Using Social MediaAiri Ideno
Almost all people use social media, according to Pew Research Center, more than 70% of American adults
use social media.1 The most popular application was Facebook, following this Youtube and Instagram in 2018 in theworld.2 Social media is one of the reasons teens use smartphones, and this is important for people. Social media hassome positive influences on people, but sometimes there is bad news due to social media. Social media is a good anduseful stuff to get information quickly and contact with others who are in near and also far, but there are incorrect
informations on social media because anyone can post a news article and the way of conveying news or information
is different on different sites, and the understanding of the information also different by people. In fact, 42% ofAmericans get fake information from social media, according to serch of Statista. 3 This thesis will discuss how social
media affects people including the positive and negative effects, the positive points and negative points and thesolutions for the problems in using social media, in order to make sure how social media is, and people use it safely.
I
There are several effects in using social media which are good and bad. The first effect is that using social
media changed the way of communication in some situations such as for business and with friends. There are several
ways to communicate such as personal messages or chat, group chat and online games. According to statista,
WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger will occupy the top of popular chat applications in July of 2020. 4 Before thespread of social media, people communicated by using mail and calling, however people can communicate easily andfast with people all over the world by using social media. In addition, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications, 36.7% in all companies use SNS marketing such as advertisement delivery and using sns accounts. 5
If social media users like the information and share it, this will contribute to the sales of the company. Moreover,companies can ask consumers opinions or advice. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications says, theamount of SNS users is increasing especially among teens, so information transmission by social media is important.
6

The second effect is that using social media becomes part of our life. Before people use social media, they
get some information from TV or newspapers. However, some people still get information from newspapers, andmany people, especially teens get information from social media.78 According to the Cabinet office, 70 % of highschool students used the internet including SNS over 3hours in a day in 2019, and 30 % of them use over 5 hours tocommunicate with their friends on messenger applications, watch videos on Youtube and get some news. 9 Instagram,
Twitter and Facebook are popular applications in the world, not only these applications. There are study applications
such as a dictionary, so social media is what people need.
However, there are also bad effects on using social media. One negative effect is that overuse of SNS leads
to smartphone dependence. As mentioned above, Japanese high school students use SNS over 3 hours on a weekday,
and the time on weekends is moreover. In America, where sns usage is high, 8 of 10 people depend on social media.
Dependence on Social media also affects communication. The communication on social media which means non-1

Pew Research Center, “Demographics of social media users and adoption in the United States”, Per ResearchCenter, June 12, 20192
Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban, “The Rise of Social Media”, Our World in Date, September 19, 2019

Amy Watson, “Traffic sources for fake news in the U.S. 2017”, Statistics, November 21, 2019
Clement J, “Most Popular Messaging Apps”, Statista, July 24, 2020.
5
総務省, “平成 30 年通信利用動向調査の結果”, May 31,20196
総務省, “SNS がスマホ利用の中心に”, soumu.go.jp, 20177
Per Research Center, “Trends and Facts on Newspapers: State of the News Media”, Pew ResearchCenter’s Journalism Project, July 9, 2019
8
Shearer Elisa, “Social Media Outpaces Print Newspapers in the U.S. as a News Sources”, Pew
Research Center, December 10, 20189
内閣府, “高校生のネット利用時間は 1 日平均 4 時間：内閣府の実態調査”, nippon.com, April 23, 2020
3
4

language communication causes misunderstandings, and it leads to quarrel and bullying. 10 In addition, language skills
become lower because people use abbreviations and computers give them the spells. 11
II
There are two good and bad points for each to use social media. To begin with, these are some reasons why
people use social media because of what benefits there are. One of the advantages is that social media is useful ineducation.12 Some states of Australia bans the use of social media, but some of them use social media in education.
Young people tend to get information from social media, so education institutions provide information by using social
media such as Google plus, Youtube and Facebook. Students in Western Sydney Universities work with othercountries’ students through social media. 13 Not only face to face classes, the distance learning is being done by usingsocial media. The distance learning opportunities of American students increased 34% from 2016 to 2018. 14 In thisway, students can learn by interacting with people from different countries, can take classes from different countries,
and also children who cannot go to school can participate in classes from their home. Moreover, this can be said inbusiness. Secondly, social media is a good way to express oneself. People can express themselves on social media
such as posting a photo of themselves or commenting on someone else’s post. Famous people also post a photo anddescribe their opinion on social media.
However, there are also some disadvantages in social media. One disadvantage is that using too much social
media may lead to a decline in communication skills. It reduces face to face communication skills because people
depend on the keyboard to communicate messages. 15 According to Live Person, people aged 20 to 30 prefer face toface communication to communicate online in western countries. 16 Secondly, some problems happen such as
cyberbullying and cybercrime due to being not able to see each other’s face and not being able to delete information
once posted completely. According to the Research Center, the percentage of people who experienced cyberbullying
increased from 20.8% in 2010, when smartphones became more popular to 36.5% in 2019. 1718 Moreover, According
to Pew Research Center, 41% of American adults have experienced online harassment such as sexual harassment andcyberstalking.19
III
There are several solutions for the problem that is about incorrect information on social media for people toget involved with social media. One of the solutions is people need to look for the sources of the information to prevent
inputting incorrect information.20 Anyone, even though not a company or organization, can post or share their own
opinions and those of others they share. Therefore, they may see some uncertain information. According to a searchof Statistics, 49% of American adults have shared fake news which they got from social media without knowing it
was fake, and 31% of American children and teens shared incorrect information in 2017. 2122 Because this happened
they did not check the sources that this is a reliable source of information. If they check the source of the information

The Education Magazine, “How Social Media Effects Communication?”, The Education Magazine,
March 16, 202011
Final Inquiry Projects, “The Negative Impacts of Social Media on Face-to-Face Interactions”, Final
Inquiry Projects, December 1, 201512
Dr Philippa Collin, University of Western Sydney Ms Kitty Rahilly, Inspire Foundation, Dr Ingrid
Richardson, Murdoch University Dr Amanda Third, University of Western Sydney, "The Benefits of Social
NetWorking Services", 201113
LONDON COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES, "The Role of Social Media in
Education," LONDON COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSSTUDIES, 201914
Erin Duffin, "U.S. student distance learning enrollment 2018", Statistics, 2020
15
Marily Price-Mitchell, PhD, "Teens Discuss Disadvantages of Social Networking", ROOTS of ACTION,
2020
16"Press Releases", LIVE PERSON, 201717
Cyberbullying Research Center, "2010 Cyberbullying Data", CYBERBULLYING RESEARCHCENTER, 201518
Justin W. Patchin, "2019 Cyberbullying Data", CYBERBULLYING RESEARCH CENTER, 2020
19
Maeve Duggan, "Online Harassment 2017", Pew Research Center, 2020
20
Fraser Hall Library, “ Elections and politics information: Voting information and resources”, Fraser Hall
Library, 2021
21
Amy Watson, “Online sharing of fake NEWS u.s. 2019”, Statistics, October 12, 2020
22
Amy Watson, “Fake news sharing children 2017”, Statista, April 06, 201810

and the sender is anonymous, it is not credible, and even if it is not anonymous, they need to judge for themself that
it is credible information. The information from the government or other organizations thatspecialize in the topic is often reliable, so it is a good source of information.
As a second solution, they need to take the time to look at several articles or sites. 23 The newspaper andtelevision companies that send out the sources of information are doing it as a part of their job, so they may make up
stories to make their readers feel better. In other words, Each company has its own way of telling a single news story
and its own breadth of coverage. In addition, not only to check the source of the information, but also they need tocheck when the article was published. It is important to get the latest information in order to get credible information.
Some information does not change much over the years, but some information can change in a matter of days or hours.
New news will be posted as breaking news, so they can avoid misinformation by looking at the most credible sites in
the news.
IV
In conclusion, there are some effects both good and bad. The way to communicate and the speed changed byusing social media, and this is used in some situations. Moreover, social media has become essential to people,
especially teens. However, using social media has also bad effects such as it leads to smartphone dependence andleads to less communication. In my opinion, the reason why this is important to people is it is a good way to grow andexpand their community. Social media will spread more with the development of IT technology, and social media will
be used moreover in various situations such as education in the future.
In addition, there are both advantages and disadvantages to using social media. As good points, this is usefulin various situations such as for education and expressing oneself, on the other hand, as bad points, using social media
sometimes leads to a decline in face to face communication skills and being a cause of cyberbullying and cybercrime.
Social media is not only a fun tool but also a useful service for everyone, but it sometimes becomes a dangerous item
to harm users or others. In my opinion, people will be able to use social media easily, and also it will be used in various
situations, especially in education and business, by the development of IT technology in the future. This is because as
I mentioned above, people can participate in the same program even if they are far away from each other, making
progress efficient and easy.
In order to use social media safely, to find the source of the information and check some sites are necessary
to get correct information. In addition, if they share information, the person who was shared needs to do these more,
and if they are shared by someone else, the same applies. In my opinion, it is not only adults who use social media,
but also teenagers and children use it, so they need to be more careful in using it.

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https://www.statista.com/statistics/258749/most-popular-global-mobile-messenger-apps/
Cyberbullying Research Center, “2010 Cyberbullying Data”, CYBERBULLYING RESEARCHCENTER, October 26, 2015, accessed October 27, 2020,
https://cyberbullying.org/2010-data
ASPEN IDEAS FESTIVAL, “How to stop the spread of fake news on social media”, ASPEN IDEAS
FESTIVAL, June 25, 201823

Dr Philippa Collin, University of Western Sydney Ms Kitty Rahilly, Inspire Foundation, Dr Ingrid
Richardson, Murdoch University Dr Amanda Third, University of Western Sydney, “The Benefits ofSocial NetWorking Services”, April, 2011, accessed October 27, 2020,
https://www.uws.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/476337/The-Benefits-of-Social-NetworkingServices.pdf
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How Capital Punishment Should Be
Aoi Tanabe
Currently, more and more countries have decided to stop capital punishment. According to the Japan
Federation of Bar Associations, in 2018 the number of countries that stopped capital punishment was 142, however
there were 56 countries that continue to have capital punishment. 24 As you know, in Japan, there is capital
punishment still now and executions happen every year, except in 2011.25 According to a report of the Cabinet
Office in 2018, the percentage of people who answered opposition of capital punishment was only 9.7%. 26
Therefore, it can be understood that capital punishment becomes familiar with Japan and citizens, but a tenth of thepeople oppose it. In this essay, I will discuss about some advantages and disadvantages of capital punishment,
compare punishments of Japan and Canada, which abolished the capital punishment, and solutions if the capital
punishment is abolished in Japan in order to decide how the punishments should be in Japan.
I
To begin with, there are several benefits of capital punishment to continue. First of all, it costs to detain
prisoners in many scenes because they should be given something to eat and there are fuel and light expenses.
According to the Ministry of Justice, the number of Inmates Sentenced to Death was 132 in 2012. 27 However, thenumber of people who were sentenced to life imprisonment was 1826 in the same year. 28 Therefore, it can be said thatlife imprisonment costs more than capital punishment because it has many more criminals. Moreover, the average
prison time of capital punishment is about 5 years, 29 but imprisonment for life has to keep criminals until they die, so
executing capital punishment is expensive, but it is lighter when it conpares with time and number of people. Secondly,
many family members of victims hope thier criminals to be executed by capital punishment, so this death penalty isimportant for families. If their family member was killed, it is common for bereaved family members to want themurderer to be executed, so capital punishment has been an important way to promote a sense of justice for the victims.
Finally, some people say that capital punishment is unlawful, but capital punishment is allowed in the JapaneseConstitution.30 There are many steps to decide that the judgement is true to carry out the capital punishment in the law,
so it cannot be said that capital punishment is unconstitutional.
However, there are some negative points of capital punishment. Firstly, countries should not kill criminals for moral
reasons even though they committed the serious crimes. In fact, according to Semon Frank Thompson, who was thesupervisor of Oregon State Penitentiary, his being personally involved in criminals’ executions forced him into a
deeper reckoning with his feelings about capital punishment. 31 In Japan, capital punishment may affect connected
people’s mental health for example lawyers, supervisors, and doctors. For doctors, they have to confirm criminals’
deaths, so it is sometimes a big impact for doctors to go against their oath to protect people’s health. Thirdly, if thejudgment was wrong and a wrongfully convicted person is executed, it means that the nation has killed an innocent

24

日本弁護士連合会, “死刑制度いる？いらない？” October 2019nippon.com, “死刑の執行件数の推移,” December 26, 201926
内閣府 (Cabinet Office), “基本的法制度に関する世論調査 2. 調査結果の概要” accessed August 28, 2020
27
Ministry of Justice, “近年における死刑確定者数等” February 2, 201228
楊井人文 “FactCheck 「日本の無期懲役は一生刑務所ではなく、出所してくるのが通例」は本当か?（楊井人文） - Yahoo!ニュース” December 20, 201929
阿部峻介 酒本友紀子 and 朝日新聞デジタル “元刑務官「心臓がどくんと動いていた」死刑制度考える：朝日新聞デジタル” 朝日新聞デジタル, August 27, 201830
ProCon.org, “Top 10 Pro & Con Arguments - Death Penalty - ” Death Penalty, December 9, 201631
Semon Frank Thompson, Jr. “Death Penalty - ProCon.org,” Death Penalty, January 3, 202025

person. Finally, courts have to take a very long time to judge serious crimes if the sentence might be capital
punishment; therefore, it is often very expensive for the government.
II
To begin with, Canada is one of the countries that made the decision to abolish the capital punishment andit was abolished in 1976.32 In addition, the last capital punishment was executed on December 11th in 1962 33, so
there is a big different value of the capital punishment between in Japan and Canada. However, there are some
opinions that propose to abolish this punishment in Japan and the United Nations has been recommending to stop
the death penalty to Japan. There are many reasons why people oppose capital punishment, for example, everyone
has an inalienable human right to life, even though they commit murder; sentencing a person to death and executing
them violates that right, and it is possible to execute death penalty people who are not related to crimes because ofwrong judgement and judgement system. 34 If the capital punishment is abolished, what will be the heaviest
punishment which can be instead of death penalty would be the biggest problem among citizens.
On the one hand, there are several important facts of Japanese capital punishment. First, I focus on history of thecapital punishment. The first decision of capital punishment is Taiho legal code which was established in 701. 35
There were some rules to decide that what kind of people should be executed the capital punishment; “If you woundothers, you will be died by hanging.” “If you kill others, you will be killed by the sword.” Next, it is found that
capital punishment executed the most severely in Civil War era. There were many cruel ways of it, for example,
tearing people in two by tying their legs to two carts moving in opposite directions, tear by bulls (the same methodof tear by carts), burn people to death at the stake, and there were more various methods to kill citizens even though
it was not clear that they were criminals. Additionally, the new penal code was found in 1882, Meiji period. This
penal code determined that the method of capital punishment is only hanging because their bodies do not be broken
up. In this period, they considered that it is not good to tear people’s bodies which were executed during the Civil
War era. Therefore, they changed to hanging and it has been continuing until today. Next, I will introduce what kindof criminals can be executed capital punishment is. In Japan, 18 crimes are determined to value of capital
punishment, for example, insurrection, murder, make explosion to kill many people and buildings. Moreover, themurder which was planned welll to kill some people tends to worthy of the capial punishment. 36 Finally, there aresome differences in the method to spend in the jail between prisoners and condemned criminals.37 Prisoners’ jobs inthe jail are mainly working. They expiate their guilt by doing very hard work. However, condemned criminals atone
for their crimes by dying , so they do not have to work in the jail like prisoners. In addition, it allows them to wear
their own clothings and change their hair style freely for condemned criminals. Therefore, they can spend time much
more freely than other prisoners under Japanese law.
On the other hand, there are very different characteristics of Canadian punishments. To begin with, one of the oldest
capital punishments was executed on August 26th in 1749.38 In addition, until 1859, capital punishment was used
under English law in Canada and about 230 criminals were carried out as the capital punishment. After that, it

32

Capital Punishment and Canada “The History,” Home, accessed September 9, 2020
CBC/Radio Canada, “Capital Punishment in Canada | CBC News,” CBCnews June 7, 201034
BBC “Ethics - Capital Punishment: Arguments against Capital Punishment,” accessed November 27, 202035
弁護士法人 泉総合法律事務所 , “日本における死刑制度: 執行手続や適用犯罪、廃止論などについて: 弁
護士法人泉総合法律事務所,” 刑事事件に強い弁護士に無料相談｜東京・神奈川・埼玉・千葉｜泉総合法
律事務所 June 12, 201936
刑事事件弁護士ナビ, “死刑になる犯罪は 18 種類｜主な罪名と死刑執行までの流れ｜刑事事件弁護士ナ
ビ,” February 25, 202037
TV Tokyo, “モリのアサガオ：モリのアサガオ豆知識 ： テレビ東京 公式サイト” accessed September 29,
2020
38
Capital Punishment and Canada “The History,” Home, accessed September 29, 2020,33

continued with Canadian law for a while. Then, capital punishment was abolished under Canadian law in 1976, 39 but
it was allowed under the National Defect Act, so it could not be said that capital punishment was abolised
completely. Moreover, in 1987, there was a poll to decide they should allow capital punishment again in the law, butthere were more people who opposed it than people who agreed. Then, capital punishment could be abolishedcompletely in 1998. Therefore, Canadian law has the other penalty which has the same value with capital
punishment and can be used instead of it. The heaviest punishment in Canada is life prisonment for 25 years without
parole. Therefore, there is less information about the history of capital punishment than Japan, but there are morewith opposing opinions about capital punishment in Canada.
III
Lastly, in Japan, the capital punishment is supported by many citizens, but there are some opinions that
propose to abolish this punishment in Japan and the United Nations has been recommending to stop the death
penalty to Japan. There are many reasons why people oppose capital punishment, for example, everyone has an
inalienable human right to life, even though they commit murder; sentencing a person to death and executing them
violates that right, and it is possible to execute death penalty people who are not related to crimes because of wrong
judgement and judgement system. 40 If the capital punishment is abolished, what will be the heaviest punishment
which can be instead of death penalty would be the biggest problem among citizens, so I will suggest two patterns ofpunishments.
First of all, a life imprisonment can be one of the most strongest penalties after abolishing capital punishment. 41 In
Japan, life imprisonment generally means that prisoners can be released from jail after many years, but they must
work very hard to reimburse their crimes before release. 42 In addition, Japanese law allows them to go back tosociety after discharging, so these experiences in jail can be necessary components to restart life in society.
Moreover, life imprisonment allows prisoners to execute parole. Releasing and parole may sound that criminals canspend lives outside of jail and their lives come back and get free lives. However, parole brings very serious facts tothese criminals.43 For criminals, they have been working for a long time in jail, so they do not know how the outside
world of jail has changed, so prisoners may be afraid of many things in society, so it can not be said that parole is agood system for criminals. Therefore, life imprisonment with parole can be a strict penalty for criminals who havespent a very long time in jail and experience the strict facts in society.
Secondly, the life sentence without parole will be the best penalty as instead of capital punishment. Looking at othercountries, the life sentence is the most common punishment as the heaviest one. In addition, victim’s families often
prefer LWOP, which means the life sentence without parole,44 to the uncertainty and spectacle of the death
penalty.45 However, there are some types of the life sentence, for example, in western Europe, the life sentencemeans that criminals have to be prisoners for 12-25 years, and after that, they can be an object of parole. In addition,
most countries of Europe decide the limit of life sentence, so criminals have the opportunity to be released eventhough they have decided the life sentence. On the other hand, all states of the USA define that the life sentence
should not allow parole, so prisoners have no chances to be released on parole. 46 Therefore, it is certain that life
39

The Canadian Encyclopedia, “Capital Punishment,” January 15, 2016
BBC, “Ethics - Capital Punishment: Arguments against Capital Punishment,” accessed November 27, 202041
Caribbean Death Penalty Research, “Alternatives to the Death Penalty,” July 2, 201842
楊井人文 “FactCheck 「日本の無期懲役は一生刑務所ではなく、出所してくるのが通例」は本当か?（楊井人文） - Yahoo!ニュース” December 20, 201943
Nolo, “Conditions of Parole,” www.nolo.com, June 19, 201944
“死刑廃止と拘禁刑の改革を考える〜寛容と共生の社会をめざして〜,” 死刑廃止と拘禁刑の改革を考える, October 6, 2016
45
Death Penalty Information Center, “Sentencing Alternatives.” December 30, 2003
46
The Reeves Law Group, “Fact or Fiction: Not All ‘Life Sentences’ Around the World Are Actually for Life,”
diane bukowski on November 20th and Name *, December 18, 2015,40

imprisonment can be the heaviest punishment and instead of the death penalty in Japan, too. In fact, according to theJapan Federation of Bar Associations, which referred to the data of the Cabinet Office, 35.1% of respondents
supported the abolishment of capital punishment if the life sentence is lead and becomes instead of the death
penalty, and 52% of answers still opposed. However, this opposed percentage becomes much lower than the answers
which just opposed the capital punishment. From these datas, it is better to lead the life sentence without parole inJapan and it will be a strict punishment which can be an instead of the death penalty.
IV
In conclusion, capital punishment has several advantages and disadvantages, so to decide the value ofcapital punishment is very difficult. However, I think capital punishment has more advantages than disadvantages.
This is because there is no need to protect the criminals who killed others and the capital punishment is importantfor victims and their families. However, I would like to change my opinion by comparing the punishments of Japanand Canada because there is not a big difference in the proportion of murders between these two countries. The
percentage of murders, which was calculated per 100 thousand people, in Japan is 0.26% and the same data in
Canada is 1.76%.47 Japan has less percentage of murders than Canada, but the percentage of Canada is classified asless when compared with other countries in the world. Even though the capital punishment has more advantages, I
think it is better not to kill criminals in moral aspect if the capital punishment does not have big effect to defend
criminals. This is because executive the capital punishment means the government kill its citizens though they are
criminals. Therefore, Japan should abolish the capital punishment and I consider that the life sentence without aparole is the best way for criminals to reimburse their stains as instead of the capital punishment. This is because if
criminals are determined to have capital punishment, they do not have to work as other criminals and they have a lotof free time until executing. The main way to compensate condemned criminals’ matters is to be executed capital
punishment and die. However, I think this system is not strict for these criminals. I do not understand that just dying
is the best way for them, they have to work and live a more strict life because all condemned criminals killed people
and took their lives. Therefore, I think capital punishment should be abolished and condemned criminals have to
execute the life sentence without parole and continue working forever in the jail.
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47

GLOBAL NOTE グローバルノート – 国際統計データ専門サイト, “世界の殺人発生率
グ・推移 – Global Note,” July 22, 2020,

国別ランキンnippon.com, 死刑の執行件数の推移,” May 31, 2020, https://www.nippon.com/ja/features/h00239/.
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Japanese Borrowing Festival Culture
Asa Nishimura
In recent years, there are several festivals that are held in many countries like Christmas, Halloween,
Valentine’s Day, or Easter. These festivals have their own original cultures and are spreading, but the way to celebratevaries from country to country. This essay will focus on borrowing festival culture in Japan, because I am interested
in the way to celebrate foreign festivals. Also, some foreigners are surprised at how Japanese people enjoy festivals,
especially Christmas, because most websites about Japanese Christmas have titles that include the words like “unique”,“weird”, or “surprising”. Japanese people hold such festivals just for fun, but the way to celebrate is often customised
to fit Japanese culture. In addition, a lot of Japanese do not know the meanings or origin of festivals as well as mostof them misunderstand the meanings. They also celebrate Japanese original festivals and most Japanese people thinkthat they have numerous festivals that originated in Japan like Hinamatsuri or Tanabata, but those holidays andcelebrations come from China. Many Japanese festivals come from other countries, and a lot of Japanese people do
not know this fact. Since the end of World War II, Japan has introduced many foreign festivals or holidays. In fact,
there are a few Japanese who celebrate Christmas as one of the important religious events, but others just have funwith eating, holding parties, or spending time with loved ones. Many Japanese enjoy foreign holidays without realizingthat they are contributing to the economy. As more people celebrate other festivals, more companies sell and create
products to make money. This essay will compare the different ways to celebrate Christmas in Japan and the UK, anddiscuss the causes and effects of celebrating festivals originally from other countries in Japan to decide whether
Japanese ways to celebrate such holidays are received positively or negatively by people outside of Japan.
I
First of all, I am going to introduce Christmas in the UK. The UK has their own original tradition and theway to celebrate Christmas is famous around the world. Firstly, who they spend Christmas with is different from Japan.
Most British people spend Christmas with their family at home and Christmas is like “obon” in Japan. A lot of people
who live far from home come back to their hometown during Christmas to celebrate with their family and Christmas
is one of the special days of the year for them. If there is someone who does not or can not go back home such as
international students, some friends will welcome their family.48 A second topic is about town. Christmas is a holiday,
so most restaurants and shops are closed from the afternoon of 24th to 25th. As I mentioned, there is a tradition of notgoing out on Christmas and spending time with family. Additionally, the price of an airline ticket will be expensive
because there are a lot of people who go back home. Therefore, it is difficult to travel away and a lot of people choose
to stay and have dinner at home. 49 Another major example is Christmas meals. The typical Christmas dinner in the
UK is turkey, especially a roasted one. They eat it with carrots, brussels sprouts, or mashed potatoes, also gravy is an
essential sauce for turkey. Most families make roast turkey themselves and prepare it in the morning. Before they havedinner, they pop the poppers then start to eat. Wearing paper crowns while having dinner is one of the traditions ofChristmas. Christmas pudding is a traditional Christmas dessert in the UK. This is made of 13 ingredients and it
contains many dried fruits. Many people start to make it 1 month before and a few people start to make it 1 year before
Christmas. When they eat it, they put rum and flambé it. People make a wish when they mix the ingredients. Somepeople put coins or rings in Christmas pudding and enjoy fortune telling. Recently, it is sold at the supermarkets, so it
is easy to get and eat it.50 51Turning to the Japanese Christmas, it is completely different from the British one. Most
British people spend Christmas with their family, on the other hand, a lot of Japanese think that Christmas is a time tospend with their partner. Many Japanese use the word “kuribocchi” which means people who do not have any partner
or friend to spend Christmas with. It is said that people who have a boyfriend or girlfriend should spend Christamas
with their partner. Many towns are decorated during Christmas time in Japan. There are a lot of decorations like
illuminations or Christmas trees. Recently, many illuminations are LED lights to be environmentally friendly andprojection mapping is becoming popular. A lot of shops are closed in the UK, even though most shops and restaurants
are open as well as usual. Therefore, a lot of people buy presents and they have special dinners at restaurants. Lastly,
Japanese people eat their original traditional meals. Fried chicken is often eaten on Christmas day, so they buy it at
the supermarket or KFC. KFC is very popular especially on Christmas, so it is the busiest time of the year. From 1974,
the advertisement that is called “Kentucky for Christmas!” has started. It makes people think that they eat fried chicken
on Christmas. It is estimated that about 3.6 million families order fried chicken on Christmas. According to Intage,
about 42% of Japanese people eat strawberry cakes on Christmas or days before or after Christmas. Japanese company,
Fujiya, made strawberry cakes to sell their products. At that time, cakes were eaten by only wealthy people and were
not popular. Therefore, Fujiya advertised “eat strawberry cakes on Christmas”. The reasons why Fujiya uses
strawberries are red and white called “kouhaku” , which are considered lucky and the colors show santa. Then, mostJapanese people came to think eating strawberry cakes on Christmas is normal. 52
II
There are several reasons why the Japanese imported many festivals or holidays from foreign countries. Firstof all, internationalization is one of the major causes of Japanese borrowing festival cultures. The number of foreigners
has increased a lot compared to the past. From 2012 to 2018, it increased to about 600 thousand foreigners in Japan.
In 2012, around 2 million non-Japanese people were in Japan, but in 2018, 2.6 million people from foreign countries
lived in Japan. Moreover, to solve Japan's hyper-aging society, the government is considering accepting more
foreigners to increase workers.53 In addition, more and more companies have advanced into overseas markets to get
more revenue. Many foreign companies have advanced into Japan as well. From 2005 to 2017, the number of48

イギリス さかもっちゃん , “HOME,” エイゴのハテナ, 2017.09.26.
Mia, “日本と違う！クリスマスの過ごし方@イギリス,” 留学ボイス (留学ボイス, April 3, 2020).
50
2018.12.11 パン・料理 MIROOM MAG editor , “イギリス流クリスマス料理の主役は？伝統の晩餐メニューもご紹介,” MIROOM MAG, November 30, 2018.
51
whychristmas?com / JPC-DESIGN, “Christmas in the United Kingdom on Whychristmas?Com,” /Great Britain Christmas Around the World - whychristmas?com.
52
Taryn Siegel, “Tokyo Q&A: How Does Japan Celebrate Christmas?,” Time Out Tokyo.
53“【第 1 表】 国籍・地域別在留外国人数の推移.”
49

companies that expanded overseas increased about 40 thousand from 35 thousand to 75 thousand companies. 54 Thisis because Japanese companies have been researching their products to sell more. These days, it is said that Japanesebrand products like cars, stationery, bicycles, toilets, or foods are good quality and easy to use.
Secondly, the Japanese national character is related to the borrowing of festival culture. Most Japanese find it easierto accept overseas cultures than other countries and they tend to like foreign trends. Some of them long for a life inother countries or study abroad, so they learn about other cultures. One of the major Japanese personality traits isadjusting to other people, also it is said that “It is important to adjust themselves to people around them”. Some
Japanese people do not like people who have different opinions. Therefore, many people hesitate to be different fromothers. According to Japan Today, it says Japanese prefer not to have to voice their opinions alone, but would rather
share ideas with peers and make a group decision. 55 Such a phenomenon may be related to the Japanese enhancement
to fit in the world by borrowing festival culture. Lastly, Japanese have accepted foreign festival cultures forcommercials. Christmas came to Japan in the 16th century with Francis Xavier, 56 but Halloween and Valentine’s Day
came to Japan later. Firstly, this essay will provide an explanation of Halloween as one of the examples. In about 1970,
the Japanese toy store, Kiddy Land in Tokyo started to sell products related to Halloween. In addition, Kiddy Land
held a Halloween Pumpkin Parade in 1983 as a part of a sales promotion. At first, Halloween was not well recognizedby Japanese people, so most participants were foreigners and there were only about 100 people. After that, Tokyo
Disneyland and Universal Studios Japan started Halloween events in 1997 and 2002 respectively, then Halloween
became more popular and an event that every Japanese knows.57 One more good instance is Valentine’s Day. Morozoff,
which is a Japanese Western-style confectionery store started to produce special chocolates from foreign countries in1931 and they started selling them in 1932. This was the first time heart shaped chocolates were sold in Japan. After
that, many companies like department stores, or other Western confectionery shops started selling chocolates on
Valentine’s Day. In the confectionery industry, there is a slogan that says “If you want to sell a product, create aculture.” and this prompted the western-style confectionery industry. As a consequence, Valentine’s Day has become
one of the big festivals in Japan. 58
III
There are a few Japanese who celebrate Christmas as a religious event, but others just have fun with special
ones. And this actually contributes a lot to the Japanese economy. There are some effects on Japanese society, notonly the economy but also any other aspects. First of all, celebrating foreign festivals enriches Japan. Japan has
accepted foreign festivals for commercials. As more and more people celebrate holidays, companies will be able to
make more money. According to Aiko Sasaki who is a financial planner, Christmas has about 700 billion yen of
economic effect every year. This is the same amount as the budget of the Tokyo Olympics in 2020. Actually, theeconomic effect on Christmas days in the past was more considerable than now. It was around 1 trillion yen until 2005.
The economic effects of Halloween and Valentine’s Day are far smaller than Chrstmas. The town is decorated with a
lot of illuminations or Christmas trees. According to Whychristmas?, it says having a meal in a restaurant and booking
a table on Christmas can be very difficult as a lot of Japanese people go outside on that day. This also indicates mostrestaurants or shops are open and a lot of people come to the city and spend money. The demand for strawberry cakeduring Christmas is twice as big as usual. 59 The economic effect of Halloween is about 115.5 billion yen in 2019 andthis is far smaller than Christmas one. Additionally, this economic influence decreased about 7% in comparison to2018 and this has declined for 3 years in a row. One of the major reasons is tax hike. Japanese tax has increased 8%
to 10% and this could be related to all celebrations. However, more and more people come to think that there is no
point in buying something for Halloween like snacks or costumes, so they do not think Halloween is as important as
Christmas.60 On the other hand, the economic influence of Valentine’s Day has increased about 4% to 131 billion yen
in 2020 compared to last year. Japanese Valentine’s Day in 2020 was Friday and this is what is called “Thank God

54

Takashi Sukegawa, “75,000 超！ 日本企業の海外進出拠点の「国別割合・進出形態・目的」を徹底分析！.” Digima 〜出島〜, 2019.
55

Smartlog, “日本人の特徴まとめ。日本人男性／女性の性格と海外の反応を大公開！.” 2019.
Kenichiro Horie, “日本型クリスマスの歴史,” NHK News Commentators Bureau, 2017.
57
Japan Culture Lab, “ハロウィンは日本にいつから定着した？, ” 2020.
58
Yumiko, “日本のバレンタインデーは、”お菓子業界が作った文化”ってホント！？, ” tenki.jp, 2015.
56

59
60

Aiko. Sasaki, “クリスマスの経済効果は 7000 億?!”, Moneliy, December 10, 2019
Kiyoshi. Kase, “ハロウィンの推計市場規模”, Kinenbi Culture Laboratory, October 3, 2019

it’s Friday”; this is the first time in 6 years. Therefore, there were a lot of people who spent the holiday with theirfamily or partner coming to the city to eat dinner. Another reason is that Ruby chocolate, which is a new type of
chocolate, has spread in Japan. This has become more popular recently because of the colour of pink and the taste is
like berry. The new product may lead to an increasing economic effect. 61 The ranking of economic effect in Japanshows Oshogatsu creates the greatest economic effect of all festivals or holidays of the year in Japan. However, theother 7 holidays in the top 10 are from foreign countries like Christmas, Tanabata, and Valentine’s Day. 62A second
effect is that a large number of products are discarded every year. In the case of Setsubun, many companies expectthat a lot of customers will buy Ehomaki which is Japanese traditional rolled sushi that’s believed to bring luck. Thus,
companies make a large amount of Ehomaki to sell and earn money. As a result, food waste occurs and a lot of
Ehomaki are thrown away. According to professor Katsuhiro Miyamoto, it is estimated that the amount of Ehomaki
discarded after Setsubun is about 1.28 billion yen across Japan. Not only Ehomaki, but also the ingredients that areused in incomplete Ehomaki like rice, seaweed, or cucumber are carried to the food recycling factory. According toYahoo Japan News, discarding them also costs a lot, so economic loss must be more than 1.28 billion yen. 63 One more
example is Christmas. During the Christmas season, about 34t of Christmas cakes are carried to the food recycling
factory a day. According to the president of the food recycling factory, the amount of food waste during Christmas isover twice as much as usual. 64 As more people celebrate festivals, more companies encourage customers to buy
products and consumerism. As a result, this phenomenon could lead to food waste. Lastly, many Japanese companies
have created new product traditions. For instance, Ehomaki for Setsubun, Chocolate from girls for Valentine’s Day,or strawberry cake and KFC for Christmas, are all examples of this trend. The popularity of foreign holidays has led
companies to create new products and traditions. One obvious example is Ehomaki. In 1989, 7-Eleven, which is oneof the famous convenience stores, started to sell Ehomaki. It has spread around Japan since 2000.65 According toweathernews, about 58% of Japanese eat Ehomaki for Sestubun currently. 66 Chocolate from girls or females for
Valentine’s Day and strawberry cake for Christmas are also new traditions only in Japan. According to Takashimaya,
about 20% of the annual consumption of chocolate is consumed on February 14th. 67 This indicates Japanese havemade chocolate for Valentine’s Day as one of tradition. Moreover, exchanging chocolates within friends or people
around them has become normal only in Japan. There are many websites about Japanese Christmas or Valentine’s
Day that say “surprising facts”, “unique ways”, or “wierd” even if they are written in Japanese. Japan, which is nonChristian nation, imported Christmas recently unlike many countries where Christmas has been a part of the religion.
Thus, Japan has promoted Christmas in totally different ways. This means such Japanese traditions are not normal in
the world. However the normalization of chocolate and strawberry cake for Valentine’s Day and Christmas has beenpromoted in Japan. Naturally, it is not well known that they are Japanese original customs.
IV
To summarize, the British and Japanese have different ways of celebration such as who people spend time
with, food, location, or public facilities, even though they celebrate the same holiday or festival. The tradition ofcelebrations, even if celebrated differently in other countries, is a natural phenomenon. Knowing the origin or themeanings behind such festivals held every year in the world leads to the preservation of tradition. In Japan, people
spend Christmas freely like staying home, going to restaurants, or travelling. Spending Christmas somewhere otherthan home is completely different from British Christmas, but both Japanese and British enjoy Christmas with theirown styles. Japan imported some foreign festivals for some reasons like globalization, Japanese unique characteristics,
and commercials. To my way of thinking, commercials are the most influential factor. I have found that knowing
Japanese culture means learning other cultures. It goes without saying that Japanese festival culture is not the same asothers’, but Japan has changed other cultures somewhat. Some Japanese think Japanese festival culture is unique but
in fact, Japan just borrowed and changed it a little. I mentioned that Japan has tried to fit in with the world, but I do
not think it is important because the original culture or tradition is more interesting. When I started to research Japanesefestivals, I found that many festivals I thought originated in Japan were actually from other countries, so I was
surprised and disappointed. Many Japanese, especially the younger generation, misunderstand the culture as I did
61

Kiyoshi. Kase, “バレンタインデーの推計市場規模”, Kinenbi Culture Laboratory, January 24, 2020
イッシー, “経済効果ランキング TOP10”, MIX ペディア, October 4, 2019
63
Rumi. Ide, “クリスマスケーキ大量廃棄の実態”, YAHOO! JAPAN ニュース, December 26, 2018
64
Rumi. Ide, “恵方巻き廃棄試算は 10 億 2800 万”, YAHOO! JAPAN ニュース, February 1, 201965
Atsuko. Watanabe, Reiko. Arata, “特別研究 節分における巻き寿司,” J-STAGE, 2013
66
Tomoko. Kitano, “なぜ、節分に恵方巻を食べるのか？”, weathernews, February 2, 201967
Takashimaya, “日本のバレンタインデー文化を解説,” 2021
62

because some commercials have made new traditions and many people think that they are original ones. Also they do
not know the reasons why they celebrate other festivals or holidays. To be honest, this is also an interesting
phenomenon because many people are manipulated by their country to celebrate holidays or festivals for business.
Also, there are several main effects of people celebrating other festivals such as economic effects, food waste, or
creating new traditions. In my own opinion, a new tradition is the main effect. From my way of thinking, the new
tradition that many companies created may lead to misunderstanding of foreign festivals’ meaning or origin. Whatever
the way to celebrate foreign holidays, people should know the meaning of festivals or holidays. By knowing them,
they will be able to understand the different values and see things from different angles. Japan has promoted
multiculturalism in many ways like celebrating other festivals, but Japan has not been assimilated into other countries.
This is because Japanese people or companies accept other cultures; meanwhile they also celebrate Japanese original
culture. It means they are protecting their own culture. In some countries and sometimes globalization brings negative
effects because multiculturalism or homogenization leads to assimilation. However, Japan still has its own distinct
culture, so I’m proud of Japan. I expect more and more people will be interested in other countries and Japan will bea more multicultural society for better or for worse.

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Global Marketing
Yurara Nakamura

As reported by Survey of Japanese Companies Operating Overseas, the number of Japanesecompanies operating overseas as of October 1, 2017 was 75,531, an increase of 3,711 about 5.2% overlast year's figure, which is the highest number in history.68 The Japanese market will be smaller becauseof the population decreasing but the other market is growing globally. The reason is that GDP is showing
a steady rise69, especially in emerging countries. The Japanese market will be smaller.70 Also, There are
two big strategies of the sales method in international management theory.71 For one, the international
standardization strategy is to apply 4Ps uniformly across the globe. (The 4Ps is a business management
term which refers to product, price, promotion, and place.) In international management theory, theacceptance of products and services with basically common specifications, even on a global scale, iscalled "standardization." . Secondly, local adaptation strategies which modify the standardization strategy
based on differences in the market characteristics and business practices of the country and adapt it to thecountry. Adaptation, which is accepted in various forms in different countries and regions, is called. This
thesis will explain the disadvantages and advantages of Japanese brands in globalization and thesimilarities and differences of two big strategies of the sales method and consider which strategy is more
match for future conditions and discuss and show reasons why brands market in globalization.
I
The globalized brands have three bad points. For one, other countries have low retention rates oftalent because the value of changing jobs if a company with good conditions is available is prevalent inconsonance with The Japan institute for Labor Policy and Training.72 Secondly, human resource
management is difficult. There are differences in culture, language and customs, hiring local people ismore difficult than expected. Actually, there are cases of flat-out late arrivals and resignations soon after
hiring them. When expanding overseas, it's important to communicate closely with your employees to
68"Results of a Survey on the Number of Japanese Residents Abroad and Japanese Companies in Overseas
Countries"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan August 27,2020
69" Section 2: Characteristics of Japanese Firms and Changes " Cabinet Office August 27, 2020
70
OECD Better Life Index August 27, 202071
Hakuhodo Consulting "Part 8: Brand Globalization as a Management Strategy" Ikeda Sou , 2014 September 22
72

Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT)

make sure they understand the direction your company is taking.Thirdly, there are many costs involved
when a company 73expands overseas. When people start a business in a foreign country it is even morecostly. There are many costs involved in setting up a business overseas, such as market research,
incorporation fees, interpreter fees and office rent.
On the other hand, there are many good points with branding over the world. Firstly, the cost of
raw materials, especially in developing countries. Developing countries have lower raw material costs
than Japan. It can be significantly reduced by expanding overseas to developing countries. Also,
developing countries have lower labor and material costs than developed countries. By expanding
overseas to developing countries, labor costs can be reduced to about 20% of the cost in Japan. In fact,
expanding abroad to Asia and other emerging markets can keep it down to 20%-30%. 74 Furthermore,
many countries have lower tax rates than Japan. Japan has the second highest tax rates and taxes in theworld. 75Finally, if Japanese brands are branding to the world, they can have unique ideas and plans fromforeigners. Cultures, ideologies and tastes differ greatly between Japan and other countries. By
developing products for the local market, you will be able to come up with new ideas and ideas that you
cannot get in Japan.
II
There are several differences between the two strategies of the sales method In international
management theory. There are three big categories which need attention for producing with adaptation
marketing are government regulation, product standards, cultural differences, and user 's habits. This isbecause other countries have many differences in culture, language and customs, hiring local people ismore difficult than expected. However, with standardization marketing only needs to be cost-effective.
Furthermore, categories which need attention for price or money with adaptation marketing are profitsand sales volume can increase due to different markets guaranteed, lack of control because of market
differentiated pricing, and bad image of multinational firms. On the other hand, with standardization
marketing are low-risk strategies as a fixed return is guaranteed, good image of multinational firms, Noeffort is made to maximize either profits or sales volume because they set the same price for all markets,and are used when selling highly specialized manufacturing plants. Moreover, the last category whichneeds attention is for promotion. There are customer satisfaction, cultural differences, and otherenvironmental factors such as political and legal constraints with global marketing. However, withlocation marketing have improved efficiency and saving costs, increasing firm's image, increasing
customer's trust, loyalty, and trend of globalization.
On the other hand, there are some similarities between the two marketings. The category which needs
attention is the same. Which is a place and those need attention for customer characteristics, Nature of
product culture, and law legislation.

III
First of all, the GDP of Japan is not increasing and will not increase. It Has become a real fact thatJapanese brands could have better results than Japanese one. According to the Cabinet Office, The GDP

73" Advantages and Disadvantages of Overseas Expansion: Deepening the Understanding of M&A and BusinessSuccession " M&A Research Institute Portal August 26, 2020.
74" Advantages & Disadvantages of Going Abroad: Overseas Business Flow and Overseas Expansion " Digima
Accessed August 26, 2020.
75"International Agricultural Research Institute" June 18, 2019 JIRCAS

of Japan has been flat for the past 20 years. (From 1995 to 2010) 76Also, when it changes the present,
according to the prediction of the international organization, it falls to 3.2% in 3.8%, 2060 in 5.3%, 2040
in 2020. The Cabinet Office predicted that the ratio among the world GDP in Japan will decrease, but it
may be said that foreseeing it at the present becomes severer than a report at the time. After that, if I focus
on the number of fashion shops in japan, and sales, The past change of the fashion industry remains at thesame level from 2007 through 2010, and there is recent growth that increases after 10 in a slowdown
tendency. For example, UNIQLO and GU are strengthening overseas business while maintaining
domestic business, and the country exceeds foreign countries with the number of the stores (as ofDecember, 2020). 77 Additionally, the amount of money to the fashions such as clothing products or
shoes is decreased year by year by protracted deflation. It became less than a reduction by half from 1990.
Also, the number of apparel brands is increasing as 7.9% from 2015 to now, and it said it will increaseabout two times i n 2025. However, the amount of production of clothes in Japan has decreased by about
40,000 brands from1991 to 2015 reported by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry productionindustry station life product section.78 Secondly, the one-year expenditure per one household to "clothing
and footwear" decreased three years (302,329 yen) at the peak in recent years. The number of Japanese is
not focused on cheap prices, the quality of clothes, and tools. There are some facts that The Japanese
consumers that are interested in apparel are increasing. Also there is a thinking of "Cost performance"
which means the consumers seeking cheap, good products of serious consideration are increasing.
Furthermore, the tendencies to think about sale and share by the flea market application, and to buy highquality clothing increase, so Japanese cloth brands have needs of consumers diversify reported by"Lifestyle changes 2019 " .79
Finally, the Japanese export situation in clothing products is bad. Compared to other countries,
the quality of Japanese material is high, but they are not focused on export for other places. According tofiber, textile export breakdown in the major countries ( Japan, France, Germany, Italy, the U.K., China,
Korea, Thailand, the United States) and only 10% of clothing products are all in Japan. 80 This results incomparison with others a one-tenth. Also, they said that in longtime severe international competition, thematerial makers which survived have fertile soil of strong manufacturing suitably, and there is a highstandard even if I see the textile export worldwide. The cloth has competitiveness, but there is extremely
little export of clothing in developed countries.81 Additionally, the domestic apparel market sizes
decreased from 15 trillion yen of the bubble period to around 10 trillion yen. Also, It declined thepurchase unit price of the clothing and the import unit price in 1991 by a standard about 60% according to
the Cabinet Office.82
IV
In conclusion, there are drawbacks to expanding globally such as difficulties in humanmanagement and exchange rates but there are clear merits such as substantially lower costs and taxes. The
marketing globally of Japanese brands has many benefits such as brands can sell to reduce the cost of raw
materials and have lower raw material costs, and lower tax rates than Japan and it is a good opportunity togenerate ideas and inspiration that cannot be acquired in Japan from foreigners. Furthermore, I could findthat there are a lot of similarities and dissimilarities with international standardization strategy and Local
76" How becomes the positioning of the Japanese economy in the world " Cabinet Office" Including trend and the current situation, ranking of the apparel industry, the industry scale (2020 version) "78" The problem of the textile and approach of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry " January 21, 2020.
79
Statistics Bureau Topics No. 119 "Lifestyle changes 2019 " December 28, 2020.
80" The problem of the textile and approach of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry " January 21, 2020.
81" The problem of the textile and approach of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry " January 21, 2020.
82" How becomes the positioning of the Japanese economy in the world " Cabinet Office January 21, 202077

adaptation strategies. I think that Local adaptation strategies will become more formal marketing methods
and match in the future. Additionally, I think the main reason why brands are marketed in globalization isthe "Cost performance" by an increase of the consumers seeking cheap, good products of serious
consideration. This is because Japanese brands are easier to sell for other countries' customers thanJapanese customers. Also, I think Japan already has high quality material, so it should be a strong point
for Japanese brands to increase sales in globalization and export more clothes in the future. It also
matches the Japanese customer's focus points.
Japan has a lot of problems with market conditions and the Japanese market will become smaller,
however the worldwide market is growing globally due to population increase and GDP rise in the future
and also the international branding has a big scale for sales. In my opinion, more Japanese brands have tosell to other countries because of the Japanese market's potentially bad future, so there is an increasingneed for Japanese brands to expand out into the world now.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Going Abroad: Overseas Business Flow and Overseas Expansion Digima
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https://www.digima-japan.com/knowhow/world/16690.php
Advantages and Disadvantages of Overseas Expansion: Deepening the Understanding of M&A and BusinessSuccession " M&A Research Institute Portal
Accessed August 26, 2020
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A trend and the current situation, ranking, market size of the apparel industry" The industry trend 2020"
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https://gyokai-search.com/3-apparel.htm
Azcentral "Global Marketing vs. Multidomestic Marketing
Neil Kokemuller
https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/global-marketing-vs-multidomestic-marketing-12934.html
Dream Navi: A University Professor Navigates You to the World of Learning
What is the key to the success of multinational companies: standardization and adaptation?
Hitoshi Suzuki
https://yumenavi.info/lecture.aspx?GNKCD=g008940
Hakuhodo Consulting "Part 8: Brand Globalization as a Management Strategy
Ikeda Sou2014 September 22
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How becomes the positioning of the Japanese economy in the world
Cabinet Officehttps://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai-shimon/kaigi/special/future/sentaku/s3_2_15.html
International Agricultural Research Institute" JIRCAS
June 18, 2019https://www.jircas.go.jp/ja/program/program_d/blog/20190618
Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training (JILPT)
https://www.jil.go.jp
Jo Kosaka (1997), Global Marketing: A Framework for New Growth in the World Market, Kokugenshobo.
OECD Better Life Index
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/blog/well-being-and-gdp.htm
Overseas Expansion and Strategic Management for Globalization paddle design company
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https://www.paddledesign.co.jp/point/post-135.html
Part 8: Branding as a Management Strategy - Globalization of Brands
Hakuhodo Consulting Co.
Accessed August 27, 2020
https://www.hakuhodo-consulting.co.jp/blog/branding/branding_20140922/
Results of a Survey on the Number of Japanese Residents Abroad and Japanese Companies in Overseas
Countries"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press4_006071.html
Section 1: The State of Population Aging｜Annual Report on Aging Society
in 2019 (Summary)https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2019/html/gaiyou/s1_1.html
Section 2: Characteristics of Japanese Firms and Changes
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https://www5.cao.go.jp/j-j/wp/wp-je06/06-00202.html
Statistics on the Number of Foreign Residents in Japan Number of Japanese Companies Entering and Leaving Japan
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ut=dataset&stat_infid=000031585594&statdisp_id=000329
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Accessed January 21, 2020.
https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/mono_info_service/mono/fiber/pdf/1806seni_kadai_torikumi2.pdf

Authority for Animals to Live
Miu Kawabe
According to the Ministry of the Environment, 7,687 dogs and 30,757 cats were killed annually inJapan in 2018, for a total of 38,444 dogs and cats, respectively.83 There are many reasons for thisproblem. For example the owner throws away the pets, increasing the number of stray cats or dogs. And
there is a problem that the number of abandoned dogs and cats being fostered has not kept up with thenumber of animals. Also the meat trade is a big and cruel problem. For example ten million dogs and cats
are slaughtered for their meat in southeast asia yearly. In many cases, these pets such as dogs and cats arestolen from their owners and then drowned, hung, burned alive or stabbed, making the dog and cat meat
trade one of the biggest animal welfare issues in Southeast Asia. The reasons why dogs and cats are
slaughtered are the increasing number of abandoned dogs and cats, and the number of stray dogs andcats. In addition, the lack of action to address these issues has led to an increase in the number ofabandoned dogs and cats, resulting in more dogs and cats being killed. Also ten million dogs and cats are
slaughtered for their meat in southeast asia yearly. This thesis will discuss causes of the increasingslaughter of cats and dogs and what are the solutions of that and compare the differences between Japan's
policies and those of Germany, where the number of animals killed is low in order to find out whether or
not Japan should adjust their policies.
I
There are several causes for increasing the number of animals killed in animal health centres inJapan and Asia. One of the causes is an increase in the number of dogs and cats killed by the government
due to its acceptance to take in dogs and cats. The Animal Protection and Control Act states that if theowner of a dog or cat is unable to keep it for any reason and brings it to the government, the government
must take it back. While active take-back may have certainly helped to reduce the number of dogs being
taken in, on the other hand, it has also created an easy tendency for people to just ask the healthdepartment to take them in for free if they can no longer keep them. In addition, pet shops, breeders andother businesses are increasingly bringing unsold dogs and cats to the government. When the number of83

