Proceedings of the Out of Eurasia Hawaiʻi Conference
March 02-03, 2023

Trekking Shores, Crossing Water Gaps, and Beyond:Maritime Aspects in the Dynamics of "Out of Eurasia" Civilizations

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Proceedings of an International Conference in Hawaiʻi, the USA
March 02-03, 2023

Trekking Shores, Crossing Water Gaps, and Beyond:Maritime Aspects in the Dynamics of "Out of Eurasia"
Civilizations

Edited by Naoko Matsumoto1Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Schedule and table of contents
March 2
Venue: Hawaiʻi Imin International Conference Center at Jefferson Hall
10:00-10:20 Opening
Matsumoto, Naoko ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Opening Remarks
Goto, Akira ................................................................................................................................ 8
The aim of the workshop

Session 1 Recent issues on the migration of "Out-of-Eurasia" human groups
10:20-10:40 Kato, Hirofumi (Hokkaido University) .............................................................................. 9(in person)“Rethinking of the ‘Big Game’ Hunter-model: Population dispersal and Coastal Adaptation”
10:40-11:00 Des Lauriers, Matthew (California State University, San Bernardino) .......................... 10(in person)“Form, Function, and Design of Terminal Pleistocene shell fishhooks of the Pacific Rim:coincidental convergence or shared knowledge?
11:00-11:20 Davis, Loren (Oregon State University) ........................................................................... 11(in person)“Recent progress on the search for submerged late Pleistocene archaeological evidence along thenorthern Pacific Rim”
11:20-11:40 Ōnishi, Hideyuki (Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts) ..................................... 12(in person)“Aleutian Kayak under the Colonisation of the North Pacific Coast”
11:40-12:00 Watanabe, Tsuyoshi (Hokkaido University) &Yamazaki, Atsuko (Nagoya University) 13(in person)“Coral skeletons; high-resolution memories of ocean currents and winds”
12:00-13:00 Lunch

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

13:00-13:20 Pāʻanaakalā Baybayan Tanaka (Hui o Waʻa Kaulua, ʻOhana Waʻa, Polynesian Voyaging
Society) ..................................................................................................................................................... 14(in person)“Process & Experiences of Wayfinding”
13:20-13:40 Goto, Akira (Nanzan University) ...................................................................................... 15(in person)“Insdigenous watercraft of the Pacific Rim: comparative ethnography and experimentalarchaeology”

Session 2 Mind and body of "Out-of-Eurasia" human groups
Chair: Seguchi, Noriko
14:00-14:20 Seguchi, Noriko (Kyushu University) .............................................................................. 16(in person)“The Pacific Paradox” revisited”
14:20-14:40 Pietrusewsky, Michael (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa) ............................................. 17(in person)“Out of Asia: the peopling of the Pacific based on craniometric data”
14:40-15:00 Saiki, Jun (Kyoto University) & Ueda, Yoshiyuki (Kokoro Research Center) ............. 18(in person)“How do cultural artifacts shape visual attention? A computational model analysis of culturalvariability in visual search”
15:00-15:20 Ishii, Takumi (National Museum of Japanese History) & Matsumoto, Naoko (Okayama
Univ.) ....................................................................................................................................................... 19(in person)“Mutual permeation model of things, people, and the supernatural: Insights from Jomon pottery
and dogu figurines”
15:20-15:40 Yamamoto, Taro (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University) ....................... 20(in person)“People Living in Hight Altitude”

3Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Key Note Lecture
16:00-17:00 Quintus, Seth (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa) ............................................................. 21(in person)“What Polynesian Agriculture Teaches Us about Niche Construction”
WELCOME RECEPTION in the evening

March 3
Venue: Hawaiʻi Imin International Conference Center at Jefferson Hall
Session 3 New Methodologies and Comparative Perspectives
Chair: Ishimura, Tomo
10:00-10:20 Sekiguchi, Kazuhiro (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan) .............................. 22(in person)“arcAstro-VR for archaeoastronomy”
10:20-10:40 Comer, Douglas (Cultural Site Research and Management Foundation) ...................... 23(in person)“Uncovering the Environmental Conditions at the Nan Madol World Heritage Site through Airborne
LiDAR and Satellite SAR Data Relevant to Development of a Monumental Stone Landscape”
10:40-11:00 Mitchell Porter ..................................................................................................................... 24(in person)
Satellite Data Demonstrating the Need for Refined Navigational Knowledge Essential to theDevelopment of the Nan Madol World Heritage Site
11:00-11:20 Ryan, Joseph (Okayama University) ................................................................................ 25(in person)“LiDAR surveying of ancient mounded tombs (kofun) in Japan”
11:20-11:40 Ishimura, Tomo (Tokyo Institue of Cultural Assets) ....................................................... 26(in person)“Ancient sea scape of Japan: Burial mounds as navigation points”

4Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

11:40-12:00 Matsugi, Takehiko (National Museum of Japanese History) .......................................... 27(in person)“Monument, ritual, worldview, and social transformation in prehistoric and protohistoric Japan froma maritime and water perspective”
Lunch 12:00-13:00

Symposium on Monument Studies of the Pacific:
ethnoarchaeological approaches to ritual.
Chair: Nojima, Yoko & Yamaguchi, Toru
13:00-13:30 Rolett, Barry (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa) .............................................................. 28(in person)“Mana and tapu: Marquesan ritual architecture in comparative context”
13:30-14:00 Kahn, Jennifer (William and Mary University) ............................................................... 29(online)“Multisensory Experiences of Society Island marae: An Ethnohistorical and ArchaeologicalApproach”
14:00-14:30 Yamaguchi, Toru (Keio University) ................................................................................. 30(online)“Ethnoarchaeology of ritual landscape in Tongareva Atoll, the northern Cook Islands”
14:30-15:00 Nojima, Yoko (International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage In the AsiaPacific Region) ........................................................................................................................................ 31(in person)“Ceremonial Landscape in Island Melanesia: the gamal complex of the Banks Islands, Northern
Vanuatu”
15:00-15:30 Discussion for “Symposium on Monument Studies of the Pacific: ethnoarchaeologicalapproaches to ritual.”
General Discussion
15:45-16:45

