blogs through one to one emails. The intrinsic interest of
their chosen material and freedom to express their own point of view has a highly motivating
effect on my students and there is a crossover into their academic writing, which I foster inclass and through individual feedback to their academic writing tasks. – D, English teacher,UK

2.8. Creative teachers seek creative ways to motivate students
Creative teachers express a desire to motivate students, to challenge them, to engage theircuriosity, to encourage deep learning rather than surface learning. They try to develop aclassroom atmosphere that encourages and motivates students in their learning.

There are of course many ways in which motivation can be addressed in a lesson. For
example:16

Using activities that showcase students’ talent
One fun way in which I introduce motivation into writing classes is to ask students who
have written a narrative which includes a lot of interaction, to turn it into a movie script. This
provides really excellent language practice with a strong focus on interaction. The work canalso be shared by two students so that they have fun improvising the dialogue and thenwriting it down. – S, university teacher, UAE
Using activities from the learners’ world
My students all play video games so I have found this a good way to motivate them. This
year I introduced digital games in class for the teaching of writing. It sure raised someeyebrows among my colleagues at first! I linked it to our writing curriculum as closely as I
could – for example, when discussing different ways to organise a piece of writing, I asked
students to describe their favourite games and the way the stories within them are built up. I
also found some games that involve a great deal of language use. Ace Attorney is one inwhich players take the role of an attorney and have to develop a strong case, present it
convincingly and so on. Students created their own cases as practice in argument writing andhad to respond to each other’s writing to practice writing rebuttals. – S, English teacher,Singapore
When less creative students are linked with more creative and imaginative ones, they canbenefit from seeing the techniques, strategies and approaches that others use in the creative
process.
Encouraging creative collaboration
Last term, my intermediate level students were assigned the task of producing a twominute PSA (Public Service Announcement / Ad) to be included in their final presentation ona social issue of their choice. Since we had an Apple lab in the school, I thought it would be
exciting for us to learn to use the iMovie software installed in the Apple computers (they were
all PC users). First, I produced a two-minute video myself over the weekend. When they saw
how I could create a video out of a short recording made with my cheap Nokia phone, they
were keen. In our introductory lab session, they came with some video recordings shot with
their iPhones so that they could ‘fiddle’ with the different functions and effects available inthe software. I walked them through the basic steps of importing the recordings, cutting up
segments, inserting transitions and adding visual and sound effects. But quite quickly, they
took over the learning themselves in their groups. Following the introductory session, they
worked in small groups made new video recordings for their PSA. The next five to six hours
were spread over two more sessions in the lab. They completed their two-minute video
productions by the second session! I was amazed at how quickly they figured out a software
they had never used before. They were basically in their element, and the mode used for thetask was something they were cognitively linked to. This is the generation of ‘digital natives’and when we deliberately plan for language learning to take place in a multi-modal setting,one they feel comfortable in, we stand a good chance of engaging them instantly. – S, English
teacher, Singapore

3. HOW CAN CREATIVE TEACHING BE SUPPORTED IN THE SCHOOL?

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One way of considering creativity is to take a laissez faire approach and assume that it is overto the individual teacher. Schools have other concerns and are judged by how well theirstudents perform on national exams, on how much use the school makes of technology, or on
the quality of the students the school is able to attract. But a commitment to creative teachingrequires a change in mind set within a school. As Fisher (2014: 17) comments:
Success in any grand project needs help from other, means making alliances, means
benefiting from the distributed intelligence of others – developing the ‘info-structure’– interconnectivity through learning conversations with others.
There are a number of ways in which schools can discourage creative teaching:When the curriculum, tests, and constant monitoring drives teaching and teachers
cannot depart from established or approved practices. There is too much of anemphasis on book learning, rote learning and test scores.

When teachers are not given time to be creative.

When teachers are not encouraged to be creative and innovate or to develop an
individual and personal teaching style.



When teachers are stuck with fixed routines and procedures.

Here is a good example of how a school can discourage creative teaching rather than
encourage it:
Discouraging creativity
Sometimes, the institution may not allow teachers to adapt their coursebooks, and thiscan become a problem for the teacher, especially for someone who is trying to meet learners’
needs and teach creatively. Once I was teaching in a school and I was given a coursebook to
use with a particular group of students. When I said ‘Thanks, I’ll see what activities I can
add to it’ I was told in no uncertain terms that I was not to do this. The students, I was told,
measure their progress in terms of how far they have got through the coursebook and thecompany that was funding the classes did the same thing. If I added anything to my lessons, I
was told, the students weren’t going to progress and the Director wouldn’t be able to show
the company how far they had progressed. – B, teacher trainer, Australia
By contrast a school that believes in the value of creative teaching expresses confidence
in teachers and encourages adaptation and innovation, that is open to new ideas andinnovation and that supports, encourages and rewards creative teaching. Fisher (2004: 17)
characterizes a creative school as follows:
The creative school is a place where individuals, pupils and teachers are:18