Kankyosho e yokoso! , 2020

animals in health centres increases in this way, the number of animals that are automatically killedincreases rapidly. The second cause is the number of abandoned dogs , cats, and stray dogs and cats are
increasing. So why are they increasing? The major cause is because of the owner. They are often
abandoned for the convenience of their owners or for selfish reasons. For example, a dog or cat that has
been kept as a pet and becomes unmanageable, either because it is more violent than expected or because
it becomes more violent as it grows older. On the other hand, some people let go of them for being too
mature. A Second example is increasing babies. There is the case that the number of babies increases
more and more when owners do not provide antifertility treatment. When there are too many, an owner
cannot take care of them and will throw away their dogs and cats. 84The last example is that an ownerdisappears, possibly because an owner dies, or moves. When there is not an owner, a dog and cat can not
get food from anybody. Then they lose access to food and become abandoned dogs and cats. Lastly, themeat trade is a serious problem in Asia. Each year, more than 3 million dogs are estimated to be killed fortheir meat in Cambodia, more than 1 million dogs in Indonesia , more than 5 million dogs and 1 million
cats in Vietnam. The meat trade is popular in Asia. Its purpose is to be sold for food. In some countries it
is customary to eat dogs, so they kill a lot of animals in order to sell them. Many of the animals are petsthat are stolen from their owners and then drowned, hung, stabbed or burnt alive.85
II
There are three solutions for reducing the number of animals killed in public animal healthcenters. The first solution is reducing the number of take-backs to the government. 86It is important to
reduce the number of stray dogs and cats. This is because stray cats and dogs are taken in by public healthcenters, but if no one can take them in, they will be killed. Some people feed feral cats irresponsibly
without spaying or neutering them because they feel sorry for the feral cats. However, when you feed anunspayed feral cat outdoors, the following can happen. Cats begin to breed with each other, resulting in
the birth of kittens, an increase in the number of feral cats, and an increase in the likelihood of infectious
diseases and car accidents. This kind of thing will cost you more.87 To prevent this from happening, it isimportant for many people to realize that abandoning a pet is a life-threatening act, and that pets are justas much a part of life as humans are. Secondly, it is important to increase the number of dogs and cats thatare taken in. The first method is to hold a foster transfer meeting. Unlike pet stores and other such places,a transfer meeting is a place with good aftercare. The second option is for new pet owners to adopt a cator dog from an animal health center or foster home, rather than from a pet store. If pets are in a healthcenter for a long period of time, the chances of them being killed get higher and higher. Therefore, taking
in a dog or cat from a health center is an effective way to reduce the number of animals being killed sothat as many animals as possible can be saved. Lastly, about ten million dogs and cats are brutallyslaughtered every year for consumption. Many associations are fighting to reduce the meat trade. For
example FOUR PAWS is starting a petition against the dog and cat meat trade.88 The traders steal pets aswell as stray animals and transport them all over the country, even across national borders. FOUR PAWS
has already had more than 500,000 supporters around the world sign a petition against the dog and cat
meat trade since it was launched in 2019. This will also raise awareness of the current situation as more
people become aware of the opposition to the meat trade.89
84
85

ava, accessed December 8, 2020,
Millions of dogs and cats butchered in Asia amid disease risks: animal groups report

Jacobs86

Henshu-bu inu-ra bu neko-ra bu By wa on,`mezase! Inuneko no sasshobun zero sasshobun ga okite shimau gen'in totorikumi: Inu-ra bu neko-ra bu by wa on | fudosan no i erabu' inu-ra bu neko-ra bu, 2020
87

Nihon ni okeru inuneko no sasshobun no jittai 〜 genjo to sentan-tekina kaiketsusaku', PEDGE, 2020
Dr Katherine Polak, “Ten Million Dogs and Cats Are Slaughtered for Their Meat in Southeast Asia Yearly,” FOUR PAWS
International, 2020
89
FOUR PAWS International, “FOUR PAWS Reveals Dog and Cat Meat Trade Adapts Amidst Global Pandemic,”
GlobeNewswire NewsRoom ("GlobeNewswire", April 2, 2020),
88

III
There is a difference between Japan's policy towards animal killing and that of Germany.
Firstly, in Japan, the number of animals killed has decreased by about 240,000 compared from 10 years
ago, but the number of animals killed is still over 30%90 of the total number of animals in the animal
health centre.91 Abandonment is one of the main reasons for this, so it is very important to not buy pets
without strong consideration, and do not throw them away, do not give them away. Practical measures
include courses on breeding, learning about it in school and featuring it on television. In Japan, there is alaw called the Animal Protection Law, which provides that all people should be aware that animals have alife of their own, and that they should not only avoid cruelty to animals but also treat them properly byknowing their habits with the aim of creating a society where humans and animals can live together. For
example, in order to increase public awareness and understanding of animal welfare and proper animalcare, animal welfare weeks have been established and it is compulsory for all dogs and cats sold to be
fitted with a microchip to reveal their ownership details.92 Other factors contributing to the downward
trend in the kill rate are the shelter centres run by local authorities. However, there is a limit to the numberof animals that can be given away, and this is not decreasing significantly. On the other hand, Germany
has actually been able to reduce the number of animals killed to zero and many animals have been able tolive a normal life. One of the biggest ways to combat this is through shelters. There are about 1,000
private shelters in the country, called "Tierheim",93 which takes care of a large number of animals.
Between 10,000 and 15,000 animals are taken in each year, and about 40% are strays or other animals
whose owners are unknown. The remaining 60% of the animals are taken in for personal reasons, such as
the death of their owners, animal allergies or moving house. About 140 employees and 600 volunteers
look after the animals, walk the dogs, carry out publicity and other activities, and visit the foster families
after the animals have been given away to check on their welfare afterwards. For example, puppies cannot
be separated from their mothers until they are eight weeks old, and there is a minimum cage spacerequirement. It is difficult to meet all these requirements, which is why, as a rule, dogs and cats are notsold in pet shops.94
IV
In conclusion, the number of cats and dogs suffer from the mistreatment of their lives. I thinkthat's a cruel thing and a fact that needs to be changed. To prevent more dogs and cats from being killed,
it is important to reduce the number of stray dogs and cats and more associations for each person should
move towards the problem. I think the most important thing is for each and every owner to takeresponsibility for their dog or cat. We need to understand the importance of life for all animals andcoexist with them, not just the killing of dogs and cats. Many dogs and cats are killed around the world. I
think it is important to reduce the number of stray dogs and cats, and to reduce the meat trade. The mostimportant thing is for each and every one of us to realize that animals have the same kind of life as
humans and should be treated in the same way as humans. If more people take care of the lives ofanimals, more lives can be saved and we can all live happily together. In Japan, more than 100,000 dogs
and cats are killed every year, and although there are many regulations in place, they are loosely regulated
and left to the voluntary control of owners and producers. Japan needs to follow Germany's example andtake action from the government and administration. We also need to know and share the fact that so
90
91

92

「inu・nekono hikitori oyobi fushoudoubutuno shyuyoujyoukyou」(kankyo-sho)
Petto gyōkai no `hanpo-saki' o tsutaeru Produced by ipet insurance.

doubutsu no aigo to tekisetuna kanri hito to doubutsu no kyo-sei wo mezashite
PEDGE pet gyo-kai no hanpo sakiwo tutaeru
94
Doitsu saidai no dōbutsu hogo shisetsu o tazunete bunka toku shinobe Mori Eiko, Jijitsūshinsha
93many dogs and cats are dying. It is important that more and more people take an interest in this issue andcreate a world where animals are treated with care and can live in harmony.
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https://www.jiji.com/jc/v4?id=2013tierheim_berlin0001

Domestic Abuse
Jun Murakami
In the world, the number of incidents of domestic abuse is increasing because of COVID-19. According to
the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women, the number of reported cases ofdomestic abuse in France rose by 30% during the coronavirus lockdown.95 Additionally, in the Turkish Cypriot
community the situation is worse, the figure for people who called on helplines due to domestic abuse increased up
to 10 times since the lockdown began, as also reported by the United Nations. 96 Those are just one of the states andexamples of increase of domestic abuse, however, like this, the number is increasing around the world. However,domestic abuse was already a worldwide problem before COVID-19 occurred, and traditional beliefs, alcohol andperpetrators' painful childhood experiences are proved as the causes of domestic abuse. In addition, domestic abusecan destroy the lives of victims. There are several impacts of domestic abuse on the victims such as mental illness
and suicidal tendency. Therefore, those experiences and traumas may cling to their whole life. In the worst case, theexperience of domestic abuse triggers tendency of suicide. As reported by Criminal Justice, one out of every four
female victims of abuse attempt suicide, and the female victims have eight times the risk for suicide, compared with

95

Reona Takahashi," COVID-19 increase the number of DV around the world", ganas, 2020
United Nations Peacekeeping, " Domestic Violence and COVID-19", United Nations Peacekeeping, 202096

l females in general.97 Like this, domestic abuse can break the victims' lives in many ways. Despite people knowing
it is wrong and a bad action, these days, the amount of domestic abuse is not likely to decline. In this essay, I will
discuss the causes of domestic abuse, the effects of domestic abuse and the solutions for domestic abuse in order topredict the future of domestic abuse and determine who has to do what to do.
I
There are several causes for domestic abuse. First of all, one issue that can lead to domestic violence istraditional belief. People who behave violently sometimes have the belief that women have to be dominated by men
because men are stronger than women. The idea that men are superior to women triggers that men dominate womenwith abuse. According to the United Nation Population Fund Report, about two thirds of Indian married women are
victims of domestic abuse caused by this baseless orthodox belief that men are physically, socially, financially andemotionally stronger than women. This situation also happens in many other countries. 98 Moreover, according toPain Assist, those beliefs are not related to race, ethnicity or social financial group, so abusers just think of womenas inferior and use domestic abuse as a method to show their point . 99
Another cause is domestic abuse because of drinking. According to the World Health Organization, over half ofdomestic abuse perpetrators were drinking alcohol prior to assault.100 Moreover, as shown by Alcohol Rehab Guide,
the odds of getting abuse from partners is higher when one or both have a problem with alcohol. 101However, in spiteof the existence of a lot of research and studies of the relationship between drinking alcohol and domestic abuse,
Alcohol Rehab Guide says that alcohol is not a direct cause of domestic abuse, and also said that it is just an overlapof two separate social problems.102 Therefore, just treating alcoholism does not stop the violence, as the violent
tendencies will still exist. 103
Finally, the assailant's painful childhood can trigger domestic abuse. Those experiences from abuse will cause moreabuse to the next generation. According to Nihon Keizai Shimbun ,which is a financial newspaper in Japan, about 70
percent of assailants in domestic abuse cases were victims of domestic abuse when they were children. 104 Those
painful memories can change the structure of their brain, Dr. Martin Teicher and his colleagues said. This means,
when they measured changes in brain structure with MRI technology among young adults who had experienced
childhood abuse or neglect, there were some differences in nine brain regions from normal. The most obvious
difference was the brain structure that helps control their balanced emotions and impulses, and also showed selfcentered thinking.105 Therefore, it is difficult for those people to control their emotions and restrain impulses to hurt
people. Thus, their childhood painful memories cause other abuses.
II
There are some effects on victims from domestic abuse. First of all, an effect to the victims of domestic
abuse is that victims tend to choose suicide. As reported by Criminal Justice, one out of every four female victims ofabuse attempt suicide, and the female victims have eight times the risk for suicide, compared with the general
female.106 Moreover, in a study that focused on African-Americans, the risk of suicide of African-American women
is low as a whole of group by nature, but
the risk of suicide attempt of African-American females who have experienced domestic abuse from an intimate
partner more than doubles, according to Law Enforcement Bulletin. 107 As shown, the victims, especially women,
tend to attempt suicide, it is because they feel trapped and powerless, and do not try to receive treatment, thus they
belive suicide is the only way that they can escape from abuse. 108

97

CRIMINAL JUSTICE, "Female Suicide and Domestic violence", CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 2020
Pramod Kerkar, M.D., FFRACSI, DA, "Types, Causes of Domestic Violence & its Rehab", Pain Assist, 201999
Pramod Kerkar, M.D., FFRACSI, DA, "Types, Causes of Domestic Violence & its Rehab", Pain Assist, 2019100
Cooper Smith, "Alcoholism and Domestic Abuse: Finding Help", Alcohol Rehab Guide, 2019101
Cooper Smith, "Alcoholism and Domestic Abuse: Finding Help", Alcohol Rehab Guide, 2019102
Cooper Smith, "Alcoholism and Domestic Abuse: Finding Help", Alcohol Rehab Guide, 2019103
Get Domestic Violence Help, "Alcohol Abuse and Domestic Violence", Get Domestic Violence Help, 2020
104
Nihon Keizai Shimbun, " 70% of Perpetrators of domestic violence have childhood abuse experiences",Nihon
Keizai Shimbun, 2019
105
Leonard Holmes, " How Childhood Abuse Changes the Brain", verywell mind, 2020
106
CRIMINAL JUSTICE, "Female Suicide and Domestic violence", CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 2020107
Tony Salvatore, "Intimate Partners Violence", LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN, 2018108
Kevin Caruso, "Domestic Violence and Suicide", SUICIDE.org, 202098

Another influence to the victims is a high risk of suffering from PTSD. Firstly, according to the American
Psychiatric Association, PTSD refers to the psychiatric disorder that occurs from heavy traumatic events likedomestic abuse. People who suffer from it tend to relive the event through flashbacks and nightmares and avoid
people or things that remind them of the traumas. 109 According to the National Center for PTSD, about 27 percent of
women and 10 percent of men say that they have been harmed by intimate partner abuse. 110 Particularly, experienceof childhood domestic abuse increases the likelihood of PTSD in adulthood, and the potential of PTSD rises in the
future in regard to sexsual abuse in chilhood. This PTSD from abuse interferes with the healthy development of thechild by damaging physically and emotionally, according to Healthy Place. 111
A final effect of domestic abuse for the victims is a high risk of depression.According to The National
Network to End Domestic Violence, survivors of domestic abuse are approximately twice as likely to suffer fromdepression symptoms, compared with general females that have not experienced domestic abuse.112 The depression
symptoms include a loss of energy, reduced cincentration, feeling of worthlessness, guilty and despair and thoughtsof suicide, as shown by World Health Organization. 113 Therefore, depression separates the victims from their social
life because it becomes difficult for them to perform the simple everyday tasks like sustaining the relationships withfamilies and peers and going outside to work. 114
III
There are three solutions to improve the domestic abuse problem. First of all, SEL which is Social andEmotional Learning is one of the ways to mitigate domestic abuse. People don't have violent behavior at first, but asthey grow old through maturity, directly or indirectly, and consciously and unconsciously, they have learned fromfamily members, peers, teachers, society, and even from movies, songs, and video games. 115
According to Casel, the SEL is" the process that youth acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes andskills necessary to understand and manage emotions, feel and show empathy for others, establish and maintainpositive relationships, and make responsible decisions".116 Therefore, by taking the SEL while young, it connects tothe prevention of future domestic abuse at home.
Secondly, alcohol relates to domestic abuse directly and deeply117, so the restriction of alcohol is a good
way to solve the problem. According to WHO, in Australia, when a community restricts the hours of sale of alcohol
within one town, it could lead to reducing the number of domestic violence victims presenting at hospitals.
Moreover, increasing the price of alcohol is one of the effective prevention methods for reducing alcohol-related
domestic abuse. In fact, according to the report from WHO, in the USA, it has been estimated that a 1 percent
increase in the price of alcohol will decrease the probability of domestic abuse towards women by approximately 5
percent. 118
Finally, financial support for victims is also one of the methods to help them. Many victims can’t simply
escape from domestic abuse by an intimate partner even if they want to. It is because, in many cases, an abusive mancontrols all the household finances and keeps family assets by himself. The abuser may run up debts or stop theirpartner from working.119 According to the conversation, the majority of victims said that finances were a concern
when they were deciding to end the relationship.120 Some strategies and policies need to empower women by giving
them great financial independence and control.

109

Felix Torres, " What is PTSD?", AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, 2020
Tanya J. Peterson, "PTSD from Domestic Violence, Emotional Abuse, Childhood Abuse" Healthy Place, 2019111
Tanya J. Peterson, "PTSD from Domestic Violence, Emotional Abuse, Childhood Abuse" Healthy Place, 2019112
NNEDV, "# Let's talk: Depression and Domestic Violence for World Health Day", NNEDV, 2017
113
WHO, "Depression: What you should know", WHO, 2016114
NNEDV, "# Let's talk: Depression and Domestic Violence for World Health Day", NNEDV, 2017115
Ivana Busljeta, " 3 Reasons Why Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) is a Solution to Violence.", my Newsdesk, 2019
116
CASEL, "What is SEL?", CASEL, 2020
117
Get Domestic Violence Help, "Alcohol Abuse and Domestic Violence", Get Domestic Violence Help, 2020
118
WHO, "Intimate partner violence and alcohol", WHO, 2020
119
Misha Ketchell, "Putting abuse behind them: why financial security gives women power", THE
CONVERSATION, 2020
120
Misha Ketchell, "Putting abuse behind them: why financial security gives women power", THE
CONVERSATION, 2020
110

IV
In conclusion, there are three causes to domestic abuse: traditional beliefs, alcohol and childhood
experiences, several heavy and harmful effects on the victims: suicidal tendencies, a high risk of suffering fromPTSD and a high risk of depression, and three specific solutions: social and emotional learning, restriction of alcoholand financial support for women. As highlighted above , the abuse will trigger other abuses in some families. Thesedays, the number of people who have suffered domestic abuse is increasing around the world because of COVID19, so in the future, the people who experienced domestic abuse may commit similar types of abuse on theirpartners and children. Thus, the number of victims is expected to rise year on year, and this will be a continued
vicious cycle. Victims would take on worries alone and fight it alone, but it sometimes causes more terrible abuse by
fighting against the abuser. However, I do not know what I should do when I am in the environment of domestic
abuse in the family even though I watch the news related to the abuse on TV in my daily life. Therefore, as I do not
know, the victims also do not know, and they feel alone. This feeling connects to those mental disorders. Thus, thegovernment and organizations should inform the method and place to help them with advertisements orcommercials, and we also need to help and support the victims if there is a victim around us. Finally, the mostimportant thing regarding domestic abuse is people, especially men, to think of ways to not become the perpetrator
first, but the victims will also have to move by themselves with some risks even if they got support, and the pastexperiences and trauma can not be put out from them, once they have experienced it. Thus, I think an important
point of the solution is what method is the best for not producing a new abuser, not to improve the abusers'
behaviors after they did domestic abuse. Therefore, the best way is not to create the new abuser through Social andEmotional Learning.
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http://www.casel.org/what-is-sel/
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2019, accessed August 27, 2020
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CRIMINAL JUSTICE, "Female Suicide and Domestic violence", CRIMINAL JUSTICE, October 12,
2020, accessed October 12, 2020
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https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd
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https://www.getdomesticviolencehelp.com/alcohol-abuse-and-domestic-violence.html
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https://www.mynewsdesk.com/nonviolenceproject/blog_posts/3-reasons-why-social-and-emotionallearning-sel-is-a-solution-to-violence-82732
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2020
http://www.suicide.org/domestic-violence-and-suicide.html
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https://medlineplus.gov/domesticviolence.html
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accessed October 12, 2020
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https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/factsheets/fs_intimate.pdf

Current Situation of Same-sex Marriage
Miumi Katsurada
These days, more and more countries are trying to allow same-sex marriage. On the other hand, somecountries have punishments for such sexual minority people. In this way, even though some regions allow same-sex
marriage other countries do not do that. Among them, Canada is well-known as a country tolerant for homosexuality
in particular. Statistics Canada illustrates that as of 2011, the number of gay couples that are recognized as a family
was more than 60,000, and it is predicted to increase. 121 Some people are starting to accept sexual minorities.
According to a survey by National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, there were 51.1 percent ofpeople who totally or somewhat agree with the same-sex marriage. 71.6 percent of people in their 20’s agree with that,and this is quite a high proportion but as the age gets older, they disagree with that. In Japan, there are approximately
8.9 percent of people who are sexual minorities. In other words, 1 in 11 people are recognizing whether they are
LGBT.122 However, there are actually more sexual minority people than that statistics because they hesitate to comeout of the closet. These days, some sexual discriminations still remain rooted in Japan and such discriminations preventthe sexual minority people from coming out of the closet easily. This thesis will discuss a comparison of the values
surrounding same-sex marriage in Japan and Canada, the effects for the economy, society, and medicine, and three
type of solutions of homophobia, which are about company, partnership certification, and education so as make people
have much more positive thoughts about same-sex marriage.
I
There are several different aspects from Japan about the thoughts of same-sex marriage in Canada. Canada
was the fourth country to allow same-sex marriage. However, they once regarded homosexuality as something dirty
121

122

数字で見る LGBTQ ｜特集 カナダ「LGBTQ 」. (2019, June 10).

type":"Person", ". 同性婚に「賛成」が全体の約 8 割を占めた。LGBT 調査でわかった 5 つのこと.
(2019, January 13)

and the punishment was made for homosexual behavior until 1869 but in 1969, the homosexual behavior wasallowed legally and the same-sex marriage was legslized on July 2003. In fact, according to The Statistics Canada,
after legalizing same-sex marriage, the data from the 2006 census, which was the first to collect data on legallymarried same-sex couples, showed there were more than 45,000 declared same-sex couples in the country, and that
16.5 percent of those were married. Moreover, the 2016 census showed there were 72.880 declared same-sex
couples, and 33.4 percent of those were married. The number of same-sex couples increased three-fold through thedecade.123 In this way, Canada began to be tolerant for the same-sex marriage through some histrical background
until now. By the way, there is an index, called “ Gay Travel Index, which is issued by Spartacus International Gay
Guide, and shows how the same-sex couples can feel free to travel together. Going by that, As of 2019, Canada got
the first place at the Gay Travel Index as the same rate as Sweden.124 In short, Canada is recognized as a magnificent
country for not only sexual majority people but also the minority ones all over the world. In addition, they banned
the descrimination of same-sex couples including the hate speech. Like this, Canada totally agree with the same-sex
marriage system. According to The Forum research, the 10 percent of people aged from 18 to 34 acknowledge
whether they are the same-sex lover. Meanwhile, as the age gets older, that proportion goes down. As you can findhere, people tend to hesitate declaring whether they are the sexual minority, though the government totally
recognizes that. Actually, approximately 40 percent of Canadian people do not endorse LGBT, which expresses
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender, especially, when it comes to seeing by region, the support rate was only
45.6 percent in Alberta. In other words, the not supported rate was more than half. Moreover, according to a
National school climate survey implemented in 2015, about 85 percent of LGBT students have experienced
bullying or discrimination at school.125 This is because of religious reasons. Christianity and Judaism regard
homosexuality as a sin, so as they believe in their religion more strongly, it gets difficult to recognize thehomosexuality. In fact, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan shows more than 67.3 percent of Canadian people
believe in Christianity.126 Therefore, Canada is a worldwide tender country for LGBT people, but somediscrimination or bullying for them is still caused. You can not say that Canada is a completely great society inwhich LGBT people live cheerfully and freely for sure.
On the other hand, there are some differences about the thoughts of same-sex marriage in Japan. As of 2019,Japan was 68th place at the Gay Travel Index.127 Since all of the Asian country does not admit the same-sex marriage,
they all are in the low rank at the Gay Travel Index. You can say Japan is not tolerant country for the same-sex couples
as Canada because he lower rank at the Gay Travel Index is, the more dangerous the same-sex couple travel that region
because when they travel where is the lower rank at the Gay Travel Index, they can be involved in some troubles.
Nowadays, Japan does not allow the same-sex marriage in a low, but people are trying to accept the homosexuality ina positive light. Japan signed the declaration of decriminalization of homosezuality, which was issued by the United
Nations. Like this, Japan is tackling to promote the same-sex love. Furthermore, some region such as Shibuya, andSetagaya have promoted the society, which respect the rights of sexual minority people, and they started to issue thepartner certification for every couple includes same-sex couples. By doing so, some of same-sex couples can beadmitted, and it enables them to receive some public services such as in-home lones and life insurance as a partner,
but since there is no legal binding, they can not recieve the Spousal Control. Therefore, such a Japanese systems forthe same-sex love is still undeveloped and not adequate. In addition, the tarelance for homosexuality has not penetrated
among Japanese people. The research implemented by Takarazuka University Nursing Department shows about 60
percent of LGBT students experienced bullying through their school life.128 The reason for that lies in educational
methods. To illustrate, they also said that approximately 26 percent of teens and twenties learn the same-sex love as
something abnormal or got a negative information about it. In short, education can change how people regard
homosexuality for better or for worse. According to a survey by the LGBT Research Institute, as of 2016, JapaneseLGBT proportion was about 8 percent, in other words, one in 12 people are a sexual minority. However, we can not
usually find them in everyday life because it is difficult for them to come out of that. Ministry of Health, Labour andWelfare illustrates that looking at the proportion of coming out at their workplace, 8.6 percent of Lesbian, 5.9 percent
of Gay, 7.3 percent of Bisexual, and 15.3 percent of Transgender tell that I am the sexual minority to at least one
123

Same-Sex Marriage in Canada. (n.d.)
Kaname(カナメ). ゲイ旅行に参考にしたい！ゲイトラベル指数とは｜Nextplace. (n.d.)125
ハピバナ. カナダの LGBT 事情①同性愛者の権利、LGBT 人口、結婚率、子持ち数、そして、気になる
同性愛の支持率は・・. (2017, November 21)
126
カナダ基礎データ. (n.d.).
127
2019 年版の「ゲイフレンドリーな国ランキング」が発表されました. (n.d.)
128
Lgbt 不動産. (n.d.). LGBT の日本での現状や 3 つの社会問題とは？.
124

person.129 It is thought they are afraid of receiving sexual discremination at their workplace. Therefore, recently, Japan
have gotten tolerant for such sexual minority people, but people tend to regard homosexuality as something bad andJapan is still not great country which every sexual minority person can feel free to live confidently.
II
There are three type of effects of same-sex marriage. First of all, same-sex marriage gives economic effects.
To illustrate, the wedding industry are given the benefit by the effects of same-sex marriage. Since America allowed
same-sex marriage, approxmately 293.000 couples got married and the economic effect because of the holding thewedding ceremony was 3.8 billion dollars. Moreover, 45.000 employees were generated and the government got 240
million dollars of tax revenue. 130In this way, the effect which acceptance of same-sex marriage gives to the wedding
industry is expectiona. However, that is not all of the economic effects. The other effect lies in the tourism consequence.
In New York, which regalized same-sex marriage in 2011, had 7 million LGBT visitors. The UNWTO issued “LGBT
Tourism Global Report” they illustrated that when the nation allows same-sex marriage, they can improve theircountries’and regions’ image as a brand. In this way, it will lead to innovation in product development, for instanceIn the UK, the Government Tourism Agency implemented the “Love is great'' campaign, which promotes the tourism
tour to the UK for LGBT people. By implementing such campaigns, It is estimated the attention level will exceed theloss by the consumers who counter LGBT.131 Some discriminations or biases about the sexual minority still remainrooted, but such actions will enable people to be positive to such people. Moreover, the movement for LGBT is also
implemented in Japan. One more example is that in Kyoto, the Hotel Granvia offers a plan for LGBT. They joined inInternational Gay & Lesbian Travel Association, which is the world’s largest travel group for LGBT. 132In addition,
the economy is not limited to tourism benefits at all. The couple who got married with foreigners tend to go out ofJapan as Japan does still not legalize same-sex marriage. In other words, not accepting the same-sex marriage canprevent LGBT people from living in Japan and end up contributing to population decline since as population continues
to lessen, Japanese productivity will decrease along with that.133 Therefore, same-sex marriage gives the economy
numerous positive effects.
Second of all, another effect of same-sex marriage is the social effects. More and more people are complying
with sexual minorities. That is true, but there is not a completely tolerant society for them, many sexual minority
people are still seen with heretical eyes at schools or workplaces, then, they can receive some bullying due todiscrimination about LGBT. If same-sex marriage is legalized, some discriminatory remarks or bullying about LGBT
will decline. To illustrate, in Denmark, the proportion of suicides as a whole, in particular the proportion of people
who have a relationship of same-sex marriage significantly went down. In this way, we can say that byinstitutionalizing the same-sex marriage as a law, we can lessen the stigma against sexual minority. In other words, toadmit same-sex marriage as a law encourages every person to have a comprehension of LGBT, and same-sex marriage
will become common among people. According to a thesis from Epidemiology and Community Health, which iscooperated by Danish Institute for Prevention of Death and Stockholm University, compared the proportion of selfkilling of heterosexual and same sex couples with the turm from 1989 to 2002 and 2003 to 2016. As a result, thepercentage of same sex couples who committed suicide declined by 46 percent compared to the period from 1989 to
2002. In 2012, 134Denmark admitted same-sex marriage as a law. Therefore, the decline of proportion of suicide in
Denmark is because of the regalization and generalization of same-sex marriage. On a different note, as same-sex
couples are not able to have a baby by reproduction, the only way to raise their children is to accept adopted children.
However, there is an argument whether the countries should admit the adoption qualification for same-sex couples ornot. Actually, most of the countries which have already admit that, and in the Netherlands, about 9 percent of same129

Okazaki 0810. 12 人に 1 人、見かけないのはなぜ？ 20 代が知っておきたい LGBT のこと.(9200, January

01)
130

全米で同性婚が認められたことによる経済効果は 38 億ドル、4 万 5000 人もの雇用を創出. (n.d.)
ニューヨークで経済効果 250 億。急増する LGBT 旅行者、惹きつける国は何に優れているか？【連載
GLOBAL INSIGHT
131

132

京都のホテルで LGBT 向け和装「婚礼」プラン 1 年 海外中心に発信継続. (n.d.).
Q. 同性婚は、社会全体にメリットがありますか？- Does same-sex marriage have any merits for society?
(2017, January 10).
134
同性婚承認国で同性愛者の自殺率が大幅に減少していることが明らかになりました.
133sex couples are raising their children on their own. The Equal Marriage Alliance illustrates that there are some researchof effect for children whose parents are the same gender, but they say, there is no resulted a negative aspects of samesex couples having children. 135The National Pediatric Society also mentions about same-sex couples, and implies thateven if children’s parents are the same gender, they must give their children stable, affectionate, and psychologically
healthy household. In this way, same-sex marriage has many effect in society.
Lastly, same-sex marriage affects in the medical perspectives. To illustrate, The Equal Marriage Alliancementions that since the same sex couples have no likelihood to get pregnant by the sexual act, they tend to neglect thebirth control. 136In this way, many Sexually transmitted diseases used to expand. Birth control has a role for preventing
them from sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV. Even if they are the same gender, they all have a likelihood tosuffer from HIV. When aiming at the sexual act between men as men has higher risk of suffering HIV compared to
women, one research indicated that when they search with or without the sexually transmitted diseases for more than
10000 gay people, approximately 23 percent of subjects suffered from that. 137In this way, they tend to avoid birthcontrol because of the negligence in which they must not be able to get pregnant by sexual act. Therefore, if same-sex
marriage is admitted, same-sex couple should have responsiblities to concern about partner’s wellness as the same as
hetrosexual couples. By the way, it is also said that banning same-sex marriage as a law can give a negative effect andconcern about HIV therapy. To explain, Nigeria, which enacted the law prohibiting same-sex marriage in January of2014 and regarded the sexual intercourse as a crime, implemented a survey about HIV therapy to the men who havea sexual intercourse between the same sex aged more than 16. Then, the researchers found that the number ofhomosexual people increased who feel a fear about the medical after enforcing the Same-sex Marriage Prohibition
Law. In addition, before the implementation of the Same-sex Marriage Prohibition Law, the HIV sufferers, who had
proclaimed same-sex love to the doctor, had a good treatment result. 138 Therefore, prohibiting same-sex marriage canaffect society from a medical perspective.
III
There are three solutions for decreasing homophobia. First of all, it lies in companies. Job opportunities
should be given to every person equally and the company must not treat the workers unfairly. However, There aresome hardships at the job against the sexual minority people. There are some instances for example during theirinauguration, when they come out of the closet in an interview, they fail. In addition, they are difficult to promotebecause the company did not admit the same-sex partners.139However, recentry, there are more and more companies,
which treat sexual minority employees as the same as majority people without discrimination. In addition, they
allow them to apply for welfare which used to be applied for only couples between males and females. For instance,
the company of Softbank, which is the telecommunication company introduced a new system where some welfare
such as wedding gift, bereavement leave vacation, were able to be applied for employees who have the same-sex
partners since October of 2016.140 The other example is company rules. Most companies have their own regulations
which force every employee to obey. Then, some companies have set the regulation, which crack down employees’
any discrimination against the sexual minority. 141 Therefore, making a good and comfortable environmental
workplace for LGBT is important for working together.

135

Q. 同性カップルにも養子を認めるのですか？- Will same-sex couples also be allowed to adopt children?
(2017, January 10).
136
Q. 同性婚は、社会全体にメリットがありますか？- Does same-sex marriage have any merits for society?
(2017, January 10).
137
ゲイは性病になりやすいっていう噂...高い感染確率への対処方法は？. (n.d.).
138
同性婚を禁じると HIV 治療に悪影響か. (n.d.).
139

Gooddo マガジン編集部. LGBT への差別をなくすために、ジェンダー平等に向けた活動について知ろう. (2020, November 09)
140

LGBT フレンドリー企業の同性婚の取り組みにみる真のダイバーシティ経営. (n.d.).

141

LGBT フレンドリーな企業の取り組みを知ろう【LGBT 就活・転職ガイド 3-1】.

Second of all, another solution is Same-sex partnership certification system. In the first place, the same-sex
partnership certification system is a system, which is issued by local government in order to prove that same-sex
couples’ relationships is the same as a heterosexual couples. Actually, in Japan, over 60 local governments enforce
the same-sex partnership certification system starting with Setagaya, in Tokyo in 2015.142 Due to this system, allsame-sex couples got able to be admitted as a formal couple among people and receive some services which used tobe adapted to only heterosexual couples such as rental contact or family services for mobile phones. 143However,there is no legal binding force in this system, so some same-sex couples are not able to admitted legally, and they
can not build an official marriage relationship, but the introduction of this system around Japan will enable all
people to be tolerant of LGBT and some discriminations against them should be disappeared. According to datafrom NHK, the number of people who recognized themselves as a sexual minority was the largest in Tokyo, which
introduced the system. 144Followed by Tokyo, other prefectures such as Kanagawa, Osaka have a larger number ofLGBT awareness. In other words, The prefecture, which admitted Same-sex partnership certification system, havemuch larger number of the people awared of LGBT, so such places are quite good environment which people aretolerant of these people generally. Therefore, Same-sex partnership certification system is one of the greatest
solutions so that sexual minority people can be admitted among people, but there is no legal binding force, so it
should be improved in order to be common of same-sex marriage.
Lastly, another solution for lessening homophobia lies in education. Children are usually influenced bynumerous people such as teachers and friends thereby attending school. These days, even though the stereotypicalthoughts for gender differences are likely to disappear increasingly, the education for sexual minorities is still
undeveloped. Some people sometimes notice their sexual orientation at earliest in puberty. The children who are inpuberty spend most of their time mainly at school, but there are more students who have less knowledge orunderstanding of LGBT. Then, the government requires a careful response for LGBT students. In addition, they
insist the teacher should have a responsibility to tell students that there is sexual diversity and many kinds of sexual
orientation throughout the education.145 For example, the school institution should consider solutions such as
establishing a multipurpose toilet, swimsuits, liberalization of school uniforms, and the bath of an accommodation
learning. There should be students who are worried about their own sexual orientations or self-confession in aschool, so teachers should prepare a great environment for example they cooperate with medical institutions or
specialized agencies so that all sexual minority students can fully rely on and spend a wonderful school life without
any discriminations.146Sadly, according to the research of the ReBit recognized as a legal entity for specific nonprofit activities, about 68 percent of LGBT children have received some sexual discriminations. In addition, 58
percent of LGBT children have considered about the suicide before.147 These data showcase many students are noteducated about knowledge of LGBT. As schools are kind of a very huge community for children, if they have lessknowledge about such people, it will result in serious consequences for sexual minorities such as bullying or suicide.
Therefore, education is one of the most important elements, which can change students’ values of sexual minorities.
IV
In summary, Canada is one of the most tolerant countries for sexual minority people in the world, but somepeople still hesitate to come out of the closet because of religious reasons. However, the same-sex marriage is admitted
legally. In contrast, Japan has undeveloped system about same-sex marriage, but some regions make a partnershipcertificate, which prove that they are worth getting married, so even though they do not have a legal binding, they142

日本のパートナーシップ制度. (2020, December 09).
同性パートナーシップ制度とは？同性婚との違いやメリット・デメリットも解説。自治体の導入情報も。 ｜ 自分らしく生きるプロジェクト. (n.d.).
144
LGBT 当事者 2600 人の声から - NHK オンライン. (n.d.).
145
Gooddo マガジン編集部. LGBT に関する課題とは？ジェンダー平等に向けた知識や活動を知ろう│gooddo マガジン｜社会課題や SDGs に特化した情報メディア. (2020, November 11).
143

146

147

LGBT 教育に求められる取り組みとは 日本の現状と残された今後の課題. (n.d.).

年次報告 - 認定 NPO 法人 ReBit｜LGBT 問題の今を ... (n.d.).

have gotten more and more tolerant for LGBT. As I mentioned before, many Japanese people hesitate to come out of
the closet because they can receive bullying or sexual discrimination by coming out of that. This is because theJapanese education system is also still undeveloped. What it means is that Japanese education make students regard
homosexuality negatively, so we should make a more comfortable environment so that LGBT people can live openly
as the same as normal people, for example, the teachers should teach students that same-sex love is never a bad thing,and spread the gender diversity. I believe education can convert the people’s value of homosexuality. By doing so,
Japan will get more tolerant for the same-sex marriage, and it will be admitted in a law someday.
Also, same-sex marriage gives us numerous kinds of effects such as economic, social, and medical impacts
to us and some of effects indicates the positive aspects of same-sex marriage. In my opinion, changing people’s value
or prejudice about same-sex love is quite important. Through these impacts that same-sex marriage gives, you can saythat people are starting to tolerant of sexual minority. However, some remaining discrimination or stigma for LGBT
prevents sexual minority people from living comfortably, so I believe that at first, the most efficient way to do that ispermitt same-sex marriage as a law. In this way, same-sex marriage will get common among people. As law has thestrongest domination power, this is the best way to live together with sexual minority people without any concern. In
addition, there are some solutions to remove homophobia. For instance, the initiatives or services at companies are agood way to accept sexual minority people. In addition, Same-sex partnership certification system can enable them tobe admitted almost legally, and education is a great elements that change people’s values. In my opinion, I believethat in order to spread that understanding for sexual minorities, education is a basic way. While people are young,they should have a comprehension of sexual diversity. This is because the students who attend school are moresensitive than adults due to puberty and their gender identities are easily influenced by many factors such as teachers,
friends, and parents. Teachers should tell all the students the variety of sexual orientations and this is not something
strange or wrong. Having a comprehension about sexual diversity while they are young should lead to removal of
homophobia.

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Yusei KatoIn recent years, it has been estimated the victims of depression are over 300 million worldwide, on average
about one in 20 reported an episode of depression in 17 countries. according to NCBI. People often think this illness
has one source, however, depression is caused by several issues. At the same time, almost all people often leave thisproblem for a long time, because psychological disease is not thought of as a serious problem and does not haveenough knowledge of solutions. Depression can be separated into 3 types of causes, experiential causes, medical
treatment causes, and drugs. Depression affects some symptoms for the human body and mind. Sometimes, itappears as a social problem. And all the symptoms can be explained by biological sight. In the modern period, thesolutions to anti-depression have been developed because depression has a grade of effect from many directions.
The number of suicides are declining since Heisei 17, but the case of depressive depression is reporting than in theold period. In this thesis, I will talk about causes, symptoms, and solutions of depression from versatility.
I
There are several causes of depression. Major depressive disorders are caused by family or childhood’s
traumatic events. Many scientists think depression infects genetic family members. Scientists found the chromosome
3p25-26 in more than 800 families with recurrent depression. The patient’s family who has this chromosome has
experience of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in many cases. According to Healthline, 40 percent of 800
depressive patients could trace a genetic link with family members by this chromosome. Also, this research has
shown that people with parents or siblings who have depression are up to three times more likely to have thecondition.148 This can be due to heredity or environmental factors that have a strong influence. A person who grows
up with someone with depression may be more easily infected with the disease. A child who watches a person withdepression may resemble the actions of a depressed person. Because children usually learn from external things
including a person's behavior. Gender may connect to genetic depression. One study found that women have a 42
percent depression rate and men have only 29 percent. These facts are in the research phase now so it has not aclear foundation yet, but it is certain there are some links. Another one, psychological trauma until 12 years old has asensory impact for them. Human’s sense of safety exists to protect their body and self-esteem, but traumatic events
shatter the sense of safety by frightening visual stimuli, loud noises, violent movements, and other sensations. The
scary images prove from nightmares, new fears, and actions or play that reenact the event. Young children have lessdanger or how to keep themselves, and are very weak for trauma such as these things. 149 In parts of depressive
patients, There is a large consensus indicating that childhood trauma is significantly affected in the development ofdepression, and, the influence of multiple experiences of childhood trauma affects a chronic process of depression in
adulthood. 75.6% of the chronically depressed patients reported clinically vital histories of childhood trauma. 37%of the chronically depressed patients reported many childhood’s traumatization. 150
148

Timothy J. Legg, “Is Depression Genetic?” Healthline. July 25, 2017.
The National Child Traumatic Stress Network,” How Early Childhood Trauma is Unique”, NCTSN, accessed
Aug 31, 2020
150
Depression research and treatment, “Childhood Trauma and Its Relation to Chronic Depression in Adulthood”,
NCBI, Nov 29, 2015, accessed Aug 21, 2020
149

Also, depression can approach from a biological and medical point of view. One of the causes is brain
inflammation. The most common cause of brain inflammation is a viral infection. There are some symptoms such as
headache, fever, pain fatigue or weakness, sometimes, special symptoms appear in more severe cases such asconfusion, agitation or hallucinations. 151 Medically, depression may be caused by brain inflammation. In recent
research, it was found depression and brain inflammation are related to each one. 152 According to The Lancet
psychiatry, depression is linked to the amount of time a person has been depressed. People who were depressed formore than 10 years showed 30 percent more inflammation compared to people depressed for less time. 153 Also, thefrontal lobe of the brain is relevant too. Frontal brains control some functions to keep self management and decision
making. The front lobe of the brain includes; speech and language production, forming memories, understanding
and reacting to the feelings of others, foming personality etc. 154 When it is not active, there is a greater risk for
depression. There is memory impairment, less executive ability, and down mood or feelings. 155 Another reason isthat disease causes depression. For example, serious bone breaks , cancer and others may cause chronic diseases(including depression). Serious disease patients often have depression because they fear pressure of operation orother reasons. As a result, the risk of illness may be higher, such as chronic illness, insomnia, chronic pain, or
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder called ADHD.156
Another cause is that drugs make a high risk of being MDD too. When People have a depressive episode, it
affects the risk of relapse and addiction of drugs and alcohol. Medications which cause depression are used to treat
anxiety and insomnia. One example is benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam(Ativan), and temazepam (Restoril). "Benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants. These medications
can build up in the body, leading to side effects that can manifest as depression symptoms," says Dr. Carr. These
medications especially affect very big emotions for older people.157
II
There exist some symptoms from depression. First, depression affects the central nervous system.
Participants of depression feel sadness, grief, and a sense of guilt. It may be described as a feeling of emptiness orhopelessness. These things appear as physical activities such as crying. Also feel tired all the time or have trouble
sleeping at night. Other symptoms include: irritability, anger, and loss of interest in things that used to bringpleasure, including sex. Depression can cause headaches, chronic body aches, and pain that may not respond to
medication. It’s also sometimes an effect of certain neurological diseases, such as, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy,
and multitype sclerosis.158 Also, depression’s symptoms appears as physical symptoms include, Alcoholism,
insomnia, self mutilation, moving or speaking slowly than usual, changes in appetite or weight, unexplained aches
and pains, lack of energy, low sex drive, changes your menstrual cycle, etc.
159
These symptoms happen not relevant to minor or serious illnesses.
Secondly, depression affects the inside of the body such as internal organs. People in depression, thedetective system is damaged when people do not eat enough food and do not gain nutrients. They always gain
stomach aches, cramps, malnutrition, and constipation in that situation. 160 Chronic pain is another one. People withdepression may experience unexplained aches, such as joint or muscle pain, breast tenderness, and headaches. These

151

MAYO CLINIC,” Encephalitis”, MAYO CLINIC, April 17, 2020, accessed Aug 31, 2020
Timothy J. Legg, “4 Ways Depression Can physically Affect the Brain”, Healthline, Oct 26, 2018, accessed Aug
24, 2020
153
The Lancet psychiatry, “Association of translocator protein total distribution volume with duration of untreatedmajor depressive disorder: a cross-sectional study”, The Lancet psychiatry, Feb 26, 2018, accessed Aug 24, 2020
154
Seunggu Han M.D “What does the frontal lobe do?” Medical News Today, Jun 29, 2017, accessed Sep 9, 2020
155
Timothy J. Legg, “4 Ways Depression Can physically Affect the Brain”, Healthline, Oct 26, 2018, accessed Aug
24, 2020
156
Janusz K. Rybakowski.,”Family History As an Important Factor for Stratifying Participants”, NCBI, Oct 29,
2018, accessed August 20, 2020
157
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School, Oct, 2015, accessed Aug 24, 2020
158
Timothy J. Legg, Ph.D. “The effects of depression in your body” Healthline, October 22, 2019, accessed Nov 10
159
NHS, “Symptoms clinical depression” NHS, December 10, 2019, accessed Nov 10, 2020
160
Timothy J. Legg, Ph.D. “The effects of depression in your body” Healthline, October 22, 2019, accessed Nov 10152aches can worsen because of chronic pain. 161 Another fact, Heart disease participants have a high risk of having
depression and depression actually worsens the heart disease. It's a two way relationship. E.g. The prevalence ofdepression among cardiac patients ranges from 20 to 30 percent. “Even the lower limit of this range is more thandouble the prevalence of this treatable condition in the general population,” wrote Bruce L. Rollman, M.D. and
Stewart in their 2014.162
The third of this capter, depression has possible social effects including; suicide, fewer socal activities.
Social anxiety disorder is fear of being judged, negatively evaluated, rejected in a social or performance situation.
The symptoms including; blushing, stumbling over words, being viewed as stupid, awkward, or boring. The averageage of onset for social anxiety disorder is during the teenage years. Also this disorder develops the risk of depressive
disorder and alcohol use disorders.163Depression is affected all over the generations but, the thinking of suicide is acommon symptom. Depressed people think suicide and that is infecting for childhood, adolescence, adulthood, andelders.
The suicide can classificate plainning things but, it always no reasons why they choose that. People are affected bymultiple problems or think.
III
There are several solutions to depression medically or emotionally. The first, depression can be divided
into three types, mild, moderate, and severe types. The treatment by medicine should be adjusted correctly. In mildtype, it is adapted to basic psychiatric ways. One way is “Wait and see ''. If the depression is mild, doctors suggest
waiting and seeing for 2 weeks. Because it can be solved by oneself. The Second way is “ exercise”, Exercise boosts
and produces antidepressants such as serotonin, endorphins and other feeling better chemicals and triggers theconnection for new brain cells. Concrete examples include a 15 minutes run and 1 hour walk. The third way is to“Connect with a social network”. The strong social connection prevents depression because most cases of that comefrom feelings of isolation. Keep and so contact with families or friends, or volunteer work leads to independence
from isolation.164165
Also, with moderate depression it is more difficult to solve than mild. These are the major depression
solutions in modern days. First way is “CBASP” is developed by Dr. James P. McCullough at Virginia
Commonwealth University. The therapist analyzes a patient’s negative event in the past or precursor to a similar
situation in the future. The therapist seeks to help a patient by breaking down distressing events into a sequence of
events, then find junctures where the result might have been different had the patient changed his or her behavior orreactions. One study of CBASP found CBASP was as effective as the drug. Second way is “CBT (Cognitive
Behavioural Therapy)”. This therapy is available to reframe situations to be better in more positive ways. Because
chronic depression clients may have a covered or entrenched feeling of hopelessness. This therapy takes place twicea week and records the target’s behavior or thought processes. The third way is “Interpersonal therapy”. The goal ofinterpersonal therapy is to change the way a patient perceives himself or herself. This way also involves helping apatient to express anger productivity, to become assertive, and to take social or asocial risks because the goal is tochange the client's perceives. Some studies evaluated this therapy should need long time and persistence fortherapists and clients.166
In severe depression, treatments depend on professional and medical ways. The purpose of these methods
are to make depression mild for the target. First way is “Medication”. Medication may be the most advertised as atreatment for depression. Of course the main purpose of that is to take balance of the chemical brain’s elements
and/or suppress the brain's functional module. But medication has some risks, clients may depend on that likewise
drug, also, it requires a long time to solve. Therefore, it needs medical professors' allowances. Second way is “TMS
(transcranial magnetic stimulation)”. TMS therapy is a non-invasive treatment that directs recurring magnetic energy
pluses at the regions of the brain that are involved in mood through the skull. These magnetic pulses improve161

Timothy J. Legg, Ph.D. “How does depression affect the body?” Medical News Today, July 9, 2018, accessed
Nov 10, 2020
162
NIH, “Heart disease and depression: a two way relationship” NIH, April 16, 2017, accessed Nov 10, 2020
163
ADAA “Social Anxiety disorder” ADAA accessed Nov 10, 2020
164
Melinda Smith, M.A., Lawrence Robinson, and Robert Segal, M.A. “Sleep Needs” HelpGuide, October 2020,
accessed January 26th, 2021,
165
Lawrence Robinson and Melinda Smith, M.A. ”Self- Medicating depression, Anxiety, and Stress.” HelpGuide,
September 2020, Accessed January 26th, 2021,
166
Harvard mental health letter, “Managing chronic depression” Harvard health publishing harvard medical health,
December 2009,communication between different parts of the brain and ease depression symptoms. This method is usually used withother anti depression treatments like CBT, CBASP, Medication, Exercise, Talk therapy, etc. 167168
IV
In this essay, I talked about the major causes of depression. Depression is caused by some medical,
biological, and drug issues, and it is mixed with each other. In my opinion, I think there are things that can be done
to decrease the risk of depression. In the healthline reports, depression appears when they experience persistent andintense feelings of sadness for periods of time. Viewed from the opposite side, to avoid this phenomenon equals topreventing depression. However, depression has no noticeable symptoms so it is very difficult to notice by outsiders.
Therefore, if you want to solve problems by myself, to keep a healthy life and socializing is important. When you
feel lonely, keep in touch with friends and families and eat healthy foods. People find comfort in talking and to takeand connect to control their minds and keeping healthy is the best way for your body and mind. Also, when you
thought you could not solve depression, go to the professional doctor, asking and thinking with specific actions.
This way is the most correct way for you. You may think you do not want to go for a professional because this is
your problem. It is not an indication of shyness but it is proof of bravery. Also, it is known depression affects
nervous systems, organs, and feelings and actions. Especially, physical illness and psychological illness have arelation each other, and the over half of the depressed people think suicide. Therefore, depression is classificated inmood disorders in the medical field, that indicates depression is not an individual's problem but that it is a medical
problem. On the other hand, all methods are used to support to treat client’s antidepressants. But a vital point
depends on the client's decision because this problem is about their own feelings and thinking. Also, I look at
depression purely as a mental disorder and public health crisis, but it deserves more attention. At this point,
depression can not substitute without mental health.

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Lookism: Appearance Discrimination
Luna Honda
These days, more and more people, especially women, tend to care about their appearance such as make up,
body type and parts of their face. Not only do they care for themselves, but also the appearance of other people andsometimes it connects to discrimination. This action is called “Lookism” which refers to discrimination against people
who are unattractive, or to use a technical term, “aesthetically unfortunate”. 169 For example, it is one aspect of Lookism
to consider that having a double eyelid and big eyes is better than a single eyelid and small eyes in Japan. 90 percentof cosmetic surgery in Japan is minor cosmetic surgery like making a double eyelid. 170 Additionally, Dove research
indicates that 93 percent of Japanese teenage girls do not have confidence in their appearance which is the highest
rate compared to 13 nations such as China, the UK, India 171 . This discrimination is not only Japanese but alsoworldwide phenomenon and also discrimination against body shape such as being overweight, and height are also
kinds of Lookism. In this thesis, I will describe the causes, effects at three stages of life, and solutions in order toabolish Lookism.
I
In this section, I will introduce three causes of Lookism. One of the causes of Lookism is media and Social
Network Services that is called SNS.172 Japanese people pursue the ordinary beauty produced by the media too much,since they do not like and avoid different things from others. According to the professor who knows the beauty indetail, ordinary beauty is made by the images which are from influencers like actors, actresses and idols in media andSNS. Furthermore the survey by Dove showed that 32 percent of teenage girls who answered that they do not havethe confidence for their looks previously said their self-esteem is lost when they see attractive people in the media 173.
To illustrate, almost all of them have double eyelids, clear skin and they are thin. Therefore people lose theirconfidence in their appearance by comparing them although appearance must not be the same obviously. Specifically,
women have more pressure than men, because some common sense exists in society such as “Women should bebeautiful.”174
Secondly, another cause of Lookism is self-estimation.175 A lot of women want to be or border on their ideal
about beauty. The ideal border is established higher, so there are some differences between the real appearance andself-estimation. One of the reasons why there is a gap in the appearance and self-estimation is the problems of two
types of self-consciousness; public and private. One the one hand, public self- consciousness refers to the awarenessof their view watched by others. Aware of their appearance includes public self-consciousness and to see themselvesin the mirror and videos can develop public self-consciousness. One the other hand, private self-consciousness means
the awareness of their various views by themselves and reflect on themselves that “I might be this type of person.”
169
170

Xavier Symons, “Lookism, and What We Should Do about It.” BioEdge, June 2, 2018.