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

March 4
Excursion
Schedule
08:00

Depart Lincoln Hall (UH Manoa)

08:15

Depart hotels

09:00

Arrive at Bishop Museum

11:45

Depart Bishop Museum

13:00

Arrive at Waimea Fall Park

14:00

Depart Waimea Fall Park

14:30

Arrive at Polynesian Cultural Center

21:00

Depart Polynesian Cultural Center

22:30

Arrive at hotels

23:00

Arrive at Lincoln Hall (UH Manoa)

6Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

March 2

Opening
Opening Remarks
Professor Naoko Matsumoto
Institute for the Dynamics of Civilizations, Okayama University
The Out of Eurasia project focuses on the human being, linking nature and culture, mind andmatter, and human action and cognition, and advances a new theoretical model of the developmentof civilization. We strategically consider the Americas, the Japanese Archipelago, and Oceania: thefinal destinations of Homo sapiens who left Eurasia and dispersed by overcoming bottlenecks andextreme conditions, to observe human initiatives toward the natural environment, the emergenceof specific cognitions or behaviors and the construction of relations with cohabitant species throughcomparative analyses. Through various interdisciplinary investigations and discussions on themutual permeation of matter and mind as mediated by the body, we aim to overcome biologicaldeterminism and cultural relativism and construct an integrative history of humankind to clarify
the specific human niche construction. Moving out of the Eurasia continent requires adaptation toeither extreme coldness or a maritime environment. These prere quisites may be related todeveloping unique cultural and behavioral characteristics of the “out of Eurasia” populations. The
Hawaii conference will be an opportunity to discuss various aspects of this process, with aparticular focus on maritime adaptation. We are delighted to host this interdisciplinary conferencein Hawaii, one of the final destinations of humankind, experiencing its landscape, culture, andhistory.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

The aim of the workshop
Professor (Ph.D.) Akira Goto
Nanzan University
Human groups who migrated from the eastern margin of Eurasia to the Japanese archipelago, theislands of Southeast Asia, and Oceania had to cross oceans. The first migration to the Americas isalso likely to have been by sea (e.g., the Kelp Highway Hypothesis). In order to develop this view,
this workshop will review the latest information on the sea routes required for the migration of the
Out-of-Eurasian groups, and discuss the significance of human groups' trekking the shore, crossing
the water gap, and going beyond the visible range. There are four important aspects to this:. (1).
Technological aspects: the archaeological evidence of human migration; the technology and means
to adapt to the seaside environment and to migrate over the sea; (2). Physical a nd Ecological
Aspects: skeletal and genetic features and evidence that are related to over-sea migration;
environmental factors that could promote over-sea migration. (3). Cognitive Aspects: cognitive
features produced for coping with seascape and islandscape (e.g. navigation and wayfinding). (4).
Civilization Aspects: The importance of the sea to the Out -of-Eurasian civilizations; theimportance of maritime trade in the formation of the ancient Japanese state and the civilizations of
the New World; and in relation to (3), the characteristics and significance of seashore and islandmonuments.

These issues are related to the problem of the extended mind, and mind -matter

framework (triadic niche construction model: ecological, neural, cognitive)). In this wor kshop, we
would like to ask how technological evolution has made it possible to move to new environments,and how the body and cognition have been formed in new environments and led to civilization.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Session１Recent issues on the migration of "Out-of-Eurasia" human groups
Chair: Goto, Akira
10:20-10:40 (in person)

Rethinking of the ‘Big Game’ Hunter-model:
Population dispersal and Coastal Adaptation
Professor KATO Hirofumi
Hokkaido University
Keywords: North Eurasia, Coastral migration model, Aquatic reseorses adaptation, Microblade
complex
The standard model of human migrations from Eurasia to the Americas is that the first humanmigrations occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000-19,000 years ago), followed by the
rapid spread of populations across the Americas by 14,000-12,000 years ago (Fagan and Durrani2016). The population that migrated from Eurasia during this period is considered to be theancestral population of the Native Americans (Moreno-Mayar, Potter et al, 2018), and it has been
supported linguistically and genetically that this population originated from the Siberian
population. However, the Clovis First hypothesis, which considers the early migrant population to
be the Clovis cultural group, a large animal hunter group that developed in the Americas 13 000
years ago, is now no longer the best model (Haynes 2002). The need to revise the old model is dueto the remarkable advances accumulated in recent years in the fields of archaeology andpalaeoenvironmental science as well as genetics. The aim of this paper is to reconsider the
migration and adaptation models of Pleistocene hunter-gatherers between northern Eurasia and theAmericas, and in particular the importance of coastal models and aquatic resource adaptation.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

10:40-11:00 (in person)(in person)

Form, Function, and Design of Terminal Pleistocene shell fishhooks of the Pacific Rim:coincidental convergence or shared knowledge?
Des Lauriers, Matthew
California State University, San Bernardino

The time in question is the Late Pleistocene and it is a period of remarkable change forhumanity. Both people and the world they live in are at a tipping point of irreversible change andmovement. Cultural traditions of hunting and gathering people, accumulating for tens of thousandsof years will be tested, transformed, and displaced, but not destroyed. Along the shore of the Eastern
Pacific, there were communities of skilled boatwrights and fishermen that lived along the shore andon the islands of an immense East-facing coastline that looked out over an endless blue ocean. These
populations had been expanding for thousands of years, as evidenced by occupation of even relatively
small offshore island archipelagos like the Ryukyus. Their movements along the Pacific Rim – bothclockwise and counterclockwise (perhaps better than thinking in terms of north-and-south) – clearlybegan before the Terminal Pleistocene crises became acute, but what begins as a trickle of population
movement, became a flow once crises emerge, almost like a gravity driven siphon. What betterarchaeological marker for these ancestral islanders and maritime hunter-gatherers than their fishingtackle? We can identify some of the earliest fishhooks in the world along the Western Pacific Rim,and shortly after the earliest people arrive in the Americas, we see the earliest unequivocal fishhooks
in the Americas along the Eastern Pacific Rim margin of the continents. We here detail some of theseearly hooks from Isla Cedros, Baja California, México and compare them to other Pleistocene fishhook
assemblages from the Pacific. We propose that the possibility that this technological tradition waseither brought as part of the early migrants’ conceptual toolkit, or that the knowledge of and designfor these objects was transmitted during the ‘settlement’ period following initial entry into theAmericas.

10Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

10:40-11:00 (in person)

Recent progress on the search for submerged late Pleistocene archaeological evidencealong the northern Pacific Rim
Professor of Anthropology Loren Davis
Oregon State University
Keywords: Submerged landscapes, submerged sites, ancient DNA
Geographic information systems-based modeling of submerged paleolandscapes along thecentral coast of Oregon, USA combined with offshore geophysical and marine coring studies led
to the discovery of multiple submerged and buried alluvial drainage systems dating to the late
Pleistocene period. These discoveries highlight the preservation of landscape-scale stratigraphic
units that may hold archaeological evidence of early coastal peoples or signal the nearby presenceof geoarchaeologically-relevant landform targets. One of the Oregon marine cores held estuary
deposits dating to ~13,610 cal BP. Preliminary sediment DNA analysis of this late Pleistocene
estuary revealed the presence of ancient plant and animal DNA probably originating in thesurrounding environment. The archaeological implications of these discoveries are important a nd
far-reaching: late Pleistocene-aged landforms that were undoubtedly attractive to early coastal
people are preserved on Oregon's continental shelf and should also be found elsewhere around thenorthern Pacific Rim region. While the exploration of submerged landscapes may ultimately resultin the discovery of submerged late Pleistocene archaeological sites bearing artifacts and culturalfeatures, we need not expect that this will be the only evidence there is related to human occupation
along paleoshorelines. We should also consider the ancient sedimentary DNA record of submergedlandscapes as another source of information about early coastal peoples and their surrounding
coastal environments. Developing a robust multinational program involving paleolandsc ape
modeling, geophysical survey and coring, and analysis of cored sediments from ancient submerged
landforms that remain around the northern Pacific Rim could generate unprecedented scientificperspectives on a range of issues relating to the late Pleistocene peopling of northeast Asia and theAmericas.

11Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

11:20-11:40 (in person)

Aleutian Kayak under the Colonisation of the North Pacific Coast
Professor Hideyuki ŌNISHI
Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
Keywords: Aleut, baidarka, body technique, fur trade, Russian-American company
This presentation examines the socio-historic background of building and utilizing an Aleutian
kayak named Baidarka collected on the Simushir island at the center of the Kuril Islands and isexhibited at the Hakodate City Museum of Northern Peoples, Japan. Particularly, by investigating
technical choices and practices of the shipbuilding and the steersmanship of this collection, it
elucidates the influences of the colonialism of Imperial Russia, including the Russian -Americancompany, that affected indigenous communities on the North Pacific Coast. As the result of
examinations of this collection’s shape and the structure, the characteristics of technical choices
and practices concerning shipbuilding and steersmanship can be comprehended. The reason for
those choices and practices can especially be assumed to enforce specific hunts for small sea
mammals, including sea otters, in the production of the fur trade to the Aleut by the Russian American company, and to make long range transfers unnecessary. These results lead to ahypothesis that this collection’s boat shape and structure are not only based on environmental
adaptation and cultural tradition, but also compelled to Aleut people by the Russian -Americancompany and others under Russian colonialism. Meanwhile, this perspective can be understoodthat various huge impacts of civilisation introduced by the colonial power also affected technicalchoices and practices concerned with kayak building and utility as a minor act ivity of daily social
life in an indigenous community. Furthermore, such a phenomenon could be widely seen in similarcase studies in indigenous communities worldwide including the South Pacific.

12Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

11:40-12:00 (in person)

Coral skeletons; high-resolution memories of ocean currents and winds
Drs.Tsuyoshi Watanabe
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
KIKAI Institute for Coral Reef Sciences
Drs. Atsuko Yamazaki
Graduate school of Environmental studies, Nagoya University
KIKAI Institute for Coral Reef Sciences
Keywords: Coral skeletons, isotopes, trace elements, current, wind
Reef corals, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, grow with tree -like annual rings ontheir carbonate skeletons. Geochemical analysis along the direction of coral growth can reconstruct
the marine environment on a weekly to monthly scale over centennial to millennium years of corals
alive. In other words, reef corals precisely record climatic and environmental information on thetime scale experienced as same as the human life scale. Reef corals have kept their appearance
since ~200 million years ago and are well preserved as fossils. The precise dating and geochemicalrecords of coral fossils make possible a direct comparison between high -resolution environmental
information and human history after the late Pleistocene. In this talk, we focus on the information
on ocean currents and winds obtained from reef coral skeletons and introduce and discuss therelationship between environmental change and humans' responses, as revealed by comparing thecoral skeletal record with prehistoric and historical events. The fossil coral records from Kikai
Island, Japan, revealed the changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 8000 years. On Kikai
Island, archaeological sites have been discovered from prehistoric to medieval times, allowing a
direct comparison of the environment experienced by the island's inhabitants. Using a similar
approach, we have reported from Oman fossil corals that the Akkadian Empire's disappe arance in
the Mesopotamian civilization coincided with the intensity of winter storms. We also introduce a
new indicator that captures the strength of ocean currents from Hawaiian islands to the Kuroshio
region and our ongoing project to reconstruct the marine environment and climate during humanvoyages and expansion into remote Oceania.

13Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

13:00-13:20 (in person)

Process & Experiences of Wayfinding
Educational Director Pāʻanaakalā Baybayan Tanaka
Hui o Waʻa Kaulua, ʻOhana Waʻa, Polynesian Voyaging Society
Keywords: Wayfinding, Polynesian Voyaging, Navigation, Hoʻokele, Waʻa Kaulua
The ancestors that settled Hawaiʻi, Austronesians, were the greatest deep seafaring navigators of
their time. Not only did they engineer a canoe technology capable of sailing far distances, they also
mastered orienting themselves in their physical place by utilizing knowledge of their seas cape,skyscape, and the communities that populated those places. Within Hawaiʻi, the Hawaiian
Renaissance of the 1970s presented a strong resurgence of cultural practices, voyaging being oneof them. In 1976 Mau Piailug, Master Satawalese Pwo Navigator, successfully navigatedHawaiiʻiʻs voyaging canoe, Hōkūleʻa from Hawaiʻi to Tahiti, an ocean crossing of over 2,500 NM,
using this practice of non-instrumental navigation. Mau went on to teach a new generation of
Hawaiian navigators how to apply that knowledge of sky, sea, and animals within that realm toorient themselves and fish islands from the sea. Thus, the process of Polynesian wayfinding
requires that the practitioner have foundational understandings as well as maintain theirrelationship to these places through practice. Tanaka will share her process, experiences, and tools
used in wayfinding as it relates to her past, present, and future in Polynesian voyaging andnavigation.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

13:20-13:40 (in person)

Insdigenous watercraft of the Pacific Rim: comparative ethnography andexperimental archaeology
Professor (Ph.D.) Akira Goto
Nanzan University
Keywords: boat, watercraft, grass-bundle boat, bamboo raft, dugout canoe, Ryukyu Islands
Coastal migration and transcending water bodies is an important topic in the human history of the
Out-of-Eurasian populations. A necessary part of the discussion is the evaluation of the means of watertransportation, namely boats. A boat here refers to a primitive means of transportation propelled bynatural forces using natural materials, i.e., plants and animals. Plant materials can include wood,branches, bark, and grass. Animal materials can be animal hides, entrails, or bones. Natural propulsion
can be river currents, ocean currents, wind, and human power. Classic studies by Hans Suder and Gerd
Koch on the global distribution of boats show a diverse and complex distribution of boats in the PacificRim, where the Out-of-Eurasia group's spread.

This presentation will review research on the nested

distribution of boats in the ethnography of the New World, and Sunda/Sahul continents. I will thendiscuss the current status of early migrations to the Japanese archipelago and report on the results ofan experimental archaeological study in the Ryukyu Islands 30,000 years ago. Different types of boats
were tested in this experiment: grass-bundle boats, tamboo rafts and dugout canoes. As a result asuccessful paddling voyage was made from Taiwan to Yonaguni Island was made by dugout canoe.
However, several problems remained: (1). diversity of island environment (e.g. availability of logs forconstructing dugout canoe), (2). transportation of domestic and semi-domestic animals (e.g. Ryukyu
wild boar), (3). presence/absence of sail, (4). cognitive/navigation aspects (e.g. invisibility of
Yonaguni Island during the voyage) I will explore these problems in relation to 3D niche construction
model.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Session 2 Mind and body of "Out-of-Eurasia" human groups
Chair: Seguchi, Noriko
14:00-14:20 (in person)

Pacific Paradox Revisited: Using Osteometric Data
Associate Professor Noriko Seguchi Ph.D.
Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University
Keywords: Pacific Paradox, Polynesia, Philip Houghton, Bergmann's Rule, Osteometric data,
Philip Houghton (1990, 1991, 1996) has shown that the body types predominating in Polynesian
populations are not commonly seen in those living in a tropical climate. He has examined this issue
with multiple Pacific populations living in a tropical environment, using anthropometric data toshow that such body types are more commonly associated with cold climate populations. This data
conflicts with Bergmann’s Rule. He proposed the “Pacific Paradox” hypothesis, that humans
colonizing the Polynesia region have been subject to strong directional selection for a large
muscular and robust physique due to exposure at sea in the tropical Pacific. The current study is
an attempt to re-examine the “Pacific Paradox” through stature, body mass, body surface area,
surface area to body mass ratio, and stature to body mass ratio derived from osteometric data ofvarious climatically different populations from Alaska, Roman-era Britain, Eastern Europe, Indian
Knoll, Jomon-era Japan, Santa Cruz Island, Yayoi-era Japan, Egypt, Kumejima Island (Japan), East
Africa, the Philippines, the Andaman Islands, Australia, South Africa, and Polynesia (Pacific Islandgroups). The overall comparison shows significant sex differences for all variables. The ratio offemoral head breadth to femoral length of Polynesian groups is the largest among all comparative
populations, which indicates the Polynesian populations have a wide body relative to otherpopulations. The comparison illustrates that the Polynesian groups show similarity in surface a rea
to body mass ratio and stature to body mass ratio to cold and temperate climate groups. The resultsof principal components with stature, body mass, body surface area, surface area to body mass
ratio, and stature to body mass ratio plots Polynesian populations to be between cold climate groups
and warm climate groups. However, when the ratio of femoral head breadth to femoral length isincluded for analysis, principal components plot Polynesian populations to be near populations
from the colder temperate zone. Using osteometric data, the Polynesian groups do not adhere to
the Bergmann expectation.