Motivated- purpose, ultimate goals and shared destiny;- openness to new ideas, innovation and enquiry;- passion to succeed, willing to take risks, accepting difference and diversity;
Given time and responsibility for creative activity, involving;- all in the search for creative solutions;- being tolerant of mistakes in the search for better solutions;- avoiding impulsivity, allowing time for practice and for ideas to come;Able to collaborate with partners to share creativity and ideas including:- learning partners to generate, extend and provide feedback on ideas;- collaborating as part of a team on creative projects and productions;- developing creative connections and links beyond the organization.
So let’s look at some ways in which a school can encourage rather than discourage
creative teaching.

3.1. The school helps teachers recognize and share what is creative in their own practice.
There are usually creative and innovative teachers in every school, but often their teachingskills are not necessarily recognized or familiar to others in the school. Here are someexamples of how schools provide opportunities for teachers to share creative approaches toteaching:

In our school we are encouraged to post notes about innovative techniques we use on a
noticeboard in the teachers’ room. – J, English teacher, Ecuador
We have our own website where we exchange ideas and resources we have developed. –E, English teacher, Mexico
We have regular brown-bag lunches where we share accounts of new things andinnovations we have tried out in our classes. – C, English teacher, Columbia
3.2.The school encourages creative partnership.
We are often most creative when we get the support and encouragement of others. There areseveral ways in which this can be achieved.


Through team teachingThrough peer observation
Through shared lesson planning
Using shared lesson-planning19We have been implementing the process of shared lesson-planning. How it works is wework in groups of three or four and take a unit from our textbook or some other materials
that we might use as the basis for a class, and brainstorm different ways in which thematerial could be taught. We try to be as creative as possible and it’s amazing how manydifferent ideas people can come up with. Then we teach the lesson to our own class and theother group members observe the lesson. Later we meet again to discuss and review how thelesson went. – M, English teacher, Peru
3.3.The school provides resources to support creative teaching
If teachers want to develop creative teaching resources to support their teaching they needaccess to a good resource centre with up-to-date books, magazines, realia, projectors,
technology, whiteboards, etc. that teachers can make use of to complement their lessons. An
environment and culture that encourages creativity and provides the resources teachers needin order to realize their creative potential is a key component of the creative capital needed tosupport creative teaching.

3.4. The school rewards creative teachers
A school can acknowledge the value of creative teachers be recognizing their contributions indifferent ways. For example:

by acknowledging them when appropriate
by giving them opportunities to mentor novice teachers
by encouraging them to share their ideas with others through brown-bag lunch
sessions, participation in seminars and workshops

CONCLUSIONS
I have focussed here on just one aspect of teaching. There are many other importantdimensions to effective teaching. But adding the concept of creative teaching to ourunderstanding of what it means to be an effective language teacher has benefits for teachers,
for learners, as well as for schools. For learners, creative teaching helps learners develop theircapacities for original ideas and for creative thinking. It also improves the quality of theexperiences learners receive and can help learners develop increased levels of motivation andeven self-esteem. For the teacher it provides a source of ongoing professional renewal andsatisfaction – since when learners are engaged, motivated, and successful, teaching it
motivating for the teacher. For the institution it can lead to increased levels of satisfaction for

20both teachers and students as well as contribute to the quality, effectiveness, and reputation of
the school. To summarize, creative learners need creative teachers and teachers need to workin schools where creativity is valued and shared.

Acknowledgements. I am grateful to the teachers who were willing to share their ideas about
creative teaching with me.
References
Bruner, J. 1962, cited by Nickerson in Sternberg 1999.
Burton, Pauline
Cremion, Teresa, Barnes, Jonathan and Scoffham, Stephen (2009) Creative Teaching forTomorrow: Fostering a Creative State of Mind. Kent: Future Creative CIC.
Fisher, Robert (2004) What is creativity? In Robert Fisher and Mary Williams (eds.)
Unlocking Creativity: Teaching Across the Curriculum 6–20. New York: Routledge.
Dörnyei, Zoltan (2001) Motivational Strategies in the Language Classroom. Cambridge, U.
K.: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, Rodney (ed.) (2012) Discourse and Creativity. Harlow: Pearson.
LubartMaley, Alan 1997. Creativity with a small ‘c’. In Clyde Coreil (ed.) The Journal of the
Imagination in Language Learning and Teaching, 4. Retrieved on 15 April 2013 fromhttp://www.njcu.edu/cill/journal-index.html.
Sternberg, Robert J. (ed.) (1999) Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge
University Press.

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