ISAPS, “ISAPS INTERNATIONAL SURVEY ON AESTHETIC/COSMETIC PROCEDURES PERFORMED IN 2017,”
ISAPS, 2017.
171
Saori Ibuki, “日本の女性は世界で一番「見た目」に自信がない。調査で分かった 7 つのこと” BuzzFeed News,
March 29, 2019.
172
日本財団ジャーナル, “「見た目問題」は「見る目問題」。許容性のある社会が、みんなをもっと生きやすくする.” 日本財団, Sep 24, 2019.
173
Saori Ibuki, “日本の女性は世界で一番「見た目」に自信がない。調査で分かった 7 つのこと” BuzzFeed News,
March 29, 2019.
174
Saori Ibuki, “日本の女性は世界で一番「見た目」に自信がない。調査で分かった 7 つのこと” BuzzFeed News,
March 29, 2019.
175
Umika Itagaki. “メディアの影響による容姿格差問題 〜醜形恐怖症とルッキズムの観点から〜 ,” 2019.

Moreover, from the experiment of social psychology, 176 it is reported that if the public self-consciousness increases,
in other words, when people see themselves in the mirror, self-consciousness decreases and they are fed up with theirappearance by focusing their attention on their lookism which is watched by others and it becomes easier to recognise
their unsatisfied appearance.
Lastly, instinctive human behavior is one of the available causes of it. 177 Scientists found that when a person
sees an attractive and beautiful face, the same phenomenon is activated when a hungry person sees food or a gambler
sees money. Also, some scientists think that our attraction to beauty is a biological thing, not social. It is because
newborn babies take a longer time to look at photos of attractive and beautiful people even though they have notexperienced any social things yet. In addition, when people see an attractive and beautiful person, “halo effect” works
on our own. It is an automatic response from our brain and “halo effect” is the term which happens when we make aconclusion about something by judging it by one small thing. To illustrate, if a person is attractive, we automaticallyjump to the conclusion that they are good guys such as smart, kind and talented.
II
Next, this section explains three effects of Lookism. First of all, Lookism affects school-life, especially forhigh school students. According to the sociologists Rachel Gordon and Robert Crosnoe who published “In School,
Good Looks Help and Good Looks Hurt (But They Mostly Help).” insists that the critical period in which inequality
on the basis of looks establishes itself is in high school.178 To illustrate, a prom queen and king will be rated higher in
intelligence, personality and potential for success just because they are considered good-looking. 179 In addition,
Lookism affects study and student’s futures. Youth rated as better looking get higher grades and are more likely toattain a college degree than their peers, setting the stage for better economic outcomes through adulthood. 180 Also,
good-looking high schoolers are more likely to experience popularity and an overall sense of belonging. They evenreceive better grades, perhaps due to closer relationships with their teachers.181
Even if the students become adults and carry out job hunting activities, they are affected by Lookism. To
begin with, it is clear that attractive applicants are more likely to be hired than unattractive people. Moreover, attractive
men were more likely to be hired for a female dominated job than unattractive or less attractive men and attractive
women were preferred for a male dominated job over unattractive women. 182 Secondly, when the evaluators have todecide on successful candidates, they are concerned with not only their ability but also Lookism. Explaining about it
in detail, when an individual possesses high qualifications, attractiveness does not have an affect on selection decisions,but if qualifications of an applicant are average or low, attractiveness can increase an applicant’s chances of being
selected. 183
To make matters worse, workers are also influenced by lookism although they get a job eventually. Initially,
income differences will occur between attractive people and unattractive people. Catherine Hakim, a senior research
fellow at the Centre for Policy Studies concludes that “attractive” people earn up to 7-13% more than their “lessattractive” colleagues. 184 Another study says that obese women are more likely to be discriminated against when

176
177

Nabeta, Yasutaka. Shintai shūkei shōgai: Naze bishū Ni Torawarete Shimau Noka. Tōkyō: Kōdansha, 2011.

Bright Side “What Lookism Is and Why It May Become the Racism of the 21st Century.” BrightSide, April 13, 2019.
178
Council on Contemporary Families, “In School, Good Looks Help And Good Looks Hurt (But They Mostly Help)” Council
on Contemporary Families, 2013.
179
Pepper, Schwartz. “Opinion: Do Teachers Favor Attractive Kids?” Cable News Network, 2014.
180
Council on Contemporary Families, “In School, Good Looks Help And Good Looks Hurt (But They Mostly Help)” Council
on Contemporary Families, 2013.
181
Brooke, Geller. “The Beauty Bias: How Attractiveness Affects Our Lives” HEALTHY WAY, 2018.
182
Cherea, Hammer.“A Look Into Lookism: An Evaluation Of Discrimination Based On Physical Attractiveness.”
Utah State University, 2017.
183
Cherea, Hammer.“A Look Into Lookism: An Evaluation Of Discrimination Based On Physical Attractiveness.” Utah State
University, 2017.
184
Lookism. “Lookism & It's Effects On Jobs.” Lookism, 2020.

applying for jobs and receive a lower starting salary compared to their physically fit colleagues. 185 Secondly, attractive
people are recommended for promotion and are evaluated as having a better opportunity for future success. 186
Surprisingly, when performance was mediocre, attractiveness was a factor in the promotion decision and more
attractive employees were promoted more often. 187
III
I will present three solutions to mitigate the Lookism problem. In the first place, the abolition of beauty andpopularity contests, especially in the school, like beauty pageant in Japanese universities, is a good solution. In any
case, the original purpose of school is education, not a place to show their appearance. Also these contests have an
impact on not only the impressions, behavior of everyone but also evaluation and score of their teacher. 188 Therefore,abolishing these contests will be effective to diminish the bullying. For example, Sophia (Jochi) University in Japanputs this into practice. They have started “Sophians contests” which select a champion by their ability of personal
summary, speaking, and information transmission instead of the beauty contests which selects a champion by theirsexual, nationality, and appearance.189 This contest will connect to globalization and diversity such as LGBTQ which
are emphasised in recent society.
Subsequently, in order to decrease the people who do not have confidence in themselves by Lookism, somecompanies discontinue posting the photos of the wearer on the magazines and catalogs. Albizia, which is a company
selling jewelry, does this action.190 Whereas there are numerous benefits of photos of the wearer that the consumer
can know the size and imagine easier, they do show the photos pictured as the only products. The background of thismovement is Lookism. Although the company determines the wearer whose looks are able to maximize the beauty
and attraction of the products, when it comes to the horizon of the consumer, there is diversity of the looks and figure.
For example, some people might be disappointed when they try on the products due to the appearance of them is not
the same as the model, and the products are not suitable for them while the purchaser's height is the same as the wearer.
As a result, the user cannot help having an illusion that the cause of this is me, and tend to think “I’m not beautiful
and attractive.” From this consequence, Albizia adopts this action in order to remind the customer that “You have aright to choose everything to buy” without the interruption of what is called photos of the wearer.191
The easiest way for everyone to solve this problem is to spread awareness of Lookism on SNS and online.
One of the famous movements for Lookism is the Instagram post by Kiko Mizuhara who is a representative fashion
model in Japan.192 Despite being chosen as one of the most beautiful females, she gave her opinion against “The Most
Beautiful Woman of 2020” on her Instagram stories on June 13th that “Nominating and ranking the people’s
appearance and face as the judge’s likes is impolite for the prize winner and applies to Lookism. Judging by appearance
is not absolutely right and it is initially impossible to choose the most attractive woman. The true beautiful woman is
the woman who has a beautiful heart.” This contest was not canceled by her statement after all, but it made an
opportunity for everyone to think about Lookism and got arguments for and against. Furthermore, there is anorganization against Lookism which is ALA whose official name is Anti-Lookism Association.193 They mainly let

185

Lookism. “Lookism & It's Effects On Jobs.” Lookism, 2020.
Cherea, Hammer.“A Look Into Lookism: An Evaluation Of Discrimination Based On Physical Attractiveness.” Utah State
University, 2017.
187
Cherea, Hammer.“A Look Into Lookism: An Evaluation Of Discrimination Based On Physical Attractiveness.” Utah State
University, 2017.
188
Pepper, Schwartz. “When teachers favor attractive kids” Cable News Network, 2014.
189
Tomomi, Abe. “進むミスコンの脱・性別化 それでも根強い「やめたら」” The Asahi Shimbun Company, 2020.
190
Albizia JEWELRY. “なぜ（公式の）着用写真を提示しないかについて” Albizia JEWELRY, 2020.
191
Hana. “「着用写真を提示しない」というブログ記事を読んで考えたこと” note, 2020.
192
ABEMA TIMES. “モデル水原希子が痛烈批判する「最も美しい顔ランキング」外見至上主義 “ルッキズム” の是非” Yahoo Japan Corporation, 2020.
193
ALA. “RECENT ACTIVITIES” JIMDO, 2020.
186

individuals know about Lookism and posts against companies and celebrities supporting Lookism through Twitter,
Homepage and Youtube.
IV
To sum up, There are several causes, effects, and solutions of Lookism. I think the media and SNS are thebiggest causes because self-estimation and instinctive reasons cannot be helped and are out of control, while media
and SNS can be changed. Moreover, people who are affected by Lookism are at a social disadvantage. In my opinion,
Lookism affects the occupation and income the most. It is because it is unreasonable for people to be judged by their
Lookism whether they get the job and their wage, in spite of a lot of individuals having a dream for the job, and money
is definitely needed. From these causes and effects, the most effective solution of Lookism is to use SNS because
almost everyone recently uses some kinds of SNS. I feel this type of discrimination have not been known in society
so much compared to other ones like jender or race discrimination, so it will contribute to reduce this discrimination
by just knowing about it such as reading the post of SNS or getting the knowledge about Lookism. If only Lookism
had vanished, I suppose more and more people who are able to live more comfortably would increase because a lot of
people suffer from Lookism on some occasions or even a fashion model. Actually, I sometimes feel the influence of
Lookism such as having a double eyelid is cuter and females should keep a thin body as I mentioned in the introduction.
Besides, Lookism is extreme in Japan compared to other countries. As a consequence, the people who do not matchthese ideas feel disappointed like they do not have the capacity to become beautiful due to lack of diversity for beauty
such as an invisible external pressure that only the size for thin figures are prepared in a lot of cloth stores. Therefore,
the companies that produce something related to beauty need to make the products that all consumers can enjoy easily.
Conversely, it is a more needed solution to change each mind for the Lookism that ”Everyone is different andspecial.”194 and people should accept the diversity of beauty in each other.
BIBLIOGRAPHYABEMA TIMES. “モデル水原希子が痛烈批判する「最も美しい顔ランキング」外見至上主義 “ルッキズム” の是非” YAHOO! JAPAN ニュース, Yahoo Japan Corporation, June 17, 2020, accessed July, 2021.
https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/95f850142ab8f598a0dc9955b7717f11d60aabe5
ALA. “RECENT ACTIVITIES” ALA, JIMDO, 2020, accessed July, 2021.
https://anti-lookism.jimdofree.com/
Albizia JEWELRY. “なぜ（公式の）着用写真を提示しないかについて” Albizia JEWELRY, Albizia JEWELRY,
October 11, 2020, accessed July 2021.
https://www.albizia-jewelry.com/post/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9C%EF%BC%88%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%89%E7%9D%80%E7%94%A8%E
5%86%99%E7%9C%9F%E3%82%92%E6%8F%90%E7%A4%BA%E3%81%97%E
3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E
3%81%A6
Bright Side “What Lookism Is and Why It May Become the Racism of the 21st Century.” BrightSide, April 13,
2019, accessed July, 2021.
https://brightside.me/wonder-curiosities/what-lookism-is-and-why-it-may-become-the-racism-of-the-21st-century-727560/.
Brooke, Geller. “The Beauty Bias: How Attractiveness Affects Our Lives” HEALTHY WAY, coalition for Better Ads,
February 14, 2018, accessed July, 2021.
https://www.healthyway.com/content/the-beauty-bias/
Cherea, Hammer.“A Look Into Lookism: An Evaluation Of Discrimination Based On Physical Attractiveness.” Utah
State University, Utah State University, PDF. 2017, accessed July, 2021.

194

Hana. “「着用写真を提示しない」というブログ記事を読んで考えたこと” note, 2020.

https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1204&context=honors
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Council on Contemporary Families, Council on Contemporary Families, December 10, 2013, accessed
July, 2021.
https://contemporaryfamilies.org/good-looks-help-report/
Hana. “「着用写真を提示しない」というブログ記事を読んで考えたこと” note, note, October 14, 2020,
accessed July 2021.
https://note.com/floweryama/n/nfd4d6e7fb76a
ISAPS. “ISAPS INTERNATIONAL SURVEY ON AESTHETIC/COSMETIC PROCEDURES PERFORMED IN
2017,” ISAPS, 2017, accessed July, 2021.
https://www.isaps.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/03/ISAPS_2017_International_Study_Cosmetic_Procedures_NEW.pdf
Lookism. “Lookism & It's Effects On Jobs.” Lookism, Weebly, accessed July, 2021.
https://lookism.weebly.com/lookism--its-affects-on-jobs.html
Nabeta, Yasutaka. Shintai shūkei shōgai: Naze bishū Ni Torawarete Shimau Noka. Tōkyō:Kōdansha, 2011,
accessedJuly, 2021.
Pepper, Schwartz. “Opinion: Do Teachers Favor Attractive Kids?” Cable News Network, Cable News Network., A
Warner Media Company., January 02, 2014, accessed July, 2021.
https://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/02/opinion/schwartz-attractiveness-teens/index.html
Pepper, Schwartz. “When teachers favor attractive kids” CNN, Cable News Network, January 02, 2014, accessed
July, 2021.
https://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/02/opinion/schwartz-attractiveness-teens/index.html
Saori Ibuki, “日本の女性は世界で一番「見た目」に自信がない。調査で分かった 7 つのこと” BuzzFeed
News, March 29, 2019, accessed July, 2021.
https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/saoriibuki/dove-body-image-2017
Xavier Symons. “Lookism, and What We Should Do about It.” BioEdge, June 02, 2018, accessed July, 2020.
https://www.bioedge.org/bioethics/lookism-and-what-we-should-do-about-it/12713.
Tomomi Abe. “進むミスコンの脱・性別化 それでも根強い「やめたら」” 朝日新聞 DIGITAL, The Asahi
Shimbun Company, September 26 2020.
https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASN9V3T78N9TUTIL01X.html
Umika Itagaki. “メディアの影響による容姿格差問題 〜醜形恐怖症とルッキズムの観点から〜 ,” 2019,
accessed July, 2021,
https://lab.kuas.ac.jp/~jinbungakkai/pdf/2019/m2019_01.pdf
日本財団ジャーナル, “「見た目問題」は「見る目問題」。許容性のある社会が、みんなをもっと生きやすくする.” 日本財団, May 25, 2020 accessed July, 2021.
https://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/journal/2019/36659.

Causes, Effects, and Solutions of Australian Forest fire
Momoka Ito
Recently, environmental issues like increasing global average temperature, climate change, or desertification
have become more common and severe. Related to this, a lot of natural disasters such as drought or flood are causedby climate change. One natural disaster is a forest fire, and the Australian Forest Fire from June 2019 is anunforgettable disaster. The fire continued to burn for about a year, and the forest fires killed millions of numbers ofcreatures. Mostly, there were considerable effects in southeast states such as New South Wales states and Victoria
states. The Australian forest fire was caused by climate change and population concentration and there are three main
serious influences which are air pollution, too much carbon dioxide emissions, and affecting Australia's uniqueecosystem. In this thesis, I will explain about main causes, effects, and solutions to find a way to reduce the damage
due to forest fires
I
There are several causes of Australian forest fires, but one of the causes is climate change. According to the
Bureau of Meteorology in Australia, the annual mean temperature became higher steadily. 195 Several scientists said,
as the temperature goes up, a natural disaster like drought will likely cause frequent fires. The reason is that the amountof water that evaporates from the land, lake, or river will increase based on the temperature rises according to the
Climate Reality Project.196 Therefore, the soil will be drier, and it will make a situation that the forest fire easily occurs
or spreads. The drought is a natural disaster for a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortageof water. A lot of negative impacts on human activities will be caused by forest fires or droughts. The important fact
is that the drought promotes the spreading of forest fires and it will bring immense damage to the environment.
Another main cause of forest fires in Australia is population concentration. The population in Australia isapproximately 25 million as of 2020.197 Australia is a country that consists of six states and two territories.198 Amongthem, the population is concentrated in the southeast areas of the country, which are 8.1 million people of New South
Wales states199 and 6.49 million people of Victoria states. 200 About 60 percent of the number of Australian people livein those two states. Moreover, there is interesting research that explains the relationships between forest fire andpopulation concentration. The research was conducted by Kathryn Collins who is the University of Wollongong's
Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires. She and co-workers gathered official data of 113,000
bushfires ignited between 1997 and 2009 in New South Wales and Victoria. 201 Out of the known causes of thosebushfires, 47 percent were caused by human activities such as cigarettes, escaped burn-offs and campfires, or sparks
from equipment or powerlines.202 Also, the researchers found population density was the biggest factor driving thefires with an undetermined cause. Ms. Collins said "Basically where you get people is where you get your ignitions.
So there was a pattern of increasing ignitions going from west to the coast as population increases.” 203 She predicted
in 2015 that climate change and population increase will increase the number of bushfires ignited in coastal andhinterland areas in the future, and it was true. The biggest forest fire occurred in Australia in 2020.
II
There are some terrible effects upon the forest fire which is air pollution. According to Air visual, Canberraranked the third major city in the world where the pollution by smoke was serious on 3rd January 2020. 204 It was
broadcasted that smoke by the forest fire covered around 70 per cent of Australian land. 205 The smoke from forest
fires has some negative effects on human and animal bodies. First, the smoke affects the naked eye and respiratory
and makes it difficult to breathe. Moreover, the smoke exacerbates chronic heart and lung disease.
Subsequently, the carbon dioxide produced by the forest fire will also affect the environment. According toNEWS, around 900 million tons of carbon dioxide were released by the forest fire into the atmosphere. This amountis equivalent to nearly double the country's total yearly fossil fuel emissions. It is not clear how many environmental
195

Bureau of Meteorology. “Long-Term Temperature Record Australian Climate Observations Reference Network– Surface Air Temperature (ACORN-SAT).”196
The Climate RealityProject. “The Facts About Climate Change and Drought.”
197“Australia Population 2020 (Live).” Australia Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs).
198“Cities, States and Territories.” Tourism Australia.
199“Population of New South Wales 2020.” Population Australia
200“Population of Victoria 2020.” Population Australia.
201
202

Salleh, Anna. “Most Bushfires in South-Eastern Australia Caused by Humans.” ABC News.

Salleh, Anna. “Most Bushfires in South-Eastern Australia Caused by Humans.” ABC News.
Salleh, Anna. “Most Bushfires in South-Eastern Australia Caused by Humans.” ABC News.
204
Jessica Taulaga, “The Canberra suburbs with the worst air quality and how to deal with indoor smoke”, All
Homes, 2020
205
Holly Secon, “オーストラリアの火災、煙が国土の 70％を覆う…宇宙ステーションからの最新の写真”,
BUSINESS INSIDER, 2020203

issues occur by 900 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, but it is definite that it will worsen some environmental issues
like global warming or ocean acidification.206 There are two possible consequences that will be caused by 900 million
tonnes of carbon dioxide. Firstly, carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases, so it has the potential to contributeto global warming. As a consequence, more natural disasters like forest fires will occur all over the world. Likewise,
ocean acidification will be promoted by the carbon dioxide. Ocean acidification is a phenomenon that is caused bymelted carbon dioxide in ocean water. The melted carbon dioxide has an effect of preventing the growth of marine
animals such as coral reefs or sea urchins. On coral reefs, a lot of small creatures like plankton live and those creatures
are the feed of big creatures. As a consequence, the number of fish living in the ocean will decline because plankton
will decrease if coral reefs are attacked by ocean acidification.
There were a lot of effects of forest fires in Australia, the most significant of which is affecting the Australian
ecosystem. The forest fire in Australia continued to burn for about five months, from September 2019 to February
2020. While the fire was burning, there were some serious effects on creatures such as animals or plants. According
to BBC’s article published on 28th July, it was stated that at least three billion creatures were killed or harmed by theforest fire. 207 One of the scientists who researched the unfortunate effects by the forest fire from an Australian
university, Prof Chris Dickman said that scientists could not yet state the exact death of creatures. The reason why isthat it was difficult to clarify the death numbers of animals such as invertebrates, fish and turtles. The number of thoseanimals is uncertain so it is not included in the number of three billion creatures. Among them, the popular Australiananimal, koalas are also affected by the fire. To illustrate, in New South Wales, one of the most affected regions, it wasestimated that 8,000 koalas were killed or a third of the total koala population in the area have perished in the blaze. 208
A number of scientists claimed that the number of animals that escaped from the braze and survived was few. Because
About 11.46 million hectares - an area comparable to England - was scorched from September to February. 209 The
number of at least three billion is merely an assumption, but unthinkable numbers of creatures were killed or affectedby the forest fire.

III
First of all, in order to protect our health from harmful smoke by a forest fire, preventive products such as
dust masks or eyewash are expected to be effective. The smoke of bushfires includes some dangerous gases like carbon
monoxide or aldehydes and the gas affects human health210 for example, it can make it hard to breathe and exacerbate
chronic heart and lung disease.211 In order to prevent those symptoms, people can buy some preventive products inAustralian local shops. A famous office supplies shop ‘Officeworks’ sells dust masks and ‘Chemist warehouse’ sells
eyewash or eye drops. By preparing those items, it will be useful to protect people from unpredictable forest fires.
Subsequently, to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide from forest fires, open burning is an effective
method.212 It is impossible to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by bushfires once they happen so somescientists try to prevent forest fires by operating open fires. By burning the plants and trees when the temperature islow, people can control the combustible amount in a certain area. Even though lightning falls in the area, there are noplants left, so that open burning can prevent bushfires. Some organizations have had some success in preventing forest
fires, for example, ‘Bush Heritage Australia’. The group is a non-profit organization founded in 1990.213 Dr. Rebecca
Spindler, who is the executive manager of science and conservation in the organization, said the fact that no unruly
fire has occurred since the lightning strike is due to the preparation by open burning. 214 As the research by Dr. Rebecca
Spindler suggests, open burning is one of the radical solutions not to cause a bushfire.
Finally, people need to take notice of the Australian ecosystem. Before, millions of animals were affected byforest fires.215 Some of the animals were rescued and cured by veterinarians in the Australian forest fire that happened
206

Denise Chow, “Australia wildfires unleash millions of tons of carbon dioxide”, NBC NEWS, 2020
“Australia's fires 'killed or harmed three billion animals' “, BBC NEWS, 2020
208
EJ DICKSON, “Thousands of Koalas Believed to Have Died In Australian Bushfires”, Rolling Stone, 2020
209
“Australia fires: A visual guide to the bushfire crisis”, BBC NEWS, 2020
210
Annemarie J B M De Vos, “Respiratory irritants in Australian bushfire smoke: air toxics sampling in a smokechamber and during prescribed burns”, Pubmed, 2008
211
Government of Western Australia, Department of Health, “Health hazards from bushfires, Healthy WA,
212
Matt Simon, “Wildfires Are Obliterating Australia's Iconic Ecosystems”, Wired, January 8, 2020,
213
Bush Heritage Australia, Bush Heritage homepage,214
Matt Simon, “Wildfires Are Obliterating Australia's Iconic Ecosystems”, Wired, 2020,
215‘Australia's fires 'killed or harmed three billion animals' “, BBC NEWS, 2020
207

from 2019 to 2020. However, others were left behind due to the vast area and manpower shortage. Don Driscoll is a
professor at Deakin University in Australia and his research group experiments on establishing tunnels made of wireto protect wild animals.216 Because of the forest fire, a lot of kinds of small animals lost their place to hide, so thatthey are preyed on by predators more easily than before. If people establish wire tunnels, small animals can hide andprotect themselves from getting eaten. It is important to have shelters for small animals.
IV
In conclusion, there are several causes of forest fires in Australia, which include climate change andpopulation concentration. In short, climate change which causes temperature rise and drought makes a situation where
it is easy to burn and spread the fire. Also, it allows the effects of the forest to fire more seriously. In connection with
this, almost all of the forest fires are caused by human activities and some research has proven this idea. I think themain driver of natural disasters is human activities. Both climate change and population concentration are theconsequence of where billions of people have lived freely. In addition, there are a number of serious effects caused by
the Australian forest fire like air pollution, too much carbon dioxide emission, and affecting the Australian ecosystem.
To deal with outstanding problems that were caused by forest fires, there are some possible solutions. People will beable to steel themselves against air pollution by using preventive products such as dust masks or eyewash. To reduce
the amount of carbon dioxide that is produced by the fire, open burning is possibly useful. Last but not least
establishing tunnels made from the wire is essential to protect small animals that are dying because of the forest firefrom predators. In my opinion, the most serious effects of the Australian forest fire are the effects on the ecosystem.
As I mentioned before, billions of creatures were killed by the forest fire and according to the Australian government,a hundred and thirteen species in Australia now need urgent help. 217 Without any help, those species of animals will
perish in the future. As time passes, more and more natural disasters like forest fires will occur in the future. The
frequency and power of those natural disasters have become stronger year by year. Moreover, it was reported that
more than 30 thousand people demonstrated because of the lack of measures to climate change by Scott
Morrison(president in Australia).218 He stated that it has no plans to further limit emissions from the coal industry.
The concentration on climate changes by citizens in Australia is rising, so I think the country and the world need totake measures to combat climate changes. For now, in this world, it is said that nobody knows what will happen in the
future, so preparing for disasters and knowing what humankind can do is the really important thing. People canmitigate damage by being prepared.
Bibliography
Annemarie J B M De Vos, “Respiratory irritants in Australian bushfire smoke: air toxics
sampling in a smoke chamber and during prescribed burns”, Pubmed, pAugust 20 2008https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18712497/#affiliation-1“Australia Population 2020 (Live).” Australia Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps,
Graphs).
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BBC NEWS, “Australia's fires 'killed or harmed three billion animals' “, BBC NEWS, published 28 July 2020
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-53549936
BBC NEWS, “Australia fires: Navy rescues people from fire-hit Mallacoota”, BBC NEWS, published 3
January 2020
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Reference Network – Surface Air Temperature (ACORN-SAT).” scheme=AGLSTERMS.AglsAgent;corporateName=Australian Government - Bureau of Meteorology.
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/acorn-sat/.
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https://www.bushheritage.org.au/who-we-are/people/bob-brown
216

Matt Simon, “Wildfires Are Obliterating Australia's Iconic Ecosystems”, Wired, 2020,“Australia's fires 'killed or harmed three billion animals' “, BBC NEWS, 2020
218
Holly Secon, “オーストラリアの火災、煙が国土の 70％を覆う…宇宙ステーションからの最新の写真”,
BUSINESS INSIDER, 2020
217

Calma, Justine. “What You Need to Know about the Australia Bushfires.” The Verge. The
Verge, published February 13 2020 https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/3/21048891/australia-wildfireskoalas-climate-change-bushfires-deaths-animals-damage.
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January 2020
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EJ DICKSON, “Thousands of Koalas Believed to Have Died In Australian Bushfires”, Rolling
Stone, published 3 June 2020
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Reliability of Media in Japan
Akirako Koyanagi
According to Reporters Without Borders, Japan's ranking of the Press Freedom Index in 2020 was dropped
to 66th place from 11th in 2010 in the world 219 which is lower than any other developed country. 220 Also, it's study
illustrates the highest ranking country in it is Norway 221 while over 50 countries surpass Japan at this index 222. In
Japan, it is easy to be misled by watching TV programmes, especially news because they give one-sided opinions.
This is called media manipulation. This thesis will inform the reasons why Japan is ranked at low place in World
Press Freedom, compare Norway and Japan about the media's relationship to citizens, and methods for media
manipulation in Japan in order to show why the most effective solution is for the government to make policies.
219

REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS, "World Press Freedom Index in 2010", RSF, 2010
REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS, "2020 World Press Freedom Index", RSF, 2020
221
REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS, "2020 World Press Freedom Index Index detail", RSF, 2020
222
REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS, "Japan", RSF, 2020
220

I
First of all, there are several reasons for why Japan is at low ranking in the Press Freedom Index. One ofthese causes is that the passive attitude of the Japanese mass media does not give enough information to theJapanese people. In Japan, there are many natural disasters. When it happens, the information will be gathered by
the government. This is called Happyou Journalism. Happyou Journalism refers to one kind of reporting.
Normally, the government, local government, the police, and companies are the target of interviews for mass media,
but in this case, the mass media will receive the provision of convenience by these communities. Moreover the mass
media are trying to avoid missing out on a scoop that other media companies reported, so they break the news
without any more of their own research.223 Also, because of compliance with journalism, the media can not dispatch
the employee to the dangerous area; battlefield, or disaster area, so freelance journalists are the only people who canreport there.224 However, as I mentioned above, freelance reporters or foreign media are restricted to report aboutcases which are related to the Japanese government, so Japanese people have less opportunities to know about it.
For the next, there are several examples of media manipulation by the Japanese government that madeJapan's Index ranking lower from 2010 to 2020. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2010 is one such case.
Japan's Nuclear Power Village and energy companies close down the media system which is related to this
accident.225 Also, in 2019, the freelance reporters and foreign media were excluded by the Japanese Ministry of
Defense to attend the interview of the Minister of Defense, and each chief of staff. 226 Furthemore, the famous
Japanese journalist who retweeted the post which suggested the former prefectural governor made a staff member
kill himself was found guilty of defamation by the judiciary in 2019.227 Japanese acts on the Protection of Specially
Designated Secrets can be another cause of this. The administration body is the only organization that decides
which is the specific secret information, so they can cover up the facts to the Japanese people.228 Also, this act
impedes the free interview by freelance journalists or reporters of mass media, and because of this act, Japanese can
not know the international situation in specific.
II
There are some similarities and differences between two countries, Norway and Japan. First, they haveseveral similar points on two sides. There is Freedom of Expression bilateral, but because of this act, it is difficult to
set criteria since people's sensitivity is different in both countries. Another similarity is the percentage of people
who read newspapers daily. In Norway, it was at 32 percent in 2017 229 and at 29 percent in 2017 in Japan230.
Moreover, there is some consistency about education with these two countries that is connected to abilities to accessthe information. The Literacy rate in Japan is at 99 percent, and 100 percent in Norway which ranked 1st place inthe world while Japan is at 4th place.231 In addition, the performance of the reading continuous texts amount would
be 520 in Japan, and 505 in Norway in 2014.232
On the other hand, there are more different points between Norway and Japan about the relationship ofmajor companies and reporting. In Norway, they have more of a good environment for the media and citizens thanJapan. The Media Ownership Act is one of the reasons that Norway ranked 1st place in the World Press freedom
Index. This is an act that states that major media groups must not own more than 40 percent of the shares in any
mass medias233, and this prevents controlling one mass media company by major media groups. Also, there are

223

Ippei Omata, "「発表報道」と「調査報道」", NHK, 2010
Toshio Hara, "ジャーナリズムの社会的責任再考", J-stage, 2009
225
Mitsuru Fukuda, "「報道の自由度」ランキング、日本はなぜ 61 位に後退したのか？", YAHOO! JAPAN, 2015
226
Shinichi Kiyotani, "防衛省がフリーランスを排除", Japan In-depth, 2019227
jfjn, "日本人ジャーナリスト、「名誉毀損」リツイートを巡って司法による嫌がらせの被害者に", RSF, 2020
228
Japan Federation of Bar Associations, "秘密保護法の問題点とは？", nichibenren, 2016
229
Julia, "Population reading newspapers daily in Norway 2009-2019", statista, 2020230
シニアガイド, "新聞を読んでいる人は 28.5%。書籍や雑誌は 8.1％", seniorguide, 2017231
NationMaster, "compare key data on Japan & Norway", NationMaster, 2011232
NationMaster, "Education>Literacy>Reading performance>Continuous texts:Countries Compared", NationMaster, 2014
233
The local, "Norway ranked first for press freedoms in 'post-truth' era,", THE LOCAL no, 2017224

more rules such as Freedom of Information Act, Media responsibility Act. 234 Moreover, there is an Enlightenment
activity in this country by Tinius Trust called ETTMINUTT which tells Norwegians about the importance of media
pluralism, media independence and reliable journalism. 235 In contrast, Japan also has a kisha club which is anorganization consisting of major media reporters, but this organization is known as clannish and closely-heldrecently. This is because the kisha club restricts the journalists who are freeranse or foreigners and opinions that are
critical to the government will not be reported in the News. 236 Furthermore, there is Media cross-ownership inJapan that refers to one capital owning the different mass media like television and newspaper. This makes it easy
to collect a lot of information, but also it has demerits. 237 The unfavorable information of the company will not bereported to the mass media, so the right to know for Japanese people will be impaired. 238
III
There are several methods that Japanese individuals can do to not be misled by watching the news.
According to The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, more than 65 percent of Japanese people thinkthat television is reliable mostly. Also, this research shows that 88 percent of Japanese believe TV is important as asource of information.239 In this situation, Japanese people should care about where the news source or graphs comefrom and when that date of information was published. Moreover, people need to check the supporter, and theperson who provides advertisements in the news program, because the media does not report the supporter's
disadvantages like making viewers low willingness to consume toward avoiding cease large amounts of advertisingincome from the supporter.240
A second method for not to make any misunderstandings or prejudiced opinions to Japanese people bycompany, they should declare what they are supporting. In the Japanese mass media, especially newspapers, there isno description of which group, company, or political party they support, so it will make the readers think this is a
public opinion. The method of this is each mass media company or TV station should present their "side" such as
which political party they stand by, anti-Japanese or not, and focus on traditional things, or modern things. 241242
Lastly, the Japanese government needs to remake the education system of Japanese media literacy,
especially among teenagers. They should put more effort into Information Technologies or opportunities forJapanese teens. According to the Programme for International Assessment's research, Japanese teenager's ranking ofreading literacy dropped to the lowest ever at 15th in 2018.243 This PISA's reading survey researched the threeskills, finding correct information, understanding, and evaluating and considering skills, and Japanese teenager'sscores were lower than the average of OECD in that year, so it can be said that teenagers in Japan have not enoughliteracy of information and of the media. 244 It is important to know, and touch mass media or social network
services from childhood. One example of a project about media skills improving is the News Literacy Project in the
United States of America.245 This project provides abilities and knowledge about news information to American
students. In this project, more than 30 main companies of media that are TV stations, newspaper companies, andinternet media attend and teach the students.246
234

Kenzo Fujisue, " ノルウェー報道の自由協会「Tinius Trust」で表現の自由を議論", Ameda, 2020
N News, "Norwegian media launch campaign to support ethical journalism", EJN, 2017236
新会社設立 JP, "報道の自由度ランキング、なぜ日本は G7 で最下位なのか",新会社設立.jp237
くめかわ, "クロスオーナーシップ", note, 2020
238
ヤメ記者弁護士, "クロスオーナーシップ問題〜3 つの問題点", goo, 2006
239
Institute for Information and Communications Policy, "令和元年度 情報通信メディアの利用時間と情報行動に関する調査報告書 <概要>", MIC, 2020
240
Mike Osborne, "A simple solution for social media manipulation", ROOTS RADIO, 2017241
LEARNING ENGLISH, "Why Do American Newspapers Endorse Political Candidates", LEARNING ENGLISH, 2020242
Toshihiro Yamada, "「中立である」はずなのに......。なぜ米国の目 dl イアは特定の候補者を支持するのか", ITmedia
ビジネス ONLINE, 2016
243
THE SANKEI NEWS, "PISA 調査 日本の 15 歳、読解力 15 位 3 年前より大幅ダウン 科学・数学的応用力はトップレベル維持", THE SANKEI NEWS, 2019244
National Institute for Educational Policy Research, "OECD 生徒の学習到達度調査 2018 年調査(PISA 2018)のポイント",
Ministry of Education, 2019245
Kayo Mimizuka, "海外のメディアリテラシー教育、ターゲットは 10 代 米国の試み", Hatena Blog, 2018
246
News Literacy Project, "A future founded on facts", News Literacy Project, accessed 2020
235

IV
To sum everything up, there are some causes that make Japan's ranking of the Press Freedom Index lower
such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the feature of Japanese mass media, and acts about secret
information. In my opinion, Japan will be ranked lower than now in the Press Freedom Index in the future.
Japanese mass media does not report enough news which is independent and industry runs, because more and more
media companies are exercising self-regulation, and the Japanese government takes the initiative in breaking thenews, so there is a lack of critical aspects for Japanese people. Additionally, the Japanese government controlled thefacts to gain information for them to give a good image of the Japanese government to Japanese people. This mightcause more bias of information. It is also said that Norway's laws enable transparency of information for citizens,and each source of information will be protected by these laws. However, Japanese law is not enough to ensure
Freedom of Expression, and there are not important laws like the Media cross-ownership Act. It is an important role
for the media to keep politics in check, so to improve the Japanese situation, Japan should learn from Norway's
policy. For example, Japanese Cross Ownership should be banned and each company needs to be independent toinsist on opinions or objective facts, then like a ETTMINUTT campaign, the opportunities to learn media literacy
for Japanese people need to be adopted. It has also alleged that there are some methods for individual Japanesepeople, Japanese companies, and the Japanese government to do, such as researching the source, defining thecompany's position, and opportunities for teenagers to learn about media skills. It is important to think about what
information or other opinions are not reported, so the Japanese people should watch other news programmes andread other newspaper companies to compare the information. From my point of view, it is good to learn for
individuals about media literacy, because the effect of low media literacy would cause the swaying of people by therumors, and cause complicated confusion.
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Natural Disasters between Japan and Canada
Hana Kimura
Natural disasters are one of the big problems of the world. Recently, there have been large scale natural
disasters. Earthquakes are the most common natural disaster in Japan. In March 2011, the Great East Japan

Earthquake, with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale, was the largest earthquake in Japan's earthquake
observation history and caused many victims. August 2019 will see many natural disasters other than earthquakes,
such as the torrential rains in northern Kyushu. I hope people of the world will be able to calm down and deal with
it. And also get a better shaped future. I think knowing the effects of natural disasters can help prevent them fromhappening. Natural disasters are one of the big problems of the world. Recently, there have been large scale natural
disasters. I will use this essay to examine the differences in response between countries and the frequency ofdisasters. I hope that we can absorb the good things about our country's response and think about how we can better
deal with disasters. Because of the high number of disasters in Japan, the government is promoting efforts to achieve"zero casualties" from natural disasters and to work together. Natural disasters are one of the big problems of theworld. Recently, there have been large scale natural disasters. Earthquakes are the most common natural disaster inJapan. In March 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake, with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale, was thelargest earthquake in Japan's earthquake observation history and caused many victims. August 2019 will see many
natural disasters other than earthquakes, such as the torrential rains in northern Kyushu. I hope people of the world
will be able to calm down and deal with it, and also get a better shaped future. I think knowing the effects of natural
disasters can help prevent them from happening. This thesis will discuss the effect of natural disasters, a comparisonof disaster Response in Canada and Japan and problems and solutions for dealing with natural disasters in Canada
and Japan. In order for people to live safely in the event of a disaster, they must be able to calmly use their own
country's response and systems.
I
247
There are three effects for natural disasters. First, I will write about the impact on the economy. Natural
disasters can easily cause a country's economy to collapse and social systems to collapse because it costs money tobuild a human shelter and to feed the people in the shelter. If public facilities are damaged by natural disasters, thegovernment should bear the burden. For example public lavatory is important for the homeless, city and district
offices are also places where people need to go for procedures. The cost of repairs is expensive but it is necessary.
And also the government should Financial security for people who have lost their homes in a fire or earthquake.
When natural disasters happen, people often lose homes. Losing home means personal property, memories, andthings are often lost too. The person who took out the loan has to pay a lot of money too. It is very stressful forthem. This will increase unemployment and hurt the economy. 248Second, I will write about natural disasters and theeffects on culture. Natural disasters can easily take away a lot of culture. This is because natural disasters take thelives of cultural heritage buildings and people by their overwhelming force. For example, natural disasters damage
historic buildings and cultural heritage. If these buildings are gone, people can not learn history from a real building.
And also it could lead to the extinction of Indigenous Peoples. In addition, there could be the eradication of
intangible cultural heritage, such as festivals, with the extinction of indigenous peoples. 249Thirdly, I will show you
the effect of natural disasters on infrastructure. There are many impacts that can only be solved if the state supports
it as a political entity. A growing number of people are being called climate refugees and environmental migrants.
Therefore the Government should make new policies to help people called climate refugees and environmental
migrants. During and after events like hurricanes and floods, standing water can be a breeding ground for pathogenic
bacteria and disease vectors like mosquitoes. In cases where transportation capabilities and infrastructure aredamaged, survivors of natural disasters can be cut off from life-saving medications for both acute and chronic
conditions, and be isolated from rescue and emergency healthcare services. This is so the Government has to makean effort to make sure that medical care and other resources are available.

II
There are several comparisons and contrasts of natural disasters. First, I will write about Japan’s frequencyof natural disasters between 2000 and 2020. And also I will write about the scale of natural disasters and how thegovernment responds to natural disasters. Japan is known to experience large scale disasters, but this information is247

Amadeo, K. (n.d.). “Natural Disasters Are a Bigger Threat Than Terrorism,” the balance, August 31, 2020,
accessed August23, 2020,
248
Claire Meyer, " How Culture Influences Disaster Recovery. (n.d.). " What Are the Negative Effects of Natural
Disasters? July01, 2019, accessed August 25, 2020,
249
Lynsey Grosfield, " What Are the Negative Effects of Natural Disasters?" SCIENCING, April 25, 2018,
accessed August 23, 2020,

necessary for comparison with Canada. I also need to make sure that the country does in fact have a history of majordisasters. 250In Japan, 220 natural disasters occurred between 2000 and 2020. The famous Tohoku Earthquake in the
Pacific Ocean (Great East Japan Earthquake). 251This is a massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake struck on March 11,
2011, the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan. It was the largest earthquake in Japan's recorded history, with amaximum intensity of 7 on the Japanese scale. A massive tsunami struck the Pacific coast of eastern Japan, causing
extensive damage. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident occurred, and Japan faced one of thegreatest national crises of the post-war era. 252Next, I will describe the scale of natural disasters in Japan. According
to the Kumamoto Prefectural Police on July 13, 2020, the cause of death and location of the 64 deaths in theprefecture, 52 people died of drowning, 33 of which were found indoors. It has also had a significant economic
impact, with damage to agriculture, forestry and fisheries amounting to 172.9 billion yen as of August 14, 2011.
From June 28 to July 8, 2018, the July 2018 torrential rains that occurred in western Japan and a wide area acrossthe country, including Hokkaido and the Chubu region, caused extensive damage. 263 dead, 8 missing, 484 injured.
6,783 dwellings totally destroyed, 11,346 partially destroyed, 4362 partially damaged, 6,982 flooded above thefloor, and 21,637 flooded under the floor Damage to 720 public buildings and 6100 other non-residential buildings.
Another thing worth discussing is how to deal with natural disasters. Based on the damage estimates, people plan thedetails of dispatch and the amount needed for each area in advance, and immediately after the disaster, we begin
preparing for dispatch and procuring supplies based on the plan, and Implement emergency measures such as rescue
and medical care, while modifying activities in response to damage and other information. 253For example, when the
Great East Japan Earthquake struck, The Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters responded to disasters causedby the nuclear power plant accident, and the Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters responded to disasters
caused by the earthquake and tsunami. In the immediate aftermath, the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters
issued evacuation orders, rescued people, supported evacuation centers and supplied supplies, and cooled andwatered the core.The Emergency Disaster Response Headquarters was responsible for rescue and relief work, searchand rescue, shelter support and supplies, and emergency restoration of lifelines. After that, the Reconstruction
Agency and the Ministry of the Environment were contracted to do the work. Second, I will write about Canada’s
frequency of natural disasters between 2000 and 2020. And also I will write about the scale of natural disasters andhow the government responds to natural disasters. The Canadian government had compiled information about thedisaster in a way that was easy to understand, so it was easy to get information.From 2000 to 2020, the number ofdisasters in Canada was 148 items. The 2018 North American heat wave affected regions of Canada, where at least
70 deaths in Quebec were heat-related, the United States, where 18 states between Michigan and New Mexico
issued heat advisories to a population of over 60 million people, and of Mexico, particularly the northwest andcentral regions. Next, I want to talk about the scale of natural disasters. Disasters in Canada are few and far between
for the sheer number of them. Here are some of the biggest disasters in Canada. Two people were killed in separate
incidents on Sept. 29, 2003, knocking down power lines and trees, Halifax Mayor Peter Kelly said. This is hurricane
damage. Finally I will talk about How the government responds to natural disasters. At the federal level, theGovernment of Canada mobilizes its resources when assistance is requested or when the emergency involves morethan one province or territory. For most emergencies, the Department of Public Safety can coordinate the federal
government's response in the health sector and provide emergency funding to the provinces and territories. In theevent of an emergency that poses a risk to public health, Health Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada
play an important role in protecting the health and safety of Canadians.
III
There are several problems and solutions. First, I will write about whether or not people have a disaster prevention
plan in place in Japan and Canada. The term "disaster prevention plan" refers to whether or not an "individual" has adisaster prevention plan in place. Some people believe that Japan's major disasters are man-made and stem from alack of disaster-preparedness. Many people think that if a disaster occurs, they can just go to the nearest gymnasiumor other evacuation center and receive relief supplies, and then the national and local governments will help them.
This is exactly the mechanism for dealing with disasters that has been established based on past experience.
250

Japan Meteorological Agency. “Examples of weather that led to disasters” Japan meteorological Agency.
"特集 東日本大震災" 防災情報のページ - 内閣府, 2012, accessed August 25, 2020,252“日本で起きた災害一覧” ボウサイ 7, August 25, 2020,
253
Reconstruction agency. “The Government's Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake” Reconstruction
agency, October 2015251

However, recent changes in the social structure, such as a declining birthrate and aging population and a decrease in
the number of local government employees, have brought a limit to this system, which was still functioning at thetime of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (1995). Many of the evacuees are now elderly, and public assistance isreaching its limits due to financial and manpower shortages.There are many problems on the ground, such as thedifficulty in sorting supplies, the inability to deliver needed supplies when needed, and the aging of the population
making it difficult for people to be autonomous in evacuation centers. 254In a survey on how many people are highly
aware of disaster preparedness, 70.8% of respondents answered that they are not taking any disaster prevention
measures, compared to the figure in Figure 1. Unfortunately, 59.8% of the respondents answered "No" to thequestion "Do you think you should start preparing for disasters now, knowing the number of natural disasters that
occur from September to December, based on the information released by the government. In addition to the resultsof the above survey, also asked what disaster prevention measures are in place at the company where they work andwhat kind of disaster prevention goods are always on hand. These survey results indicate a lack of interest in natural
disasters. 255In Canada, while 98 per cent of respondents reported participating in some type of household
emergency planning activity, such as creating a home escape plan, far fewer Canadians had prepared an emergency
supply kit. Only 47 per cent reported setting aside items such as water, food, medicine, flashlights or cash. Other
precautionary measures include 58 per cent reported having a wind-up or battery-operated radio in their home. 48
per cent had an alternate heat source. 43 per cent had an alternate water source on hand. 23 percent possessed aback-up generator. Most Canadians have made some preparations for when disaster strikes, but a new survey reveals
that less than half have set aside supplies they could use to survive in an emergency. Second, I will talk about
privacy issues in the aftermath of a disaster. In an evacuation center, it is not easy to maintain the same living
environment as at home. The lack of privacy, such as the lack of partitions in living spaces, changing rooms, andnursery facilities, can be a major burden on evacuees. In fact, there have been cases of people dying anddeteriorating health or even dying in their homes (disaster-related deaths) as a result of sleeping in their cars or in
their damaged homes because they were too concerned about their surroundings to stay in a shelter. Nonprofits andpolice are calling for caution, as women and children are at greater risk of becoming victims of violence after amajor disaster. They say it is important to take the opinions of women and children into account and create sheltersthat take their privacy into account. According to a 2013 report by the Great East Japan Earthquake Women's
Support Network, a group of researchers and women's support groups, of the 82 cases of violence and rape or
attempted rape that occurred after the disaster, 16 were perpetrated or damaged during March 2011. The victims
were said to have been assaulted or harmed in 16 of these cases in March 2011. A woman in her 20s said, "At nightat the shelter, a man would come in the blanket"; a woman in her 30s said, "A man was staring at me while I was
breastfeeding"; the perpetrators included shelter residents, leaders, neighbors in temporary housing and volunteers.
Finally there are solutions to the above issues in detail. There are five specific measures to be taken in the event of anatural disaster. First, large furniture should be fastened to prevent it from falling over. Second, people should makesure they know where to run to when a disaster strikes, no matter where you are. Third, people should stockpile
drinking water and emergency food so that they will be able to live on their own even if lifelines such as electricity,gas, water and communication lines are cut off. Fourth, even if people have a cell phone, they should decide with
their family how to check its safety since it may be difficult to connect to the network during a disaster and you may
not be able to contact it. Fifth, make a disaster backpack. Prepare a disaster backpack so that each individual canhave what he or she needs. People should prepare their own supplies and medicines that are not provided at the
shelter but are necessary for each person. In order to get people to implement these things, we need to make people
aware of them first, so we need to actively publicize them. Also, if it were possible to purchase a disaster backpack
or other items at convenience stores and other easy to find stores, people would be able to think about disaster
preparedness more closely and even those who feel it is a hassle would be able to prepare for it. Put both men andwomen in charge of shelter leaders and supplies. Men are often in charge of distributing supplies, but it is difficult
for women to tell men if their underwear fits or sanitary napkins are insufficient. Priority could be also given tohouseholds with infants, people with disabilities, elderly people, and single women. Then, partitions could beinstalled with women-only spaces such as nursery and changing rooms.
IV

General Research Co., “70% of people "do not take any disaster prevention measures" against
natural disasters occurring in Japan!” PRTIMES, Augast 28, 2018, accessed November 22, 2020,
254