16

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

14:20-14:40 (in person)

Out of Asia: the peopling of the Pacific based on craniometric data
Professor Emeritus Michael Pietrusewsky
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Keywords: Polynesian origins, multivariate statistics, craniometric data, Asia-Pacific, aDNA
In this presentation I review what we know about the peopling of the Pacific, and more
specifically the origins of Polynesians, based on the application of multivariate statistics tomeasurements recorded in crania from the Pacific-Asia region. Previous analyses demonstrate thepresence of two great divisions, one that contains all the cranial series from Australia, Tasmania,
and geographical Melanesia, and a second that includes cranial series from East Asia, Southeast
Asia and Polynesia. These results argue for a separate origin of the inhabitants of these two major
geographical regions, a finding that is consistent with archaeological and historical linguistic
models. These results further indicate an ancestral Polynesian homeland in East/Southeast Asia.
More recent work involving cranial and mandibular measurements recorded in the earliest
Neolithic more recent Indigenous Taiwanese are discussed in the context of evidence from recent
analyses involving aDNA in the Pacific.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

14:40-15:00 (in person)

How do cultural artifacts shape visual attention? A computational model analysis ofcultural variability in visual search
Professor Jun Saiki
Senior Lecturer Yoshiyuki Ueda
Kyoto University
Keywords: Cultural difference; visual search; saliency map model; perceptual span; orthographicalsystemCultural variability in cognition has often been accounted for by general concepts such as holistic analytic processing based on social learning. However, more implicit and automatic behaviors,such as visual attention and eye movement, appear to be difficult to learn through imitation, andalternative accounts based on interaction with material cultures (such as letter use) are possible.
The current study contrasted these two accounts by saliency-map model simulations of recent
evidence for stimulus-specific cultural difference in visual search. Recently, Ueda et al. (2018)
reported that search asymmetry for line-length, that is, the search for a long line being more
efficient than the search for a short line, was observed among American participants, but it
disappeared with East Asians. This lack of search asymmetry in East Asians is stimulus -specific,
such that asymmetry with tilt-vertical search was significantly stronger with East Asians than
Americans. The current study used a saliency map model that can account for search asymmetry.
and manipulated perceptual span. The holistic-analytic processing account predicts a larger spanin East Asians than Americans, while the orthographical system account predicts a smaller span in
East Asians than Americans based on reading studies. The simulations revealed that observed
search asymmetry can be accounted for by assuming that perceptual span is larger among
Americans than East Asians, which is consistent with the orthographical system account. The
simulation also predicts a novel phenomenon of reversed search asymmetry with line -length search,more efficient search with a short line target, with even smaller perceptual span, which is recently
observed with Taiwanese participants. These results suggest that stimulus-specific culturaldifference in visual search likely reflects differential perceptual span derived from reading
experiences, rather than the holistic-analytic processing. The interaction with material culture may
be a more important factor to explain cultural variability in visual cognition than previously
considered.

18

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

15:00-15:20 (in person)

Mutual permeation model of things, people, and the supernatural: Insights from Jomon
pottery and dogu figurines
Dr. Takumi Ishii
National Museum of Japanese History
Professor Naoko Matsumoto
Institute for the Dynamics of Civilizations, Okayama University, Okayama
Keywords: Jomon pottery, dogu figurines, worldview, cognition, mutual permeation model
The value scale and worldview of the people of the civilization-forming period differedsignificantly from the worldview of modern people, which is based on subject -object dualism andmind-body dualism. Analysis of words and concepts in ancient Japanese literature reveals thatancient Japanese islanders before the 8th century considered non-humans autonomous entities
equal to humans. The worldview can be represented in a model in which supernatural, natural, andhuman society mutually permeate each other. According to this model, pottery and dogu clay
figurines in the Jomon period are considered to be hybrids that emerged at the center of theintersection of the members of the three societies. When these artifacts are produced, clay, clay
spirits, and human beings are each involved in the production. The body of the clay and the bodyof the potter physically intermingle by touching each other, the spirits of both become mutually
infiltrated, and the subject and object are mutually interchanged as the producti on proceeds. It isessential to recognize that this is entirely different from our method of making artifacts, in whichpeople unilaterally control materials. The pottery and clay figurines produced by such mutual
permeation of three parties are not only twins of clay but also children of clay spirits and of humanbeings. By examining the Jomon pottery and clay figurines from the perspective of the mutual
permeation model, a new understanding of the artifacts is obtained. As the pottery and clay
figurines are twins made from clay, which is of the same rank as humans, void images of the human,or animal, body, i.e., cranium, digestive organs, and womb, are projected on them. These weresuperimposed on the void images of containers to produce a variety of pott ery ≒ clay figurines
for more than 10,000 years. They all consist of a combination of the above four void images. The
analysis suggests that pottery and clay figurines easily fused as they are closely related as twins in
the Jomon worldview.

19Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

15:20-15:40 (in person)

People living in high altitude
Professor Taro Yamamoto
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
Keywords: high altitude, environment, adaptation
Background: Tibetan highlanders have adapted to hypoxic environments through the developmentof unique mechanisms that suppress an increase in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration even in high altitude areas. Hb concentrations generally decrease with increasing age. However, in the highlands,
chronic altitude sickness is known to occur in the elderly population. To investigate how aging ina hypoxic environment affects Hb levels in Tibetan highlanders, we focused on the Mustang people,
who live above 3500 m. We tried to clarify the pure relationship between aging and Hb levels in a
hypoxic environment. Results: We found that the Hb concentration increased with increasing age
in females but not in males. Multivariate analysis showed that age, pulse pressure, the poverty
index, and vascular diameter were strongly correlated with the Hb concentration. Conclusions: We
found unique Hb dynamics among female Tibetan highlanders. As seen in these Hb dynamics, there
may be sex-based differences in the adaptive mechanism in Tibetan highlanders.

20Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Key Note Lecture
16:00-17:00 (in person)

What Polynesian Agriculture Teaches Us about Niche Construction
Associate Professor Seth Quintus
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Keywords: niche construction; adaptive radiation; agriculture; Polynesia; resilience
Polynesian agricultural development can be thought of as a process of adaptive radiation in thata similar set of techniques and ideas were transferred and utilized across the region. These
techniques and ideas frequently related to activities that enginee red landscapes, which had
substantial consequences through time and across space. In this talk, I am discuss how investigating
agricultural practices in precontact Polynesian helps us better understand human adaptability
across different environments and the coupled relationship between humans and their environment.
Instead of viewing the environment as either a backdrop of human activities or as a driver of humanbehavior, I will examine how the environment and human communities form a coevolutionary
relationship with the result being emergent social and environmental trajectories. In doing so, I
will highlight how Polynesian agricultural change teaches us important lessons about sustainability,
resiliency, and behavioral change.

21Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

March 3Session 3 New Methodologies and Comparative Perspectives
Chair: Ishimura, Tomo
10:00-10:2 0(in person)

arcAstro-VR for archaeoastronomy
Professor Kazuhiro Sekiguchi (Kuninori Iwaki, Yoshitaka Hojo)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Keywords: archaeoastronomy, Virtual reality (VR), 3D simulations
We are developing arcAstro-VR, a computer system that reconstructs archaeological remains
from actual measurements and records and allows us to experience the effects of past astronomical
phenomenon simulations in a virtual 3D space. arcAstro-VR is based on Stellarium, an open-source
desktop planetarium software package that can reproduce the past starry sky with high accuracy. It
can be visualized with astronomical data, and various verifications of t he relationship between thearchaeological remains and background celestial phenomena can be performed by moving freely
in the VR space and changing the settings. The latest version (Ver0.17.3) is compatible with Meta
Quest (Oculus Quest), and by connecting to a PC with MetaLink, we can experience a VR space
through an HMD. In addition, a compass map display function centered on the marker that is thestarting point of the auxiliary line, a dome master output that can be projected 360 degrees on thedome with a fisheye lens, and a function that simulates the reflection from the water surface bysetting the water surface at any location, etc. have been added. arcAstro -VR is open source,
licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, and available for Windows(Windows 8 and above) and macOS (macOS 10.14 and above). (See https://arcastrovr.org/en/ fordetails). In this discussion, as an example of using arcAstro-VR, I will introduce a virtual
reproduction model of the Yoshinogari ruins in Saga Prefecture.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

10:20-10:40 (in person)

Uncovering the Environmental Conditions at the Nan Madol World Heritage Site
through Airborne LiDAR and Satellite SAR Data Relevant to Development of a
Monumental Stone Landscape
Jacob Comer, Bruce D. Chapman, Benjamin Holt, Adrian Borsa, Mitchell Porter
Dr. Comer, Dr, Chapman, Dr. Borsa
CSRM Foundation
Keywords: LiDAR, archaeology, landscape archaeology, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Pacificmigration, ocean dynamics, agricultural intensification, agricultural terracing
Here we examine models created from airborne LiDAR data and satellite synthetic aperture radar
data that reveal the environmental conditions on the island of Pohnpei in the Federated States ofMicronesia, with a specific focus on the Nan Madol World Heritage Site. The high level of
biodiversity and favorable landscape for agriculture in this area made it a desirable location forhuman habitation, leading to the development of complex cultural practices approaching the statelevel of social organization. The four volcanic islands in the current Federated States of Micronesia
boast an extreme level of environmental diversity that is not present in the hundreds of coral atolls
there. The location of Nan Madol along the coastline of the island also provided impo rtant
protection from extreme weather events and attacks from competing groups. These factors play a
crucial role in understanding why and how the monumental stone structures were built at Nan
Madol. The models help to bring to light the significance of the environmental diversity andfavorable location in developing the cultural and architectural wonders of Nan Madol.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

10:40-11:00 (in person)
Satellite Data Demonstrating the Need for Refined Navigational Knowledge Essential to theDevelopment of the Nan Madol World Heritage Site
Mitch Porter (B.S. - Remote Sensing and Geospatial Specialist)
Ben Holt (M.S. - Research Scientist, Ocean-Ice Group at JPL)
Eleanor Alvarez (B.S. - Research Assistant)
Doug Comer (PhD - President, Cultural Site Research and Management Foundation)Natya Regensburger (B.S - GIS Specialist)
Kelsey Driscoll (B.S. - GIS Specialist)
Brittany Lockhart
Cultural Site Research and Management Foundation
Keywords: Traditional Navigation, SAR, LiDAR, ocean dynamics, bathymetry, wave patterns, Nan
Madol, Caroline Islands
The World Heritage Site of Nan Madol in Pohnpei, Micronesia - an archaeological landscapeinscribed on the World Heritage List in 2016 - exhibits abundant material evidence of a highly
complex culture. We argue that such complexity resulted from the institutionalization of advanced
navigational knowledge. This knowledge was essential to knit together myriads of humanly
populated coral atolls in the Caroline Islands for trade and alliance vital to sustaining habitation on
the atolls, resulting in the emergence of Nan Madol as a regional hegemo n. To do this, however,required developing a highly sophisticated navigational knowledge to move among the atolls andforge strong links with Nan Madol. A combination of satellite multispectral, SAR, and LiDAR data
was utilized to model the complexity of ocean dynamics in the equatorial zone near Pohnpei, ahigh volcanic island. We examined satellite imagery of ocean currents, wave and bathymetry
patterns, sea surface temperature, and wind products to understand ocean dynamics andnavigational cues used by traditional navigators. The analysis of both large and small -scale ocean
features illustrates the significance of refined traditional navigation in establishing and sustaining
a trade alliance network within the Caroline Islands.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

11:00-11:20 (in person)

LiDAR surveying of ancient mounded tombs (kofun) in Japan
Associate Professor Joseph Ryan
Okayama University
Keywords: Lidar, mapping, mounded tombs, archaeology, Japan
Airborne LiDAR surveying allows for the detailed mapping of areas that were long difficult
through traditional surveying methods, either because of the extensive dimensions or prohibitive
terrain and vegetation. Commonly utilized around the world, LiDAR te chnology has been
increasingly employed in recent years within Japan, as well. The Department of Archaeology at
Okayama University has been conducting LiDAR surveys of Kofun-period (mid 3rd to early 7th
century AD) mounded tombs located within Okayama Prefecture over the past three years. In thispresentation, the author presents the results of these surveys, focusing on the work done at the
Zozan mounded tomb group, Sakuzan mounded tomb, Tottori -kamitakatsuka mounded tomb,
Sarayama mounded tomb group, and the Tenjin mounded tomb group, and addresses areas forfurther research.