255

In conclusion, Disasters have a variety of effects, and while these may be beyond their control without the help ofgovernments and organizations, people may be able to escape the worst case scenario if they are prepared to protect
themselves from disasters. Therefore I hope people know how to solve the problem when a natural disaster occurs.
And also, knowing what to expect when a natural disaster occurs is important. There are no positive points. It canaffect a culture that is difficult to repair. The economic impact is often when there is bold damage to buildings andfacilities. I think knowing how to solve the problem of natural disasters is easy. This is because people have theirown smartphone or PC so people can get information easily. However there were many problems that people knew
about, but couldn't handle on their own. In such cases, they have to take the help of the government. As for impacts,
there are more than just the ones I've written about, so humans must always keep up to date on the potential impactsof an emergency. Because Canada has a larger land area than Japan, there are more disasters in Canada than inJapan, but the number of disasters in Japan was also higher. Japan's disasters were numerous and devastating.
Japan's natural disasters are often earthquakes, and more recently, torrential rains and typhoons. There was a lot offlooding and tornadoes in Canada. Both countries seemed to be cooperating with the ministries of the environmentand other agencies to protect their citizens' safety in response to the disaster. There were two major problems. The
problem is the same as it is defined in Canada and Japan. The First one is that many people are not able to do theirown individual planning, rather than national disaster planning. This makes natural disasters also known as manmade disasters. It is dangerous to think that if people go to a shelter, they can get away with it. There are manythings that can be prevented if each of us is prepared for a disaster. The second problem was about privacy. This is acommon problem that occurs in shelters after a disaster has occurred. The lack of privacy for women and, of course,
the rest of us can be very taxing. Living in a shelter for a long period of time can be even more stressful, so I think
it's best to have proper control over your privacy. Specifically, I think people can use cardboard dividers, etc.
Bibliography
Amadeo, K. (n.d.). “Natural Disasters Are a Bigger Threat Than Terrorism,” the balance, August 31, 2020,
accessed August23, 2020, https://www.thebalance.com/cost-of-natural-disasters-3306214
Claire Meyer, " How Culture Influences Disaster Recovery. (n.d.). " What Are the Negative Effects of
Natural Disasters? July01, 2019, accessed August 25, 2020, https://www.asisonline.org/securitymanagement-magazine/articles/2019/07/how-culture-influences-disaster-recovery/
Lynsey Grosfield, " What Are the Negative Effects of Natural Disasters?" SCIENCING, April 25, 2018,
accessed August 23, 2020, https://sciencing.com/negative-effects-natural-disasters-8292806.html"特集 東日本大震災" 防災情報のページ - 内閣府, 2012, accessed August 25, 2020,
http://www.bousai.go.jp/kohou/kouhoubousai/h23/63/special_01.html
Japan meteorological Agency. “Examples of weather that led to disasters” Japan meteorological Agency.
https://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/higai/higai1996-new.html“日本で起きた災害一覧” ボウサイ 7, August 25, 2020,
https://www.7mate.jp/saigai/“災害をもたらした気象事例” 国土交通省 気象庁, 2 October, 2020.
https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/data/bosai/report/index.html
Reconstruction agency. “The Government's Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake” Reconstruction
agency, October 2015
https://www.reconstruction.go.jp/topics/20151007154956.html
Government of canada. “Canadian Disaster Database” Public Safety Canada, 12 September, 2013.
https://cdd.publicsafety.gc.ca/rslts-eng.aspx?cultureCode=enCa&boundingBox=&provinces=&eventTypes=%27AV%27,%27CE%27,%27DR%27,%27FL%27,%27H
U%27,%27SO%27,%27TO%27,%27EQ%27,%27TS%27,%27VO%27&eventStartDate=%2720000101%2
7,%2720201231%27&injured=&evacuated=&totalCost=&dead=&normalizedCostYear=1&dynamic=false
CNN. “Hurricane Kills at Least 2 in Nova Scotia.” CNN. Cable News Network, 10 October, 2020.
http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WEATHER/09/29/juan/
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https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-concerns/emergencies-disasters.html
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disasters occurring in Japan!” PRTIMES, Augast 28, 2018, accessed November 22, 2020,
https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000004.000034834.html

Coorsh, K., “Disaster un-preparedness: Most Canadians don't have emergency kits,” CTV news, December
22, 2013, accessed November 22, 2020, https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/disaster-un-preparedness-mostcanadians-don-t-have-emergency-kits-1.2631438
Hungerfree.net. “Natural Disasters: Major Damage Caused by Poverty - Could it be a man-made disaster?
～Natural disasters,” hunger free world, Augasut 1, 2005,accessed November 22, 2020,
https://www.hungerfree.net/hunger/background/special9_2/
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Shimbun Digital, October 24, 2019,accessed November 22, 2020,
https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASMBK46TDMBKUTFL006.html
City.urayasu, “Think about possible problems that may occur during a disaster andand countermeasures.” P-Life, April, 2019, accessed November 22, 2020,
http://www.city.urayasu.lg.jp/_res/projects/default_project/_page_/001/001/364/plifevol20.pdf

Illegal World Trade
Airi Misono
These days there are many illegal world trades taking place around the world. Each year, hundreds ofmillions of plants and animals are caught or harvested from the wild and then sold as food, pets, ornamental plants,
leather, tourist curios, and medicine. While a great deal of this trade is legal and is not harming wild populations,worryingly large proportion is illegal — and threatens the survival of many endangered species. With
overexploitation being the second-largest direct threat to many species after habitat loss, WWF addresses illegal andunsustainable wildlife trade as a priority issue. 256For example, the world is dealing with an unprecedented spike inillegal wildlife trade, threatening to overturn decades of conservation gains. Ivory estimated to weigh more than 23
metric tons—a figure that represents 2,500 elephants—was seized in the 13th largest seizures of illegal ivory in
2011. Poaching threatens the last of our wild tigers that number around 3,890. Therefore we have to stop illegal
world trade and we should think about how to stop it. Also I'd like to talk about specific problems and solutions. In
this essay, I will discuss the solution in order to solve the problem and solution of illegal world trade. Therefore wehave to stop illegal world trade and we should think about how to stop it. Also in this essay, I will talk about pros
and cons of illegal world trade
I
There are several causes and effects, I will talk about the cause of illegal world trade of animals. As humanpopulations have grown, so has the demand for wildlife. They expect access to a variety of seafoods, leather goods,
timbers, medicinal ingredients and textiles. At the other end, extreme poverty means some people see wildlife as avaluable commodity to barter for trade. Also rhino horn, elephant ivory and tiger products continue to command
high prices among consumers, especially in Asia. In Vietnam, the recent myth that rhino horn can cure cancer has
led to massive poaching in South Africa and pushed the price of rhino horn to rival gold.257
Secondly, I will talk about the effect of illegal world trade. Local wildlife is considered an important resource bymany communities, often the poorest, in the developing world. Some rural households depend on wild animals forprotein, trees for fuel, and both wild animals and plants for natural cures. Additionally, there are certain places in theworld where wildlife trade is particularly threatening. That is “wildlife trade hotspots”.
Finally, I will talk about the other effects of illegal world trade. Many invasive species have been purposely
introduced by wildlife traders or buyers. These invasive species prey on or compete with native species and are amajor threat to the balance of nature. For example pet Burmese pythons let loose by their owners are now
considered a major pest in Florida’s everglades. 258

256(n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from zouge torihiki 、 nihon ni kibi sii mesensizyou no kanzen heisa ： asahi sinbun dezitaru .

sema ra reru

(n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2020, from zouge torihiki 、 nihon ni kibi sii mesensizyou no kanzen heisa ： asahi sinbun
258
dezitaru .(n.d.). Retrieved August 28, 2020, fromsema ra reru

257

II
There are some problems and solutions. First of all, I’ll talk about the problem. The international ivory
trade has been illegal since 1990, but it hasn't gone away. So the tide needs to turn toward a near total ban ondomestic ivory trade in countries and regions around the world, including the United States, Britain, France andTaiwan. Since long ago, elephants have been hunted for ivory. Over the past 100 years, it is estimated that the
number of elephants in Africa has declined from 10 million to between 400,000 and 500,000. In the savannah, thenumber of elephants fell by 30 percent between 2007 and 2014, and thousands are killed each year due to poaching.
Additionally, the Indian rhinoceros, which can be 4 meters long, 2 meters tall at the shoulder and have horns that canreach 60 centimeters, lives in the foothills of the Himalayas. In the 1960s, the number of Indian rhinoceroses was
reduced to over 600, but conservation efforts have helped them gradually recover. Since then, the rhinoceros has
been threatened with poaching and serious destruction of its habitat due to civil war and other factors, butconservation efforts have managed to continue, mainly in the few remaining protected areas, and it is now thoughtthat the number of rhinos has increased to about 2,500. As a result, the number of fish, including endangered
species, is decreasing.
Next I’ll talk about a solution. Illegal wildlife trade should be banned worldwide, not just in a limited number ofcountries. For example, ivory poaching is now legal in Japan. This would make a difference between countries
around the world, and would affect countries where ivory poaching is illegal. In the first place, the reason why Japanis legal is because there are few Japanese people who poach and abuse it. However, this is not the case around theworld. So I think we need to make poaching illegal all over the world.
III
There are pros and cons. Firstly, I will talk about the pros of illegal world trade. People in the developingworld are trading in illegal animals to earn the money they need to make a living, even though they know it's illegal.
This is because illegal animals are traded at a high price. Therefore, some people do this even though they know it iswrong. Secondly, I will talk about the cons of illegal world trade. There are certain types of animals that arebecoming fewer and fewer in number because people are hunting, killing and selling animals at their own discretion
without considering the feelings of the animals. For example, Asian statues and American alligators are being
poached. This is because the pelts from these animals can be sold at high prices. Additionally, transnational criminal
gangs operate in fisheries and fishing by, among other things, illegally trespassing into the state's exclusive
economic zone and overfishing its waters. Also the trade in illegal fishing products is reported to be somewhere
between $10 billion and $23.5 billion per year.
IV
In conclusion, I explained about illegal world trade. Ruthless criminal networks are plundering the wild to
supply skyrocketing demand for rhino horn, illegal ivory and tiger parts. From these things, I think we should
volunteer to get rid of these. For example, we have to help poor people, if we do that, one of the causes of smuggling
disappears because some people are trying to get a lot of money from smuggling. So if we collect donation moneyfrom around the world, we can help poor people and some animals. If we can achieve these things, the world will bebetter. Of course, it would require Japan to make poaching officially illegal. There are many animals that are being
sacrificed because of the stupid actions of humans. There are many animals that have lost their families or have been
driven to the point of extinction, and more people need to know that. This illegal trade of creatures is taking place
both on land and in the sea. Improving them also requires cooperation and understanding across borders, and weshould consider a variety of responses. We also need to consider support for people in the region who trade illegally
because they are in need of money.

Bibliography
Retrieved August 28, 2020
https://www.google.co.jp/amp/s/news.livedoor.com/lite/article_detail_amp/18316153/
Retrieved August 28, 2020, zouge torihiki nihon ni kibi sii mesensema ra reru sizyou no kanzen heisa asahi
sinbun dezitaru
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Retrieved August 28, 2020, from zouge torihiki 、 nihon ni kibi sii mesensema ra reru sizyou no kanzen heisa： asahi sinbun dezitaru
https://www.google.co.jp/amp/s/www.asahi.com/amp/articles/ASM8P5GM3M8PUHBI01Q.html

Nuwer, R. (2021, February 10). zoge no iho torihiki o nihon ga jocho ka. Retrieved March 27, 2021, fromhttps://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/09/japan-illegal-ivory-trade-african-elephants-jp/
WWF japan. (2020, October 13). mitsuryo ya iho na torihiki kara yasei seibutsu o mamoro u !. Retrieved
March 27, 2021, fromhttps://www.wwf.or.jp/activities/basicinfo/4048.html

Belief of Religion
Rikako Kobayashi
There are 5.7 billion believers in the major religions (Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists) all aroundthe world according to the Guardian259. People have trusted the religion for its entire history, and created theiridentity and culture from that. However, some of them don’t believe the religion, and reject it. For example, KarlMarx the German philosopher describe the religion as “opium of the people”, also Richard Dawkins who is abiologist say religion is "one of the world's great evils" 260. This essay will show the advantages and disadvantages ofreligion, effect, and the increasing number of non religious people. Religion is interesting to know because it hasconnection with the human mind and has a large influence on society nowadays.
I
There are some positive and negative aspects of religion. On the positive side, religion promotes people tohelp others, such as volunteering. For example Hinduism, there is a non-profit organization, calles HAF in the USA.
Their missions are involved in various fields like environmental protection, hate crime prevention and marriage
equality261. Moreover, They claim that they would support all people in need no matter how different they are about
race, colour, national origin, caste, gender, sexual orientation, age and disability.262 As another example, there is the
Buddhist volunteering organization called NBF in Canada. Their mission is to supply food, clothing, medical careand education to poor children of remote Himalayan villages with no schools. 263 The reason for that is in thereligions theory of "help others' '. For instance, the Hindu of HAF have an important concept called ahimsa, whichmeans not harming or killing anything living, but helping to protect the environment and looking after other people
and animals.264 The Buddhists of NBF have "Dana" . This is the key action of Buddhism, which means the
donation, but also includes sharing, even selfless giving without worrying about getting something in return. 265
However, The World Economic Forum says that religious violence is undergoing a revival and the past
decade has witnessed a sharp increase in violent sectarian or religious tensions. The power struggle in the middle
east, outbreaks of violence across Africa, the persecution of Rohingya in Myanmar and the terrorism by Islamic
extremists. They all happen by religion. One of the processes of religion causes these conflicts is the affection on thepeople's mind. Religion makes people think their particular religion is the only correct one and all the others arefalse, and they use theological texts from their religion to justify their actions like extremists 266.
II
In fact, the influence of religion used to be large in people’s life, but it is decreasing now. The best example
is Latin America. Laying America is the area known for worshiping the Christion the most. It once recorded 90% of
local people believe in Christian.267 However, it now significantly dropped to 69% in 2014.268

259

Harriet Sherwood, "How many believers are there around the world.", Guardian, August 27, 2018,260

Nick Perham, "Why are people religious a cognitive perspective", The Conversation, December 19, 2018,

261“Serving the Hundu America Community Since 2003”, HAF

262“Serving the Hundu America Community Since 2003”, HAF

263"About us", Namo Buddhist Foundation in Canada

264“Serving the Hundu America Community Since 2003”, HAF

265”Dana” Manitoba Buddhist Temple
266

Robert Nuggah, Ali Velshi, "Religious violence is on the rise. What can faith-based communities do about it?", World Economic
Forum, Feb 25,
2019
267

"Religion in Latin America", Pew research, Nov 13, 2014

268

"Religion in Latin America", Pew research, Nov 13, 2014

From the earliest days of colonization, religion (in particular, the Roman Catholic Church) has been adriving force in Latin America, and most countries in this area established Catholicism as their official religion in
their first constitution.269 This decision has generate the widespread of Christiionity and influence on the society.
First, their politics has had religious relationships, and religious parties have been formed like the Social Christian
Party or National Restoration Party. There were no criticisms about the relationships from Latin America, and they
thought the government should promote religious values and beliefs rather than separating church and state. 270
Notwithstanding, now people's opinion has changed. Most of them say they would prefer a government that refrainsfrom promoting religious values and beliefs, and church and state should be “kept separate”.271 The 13 counties outof the surveyed 19 counties have such people account for more than half of the percentage.
A long time ago when most people followed religion, numerous science theories were rejected because
science has some of the denial of religious beliefs. For instance, the theory of evolution has been the target in Latin
America. Pew research says, in 18 countries and Puerto Rico at least one in five people responded that they
believed all living things have always existed in their present form. 272 The one reason is the bible claims that allliving things on our Earth were created by God (Genesis 1:20-26 ICB). Although, most people embraced the theory
that humans and other living things have evolved over time in 2014 despite such a number founded. The percentage
is more than half in 14 countries, and 2 out of them are in the 70% range.
Another topic is same-sex marriage. For Christian, this kind of marriage is actually a problem which is
irrational for a religion and unacceptable because this marriage is falling short of God’s purpose for human beings.
This thought was also common in Latin America. Majorities in 13 of the 18 countries, plus Puerto Rico, treated thismarriage as illegal, so they have hindered the promotion and acceptance of LGBT people.273 Nevertheless, seme sex
has been accepted now. The countries in Latin America, except only nine states, has legalized same-sex marriage
since Argentina started in 2010. 274 For example, Argentina, Colombia, the Falkland Islands, and even Brazil whichis regarded as a socially conservatice country. 275 As a result, the major countries in 2020 and 2019 have seen adouble-digit increase in acceptance of same-sex marriage, according to Pew research. 276
III
While there is less influence of religion on society, the number of non religious people called atheists isincreasing in the world. There are three facts that support the increase. According to Pew research, the number of
non religious people in 2020 is about 1.1 billion, which is higher than the number of Hindus and it is expected to go
up to about 1.2 billion in a decade.277 Furthermore, lots of these people tend to be young and especially in developed
countries. Pew research says 53 countries out of 102 researched countries are illustrated that the number of young
atheists is more significant than old atheists, and only 3 countries have higher numbers by old age. 278Also most of
the 53 counties are placed in developed countries which are Europe, North and West America and South East Asia
which are around Singapore.279
First is the development of science and certain knowledge. In ancient times, people didn't know manythings, like the creation of living things or changing weather. 280 Then people create God as the answer to thesequestions. God became the owner of the greater power to control everything, and even people’s life. They started toworship God and seek help when they were in difficult situations such as famine, drought, plague because they
believe God can change everything for them. 281 However, now the science has been developed, and people knowthat ancestors didn’t know with certain scientific proof. Then, the reasons baked into God have been regarded as

269"Chapter 7 view of politics", pew research, Nov 13, 2014

270

"Chapter 7 view of politics", pew research, Nov 13, 2014

271

"Chapter 7 view of politics", pew research, Nov 13, 2014

272

David Masci, " For Darwin Day, 6 facts about the evolution debate", Pew research, Feb 11, 2019273

Cheris Greenough, "Using the bible against LGBTQ+ people is an abuse of scripture", The conversation, Jan 29, 2020

274

Anastasia Moloney, "U.N. envoy urges Latin America to tackle consevative attack on LGBT+ rights", Reuters

275

Anastasia Moloney, "U.N. envoy urges Latin America to tackle consevative attack on LGBT+ rights", Reuters

276

Chapter5: Social Attitude, pew research, Nov 13, 2014

277

Religious Composition by Country 2010-2050, Pew Research Center Apl 2, 2015, Nov 22, 2020

278

2.Young adults around the world are less religious by severa; measures, Pew Research Center, Jun 12, 2018279

2.Young adults around the world are less religious by severa; measures, Pew Research Center, Jun 12, 2018280

Reasons people choose atheism, Oct 22, 2009, BBC

281

Reasons people choose atheism, Oct 22, 2009, BBCfake, and become meaningless for people. 282 Additionally, the difference in value between science and religion
makes it more significant. The value of science is based on the doubt and understanding of everything. 283 Richard
Feynman says the essence of science was “bending over backwards to prove ourselves wrong.”. 284 On the other
hand, the value of religion is just believing in God even if they have little understanding of the details such as theexistence of God . 285 It is obvious people who follow science might find how suspicious religion is, and they arelikely to less follow that.
Not only science but in people's day life, atheism has the chance to meet people. According to the survey ofAllen Downey from Olin College of Engineering in Massachusetts, he assumes internet use contributes to thedeclining number of religious followers. 286 He found that the movements that increased the percentage of internet
use and people who weren’t into religion were similar. 287 Internet use started to increase in 1999, and in 2010, 35
percent of the people who spent about two hours per week online and 25 percent spent more than 7 hours. At thesame time, the figure of people not dependent on religion started to increase to 8%. Then the figure went up twotimes in 2010. 288As a reason for that, he considered the internet enabling people the opportunities to findinformation about atheists and to interact with them personally. 289
When it comes to more large-scale, globalisation also gets involved in the expanding numbers of nonbelievers by causing the hate of religion. Pazit Ben-Nun Bloom and Gizem Arikan show the average level ofreligious discrimination in the world rose by 11.4 percent from 1990 to 2002. For instance, regulating religious
symbols and literature to broadcasting. 290 Authors assume this is due to the bringing of globalisation. They say
globalisation emphasizes the group’s values in the world and encourages the loss of identity and the sense of adisintegrating community. 291Additionally, this occasion has continued to increase, as of 2009, one third of the world
population (32%) face the restriction of religion. Globalisation was increasing at the same time, so it can be thoughtthat this is also the effect of globalization.292
IV
There are beneficial things about volunteering and drawbacks about lack of peace. In my opinion, thereason why religion is being criticised is because of the wrong way to spread such as the affection of religion topeople's minds in the third paragraph. Religion is not for people to make conflict, the purpose of religion is toachieve the goals of salvation for oneself and others and to render due worship and obedience to God. 293
Moreover, religion’s decreasing influence in the above three sectors is obvious. In my opinion, why this ishappening is the emergence of postmodernism in our society. Postmodernism means recognizing and coexisting
various values in one society. This movement happens through globalization proven by Jean Francois Lyotard who
is a sociologist.294 Since this moment happened, we have had the opportunity to accept different religious ideas, andwe have stopped emphasizing only one religion since it might be the rejection of other religions. That is the key forthe strong promotion of religious influence. Additionally, there is also the possibility that various ideas will change
one's original identity. Finally when it comes to how to acquire such ideas, school will be influential. For instance,
when comparing the percentage of believing in evolution theory in people who took formal education( that
influenced by postmodernism) and less education, the former has 52%, and 35% of the latter. Therefore, education
is a crucial organ for socializing people, and this is agreed by many scholars such as sociologists.
Finally, science, internet and globalisation aspects are involved in the expansion of atheism. I consider that282

Reasons people choose atheism, Oct 22, BBC, 2009

283

Paul Bloom, Scientific Faith is Different From REligious Faith, The Atlantic, Nov 24, 2015

284

Jerry Coyne, Yes, there is a war between science and religion, The conversation, Dec 21. 2018

285

Paul Bloom, Scientific Faith is Different From REligious Faith, The Atlantic, Nov 24, 2015

286

Emerging Technology from the arXiv, How the internet is Taking Away American's Religion, MIT Technology Review, Apr 2, 2014

287

Emerging Technology from the arXiv, How the internet is Taking Away American's Religion, MIT Technology Review, Apr 2, 2014

288

Emerging Technology from the arXiv, How the internet is Taking Away American's Religion, MIT Technology Review, Apr 2, 2014

289

Emerging Technology from the arXiv, How the internet is Taking Away American's Religion, MIT Technology Review, Apr 2, 2014

290

Pazit Ben-Nun Bloom, Gizem Arikan, Globalisation has contributed to declining of religious freedom across the world, USAPP

291

Pazit Ben-Nun Bloom, Gizem Arikan, Globalisation has contributed to declining of religious freedom across the world, USAPP

292

Rising Restrictions on Religion-One third of the world's population experience and increase-, Pew Research Center, Aug 9, 2011

293

Richard Swinburne, "Purpose of Religion", Oxford Scholarship Online, 2005

294

Jean François Lyotard, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Sep 21, 2018

these thighs are a feature of developed countries, and significant for the younger generation. For example thedeveloped countries, America cretats the corona vaccine from their well science skill and is famous for Google andFacebook’s birth country, Europe and Canada is known for well accepting migrations, one of the contributing
factors to globalism. They all have high science skills, internet connection and globalism that is related to theideology of atheism. On the other hand, the younger generation has a good internet connection through phone orinternet which most of all have. This connection promotes globalization like communication and spreads
knowledge. Hence, it is possible for young people to get atheist identity without any restriction.
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Environment for Animals in Germany and Japan
Kanade Ueda
According to the Ministry of the Environment, in 2018, more than 90,000 dogs and cats were taken to animal
shelters and 38,000 of them were culled. However, Germany does not kill any animals. There are some advanced
nations of animal protection in Europe, and Germany is very famous for having rich animal welfare laws and facilities
called "Tierheim". Compared with European countries, it is said that Japanese animal protection is 100 years behind.
Now, animal protection is one of the most important problems Japan has to deal with immediately. In 2018, although
35,535 dogs and 56,404 cats came to animal shelters then 3,726 dogs which account for 10% and 10,450 cats that
account for 19% were brought to animal shelters by their owners. Even if the management of pet shops is banned andpeople take charge of new animals using animal shelters, it does not have meaning unless the number of animals thatare abandoned by their owners reduces. In the Japanese pet market, the scale of the pet industry has become bigger
every year, and according to Yano Economics Research Centre, the scale of the total pet market in 2014 was about
1,450 billion yen but in 2018, it was about 1,544 billion yen. This thesis will discuss the similarities and differencesof structure and system of animal welfare in Japan and Germany. Also, I will mention why many pets have to leave
their owners, and how we can solve this problem in order to deepen everyone’s understanding about the poor Japaneseenvironment surrounding pets.
I
First, animal welfare has some similarities between Japan and Germany. One of them is the facilities inanimal shelters. Almost all facilities in both countries have buildings to accommodate animals, grounds, employees,
volunteers, veterinarians, and para veterinary workers. The number of them depends on the scale of animal shelters,
but animals can receive minimum care for the living. Secondly, the management of animal shelters is helped by many
donors. To run these facilities needs a lot of money such as food, utility bill payment, and toys for animals. In the caseof Tierheim Berlin, it has 15,000 members and 10,000 donors. Members have to pay 20 euro: about 2,500 JPY as ofAugust 17th in 2020 at least monthly. Also, donors support Tierheim by sending money as they like. There is no detailon how many donors Kyoto Animal Protection Centre has, but they also receive some money from supporters.
However, there are several clear differences in the scale of facilities and laws between Japan and Germany. Article 1
in the German Animal Welfare Act which is some of the strictest legislation in the world says that people must protect

animals as "fellow creatures" and their well-being is based on human responsibility. Owners have to prepare a dried
bed and house with a roof to avoid wind and rain if they have a pet outside, and they have to attach a lead so that dog
can move freely. In Japan, there is the Cruelty to Animals Act. This law mentions that it aims to prevent intrusion into
human's lives, bodies, and property, and problems for the living environment by not only values life but also having
pets in the right way. Japanese think about animals as objects people should protect and love. Nevertheless, there areso many animals that are killed. Second, German animal shelters are totally different from Japanese ones. There areover 500 animal shelters called "Tierheim'' in Germany. A report by PEDGE said that Tierheim, especially in Berlin,is the greatest facility for animals in the world and is the biggest animal shelter in Europe. Tierheim Berlin has 140
employees, 600 volunteers, 10 veterinarians and para veterinary workers, and sites of 185,000 square meters: the sameas 4 Tokyo Dorms. It has many environments such as waterside, forest, and grassland, so any kinds of creatures canlive where they should be. Also, animal's health is managed completely and their bad habits, just as biting and barking
are fixed. Therefore 15,000 animals are taken to the Tierheim annually, but over 90% of them can get new owners. Ifanimals could not get a new owner, they can live in Tierheim until they die naturally. On the other hand, the qualityof Japanese animal shelters and facilities are poorer than in Germany. That is because compared to Kyoto Animal
Protection Centre, the scale of facilities is larger. Its area is 11,300 square meters, the number of employees andvolunteers are 140 and 100 people respectively, also 3 veterinarians and 3 para veterinary workers stay there. Thisfacility can not accommodate more than 44 dogs and 80 cats, so Kyoto Animal Protection Centre can not accept alarge number of animals. The biggest difference is the length of accommodation. Basically, Japanese animal shelters
can hold them for about a week. Hence when a week has passed, they are culled. However German animal shelters
hold protected animals until dying, so no animals are killed without rational reasons.
II
There are three categories of reasons why pets are abandoned. Firstly, one cause of this problem is in the pet
shop and breeder side. Pet shops are selling kittens and puppies to customers who want to have pets, and benefit fromit. The more pets are sold, the more kittens and puppies they need to stock. Therefore pet shops request breeders tobreed more dogs and cats. If there are some popular kinds, the supply sometimes becomes too much. Kittens andpuppies passed from two to three months after being born are very popular among people. However, If half a year has
passed since they were born, the popularity decreases significantly and they tend to be unsold. These unsold animals
end up being taken to animal shelters and being culled. Although some kind pet shops hold transfer meetings incooperation with an animal protection group and protect them until they find new owners, it costs much, so the numberof such pet shops is still small. When unavoidable problems appear, there are some cases where owners have toseparate from their pets. The most unavoidable reason is emergency and disease. In fact, there were many wandering
dogs and cats during the Great East Japan Earthquake. Though they could not record details, the Ministry ofEnvironment reported that These animals were left by the owner because of the evacuation. Other reasons mentioned
as avoidable are moving, transfer, staying at the hospital, entering senior citizen’s homes, and allergy. People can not
avoid and escape from this problem because it is inevitable that both animals and people will grow older and theenvironment around people can always be changed. On the other hand, there are many people who have pets easily,
but some of them have a serious problem about awareness of having dogs and cats. Of course, any animal will grow.
However, some owners say that their pets grew, and became unexpected sizes and visuals, and became bigger thanthey think. Also, there is someone who says get bored and is no longer cute. The owner has some obligations to takecare of the animal, for example, paying for medical expenses and vaccinations and training. Owners who keep animals
casually do not want to pay such money, or they can not discipline properly and eventually throw away the animals.
Also, people have several opportunities to move, transfer, change the family makeup and living environment. Then,owners can not live with their pets in a new house because the house bans them from living with pets. Therefore, lowawareness and a new environment can be one of the causes of abandoning animals.
III

There are some methods to solve this problem. Firstly, increasing the merits of getting pets from animal
shelters might change people’s way of thinking about animal shelters. The animal shelter has not been still into themajor means of having a pet yet. Pet shops are around us and it is easy for people to adopt pets, but people in Japando not go because according to the reports by HOGO animal future project, people do not know about animal shelters
clearly, and feel that it is difficult to adopt because of strict rules 295. However, the population adopting new pets fromanimal shelters will go up by knowing the advantages of that. For example, having dogs and cats from animal shelters
can save some steps which people must do to have their pets. Shelters often microchip, spay, neuter and vaccinate theanimals that come into their care. This lets new owners save a lot of money because you do not have to pay for theprocedures yourself and it ensures the pet you are taking home is healthy. Also, the prices of adopting a pet from ashelter are often lower than the rates charged by breeders. Spaying and neutering animals are important in controllingthe animal population and these are required to owners not to increase more than needed. Animal shelters often help
people with spaying and neutering, this is very helpful for owners 296. Also, adopting an animal from a shelter meansthat your new pet has been spayed or neutered where possible.
Next, the function of pet shops will be a more important point for animal protection. Pet shops in Japan haveseveral roles such as selling animals, food, toys, goods needed to have, and snacks for them. To promote being adopted
from animal shelters, it is important that pet shops should not sell puppies and kittens. Generally, they are sold fromabout 300 thousand yen at the lowest to about 1 million yen at the highest, pet shop side may have big damage,
however, owners need to buy some goods and services as long as their pets are alive, so pet shops will benefit fromowners in the long run. That is why the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications reported that owners pay
11.5 thousand yen and 7.5 thousand yen for dogs and cats monthly on average 297. Lastly, having enough knowledge
about animals people will have is the most important solution and really needed. Many owners start to adopt pets
without knowledge of having animals. Dogs and cats are also creatures, so they live almost the same as humans. In
their life, they may get some disease or have to go to hospitals. Of course, they need food. Also, they have to spay andneuter to control the number of animals. Owners must consider whether they can pay money for them in the future ornot. For example, annual medical fees for dogs and cats by age are reported by Anicom property insurance stockcompany, Japanese pet insurance company, and it says when a dog and cat are 0 years old, their owners need under
20 thousand yen to pay medical fees. However, as they get older, it becomes more expensive. The report also saysthat when animals are aged 12, about 150 thousand yen and about 80 thousand yen are needed for a dog and cat
respectively298. As this information, there is much information that owners and people who will have pets need toknow. Also, this responsibility can be in people or groups who transfer animals.
IV
As shown, both Japan and Germany have separate systems for animal protection. As you could see, all of the
figures of people who are in, area, and what people do for animals are different and Teirheim is better in everything.
I think that Japanese people look at animals as creatures that cannot live without humans too much, but people inGermany treat them as "fellow creatures". Therefore, in Germany, people tend to think that they must not kill animals
as humans must not kill humans. For these reasons, I think we have to change our thinking towards animals. For
example, pet shops in Japan should ban commercial sales of animals. In Germany, sales of animals are not banned,
but some animal organizations decided to ban them. I think it will help to increase the transfer of animals. Owners
have to feed their pets but they give us a lot of happiness and healing. Like this, animal welfare is not for the satisfaction

295

Eri Nishihira, 保護犬や保護猫、引き取りたいけど難しいかも？譲渡の条件とは, Shippo, published
December 5th, 2018
296
Elena Barnard, 10 benefits of adopting a pet, Animal Friends, published February 3rd, 2015297
総務省統計局, ペット関連品目の状況[PDF file], published March 29th, 2019298

Ami Toshinaga, ペットの医療負担は全額自己負担 小さな家族の病気に備える！ ペット保険を考えよう, Monja, published March 28th, 2020

of humans. Japan seeks to be zero for the number of animals that are culled. If Japan cares about animals, we can becloser to advanced nations for animal welfare.
Also, you can clearly understand that the owners’ selfish reasons are the biggest cause of abandoned pets.
People who do not have enough knowledge about having pets such as how much money will abandon their animals,
because most animal owners need to pay a lot of money for animals. From my point of view, owners should keep
space and a great environment for their pets. People can decide everything about animals, but pets can not do anything.
Therefore the lives of animals depend on what we do for them. People ought to have a responsibility, so everything
their pets do is the owners’ responsibility. Hence I think if they can not have pets at a new home, they should findpeople instead. Also, before welcoming new family members, owners have to think about how much area is needed
to have, whether they have enough time to take care of animals and if pets get diseases, whether they can pay for them.
By doing so, people do not leave their pets.
It can be said that changing the way of thinking people already have and increasing the quality of pet shops
is needed immediately. Nothing is more important than knowing about having animals, so knowing is needed whenpeople create new rules about animal protection, starting to have animals, and raising them. Animal shelters give
people who want to have animals some strict requirements. People feel tedious about this, but I think they should
know this is not for owners and is for animals. They should have the resolution and responsibility to own one life ofanimals. Also, something people do not expect might happen besides what I mentioned in each paragraph. In such asituation, owners have to respond and solve problems with a big responsibility. Although some citizens say Japan
should use their taxes for animals, we must think more seriously about this problem than they think now and takeaction to protect animals as fellow creatures.

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The Importance of Having A Personality in Japan
Kanon Yokoyama
Human beings always have some identities. Especially in Japan, there is a culture that emphasizes identity. For
example, in Japan, China and South Korea, it is common for people to describe themselves by their last names whenpeople introduce themselves. However, in Western countries, the order of first name and last name is customary.299

299

Jenna Clayton, “ What Is Personal Identity? - Definition, Philosophy & Development”, Study.com,

There are some reasons why there is a difference between these countries. The professor of the University of Tokyo
said, this is because Social identity is a really important thing for Japanese people . 300When it comes to Individuality,
Individual identity is also important as a social identity. Since the revolutionary technology of AI was born in themodern society, having a personality that is competitive with AI is becoming more important in today's businesses
and society these days.301 This essay will show you which social identity or individual identity should be focused by
Japanese people through discussing the advantages and disadvantages of having a strong identity and personality inorder to find good ways to express yourself and show which methods work best for people.
I
As I said in the introduction, there are two types of identities. First one is Social identity. This means aperson's sense of who they are based on their group memberships such as sports teams, religions, nationalities,
occupations, sexual orientation, and ethnic groups. Of course all people have some social groups. 302 According todata from Waseda University, Japanese people are often said by the United states" Japanese people do the same things
as others and make some groups that are called a communal society in order to involve other Japanese people as
little as possible .303 However, the real reason why Japanese people often gather is that the work environment is suchthat most people work for a long time so Japanese can not have alone time. 304Additionally, Japanese culture is one of
the reasons for this. Japanese have original thinking. That is “WA,” which is cooperative, so it was thought that thepersonal idea isn't suitable for the social group from the old days. 305 Moreover, as a result of a study on the history ofthought, the view that Japanese are collectivist was not true. It was expressed by Westerners, especially Americans,and accepted by the Japanese.
The other one is personal identity. This personal identity is the concept you develop about yourself thatevolves over the course of your life. This may include aspects of your life that you have no control over, such as where
you grew up or the color of your skin, as well as choices you make in life, such as how you spend your time and what
you believe. 306When it comes to identity, “individuality” was first born in Japan. In 1915 when the individuality wastranslated into Japanese for the first time. 307 In other words, the “individuality” has only a short history of about 105
years.308 Therefore many modern Japanese misunderstand the nuances of individuality in many situations, such as thepattern of thinking that individuality should not match people. Especially in school education, sometimes confusing“difference” with “individuality” 309 The original meaning of individuality is the quality or character of a particularperson or thing that distinguishes them from others of the same kind, especially when strongly marked. 310
II
There are some merits of having an individual identity. To begin with, the definition of personality is a systemconstituted of distinct psychological functions that, when integrated, characterize the singular form that every
individual acts in the world. 311This personality can advance you not only in your career, but also in your social andromantic life and because of the emphasis on diversity in today's world, diversity, so to speak, of each individual
human being, has the social advantage of maximizing diversity in human resources and accelerating businesscreation.312Actually, the implication of the study conducted by Wright (2013) said that the search in the individual
accessed August 21
Atumesa Fujiwara, ”日本人と集団主義” accessed August 21,2020,
301
Jun Horimizu,これからの社会で なぜ「多様性」が求められるのか,「多様性」で拓く生徒の未来.
302
Author unknown, “What is social identity??, HOWSTUFFWORKS, accessed August 21,2020
303
Atumesa Fujiwara, ”日本人と集団主義” accessed August 21,2020,
304
Eiko Kumozu, “ 近代日本における「個性」の誕生と展開” 2005, June accessed September 3rd,
300

305

Toshiyuki Fuluno,” 日本人の 6 割は「最初の一歩」が踏み出せない” Nikei Bussines, accessed August 21,
Jenna Clayton, “ What Is Personal Identity? - Definition, Philosophy & Development”, Study.com,
accessed August 21,

306

307

HIroki Suzuki, “日本人はなぜ集団の考えに染まりやすいのか”,Diamond Online, December 19, 2018,
Osamu Hashimoto ”今私たちが考えるべきこと” 2007, March, accessed September 3rd,309
Author unknown,” 「集団主義」という錯覚 ― 日本人論の思い違いとその由来？”,The University ofTokyo,June,2008,
310
Youtarou Takano,” 日本人論の危険なあやまち －文化ステレオタイプの誘惑と罠”, The Sankei News, October 12,
2019311
Jun Horimizu,これからの社会で なぜ「多様性」が求められるのか,「多様性」で拓く生徒の未来.
312
Jun Horimizu,これからの社会で なぜ「多様性」が求められるのか,「多様性」で拓く生徒の未来.
308

goals and Individual identity may lead to successful society and the social good can be attained by allowing
individuals’ freedom to choose what they really aim rather than shaping them to what to decide. 313 Secondly,
Personality is important because it will stick with you, even when you’re an old man or woman. Therefore, having astrong individual identity is the only one way to show oneself at any time.314
The weaknesses of individuality tend to be the competitive parts of our personality. 315 At this point,
individuality is used as a weapon, so to speak, and can actually cause emotional harm that leads to domestic violencein some long-term conflicts. 316Actually, it can even make you a target for bullies.317For this reason, in today's Japanesesociety, individualistic personalities are often seen as a negative thing. For example, if you are called unique, you may
feel like you are being denied, or that you are being discriminated against. 318
III
In order to have and express your inner feelings, people have to find the best way that suits them. First,
fashion is a great outlet to make you happy, such as if you are feeling sad you might choose to wear dull clothes, andif you are feeling happy you might choose to wear bright colors to portray that feeling yourself. One way to do thisis to express yourself. In this way, you can connect yourself to others in your emotions. However, expressing one's
individuality and enjoying fashion in this way is not something that should be taken for granted. In some countriesof our world, there is the problem of fashion being restrictive. In India, Hindu custom dictates that a Hindu woman
is not allowed to wear anything but white from the day her husband dies. No one has ever threatened her to wear awhite sari. However, these women are following the custom. This kind of oppression is so internalized andimprinted that the barriers of custom and tradition cannot be easily broken down. Furthermore, bullying on the basisof individuality is also commonplace in many countries like Japan. There are many people in this world who wear
uniforms and try their best not to stand out from the other children in the world, and live their lives trying not to bebullied. As you can see, not only in Japan but all over the world, there are various customs and pressures from thepeople around us, and if we don't break them, we will all end up the same. As the world-famous designer Alexander
McQueen says, we are one canvas, and we can paint as we please. Having the powerful weapon of original fashionthat breaks down the barriers of old traditions and customs gives each of us the color of our individuality. It's a great
way to express feeling, to show the painting on that canvas as it really is. 319
Secondly, writing about people’s own emotions in a journal or notebook can also be a great way ofconnecting with oneself. It also helps validate feelings which is important as people will understand their likes anddislikes through this process. 320It is a form of self-expression that can lift and empower people to understand they’recomplex feelings and find humor in it. Simply putting words on a page will probably not get all the benefits ofjournaling, but effective journaling can result in many positive outcomes and improvements to people's quality oflife. As people write they discover all that is unsaid within them. People find thoughts that never knew they had andthen people gain access to their own depths.321Moreover, people gain access to their own wisdom. Therefore, writing
about people's emotions is really good for understanding oneself and expressing individuality.
Lastly, using social media. Many people look at brands like Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram for social
networking today, but this communications tool has been everywhere since the early 2000s. 322Social Media, which
has a short history, is a place where millions of people share their lives every day, creating a platform of selfexpression and interesting information. According to the Fenton IMPRINT article, Research shows that social
media improves quality of life.323 It is so easy to get lost in a big world, especially as a teenager. With the use of

313

Matt O'keefe, 6 Reasons Your Personality Is Important, Lifehack.
Katherine Eberhard,The pros and cons of individuality, The Kansas Star, May 09, 2017.
315
Author unknown,個性や主体性は本当に必要なのか？,教育研究所 ARCS,2018.
316
Takayoshi Doi, いまの若者たちにとって「個性的」とは否定の言葉である,現代ビジネス,2017.
317
Takayoshi Doi, いまの若者たちにとって「個性的」とは否定の言葉である,現代ビジネス,2017.
318
Author unknown,個性や主体性は本当に必要なのか？,教育研究所 ARCS,2018.
314

319

Kaustav Dey, How fashion helps us express who we are, TED, March 28th.
Author unknown,How to really express yourself,BetterSelf, March 24, 2019.
321
Author unknown,Journaling for Mental Health,Rochester,2019.
322
Jill Ben, Twitter launches, History, July 15 th.
323
Author unknown,Understanding Social Media and Using it to Improve Your Life,Kaitoma Creatives, 24
October 2019320

social media, teenagers have an outlet to express themselves, which is important because expression is key during
the teenage years. Especially among teens , the social network serves as a big presence. It allows them to put theirbest self out there, brand their content, network, express themselves and build relationships. This means social
network services such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook provide the opportunity to express the characteristics ofpeople by posting some pictures, stories.
IV
In conclusion, Japanese people are not like “A Japanese who adapts to anything from other people” that
Americans think. I think the main reason why American people think Japanese people seem to not know how to show
their personality and what individuality is. However, if Japanese people can show their personality and individuality
more deeply, not only American people but also other country’s people can understand that Japanese people do notalways adapt to everything as a group. From this research, I feel that the individuality we encounter in life is not
something we want to have, but something we find out about in life. Therefore, I think Personality and focusing on
individual identity is important for Japanese people because personality can make you even more professional andthat is what makes us one of a kind. In order to make the personality that is needed by Japanese people, people canuse so many ways to express oneself in this world, not only in the fashion and social network services and journals
described in this study, but also in many other ways. Each person chooses his or her own way of expression, and I
believe that individuality comes with all things. An effective way of expressing your personality depends largely on
the environment you are in, your emotions and so on, but the more you express yourself in any way, the more you will
discover. I believe that the more we discover ourselves, the more we can express our true selves.

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The Mental Health Problems and Sucide in Japan
Lula Hayashi

Recently in Japan, the suicide of entertainers has shocked the people. The mental health problems andsuicide is a big issue not only in Japan but also in the world. Despite noticeably decreasing suicide numbers in recent
years, Japan still has one of the highest suicide rates among high-income OECD countries.324 The UK, which has arelatively low suicide rate compared to Japan, and had 10.1 suicides per 100,000 people according to Statista in
2017325, while Japan had 16.8 suicides per 100,000 people326. The problem of mental health is greatly related to thecause of suicide in Japanese. There are various initiatives in Japan to help solve these mental health problems. The
thesis will discuss the causes of mental health problems in Japan, it’s the compare Japanese mental health problems
and suicide to that in the UK and solutions in order to find a way to do good for people.
I
There are several causes for mental health problems in Japan. The first cause is financial problems andpsychological problems. Elderly people who are in financial trouble may see suicide as a way out of their problems.
The insurance system in Japan is very lax when it comes to paying out for suicide and so on when all else fails somepeople feel you can just kill yourself and the insurance will pay out. However it is not only elderly men in financial
trouble who are taking their own lives. The fastest growing suicide demographic is young men. 327 It is now the
single biggest killer of men in Japan aged 20 to 44 and the evidence suggests these young people are are committing
suicide because of their loss of hope for work and money. A second cause is workplace stress. Workplace factors
are often the cause of poor mental health among adults. Stress tends to increase because there are factors that you
cannot control by yourself, such as poor human relationships in the workplace and heavy workload. 328 In addition to
work-related injuries and illnesses, serious work mistakes, extremely long working hours, various types ofharassment, and forced retirement are all workplace factors, and the psychological load is measured to evaluate theirmental illness. Will be certified as an industrial accident. Lastly, the biggest cause is relationships and isolation. Thisis a private factor.329 There is a growing number of people living alone in Japan. More than a third of Japanesehouseholds are single-occupant, not remarkably high by modern standards, seventh within the 36 developed nationsof the OECD. It cites other OECD figures that suggest Japan is possibly the loneliest nation on Earth. 330 Some 15
percent of Japanese say they have no social intercourse at all outside the family. People may be isolated between
friends and colleagues because of living apart from one’s children, or living apart from one’s family and friends.
These are a grief or problem that weighs on them but wouldn’t be understood by people.
II
There are two comparisons and contrasts of mental health problems and suicide in Japan and UK. First ofall, I will discuss the current suicide rate in Japan, the country's efforts to address the mental health problem, and themain causes of suicide. According to statista, the number of suicides per 100,000 inhabitants in Japan from 2009 to2019 is decreasing331. The main causes of suicide among Japanese are financial problems and psychologicalproblems, workplace stress, relationships and isolation. The Japanese government has undertaken a series of324

Lee Michael D’Souza, “Suicide rates from OECD, Japan, UK, US comparison from 1960 to 2016 Source”
ReaserchGate, 2020
325
Statista Research Department, “Suicide rate in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2000 to 2018” statista, 2020
326
Julia Engelmann, “Number of suicides per 100,000 inhabitants in Japan from 2009 to 2019” statista, 2020
327
Rupert Wingfield-Hayes “Why does Japan have such a high suicide rate?” BBC News, 3 July 2015
328
Advantage Risk Management Group “メンタルヘルスの不調……。原因はどこにある？” アドバンテッジ
リスクマネジメント, June 6, 2018
329
Advantage Risk Management Group “メンタルヘルスの不調……。原因はどこにある？” アドバンテッジ
リスクマネジメント, June 6, 2018330
Michael Hoffman “Japan struggles to keep loneliness at arm’s length” Japan times, Nov 10, 2018
331
Julia Engelmann “Number of suicides per 100,000 inhabitants in Japan from 2009 to 2019” statista, January 5,2021

initiatives since it formulated its Basic Policy on Suicide Prevention in 2007332, including strengthening research on
the medical and social causes of suicide, establishing a hotline, holding seminars for local government leaders, andincreasing support for people who have attempted suicide and their close relatives.Second, I will discuss the current
suicide rate in UK, the country's efforts to address the mental health problems, and the main causes of suicide.
According to statista, from 2000 to 2018 the suicide rate in the United Kingdom, there have been some ups anddowns, but they have remained stable333. The ONS said there have been Higher rates of suicide among middle-aged
men in recent years334 might be because this group is more likely to be affected by economic adversity, alcoholism
and isolation. It could also be that this group is less inclined to seek help. The volunteers tell us that many callers areworried about losing their jobs or jobs and financial concerns. One common theme is the inability to pay the rent or
mortgage, the inability to provide for a family and the fear of homelessness. However, the UK has a culture thatemphasizes emotional healing, such as flower remedies, and many people seem to have a relatively easy life,
focusing on life rather than work335. Currently, every nation in the UK, and the Republic of Ireland, has a strategy
for suicide prevention336. They are working with their governments to make sure these plans are as effective andambitious as possible.
III
There are three problems and solutions to mental health problems in Japan. Firstly, I will discuss the stateand government policies and support for the mental health problems and suicide solution. Since 1998, in response to
the serious situation where the number of suicides has exceeded 30,000 every year,337 the Basic Act on Suicide
Prevention was enacted in 2006. In addition, in 2016, the law was amended to require prefectures and municipalities
to have a suicide prevention plan. Other solutions are the long hours and hard work should be reviewed and support
for people in need of financial help.338
Second, I will discuss the mental health measures in the workplace in Japan. Especially Japan big issue tolong hours of hard work, it cause of Japanese mental health problems and suicide. 339 Then mental health measures in
the workplace are so important for Japanese. Mental health measures can make it easier to spot employee ailments
and increase productivity for companies. The first of the mental health measures is self-care.340 You need to have agood understanding of your state of mind and health. It's important not to overlook physical ailments in order to deal
with mental stress. In addition, care by Line is a way for supervisors to monitor the daily status of the employees
they work with to see if they are experiencing any ill health. Managers can check for specific things that concern
them, such as employees not reacting as well as usual or smiling as much as usual, so that early detection and quick
action can be taken.
Lastly, I will discuss the solutions to youth suicide and mental health issues. One in four young people aged
18-22 in Japan have had suicidal thoughts and one in 10 have attempted suicide. Many of the causes of suicidal
thoughts and attempts are strongly linked to 'bullying', as well as 'truancy' experiences. The most common cause ofdeath among young people in Japan is suicide, with 25,598 people taking their own lives in 2018, an average of 56

332

Tomoko Otake “Suicides down, but Japan still second highest among major industrialized nations, report says”
japantimes May 30, 2017
333
Statista Research Department “Suicide rate in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2000 to 2018” statista, Octver 30,
2020
334
Samaritans “National and local suicide prevention plans” samaritans
335
Patrick Butler “Male suicide rate hits two-decade high in England and Wales” thegardian, September 1, 2020
336
Samaritans “National and local suicide prevention plans” samaritans
337
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, “自殺対策について” 厚生労働省, 2018
338

Hikaru Matsui, “日本の自殺の現状とその対策”

339

Hikaru Matsui, “日本の自殺の現状とその対策”

340

Work Vision, “メンタルヘルスケアが重要な理由 5 つ” workvisionpeople per day.341 This is significantly higher than in any of the seven industrialized countries, and Japan is the only
country where suicide is the leading cause of death among young people. In light of this current situation, the JapanFoundation has established a public-private partnership to study suicide prevention measures with a focus on young
people. It is also important to create a society in which young people who have experienced bullying and truancy
can start over.342 "Children who have had trouble going to school can be given a second chance to get involved insociety in a different way. If such a place exists, I think many children will be supported. What they need most is the
support of the adults around them.
IV
In conclusion, there are three causes of mental health problems in Japan, which are financial,
psychological, and social. I think isolation is the main cause. Many Japanese feel lonely because they live alone oraway from their family and friends, which causes a private factor. However, the other two causes are equallyimportant to people. For example, the stress of hard work and the money people cannot afford to pay. The causes ofpoor mental health can be roughly divided into two. The stress people have is either extrinsic or intrinsic, as well asa work or private factor. Even if people live without being stressed, anyone can fall into mental health problems.
There is also the fact that the incidence of general mental illness among the residents of the disaster-stricken areas
doubled immediately after the disaster to the general population of Japan.343 Therefor, not only does stress build up
and cause mental problems, but suddenly sadness and shock can cause mental health problems, and in the worst
case, suicide. There are also differences between Japan and the UK. I think the differences in culture and values
affect the suicide rate in both countries. The suicide rate in Japan is declining, but the number of suicides in the UK
is lower and more stable than in Japan. The Japanese government has developed a Basic Policy on Suicide
Prevention and all countries in the UK have strategies for suicide prevention. There are many ways to help reduce
the suicide rate, both in the UK and Japan, and both countries have strategies and resources to help reduce thesuicide rate and prevent suicide. However, the public is not aware of this and it should be promoted. I think people
should rely on the government or someone else to help them, so that they can have emotional support and the suicide
rate can be reduced as much as possible. There are some similarities between the main causes of suicide in bothcountries, despite the differences in culture and values. In both Japan and the UK, economic problems,
psychological problems, and isolation are cited as the main causes of suicide. In addition, there are also threeproblems and solutions to mental health problems in Japan. The first is state and government policies and support,
the second is mental health care, and the third is solutions to youth suicide and mental health issues. I think suicide
and mental health problems are very sensitive issues and cannot be easily resolved. It's not something that people
around them can do anything about, as the hardest person to deal with is the person who is suffering from the
problem. The people who are traumatized can turn to the people closest to them, such as family and friends, for themost help. If we saw someone trying to kill themselves, we would try our best to stop them, even if we did not know
them. There are many people who can stop suicide in this way. When you are going through a painful time of mental
health, even if you don't know the person, just talking to him or her will make you feel better, and you will knowthat you are not alone. This can be a great support for those who are contemplating suicide. That's why I believe thatwhen family and friends talk to them at that time, even more traumatized people can recognize that there is someone
they can rely on. Therefore, these are the best solutions to mental health problems.
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YouTube
Mai Hirashimizu
There are still many people who think YouTube is only for watching videos. However, there is more to it.
Nowaday, YouTube is multifunctional since video is a great tool to obtain information from. Furthermore, sincespring 2020, COVID-19 has been in all parts of the world and we stay at home for a long time. According toYouTube, the numbers of users are dramatically increasing. There will be more young people learning from
YouTube. I’m going to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of YouTube and. Also, “Slander” This is one of
the SNS words that these days is used a lot. Rarely are SNS comments good-natured or written to encourage orapplaud the person who posted the video. More so, many YouTube comments are quite hateful in nature, and they
chastise the poster.YouTube has been overrun by these harsh, often-racist, harmful and offensive comments. It isseen as a dangerous problem, because the number of people who have died because of slandering is increasing.
Expecting that SNS will be used by more people, people have to improve the society of YouTube and SNS. “Social
Impacts” is influenced by various things. For example, that is like today's COVID-19’s impacts. Also, the internet
and IT is developing quickly now. So a little internet change impacts people's thoughts or actions. This thesis will
discuss why YouTube will be used more than now and popular and supported by a lot of people, and solutions of
SNS slander on YouTube and some impacts of using YouTube.
I
There are advantages and disadvantages of using YouTube. One the one hand, there are advantages topeople using Youtube.YouTube gives people the opportunity to earn money through their videos. Youtubers can getmoney from companies or viewers. If companies collaborate with a famous Youtuber, their subscribers buy that
product so companies can get money from their subscribers, and after that this money will go to youtubers. 344
Therefore this is good business for each other.Anyone can start using YouTube and this shows working style ischanging now.345 Secondly, people can express themselves and they can start YouTube freely without going throughcompanies, so they share things they want to do and can share or tell their thoughts or activities. 346Viewers focus on
only them when watching so people who do YouTube can make original or unique channels which they are starringin. Also, there is a chance to become a professional person from an ordinary 347 Thirdly, according to Co.Profile,viewers can get new information from YouTube. People can understand the information more quickly than fromsentences or pictures.348 For example, if you want to know how to make a cake, there are videos about making cakeso you can get information without experiences and teaching. Often, sites like this must be paid for but YouTube is
free so people do not have to worry about money.
On the other hand, there are disadvantages to people using YouTube. On YouTube, anyone can watch andcomment on personal videos and these are done anonymously. Also,there are good comments or critical comments.
Sometimes critical comments are good for creators because they can remake or improve next videos however, often
those comments hurt creators and creators care about their video’s watched numbers so if that is not good they feelstress and that makes people feel pain.349 Secondly,anyone can do YouTube so there are many dangerous things. For
example, there are no checks about videos with the company so there are possibilities that personal information willleak so viewers can watch and know their secret points.350 Finally, Youtube is nearer to people than movies, Netflix
or TV. Also, young people prefer to have a sense of familiarity. So some viewers feel more close and they are344

Snob Monkey Ltd “The Advantages and Disadvantages of YouTube,” Home, April 29, 2019
Grow“8 Massive Benefits of Using YouTube For Business,” October 23, 2017346
YouTube,“About Youtube”
347
Small Business Trends“50 Small Businesses You Can Start on YouTube,”, March 23, 2020
348
Profile “映像の持つ力とは,” プロフィール, accessed September 1, 2020,
349
Flora Carmichael, “YouTube Regrets: Anecdotal Claims of Damaged Users,” BBC News (BBC, October 15,
2019)
350
Nikkei Business Publications, “ユーチューブや動画投稿のトラブル、注意したいこと,” 日経 DUAL,
accessed August 28, 2020,345

greatly affected by the creator.351 Sometimes youtuber is a role model among young people and YouTube is nearreal life so sometimes it has bad effects on people.
II
There are solutions for YouTube slansers. To begin with, the first solution to the YouTube problem isgetting expert help. Internet libel law is a complicated area of the law. An experienced defamation lawyer will beable to quickly advise if people have a case and the best way of proceeding. There are 3 big things that I expect to
do for victims. The first one is a request for deletion of a comment that slanders and next is identification of theperson who wrote the slander. Finally is claims for damages and criminal accusations. 352 These are too difficult anddangerous for amateurs so it is important to leave it to a specialist. SNS slander is a very complicated and unknown
world to them and if they try to solve the problem themselves, there are possibilities that the matters will get worse.
Therefore, commissioning experts is the first and safest solution. Next, the second solution is Regulating the SNScomment. These days, freedom of expression is respected as a world. However, in order to insist on Freedom of
expression , it has to tolerate some extent risk of injury.If it tries to create a society where nobody hurts, Freedom of
expression does not hold.353According to BBC news, in Germany. Germany’s existing Network Enforcement Act
came into force in the country in 2017, putting an obligation on social network platforms to remote hate speech
within set deadlines as tight as 24 hours for this case with fines of up to €50M should they fail to comply.354 355
Finally, there is a solution of slander which is enacted as a law. A person that has suffered a defamatory statement
may sue. Defamation also known as calumny, vilification, libel, slander or traducement are the oral or written
communication of a false statement about another that unjustly harms their reputation and usually constitutes a tort
or crime.356

III
There are positive and negative social effects of YouTube. Firstly, there are bad influences on YouTube.
Some videos have included potentially harmful content, such as those triggering self-harm, or inspiring additional
bullying or suicides. 357Also in the drive for views and follows, individuals care more about filming any of theseunfortunate events mentioned above rather than trying to help. On the other hand,there are good effects on
YouTube. Some YouTube videos increase awareness of social issues (such as bullying, suicide and LGBT issues),
allow broadened social contact, and overcome stereotypes of minorities and minority viewpoints. YouTube is aplatform for various individuals from all walks of life to share helpful ideas, suggestions, and tutorials on the best
way to solve a problem.YouTube was also the only social network where anxiety, depression, and lonelinesslessened with use.358
There are two examples of positive economic effects on YouTube. First,according to Seoul National
University searches for data collection, I focused on the most influential K-pop music videos on YouTube.
According to the Korea Customs Service, the popularity of K-pop has recently led to higher exports of consumer
351

Ana Jorge, Lidia Marôpo,Renata Tomaz “［I felt like I was really talking to you!］: intimacy and trust among
teen vloggers and followers in Portugal and Brazil”,Taylor & Francis Online, December 9, 2019, accessed
September 4, 2020.
352

Web 集客、ブランディングのお役立ちコラム,”誹謗中傷の解決を弁護士に依頼する時の費用と知っておきたいポイント”July 15, 2020, accessed October 12, 2020
353

Natasha Lomas, “ドイツがオンラインヘイトスピーチを取り締まる法律を厳格化,” TechCrunch Japan,
June 21, 2020,accessed October 12,2020
354
Natasha Lomas, “ドイツがオンラインヘイトスピーチを取り締まる法律を厳格化,” TechCrunch Japan,
June 21, 2020,accessed October 12,2020
355
BBC“ドイツ、ヘイトスピーチ取締法を施行へ SNS 企業に削除義務,” BBC ニュース (BBC), accessed
October 12, 2020,
356
Findlaw“Libel, Slander, and Defamation Law: The Basics,”, October 2, 2019, accessed October 12, 2020
357
Wikipedia contributors. Social impact of YouTube. Wikipedia, 2020, November 19, accessed 2020 November
21.
358
Lena Firestone,Firestone, L. Which is Worst for Your Mental Health: Instagram, Facebook or YouTube?
PsychAlive. 2017, July 17, accessed 2020 November 21.

goods such as processed food, clothes, and cosmetics (Korea Customs Service, 2011). 359 Second,with someproducts, consumers can find out before buying if a product matches their tastes or delivers the promised quality. 360
Aiso as a way of marketing, there is the Influencer Marketing and this is a group of people (influencers) who have astrong influence on the particular customer that a company advertises a product or brand. The main battlefield is
SNS such as YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, Facebook. 361 Finally, this is the biggest and main impact to people, andit’s a cultural impact. By YouTube, we can measure Cultural Impact in terms of the extent to which ideas reachpeople and shape their lives. So Cultural Impact happens when, firstly, new ideas are generated and, secondly, theseideas are then disseminated as widely as possible. 362
IV
In conclusion, YouTube makes people more free and their thoughts will become more wide, howeverYouTube videos are about showing themselves so other people's opinion may be painful. YouTube is not only
watching videos but also learning, music, and becoming emotional. Therefore YouTube has a lot of great effects on
us. Also,YouTube is very close to young people’s lives and it became more safe and high precision, people would
perceive it as real work.Also there are solutions on YouTube slander, getting expert help and this is the fastest andprudent solution and another is regulating to comment, last one is law. The best solution is to request a professional
because the SNS world is a very complex and intricate world so this is the most safe and reduces the victim’s stress.
These days, the number of users who use smartphones and SNS will increase. So before increasing injuries, we haveto regulate the comments or malicious expressions.In addition there are effects on society, economy and culture. For
example, some YouTube videos increase awareness of social issues and overcome stereotypes of minorities andminority viewpoints. And a lot of impacts to people. I think that impacts will spread and do so deeply. The
particular reason for this circumstance is not only apps but also jobs, and by COVID-19, famous people start using
YouTube and uploading videos. So YouTube or similar sites are noticed by people all over the world. Also, themain impact is cultural impact because culture changes people’s thoughts and acts. So it will grow as a tool thatchanges our common sense or long life.
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October
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Hyunmi Baek, JoongHo Ahn, Sehwan Oh. The impact of YouTube on international trade AIS eLibrary, 2013,
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Dog Slaughter Attitude
Fumin Cho
Japan has a problem with the declining birth rate and according to the Ministry of Public Management,
compared with the number of children who are under 15 years old and the number of pets, there were more pets thanchildren in 2018.363 However, there is a sad fact that is the Japanese attitude towards dog slaughter. Slaughter is thekilling of animals collected by animal health centers run by local governments. Conservation centers take animals
from homes for good reason or rabies preventers and captors provide temporary protection for the captured animals.
As reported by the Ministry of the Environment the total number of dogs collected was 35,535 and 7687 of themwere killed in the same year.364 In this essay, I will explain about the causes of this, compare Japan and Germany,and offer some solutions that could mitigate or even change the Japanese attitude to animal slaughter. Germany is
known as the most advanced country for pets and a country that has achieved a zero-kill rate for dogs and cats.365 In
order to suggest how to develop a high level of the pet industry like in other countries, and eliminate the dog
slaughter in Japan.
I
The first cause of dog slaughter is the stray dogs. According to the Ministry of the Environment about 90%
of protected dogs do not know the original owner. 366 Some of them can return to new owners, but almost all will bekilled. Moreover, according to an animal protection center in Hyogo, due to someone giving food to stray dogs
without responsibility the number of stray dogs is increasing. 367 Increasing the number of stray dogs due to lack offree-range habits and infertility.368 Second cause is the low level system of animal shelters. As reported by a JapanPet Food Association survey, 68.2% of dog owners did not know the existence of organizations that protect the
animal and among 22.3% of them did know that organization but did not consider acquisition. 369 It means thatJapanese animal shelters do not do great or special work in public awareness. Municipality's level of protection isdifferent, so some centers make a limit for dog’s lives because they do not have enough money. 370 Finally thebiggest cause of dog slaughter disposition is pet shops. There were 990.246 pet shops in 2018. Many pet shops havea lot of puppies in order to attract customers, but it has been pointed out that dogs tend to have social problem
behaviors when they are separated from their parents at an early age. 371 For example, dogs snap at the owner,barking over nothing and also separation anxiety. Also, Japanese pet shops only do “spot check” “face to faceexplanation” “issue of document” and “confirmation sign” when people buy dogs. This might change some owners'
363

Animal donation, “Current states of animals,” Animal donation, 2018
Ministry of the Environment, “The number of slaughter disposition,” MOE, 2018365
National Diet Library, “The situation regarding the killing of cats and dogs”, National Diet Library, 2014
366
Ministry of the Environment, “The number of slaughter disposition,” MOE, 2018
367
Hyogo Animal Protection Center, “Housed animal information,” Hyogo Animal Protection Center, 2018
368
Hyogo Animal Protection Center, “Housed animal information,” Hyogo Animal Protection Center, 2018369
Japan Pet Food Association, “General survey of rearing dogs and cats,” Japan Pet Food Association, 2017
370
Black Train Animal Patronage Project, “Problems of Japanese animal protection law,” BTAPP, 2017
371
Aya Sugimoto, “8 weeks regulaction,” Eva, 2018364

minds after having dogs because they can have dogs without any knowledge and lead to throwing away their dogs.
As shown by Rakuten Insight, 54% of people bought dogs from pet shops in 2018.372 Of course, there are always
unsold dogs, if they cannot be sold they will be killed.
II
To begin with, in "Kennai-ki" (Records of Ancient Japan), it is written that "Yamana's party kills dogs andeats their flesh", which means that there was a custom to shoot dogs and eat their flesh. It's gone since the modern
era.373 In Japan, there are only a few organizations about 250 that have dedicated facilities and grounds for animalhusbandry and are engaged in animal protection activities, and most of them are individuals or groups working fromtheir homes.374 Since there are existing facilities in Japan that were established for the purpose of killing captured
dogs in accordance with the Rabies Prevention Law, there are facilities with carbon dioxide disposal facilities andkilns for burning the bodies.375On the other hand, even Sporadically dog flesh was used as human food until 1985 inGermany too. 376 The German Federation for Animal Protection (Deutscher Tierschutzbund e.V.) has more than 740
collective members, of which more than 550 own a Tierheim. According to a survey conducted by the Bundeswehr,
there are approximately 1,400 animal shelters in Germany, which means that one third of the organizations belong to
the Federation for Animal Protection and the remaining two thirds work independently. 377 In addition to animal
sheltering, Tierheim also provides intermediary transfers of animals, so your dog can live in a well-adjusted living
environment while waiting to meet a new dog owner. That's why there are no pet shops in Germany that sell puppies
for sale, so if you want to adopt a new animal, you can first visit Tierheim to find a partner. Even if you can't find an
owner in the end, you can still live a peaceful life until the end of your life at this facility. 378
III
One of the solutions to affect the dog slaughter problem is for the government to add laws and taxes onpets. Until the 1950s, there was a dog tax for one of the municipal taxes but there is no such law in place now.379
Moreover, when people want to have dogs, they don't have to be qualified to own a dog, so it is easy to have a dog
but some of them do not have any knowledge about dogs. 380 In addition, all of a pet's medical services are subject tosales tax because dogs are legally treated as "property".381 Dogs have a life form, but it is not being treated likeliving beings. Animal welfare organizations are also one of the great ways to resolve the dog slaughter problem. In
Japan, there are only a few 250 organizations that have dedicated facilities and grounds for animal husbandry. 382
Animal welfare groups need to do more advertising because 54% of people bought dogs from pet shops and 5.2%
are from animal welfare organizations in 2018.383 Therefore, Japan needs official organizations because today’sorganizations are engaged in animal protection activities, and most of them are individuals or groups working fromtheir homes.384 Lastly, to change the state of pet shops is the strongest solution. According to the Ministry of the372

Rakuten Insight, “Research Date,” Rakuten Insight, 2018
Tottori Prefecture Website, “The 114th Prefectural History Reporthttps” Tottori Prefecture Website, 2015374
Japan Animal Protection Center, “National animal welfare organizations” JAPC, 2020
375
Anais, “Report on Research Work on Animal Protection Initiatives in Germany” Anais, 2017376
National Library of Medicine, “Dog slaughtering in Germany in the 19th centuries” NIH, 1992
377
Anais, “Report on Research Work on Animal Protection Initiatives in Germany” Anais, 2017
378
Anais, “Report on Research Work on Animal Protection Initiatives in Germany” Anais, 2017379
National tax agency, “Dog Tax,” National tax agency, 1924
380
Ministry of the Environment, “Considering the Pet Issue,” Ministry of the Environment, 2020
381
AXA, “Pet Tax,” AXA, 2016
382
Japan Animal Protection Center, “National animal welfare organizations” JAPC, 2020
383
Rakuten Insight, “Research Date,” Rakuten Insight, 2018384
Japan Animal Protection Center, “National animal welfare organizations” JAPC, 2020
373

Environment there were 990.246 pet shops and 4.490 dogs were unsold in 2018. 385 Pet shops need to sell protection
dogs because most stores generally try to sell animals as young as possible to maximize the cute factor. 386 However,dogs tend to have social problem behaviors when they are separated from their parents at an early age such as dogs
snap at the owner, barking over nothing and also separation anxiety. 387 In Japan, unsold dogs are given away or soldto breeders, retail or wholesale but if they have social problem behaviors, it is difficult to find a new owner. 388
Therefore, some of them will be killed.
IV
In conclusion, the Japanese attitude to animal slaughter is low because of some problems in Japanese pet
industries. The main cause of dog slaughter is the state of pet shops, like it is easy for anyone to have a dog. In my
opinion, I think pet stores should be run to find serious owners for dogs, not as a spectacle only selling dogs in one
place will prevent dogs from going unsold such as “Tierheim” in Germany. In addition, I think people should have atest that people take when they get a dog and a tax system that people who buy dogs tax because they can buy dogs
without any knowledge.389 Hence, the Japanese attitude to dog slaughter may be changed , by the government andpeople trying these solutions.
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Dance
Muyu Tanaka
In recent days, dancing has become more and more famous in the world. This is because the break dancehas been added to the French Olympic 390 Games in 2024 as an event. In 2024 break dancing will be added to
Olympic games to be held in France, this illustrates the progress that dance has gone though in recent decades.
Break dance is one of the street dances, the other is Hip Hop, Jazz and Rocking. Furthermore its appeal is further
supported by its prevalence on social networking services. People have started to see it on the tik tok app, which isexperiencing a surge in popularity around the world. TikTok is popular among young people, they can dance to thesong and post that movie like instagram. However even though contemporary dance is increasing in popularity there
is a lack of awareness of traditional dance among young people. There are an increasing number of dancers whowant to become professional. These days many people see dance on the TV or their phone. Therefore there are a lotof dancers performing in music videos and also movies. In the recent famous movie "this is me" it was performed by
Japanese dancer Yusaku Komori. In Japan there is a decrease in the number of people who dance traditional dances.
According to a Cabinet Office poll, the average of the people who have or had been in a traditional dance is there
were a lot of 50-year-olds. Moreover, according to the same site, if you are interested in traditional dance, the people
who are interested are between 50- 70 years old. Conversely, the people who said they are uninterested are about 1030 years old. Also for younger people,. there are popular street dances such as Hiphop, Jazz and break dance. This
thesis will discuss the comparison of traditional dance between Japan and Canada, because of why many people
want to dance and why many dancers dance a lot and solutions to reduce people who are interested in traditional
dance.
I
In fact, traditional Japanese dance has a very deep history and there are a lot of traditional dances in Japan.
First of all I would like to write about Japanese traditional dance. Let's talk about Bondance. Obon 391or just Bon is a390

Kentaro Harumiya. “2024nennoparigorindehabureikudancenadokeiyonkyougigatsuikade.” HYPEBEAST.JP. HYPEBEAST,
July 1, 2019.
391
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Festival.

Japanese Buddhistcustom to honor the spirits of one's ancestors. This Buddhist–Confucian custom has evolved intoa family reunion holiday during which people return to ancestral family places and visit and clean their ancestors'
graves when the spirits of ancestors are supposed to revisit the household altars. It has been celebrated in Japan for
more than 500 years and traditionally includes a dance, known as Bon Odori. The festival of Obon lasts for threedays; however, its starting date varies within different regions of Japan. When the lunar calendar was changed to the
Gregorian calendar at the beginning of the Meiji era, the localities in Japan responded differently, which resulted inthree different times of Obon. Shichigatsu Bon is based on the solar calendar and is celebrated around the 15th of
July in eastern Japan such as Kantō region such as Tokyo, Yokohama and the Tōhoku region, coinciding withChūgen. Hachigatsu Bon, based on the lunar calendar, is celebrated around the 15th of August and is the mostcommonly celebrated time. Bon Odori, meaning simply Bon dance, is a style of dancing performed during Obon. It
is a folk entertainment, which has a history of nearly 600 years. Originally a Nenbutsu folk dance to welcome thespirits of the dead, the style of celebration varies in many aspects from region to region. Each region has a local
dance, as well as different music. The music can be songs specifically pertinent to the spiritual message of Obon, or
local min'yō folk songs. The other is, Kabuki Dance. Kabuki 392 is a classical Japanese dance-drama. Kabuki theatre
is known for the stylization of its drama, the often-glamorous costumes worn by performers, and for the elaborate
kumadorimake-up worn by some of its performers. Kabuki is considered to have begun in 1603 when Izumo no
Okuni formed a female dance troupe to perform dances and light sketches in Kyoto, but developed into an all-maletheatrical form after females were banned from kabuki theatre in 1629. This form of theatre was perfected in the late
17th and mid-18th century. In 2005, the "Kabuki theatre" was proclaimed by UNESCO as an intangible heritage
possessing outstanding universal value. In 2008, it was inscribed in the UNESCO Representative List of theIntangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Next, Let's talk about traditional Canada dance. In fact, some traditional
dances are famous in Canada. The most famous traditional dance is the Fork dance 393. A folk dance is a dancedeveloped by people that reflects the life of the people of a certain country or region. Not all ethnic dances are folk
dances. For example, ritual dances or dances of ritual origin are not considered to be folk dances. Ritual dances areusually called "Religious dances" because of their purpose. The terms "ethnic" and "traditional" are used when it isrequired to emphasize the cultural roots of the dance. In this sense, nearly all folk dances are ethnic ones. If somedances, such as polka, cross ethnic boundaries and even cross the boundary between "folk" and "ballroom dance",ethnic differences are often considerable enough to mention. Next is Indigenous Dance 394. Long before we called
this land Canada, Aboriginal dancers were practicing dance. The earliest written record of dance in Canada waswritten by Jacques Cartier in 1534 when he encountered a group of Indigenous people dancing in what we now call
Québec. Over time, Indigenous dance has been severely affected by decades of assimilation tactics, resulting in ahuge decline in practice. In the late 1990s, artists and native groups began investing more time and money into
preserving dance as part of Aboriginal (and Canadian) culture. The Royal Winnipeg Ballet used the European
medium of ballet to bring Aboriginal issues to light with their criticality. What dancers wear when dancing is somedancers wearing masks such as Eagle Mask, Transformation Mask, and Kwakwaka'wakw Mask.395 Regalia in
Indigenous cultures396 refers to the traditional and often sacred clothing, accessories and artifacts worn or carried
during various ceremonies, such as powwows, celebrations and pan-national gatherings. The design, type andmeaning of regalia varies greatly depending on the individual who wears it, the culture from which it originates andthe event where it is worn.

392

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki.
https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/folk-dance.
394
https://www.inspirationsdancewear.com/blogs/dance-news/dance-in-canada-a-brief-history.
393

395

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/how-indigenous-culture-is-dancing-its-way-into-the-next-generation1.4556682.
396
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/how-indigenous-culture-is-dancing-its-way-into-the-next-generation1.4556682.

II
In fact there are a lot of people who are interested in dance. First cause of this is there are many types ofways to be involved with dancing. To begin with becoming a choreographer. These are the people who make dancechoreography. The choreographies397 mean thinking about movement in accordance with music and lyrics. If the
lyrics express love, the choreography performs or makes a story for dance about "love". The choreographers arefamous dance teachers, and they tell the style, shape of dance, and the way of how to catch the music. Next, it ispossible to become a back dancer. It is a support singer at the back and dances or performs Artist's music videos. It
increases the value of watching their performance by back dancers such as in live music. The singers' motivation
rises up and the audience too. Third is the battle dancer 398. Battle dancers battle others and decide winners. They
have to move impromptu by the song that DJ is playing. Dance Battle means deciding the opponent dancer based on
who is the battler. Also there are people to judge and see battlers move each other. Also there is a DJ who is playing
many songs. The Second cause of this is some people dance religiously. For example fork dance, Obon or just Bon
and also Kabuki399. The final cause of this is that some people dance, because they seek community. Firstly this isdance in the club400.The situation is similar to a dance battle. However the dancers do not battle each other. People
who are beginner dancers can enter the club easily and skilled dancers too. There is flow music and people enter theclub and can dance with others. There are a lot of unknown people however it is not certain, everybody is moving,and having a fun and enjoyable time . However it is open night so the person under 18 is not allowed to enter there.
Next, there are dance studios and rental studios.There are now an increasing number of dance studios. What somepeople do is go to a dance studio near their school system, where there are dance teachers and students. Teacher
tempted the dancers by the studio orner, and taught there. Dance teachers can make money, and the students canlearn dance. However the student can choose a lesson and teacher, they can go to the lesson as they want to go. Thisis a difference in the school system. If there are a lot of teachers teaching there, the students have to make a schedule
to fit in with the dance teachers. For example, time. The third example of this is the School club. There are a lot ofhigh schools in dance clubs. Also there are increasing dance schools for dancer education. Then, they are holding adance contest where there are only the high school dance clubs. That's where the topic came up, from high school
TOMIOKA401. This has become famous for battle dances.
III
Actually there are fewer people who are interested in traditional dance. There are three solutions. The firstsolution is using smartphones. Recently in Japan, there are vogue in all generations of people who use SNS such as
instagram, twitter, facebook and so on. Tik Tok is also in vogue for a lot of people and moreover the younger people
depend on the TikTok app, and because of that if people trend in this app, these people can get jobs in entertainment
like TV shows. What is TikTok402, this is a short-form, video-sharing app that allows users to create and share 15second videos, on any topic. Then some people who are traditional dancers depend on this app and post the shortmovie. For example, talk about what is traditional dance, teaching and also traditional dance challenges. If you wantmore information about traditional dance, one recommendation is starting Youtube. Youtube is also a place where
people can post movies but for Youtube 403 can post long movies, the average of Youtube videos is 15 minutes.
397"Choreography" Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, accessed october 12th,"Freestyle battle roles / Freestyle-dance battle roles pdf. Accessed October 12th.
399“Kabuki.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, August 23, 2020.
398

400

"Night club" Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Accessed october 12th401

"Osakahu-tomioka high school" Wikipedia. Wikimedia foundation, accessed October 12th.

402"What is TikTok?" The fastest growing social media app uncovered/ influencer marketing hub. accessed by November 9.
https://influencermarketinghub.com/what-is-tiktok/
403" What is Youtube?". Wikipedia foundation. accessed by november 9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube

According to a site404The percentage of young people participating in dancing activities is on the increase. This isbecause these people watch Youtube or TikTok. A second solution is introducing it in schools. For example, as aschool event. In Japanese schools there are a lot of schools which include this system. I danced a traditional dancewith the same school students. The purpose405 of this is cohesiveness during friends who compete together. So it caninterest younger people if school changes purpose. The education system is leading something to introduce teaching
traditional dance, which might interest students. Moreover, Japanese schools traditionally dance roughly inelementary school so students like to talk about school life for parents, so it can spread to parents. Therefore it also
might be interesting for the parents' generation which enjoy traditional dance. Finally, the solution is to combine
traditional and modern styles. What that means, this is to mix traditional and current trends. For example, these days
there is a flow in the COVID-19 so online is the best way to do something. So I held the traditional dance lesson
online. Then some people are not afraid of COVID-19. Also traditional back dancer, it is interesting for young
people and this is also new. The traditional dance battle 406 is also a good idea. Originally a dance battle was a battle
between two people . And DJ flows the music randomly and the judges judge good dancers. Then it decides thewinner. To do this in a traditional dance version. Therefore, depending on the current trend and making a new styleis the best way to grab interest.
IV
In conclusion, I discussed traditional dance in Japan and Canada. For example, Japanese traditional dancesuch as Bondance has a very long history, but Canada traditional dance such as Fork dance is not longer than Japan.
From now, contemporary dance is short in history than traditional dance, however contemporary is more popular in
the world and also Japan. So I hope that I can spread traditional dance. This is because we can talk more about ourown traditional dance and communicate with foreign people. Also why dance has become more and more famous.
The first cause is that some people work in dance. The next cause is religiously such as through kabuki, and folk
dance. Finally some people go to dance socially such as at a nightclub or dance studio.These days I see a variety ofdances on our phones. It is related to the spread of social media for reasons of dance becoming famous. Into thebargain I discussed three solutions which reduce traditional dancers, the first of which is using SNS. For example,
using TikTok or a youtube app and posting movies which are related to traditional dance. The second solution is tointroduce education, it includes school education and learning about traditional dance. Lastly is mixing current
trends, such as mixing online lessons about traditional dance. If traditional dance disappears the effect of eachhistory likewise some people who do this have lost their job. Traditional dance represents the shape of the country,
the way it is. So traditional dance disappears, it is the same as losing our individuality as a country. So traditional
dance spread more in the world and also I want to do traditional dance as much as I can.

Bibliography“Bon Festival.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, August 21, 2020.

404" The percentage of dancers increased" gazteaukera foundation/ accessed by november 9.
https://www.gazteaukera.euskadi.eus/r58-ovjconte/en/contenidos/noticia/dantza_eguna_16/en_def/index.shtml
405“Cabinet polls”/Protection of Cultural Property/ accessed by december 8, https://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h15/h15-bunka/25.html
406"Freestyle battle roles / Freestyle-dance battle roles pdf. Accessed October 12th.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Festival“Kabuki.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, August 23, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki.
“Cabinet polls”/Protection of Cultural Property/ accessed by december 8, https://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h15/h15bunka/2-5.html"Choreography" Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, accessed october 12th,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography_(dance)
Harumiya, Kentaro. “2024nennoparigorindehabureikudancenadokeiyonkyougigatsuikade.” HYPEBEAST.JP.
HYPEBEAST, July 1, 2019. https://hypebeast.com/jp/2019/7/2024-paris-olympic-breakin.
"Freestyle battle roles / Freestyle-dance battle roles pdf. Accessed October 12th.
http://www.tut.fi/sell2016/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Freestyle-Dance-Battle-Done.pdf“Folk Dance.” Folk Dance | The Canadian Encyclopedia. Accessed August 24, 2020.
https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/folk-dance.
“Indigenous Regalia in Canada,” The Canadian Encyclopedia, accessed August 31, 2020,
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-regalia-in-canada.

"Night club" Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Accessed october 12th
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub
Inspiration Dancewear. “Dance in Canada - A Brief History.” Inspiration Dancewear. Inspirations Dancewear, April
11, 2019. https://www.inspirationsdancewear.com/blogs/dance-news/dance-in-canada-a-brief-history.
“How Indigenous Culture Is Dancing Its Way into the next Generation | CBC News,” CBCnews (CBC/Radio
Canada, March 2, 2018), https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/how-indigenous-culture-is-dancing-itsway-into-the-next-generation-1.4556682.
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https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/osakafuritsutomiokakoutougakkou.
“Transformation Masks (Article),” Khan Academy (Khan Academy), accessed August 31, 2020,
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" The percentage of dancers increased" gazteaukera foundation/ accessed by november 9.
https://www.gazteaukera.euskadi.eus/r58-ovjconte/en/contenidos/noticia/dantza_eguna_16/en_def/index.shtml" The reasons why elementary school children perform traditional dance?" uraura foundation/ accessed by november
9. https://urauraplus.com/soranbushi/
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube

The Problems of Pirates
Nao Yamamoto
Most people imagine past pirates if they hear about pirates. However, on the other hand, current piracy is
becoming a serious problem. In recent years, piracy is becoming a serious problem, for example, the plunder oftransport and goods in transit and to take sailors hostage and demand a ransom. A lot of people think pirates are in
the past, but pirates exist in the present. Pirates always appear together with the trade from the past to the current. As
Phoenicians sailed near the Adriatic Sea and the Aegean Sea pirates sailed after them and robbed them is the originof pirates. Also in the 17th and 18th centuries, the age called the golden age is when a lot of pirates worked in the
Pacific, Indian Ocean, the Caribbean sea, and the red ocean. 407 Famous people in the golden age are Amaro Pargoand Edward Cheech who are called Blackbeard. On the other hand, Modern sea piracy often involves pirates insmall fast boats approaching and boarding larger, slower-moving ships to rob them of cargo such as car parts, oil,crew valuables, communication equipment or to seize the ship and crew for ransom in the current. 408 These things
damage the trade, so it has very bad effects on the countries. This is because the loss that is robbed of the goods intransit connects the damage of the company, moreover, it connects the damage of the country. Also, each country
sends troops to protect the transport ship 409. Therefore, each country pays the money that it does not ordinarily
need410. The government that happens to be near the area where the piracy does not have power, so it is weak.
Therefore, they do not take effective measures against pirates. Therefore, piracy gets worse, and getting worse
makes the condition that children can not receive education, so that condition makes pirates. Thus, a negative chain
is made by a weak government. In this essay, I will list the solutions of piracy, especially the thing that piracy
damages the trade and economy, the weak government and getting worse, and the negative chain that pirates make.
These thesis will discuss the comparison with current pirates and past pirates, especially the pirates active in the 18th
century, and write my opinion, the causes of piracy and write the biggest cause I think, and the solutions of piracy,
especially the thing that piracy damages the trade and economy, the weak government and getting worse, and thenegative chain that pirates make.
I
These are the comparisons between past pirates and current pirates. The first comparison point is theacceptance of pirates. In the past, piracy to the ship's hostile country was allowed by their country because it can
prevent hostile country’s trade411. It helps to weaken a hostile country’s economy. Especially the import and export
to the colony was the main trade in the 17 century. However, in current, piracy is not allowed in every country in
any aspect. And the united nation permits quashing by all means such as the use of force.
The second comparison point is tools, weapons, and equipment. In the past, pirates got on a large ship that
had a lot of cannons and do piracy. They organized a large fleet. On the other hand, in the current, they do not get ona large ship, instead, they get on a fishing ship. In addition, recently, guns have dramatically developed, so they canconquer a transport ship with a small number of people. 412 To sum up they do piracy on fishing ships with a small
number of persons and they do not fight with cannons.
The final comparison point is the reasons why people become pirates. The person who became pirates isthe poor labor who comes to the continent, the person who loses a soldier job, and the sailor who would like toescape from poverty when the pirates attack their ship 413. Poor people absorbed freedom and wealth, so they became
pirates. This point is opened to both past pirates and present pirates.
II
These are the causes of current pirates. The first cause is the weak states or governments that lack the407

Tim Lambert, “A BRIEF HISTORY OF PIRATES,” The History of Pirates, 2020
Misha Ketchell, “Global Sea Piracy Ticks Upward, and the Coronavirus May Make It Worse,” The Conversation, 2020
409
“Mike Streere, “How to Solve the Pirate Problem,” CNN (Cable News Network), 2020
410
Matthew Staff, “Maritime Piracy: Its Causes, Consequences and the Solution,” Raconteur, 2018
408

411

“なぜカリブ海には海賊がいたのか？【カリブの海賊たち】,” 草の実堂, 2017
“本当は怖いパイレーツオブカリビアン...実物のカリブ海の海賊たちはこんな歴史を持っていた,” tabiyori[タビヨリ], 2019
413“The Golden Age of Piracy,” Royal Museums Greenwich, 2020412

resources necessary to effectively combat piracy. These countries do not have the power to effectively control theirown country. Most of those countries do not have the resources to restrain piracy, for example, Puntland. This isbecause the racial war developed into a civil war, so the country is in chaos, therefore a lot of people must be
evacuated.414 They lost jobs due to the civil war, so they lost income. They become pirates for a living andsupporting their families.
The second cause is the poverty of the local population. Most of the people who became pirates werefishermen or hireling soldiers, but they were so poor. They usually could not live a steady life, while pirates canearn a lot of money at once. The people who become pirates rise to wealth such as building a ground house. It
dramatically changes their own life. The rumor of it is afloat, so it becomes a longing for the local population,
people who become pirates increasingly multiply.
The final cause is piracy is monetary gain. The pirates feed the people who are taken. Besides, some shopsthat sell weapons to pirates. Also, it is said that pirates have contact with terrorist organizations, so they get benefits.
Another primary factor of increasing pirates is the corruption of anti-piracy groups. Corrupt and are engaged innegotiation relationships with many of the militant bands, both pirates and coast guard, so decreasing the risk ofpirates being arrested.415 This is the reason pirates are increasing.
III
These are the solutions for pirates. The first solution is to send money and a person who helps thepoliticians to break the negative chain. The solutions are that each country supports the weak government, so they
become able to break the negative chain, therefore, they make an effort to eliminate the pirates, to recover peace andorder, and to make the condition that children can access an education. In doing so, they make a situation that neverarises. The support has to contain not only to send the money but also to send a person who helps the politics. Thus,
we can support that they can learn the method of developing the country.
The second solution is the support of the person who works. However, this solution is the support toward
the generation of parents. Each country material supports and sends such money to the people who already work toprevent them from becoming pirates, so each country supports the generations of parents 416. If this solution is notdone, they become pirates. Therefore, we can prevent the generation of children pirates, but the generation ofparents becomes pirates, so we can not solve piracy as a fixed term.
The third solution is to eradicate pirates that are still around. This solution is to send troops, and eradicate
pirates that there are still around. This is not to send troops to protect transport ships, it sends only troops toeradicate pirates. This cost a lot of money, but it is cheaper than sending troops to protect transport ships
permanently. the troops could arrest or kill pirates, and each country gives a temporary job such as does chores forthem or troops until their country becomes stabilized 417.
Ⅳ
In conclusion, there are comparisons to the acceptance of pirates, tools, weapons, equipment, and thereasons why people become pirates. In the past, piracy was allowed, but now that is banned. Also, they organized alarge fleet from big ships, however, they do piracy on fishing ships with a small number of persons and they do notfight with cannons in the current. Besides, poor people absorbed freedom and wealth, so they became pirates. This is
the same as current pirates. Thus, I think past pirates and current pirates both have a point in common in my opinion.
It is the people who absorb freedom and wealth to become pirates. Therefore, the past pirates were one thing causedby poverty as well. From these, I think if we want to solve piracy, we have to solve poverty.
There are also the causes of piracy are weak government, poverty, and beginning opportunities, especially hardshipis the largest cause. I think that piracy is deeply connected with privation, so I think If we can eliminate penury, we
can extinguish pirates, and if we think of decreasing pirates, we have to support the weak government. So that we
can release people who suffer from indigence. As well, I think if the weak government becomes stronger, they can
get the police force, so they can extinguish pirates and solve this problem. There are three solutions, to send money
and a person who helps the politicians, to support the person who works, and to eradicate pirates that are stillaround. We can prevent to arise ,new pirates, that from made by the children generation, and we can solve piracy in

414

Raunek, “Causes of Maritime Piracy in Somalia Waters,” Marine Insight, 2021
Alex Graf, “Where and Why Do Modern Pirate Attacks Happen?,” The Globe Post, 2019
416
Misha Ketchell, “Global Sea Piracy Ticks Upward, and the Coronavirus May Make It Worse,” The Conversation, 2020
417
Capt. Pankaj Bhargava et al., “The Menace of Maritime Piracy and Somali Pirates – Is There a Solution?,” Marine Insight,
2020
415

the short term by us supporting the work generation and eradicating pirates that there are still, so we can decrease
the cost of solving piracy. Especially, I think that we have to give high priority to children’s education. This isbecause children make the country. Thus, I think we can solve piracy with these three solutions.

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Lack of Exercise
Rina Ashio
There are a lot of people who lack exercise. According to INSTAH, which is a news website, the absence of
exercise or physical activity relates to the death rate of 30% of men and 60% of women worldwide. 418 It is the mostimportant preventable cause of death all over the world. Furthermore, the World Health Organization report estimatesthat more than a quarter of people worldwide (1.4 billion) are not doing enough physical exercise, a figure that has

418

Dhivya. "Lack of Exercise Effects and Symptoms." Instah: Health and Wellness. March 02, 2017.

hardly improved since 2001.419 Some of the activities which lead to a lazy lifestyle are reading, sitting, watching
television, using computers for a long time and playing video games. Moreover, according to WebMD, using the mostrecent data on deaths in Europe, the survey of the team estimated that” 337,000 of the 9.2 million deaths of European
men and women were connected to obesity. 420 However, twice that number of deaths could be connected to lack of
exercise.” Furthermore, in HHS gov, only one in three children are physically active every single day. In this thesis, I
will explain about the lack of exercise worldwide including, effects, causes and solutions. It is important to think
about the lack of exercise because it is related to a lot of things such as disease and getting fat.
I
One of the biggest effects of lack of exercise is heart disease. Your heart will become stronger when you
exercise regularly and the blood is pumped to your body parts effectively but if you don’t exercise anymore, you will
easily get heart disease compared to other people. Recently, most people have become less physically active but as
we become older, we need more regular exercise. 421In 2010, the National Center for Health Statistics found that about
one in three adults who had visited a doctor in the past year had been advised to start or continue an exercise program.
That’s an increase of about 10 percent from 2000. According to the CDC, they identify physical inactivity as a risk
factor for heart disease and only 20 percent of adults meet the Physical Activity Guidelines for the condition. The
second major effect is developing anxiety and depression. Lack of exercise affects not only physical influence. If you
think that lack of exercise will only lead to physical complexities, then you need to change your opinion. “Your mind
will also be affected, physical inactivity can cause fatigue and depression.” 422 The exercises will help in releasing
happy hormones and useful chemicals in your brain in your body that can lower the levels of anxiety and depression.
In addition, being active will help in improving your mood and keeping negative emotions.
Finally, the main effect is obesity or weight gain. 423 Almost all people have meals three times per day. If people
continue eating without exercising anymore, the weight of people is increasing. Overweight causes a lot of serious
problems such as hypertension and death earlier than usual. According to World Health Organization, in 2016, anestimated 41 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight or obese.424 Once considered a high-income
country problem, overweight and obesity are now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly inurban settings. In Africa, the number of overweight children under 5 has increased by nearly 50 percent since 2000.425
The World Health Organization says that the part of people who become obesity causes increased physical inactivity
so lack of exercise affects obesity or weight increase.

II
One of the biggest causes of lack of exercise is not being in the habit of being physically active. 426 Recently,
the world of technology is developing more and more so people spend a lot of time watching TV, playing games andusing phones. According to a recent survey conducted by the YMCA, most children aged 5 to 10 are using technology
and more than 16000 parents are concerned about time and money by using technology. Furthermore, 42 % of parents

419

Therrien, Alex. "Lack of Exercise Puts One in Four People at Risk, WHO Says - BBC News." BBC. September
05, 2018. Accessed September 14, 2018.
420
Reinberg, Steven. "Lack of Exercise More Deadly Than Obesity: Study." WebMD. January 14, 2015.
421
Robin, Madell.”Exercise and Heart Disease Statistics.” June 16, 2017.
422
Dhivya. "Lack of Exercise Effects and Symptoms." Instah: Health and Wellness. March 02, 2017.
423
Davis, Kristin. "The Effects of Lack of Exercise on the Body." LIVESTRONG.COM. September 11, 2017.
424"Obesity and Overweight." The World Health Organization. February 16, 2018.
425
Obesity and Overweight." World Health Organization. February 16, 2018.
426"Common Problems and Solutions for Being Physically Active." About Heart Attacks.

say that TV, games and cell phones have a bad effect on children and that is why it is not healthy lifestyles427 It’s hardto blame technology as a cause of kids’ inactivity if parents are sitting right beside them on the couch. The second
major cause is Bored with exercise. People often lack the motivation or desire to exercise. According to Healthfully,
teens who are overweight and obesity is easily embarrassed and shy to be active and exercise in the public area. 428 It
is difficult for people to start new activities. This is why people don’t want to exercise and feel bored. In general,people are running as a part of exercise. According to statista, Running is one of the most popular and practiced sports
worldwide.429 Of course some people like just running but some people hate running. As a result people feel boredand do not continue to exercise. Finally, the main cause is that people don’t have enough time to exercise. A busy
schedule is one of the biggest reasons for lack of exercise. 430 According to the National Academy of Sports Medicine,by doing exercise, it connects to a lack of time to be with family. For example, the woman who has children is morebusy than other women. The problem of lack of time is not only adults but also students who have no time. Almost all
children and teenagers go to school every day and have to do their own homework and in Japan, the majority ofstudents go to cram school after school.431 According to The Normal Bar interactive survey “If you do not exercise
regularly, what is the main reason why?” This survey reveals that the No. 1 reason why people choose not to exercise
is that “They don’t have the time to exercise.” Seventeen percent of people said they were too tired and more than 30
percent said they just did not have enough time.” 432
III
One of the most efficient solutions is to become aware of how to exercise appropriately considering age,fitness level, skill level, and health status.433 Some people want to do exercise but they don’t know how to exercise.
This is important for them to know what they should do. You have to make a plan, what are you going to do, without
a plan, the exercise can quickly become a complete waste of time. To avoid aimlessly from one piece of equipment to
the next, illustrate your workouts ahead of time and set clear training goals. According to ACE, there are 5 points tomake a specific goal, measurable, attainable, relevant and time management. 434 By setting your goal and plan, yourexercise will be more effectively compared without a plan. The second solution is to exercise with friends and family
who may be interested in similar goals. 435 Many people lack motivation for exercise and many people don’t want toexercise alone. There are some reasons why you can get benefits from exercise with your family or friends. You are
more likely to succeed in your exercise goal. According to healthy women,Barbara A. Brehm, Ed.D., professor,
Department of Exercise and Sport Studies, at Smith College in Northampton, MA says "Exercise partners can provide
a kind of gentle coercion and limit your negative self-talk," you’re less likely to get bored when you have a workout
buddy, especially a friend. 436 It’s more fun exercising with a friend you’re catching up with, having a laugh,encouraging each other, and you're also getting healthier. It’s a win-win. The site recommended walking and talking,running or jogging, tennis, swimming with friends and family. 437 Finally, the most important solution is creating ahealthy environment for physical activity. Basically, people have to exercise 30 minutes per day which is good fortheir health. But most people don’t do enough exercise everyday.438 Most people who lack exercise say that they haveenough time to do exercise every day, however it can fix this problem. Currently, there is no environment for people
to do exercise. “Built environment” is an important factor of physical activity for both children and adults. The
government can build a physical environment, including buildings, infrastructure, and other physical institutions
created by people on sidewalks, streets, trails, bicycle lanes, parks, playgrounds. However, the environment that some
427

Tahnk, Jeana Lee. "Technology Blamed for Children's Lack of Exercise." Parenting. April 18, 2011.
Frost, Shelley. "Reasons for Lack of Exercise in Teens." Healthfully. September 17, 2018.
429
Fuller, Steve. "Topic: Running & Jogging." Statista. Accessed October 07, 2018.
430
Marie, Geoffrey St. "Reasons for a Lack of Exercise." SportsRec. September 17, 2018.
431
Suzuki, Mami. "Let's Talk About Japanese Cram School." Tofugu. November 12, 2013.
432
Northrup, Chrisanna. "'Not Enough Time To Exercise' Is Just An Excuse." HuffPost. August 15, 2011.
433"The No. 1 Reason Your Workout Isn't Working." LIVESTRONG.COM.
434
American Council on Exercise Contributor Read More Less. "SMART Goal Setting Guide." ACE.
435
Garcia, M. "Maria Celeste Garcia." Academia.edu - Share Research.
436"Get Motivated: The Workout You Won't Cancel." HealthyWomen.
437
Department of Health & Human Services. "Exercise with a Friend." Better Health Channel. February 15, 2018.
438"What Are the Barriers to Exercise and the Solutions for Them? | Fitness." Sharecare.
428

children live in often makes it hard to join the physical activity. 439 In Japan, there is radio taiso in the morning but it
is starting to change now. “A city employee in the parks and greenery department of Nishinomiya City in Hyogo
Prefecture, says, "In cases where more than 10 people wish to engage in radio calisthenics, we require them to file anapplication.”440 Recently, a lot of places lack open space, parks, recreational facilities, or sports fields. By making
these facilities, mixed land use, access to fitness facilities connected to a high level of “walkability” makes people
have a high level of physical activity.

IV
In conclusion, there are several effects, causes and solutions. One of the reasons for the increase in people
who are lacking exercise is changing a lifestyle. In the past, the center of work was farming so people could exercise
spontaneously but recently the center of work is desk work so most people are always using computers. Similarly, inthe old days, children were playing outside because it didn’t develop technology and also people could exercise enough.
On the other hand, in the present day, almost all children are playing inside because of the spread of computer games
such as iPhone games. I think most of the causes can just change their mind. The main cause of lack of exercise ispeople don’t have enough time. According to the survey of HUFFPOST,” how often do you go on the Internet andsmartphone? Eighty percent said they typically spend more than an hour a day, seven days a week, on the Internet forfun. Twenty-six percent answered that they spend more than three hours a day on the Internet daily.” 441 We can reduce
the time on the Internet and we should do proper exercise per day. There are several solutions that people can easily
exercise. I think both become aware of how to exercise and exercise with friends and family who may be interested
in similar goals are possible solutions because if people change their mind a little, they can easily realize these solutions.
They only change their motivation, they can do it. Then, I have a reason why the third solution is most important. The
construction from the government is easier to realize because the government uses a lot of money to construct thefacilities so people don’t need to think about their motivation without thinking, they can do exercise automatically. I
hope people can exercise everywhere and I want them to find their own goal of exercise.
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Davis, Kristin. "The Effects of Lack of Exercise on the Body." LIVESTRONG.COM.
September 11, 2017. Accessed September 09, 2018.
https://www.livestrong.com/article/351679-the-effects-of-lack-of-exercise-on-the-body/.
Department of Health & Human Services. "Exercise with a Friend." Better Health Channel.
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https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/Exercise-with-a-friend.
Dhivya. "Lack of Exercise Effects and Symptoms." Instah: Health and Wellness. March 02,
2017. Accessed September 09, 2018.
https://www.instah.com/fitness/lack-of-exercise-effects-and-symptoms/.
Frost, Shelley. "Reasons for Lack of Exercise in Teens." Healthfully. September 17, 2018.
Accessed October 03, 2018.
https://healthfully.com/530754-reasons-for-lack-of-exercise-in-teens.html.
439

Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee on Childhood
Obesity Prevention Actions for Local Governments. "Actions for Increasing Physical Activity." Current Neurology
and Neuroscience Reports.
440
Yubaru, Ricky Kaminski, Michael Craig, JeffLee, Jack Stern, Richard Marsolais, Brian Wheway, Ashlee
Carolile Kirkendall-Arnold, Aizo Yurei, CGB, and GW. "Growing Restrictions Make for Frustrated Park Users."
Japan Today. September 10, 2014.
441
Northrup, Chrisanna. "Our Big (Fake) Excuse For Not Exercising." The Huffington Post.
December 07, 2017.

Fuller, Steve. "Topic: Running & Jogging." Statista. Accessed October 07, 2018.
https://www.statista.com/topics/1743/running-and-jogging/.
Garcia, M. "Maria Celeste Garcia." Academia.edu - Share Research. Accessed November 17,
2018.
https://www.academia.edu/11415386/Possible_Solutions_for_Overcoming_Barriers_to_Exercise_Adherence.
"Get Motivated: The Workout You Won't Cancel." HealthyWomen. Accessed November 17,
2018.
https://www.healthywomen.org/content/article/get-motivated-workout-you-wont-canc
el?page=2.
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Accessed November 15, 2018.
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Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee on Childhood
Obesity Prevention Actions for Local Governments. "Actions for Increasing Physical
Activity." Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. Accessed
November 18, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219690/.
Marie, Geoffrey St. "Reasons for a Lack of Exercise." SportsRec. September 17, 2018.
Accessed October 03, 2018.
https://www.sportsrec.com/480858-reasons-for-a-lack-of-exercise.html.
Northrup, Chrisanna. "'Not Enough Time To Exercise' Is Just An Excuse." HuffPost. August
15, 2011. Accessed October 03, 2018.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/exercise-excuse-internet_b_927097.
Northrup, Chrisanna. "Our Big (Fake) Excuse For Not Exercising." The Huffington Post.
December 07, 2017. Accessed October 03, 2018.
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/chrisanna-northrup/exercise-excuse-internet_b_9270
97.html.
"Obesity and Overweight." World Health Organization. February 16, 2018. Accessed
September 14, 2018. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
Organization. "Sitting All Day Might Be Making You Sad." The Huffington Post. September
06, 2013. Accessed September 14, 2018.
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/06/sitting-depression-mental-health-exercise_n_3880963.html.
Reinberg, Steven. "Lack of Exercise More Deadly Than Obesity: Study." WebMD. January
14, 2015. Accessed October 03, 2018.
https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/news/20150114/lack-of-exercise-more-deadly-than-obesitystudy-suggests#1.
Robin, Madell.”Exercise and Heart Disease Statistics.” June 16, 2017. Accessed September
14, 2018
https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/exercise-statistics#1
Suzuki, Mami. "Let's Talk About Japanese Cram School." Tofugu. November 12, 2013.
Accessed October 07, 2018. https://www.tofugu.com/japan/japanese-cram-school/.
Tahnk, Jeana Lee. "Technology Blamed for Children's Lack of Exercise." Parenting. April 18,
2011. Accessed October 03, 2018.
https://www.parenting.com/blogs/screen-play/jeana-lee-tahnk/technology-blamed-chilDren-s-lack-exercise.
"The No. 1 Reason Your Workout Isn't Working." LIVESTRONG.COM. Accessed
November 17, 2018. https://www.livestrong.com/article/1012150-no-1-reason-workout-isnt-working/.
Therrien, Alex. "Lack of Exercise Puts One in Four People at Risk, WHO Says - BBCNews." BBC. September 05, 2018. Accessed September 14, 2018.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-45408017.
"What Are the Barriers to Exercise and the Solutions for Them? | Fitness." Sharecare.
Accessed November 18, 2018.
https://www.sharecare.com/health/fitness-exercise/barriers-to-exercise-the-solutions.
Yubaru, Ricky Kaminski, Michael Craig, JeffLee, Jack Stern, Richard Marsolais, Brian
Wheway, Ashlee Carolile Kirkendall-Arnold, Aizo Yurei, CGB, and GW. "Growing
Restrictions Make for Frustrated Park Users." Japan Today. September 10, 2014.