25

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

11:20-11:40 (in person)

Ancient sea scape of Japan: Burial mounds as navigation points
Dr. Tomo Ishimura
Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
Keywords: GIS; sea scape; maritime archaeology; Kofun period; Japan
Research of landscape using GIS is progressing in archaeology in recent years, and thesignificance of the research of landscape from the sea or “sea scape” is also being stressed. Sea
scape research has important implications for understanding how people perceive the sea and adapt
to the sea environment and may contribute to the development of maritime archaeology. This paper
examines the sea scape of the Kofun period, from the third to sixth centuries, from the viewpointof the location of the burial mounds and shows the possibility that some burial mounds were built
as navigation points. GIS analysis and field surveys were conducted to investigate how the burial
mounds located near the coast look from the sea and indicate that the burial mounds with goodvisibility from the sea were located at strategic points of marine routes, such as lagoons and straits.
The survey also revealed that the most of these burial mounds were built in the s pecific period
from the first to third quarters in the fourth century. This paper proposes that these burial mounds
were built as navigation points to reflect the intention of the Yamato dynasty to control maritime
traffics.

26

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

11:40-12:00 (in person)

Monument, ritual, worldview, and social transformation in prehistoric andprotohistoric Japan from a maritime and water perspective
Dr. Takehiko Matsugi
The National Museum of Japanese History
Keywords: state formation, long-distance trade, burial monument, prestige goods, world view
Until the 1980s, it was thought that the prime mover of social transformation from the chiefdom
to the archaic state in the Japanese archipelago was the productive development of agriculture.
However, from the end of 1980s onwards, the theory that long-distance trade centering on ironmaterials from outside society led to the state formation became influential. This is indicated by
the distribution of burial monuments (kofun) from the 3rd to 4th centuries along the transportationroutes. Also, the prestige goods circulating among the kings buried in these burial monuments often
reflect long-distance negotiations, such as mirrors from China and fine stone products modeled
after shells from the southern sea. From the 5th century onwards, complexes of large burial
monuments began to be built inland, but they strengthened their character as the materialization of
the image of an 'island floating in the sea.' Written documents show that the kings of the Japanesearchipelago in the 5th century had an imaginary view of the world in which they ruled over the
Korean peninsula across the sea, but the actual negotiations were equal and interdependent.
Ceremonial grounds were built at the apex of the floating islands and promontories between thearchipelago and the peninsula. The state formation of the Japanese archipelago progressed not
through the conquest of agricultural land by the power of the central government, but by
strengthening control of the long-distance trade network that emphasizes the sea, and directing
materialistic competition with rival regions across the sea.

27

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Symposium on Monument Studies of the Pacific:
ethnoarchaeological approaches to ritual.
Chair: Nojima, Yoko & Yamaguchi, Toru
13:00-13:30 (in person)

Mana and tapu: Marquesan ritual architecture in comparative context
Professor Barry V. Rolett
Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaiʻi, Mānoa

Keywords: ritual architecture, Polynesian culture, Marquesas Islands
The settlement of Polynesia represents the greatest seafaring event in the history of the pre -industrial
world. As they explored and settled the eastern Pacific, Polynesians introduced the concepts of mana
and tapu, as well as the basic concepts of Polynesian ritual architecture. Following settlement, however,these core concepts developed into different religious systems in various island groups. This
presentation focuses on ritual architecture of the Marquesas Islands, an archipelago of ten highvolcanic islands lying on the eastern fringes of Polynesia. Marquesan ritual spaces differ significantly
from those in other parts of Polynesia, indicating a high degree of cultural divergence. Investigating
Marquesan ritual architecture in comparative context lends insight into the origins and evolution of
Polynesian cultures.

28

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

13:30-14:00 (online)

Multisensory Experiences of Society Island marae: An Ethnohistorical andArchaeological Approach
Associate Professor Jennifer Kahn
Anthropology Department, College of William and Mary
Keywords: Ritual, chiefly centers, archaeology, Eastern Polynesia, marae, political theater
In the last decade, archaeologists have argued turned to understanding political thea ter, arguingthat the development of large centralized polities would have been impossible in the past without
heavy reliance on public events. Here, I examine public ritual events at chiefly centers and marae(temples) in the late pre-contact Society Islands, a complex chiefdom in Central Eastern Polynesia.
Historic documents and archaeological data document the spread of a new war/fertility cult in theSocieties in the mid-seventeenth century, which brought significant shifts in ceremonialarchitecture and public rituals, in particular rites of sacrifice and offerings, and led to an increasein chiefly power. Using ethnohistoric, linguistic, and archaeological data, I examine how large
scale religious ceremonies associated with the ‘Oro cult developed into a new form of politicaltheater, one rooted in multisensory perceptions of scents, sounds, and visual spectacles where
varied socio-ritual elites asserted their role as moral leaders and embodiments of community
integration. I use diverse lines of data, including site placement, architectural layout, thesurrounding natural environment, such as sacred trees, and the use of fire, scents, chanting, omens,
ritual sacra, and elaborate elite attire, to paint a multisensory picture of late pre -contact Ma’ohi
political theater. As I argue, ‘Oro rituals not only heightened the visibility of rulers and separated
those allowed to participate intimately from others who could not, but they likewise created
contexts for the imposition of ideology and its constant negoti ation among and between variedsocial personae and social strata in the late pre-contact Society Island chiefdoms.