Accessed November 18, 2018.
https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/growing-restrictions-make-for-frustrated-park-users.

Refugees are not Accepted in Japan
S. O.
According to UNHCR in 2018, there are 70.8 million refugees in the world, and according to the
MINISTRY OF JUSTICE, the number of refugee recognition applicants is 10,493 people. As a result, recognizing
foreigners in Japan is only 82 people. Refugees are going to another country or town to live. In 2015, the number ofpeople granted refugee status in Japan was 27 out of the 7,586 people who applied from Asian countries. Should
Japan accept more refugees? The advantages and disadvantages explain why refugees are not accepted in Japan.
Refugee status in Japan is very strict, with a recognition rate of 0.4% in 2018. The number of refugee claimants has
been halved because of the changes in the refugee application system; the UNHCR Association reports that the
number of people forced to move around the world is now over 70 million.The thesis will discuss the cause andeffect of refugees in Japan, it’s merit and demerit of refugees. I will talk about why Japan's refugee status is so
tough compared to other countries in order to explain why Japan does not accept Refugees.
I
The first problem is that Japan does not have enough political will to accept refugees.
For instance in Germany they had a history of persecuting Jew, it approved the right of refugees to seek help in theconstitution, but the problem happened when people had no public acceptance. The fact that the society recognizes
the importance of helping refugees must have been one of the factors that allowed Prime Minister Merkel to play aleading role.Canada has a history of building the country by accepting immigrants and refugees, and people have acommon understanding that accepting others will grow social power and this social background is not unrelated toPrime Minister Trudeau taking power by promising to accept refugees.
The second problem comes from the assessment process for refugee status, where the Immigration Bureau
takes control of the procedures and in consequence the emphasis is on control rather than protection for the
refugees.For example, even if a person asks at an airport to be protected as a refugee, they are not permitted to enter
Japan and they are detained unswerving away.Essentially, a move Office should check likely social security risks
and a separate, independent governmental organization should review refugee status. We need such an organization
to be in charge of not only lawful procedures but also to direct policies which will look after refugees until they
achieve independence.
Another factor is that refugees are not always accepted by the local people. .There are misconceptions
about refugees that connect them to the growing fear around public safety and the risks to the community. Hencemaking it a challenge for them to be accepted into society, and they can’t earn the group can’t work.
442
Alan Makovsky, “Turkey's Refugee Dilemma,” Center for American Progress, accessed November 20, 2020

II
There are many benefits of accepting refugees. On the one hand, In fact, many economists agree that
accepting refugees is a benefit to a country's economy. Of course, there are costs associated with refugees'
settlement, but once they are settled, they pay taxes that outweigh the costs of doing so and the social welfare they
subsequently receive, according to a study in the United States, amounting to US$21,000. Furthermore, studies haveshown that 260,000 immigrants a year in the UK could halve the UK's public debt in 50 years' time.Furthermore, ahigher percentage of immigrants in the United States are businessmen than their own citizens. This is related to theextremely risky dynamic of "moving to another country," and the fact that different experiences and ideas fromthose of their own citizens lead to innovation. For example, Sergey Brin, co-founder of Google, immigrated to the
US from Russia with his family as a child, and Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, is a second-generation immigrant
whose own father immigrated to the US from Syria. And new immigrants and refugees running new companies canalso create new jobs. Additionally, some refugees are active in the political arena. For example, in the United States,
442

Alan Makovsky, “Turkey's Refugee Dilemma,” Center for American Progress, accessed November 20, 2020

Ilhan Omar, a refugee from Somalia, was elected to Congress in 2018. Thus, it is evident that many immigrants andrefugees are active in the places they migrate to.Furthermore, Japan's declining and aging population is a problem,
and accepting refugees could theoretically help alleviate the problems associated with an aging society in the longrun, according to UNHCR data, which shows that only 4% of refugees in other countries are over the age of 60. A
lower average age of the refugees taken in could help to compensate for a younger population and workforce, thus
reducing the burden on young people due to the financial cost of caring for the elderly. Of course, this is notexpected to be a dramatic improvement, but it would be an appropriate measure for the aging population.
There are many disadvantages of accepting refugees. On the other hand, there are many disadvantages of
accepting refugees.The first is the enormous cost of supporting refugees until they are able to live on theirown.Furthermore, there is an undeniable risk of increased crime and terrorism associated with cultural friction andconflict. In fact, two perpetrators of the November 2015 Paris terrorist attacks in France came from people who
had entered Europe as refugees. Also, the Cologne New Year's Eve mass sexual assault occurred in Germany
between December 31 of that year and January 1, 2016. A sexual assault and robbery of a German woman by about
1,000 Arabs and North Africans unfolded, sending shockwaves through Germany. The other disadvantage is thedissatisfaction of the people of Germany, who have decided that if they accept refugees, their food, clothing, shelterand living expenses will be paid for by the host country. It is said that few countries are willing to accept refugees
because there is no end to the argument that their country is enriched or that if the country's tax money is going tosupport refugees, it should be spent on their own people.
443
Daniel Griswold,”The Benefits of Immigration: Addressing Key Myths”May 23, 2018
III
First of all, comparing it to Turkey, Turkey is the country that hosts the most refugees in the world; in 2018, it
accepted 3.7 million refugees. It leads the pack compared to other countries, but there are many problems.The
reason Turkey has so many refugees is that many European countries send back asylum seekers who come to theircountry because they say Turkey is safe.Nearly 80 percent of Turkish respondents in the survey believe that mostSyrian refugees will stay in the country permanently, while 60 percent cited the refugee problem as the "third mostserious" problem facing Turkey. Too much acceptance causes problems.
Next, looking at Germany,Chancellor Merkel has decided to take in one million refugees. This is due toGermany's aging population and the resulting decline in the working population. This is similar to Japan. By
accepting refugees, the working population has increased. This plays a role in increasing the productivity of thecountry. However, it also hides the fact that it does not work in practice, partly because of invisible discrimination
against refugees for employment. For native Germans and refugees to work on the same stage requires further
legislation and understanding of the environment. There are problems, but this does not change the fact that the
number of people in the workforce is growing.
IV
In conclusion, there are some causes of why Japan has the lowest acceptance of refugees in the world andthe effect of it. I think that we must accept refugees in Japan, because there are too few refugees. Japan is decreasing
its birthrate and aging population. Population is decline in the future, so will the number of working people. Then,they need to use refugees. I think the refugee situation is still rarely known in Japan’s civilization and is the mostimportant cause. In conclusion, if you compare the two countries that are accepting a lot of refugees to Japan. If
countries take in too many, they will have problems like Turkey, but as long as they don't make a mistake in yourcapacity, I think they will be fine.
Bibliography
Alan Makovsky, “Turkey's Refugee Dilemma,” Center for American Progress, accessed November 20, 2020
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/reports/2019/03/13/467183/turkeys-refugee-dilemma/
Daniel Griswold,”The Benefits of Immigration: Addressing Key Myths”May 23, 2018https://www.mercatus.org/publications/trade-and-immigration/benefits-immigration-addressing-key-myths
gooddo マガジン編集部 “難民認定率、日本はたった 0.2%。日本が難民受け入れに厳しい理由とは,”
gooddo マガジン｜社会課題や SDGs に特化した情報メディア (株式会社 gooddo, August 17, 2020),
https://gooddo.jp/magazine/peace-justice/refugees/923/
443

Daniel Griswold,”The Benefits of Immigration: Addressing Key Myths”May 23, 2018

444

gooddo マガジン編集部 “難民認定率、日本はたった 0.2%。日本が難民受け入れに厳しい理由とは,”
gooddo マガジン｜社会課題や SDGs に特化した情報メディア (株式会社 gooddo, August 17, 2020),
445
OECD,”Migration Policy Debates”May 2014
446
Pia Orrenius,’’Benefits of Immigration Outweigh the Costs’’2016
447
Tejvan Pettinger,”Pros and cons of Immigration” 14 November 2020
444

gooddo マガジン編集部 “難民認定率、日本はたった 0.2%。日本が難民受け入れに厳しい理由とは,”
gooddo マガジン｜社会課題や SDGs に特化した情報メディア (株式会社 gooddo, August 17, 2020),
445
OECD,”Migration Policy Debates”May 2014
446
Pia Orrenius,’’Benefits of Immigration Outweigh the Costs’’2016
447
Tejvan Pettinger,”Pros and cons of Immigration” 14 November 2020

Tattoo Problem in Japan
Noeru Saino
Wonderopolis reported fashion goes beyond just clothes. It can extend to shoes, jewelry, and even hairstyle#, especially tattoos are very popular among the American youngsters# unlike the Japanese. The Pew ResearchCenter reports that in 2013, 38% of 18 to 29 year old people had at least 1 tattoo.# A recent Ipsos poll reveals that
more three in ten of American people had at least one tattoo in 2012#. In Japan there are only 2 percent of people
who have tattoos#. Japan has been known to be less welcoming to inked skin people. The Japanese Internetcompany called GMO# provided the results of a survey to ask what do you feel about tattoos being good, bad or no
matter for males and females from the age of 15 to over 60. The results show that none of senior citizens thinktattoos are good and almost 67 percent of them feel tattoos are bad. Even younger people who have the mostpercentage of positive thoughts about tattoos are almost 5 percent. Many Japanese people who have negative
thoughts about tattoos probably do not have exact reasons, just an image or custom from a long time ago. This thesis
will discuss the similarities and differences in treatments of tattoos from people between in Japan and in America,
the causes of tattoos are uncomfortable in Japan and three solutions which are request to the bathing facilities for thesystems, spread the positive image of tattoos to Japan by using social networking services and complain to Japanese
government about treatment for tattoos in Japan from a big scale in order to make Japan comfortable country for
Inked people to live.
I
There are some similarities about tattoos between Japan and the United States. In Japan, tattoos are not
popular because the Japanese, especially older people, have negative images for tattoos such as the people who got
tattoos are bad or dangerous and scared.# These images are coming from Japanese gang members called Yakuza
because they probably associate it with a kind of Japanese tattoo called Irezumi. Also, some Americans would feelscared about tattoos. There is a possibility that some Americans who have tattoos are gangs called mafia or
criminals# because in prison, tattoos are often used to send a message of intimidation and ownership to other gangs.
Also, gang tattoos identify gang members to protect each other. These opinions for tattoos made these countries lesscomfortable for people who got tattoos even if they got these for a way of fashion or positive meaning. For example,
people are not allowed to use public bath facilities, swimming pools and gyms in Japan and also it is hard to get a
job if they have a tattoo in both regions.# In contrast, tattoos are common among the people, especially young adults
in the United States are different from youths in Japan. Kinds of tattoos are useful and positive things for American
people. For instance, permanent makeup has advantages such as waterproof, not smearing, time saving, and simple
methods. Cosmetic tattooing is also used to cover scars, birthmarks, alopecia, and vitiligo. #Additionally, somekinds of workers have tattoos for several reasons. One of these is artists, mainly singers. Many famous musicians
have tattoos in Japan. For example, it is the major reason for the first time to get a tattoo when people decide to
become a musician and make money with music for their whole life. Also, tattoos can show off their mind, purpose
or morals then they can have confidence by themselves. Another is football players. According to sports
psychologist Dirk Hofmeister, tattoos help players feel less like being in a boot camp. After day footballers areforced to wear the same jerseys, so tattoos can give them identity and distinguish them from their buddies. Tattoos
can give them self expression which is beneficial for performance.# However, Japanese athletes would not get
tattoos because if they got a tattoo, it makes their team images worse from senior spectators, sponsors and Japan
Football Association.# Therefore, they try to hide their tattoos with long sleeve shirts or straps.

II
There are several causes for tattoos that are uncomfortable in Japan. The first cause for Japanese having anegative image for tattoos is the presence of Japanese criminal groups. Japanese people, especially the majority ofseniors, have prejudice towards tattoos such as the people who got tattoos are bad or dangerous and scared.# These
images are coming from Japanese gang members called Yakuza because most of them associate with a kind ofJapanese tattoo style called Irezumi.# This refers to the Japanese tattooing tradition of inserting ink under the skin toform the tattoo by hands with a tool that is made of bamboo and a few needles. This way of getting tattoos is very
painful and takes a lot of time compared to tattoo machines that operate with electric power. Why Yakuza chose thisway is because it is evidence to prove their courage and determination.#Moreover, the prejudice for tattoos comesfrom Japanese old time customs. Irezumi is a traditional Japanese tattoo style that has a history from at least 1700
years ago. In the Edo period, tattoos were completely taboo and used to mark as criminals on their forehead or arm.#
Members of the underclassmen who sold stolen things or illegal goods began to form groups that they called
Ninkyo. Many of them had been to prison with tattoos as a punishment, so they added new tattoos with different
kinds of art like color and designs to hide the mark. Japan completely banned tattoos in the Meiji period with law.#
Another cause for a difficult to lead lifestyle with tattoos is prejudice in Japanese society. In Japan, people have notbeen allowed to use public bath facilities called Ryokan and swimming pools since 1940, so there are mostly
signboards that say No Irezumi or tattoos. Some public pools banned people with Irezumi and tattoos even if theyhide their tattoos with swimwear or band-aids.# In 2014, the local government made a law that banned exposure to
tattoos and Irezumi, so people have to hide their tattoos with something in spite of the free swimming area. Majorityof gyms are allowed to join people who have tattoos to keep hiding tattoos. However, there are some gyms thatcompletely banned tattoos without regard to size and hiding with clothes to protect customer’s safety and securethem from Japanese gang members and punks.#
III
There are several solutions that could be put into practice. First one of the solutions is demand for thebathing facilities that change the system about which people are not allowed to use. The tourism agency is urging
Japanese bathing facilities to improve the coping with people who got tattoos such as considering the inked people
may be tattooed for a variety of religious, cultural or a fashion without associated with gang members.# The bathfacilities offer guests who got tattoos to take a bath when other guests are less taking a bath.
In addition, Japanese young people have positive thoughts for tattoos more than senior citizens, less bound by old
custom and also they are better adapted to social networks# like Twitter or Instagram so they can share the truth
about tattoos on a global scale to lead the country to a good way for globalization because young people need tolead and make society better in the future. If it succeeds, the seniors might change their mind from having negative
images that it has always been like that and it makes Japan an uncomfortable country for inked people that tattoos
are completely bad and dangerous#.
Last of all, if Japanese youngsters unite with others who have dissatisfaction with the treatment of tattoos in Japanand they protest to Japanese government or organization, it would not be able to ignore and avoid their opinions
because the protest might be shared to the whole of Japan by news on televisions, newspapers and SNS#. Then it
might get a lot of attention from the big scale. After that, the protestants introduce the problems like a lot of visitorsfrom overseas find it difficult to find the facilities which are allowed to be inked and benefits if Japan’s systems arechanged, visitors from foregin countries are easy to come without worries for inked problems such as less facilities
in interviews. Eventually, the Japanese government would consider directions for tattoos.
IV
In conclusion, there are several similarities between Japan and America for tattoos. Some people are scaredof tattoos because of the connection with gang members. Also both areas are not comfortable for people who havetattoos to find a job. However, some Americans would feel useful with having tattoos such as can cover scars, show
off their morals and can give them identity. In my opinion, tattoos will be more common in the future withincreasing the various shapes like makeup or cosmetics. It does not stand out compared to traditional tattoo styles
that have bold lines and bright colors, so Japanese people can easily get tattoos without much care about what others
think of their tattoos. According to The Asahi Shimbun, at the end of 2019, 51.2 percent of the nation's 14,400
yakuza members were 50 or older and they mostly retired at the age of 70 years old. Yakuza become fewer andfewer in the future in Japan# so we do not need to ban tattoos or irezumi in public facilities because there will not bedangerous problems such as gang troubles. Also, there are several causes for the tattoos not having good values from

Japanese people because of the bad images from Japanese gang members and the customs as the punishment for
criminals since the Edo period. These images make Japan an even more uncomfortable place for people who got
tattoos for fashion or having beneficial meaning such as they are not allowed to use public facilities and swimming
pools even if they try to hide their tattoos to stay not stand out some of those are completely banned. The custom for
Irezumi from ancient times even influenced the present different types of tattoos. This is not a fair reason soJapanese people need to begin to consider that tattoos are different from Irezumi. The first solution is that people
demand bathing facilities that change the system and need to wait for the tourism agency’s preparation like a
conference and it might take a little bit more time to gain the approval from the boss or manager. The second
solution just needs a device such as a smartphone to use Instagram or Twitter and can share the information to many
people but there is a worry that seniors are less having smartphones and less enjoying Instagram than young people.
Last solution is to unite with people who have dissatisfaction with the treatment of tattoos in Japan and make a plan
to protest in order to be featured in the news. I feel the last solution is the best solution because many people
including seniors watch TV or read newspapers the same as or more than young people so it can be shared on the
biggest scale.
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Chris Jackson, ‘’More Americans Have Tattoos Today than Seven Years Ago,’’ Ipsos, August 30, 2019,
accessed October 27, 2020, https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/more-americans-have-tattoos-today
Heimlich, Russell. “Tattoo Taboo.” Pew Research Center. December 30, 2019.
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September 12, 2019, accessed October 27, 2020, https://japanjunky.com/what-is-irezumi/
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accessed December 11, 2020, https://ualr.edu/socialchange/2017/03/01/blog-riddle-social-media/
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July 17, 2020, accessed December 11, 2020,
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日本とタトゥーの現状と実態に迫る,’’ LIVE JAPAN, September 9, 2019, accessed November 22,
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The Future of South and North Korea
Fanni ParkI have a problem that I’m very worried about. Its content is about a national problem between South andNorth Korea. Originally, these two countries were incorporated as one country, but a severe war divided them into
two countries in 1950. This war is typically named “Korean War”. At that time, Korea was released from Japanesecoronial roles five years ago; its incident is also the beginning of tragedy.
I
After World War II, the United States of America and Soviet Union discussed which one country would
take control of the world. Therefore, each country helped the independence of many colonial nations and defeatedthem in the war at that time. It has a purpose to correct support for them in exchange for independence. In the end,
two countries ended this problem with just glaring without directly crossing weapons. This is the so-called Cold

accessed October 27, 2020,
https://tattoofriendlyjp.com/why-japanese-people-are-afraid-of-tattoos/#:~:text=Tattooing%20culture%20h
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You. サッカー日本代表で刺青を入れている選手は？規則はあるの?. 週末世界の Football, June 28, 2020
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CompareCamp, May 13, 2020. https://comparecamp.com/tattoo-statistics/.
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2020, https://biz-journal.jp/2017/03/post_18410.html
タトゥーリムーバル, ‘’タトゥーがあったらどんな施設・場所が利用できなくなるか,’’
確実にキレイにタトゥー除去をする Navi, January, 2017, accessed October 27, 2020,
http://www.tattoo-rmv.info/column/place.html
独立系 Sler, ‘’刺青・タトゥーは OK? 8 つのジムに入会可能か問い合わせてみた,’’ykiblog, March 25, 2019, accessed October 27,
2020,https://ykiblog.com

War. Among them, many countries in the world were separated as the team of America or the Soviet Union. The
biggest feature is that most countries belong to the former that raises capitalism. For example, Japan, Western
Europe and Taiwan. Conversely, other countries belong to the latter that raises socialism like China, Eastern
European and Cuba. Among them, there are some countries that were originally made as one at the end of the fierce
battle between America and the Soviet Union like West and East Germany, South and North Vietnam and Africans.
As mentioned at the beginning, Korea is also one of the countries like them. As a result, the south area belonged tothe team of America and the north area belonged to the team of the Soviet Union.
II
The progress of “Korean War '' was as follows. At first, Korea of north side with the support of Soviet
Union and China. The momentum was very tremendous. And finally, the northern armies were advantageous to thepoint just before the south armies cornered, but next time, the southern armies brought them back with the support ofAmerica. Turning the battlefield, they cornered north armies until the border line with China. In this way, both ofthem fought back and forth. In this process, many people were killed. And in 1953, both sides signed an armisticeagreement to reduce wear for each other, but it was a truce, not the end of the war. So, this war is still continuing.
At this time, a border line was drawn at 38 degrees north latitude. There is strictly security in place. All people wereforbidden to pass through this border line. As a result of this war, it gave some influences to Korean people.
III
Then, what kind of path did the two countries follow after that? Let’s check each side in order.
At first, in the case of the south side, many people lamented breaking up with their families who were left
on the north side. If they try to pass through a border line, they will be killed by observers who have a gun. This isalso true for people in the same position who live on the north side. Of course, it was sad for families that lost
relatives in this war, but it was also sad for others that were introduced earlier in another vector.
On the other hand, looking at the economy, it has grown steadily, albeit slightly behind other capitalist
nations. For the first time, South Korea depends on the support of America, but it built uniqueness. In Particular, its
trend standed out in the 1960s. The policy implemented at this time was named as “Miracle on the Han River”. Also,South Korea formed a tie-up with other Asian countries like China and Vietnam in the 1980s. In this way, South
Korea succeeded in aspects of the economy, but there are some dark points to the fact that most rulers caused many
scandals.
IV
And in the case of the North side, a certain clan came to stand out after the war. Its clan’s name is Kim.
Kim Il Sung who is the head of the clan was one of the leaders of the north side. Later, he disposed of other big
wheels to take control of politics. As a result, the north area was formed by a socialism country in the name of theKim family. However, the north area was cordoned off. Until then, the Soviet Union and China were reliance ropes
for the north area, but after a certain time, two countries made a mistake. By the way, China concluded a treaty withsome capitalist countries. And in 1991, the Soviet Union lost the Cold War with America. With this, its union was
dismantled. And more than anything, some countries that were separated by America and Soviet Union are
reintegrated like Germany. Taking this opportunity, both Koreas also seemed to reintegrate again, but then, therelationship between south and north were already cold.
On the other hand, there is another problem in the country. The north nominally advocates socialism, but
the reality is there are many people suffering from sickness and poverty, but governments do not give alms for them.
So, the number of poor people is increasing even now.
V
Based on these, to both Koreas integrate again is difficult because the way of thinking of people, the way ofpolitics and economy have changed completely during these 70 years. I was born in Japan, so I don’t know the moredetailed circumstances between each country, but I’m Korean even if it bends. Considering the current situation of

the world, the north area is in a very weak position. In the first place, Socialism unions are in trouble. If this goes on,
the north area can be attacked by other strong Capitalism unions. I have no idea how to integrate two countries again
as one now, but I really hope it someday.

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Bibliography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War
https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history
https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War
https://www.insider.com/difference-between-north-and-south-korea-2017-8
https://brightside.me/creativity-photography/a-photographer-shows-differences-between-north-and-southkorea-and-they-are-impressive-617660/
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/north-korea
https://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/learn-nk-challenges
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908832

The Innocent Dogs and Terrible People in Japan
Yuzuki Honjo
Every year, the number of dogs being killed is increasing. In addition to the number of dogs being killed,there are many dogs being treated badly. For example, 500 cats & dogs legally killed in a kill box called the Dream
Box448 in Japan each day.449 In addition , according to Petopia, the statistics on animal abuse show that every 60
seconds, one animal suffers abuse. 450Even if it's legal, it's still a crime to kill, even if it's not human. Why are thesedogs being treated so badly? This thesis will compare Japan and other countries to how dogs are treated, the causes
and the solutions of being treated badly by humans in order to know what we can do for the innocent dogs who are
suffering because of humans.
I
There are many similarities in how dogs are treated in Japan to other countries. First of all, both Japaneseand people from other countries love pets, as do many people in the world. Also keeping dogs as pets is popular withpeople in the world. In addition, recognize that dogs are also members of the family. Next, pet stores and breeders selldogs but in Japan you can sell it easily, but in some countries overseas you have to go through a strict examination. 451
There are many places for dogs(pets) in the world. For example, there are hotels and dock run facilities where pets
can stay with them, so people both enjoy traveling and make memories with their pets. 452
On the other hand, other countries and Japan are so different. To begin with, animal rights are respectedaround the world, but animal rights are not widely pervaded in Japan. For example, there are some laws in othercountries. Legal pet shops are fully licensed, prohibiting the selling of pet shops without licenses. The countries thatare particularly focused on European countries are the UK and Germany. It is said that it is 100 years ahead of Japanin animal welfare.453 The next is Training awareness. In Germany, keeping dogs and going to training as a matter ofcourse. Public transportation such as trains and buses can allow dogs as there are many well-trained dogs and highly
conscious owners. There is no need to put it in a carry bag or cage. In England, the idea that a dog is a friend or family
is deeply ingrained. Therefore, as human beings educate their dogs, naturally the dog also attaches to the training
school. Therefore, many dogs who are taking a walk in the park etc are Nolead. Although walking in Noureed in448“知っていますか？犬や猫たちの「爪あと」が残る、「ドリームボックス」って？.” gooddo（グッドゥ）｜社会課題を知って、あなたにできる貢献を。いいこと、しやすく。. Accessed October 27, 2020.
449

Japan Today. “500 Cats & Dogs Legally Killed in Japan Each Day.” Japan Today. Accessed October 27, 2020.

450“45 Disturbing Animal Abuse Statistics We Should Know in 2021.” Petpedia, January 14, 2021.

451

Japan Today. “500 Cats & Dogs Legally Killed in Japan Each Day.” Japan Today. Accessed August 20, 2020.

452

Green, Kate, Gigigriffis, Paula Elliott, Ali, Joy Thierry Llewellyn, Pamela, Hanna, et al. “The Most (And Least) Dog-Friendly Countries in
Europe.” The Ramble, August 22, 2020.
453“The Difference between the World and Japan.” · Animal Essential. Accessed August 20, 2020.

Japan is a responsibility of the owner, it seems that it is possible only because training is done properly, and fighting
dogs etc are rare.454
II
There are several causes for dogs to be treated badly by humans. The first cause is environmental. In China,
there is a culture of eating dogs. Many people don't think it's possible to eat dogs, but in China, it's a normal part oftheir culture. In addition, people in developing countries are often seen owning dogs, but people don't have a lot offood to feed their dogs, and many of them die because they don't have access to food. Besides these, abandoning a
dog is generally a no-no,but there is no law against abandoning a dog anywhere and anyone can abandon it for theirown convenience.455 That will vary with the environment of the area and the country, but this kind of behavior has led
to an increase in the number of stray dogs. Stray dogs have no home and nothing to eat. They are not born to be born,
but are abandoned by humans. Many of them are killed after being taken care of.
The second cause is in how they are loved by their owners. There are many ways to express love, but there
are some people who misrepresent some things. 456 For example, some people don't think of dogs as living beings.
Also, they think of them as just decorations and dolls, because when a dog is hungry, sad, or in pain, people leavethem alone as if they have no feelings. People stop owning dogs for their own reasons. For example, the dog doesn't
listen to them, or the dog grows up and becomes difficult to keep. It's not easy to keep a pet abroad without going
through a strict screening process when you own one. (ex: Countries in Europe) However, in Japan, anyone can buy
a pet at a pet shop. There are a few people who do not have the responsibility of keeping an animal for the simple
reason that it is cute or because they want a pet. Those people are among those who abandon their dogs.457 There arepeople who dump their dogs on the side of the road for the reason that it's not a crime and it's okay, but they wouldn't
do that if they had love.
The third cause is money. Dogs are bred for money in many countries, and not only natural breeding but also
artificial breeding is common. Not only are dogs from the same breed but also hybrids and improved breeds are being
increased by humans. These things are not treated as one life, but as one commodity. So in Japan, small dogs are
popular458, so many small dogs are produced, and therefore many large dogs are left unsold.Those things are strictly
illegal as a law in some countries, but many dogs are killed because of this. In addition, in some countries, dog meatis sold. The reason why people sell dog meat is because we can sell it at a high price and there are many people who
buy them.459
III
There are three solutions Solutions to prevent dogs from being killed by humans. The first solution is to notallow them to breed. Also, spaying and neutering. Animals, like humans, have a life of their own and can have children,
but unlike humans, they can do so naturally, so it is difficult to stop them from having children on their own. However,
if we help them, we can stop them. For this reason, it would be better to have a birth control treatment that is not too
expensive. The cost of treatment is high and not something that can be easily lowered for either humans or animals,
but this is a problem that should be solved so that animals can live comfortably and not be treated badly by humans.
Also recently, I heard that many people consider animals as their own family members and many of them buy pet
insurance. Some insurance policies even guarantee more than half of the cost of treatment. 460
The second solution should be to prevent anyone from easily owning or selling a dog. Many people startowning them irresponsibly and then abandon them. That causes more shelter dogs. So it is better to have a strict
screening process for people who have the responsibility to raise their dogs in a way that gives them the right to keep
them. Also, in some countries, these things are very important. In fact, Europe is focusing on animal welfare to theextent that it is said to be an “animal welfare advanced country”. The countries that are particularly focused on
European countries are the UK and Germany.It is said that it is 100 years ahead of Japan in animal welfare. Such as
Legal pet shops are fully licensed and Prohibition of selling pet shops without licenses. 461
454“The Difference between the World and Japan.” · Animal Essential. Accessed August 20, 2020.

455

Sentient Media. “What Is Animal Cruelty and How Can We Stop It For Good?” Sentient Media, October 8, 2020.

456

Animemetravels. “Treatment of Animals in Japan.” Animeme Travels, June 4, 2019.

457

Japan Today. “Animal Welfare in Japan Improving.” Japan Today. Accessed October 27, 2020.

458

Nbakki. “Top 25 Popular Dog Breeds in Japan.” How much is it in Tokyo?, February 28, 2015.

459“Dog Meat Prices Skyrocket After Activists Hound Festival in China.” The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, June 26, 2014.

460

Hamamoto, Noriko. “Pet Insurance Popular as Medical Costs Rise.” The Japan Times. Accessed January 27, 2021.

461“The Difference between the World and Japan.” · Animal Essential. Accessed January 27, 2021.

The third solution is creating awareness through social media. If you are interested, you might know aboutit, but if you're not, you're not going to know about it at all. But nowadays, the internet and information is easy toaccess. Anyone can find out about it, and there are few people who don't use social networking sites. We should use
Instagram and other social media to introduce protected dogs at the public health center, or use commercials to show
how many Protected dogs are out there because we see a lot of commercials for children in developing countries, but
we don’t see commercials for shelter dogs or animals. In addition, not many people in Japan are aware of the existenceof animal rights.462 Because of this, some dogs are being abused or abandoned. This applies not only to dogs but to all
animals. The best way to spread the word about animal rights is to use social networking sites.
IV
In conclusion, there are many similarities and differences about how to treat a dog in Japan and othercountries. For example, love for dogs and animal rights. It's the same that you love dogs in Japan and in other countries,
but do not forget that dogs have the same rights as humans, as dog rights are not so respected in Japan.463 Dogs cannot
talk to humans, they have different food, they are different creatures from humans, but they have the same life.
Therefore, dogs have the right to live and value life like humans. Also, do not kill lives for human reasons or keep
dogs because they are cute. I think that only those who can responsibly raise their dogs to the end have the right tokeep them.
Additionally, there are many causes of dogs to be treated badly by humans. For example, different
environments in different countries, different ways of loving dogs and the human desire for money. The origin of
these things is entirely human. Did you all know that there is such a thing as animal rights? We all know that dogs are
animals and have the same lives and emotions as humans. But it's impossible to talk to them and they can't help but
behave badly. And just because they are animals that can't talk to us doesn't mean we can do anything to them. Just
because no one says anything, or because they can't be punished by law, doesn't mean it's okay to do it. Animals also
have a right to live, and I don't think there's any reason to lose their lives so easily by doing a horrible thing like killingthem because people created them. The dogs are innocent. Only we, as humans, can protect them from their cute andcuddly little ones.464 If the number of dogs being killed doesn't decrease, I think the government should make a law
to call for it. I don't think we should live in a world where people breed dogs, make money, and when they don't wantthem, it's fine to throw them away and the health department kills them because they can't raise them while covering
them up with pity.465
Lastly, there are many solutions for dogs being killed at public health centers. For example, lower the cost of
castration treatment, make it impossible to buy and sell dogs easily, and use social networking sites to inform people
about protected animals and animal rights. I think it would be difficult to remedy this problem. If you ask me what we
can do, we can't do anything big. But because of social media, I can tell people about the existence of Protected dogs
and I can volunteer. Maybe the Japanese should change the way they think about not only dogs, but also cats and otheranimals. Nowadays in Japan, unlike in the past, it is a big problem for adults to raise their hands against children as it
is considered abuse. In the same way, the way people treat and think about animals is also changing. Some people
used to consider buying a pet as their status, but now more and more people treat their pets as members of the family,
no matter what kind of animal they are, and more and more people are taking in dogs from shelters. This is because ashelter in one of the prefectures is working toward the goal of zero euthanasia and has achieved that goal. 466

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464“Laws That Protect Animals.” Animal Legal Defense Fund, August 4, 2020.

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The Existence of Entertainment for People
Mirai MachidaWhat is Entertainment? Currently, Entertainment is a part of everyday life. Everyone lives a life they enjoy
because of it, even if they do not consciously use it. Life is not all about school and work. People are using
entertainment to enhance their lives. Once again, it's hard to understand what entertainment is. So if I had to define
it, it's an industry that moves people's emotions. We define it as a business where people actually go to the place andpay for the experience.467 Theme parks, movies, sports, and concerts are all ways we get entertainment. There havebeen a lot of changes in entertainment now and in the past. For example, one of the most popular forms ofentertainment that people use every day is global online video and entertainment. 468 According to 2019 social media
statistics, there are 3.5 billion social media users worldwide and this number is increasing. That's about 45 percentof the current population. Additionally, video consumption in469 the United States shows that percent of millennials(ages 13-34) watch an average of 11 hours of online video content per week.Entertainment is also changing themarketing within it. Some data shows that 73 percent of marketers are doing business through social media
marketing efforts. And this is an amazing result for a time when there was no entertainment in the past. If it weren't
for the development of technology, we might be having as much fun with entertainment today as we were 100 years
ago.Entertainment is very important because it can change our lives and our possibilities. First of all, I would like toexplain the most serious problem of entertainment. according to S&P, regulatory risk by companies is growing 470.
The most serious problem in entertainment is that people think Internet companies should focus on user privacy,
unsafe content, antitrust and market dominance concerns. This is very important in the media and entertainment thatpeople use today. For example, a possible problem with the Netflix company is that when people join and pay for
Netflix, they have to enter their credit card privacy information. But if some malicious person hacks and misuses
them, a lot of personal information will be lost.These very dangerous risks are now taken by many companies.
Looking at the responses to the massive 2020 Consumer Trends Survey, 471there was a rating from entertainment
brands that people generally say quality is the most important and affordable.The results show that people arefocused on quality and money and do not think much about personal information risk. This thesis will discussentertainment as more positive than negative for people in the world, its current and past of entertainment and two
ways to protect your privacy as it relates to entertainment in order to identify how much entertainment is involved inand need for people's lives.
I
There are advantages and disadvantages of entertainment. One of these positive points is withentertainment, there is value in the experience itself.472 You get an experience that can only be experienced on the
spot. Also, the sense of unity among the participants. You can feel the atmosphere with all five senses. 473It has thecharm of being extraordinary. Furthermore, it is to create a special feeling for each person. For example, they may
offer special content just for that person (such as name-branded merchandise or handshakes) or sell limited-time
products. Second of all, there are some downsides to using entertainment. The main negative thing aboutentertainment is that the use of entertainment can become an addiction and wipe out society. There is research datathat shows that young people are seeing the consequences of their actions. Namely, movies, exposure to violence,illicit sex, citing misperceptions of normality, and music being pushed out of every corner. What makes this evenmore frightening is when the home environment is abusive. According to the article, by the time the average
teenager reaches the age of 18, they have witnessed about 16,000 murders and 200,000 acts of violence on
television.474 This has nothing to do with the game, and the number of occurrences increases further with each
additional hour spent playing the game.People who are negatively affected by negative shows can certainly findthemselves in more difficult situations in the future.
II
467

PopOptiq“19 Types of Entertainment - What Do You Like Doing?,” PopOptiq, 2019.
Maryam Mohsin, “10 Social Media Statistics You Need to Know in 2021[Infographic],” Oberlo, 2020.
469
Andrew Perrin and Monica Anderson, “Share of U.S. Adults Using Social Media, Including, 2019.
470
TenProblems et al., “Ten Problems for Entertainment in the 2020s,” TenProblems.com, 2020.
471
Gemma Joyce, “2020: Consumer Trends for the Entertainment Industry”, 2019.
472“【zempen】saishinnoentateimentogyokaidokokarahimotoku‘taikenkachi‘takamerumaketeingutoha: b→Dash｜gyokaishieaNo.1 detamaketeingutsuru, 2018.
473“Why Is Entertainment Important?,” Talking Tree Creative, 2019.
474
M;, Muscari. “Media Violence: Advice for Parents.” Pediatric nursing. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2002.
468

There are current and past forms of entertainment. The biggest difference between the old days and today's
use of entertainment is that everyday life is different. 475 In the 1920 census, more than 80 percent of "men" over theage of 10 were working, whereas today only 69 percent of men over the age of 16 are working. In the old days, notmany people had cars, so we didn't have the concept of a family vacation, we just went shopping together onholidays. Secondly, there were major differences between classes and cultural differences between the classes
Entertainment. For the lower classes were penny arcades, dance halls, nickelodeons, and early movie theaters withvery low admission fees. The middle class usually found entertainment in going to the circus or parlor shows.The
elite have found entertainment in opera, symphonies, theater and so on. So in these times, with so many people
working so many hours, especially at a young age, it's likely that they didn't have enough leisure time to reach out
for entertainment. Thus, entertainment in the olden days was probable through various forms of rituals, celebrations
and religious festivals. In summary, it was not easy for people to engage in entertainment in the olden days, as there
were various statuses and restrictions on what they could do and what they could not do as they pleased.
Another feature of today's entertainment is the shift to digital is spreading, and watching movies and TV isbecoming people's top choice. 476 More than a quarter (27 percent) of all entertainment time in 2018 was spent
watching TV and movies, according to the NPD Group study. Listening to music was second at 19 percent, and 16
percent of entertainment time was spent playing video games.477This leads to people becoming habitual.And what'smore, the global entertainment market was able to reach $100 billion for the first time in 2019 as streaming andmarketing continued to make significant gains. The new coronavirus has caused a recession in all restaurants andeconomies, but streaming services have made great strides. Furthermore, as a result of the development of theentertainment industry, new types of jobs are being created, with writers, musicians, and composers being employedby companies rather than by patrons or individuals, as was the case in the past. New jobs have emerged in the film
industry, such as lighting technicians, special effects supervisors, and amusement park attendants. Eventually,
today's entertainment has evolved to blend with the entertainment of the past, adding new ones every day. We've
been creating new marketing probabilities and making a positive difference in people's lives all along.
III
There are problems and solutions caused by entertainment. In order to regulate privacy information, it isessential for users to protect their own information and for organizations to strictly protect their data.The effects ofprivacy information theft are not limited to money loss, but can also expose addresses, phone numbers, insurance
cards, and even passport numbers478. According to a Microsoft479 survey of 10,000 users (2014), the annual damage
caused by identity theft and phishing is estimated at $5 billion globally. In addition, it costs an additional $6 billion
to repair the damage done to an individual's online credibility. This is a problem that causes more damage than it
does to the damage. The problem is that, unlike ordinary theft, this crime is difficult to find and difficult tocompensate for. There are two ways to protect yourself from this kind of crime. The first is for people to be aware of
the problem.For example, you don't use the same password for your bank account as for multiple passwords.It's easy
to keep using the same password from the first time, but that password is sure to be vulnerable. A 2019 online
security survey by Google confirmed that 65% 480of people use the same password for multiple or all of theiraccounts. The second is to ensure a high quality of regulation of the personal information of the companies weorganize.However, this is a very harsh reality. Because technology companies are not in favor of regulations
governing how data is collected, used, and stored. This is because regulations tend to stifle innovation by creatively
restricting how data can be used, and they also lead to increased compliance costs by increasing requirements fordata updates, record keeping, and notification of data security breaches. However, the companies that are in favor ofthese have the potential for enormous risk and negative consequences because they rely on relatively free access anduse.I think big companies should adopt it like the European Union. The European Union (EU) enacted the General
Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018481. This means that it regulates the data handling and privacy of475

MAMcIntosh, “What Did Entertainment Look Like 100 Years Ago In The USA,” Brewminate,2019.
“Watching Movies and TV Topped US Entertainment Options,” The NPD, 2018.
477
Rebecca Rubin, “Global Entertainment Industry Surpasses $100 Billion for the First Time Ever,” Variety, 2020.
478
Canon, “kozin zyouhou wo mamo ru tame no ki me te wo osi e te kudasai”,Canon, 2016.
479“Worldwide Cost of Identity Theft Could Be $5 Billion per Year, Microsoft Survey Finds,” WeLiveSecurity,
2014.
480
Michael Greene and November 12, “The Password Reuse Problem Is a Ticking Time Bomb,” Help Net
Security,2019.
481
GDPR“What Is GDPR, the EU's New Data Protection Law?,” GDPR.eu, 2019.
476

individual citizens of the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA), and also addresses the export of personal
data. I believe that this will build trust between the government and the citizens.

IV
In conclusion, entertainment is a necessary part of our lives and the presence of entertainment can make ourlives happier. Be prepared for the entertainment and know the risks. We want our thoughts and dreams to come true
through our entertainment experiences. It doesn't necessarily affect you, but it doesn't harm you. The negative andpositive aspects are balanced out and turned into something positive . There will always be a good and bad side tosomething, but there are plenty of ways to make that bad side better. That's why I think the most important thing is
to be flexible and not to evaluate new things in their bad places. It can also be said that Entertainment is a wonderfuland vital part of our world.Entertainment is a wonderful and vital part of our world.What was once entertainment is
now the basis of today's entertainment, and with the fusion of the old and new technologies, a new kind ofentertainment has been established over time. And that's what you see when you compare the past with the present,
where there used to be a hierarchy of access to entertainment, but now it's available to everyone at equal prices.
Furthermore, in the past, people worked a lot of hours and didn't have access to entertainment, but now, with thecorrection of laws such as the Labor Standards Act, anyone can easily enjoy it.The appeal of entertainment is thatit's a means of achieving insight and intellectual growth and the influencer power is very strong. So I think it's very
good influential content for me.However today, I think we're getting used to that influence and adding it to the badside. We have to find the problem and the solution to it and make the content evolve further without losing sight ofthe old entertainment that was the foundation of it. So, instead of focusing on the good aspects of things, we need tounderstand the bad aspects of things, which will lead to a revolution in the next generation. 482 It can also be said that
I feel the biggest problem with entertainment was the loss of personal information. The solution to this problem isfor people to be more careful and cautious in their use. It's easy to get something that's convenient, but don't forgetthat there's a big risk involved. As for the second point, the regulation of corporate information, it may be that theregulation is a hindrance on the business side, but I would like to see more thought given to the individual consumer
and more measures taken. In the future, it will be even easier to obtain convenient things, but we must not forget toweigh the advantages and disadvantages. It will take a long time to solve the entertainment problems caused bythese things.
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Andrew Perrin and Monica Anderson, “Share of U.S. Adults Using Social Media, Including Facebook, Is Mostly
Unchanged since 2018,” Pew Research Center, accessed March 31, 2021, July 31, 2020.
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/10/share-of-u-s-adults-using-social-media-including-faceb
ook-is-mostly-unchanged-since-2018/.
GDPR“What Is GDPR, the EU's New Data Protection Law?,” GDPR.eu, accessed December 13, 2020 February 13,
2019.
https://gdpr.eu/what-isgdpr/#:~:text=The%20regulation%20was%20put%20into,tens%20of%20millions%20of%20euros.
Gemma Joyce, “2020: Consumer Trends for the Entertainment Industry”, accessed December 13, 2020,November
15th 2019.
https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/consumer-trends-entertainment-industry-2020/.
Keith Kirkpatrick, “Regulating Information Technology,” ACM, accessed December 13, 2020, December 1, 2019.
https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2019/12/241065-regulating-information-technology/fulltext.
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2020,March 9, 2016.
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Marketics “【zempen】 saishinnoentateimentogyokaidokokarahimotoku‘taikenkachi“takamerumaketeingutoha:b→Dash｜gyokaishieaNo.1 detamaketeingutsuru,.”b.Accessed August 28,
2020,December 12, 2018 .
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2021, March 18, 2021.
482

Keith Kirkpatrick, “Regulating Information Technology,” ACM, 2019.

https://www.oberlo.com/blog/social-media-marketing-statistics.
MAMcIntosh, “What Did Entertainment Look Like 100 Years Ago In The USA,” Brewminate, accessed March 31,
2021, May 29, 2019.
https://brewminate.com/what-did-entertainment-look-like-100-years-ago-in-the-usa/.
M;, Muscari. “Media Violence: Advice for Parents.” Pediatric nursing. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Accessed
September 1, 2020,November between December , 2002.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12593343/.
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PopOptiq“19 Types of Entertainment - What Do You Like Doing?,” PopOptiq, March 20, 2019, Accessed
September 1, 2020.
https://www.popoptiq.com/types-of-entertainment/.
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March 31, 2021, March 12, 2020.
https://variety.com/2020/film/news/global-entertainment-industry-surpasses-100-billion-for-the-first-time-ever-1203529990/.
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2020,October 27, 2020.
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March 31, 2021.
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networking%20and%20other%20activities.
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accessed December 13, 2020,February 12, 2014.
https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/12/worldwide-cost-of-identity-theft-could-be-5-billion-per-yearmicrosoft-survey-finds/.

The Current Condition of Climate Change
Moe Yoshida
Recently, climate change has become a serious problem in the world. Because of this, the global
temperature is increasing, and it can be a cause of unusual weather like drought, flood, large-scale fire or cyclones
everywhere in the world. 483Actually, the damage by the storm is the highest and its damage cost is 59.3 billion (inU.S. dollars).484 Consequently, people are forced to live in a severe situation. In this thesis, I will examine climatechange from three viewpoints, its causes, negative impact and solutions to make understanding the seriousness ofclimate change. We should know it because it influences our future living directly.
I
There are several human causes which lead to increased emission of greenhouse gases. . First is thedeterioration of carbon cycles. The carbon cycle is made by human's activities. At first, they burned fossil fuels, andit produced carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere. Then, the atmosphere exchanges
carbon dioxide with the oceans continuously at almost the same value. Also, the primary production is related to this483

"2019 年、世界を襲った異常気象の数々【写真】"
Erin Duffin, "Cost of damages caused by natural disasters in 2019, by type of disaster (in billion U.S. dollars), "statista, 2020
484

cycle too. Primary production like respiration emits carbon dioxide to the atmosphere too. 485Therefore, factories,
oceans and forests emit carbon dioxide, and this cycle continues. Because of this cycle, carbon dioxide does not go
down.
The second cause is methane production. It can be divided into three sectors. First is enteric fermentation
like in the agriculture sector. For example, this sector is digestive of livestock like cattle, sheep and goats. This isbecause they have a rumen, so it takes a long time to digest completely. Actually, the report said that the emission of
methane by cow's fermentation occupies 20 percent of all of Japan's total greenhouse gases in agriculture. 486
Moreover, storing animal manure in lagoons or holding tanks emits methane too. Secondly is the industry sector.
For instance, this is the natural gas and petroleum system, both of these are used for industry in production,
processing, transportation and storage. In addition, the main component of natural gas is methane, so these are easy
to emit. Thirdly is landfills or the manure management sector. Methane is emitted from domestic and industrial
wastewater treatment and composting, Also in landfills, treatment of wastewater is emitted too.
Finally, modern technologies and infrastructures increase methane emission too. This is because people areburning coal, oil and gas to develop the technology. One example of this is for transportation such as cars, trucks,
ships, trains and planes for gasoline and diesel engines. Also, to progress the electricity production, some coals areburning too. Actually, the percentage of electricity which comes from burning fossil fuels such as thermal power
generation is 63 percent.487 Not only that but also burning oil is used by industry for certain chemical reactions
necessary to produce goods from raw materials. On the other hand, there is a reason why greenhouse gases do notdecrease and remain in the atmosphere. That is deforestation. Some people cut down many trees to build
infrastructures, development of commercial plantations or speculation inland and this action is on the increase in theworld.488 Because of this, plants cannot do photosynthesis that absorbs carbon dioxide to generate oxygen.
Therefore, this benefit is lost and increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
II
To begin with, climate change influences our living in various aspects. The first one is biological effects.
This effect can be divided into two sections, first is human effects. According to the solar impulse foundation, thelack of food resources and energy is serious, and it creates new conflicts.⁷ Moreover, this circumstance will affect
the global economy and shake up many areas such as social, health and geopolitical balances in the world.
Consequently, the number of environmental refugees will increase. Actually, the estimated number of climate
refugees by 2050 is 250 million people.489As for biology other than humans, climate change is disturbing theecosystem and its condition of propagation. This is because it changes surroundings, so some species can’t adapt toit. Not only break the biological relation but also the intrusion of invasive species. This species affects the local
crops and animals too.
For the second effect, the global climate is changing due to climate change. One basic example is risingtemperatures. Actually, the global temperature has risen 2.0°F since 1880 490, and it is said that the temperature willcontinue to go up. According to the RCP scenario which has some representative concentration routes of greenhousegas and predicts future climate, our society matches the worst situation with the highest rise in temperature. Anothereffect is changes in precipitation patterns. In the United States, the northern area has more precipitation, and thesouthwest area has less, and this will lead to large-scale and serious droughts or floods. Not only that but also morenatural diseases will occur due to climate change. Really, the number of all reported natural diseases increased byabout 17 cases in the last decade, and some kinds of natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, volcanic activity andwildfires also rose too.491
The main effect of climate change is water problems. Nowadays, the sea level is certainly rising a little.
Actually, the increase reached 18 cm including 6 cm in the last 20 years.⁹ Also, it is often said that the sea level willrise 1 to 8 feet before 2100 because of ice melting caused by climate change.⁷ It seems to be general because many
people said this, but sea level rise leads to serious problems. The damage of the storm surge by the rising sea levels
became larger. Moreover, in small islands which are located under the equator such as Fiji island and Marshall
485"The global carbon cycle" Time for Change“牛の生体・個体差に基づく消化 ... - Maff.go.jp.” PDF. 農研機構
487
"Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" EPA
488"世界の森林減少の状況" REDD 研究開発センター.
489"Global warming effects, " Solarimpulse foundation, "490
Global climate change, "global temperature, " NASA, 2020
491
"Number of recorded natural disaster events, All natural disasters, " Our World in Data, 2019486

island seawater enters the field and well, so crops do not grow and drinking water is not available too. In addition,
the ice melting can be a cause of more floods because ice usually holds 24 million cubic kilometres of water 492, so it
can affect coastal cities. Another example of water effects is ocean acidification. Ocean acidification means theocean becomes more acidic by human's activities like destroying forests and emitting more carbon dioxide. This canbreak the whole food chain.
III
One popular way to stop climate change is renewable energy. Renewable energy is known as the main
solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and can be used as an alternative to generating energy without fossil
fuels. If people conduct this, they can reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Actually, the IEA reported its estimatethat renewable energy contributed 17 percent in reducing greenhouse gas in 2050 compared to 2005. 493 These
predictions help countries to use renewable energy. Most of these countries perform power generation in solar
energy, wind energy, ocean energy or bioenergy and heat utilization. According to Our World in Data, renewableenergy consumption in the world was 11.42 percent in 2019, and the highest kind of renewable energy washydropower at 6.45 percent. 494
Another way to improve this situation is geoengineering. Geoengineering is a more professional strategy
for people. This means the way to lower the temperature artificially by managing the solar radiation called SRM.
SRM is a general term for technologies that block sunlight and cool down the earth. One example to do this is"Stratospheric aerosol injection" which Dr. Crutzen introduced in his report. This winds the fine particles of sulfur
dioxide into the stratosphere at an altitude of 30 km by airship and hoses The effects of this way are clear.
According to the research at Rutgers University in New Jersey, the global temperature can be reduced by 0.5℃ byspraying 5 million tons of sulfur dioxide annually. 495 The praxis method is the modification of solar reflectance inmany places such as in the resistance, farm, desert or its reflectance of the cloud. 496
Also, tree planting can be an answer to climate change too. This is the way that is easy to execute forordinary people. They can do this in their private garden by making a green-covered wall, or in public places suchas on the roadside or parks. 497Through tree planning, people can reduce the carbon dioxide in the atmospheresustainably, and it can lead to improvement in air pollution. According to research from a construction company, 2580-years-old cryptomeria japonica in 100 m2 can absorb 350 kg of carbon dioxide per year. 498 Also, tree planningprovides the relaxation effect of temperature and humidity. Actually, the wall temperature which incorporated thisplan was lower by about 4.9℃ than the wall that doesn't have any plants. 499 This can be used to relieve unusual
weather or phenomenon. One example of this is the heat island phenomenon which causes higher temperatures in an
urban area than in suburbs. If people do tree planting in the city side, they can prevent this development too.
IV
In conclusion, there are several human causes of climate change such as vicious carbon cycle, entericfermentation or natural gas and burning coal, oil and gas. Then, many problems occur on various sides such as
weather, biology and oceans. I think the biggest effect of climate change is the water effect because it’s most
relevant to our life. If the sea level rises, people can't get enough food and lose their place to live. If the ice melts,
the coastal city will sink. Thus we have to take action on climate change immediately. Among many solutions in theworld, the optimal solution is tree planning, because this is the easiest way to conduct for everyone. Some of thesolutions, especially including technical knowledge can be done by only expertises people. I think that ismeaningless. People can make better solutions by gathering more people, but there is a crucial point in executing
492"The effects of climate change, " World Wild Fund for Nature, "IEA. "Energy Technology Perspective 2010," 再生可能エネルギー導入加速化の必要性など
494
BP Statistical Review of World Energy. "Energy consumption by source, world" Our World in Data, 2019495
"人工的に気温を下げる「地球工学」とは" 0 テレ NEWS24, 2010496
東京理科大学 特任副学長 向井千秋氏, "地球を人工的に冷やすジオエンジニアリング" SMFG SAFE,
2019497
日本自然環境専門学校, "環境緑化の種類と効果 〜環境保全と緑化の関係〜" 学校法人 キャリア
テクニカ学園 J-eco 日本自然環境専門学校
493

498

稲田 利幸, "地球温暖化対策における緑化推進の取り組み" 京都府本部／自治労京都市職員労働組合,
2003
499
Daiwa Lease, "壁面緑化とは" 大和リリースの壁面緑化 -ecologreen-this. As one of the targets of SDG 13 mentioned, ("13.3 BUILD KNOWLEDGE AND CAPACITY TO MEET
CLIMATE CHANGE ") 500 I think the most important thing to confront climate change is to have knowledge about
it by improving education and telling the danger of climate change. Even if you take actions like these things withno knowledge of climate change, there’s no point. Taking actions with knowledge is meaningful and the greatest
way to solve this problem. By doing this, people may think of their own solutions to tackle climate change, and thatthings change the situation of the current world.
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November 22nd, 2020
https://ourworldindata.org/energy"Climate Change - Solutions to solve climate change" Hero banner. accessed August, 2020
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Daiwa Lease, "壁面緑化とは" 大和リリースの壁面緑化 -ecologreen-, accessed November 21th, 2020
https://www.daiwalease.co.jp/service/ecologreen/wall/
Erin Duffin, "Cost of damages caused by natural disasters in 2019, by type of disaster (in billion U.S. dollars), "statista, August 31st, 2020, accessed November 21th, 2020
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IEA. "Energy Technology Perspective 2010," 再生可能エネルギー導入加速化の必要性など, accessed
November
22nd, 2020
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/report/h24-08/chpt01.pdf
IGES, "Goal 13. Climate Action" Goal.13 Climate Action, accessed November 22nd, 2020
https://www.iges.or.jp/en/sdgs/13-climate-change
Global climate change, "global temperature, " NASA, 2020, accessed October 11th, 2020
https://climate.nasa.gov"Global warming effects, " Solarimpulse foundation, " accessed October 11th, 2020
https://solarimpulse.com/global-warming-solutions
Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, "Global CO2 emissions, " Our World in Data, 2018, accessed October 9th, 2020
https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions"Number of recorded natural disaster events, All natural disasters, " Our World in Data, 2019, accessed October 9th,2020
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-natural-disasterevents?tab=table&time=2009..latest&country=~Wildfire"Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions" EPA April 11th 2020.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions"The effects of climate change, " World Wild Fund for Nature, " accessed October 8th, 2020
https://www.wwf.org.uk/learn/effects-of/climate-change"The global carbon cycle" Time for Change. October 13th, 2019https://timeforchange.org/global-carbon-cycle-and-climate-change/
稲田 利幸, "地球温暖化対策における緑化推進の取り組み" 京都府本部／自治労京都市職員労働組合,
March
9, 2003, accessed November 21st, 2020
http://www.jichiro.gr.jp/jichiken_kako/report/rep_gunma30/jichiken/5/14.htm“牛の生体・個体差に基づく消化 ... - Maff.go.jp.” PDF. 農研機構. accessed August 24, 2020.
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https://www.caretech.ac.jp/specialized_field/eco_green.html"2019 年、世界を襲った異常気象の数々【写真】" January 4th, 2020.
https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/climate2019

Immigration policy in Japan
Sachiho Onoue
According to note.com, the number of people who immigrate to Japan increased from about 9 hundred
thousand in 1989 to about 2.7 million in 2018. 501 In addition, Japan's parliament passed a bill proposed by the Abe
Administration to establish a new residency status.502 On April 1st in 2019, low and semi-skilled foreign workers canbe ready to work in Japan. 503All foreigners who have qualified for a new specialized skills visa can enter to work indesignated categories in other countries by the revised immigration control and Refugee Recognition Act which passed
on December 8th in 2019. Additionally, Japan created a new five-year working visa which allows people who meet
immigration requirements to get a particular position for 5 years at most. 504 Basically, there are two fundamental
factors of immigration which are Push factors and Pull factors. Push factors are that people would want to leave theirhome country due to natural disasters and rebellion. Pull factors are that people want to come to a new country on theother hand. There are many countries which accept immigration. Lately, the UK’s policy on immigration has beenchanging because of leaving the European Union on 31st January 2020. The UK needs immigrants who have highskills to contribute, stimulating their economy, communities and public services. 505 In addition, the number of people
who are living in the UK as migrants has been increasing since 1994. Looking more in detail, in 2019 there wereapproximately 6.2 million with non-british nationality living in the UK and 9.5 million people who were born foreigncountries. 506 This thesis will focus on the benefits and negative aspects of immigration, its three causes and compare
Japanese policy regarding immigration to that in the UK in order to determine the importance of having immigrationin Japan, describe why immigration happens in many countries and what immigration are for, and discuss whichmeasures are better for the country to develop.
I501“日本に住む外国人はいったい何人？～ますます増加する外国人への傾向と対策にも GIS が有効～.” 日本に住む外国人はいった
い何人？ | ブログ | 株式会社ゼンリンマーケティングソリューションズ. Accessed August 23, 2020.
502“移民を必要とする日本、しかし移民は日本を必要としているのか.” CNN.co.jp. Accessed August 23, 2020.