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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

14:00-14:30 (online)

Ethnoarchaeology of ritual landscape in Tongareva Atoll, the northern Cook Islands
Professor Toru Yamaguchi
Faculty of Letters, Keio University
Keywords: religious structures, marae, East Polynesia, ethnoarchaeology, landscape

There are scattered many coral atolls within the Pacific trade wind zone, the landform of which
consists of unconsolidated sand and gravel. Those low and flat islets have the limited vegetation, andthe most parts are covered only with coconut trees and some shrubs. The visual scene of elongatedislets is less colorful, mainly composed with ocean blue, white sand and gravel of beach, green shadeof coconut trees, and then reversely white beach and marine blue of lagoon. Such a nondescript spaceat glance had been oriented through daily and repeated experiences of inhabitants who had recognizedsubtle topographic undulation and given narratives to spots. Humanistic geographers would describethat the inhabitants invented specific places and landscapes within a homogeneous space, andmaintained and altered them through various physical experiences. We, archaeologists, can find out
prehistoric traces of such places and landscapes even in coral atolls. What is archaeologically mostintriguing in East Polynesia should be marae, religious structures. I will discuss theethnoarchaeological interpretation of marae in Tongareva Atoll, northern Cook Islands. The mid-19th
Century’s society was documented by an American trader, E.H. Lamont, who stayed there for nearly
one year just before the introduction of Christianity. The most of Tongarevan marae share the basic
components with religious sites in other East Polynesian islands such as in the Society Islands andTuamotu Islands. These consist of an enclosed or otherwise delineated courtyard, elevated altar area(ahu) and upright stone slabs or carved images. Although the spatial arrangement within the courtyard
appears geometrical, it does not mean symmetrical. The platform and uprights are configurated on its
one side. It would be true for the space of an islet or a sort of settlement pattern. A place of marae liesout of a habitation site, and other habitation sites are probably more distant from marae. Such an
unevenness, which can be archaeologically confirmed, would have been socially experienced throughthe variety of body movements that differed according to socio-political positions, and the bundle ofthose shared experiences can be viewed to have reinforced its socio-political stratification.

30

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

14:30-15:00 (in person)

Ceremonial Landscape in Island Melanesia:
the gamal complex of the Banks Islands, Northern Vanuatu
Head of Research Section, Yoko Nojima
International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region
Keywords: Melanesia, Vanuatu, monumental architecture, ritual
In Melanesia, the development of large-scale ceremonial architectures such as Polynesian maraes
is not prominent. Along with the fact that a lot of ethnographically known Melanesian societies aretribal and egalitarian, Melanesia is sometimes regarded as a region without monuments.
Accordingly, archaeological research addressing Melanesian monuments or monumental
constructions are still very limited. This presentation introduces a case of Melanesian monum ental
landscape, drawing on ceremonial structures developed in the Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu.
Vanuatu is an archipelago stretching north-south in central Melanesia, and the Banks Islands, alongwith Torres Islands, constitute the northernmost island group (Torba province). Ethnographically,
northern Vanuatu is characterized by the linguistic and cultural diversity with autonomous groups
that are inter-connected by a network of exchange, and also the development of a sort of bigman like societies that are typified with a system of grade-taking (suqe or nimanggi). It is in some ofthese societies that prominent monumental constructions are identified in the archipelago, not incentral or southern Vanuatu where societies are integrated by chiefly systems. The ceremonial
space associated with suqe in the Banks Islands was once coined by Rivers (1914) as the ‘gamal
complex’, which is composed of gamal or makamal (men’s house), some raised platform structures
piled with stone slabs and other house foundations, with an empty space or dance ground at thecenter. The most prominent feature (and most visible even today) within the landscape is theterrace/mound with slabs that are piled up neatly like brickworks, with protruding slab pieces thatare planted in the façade as a stairway to ascend on top of it, and such construction is distinctive
only to the Banks Islands. While there are some varieties in spatial layouts of these structures, thebasic components remain the same throughout the islands I have surveyed thus far (Vanua Lava,
Motalava, and Ureparapara), and such structures are found exclusively in the interior of the island,
where people used to live before being converted to Christianity. Many sites are also often
associated with Western objects such as pieces of irons, glasses, and ceramics, suggesting
possibilities that such sites represent the last stage of inland habitation, and are the outcomes ofdrastic sociopolitical transformation triggered by the Western contact.
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Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

List of Participants
Presenters and Participants at the Site
Kato, Hirofumi

Hokkaido University

Des Lauriers, Matthew

California State University, San Bernardino

Davis, Loren

Oregon State UniversityŌnishi, Hideyuki

Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts

Goto, Akira

Nanzan Universirty

Baybayan Tanaka, Pāʻanaakalā

Hui o Waʻa Kaulua, ʻOhana Waʻa, Polynesian Voyaging
Society

Watanabe, Tsuyoshi

Hokkaido University

Yamazaki, Atsuko

Nagoya University

Seguchi, Noriko

Kyushu University

Pietrusewsky, Michael

University of Hawaiʻi

Ueda, Yoshiyuki

Kyoto University

Saiki, Jun

Kyoto University

Matsumoto, Naoko

Okayama University

Ishii, Takumi

National Museum of Japanese History

Yamamotoi, Taro

Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University

Quintus, Seth

University of Hawaiʻi

Sekiguhi, Kazuhiro

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Comer, Douglas

Cultural Site Research and Management Foundation

Ryan, Joseph

Okayama University

Ishimura, Tomo

Tokyo Institue of Cultural Assets

Matsugi, Takehiko

National Museum of Japanese History

Nojima, Yoko

IRCI (International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural
Heritage In the Asia-Pacific Religion)

Rolett, Barry

University of Hawaiʻi

Hisashi, Nakao

Nanzan Universirty

Inamura, Tetsuya

The Open University of Japan

Porter, Mitchell

Cultural Site Research and Management Foundation

Presenters Online
Kahn, Jennifer

William and Mary University

Yamaguchi, Toru

Keio University32Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019-2023)

Integrative Human Historical Science of "Out of Eurasia"
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (2019–2023) JP19H05731
Integrative Human Historical Science of “Out of Eurasia”
Exploring the Mechanisms of the Development of Civilization
http://out-of-eurasia.jp©2023 by the Individual Authors.
ISBN: 978-4-910223-15-5 (Online edition)
Editors: Naoko Matsumoto (Okayama University)
Publishing Office
Research Institute for the Dynamics of Civilizations
Okayama University
3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, JAPAN
Phone +81-(0)86-251-7442
33