503

Covid-19: The current situation in Japan and countermeasures, PLAZA HOMES LTD, web, Wednesday Oct 7th 2020

504

Menju Toshihiro, Japan’s Historic Immigration Reform: A Work in Progress, nippon.com, Menju Toshihiro, Web, Feb 6th 2019505

The UK’S points-based immigration system: policy statement, cov.uk, 19, Crown copyright, web, February 2020

506

Georgine Sturqe, Migration statistic, commons library.parliament.uk, 2020 House of commons library, web, Friday, 05 June, 2020

There are several positive and negative elements of immigration. The first advantage is that it has the potential
to increase economic-growth by accepting immigrants because the number of people who work in Japan would
gradually increase. Therefore, Pia Orrenius who is a regional economist working on economic growth anddemographic changes says that it can lead to the growing production capacity of the economy in the country. 507
Moreover, accepting many immigrants can prevent serious effects of an aging population. 508These issues are causedby lack of labor, but the increased employment of young people would increase labor. The second benefit is that
according to Economicshelp.org, most immigrants often arrive with little wealth, so they have a great incentive to try
and make something for themselves.509 Therefore, young immigrants are also more likely to be entrepreneurs, setting
up businesses that create innovative products. Thirdly, while the world is getting more globalized than previously, thecurrent situation in Japan is less globalized than other foreign countries due to language barriers. Consequently, thedecline in competitiveness in international competition has become an issue in Japan. However, it could remove thelinguistic barriers to accept more immigrants, and there are the possibilities of international competition. It might leadto globalization of the country as well. 510 Furthermore, some people feel that immigration leads to cultural diversity
and transforms the country into a more diverse and inclusive atmosphere which means it creates a multicultural society.
A country that has a lot of immigrants can absorb foreign culture such as food, music and political implications. 511
According to a recent investigation by the Bank of England, the UK had a 10 percent increased in immigration but
wages fall by 0.31%.512 Native people who have high skill may get good positions at work. In contrast, it is difficult
for low-skilled, native laborers to obtain a new job. This is because almost all native people do not want to work for
low-waged jobs. However, all immigrants can get jobs which native people do not want. Therefore, they can earnminimum money to live. In other words, immigrants do not have to worry about the cost of living.
On the other hand, accepting a lot of immigrants has several drawbacks. First of all, low-skilled laborers put
negative pressure on wages which means companies tend to employ workers with low wages so that they can fillvacancies. 513For instance, the number of immigrants was high between 2010 and 2018. However, this was the periodthat the wage growth stagnated. As a result, it might cause the increase of low-paid workers and those with lesseducational qualifications.514 Next, security deteriorates and crime also increases by having immigrants. According tofstandard.co.jp, Italy and Greece, which are already accepting migrants from Africa and the Middle East, areexperiencing an increase in crime and poor security. 515 For example, garbage disposal and noise issues are increasing.
One of the reasons is that there is a difference between native culture and foreign’s one. Therefore, handlingimmigrants is hard.516 Additionally, the Legal Research Institute published that 29.1% of cracked down drug cases
were from immigrants.517 Also, the crime of stealing by immigrants was 31.7 percent which is the highest. Furthermore,
housing prices in areas with high levels of immigration are getting higher at the same time that the number of
immigrants is increasing. For example, especially that happens in areas like London and the south where it has been
hard to find places to build new housing. Studies such as the Migration Advisory Committee found that a 1% increasein the UK’s population due to migration leads to a 1% increase in house prices. 518 Recently, Japan’s population is507

Pia Orrenius, The Hamilton project, hamilton project.org, 2021, Accessed March 12

508

Pettinger, Tejvan, and Tori. “Pros and Cons of Immigration.” Economics Help, November 14, 2019.

509

Pettinger, Tejvan, and Tori. “Pros and Cons of Immigration.” Economics Help, November 14, 2019.

510

Gooddo マガジン編集部, 移民を受け入れることのメリットは？共生がもたらす未来とは, gooddo.jp, November 11, 2020,
accessed March 12, 2021
511
Pettinger, Tejvan, and Tori. “Pros and Cons of Immigration.” Economics Help, November 14, 2019.
512

Pettinger, Tejvan, and Tori. “Pros and Cons of Immigration.” Economics Help, November 14, 2019.

513

Pettinger, Tejvan, and Tori. “Pros and Cons of Immigration.” Economics Help, November 14, 2019.

514

Pettinger, Tejvan, and Tori. “Pros and Cons of Immigration.” Economics Help, November 14, 2019.

515“株価にも影響？？少子化対策としての移民問題。論点とメリットやデメリットを解説: F-Style Magazine.” F, September 7,
2018.
516
“【2020 年最新情報】外国人労働者受け入れのメリット・デメリット: 採用アカデミー.” 採用マーケティングツール「採用係長」, September 20, 2019.
517“法務総合研究所フロントページ.” 法務省：法務総合研究所フロントページ, 2011.

518

Pettinger, Tejvan, and Tori. “Pros and Cons of Immigration.” Economics Help, November 14, 2019.

decreasing but the number of immigrants will rise, places where people live in are in shortage. Therefore, the amountof houses will increase, so it is difficult to build new houses. As a result, Tokyo in particular will be in the same
situation as the UK. Lastly, it takes a lot of time to get a work visa if they do not take Certificate of Eligibility. This
stuff costs more money than native workers for companies in the country, so some companies have to bear the burdenof Working visas and travel costs.519

II
There are various reasons why immigration happens around the world. Firstly, one of the causes ofimmigration is economic factors. Economic factors relate to labor standard, unemployment rate, and overall health ofthe economy of the counties. If people live in places that appear to be at risk of declining further, they move into
different areas where economic conditions are prosperous. Immigrants demand to get higher wages and better
employment opportunities for a better life. Therefore, they migrate to other countries. In addition, large gaps between
incomes and wages are obviously a magnet for immigration. 520 Besides that, it has the potential that rural people moveto competitive urban areas because they want to find other opportunities. Additionally, as you know, developed
education would bring the country a bounty economically. For example, the educational situation in Mexico isimproving, so the number of immigration is decreasing by 1.3 million at 5.6 million in 2007. 521 This means that some
Mexicans do not need to move to other countries in order to be abundant. It shows the importance of Push factors andPull factors. Moreover, the Japanese government provides immigrants with standard wages and health care support,so the number of immigrants is increasing gradually. This is because most immigrants want to thrive economically.
Next, motivating migration grows from the human needs and desires to achieve a better quality of life.
Migrants often move to not only ensure better opportunities for themselves or their family but also send their children
to a safer school and find a job that would have not only a sufficient salary, but also important benefits and career
growth prospects.522 Besides that people want to live in safe places which have less crime. It is better to live and havechildren. Health care services are important. Migrants demand high quality political support such as healthcare fromthe government. As a result, the social factors are different for an individual's values. 523
A final cause of which foreign people move into other countries to get a better life is environmental factors.
To begin with, crop failures often lead to both food shortage and reduction in agricultural jobs. People are encouraged
to transfer to places with a good climate and opportunities to have a job. As you know, devastating natural disasters
such as tsunamis, hurricanes, and earthquakes lead to the most serious environmental problems. It has the potentialthat some crops grown are broken down by natural disasters. 524In addition, it is difficult for people who live in anarea whose water, air, and soil are contaminated to get needs such as foodstuffs, water, and other things they need.
These issues also cause destruction of farmland as well as people cannot keep working because of decreasing
agricultural jobs. Furthermore, the frequency of the disputes are rising more and more because global warming is
becoming a serious issue. In some counties, they end up disputing for gaining some food and areas in which they cangrow some vegetables. 525
III

519

“移民問題とは？難民との違いや日本と諸外国の移民政策を知ろう.” World Vision. Accessed August 23, 2020.

520

Root causes of imigration, Justice for immigrants, by studio two, web, 14th Feb 2017

521

Root causes of imigration, Justice for immigrants, by studio two, web, 14th Feb 2017522

FDI Team, Factors Influencing Migration and Population Movements part1, future directions.org.au, October 24th 2014

523

BBC, Migration trends, BBC, web, 2020

524

W Neil Adger1, Nigel W Arnell, Richard Black, Stefan Dercon, Andrew Geddes and David S G Thomas, Environmental research letters,
iopscience, web, 16ht June 2015
525

CNN, 米国の不法移民過去１０年は減少基調

メキシコ系で顕著, CNN.co.jp, web, 17th April 2017

There are some differences and similarities of immigration policy between Japan and the United Kingdom.
To begin with, the UK adopts the new system based on Australian skilled immigration point requirements. This is
one of the policies of immigration. The system asks for some skills of immigrants. For example, if you are 25 to 33
years old, you can get 30 points which is the highest of all ages. In addition, speaking skills are important to gain
more points.526 However, some researchers suggest that allowing workers to be accepted into low-skilledoccupations is a significant alternative idea because people who can get a high score are too few to increase thenumber of workers in the UK.527 Moreover, the UK has been having a problem with a decreasing number oflaborers due to withdrawing from the EU. Therefore, the UK is considering whether to decrease the general salarythreshold from £30,000 to £25.600. This is because most employers are concerned about increased acceptance costs
for immigrants.528
Next, Japan also has established a system of the immigration. Japanese government said that they are notready for immigration policy. However, they accept the people as foreign workers. This is because Japan has aserious problem with the Declining birthrate and aging population, so they have had no choice to accept the foreing
labors even they have not readied to immigration. Therefore, the government distinguishes immigrants to foreign
workers. Besides that, they cannot get nationality of Japan because Japan does not admit that. 529 The Japanesesystem to immigrate has an exam of specific skills for immigrants. Some immigrants have limited time to stay inJapan because their skill is sort of low. For instance, if you are able to be recognized as a Specific skill 1, you canstay in Japan as long as they want.530 Additionally, Tokyo implemented historic immigration reform, expanding visa
programs to allow more than 345,000 new workers in 2019. 531 Furthermore, immigrants’ jobs are decided by thepolicy, so they have to work in certain industries such as the construction industry, automobile maintenanceindustry, and industrial machinery manufacturing industry. 532
Finally, the above research shows that there are various differences and the same point between two
country’s policies on immigration. The first difference is the way to get a qualification to live in the counties. The
UK immigrants must gain a high point in skilled individuals based on Australian policy. Additionally, this policy
relates to their age, and skilled employment experience, so some people have a tendency to not be able to get a highlevel in each category. In contrast, People who come to Japan as workers have to take an exam that examines how
much level of skills they have now. Thus, Japan is more likely to gather foreign people who have high skills inindustry except thinking about their age or other identity. Also, the Japanese government does not have a stance that
immigrants are the same as foreign workers. Besides that, the UK and Japan are taking similar measures but theways of it are different. As an example, most employers decrease wages in order to accept more workers. On theother hand, Japan aims to improve an individual’s wage to get a larger worker population. In other words, a highwage is more attractive for immigrants.
IV
In conclusion, although the economy in the country increases by increasing the number of immigrant’s
526

Immigration and citizenship, immi.home affairs.gov.au, Australian Government, Web, 17 March 2020

527

EU 離脱後の移民制度案で新方針, jil.go.jp, 2003-独立行政法人労働政策研究・研修機構, web, December 2019528

The UK’S points-based immigration system: policy statement, cov.uk, Crown copyright, web, 19 February 2020

529

Gooddo マガジン編集部, 日本は移民大国？人口の減少と外国人労働者, gooddo.jp, 2020 gooddo マガジン, Web, 2020 21th
August530

日本は世界 4 位の移民大国？ 新しい在留資格「特定技能」で外国人労働者が増える?, t, data.wingarc.com, WingArc 1s, Web,

December 3rd 2019
531
532

Martin Gelin, Japan Radically Increased Immigration—and No One Protested, foreignpolicy.com, June 23 2020

金 明中, 日本における外国人労働者受け入れの現状と今後の課題, nli-research.co.jp, NLI Research Institute, web, November
22rd 2019laborers because Japan's population is declining and aging, the countries which accept immigrants will be faced withvarious new problems. For instance, the country has to manage immigrants because there are some risks that theycause noise problem, make places like a slum area. In my opinion, it is good to receive more immigrants in Japan.
This is because the number of workers in Japan is getting lower because of the decreasing birthrate and aging
population. Hyper-aging society has many negative effects. For example, GDP decreases and Tax-burns to young
people will be one of the biggest issues in Japan. Also, absorbing foreign culture and ideas might bring us various
perspectives in various businesses. Furthermore, there are three main factors of immigration which are economic,
environmental, and social factors. For instance, people who cannot afford to live in the economy often immigrate formoney to live. In addition, it is difficult to live in bad conditions so they are compelled to transfer to different areas.
In contrast, some immigrants leave their countries to get high wages and opportunities of better employment. In my
opinion, the climate in respective countries could not change which means shortage of crops and water and natural
disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes cannot be helped. People who live in that area could be compelled to let
go of their jobs as well. In other words, solving environmental problems is almost next to impossible. Developing
countries which create lots of migrants have a tendency for some disputes between tribes or clans to happen.533 As aresult, some immigrants would leave their home countries to seek safety, stability, and freedom.
Lastly, each country’s policy on immigration has features. Even though the UK one is that people who have
got enough points in the UK's system are allowed to work there, Japanese one focuses on gathering manpower forworking due to lack of labors in present years. However, both have population issues such as declining children, so
both need to attempt to receive more immigrants. In my opinion, the UK’s policy on immigration is relatively better
than the Japanese one in order to improve the country’s economy because having people who are regarded as highskill workers could result in a developed economy. When it comes to the economy, immigration policy in the UK is
acceptable. In contrast, the policy of the UK on immigrants should be changed in order to be able to accept many
immigrants due to lack of population which means the UK has to make conditions easy for foreigners to accept
them. Otherwise the population problem of the UK will also be worse than ever.
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President,economic%20 growth%20and%20demographic%20change.
Root causes of imigration, Justice for immigrants, by studio two, web, 14th Feb 2017https://justiceforimmigrants.org/what-we-are-working-on/immigration/root-causes-of-migration/
The UK’S points-based immigration system: policy statement, cov.uk, Crown copyright, web,19 February 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uks-points-based-immigration-system-policystatement/the-uks-points-based-immigration-system-policystatement#:~:text=EU%20citizens%20and%20non%2Dvisa,apply%20for%20permission%20in%20advance.&text=For%20 those%20who%20need%20a,will%20make%20the%20application%20online“移民問題とは？難民との違いや日本と諸外国の移民政策を知ろう.” World Vision.
Accessed August 23, 2020.
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Research Institute, web, November 22rd 2019https://www.nli-research.co.jp/report/detail/id=63059&pno=2&more=1?site=nli“国際移民は世界全地域で増大を続け、2 億 7,200 万人に達する、と国連が予測（プレス
リリース日本語訳）.” 国連広報センター. Accessed August 23, 2020.
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ミー.”

How to Treat Alcohol
Junya Hirao
Recently, there are a lot of people who are drug users, about 247 million people in the world in 2016,
according to the World Drug Report.534 NIH says that 85.6 percent of people who are 18 and older have drunk alcohol
at some point in their life, so alcohol is one of the easiest drugs to get and use.535 There are many effects of alcohol on
people. About 2 billion people consume alcoholic drinks in the world, which can affect their health and life, and over76 million people are affected by alcohol problems such as alcohol dependence and abuse, according to GreenFacts. 536
This is because alcohol is a toxic and psychoactive substance with dependence-producing properties. According toAmerican Addiction Centers reveals that Belarus, which is a landlocked country in Europe, consumes the most alcoholin the world.537 On the other hand, the World Population Review says that Bangladesh is the lowest country that
consumes alcohol each year at 0.9 liters.538 In many of today’s societies, alcoholic beverages are a routine part of thesocial landscape for many in the population; nevertheless, alcohol is considered a drug. This thesis will discuss theeffects of alcohol, compare how much alcohol is consumed in Belarus to that in Bangladesh, and give a solution toalcohol addiction. It is important for everyone to think and know about alcohol, because it is considered a drug, andthere is a risk of death.
I
There are several effects of alcohol, and it can be divided into two types. Firstly, there are some short-term
effects of alcohol, and there are some stages of short-term effects of alcohol. The first stage is called sobriety,according to Healthline.539 This stage is that people’s behavior is normal with no sign of acute alcohol intoxication.
The next stage refers to the excitement.540 At this stage, men might have consumed three to five drinks in an hour or
two to four for women. Examples of symptoms are a loss of judgment and memory, drowsiness, and loss of balance.
In the further stage is considered a stupor.541 People cannot respond to the things that happen around them at this stage.
The symptoms are that they will not be able to walk and stand, and they become incontinent or vomiting uncontrollably.
Because of these short-term effects, TheVeryMind reveals that more than 2200 people die from acute alcohol
poisoning each year, which means that the average is six people per day. 542
Secondly, there are several long-term effects of alcohol on people’s bodies. WHO says that worldwide, 3 million
people die every year due to harmful use of alcohol, and it represents 5.3 percent of all deaths. 543 The most harmful
long-term effect is their brain. There are a lot of symptoms in the brain. Generally, it means that alcohol causes theorgan called the hippocampus to shrink, according to American Addictions Centers.544 In addition, the study by the
University of Oxford showed that people who drank 4 or more drinks a day had almost 6 times the risk of hippocampus
534“Drug Addiction Facts and Statistics.” Michael's House Treatment Centers. Accessed August 23, 2020.
“Alcohol Facts and Statistics.” National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. U.S. Department of Healthand Human Services. Accessed March 22, 2021.
536“Alcohol.” Alcohol: 1. Introduction - How many people are affected by alcohol? Accessed October 24, 2020.
537“Global Drinking Demographics.” Alcohol.org. Accessed September 25, 2020.
538
Islam, Jessica Yasmine, M Mostafa Zaman, Mahfuz R Bhuiyan, Md Mahtabuddin Hasan, Ham Nazmul Ahsan,
Md Mujibur Rahman, Md Ridwanur Rahman, and M A Jalil Chowdhury. “Alcohol Consumption among Adults in
Bangladesh: Results from STEPS 2010.” WHO South-East Asia journal of public health. U.S. National Library ofMedicine, April 2017.
539
Cirino, Erica. “Alcohol Intoxication: What You Should Know,” June 29, 2018.
540
Cirino, Erica. “Alcohol Intoxication: What You Should Know,” June 29, 2018.
541
Cirino, Erica. “Alcohol Intoxication: What You Should Know,” June 29, 2018.
542
T, Buddy. “How to Identify Acute Alcohol Poisoning.” Verywell Mind, March 19, 2020.
543“Alcohol.” World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Accessed March 22, 2021.
544
Authored by Stacy MoselEdited by Amelia Sharp Reviewed by Ryan Kelley, NREMTLast Updated: February 8.
“Alcohol Effects on Brain - Short & Long-Term Mental & Cognitive Effects.” American Addiction Centers,
February 8, 2021.
535

shrinkage compared to nondrinkers. 545 Therefore, people fall into behavior change, blackouts and hallucinations.
Another effect is the liver. This is a major effect of alcohol. It results in some diseases such as fatty liver, alcoholic
hepatitis, and liver cancer.
II
There are some similarities and differences between Belarus and Bangladesh. To begin with, there is one big
similarity between Belarus and Bangladesh. The big or strong similarity is that people die due to alcohol. In detail,Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty says that 25 percent of all crimes in Belarus are committed by intoxicated people,
and in case of serious crimes such as mudder, the number of them increase approximately from 70 percent to 80
percent.546 In addition, according to WHO, 34.7% of people died from alcohol-related ilin Belarus.547 THE CABIN
reported there have been hundreds of deaths across Bangladesh caused by poisonous variations on their local alcoholic
drinks, made by inexperienced spirits crafters. 548 Therefore, even if the alcohol consumption is low or high, alcohol
problems are caused. On the other hand, there are a few differences between Belarus and Bangladesh. The firstdifference is that the view of alcohol is very different between those two countries. In Belarus, healthy life is not
popular among Belaruisms, especially old people and residents of villages, because alcohol is considered as goodbusiness and makes a lot of profits. 549 550 This is why alcohol consumption is the highest. However, drinking alcohol
is generally banned in Bangladesh because it's Muslim, and according to Nation Master, the number of people in
Bangladesh who are Mulisms is 148.61 million people in 2014 which make up 90.4 percent of the population in the
country.551 Therefore, people are not able to drink alcohol because of religion. The second difference is that people
perceive alcohol differently. Belarusians think alcohol is the only way to be relaxed and comfortable or berecreational. 552 However, in Bangladesh, people bootleg alcohol and drink it or sell it, because it makes a lot of
profits.553

III
There are three solutions to alcohol addiction. The first solution for the government is to increase alcohol
excise taxes. This is because alcohol excise taxes may include wholesale taxes, sales taxes, ad valorem taxes, and sales
taxes, all of which affect the price of alcohol. Beer, wine, and spirits are taxed at the federal, state, or local level. Take
the example from the United States. As of 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that
excessive drinking causes 88,000 deaths each year in the US.554 According to Vox, a higher alcohol tax would reduce
drinking, especially alcohol consumption, reduce excessive drinking, save thousands of lives, and prevent all kinds ofcrime and public health problems. 555In addition, Alex Wagenaar said that taxes affect how much people buy and drink,which spills over into the burden of alcohol-related illness and injury to our society. Additionally, the revenue
generated from higher alcohol taxes can go to programs that help low-income people. The Congressional Budget
Office estimated in 2016 that a fairly modest alcohol tax proposal would raise about $70 billion over 10 years. 556 The
government can use the money for going to a higher earned income tax credit, a larger child allowance, food andhousing assistance, education, or addiction treatment. The second solution for the shops is that the shops maintain545

Topiwala, A., Allan, C. L., Valkanova, V., Zsoldos, E., Filippini, N., Sexton, C., Mahmood, A., Fooks, P.,
Singh-Manoux, A., Mackay, C. E., Kivimäki, M., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2017).
546
Baumgartner, Pete. “Hard-Drinking Belarus Considers Ways To Curb Alcohol Dependency.”
RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, December 29, 2017.
547“WHO: Belarusians Are the Heaviest Drinkers in the World.” BelarusDigest. Accessed October 12, 2020.
548
Baumgartner, Pete. “Hard-Drinking Belarus Considers Ways To Curb Alcohol Dependency.”
RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, December 29, 2017.
549“Exploring Belarus's Massive Gender Longevity Gap.” BelarusDigest. Accessed March 24, 2021.
550“WHO: Belarusians Are the Heaviest Drinkers in the World.” BelarusDigest. Accessed October 12, 2020.
551“Bangladesh Religion Stats.” NationMaster.com. NationMaster. Accessed October 12, 2020. h
552“Alcohol as a Tool of Authoritarianism in Belarus.” BelarusDigest. Accessed March 24, 2021.
553“The Root of Bangladesh's Alcohol Poisoning Outbreak.” Dhaka Tribune, February 6, 2021.
554“Preventing Excessive Alcohol Use.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, September 3, 2020.
555
Lopez, German. “The Case for Raising the Alcohol Tax.” Vox. Vox, December 13, 2018.
556
Lopez, German. “The Case for Raising the Alcohol Tax.” Vox. Vox, December 13, 2018.

limits on days of sale and hours of the sale. The purpose of this solution is to prevent excessive alcohol consumption
and related harms by regulating access to alcohol. According to The Community Guide, most policies limiting sales
days are for the weekend which is usually Sunday.557 In addition, according to NABCA, between 1990 and 2004, beersales fell 2.4% and spirits sales fell 3.5% due to sales restrictions. 558 For example, Stanford University’s study saysthat repeal of alcohol-blue laws suggested to be accompanied by a 7.4 percent increase in fatal crashes on Sunday,
and enforcing laws requiring the use of seat belts would reduce fatal crashes by 5.0 percent. 559 The third solution isthat people should manage the amount of alcohol people drink on their own. There are some ways to manage theamount of how much people drink alcohol. Firstly, people get the right treatment from a doctor. In detail, NIH saysthat fortunately, no matter how serious the problem appears to be, most people with an alcohol use disorder can benefit
from some form of treatment, so this is a good way to solve the alcohol addiction. 560 The second management way isthat people keep busy. In detail, it is better to find a new hobby or perhaps something creative to work on. Drinking
can take a lot of time. People try to stop drinking and start planning ways to keep busy such as starting membershipand learning how to play some instruments. Another management method is that people clear their home of alcohol.
For instance, if people were about to start a new weight loss diet, people would not stock a fridge full of cake, cheese,and chocolate. When people stop drinking every day, one of the easiest things they can do is to remove the temptation,or people can also replace these alcohols with non-alcoholic ones.
IV
To sum up, the effects of alcohol on people can be divided into two types. One is short-term effects, and theother one is long-term effects. Both types have several effects such as excitement, stupor, shrinking hippocampus, andliver. I think the most serious effect is to shrink the hippocampus. This is because it can cause a lot of illness, andaffect our brains. I think the brains are the most important thing in our bodies, so I think people should control
themselves how much alcohol they drink, because alcohol is addictive, they have to drink it to socialize, and reduce
the risk of acute alcohol poisoning. There are also similarities between Belarus and Bangladesh: both of the country's
people all use alcohol to die such, including sucide and some diseases. On the other hand, there are differences,including having different views on alcohol, and treating alcohol. I think the reason why Belarus is high utilization isthat they like unhealthy style, so drink a lot. On the other hand, the reason why Bangladesh is low on drinking is thatthey cannot drink alcohol due to religion, but because of this, it is hard to disinfect with alcohol, and some people die.
Therefore, I think they should learn about health. For example, there are benefits and disadvantages of alcohol, so
people just use it the right way and they are able to reduce addiction and death. There are a lot of solutions from many
perspectives, including the governments, shops, and drinkers as well. I think managing the amount of alcohol people
drink themselves is the best solution for alcohol addiction. This is because I think that it is difficult to change
government policies and store management policies, so they should manage the amount of alcohol they drink on theirown. For instance, people ought to use Cyanamide which can stop the disaster of drinking alcohol. In addition, people
should get some knowledge of alcohol. For instance, I believe that people are able to prevent drinking too much withthe knowledge of knowing the right amount of alcohol consumption and knowing how easy it is to get drunk.

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Child Abuse in Japan
Anju NakajimaChild abuse is a thing that people refuse to talk about. Today the number of child abuse based on the Welfare
Ministry is said 14,974 cases in January 2020, which is up 22 percent from the same period from 2019. Moreover, thenumber of cases will increase every month in 2020 compared to 2019. 561 It is not known because the Japanese
government does not report or even take care of people who were abused. 562 In child abuse there are four types;
physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, and neglect. According to shakaidekosodate.com, in the year 2019,
nationwide, police uncovered 1,972 cases of abuse of children under the age of 18. However, the number of calls of
related to child abuse were over 98 thousand. From this article, it can be seen that there are significant numbers ofchildren that need help.563 This thesis will discuss the cause of several kinds of child abuse in Japan, the effects to thevictims and things that can be done to reduce the number of child abuse cases in order to emphasize the in justice inJapan.

561“Child Abuse Cases Climb 10-20% in Japan as Families Stay Home More.” The Asahi Shimbun, 12 May 2020
Konno, H. (2019、 August 06). 児童虐待の「その後」 は？ 虐待経験者の「大人たち」が抱える貧困リ
スク（今野晴貴） - Yahoo!ニュース. Retrieved October 12, 2020
563
S. (2020、 February 6). 児童虐待の摘発や警察から児相への通告、2019 年も過去最多に【3 月 12 日更
新】. Retrieved November 22, 2020
562

I
There are several causes of parents hurting their own children physically and mentally. Many parents harm
their children because they have a lot of stress. Usually, stress comes from financial pressures, job worries, medical
problems or caring for a family member with a disability. 564 In addition, Magazine Japan says that 44 percent of stress
was caused by the increase of workload.565 There are several types of stress, however most stress are likely to increase
peoples’ anger behaviors.566 Therefore, some people get violent. These can cause some of the types of abuse such as
physical abuse or neglect. There are lots of those kinds of child abuse. In Japan physical abuse was about 80 percent
of all and inside of that, criminal assaults and bodily harm accounted for more than 90 percent. 567
Unrealistic expectations, especially a lack of understanding a child’s developmental stages and behavior, also
leads to cases of child abuse. Children do not learn things at the same speed, some children take time, some do not.
Also, the Japanese government currently does not incorporate education about sexual things ever since 2003. The
delay in this type of education568 and lack of knowledge can lead to a type of maltreatments called neglect or physicalabuse. It also happens because people these days are forced to work for extremely long hours. It is very popular to
overwork without being paid. Therefore, people get tired more than they usually do and do not have the motivation totake care of their children.
Lastly, one of the most common causes of child abuse is parents who become intoxicated with drugs,
primarily alcohol. When people get very drunk or high with drugs, it is very difficult to control their mind bythemselves because those addictive things make them act in ways that they normally would not do. 569 The number ofcases of abuse linked to alcohol abuse is not obvious, however it is not low. In addition, the Ministry of Health, Laborand Welfare mentioned in 2003, 8.6 million people are drinking a lot of alcohol than usual, and about half of them aresuspected to be alcoholics.570
II
There are numerous effects on the victims of child abuse. According to the Asahi Shimbun, over 90% ofchildren who were criminally assaulted and bodily harmed were found during 2019. 571 Therefore, it is not rare seeing
abused children with bruises or welts. Physically abused children tend to have multiple injuries old and new. 572 Thatis because they are hit by their parents' hands or an object like a belt.573
Child abuse can affect the childs’ mental health as well. According to AAP News, in cases of child abuse orneglect or other exposure to violence, children get traumatized because of the horrible things they have experienced,
and those shocking memories can be recalled by a smell, sound, or other sensory input or may be triggered by anaction, place, or date. Also, the stress from the long term abuse can leave the children hypervigilant and withexaggerated startle response, attention and concentration problems, and sleep disturbance. 574 In addition, Harvard
Medical School says that those symptoms, especially sleeping disorders can worsen the childs’ mental issues. 575
Lastly, I will explain the effects of victimized childrens’ futures. Moray council showed that children who havesuffered abuse are more likely to have lower educational attainment. Long-term physical and mental health difficulties
including depression can be a consequence. As a result, they showed that many individuals who commit serious crimes
564

Queensland;, c=AU; o=The State of. “What Causes Child Abuse.” Queensland Government,
CorporateName=The State of Queensland; Jurisdiction=Queensland, 21 Mar. 2018
565
Merchant, Yasmin Sara. “5 Major Differences between Japanese and American Workplaces.” Business Insider,
Business Insider, 5 Apr. 2018
566
“The Link Between Anger and Stress.” Mental Help The Link Between Anger and Stress Comments
567“Cases of Child Abuse in Japan Top Records Once Again in 2019.” The Asahi Shimbun, 12 Mar. 2020
568
“Misplaced Modesty Hampers Sex Education in Japan's Schools.” Nippon.com, 30 May 2020
569
Abuse, National Institute on Drug. “Mind Matters: Drugs and the Brain.” NIDA for Teens, 5 Aug. 2020570
厚生労働省 . “アルコール依存症.” アルコール依存症｜疾患の詳細｜専門的な情報｜メンタルヘルス｜
厚生労働省, 2011
571
Yagi, T. (2020, March 12). Cases of child abuse in Japan top records once again in 2019. Retrieved October 27,
2020572
S. (2020, September 1). Identify child abuse. Retrieved October 27, 2020
573
Lyness, D. (Ed.). (n.d.). How to Handle Abuse (for Kids) - Nemours KidsHealth. Retrieved October 27, 2020
574
Stirling, J., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2008, September 01). Understanding the Behavioral and Emotional
Consequences of Child Abuse. Retrieved October 27, 2020
575
Publishing, H. (2010). Sleep and mental health. Retrieved October 27, 2020

suffered from abuse during their childhood.576 In addition, the cao.go.jp is saying that in Japan, one in five to six casesof juvenile delinquency were caused by people who were physically abused.577 Also, Channel 7 Children's Research
Foundation, and Monash University and Centacare SA showed that abused childrens’ future will be destroyed by thevictims themselves self-medicating with drugs and alcohol in order to lessen or forget the pain they have got.578 Thiscan lead them to commit crimes.
III
There are several movements people could do in order to lesson the number of child abuse cases in Japan.
The first service is to home visit, educate parents about early childhood, in other words open classes to learn aboutbabies, and establish education for parents. This is actually suggested by Prevent Child Abuse America. Child abuse,
especially neglect often occurs when parents are overwhelmed with an array of stressors, including the difficulties of
coping with poverty and its many associated burdens, single parenthood, depression, or substance abuse as well as thedaily stressors most parents face. Therefore, these services like I mentioned above can provide the parents withemotional support, knowledge, and guidance on how to provide a nurturing environment for children. 579 In addition,
all children having a high quality education will help ensure this important need is met. 580
The next service that is effective for preventing child abuse is to provide mental health services to parents
and neglected children and youth. Neglected children usually have emotionally unstable or depressed parents. 1 Also,
according to the Health Europa, children who have experienced child abuse or neglect are four times more likely todevelop serious mental illness such as psychoses, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder than children who have notsuffered child abuse.581 Moreover, providing mental health service can help those parents who are suffering with theirmental health, and lead them to care enough for their children. Providing mental service at an early point can help
mitigate the children from being abused and can help ensure that child abuse or neglect are not transmitted to the next
generation.
Lastly, what I want to share that can contribute to decreasing the number of children from being abused is toensure the access for all children to afford, quality health care, including prenatal, dental, and mental health services.
Access to comprehensive, quality health care services is important for families' promoting and maintaining health,preventing and managing disease.582 Without health insurance, families are less likely to find timely and preventive
health care. When they do, the cost of that care contributes to a family’s economic insecurity and both of these arerisk factors for neglect or child abuse.
IV
In conclusion, there are serious social problems that cause parents to abuse their children, and Japan must do
something to protect the victimized children. Stress, unrealistic expectations, and alcoholism are inherently linked
with child abuse. I think people these days have a lot of stress, and there is a social stigma of going to psychiatrists inJapan. Unrealistic expectations are also linked because the knowledge of raising children is lacking due to the limited
programs, such as sexual education, and reliance on school teachers to raise children. I think alcoholism in Japan isseriously connected to parents’ maltreatment of children. People can drink unlimited amounts of alcohol wheneverthey want. The government suggests safe consumption amounts, but it does not enforce any penalty for excessive use
besides operating a vehicle. Therefore, I think the government must do something. For example, it could make a lawthat forces alcoholics to get medical attention even if they refuse. Writing this essay, I realized that there are not many
articles or data written about child abuse from governments or private organiztions. I found that Japan is looking awayfrom the facts that have been happening until today. The Japanese government allows too much social injustice tohappen to children suffering from abuse. The social problems that create bad parents to harm their own children arelargely ignored by the government and the public.

576“What Are the Effects of Child Abuse?” Moray Council, The Moray Council, Council Offices, High Street,
Elgin, Moray, IV30 1BX, 29 Nov. 2013577
“平成１７年度 少年非行事例等に関する調査研究報告書.” 404 Not Found - 内閣府, 2005,
578
EurekAlert. (2020). Mother nature and child development. Retrieved October 27, 2020
579
DePanfilis, D. (2006). Child Neglect: A Guide for Prevention, Assessment and ... Retrieved November 22, 2020
580
Preventing Child Neglect. (2020). Retrieved November 22, 2020
581
Price, S. (2019, September 30). Abused children four times more likely to develop mental illness. Retrieved
November 22, 2020
582
Access to Health Services. (2020, October 8). Retrieved November 22, 2020

Child abuse can also harm the children very much in ways that affect their future lives. They can also be
harmed physically or mentally. There are a number of children who are suffering these situations, and most of them
are not even recognized. I think this is because Japan does not want to deal with these things because it is troublesome
and it is more important to develop the country rather than solving those problems. In order to decrease the numberof abused children, I suggest Japan force young parents to go learn about raising a child in more detail, because I feellike in Japan people only learn about babies at hospitals unless they go to classes of raising a child or read somemagazines about it. Abuse usually comes from lack of knowledge about children. Therefore, I think making the parents
learn about them would help reduce the number of children being abused.
There are many things suggested that we or governments can do to decrease the number of cases of childabuse or neglect. However, it is not done, and I think the country is making excuses, because it is very sensitive andtroublesome for them. In my opinion, though it takes a long to time to decrease child abuse, start solving this problem
now can lead to lessen the amount of child abuse cases. I think all three services I wrote above are easy to do and canhave a significant change. It will definitely help lower the number of child abuse and neglect.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abuse, National Institute on Drug. “Mind Matters: Drugs and the Brain.” NIDA for Teens, 5Aug. 2020, teens.drugabuse.gov/teachers/mind-matters/drugs-and-brain.
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Mar. 2020, www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/13209121.
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odily%20harm,2.5%20percent%20of%20the%20cases.
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se%20cases%20climb%2010%2D20%25%20in%20Japan,as%20families%20stay%20ho
me%20more&text=A%20total%20of%2014%2C974%20cases,year%20increase%20of%
2011%20percent
DePanfilis, D. (2006). Child Neglect: A Guide for Prevention, Assessment and ... Retrieved
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Konno, H. (2019, August 06). 児童虐待の「その後」 は？ 虐待経験者の「大人たち」が抱える貧困リスク（今野晴貴） - Yahoo!ニュース. Retrieved October 12, 2020, fromhttps://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/konnoharuki/20180910-00095873/
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October 27, 2020, from https://kidshealth.org/en/kids/handle-abuse.html
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Business Insider, Business Insider, 5 Apr. 2018,www.businessinsider.com/differences-between-japanese-and-american-work-culture2018-3. https://www.regus.co.jp/work-japan/en-ja/company-culture-can-cause-stress/“Misplaced Modesty Hampers Sex Education in Japan's Schools.” Nippon.com, 30 May
2020,
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illness. Retrieved November 22, 2020, from https://www.healtheuropa.eu/abused-children-mental-illness93690-2/93690/
Publishing, H. (2010). Sleep and mental health. Retrieved October 27, 2020, fromhttps://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/sleep-and-mental-healthQueensland;, c=AU; o=The State of. “What Causes Child Abuse.” Queensland Government,
CorporateName=The State of Queensland; Jurisdiction=Queensland, 21 Mar. 2018,
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S. (2020, February 6). 児童虐待の摘発や警察から児相への通告、2019 年も過去最多に【3 月 12 日更新】. Retrieved November 22, 2020, from https://shakaidekosodate.com/archives/4022
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2005, www8.cao.go.jp/youth/suisin/hikou/kenkyu/6.html.
https://www8.cao.go.jp/youth/suisin/hikou/kenkyu/6.html

Canada and Japanese Childcare
Shizuki Yoshida
According to The World Bank, over the last 50 years the total fertility rate in the world has been falling. In
2018, the number was around 2.4 million people. 583 The global average fertility rate is below 2.5 children per woman
today.584 In Canada, the number was about 1.5 million people, and in Japan it was approximately 1.4 million people.585
There are some gaps between Japan and Canadian childcare, such as their institutions, childcare types, and cost.
Japanese childcare systems support pre-school education and childcare that is adapted to the rhythm of their lives. 586
The pre-school education is to fit today’s society. For example, 3R’s, foreign languages, and human-relationship.587
583

The World Bank, “Fertility rate, total (births per woman).” (n.d.).
Roser Max, “Fertility Rate” Our World in Data, 2 Dec. 2017.
585
The World Bank, “Fertility rate, total (births per woman) - Canada.” (n.d.).
586
Nozomi kindergarten, “Kindergarten, Nursery school, certified child care centers” (n.d.).
587
Mariko Ichimi ABUMIYA, “Preschool Education and Care in Japan” National Institute for Education policy
Research, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. (n.d.).
584

However, the government institution doesn't care for parents about social rehabilitation of women after childbirth,parental leave and cost.588589 There is also the problem of waiting lists for children. 590 In contrast, Canadian childcare
systems help personal care of the children and the family. 591 The Canadian government and state institutions conduct
some assistance for parents. These situations have lots of consequences for the future for children including good andbad situations. In this essay, I will present things that compare, pros and cons, and quality that is similar to the effectbetween Canada and Japan, with the purpose to learn about the current situation in both countries and create a better
environment for children to grow up carefree and support their families. In addition, this essay will consider the
impact on the future of children.
IFirstly, this is a comparison between Japan and Canada. The first comparison is about laws includingchildcare, such as parental level for mothers and fathers. Japan has many childcare issues currently for both womenand men. According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in women, the percentage of women taking childcare
leave has reached about 90 percent, however the 7 percent of women left their jobs after the birth of their first child.
Also, even if they are back in the job, they may not be able to return to their former position or suffer maternity
harassment. In addition, under current Japanese laws, even if they have a lot of children, the nursing for children islimited to five days per year, regardless of the number of children. This situation is not helpful for parents. In men,with more and more households working together, men are being required to take childcare leave. There are 1.24
million working together in 2019.592 Moreover, even now, there are many men who do not participate in childcare,because they think that childcare is a women’s role. The government has reviewed this situation and issued remedial
measures, but these problems still persist. The specific details of remedial measures, mandatory short-time work
system, mandatory exemption from overtime work, and as an enhanced care leave for children if they have two or
more children, nursing is ten days per year for women, and encouraging fathers to take parental leave for men. 593 On
the other hand, in Canada there is no problem about laws, it is improving recently. For women, more women are
entering the workforce while raising children. The percentage of women employed aged 25 to 54 increased from 48.7
percent in 1976 to 77.5 percent in 2015. And the participation rate of mothers in household work remained at 93
percent, higher than that of fathers at 76 percent. Additionally, in men among fathers, the number of household work
increased from 51 percent in 1986 to 76 percent in 2015. However, according to Statistics Canada, fathers should havemore time to engage with their children, because even though men's participation in domestic work has increased, it
is still mothers who spend most of their time taking care of their children. Mothers and fathers receive 2.6 and 1.9
hours of child care time, respectively per day on average.594
The second comparison is in types of childcare, for example Japan has kindergarten, and Canada has a rangeof nannies. Japan has three kinds of childcare facilities. That is kindergarten, nursery school, and a certified child carecenter. The kindergartens programs are for children from the age of three to elementary school. In this place, children
can also receive education. Also, each kindergarten has different characteristics, so parents can choose the one thatthey want. The nursery schools generally care for children between the ages of 0 and 5 years old. Here, children canreceive care that fits into the rhythm of their lives when they need long hours of care. Some also offer evening andholiday childcare. The certified child care centers can receive both kindergarten and preschool care. 595Meanwhile,
Canada has four types of options for childcare. Specifically, ranging from nannies, home daycares, daycare centers,
and preschool programs.596 A nanny is a live-in or live-out person who works with the family for childcare. The works
include the children’s laundry, maintaining the cleanliness of equipment. 597 Home daycares means that children are
kept in the home on a regular and continuous basis. 598 Day care centers are facilities that take care of children whose
Kaiseiikuji・Kaigokyugyohou nituite - mhlw. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27, 2020
Stasta “[Kanzenban] Kodomo ni kakaru kyouikuhiha○○○enn!? Simulation de kaisetu” 5 Nov.2020.
590
Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Population change” 1 Oct. 2018.
591
Nannyjob.co.uk Number one for childcare “Childcare types” (n.d.).
592
Labor Policy Research and Training Organization “Sengyo-syuhu to Tomobatarakisetai 1980-2019”
593
Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare “Kaiseiikuji・Kaigokyugyohou nituite” - mhlw. (n.d.).
594
Government of Canada, S. “Spotlight on Canadians: Results from the General Social Survey Changes in parents'
participation in domestic tasks and care for children from 1986 to 2015.” 2017595
Nozomi Youchien “Youchien・Hoikuen・Nintei Kodomoen” (n.d.).
596
Government of Canada, S. “Child care in Canada.” 2015
597
Nannyjob .co .uk Number one for childcare “Childcare types”
598
McClure, R. “How to Select an In-Home Daycare for Your Child.” verywell family, 2020
588
589

parents have to work during the day. This is what we call a nursery school in Japan. 599 Preschool programs are about
helping children develop social and learning-related skills.600
Lastly, another noticeable difference is the cost of raising children. In Japan, The average annual salary isapproximately ¥4.14 million, according to a survey by Japanese online job-search website doda. That’s about US$37,800. However, from nursery school to high school graduation, parents will have to pay at least ¥5.4 million and
up to ¥17.7 million. The lowest case is public school only, and the highest is private school only. There is a ¥12.3
million difference between the least costly case and the most costly case for children to graduate from nursery school
to high school. The good points are that if children go to a private school, they will have better facilities, they will beable to take classes with the latest technology, and they will be able to work on their exams faster than public school.
However, if children want to go to private schools, they have to pay a lot of money, so not all of them can go to theschool. On the other hand, in Canada, as of September 2017, the average wage for Canadian employees was just over
$51,000 a year.601 In addition, Canadian elementary or primary, secondary, and public higher education are free ofcharge.602 However, private high schools have different facilities at different schools, so there are differences in tuition
rates.603 For example these additional fees provide for classroom supplies, Transportation and meal services. Japan
also has mandatory education up to junior high school, so tuition is free, but in Japan, students have to pay moremoney for school uniforms and transportation costs, even public schools.
II
There are lots of good and bad points. The first one is there are some advantages of childcare, for instanceabundance of educational programs, and better support. In Japan, each facility has a different pre-school education
content, but all of them have diverse educational programs. The kindergarten education is in five categories: health,human relationships, environment, language, and expression from 1989. In addition to this, the government has
adopted a way of educating oneself through their own environment to keep up with the changes in society now. For
example, 3R’s, foreign languages, and computers. The nursery schools' first guideline is after the World War II“Guideline for Nursery-Care at Day Nurseries” in 1965. This shows life and play for infants under the age of 2, health,society, and play for 3 year-olds, and health, society, language, nature, music, and arts & crafts for 4 to 6 year-olds.
However, the guideline was changed twice, so current education programs are content to no fixed areas for ages 0 to
3, and health, human-relationships, environment, language, and expression for 4 to 6 year-olds. Moreover, after thehigh economic growth period, society has changed such as the number of women’s social advancement is increasing
and the number of nuclear families. From these, nursery schools provide not only regular childcare services but also
extended their services to include infant daycare, extended hour daycare, nighttime childcare for support of theirfamily. 604 Additionally, from October 2019, all children in the 3 to 5 year old class using kindergartens, nurseryschools, and certified children's schools, and children aged 0 to 2 years old in resident tax exempt households will becharged no fees.605 On the other hand, in Canada they are taken with better support. The daycare services curriculum
included activities to help children learn a variety of skills such as singing, dancing and listening to stories. 606 Home
day care services provide individualized care, which allows the child to be tailored to each other's needs and canprovide childcare that is tailored to family life. Childcare is managed on a state-by-state basis so that it can be adapted
to the environment.607
The second is there are some disadvantages of childcare, for example families having to wait for it, andsickness. On the issue of waiting for childcare in Japan, in 2018, there were approximately 6.93 million children
between the ages of 0 and 6 years.608 The admission quota of nursery schools and other facilities in Japan is 2.8 million
599

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Day-care centre.” 2018
Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development “Preschool programs.” (n.d.).
601
Workopolis. “The average Canadian salaries by industry and region” 2018
602
THE TIME OF INDIA new to Canada “K-12 education in Canada.” (n.d.).
603
Ourkids.net. the trusted source. “School tuition and costs: a complete guide. Private school tuition: the what,
where, and why of private school costs in Canada.” 2020
604
Mariko Ichimi ABUMIYA, “Preschool Education and Care in Japan” National Institute for Education policy
Research, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. (n.d.).
605
Cabinet Office, “Youji kyouiku, hoiku no musyouka” (n.d.).
606
Babycenter, “Daycare: pros and cons” (n.d.)607
Babycenter, “Home daycare: pros and cons” (n.d.)608
Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Population change” 1 Oct. 2018.
600

children. This number is an increase of 97000 over the previous year. However, 2.61 million children use childcare
centers and other facilities. This number is a rise of 68000 over the last year, and overall children on the waiting list
are about 19900 people in 2018, however overall childcare use rate is 44.1 percent. 609 Also, the number ofchildminders needed at the end of 2017 was approximately 74000 people, but then the number of childminders isabout only 386000 people, so there is a shortage of about 74000 people. It was also found that 90 percent of theprefectures have a shortage of childminders. One of the big reasons for this situation is only 50 percent of those withchildcare qualifications are not employed as childminders. Childminders currently have a more difficult environment
to work in than other jobs in terms of responsibility, salary and holiday. 610 Conversely, Canadian families have money
and children's sickness issues on their hands. The money problems are even if parents pay money for daycare services,
when the daycare services are closed, they have to find a place that takes care of their children themselves. 611 Also,
the only children eligible for free childcare will be Canadian citizens and permanent residents of Canada, and themonthly children allowance will be phased out as household income increases. 612613 In addition, the children’s sickness
problem is with daycare services, parents will worry about their children because they are more likely to get sickbecause there are more people involved than if they were to stay at home. Another problem is that children havedifficulty receiving one-on-one services, and if they live in the house, they will have less interaction with their parents
because it is the babysitter who takes care of the child, not the family. 614
III
Both countries have the quality of childcare to influence the future of children. First of all, what is “thequality of childcare” for children and families. What is “the quality of childcare”? It refers to having an environment
and experiences that support children to live a fulfilling and prosperous life, both physically and mentally. In otherwords, it is multifaceted and complex. 615 The quality of childcare in Japan and other countries is completely different
depending on the qualification system for childminders, types of childcare facilities, and the operational management
system of facilities. However, all countries have a common quality of childcare. There are two types of “the qualityof childcare”. The first one is "Public" childcare. This is that which guarantees the child's right to life and development.
Childminders support the life, play and learning of each child in their developmental situation by the caregiver. The
second one is "Private" childcare. This is how well it responds to the expectations and demands of the recipients(parents) of the service.616 The Organization for International Economic Cooperation (OECD) presents six qualities
of childcare to find these two types of requirements: quality of intentionality, quality of formation, concept andperformance of result, quality of process, and quality of child outcomes. In this way, it aims to ensure and improvechildcare by setting a direction for what is important in childcare, providing conditions such as facilities and equipment,
and guaranteeing uninterrupted activities for children. 617 A quality program for children means that they feel safe andfeel cozy. Also, there is something to do that you can be absorbed or immersed in. For parents, a quality programmeans childcare that protects the health and safety of their children.618 By satisfying these qualities the quality of childcare is related to the impact of childcare. Secondly, “the quality of childcare” in Japan. According to NICHD, children
who received good care in preschools and kindergartens have been shown to have positive effects on not only language
skills, computational and cognitive abilities but also self-control skills and social-emotional behavior.619 The quality
609

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, “Hoikusyotoukanrenjyoukyoutorimatome wo kyouhyousimasu” news
media, 7 Sep. 2018.
610
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare,”Hoikujinzaikakuho notameno Miryokuarusyokubadukuri nimukete”
Aug. 2014.
611
Babycenter, “Home daycare: pros and cons” (n.d.)612
Miko Murakami, “Canada no youjikyouikujijyou! Canada no hoikuryou hasyuniyotte9bainosa” oriori, 12 Sep.
2020.
613
Peter Jon Mitchell, “The Pros and Cons of Canada’s Child Benefit” Institute for Family Studies, 17 Jul. 2019.
614
Babycenter, “Daycare: pros and cons” (n.d.)615News commentators bureau, “Hoiku no situ toha nanika” NHK, 1 Aug, 2017.
616
Keiko Fujisawa, Makiko Nakamuro “Hoiku no “Situ” ha kodomo no hattatu ni eikyousuru noka - syoukibo
hoikuen to cyuukibo hoikuen no hikaku kara -” RIETI, Jan. 2017.
617
News commentators bureau, “Hoiku no situ toha nanika” NHK, 1 Aug, 2017.
618
A guide for parents in Canada “What is quality in early childhood education and care?” Finding quality childcare. (n.d.).
619
Kiyomi Akita “Hoiku no situ to kodomo no hattatu” University of Tokyo Educational Research. (n.d.).

of childcare environment in Japan means that equipment and indemnity can be put into place where children live, playand learn in childcare without disabilities. The child care environment has seven items: the relationship between thespace and the furniture and interrelationships, the relationship between parents and childcare workers, and so on. The
quality of the childcare environment and the length of experience of the childminder has a positive impact on thedevelopmental conditions of the children. Conversely, there is no effect on the development situation of children, suchas academic background for child care certification, size of facilities, and child-to-care worker ratio. This shows thatthe time spent actually interacting with the child and thinking about things from the child's perspective is more
important than the time spent studying at a desk. The whole society has received more benefits by good quality
childcare which promotes the development of children. For example, welfare costs are reduced and public safety isimproved.620 In order to increase the growth rate of children, the children should be given many opportunities tocommunicate with other people, singing songs, reading books, and having more interaction with parents as well as
child care workers. It is also desirable to have a place where parents can feel free to talk to each other about childcare. 621
In addition to childcare, each family characteristics, mother-child relationships and the sensitivity of parents to readtheir children's minds promote the development of their children's future social skills. Social skills development ismore positively affected by leaving a child in a facility, but on the other hand, accidents, illnesses and other disabilities
are more common than in non-facility children.622Thirdly, “the quality of childcare” in Canada. In Canada, each state
has a slightly different child care system. For example, the Quebec system provides fixed fee services for all children
five years of age and younger regardless of family income, with fees that are affordable and proportionate to family
income.623 There are Early Learning and Child Care (ELCC) and Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC). Bothsystems encourage the promotion of child development. Structural factors of ELCC and ECEC quality, such as groupcomposition, staff qualifications, working conditions, space and physical environmental standards, are believed topromote quality care and education. The quality care and education includes smaller group sizes and child ratios allow
for more individualized childcare childminders interaction and promote child development. Also the more
knowledgeable childminders are, the more diverse the ways they interact with children and services their parents, thebetter their care will be. When childminders are comfortable working in an environment that is conducive to theirwork, they can increase the efficiency and quality of their work and, as a result, they can interact better with children.624
Additionally, like in Japan, when childminders are active and communicate more with children, they develop higher
levels of literacy, numeracy, behavior and social skills. Other child development also varies by household income anddifferences. This is because low-income families are more difficult to get access to child care that is better served. For
low-income families, two-year-olds had fewer opportunities to engage with adults than higher-income families, andthree-year-olds had almost the same opportunities to engage with adults as higher-income families, but they weremore likely to be negative. Four-year-olds differ in the amount of play and child care they receive, which leads todifferences in preschool care.625
IV
In conclusion, there are many different points about childcare between Japan and Canada. Japan does not yet
have a system in place for childcare, such as parents' incomes are low but tuition is high, and parents can't focus onchildcare, making it difficult for people to raise children. In contrast, Canadian childcare is ready, for example theability to raise children while supporting the advancement of women in society. It's a friendly environment to raisechildren, both for the community system and for parents. Also, both countries have excellent systems for keeping
children and can be chosen to suit each family. In my opinion, laws and ideas need to change with the times. In Japan,
parents should support parents in a way that doesn't make childcare a burden, like in Canada. For example, it's about
making accommodations at work so that women can get pregnant when they want to, and reducing the cost of620

Keiko Fujisawa, Makiko Nakamuro “Hoiku no “Situ” ha kodomo no hattatu ni eikyousuru noka - syoukibo
hoikuen to cyuukibo hoikuen no hikaku kara -” RIETI, Jan. 2017.
621
Akiko Maruyama, Etuko Fuchita, Hatue Sakai, Hiroshi Tanaka, Katunobu Miyazaki, Tokie Anme, Tokie Syoji“Cyoujikanhoiku ga kodomo no hattatu nioyobosu eikyou ni kannsuru tuisekikennkyuu - 1saiji no 5nenngo no
hattatu ni kannrennsuru youinn ni syoutenn wo atete -”, Sep. 2001.
622
Kunihisa Shimomura, Kyoko Shibao, Osamu Narazaka, Shizuo Shindou, Toshimichi Matsumoto, Yoshiharu
Miyazaki “Nyujiki no syuudannhoiku no 3saiji ni okeru eikyou ni kannsuru koho-to kennkyuu”. 2010.
623
Canadian Public Health Association “EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION and Care” June. 2016.
624
Government of Canada “Defining and measuring the quality of Early Learning and Child Care: A literature
review” 27 June. 2019.
625
Kathleen McCartney “What Do We Know About the Effects of Early Child Care?”. (n.d.).

education other than tuition. In Canada, men should make more time to be involved with their children. This is true inboth countries, but men are letting women take care of their children. This situation will put more stress on womenand lead to a lower birth rate. I think it's important to keep thinking about what we're missing right now and how we
can support each other to solve this problem. Also, there are some benefits and drawbacks about Japanese andCanadian childcare. Japanese preschool education is varied, but the number of children waiting is increasing and there
aren't enough childcare workers, so this is having negative impacts on some families who have dual income households.
Canadian services are while the service is designed for children's development, it is also a cause of reduced interaction
with their families. I think Japanese childcare benefits of childcare services are not limited to children’s development.
Childcare services include women’s socal advancement and prior learning that children can focus on their study inschool. These services are thinking about families. Additionally, Canadian childcare has many different types ofchildcare options, so choosing the right one for each family will help both parents and children to grow up in a goodenvironment. Moreover, “the quality of childcare” affects the development of children. This "quality" includes not
only the facilities and equipment and the interrelationship between childminders and parents, but also the way theyinteract with the children and promoting the children's activities. There is no difference in the quality of childcare in
Japan and Canada, but this difference arises as society changes. Promoting the children's development and enabling
the children to live a good future is the cause of social development and the creation of abundant resources. In my
opinion, we must review the current situation of childcare and the "quality" of childcare must be improved to create abeneficial society for us. The positive impact on children's development is not only due to a better environment, butalso by the childminders, so a good working environment for childcare workers, protecting their health and making
their working conditions better will lead to a better future for children. And when children receive better care, society's
future benefits increase. I think that this cycle will make “the good quality of childcare” and it will lead to create agood society. The quality of childcare is not only for the child, but also for the parents. I believe that a better and lessstressful environment for everyone involved with the children will have a positive impact on the children's
development.

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Is Being Vegan Good or Bad?
Yumeno Maeda
In recent years, not only in the world, but also in Japan, veganism is becoming more and more popular.
People who don't eat meat and fish are called vegetarians, whereas people who don't eat not only meat and fish, butalso dairy products and eggs are called vegans. The concept of vegetarianism can be traced back to ancient India andancient Greece, but the term "vegetarian" started to be used in English from the 19th century. Many people think it
comes from vegetables, but in 1847, the Vegetarian Society was founded in England, and the word vegetarian wasborn from the Latin word 'vegetus', which means 'healthy and lively in body and mind'. Since then, the term"vegetarian" has been used to refer to people who do not eat meat. Later, in 1944, the Vegan Society was founded inEngland and people who eat only plant-based foods were called vegans.626 Also, there are many different types ofvegans in the world. For example, there are ethical vegans who also avoid leather and wool used in clothing, and dietvegans who aim to be healthy.627 In addition, there is a big difference in support for vegans between countries. The
number of restaurants that deal with vegan food and the public's awareness of vegans change by the percentage of thevegans in the country. Moreover, many people would think that vegans are only for humans. However, more and more
pet owners are now trying to make their pets, such as dogs and cats, vegan like them. They change their pets' food andsnacks to those that are adapted for vegans. 628 Is it a problem to make even pets vegan? In this essay, I will discuss
the pros and cons of being vegan in Japan, comparing vegans in Japan and other countries and the effects of a vegandiet on pets, such as dogs and cats in order to let more people know about the correct information about the vegan diet,and I will give my own opinion.
I
However, vegans have a lot of disadvantages. There is evidence to show vegan diets do not contain vitamin
B12, an essential nutrient. Many people get the majority of certain vitamins, such as D and B-12, from animal products.
Vegans can also have low levels of iron and zinc in their blood because they don’t replace what they would get fromanimals with another source. Additionally, eating meat gives you high cholesterol levels. According to a Feb. 7, 2014
study by researchers at the Institute of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, vegetarians “suffer significantly more often
from anxiety disorder and/or depression.” Low cholesterol levels have been linked to depression. 629 Also, people who
eat vegan diets might have low cholesterol. There are several advantages and disadvantages. First, the vegan diet has
two main advantages. They are to the environment and to people. The first is about the environment. Vegans cansignificantly reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. Factory farms and similar operations, from slaughterhouses tobutcher shops, expend a lot of energy from fossil fuels. 630 Also, cows and sheep are responsible for 37% of the total

626

TsubutsubuBLOG. "Vegan toha?" TsubutsubuBLOG soda zakkoku tabeyo, Web. 27 September 2019.

627

Wikipedia. "Veganism" Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, Web. (n.d.)628

Emma Grey Ellis. “Inu ya neko wo vegan' nishitemo mondainainoka?” WIRED(US), CONDE NAST

JAPAN, Web. 31 May 2019.
629

Pros &amp; Cons - ProCon.org. (2020, June 04)

630

Sentient Media. Vegan Benefits for Both People and the Environment. (2019, December 17)

methane generated by human activity.631632 According to the Ministry of the Environment, greenhouse gas productionin Japan originating from livestock wastes 2.5 million tons CO2eq per year for methane. Methane is 23 times as warm
as CO2. So methane reduction must be a priority. 633634635 Additionally, the livestock industry generates 64 percent ofammonia, which contributes significantly to acid rain. The livestock industry also generates 65 percent of humanrelated nitrous oxide, which has 300 times the Global Warming Potential of CO2. 636 Then there are the advantages topeople. It can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and improve gut health. 637 Plant-based diets areloaded with both soluble and insoluble fiber, which promotes regularity while maintaining a good population ofhealthy gut flora.638 Lower levels of calcium in their bodies, which can lead to conditions like osteoporosis.639 In
addition, there is a demerit of the environment. Artificial fertilizers, for example, account for at least 3% of global
greenhouse gas emissions, according to the industry. The production of synthetic fertilizer emits CO2 and methane
into the atmosphere, while their use on fields releases nitrous oxide, another potent greenhouse gas. 640
II
There are a lot of differences in vegans between countries. First, it is the case in Japan. According to a 2019
survey by a Japanese food company, the percentage of vegans or vegetarians in Japan was 5.7 %. Japan has always
eaten not only vegetables, but also meat and fish caught by hunting and fishing for many years. Dashi or bonito flakes,
which are famous in Washoku, are a common type of dashi made from fish. Examples of this are bonito and driedsmall sardines. Another one that is widely eaten in Japan is soybeans. It is very popular in Japan and is processed andused in many foods.641 As a result, some of the products sold in Japanese supermarkets and convenience stores containanimal products, even if the food is originally vegetarian. The packaging may not always provide sufficient
information about the ingredients. So vegans should be careful when buying food in Japan. 642 Furthermore, noteveryone in Japan knows what vegan means and it's not common to see vegetarian or vegan labels on packaging.
There are also some restaurants that provide vegan options, but not many, so you'll have to look for them or cook yourown food.643
Veganism and vegetarianism are more popular in other parts of the world than in Japan. Especially in India,
which has the highest percentage of vegans in the world, according to a BBC survey, 44% of people are vegan or

631

Veganism and the Environment. (2019, January 06)

632

About Veganism. (n.d.)633

Going Vegan: An Effective Way to Reduce Environmental Impact. (2020, August 24)

634

Osada Takashi “Jissho ni haitta chikusankei onshitsu koka gasu haishutsu yokusei husaku no tenkai tonoka fukyu no kadai” 2014
635

Osada Takashi "chikusan kara no onshitsu koka gasu no haishutsu yokusei gijutsu" nogyo shokuhin

sangyo gijutsusogo kenkyu kiko chikusansochikenkyusho (n.d.)636

Earth, D. (2019, November 06). Top 10 Reasons Why It's Green to Go Veggie

637

Sentient Media. Vegan Benefits for Both People and the Environment. (2019, December 17)638

7 Fantastic Health Benefits of Eating Vegan. (2019, December 27)

639

Bhide, M. (2011, February 14). 9 Pros and Cons to Going Vegan - will this strict diet work for you -640

Pros &amp; Cons - ProCon.org. (2020, June 04)641

Wendy, Werneth. "What You Need to Know on Your First Trip as a Vegan in Japan" the nomadic

vegan, Web. 15 March 2018.
642

Is It Vegan Japan? "Is it vegan? (Japan)" Web.

643

Admin. "Plant-Based Travel in Japan - Preparation" more than veggies, It Wonders Web, Web. 21

August 2018.

vegetarian by culture and Hinduism. 644 Also, according to the ranking of vegan friendly cities by The Vegan Society,the top three are London, New York and Berlin. 645 In particular, the percentage of vegans in the UK that is thebirthplace of veganism was around 1 percent of the total population, or about 600,000 people in 2018. However, 42%of those people said that they had just switched to veganism within a year. Therefore, it is clear that the vegan
population is growing rapidly right now. 646 The next is the support of vegans in other countries. As the number one
vegan-friendly city, London has a lot of vegan-friendly shops, such as bakeries, cafes and smoothie bars. For example,
there is La Fauxmagerie which is a vegan cheese shop and The Temple of Seitan which is the world's first veganchicken shop. The many vegan restaurants and events make the city a very vegan-friendly place to live.647
III
There are several effects of a vegan diet on pets. First of all, a vegan diet has both positive and negative
effects on dogs. Making a dog's food vegan affects a lot of things. Dogs have food allergies like humans have.
Among them, many dogs have food allergies to beef, pork, and chicken. Changing to a vegan diet can improve thesymptoms caused by them.648 This is a good effect. However, there are also many negative effects. Dogs need six
basic nutrients: protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water. Among them, the "three major
nutrients" of protein, carbohydrates and lipids are essential because they are a major source of energy just likehumans. However, there are three major differences between humans and dogs. The first is that they do not have thedigestive enzyme ''alpha-amylase''. It has a role in breaking down the starch in food and helping the digestion in thestomach. The second is that their teeth are sharp. The teeth of dogs are specialized in crushing large foods. 649 Theirmolars are developed for tearing off the meat and have a jagged shape instead of a flat one. 650 The third is the lengthof the intestines is short. A short intestine can cause indigestion and stools with nutrients left in them. These three
things can cause physical problems in dogs, even if humans can adapt to being vegan. In addition, dogs arecarnivores or omnivores. They need to get nutrition from animal products, so a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle for dogs
is likely to lack nutrition. For example, it is a lack of vitamin B12, which is the main nutrient from meat. It isnecessary for dogs because it has a very important function in the production of blood. 651
In addition to dogs, a vegan diet also has an effect on cats. Some cats have food allergies, just like dogs.
Many of them are also allergic to beef, chicken, pork, and lamb. Therefore, a vegan diet can have a positive impact
as a solution to this problem. 652 However, in contrast to dogs, which are omnivores, cats are considered to becomplete carnivores. As a result, cats need about five to six times more protein than humans, especially highly
digestible proteins of animal origin. A vegetarian or vegan lifestyle for cats is more risky than for dogs, because they
644

Mandy Meyer. "This Is How Many Vegans Are In The World Right Now (2020 Update)" WTVOX,

Web. 17 September 2020.
645

Ken Spector & Eric Brent. "10 Top Vegan-Friendly Cities" Happy Cow, Web. 15 October 2020.

646

Ilayda. "Sekai ga chumokusuru vegan city 10 toshi" EF, Web. (n.d.)647

Ken Spector & Eric Brent. "10 Top Vegan-Friendly Cities" Happy Cow, Web. 15 October 2020.

648

Rina Nakagawa. “Inu no arerugi ga deyasui tabemono wa? Kainushi ga dekiru taisakumoaru!”

inutome, inutome, Web. 18 April 2018.
649

More Nature. “vegan seikatsu de pet ni hitsuyou na eiyoso wa ataerareru?”, 2021 More Nature, Web.

11 April 2020.
650

Miyuki Kato. “Inu no ha kisochishiki! Honsu tokucho hae kawari no taimingu” docdog, Delight

Creation Inc., Web. 7 December 2020.
651

More Nature. “vegan seikatsu de pet ni hitsuyou na eiyoso wa ataerareru?”, 2021 More Nature, Web.

11 April 2020.
652

Isao Ogura. “Neko no shokumotsu arerugi no shojo genninn kensa hoho wa?” Pet Smile, 2014

PetSmile Co., Ltd., Web. 12 July 2019.

cannot get enough nutrition from only plant based foods. In addition, the stomachs and intestines of cats, which arecarnivores, are developed to absorb nutrients from animal foods. Therefore, it is difficult for them to digest andabsorb plant based foods.653 Moreover, vegan diets cause a lack of amino acids. Their bodies need it, but cannot
produce it.654 Therefore, if they do not consume amino acids, it will weaken their muscles, cause vision loss, andcardiac arrest.655
IV
In conclusion, being a vegan has environmental benefits, such as reducing carbon dioxide and greenhousegas production, and human benefits, such as decreasing the risk of diabetes and improving gut health. However, there
are also some drawbacks. For example, there is a lack of the essential nutrient vitamin B12 and a low cholesterol level.
I think going vegan is a good idea. But it's not the best, because it's hard to stay healthy, and it's hard to do it in yourdaily life. If you want to be a vegan, you need to be careful about a lot of things. First, you should increase yourconsumption of foods that contain the right nutrients and phytonutrients to remain healthy. Many vegans also takedietary supplements to ensure their nutrient resources don’t get depleted. Many people who are vegan take nutritional
supplements to ensure that their nutritional sources are not depleted. Therefore, they need to take supplements andother nutrients. Also, not many restaurants offer true vegan choices and this can make dining out difficult. Therefore,
it is important to carry vegan foods and snacks to make eating out easier when traveling long distances. In addition, it
is important to consult with your physician and a registered dietitian when starting and implementing a vegan eating
plan, as a vegan diet may interfere with your health. There are also many differences between vegans in Japan andother countries. For example, the population of it and the number of shops that support it are different. Also, the publicawareness of it is different. I think being vegan in Japan is a good thing. But if you really want to be vegan, or if you
want a better place to live as a vegan, I think it's better to be vegan in other countries. This is because Japan has asmall population of vegans and the public awareness of veganism is low. Therefore, it is hard to find restaurants andfoods that support it. However, other countries have many shops, chain stores, and foods, and it's easy to adopt themin your daily life. Also, plant-based foods are a staple in some countries. In addition, I think it is important to makefriends who have the same eating habits if you become a vegan, both in Japan and in other countries. The reason isthat having vegan and vegetarian friends is a great way to learn a lot of new information and continue to do it.
Especially in Japan, there are not many vegan stores and foods, so if you get more information, it's easier to live as avegan. Moreover, there are many vegan stores and foods in the world and they are often covered by the media.
Therefore, the vegan population is going to grow more in the future. Furthermore, a vegan diet affects dogs and catsin many ways. It has both good and bad effects. For example, it can be a solution to food allergies, but it can also
cause other illnesses, such as physical problems or cardiac arrest. Therefore, if pet owners want to make their pets
vegan, there are some things they should do. The first is to consult a veterinarian. They can tell you what kind of dog
food is best for your pet's health and which fruits and vegetables are good to feed. Also, they can help you if you needto change the vegan diet back to an omnivore diet due to aging or illness. Secondly, don't change to a vegan dietsuddenly. Pets have their own habits, and it is important to gradually get them used to the change. Therefore, you needto start by gradually reducing the amount of meat and feeding more vegetables or rice. Thirdly, they need to provide
their pets with nutrients that cannot be supplemented by plant foods. The third is that they need to provide their petswith nutrients that cannot be supplemented with plant foods. If their pets live a vegan life, they must feed their petswith supplements for dogs and cats, such as vitamin B12 and amino acid. I think it is not a bad thing to feed their pets
a vegan diet. However, they must manage their pet's condition and food to keep their pet healthy. If you want to be avegan or you feed your pets a vegan diet, you should gather a lot of right information.

Earth Day Network, "Top 20 Countries Ranked by Mass of Mismanaged Plastic Waste", Earth Day Network,
653

More Nature. “vegan seikatsu de pet ni hitsuyou na eiyoso wa ataerareru?”, 2021 More Nature, Web.

11 April 2020.
654

Emma Grey Ellis. “Inu ya neko wo vegan' nishitemo mondainainoka?” WIRED(US), CONDE NAST

JAPAN, Web. 31 May 2019.
655

Irina Pechena. “Anata ga saishokushugisha de pet ga sodenaibaai wa donarimasuka?” RYTMYMEDIA, Rhythms Media.ink, Web. 27 January 2020.

June 4, 2018, accessed July 11, 2021,

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What are the Effects for People Who Get Cosmetic Surgery?
Akane Taniguchi
Human beings pursue beauty in various parts like their faces and bodies, but the standard of beauty differsfrom person to person. People may have different ideas of beauty such as wanting to have bigger eyes and breasts.
Why do people pursue beauty? They know that they want to be beautiful by their senses and instincts they see andhear in themselves.656 Appearances are one of the most important parts of making a first impression. 657 This isbecause first impressions would determine the relationship they will build with people in the future. People whohave a good appearance have many advantages in several places such as the office and school. It is normal to want
to be beautiful and beauty gives them a lot of power. One of the ways to get beauty is cosmetic surgery. There arepeople who are unable to live proudly because of their appearance such as it is difficult to take off their masks to beconcerned about their appearances. In comparison to the pcast, cosmetic surgery has become more accessible andmore and more people are having it. However, prejudice still remains in some countries like Japan, so there aresome people who hide getting cosmetic surgery in such countries. 658 In this essay, I will discuss the three things
about cosmetic surgery. There are some reasons why people want to get cosmetic surgery, and similarities anddifferences between cosmetic surgery in Japan and Korea, and the effects on health. The purpose of this essay is to
reduce the prejudice for cosmetic surgery in the world. Especially, I focus on prejudice in Japan. In addition, I will
give my own solutions and opinions about this topic.
I
First of all, cosmetic surgery carries risks. Some people are satisfied with the outcome of the surgery.
However, other people have had surgery that has resulted in scars, disfigurement, or worse. While the worst
outcomes are rare, such risks are nonetheless a reality. There are two types of effects on the health of the physicaland mental health, such as people can fix the parts that make life inconvenient, improve their confidence and not
repair their mental health. Firstly, there are some effects on physical health which include the good and bad aspectsof getting cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery is often thought of as something that improves the appearance, but it
can also improve the patient's physical comfort. Some people do it to make their lives easier. For example, people
who have large breasts have problems like stiff shoulders or running. Also, people who have too big of a hips to live
with. Resolving these problems with cosmetic surgery will make their lives easier. 659 Moreover, there are situations
where rhinoplasty not only improves the appearance of the patient's nose, but also makes it much easier for anindividual to breathe by clearing the air passages in the nasal cavity. 660 It also can erase injuries. Scars created forvarious reasons such as accidents or burns can be complex for people if they are in a noticeable position, so erasing
injuries that they cannot erase by themselves will ease their feelings about their scars. However, there are some risks
for their body to do it. For instance, they may become infected with excessive or unexpected bleeding which is a risk
when performing any surgery. Also, they may get a Hematoma which is a painful bruise.661 Next, there are some
impacts of getting cosmetic surgery for their mental health. Having cosmetic surgery has a positive effect on the656

Kuramae torakku III, Bi no seirigaku- hito ha naze utukushisa wo motomerunoka, 2014
Steven Dayan, Altering First Impressions After Facial Plastic Surgery, (n.d.)658
Mennzusaizo-, Nihon mo seikeitaikoku!? Kannkokunettoyu-za-ga「Nihonnjinn ha seikeishitakoto wo
kakusu」to shiteki, 2012
659
Georgia Plastic, The Many Benefits of Cosmetic Surgery
660
Georgia Plastic, The Many Benefits of Cosmetic Surgery
661
Anna Schaefer, 10 of the Most Common Plastic Surgery Complication, healthline, 2019,657

mind. Successful cosmetic surgery can lead to an increase in self-esteem and confidence.662 For example, gaining
the parts and face that they want for themselves can give them confidence, so some people can live their lives with
dignity and without worrying about what others think of them. However, some people are not satisfied with theresults they get if the results are different from what they wanted or due to the failure of the surgery. These results
lead to some people wanting to repeat cosmetic surgery until they get their ideal face. As a result, they are likely to
be dependent on cosmetic surgery. This situation can lead to mental instability and facial collapse. 663
II
Secondly, as I wrote above, there are some effects for mental health. These can cause body dysmorphic
disorder. This disease is one of the causes of cosmetic surgery. There is a disease where cosmetic surgery canincrease their dissatisfaction with their faces and cause them to have an unstable mental state, too. This is the diseasein which the patient is trapped in the belief that they are “ugly” or “deformed” and suffer, even though there is no
flaw that is objectively perceived by others. Most of the patients are unaware of their own normalcy and theseobsessions interfere with their daily lives. 664 It only occurs in one percent of the population, but it's common forpatients who seek cosmetic surgery.665 Among them, it is thought that the mother-child relationship has the greatest
influence. Children develop a sense of value and think that being cute is very important by instilling a body image ofcuteness. As they grow up, they start to look at themselves objectively and suffer from the gap between their selfimage and the world.666 667 668 They realize there are more and more people who have more attractive appearance inthe world and compare themselves and such people.Moreover, there are three types of body dysmorphic disorder.
First one is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder which is common in perfectionist people and they repeat compulsive
behavior. Second one is Borderline Personality Disorder Type. This type changes the spot of their worries and theirpersonality instability. This is the adolescent anorexia syndrome, and often associated with wrist cutting, domestic
violence, eating disorders, and even suicide. Also, people around them often do not understand how they feel, sothey become afraid of people. Lastly, Interpersonal phobia types are afraid of failing in social situations andworrying about what people think of them. They hide their appearance by wearing masks and sunglasses, and taketoo much time to make-up. These people are troubled by their appearance and they repeatedly have cosmetic surgery
to improve their desired face. 669 However, the International OCD Foundation shows most BDD patients continue tobe dissatisfied with their appearance after cosmetic surgery. In fact, only 2.3% led to long-term improvement inbody dysmorphic disorder. These results show that people with this condition are endlessly concerned about the face
they want, even when they have plastic surgery to give them the face they want.
III
Lastly, Coronaviruses affect a variety of things such as closing of restaurants and the collapse of the economy. The
cosmetic surgery stores in the world are also affected in good and bad ways as well. For instance, in Korea, thenumber of international customers who want to get cosmetic surgery has decreased because they are not able to go
there in order to get the surgery. However, the number of domestic applicants for cosmetic surgery has increased,since there has been no overall lockdown in South Korea. Therefore, Korean clinics use this chance to takeadvantage of it, many clinics have offered discounts to Koreans. 670 Also, more and more people in various countries
are having cosmetic surgery. The number of people who work at home is increasing in this situation, so people do
not have to worry about the wounds after surgery due to hiding the area to be operated on by wearing the mask. In
general, if they have cosmetic surgery, they do not feel comfortable to go out in the public space for around a week
662

Natalie, The Risks & Benefits of Plastic Surgery, verywell health, January 12, 2020
Kastuya Takasu, Seikei de gannmenn houkai suru hito to ha? Takasu Katsuya iinnchou ga akasu 「shippai patann 5 tsu」, 2020
664
Hiroaki Harai, Byouki suko-pu, December10, 2019
665
Randy A. Sansone and Lori A. Sansone, Cosmetic Surgery and Psychological Issues, 2007
666
Biyouseishinnmenntaruka, Shinntai shuukei shougai accessed November 19, 2020
667
Mind for better mental health, Body Domestic Dysmorphic disorder (BDD), November, 2018
668
Hiroaki Harai, Byouki suko-pu, December10, 2019
663

669

Biyouseishinnmenntaruka, Shinntai shuukei shougai accessed November 19, 2020
Sophie Williams, Biyou seikei shujutsu, shinngata korona uirusu ryuukou de zouka nitibei ya kannkoku, BBC,
2020,
670

because of swelling and scars from surgery, so they can stay home to work and also heal their scars. Especiallysurgery, the part of the lower half of their face is able to hide with a mask. However, there was a shortage of gauze
and alcohol that could be used due to medical shortages. This implies that it was pretty difficult to perform cosmetic
surgery safely. Japan is in a situation where it has to prioritize using the people who have become Covid-19.
Moreover, the Japanese Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery said on its website that cosmetic surgery is not urgent
for many people, so they should refrain from performing the procedure now. Thus, it has become harder to getcosmetic surgery in Japan.671

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People’s Discrimination Against Ballerinas
Yuzuki Sodeoka
Ballet is popular in the world. In Japan, there are an estimated 400,000 students and about 10,000 balletschools there, so Japan’s ballet population is the largest in the world. 672 However, most Japanese people do notknow about ballet. They have not interest about discrimination of ballet. Ballet teachers see color of skin when theteacher decides to assign parts to someone, such as Swan Lake. Therefore even though discrimination is stillprevalent, because ballet is a traditional and historical dance. People do not know neither ballet nor the world ofballet. There are many benefits of ballet. In a ballet class when you are focused on the placement of their bodies andcoordination with the music in the moment, you are able to escape from the stresses of everyday life. The intense
physical workout of ballet releases endorphins giving participants a real feel good factor, during and after class.
Additionally, classical music has been shown to have a positive, calming influence on the brain and aids focus andconcentration, all helping to create happy ballet dancers. On the other hand, there are negative effects of doingballet, particularly in relation to discrimination. Even in 2014, ballet goers might expect some progress in racial
diversity onstage, especially in the U.S., where populations of color are growing. 673 This essay will discuss thecause of ballerinas having to have a beautiful body shape, which has negative effects and the problem is that ballet
directors decide based on skin color. I will investigate this in order to need to find a solution to discrimination
against ballerinas.
I
There are several causes of discrimination in ballet. One of the biggest causes of discrimination ofballerinas is the origins of ballet. Ballet was a formalized form of dance with its origins in the Italian Renaissancecourts of the 15th and 16th centuries. Classical ballet is very popular in Europe and Russia. Because the places
where they can dance are concentrated in Europe or Russia elsewhere. Some people think that there is still prejudicethat ballet is for white people. Since ballet was developed in the court of Louis XIV in late 17th-century France, 674It
has proved resistant to evolving beyond its roots as an elite, rigidly European art form. Balletomanes,
choreographers and directors generally concurred that black bodies were unsuited to the lines of classical technique.
Racism and discrimination continued to plague ballet, and throughout most of the 20th century, African-Americans
were largely barred from quality training and professional careers.
A second major cause of the discrimination is gender stigma. There are many boys who face malice andmockery on a daily basis for choosing to dance. The statistics on boys, ballet and bullying are staggering. According
to a study by dance sociologist Doug Risner, 93 percent of boys involved in ballet reported “teasing and namecalling,” and 68 percent experienced “verbal or physical harassment.” Eleven percent said they were victims ofphysical harm at the hands of people who targeted them because they are boys who study dance. 675 For whateverreason, be it toxic ideas of masculinity, associations of artistic expression as feminine, cultural gender norms, there
are fewer men than women in every American ballet class and company that at least, have ever seen. Also, the corps
de ballet in many classics is composed of women. 676 From a young age, far more girls than boys are interested inballet, so much so that girls are estimated to outnumber boys 20-to-1 in ballet classes. Some people think it’s hard
to believe that not all male dancers are gay. Just because there are more female dancers than male doesn’t mean
every single male dancer is gay. This is gender discrimination, and it is not fair to men, or even to women, to belabeled as feminine just because they love to dance. Ballet is not just for girls; it’s for anyone and everyone whowants to strive for success.677
Finally, there is a necessity for a ballerina to have a beautiful body shape and muscle for dancing, so
people need to have been born with the body shape and skeleton for both men and women. 678Black people are often
more muscular, so their legs look fatter than white people. Ballet is especially visual when people dance on the672

Noa ballet class, “Japanese Ballerinas Who Are Active in the World,” NOA ballet school, 2016,
Joseph Carman, “Behind Ballet's Diversity Problem,” Pointe (Pointe, February 6, 2020)
674
Laurie A. Woodard, “Black Dancers, White Ballets,” The New York Times (The New York Times, July 15,2015),
675
Bianca Bujan, “Opinion: Bullying Boys over Ballet Is Ridiculous,” Burnaby Now, September 9, 2019,
676
Jessruhlin, “Gender Inequality in Ballet,” BODIES NEVER LIE, August 8, 2018,
677
Nina Scire, “Sign the Petition,” Change.org, 2014,
678
Condé Nast, “A Ballerina Body,” The New Yorker (The New Yorker, June 19, 2017),
673

stage. So ballerinas have to make their legs look nice and longer by tights and pointed shoes. For that, people haveto match the color of their skin. Dancers of color typically have to paint their pink and peach ballet shoes withbrown makeup to get them to match their skin more closely. 679 But the color of brown tights and toe shoes was not
sold anywhere to match the color black people. Black ballerinas must “pancake” their pointe shoes in makeup to
match their skin. They have to paint themselves a color with makeup so that they match their skin tones. People
have to buy a foundation. Black ballerinas cannot buy closer to their skin color until recently.680 A lot of roles haveto do with skin color. The teacher decides various roles of white skin color more often.
Ⅱ
There are three negative effects of discriminating against ballerina. To begin with, most barrerina arefemale, however there are more choreographers of ballet male more than female in the world. Examined leadershipand salary data for artistic directors at the top 50 ballet companies in the United States(DDP). According to DDP awhopping 72% of ballet companies have a male artistic director.681 Women choreographers have long complained
about an uneven playing field, they are denied opportunities to choreograph, particularly for prestigious
companies.682 That’s certainly the case in the U.S. resident choreographer post was filled by another man, thecelebrated Justin Peck, and last year, at a showcase of 21st-century choreographers the company featured no workby women, which is not uncommon any more this year. They will perform short works by two. Also, perform very
little choreography by women.
A second big effect is terrible bullying. Gender discrimination remainds deeply rooted the society. In
general, most discrimination is that women suffering. However, female dancers discriminate against male dancers.
Terrible bullying happens and discrimination,683 so that girls are estimated to outnumber boys 20-to-1 in balletclasses. If there is one occupation in which it seems women should have an equal shot of making it to leadershiproles, it is ballet, although bullying is wrong.
Finally, the major barriers dancers face is It can be difficult for people with certain skin tones to find work.
There’s an age-old notion that black bodies aren’t suited for the lines of ballet. Therefore, the dancers getting hiredor casted and naturally, black dancers bear the brunt of casting discrimination within the classical ballet world. Only
ever be judged based on their skin color.684 It still has a negative impact on both the dancing colored communities.
III
There's the canard about black bodies appearing unsuitable for ballet. Therefore, people concerned in ballet
said black dancers categorically appear unsuitable for ballet, and people still have not embraced the notion black or
people of color as dancers within this art form. However, people judge the dancer’s skin color, and do not judge thenatural ability of the person and beauty. Also the relation of ballet should understand the real ability of ballerina.
Ballet directors and instructors should learn to nurture the talent of minorities in their schools. Because, ballerinas
and directors have to realized to terrible discrimination such as the color of your skin. Ballet directors are forced togo along with the appearance of other people. For example the trio of dancers(Two of white dancers and one ofblack dancer) had to wear matching costumes with pink tights and pointed shoes, because they are white of skincolor, on the other hand the dancer had to wear pink tights and shoes that the color did not suit them , also she want
to wear brown tights and shoes, because brown is the color that matches the dancer’s skin.
There are some solutions. First,685over the past few years, calls for the ballet world to become more diverse,
equitable and inclusive have become a regular rallying cry. People should protest at SNS, because a few dancers
have taken to Instagram to directly call out the problems they've seen in their own companies. The people involved

679

Lyndsey Winship , “'That Took Long Enough!' – Black Ballerinas Finally Get Shoes to Match Their Skin,” The
Guardian (Guardian News and Media, April 1, 2019),
680“Why Don't They Make Shoes for Black Ballet Dancers?,” BBC News (BBC, March 11, 2016),
681
Kim Elsesser, “A Gender Gap In Ballet, Seriously?,” Forbes Forbes Magazine, September 12,2019
682
Chloe Angyal, “Ballet Has A Sexism Problem, And Even Its Brightest Stars Don't Know How To Solve It,”
HuffPost (HuffPost, June 1, 2016),
683
Laura Enfield, “Edward Scissorhands Choreographer Matthew Bourne Says Childhood Bullying Help Make
Him Who He Is Today,” Enfield Independent (Enfield Independent, December 15, 2014)
684
Aziza Miller, “Black Swans: Casting Discrimination against Black Ballet Dancers,” The Gazette • Western
University's Student Newspaper, February 3, 2017
685
Joseph Carman, “Behind Ballet's Diversity Problem,” Pointe (Pointe, February 6, 2020)

in ballet have to change their consciousness, because I think we look at ballet as a living art form expressing acontemporary vision of beauty. No matter what they look like, beauty is important.
IV
In conclusion, there are several reasons why ballerinas face discrimination. I think that main cause isdiscrimination of ballerinas is the origins of ballet. Nobody cannot stop the discrimination, because most ballerinas
and teachers have prejudice based on stereotypes. I consider it to be terrible discrimination is based on the color ofyour skin.Dancers of color rarely are given the opportunity to appear in repertoire of big roles, because they show
usually classical ballet works. The discrimination in ballet leads to many negative effects.
I also think that main effect of discrimination is discrimination based on dancer’s skin color, because manyballet companies have a tendency to hire light-skinned dancers when hiring black dancers because light-skinned
dancers can pass as white with the bright stage lights. It is as though choreographers see these roles as the only ones
suitable for black dancers. In society, their effort often goes unrecognized. There are a lot of these types ofballerinas, the dancers feel pain when black or yellow people and male are being bullied . Therefore, they give up
their dreams. They could not decide to aim to become a ballerina in the future.
686
I think that the main problem is that ballet directors decide based on skin color. A lot of roles have to do with skincolor. The teacher decides various roles for white skinned dancers more often. And I think that the main solution isto learn the Ballet, because Ballet instructors should learn about the color and beauty in Ballet in the schools.

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Now and the Future of the Amusement Park
Lisa Hiraga

In recent years, entertainment has become an essential part of people's lives, and amusement parks havebecome more accessible to a wider range of people than ever before, and their relationship with each community has
deepened. In 2020, amusement parks will also be affected by the coronavirus, and there are already issues such as
people leaving687. This paper focuses on amusement parks, examining the advantages and disadvantages they bringto the community, how to enjoy them in the event of a coronavirus outbreak, and the causes of congestion, andconsidering ways to make their use more enjoyable and safe.
I
There are good things and bad things about having an amusement park. On the one hand, there are twogood things about having an amusement park. The first one is the revitalization of the community. Areas withamusement parks are often visited by people from overseas and other areas. Not only that, but people can also
spend a lot of money depending on the tourists. 688 In other words, amusement parks bring about an increase in local
tourists and tourism revenue. Also, if the community has money, the city will be maintained with the money, and thecity will be kept beautiful.This series of flows invigorates an area with an amusement park. Another advantage oftheme parks is that amusement parks create a community of people.The theme park attracts visitors from all over theworld, and people from different backgrounds gather to learn about each other. It creates a community.
On the other hand, there are three bad things about having an amusement park. The first is that there is adifference in the popularity of amusement parks in various parts of Japan. This affects depopulation andovercrowding in rural and urban areas.Therefore, the disparity in customer attraction and popularity between themeparks is a serious problem, and this is due to the adverse effects of amusement parks on the community. 689 The next
one is that destruction of nature. It can separate into three parts.Exhaust gas from traffic jams and large quantities ofgarbage from facilities there lead to environmental pollution and global warming. 690 The third is the destruction of687

Hart, L. (2021, January 18). Impact of coronavirus on theme parks: What to expect. Retrieved April 02, 2021,
from https://blooloop.com/theme-park/opinion/impact-of-coronavirus-on-theme-parks/
688

Trade and Industry, E. (2014). Te-mapa-kuricchinokeizaikouka. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.meti.go.jp/statistics/toppage/report/minikeizai/pdf/h2amini004j.pdf
689

Trade and Industry, E. (2014). Te-mapa-kuricchinokeizaikouka. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.meti.go.jp/statistics/toppage/report/minikeizai/pdf/h2amini004j.pdf
690

Kubotani, O. (1992). Kadaioi chihoute-mapa-ku. Retrieved April 02, 2021, from https://www.nliresearch.co.jp/files/topics/34655_ext_18_0.pdf?site=nli

the scenery by signboards and roller coasters. The last negative point is an increase in the crime rate. Crime rates
are likely to be bigger in neighborhoods near amusement parks which are major tourist attractions, as stated by new
findings published in the peer-reviewed journal Justice Quarterly.691

II
There are several ways to measure and solutions for coronaviruses by controlling the people entering thepark. First one is to enhance infection control. For example, by limiting the number of people who can enter the parkper day or by entering the park every hour, it should avoid gathering as many people as possible. The second one isthat it limits admission. It would be good to check the guest's temperature at the entrance and make a rule such as
wearing a mask all the time and prohibiting people from eating popcorn and so on, and to ask guests to leave if they
can't follow that rule. These are held not only in amusement parks but also in various towns and shops 692.
There are some ways to measure and solve coronaviruses by changing the way cast members work. The
first is that the staff puts more effort into cleaning than ever before. For example, handrails of attractions andamusement parks, tables, and chairs. The second is to manage attractions. Stop attractions that make people dense orindoor, and use outdoor attractions and restaurants only.
These are the ways to enjoy and deal with corona when amusement parks are open. Amusement parks areplaces where you can enjoy playing a lot on the spot, but not only that, food and goods are also popular, so you canenjoy them very much. For example, there are things and foods that can only be bought there.Therefore, even if you
cannot visit Corona's Naka Amusement Park, many amusement parks, such as Disney 693, have started selling goods
through online shopping services because they think you can enjoy these goods and foods at home.In addition, wesell not only goods but also original food menus in a book. In addition to these goods, we also sell anti-bacterial
goods such as masks with original designs.And I think we can use the money raised from this as the preparation costfor infection prevention in the two parks mentioned above.
III
There are several reasons for congestion in amusement parks. The first reason is that amusement parks are
popular. I think this is the big cause of the amusement park crowds. There are four good points to people coming to
the amusement parks. For one, people can step into a different world because they can enjoy it there by forgetting
their daily lives, so it will be a different world there. 694 Secondly, people can escape stress. This is a similar reason
as the first one.695 The third one is that people can develop a bond with their friends and family. 696 People can share
their adventures there for a long time and make the best memories. The perfect place for these is an amusementpark. The last one is that people can have fun.697 Of course, the purpose of people coming to the amusement park is
691

Organizations, R. (2019, November 06). Theme parks linked to increased crime risk, says study. Retrieved April
02, 2021, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191106085406.htm
692

Ferreira, J. (2020, October 05). Thermometers and body temperature: Experts answer pressing questions.
Retrieved April 02, 2021, from https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/thermometers-and-body-temperatureexperts-answer-pressing-questions-1.4934686
693

D. (n.d.). Shopdisney: Official site for disney merchandise. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.shopdisney.com/

694
695
696

O. (2018). Oakwood theme park. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.oakwoodthemepark.co.uk/blog/uncategorized/epic-family-5-reasons-why-theme-parks-are-good-foryou/
697<a href="https://kidskonnect.com/fun/amusement-parks/">Amusement Park Facts: https://kidskonnect.com</a> KidsKonnect, December 31, 2009to have fun. It's hard to find people who don't like to have fun. For these reasons, amusement parks are very popularamong people. The second reason is that a lot of people's days off fall on the same day. For much of history, it wasvery common to take one day off each week. Because observing Sunday as a day of rest was a long-standing
Christian tradition, it was fairly easy to take a day off to worship on Sunday. There were many Jewish immigrants inthe late 1800s, and many factory owners had workers who preferred to work on Saturdays, the traditional Jewish dayof rest. Over time, the factory owners realized that it was most efficient to lay off workers on both Saturday and
Sunday.698 Then Saturday and Sunday became the standard days off and it became the norm. Because of this history,
most people's days off have been Saturdays and Sundays. So if you have plans to go to a theme park, most people
will go on the same day. An amusement park is an entertainment facility, not a place to take time off from work or
school. Therefore, on vacations when everyone is visiting, they are intensively crowded.The third reason is that
amusement parks are always changing. What I mean by that is that amusement parks have always been popularamong many people. That's because amusement parks are constantly evolving. Disney World, for example, hasadded a lot of attractions and facilities in the 50 years since it opened, and is always incorporating new ones.699
They've built mountains, festivals, and beaches. Such a spirit of challenge keeps the guests happy and entertained.
That's why people come back, not just once in a lifetime, but many times. People visit amusement parks not justonce, but many times. And it's not only crowded when the show starts, but all the time.
IV
In conclusion, the presence of amusement parks attracts many people and invigorates the area and creates aplace for the community, but the difference in popularity of each amusement park makes the difference in density
between local and urban populations and it increases the crime rate of nature destruction and local communities. In
my opinion, I think amusement parks have more positive effects on the city because of not only these good points,
but also the amusement park makes it more active to invest in and enrich economic activities. Thereby it also has theeffect of inducing employment. In addition, in order to open an amusement park amid the spread of the coronavirus,
there should be restrictions on the number of guests, additional rules, restrictions on attractions and strengthening
cleaning, and an online goods sales service for those who don't come directly to the amusement park as acountermeasure against coronavirus. In order to enjoy the coming times well, I think it will be important to use thesemeasures as common sense and to use them according to the times and circumstances so that they suit us more andmore. Then there are three main reasons why amusement parks are crowded: they are popular with people, people
visit on the same day off, and the park is constantly evolving to keep people happy. In my opinion, through thesethree causes, I can see that being crowded is something that we should be very happy about in the first place, but thishas now changed in the wake of the covid 19 pandemic. At the moment, many amusement parks are trying to figureout how to prevent crowds and allow people to have a good time. In order to return to an environment whereamusement parks can be crowded again, we now have to think of ways to make them less crowded.

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Hart, L. (2021, January 18). Impact of coronavirus on theme parks: What to expect. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://blooloop.com/theme-park/opinion/impact-of-coronavirus-on-theme-parks/
Kubotani, O. (1992). Kadaioi chihoute-mapa-ku. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.nli-research.co.jp/files/topics/34655_ext_18_0.pdf?site=nli
Menyes, C. (2019, August 08). 33 ways Disney world has changed since it opened. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.theactivetimes.com/travel/how-disney-world-changed-1971
O. (2018). Oakwood theme park. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.oakwoodthemepark.co.uk/blog/uncategorized/epic-family-5-reasons-why-theme-parks-aregood-for-you/
Organizations, R. (2019, November 06). Theme parks linked to increased crime risk, says study. Retrieved April 02,
2021, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191106085406.htm
Trade and Industry, E. (2014). Te-mapa-kuricchinokeizaikouka. Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.meti.go.jp/statistics/toppage/report/minikeizai/pdf/h2amini004j.pdf
Who invented weekends? (n.d.). Retrieved April 02, 2021, fromhttps://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/who-invented-weekends<a href="https://kidskonnect.com/fun/amusement-parks/">Amusement Park Facts: https://kidskonnect.com</a> KidsKonnect, December 31, 2009