FNCA／MEXTTechnical Material

Achievement
Sub-Project on
Drought Tolerance in Sorghum and Soybean( 2002 – 2006 )Mutation Breeding Project
Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA)
March, 2009

Foreword
Two of the most urgent applications of mutation breeding are the generation of superior cultivars
meeting the nutritious needs of the growing populations in Asia and development of superior genotypes
having adaptation to global changes and expanding dry lands. The Mutation Breeding Project focusedon the improvement of drought tolerance in soybean and sorghum represents one project developed by
the Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) in 2002. This project was established with thecollaboration of member countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines and Vietnam forsoybean breeding, and China and Indonesia for sorghum breeding. Soybean and Sorghum were selected
as the target crop because soybean is one of the most important legume crops in tropical, subtropical,
temperate zones as well as most Asian countries. Sorghum was selected because it is utilized in the
drought-prone regions of Asia and is fifth in importance as a cereal food crop when compared to rice,wheat, maize and barley. In addition, prior evaluation of soybean and sorghum germplasm resources did
not successfully identify accessions exhibiting level of extreme drought tolerance. As such, mutation
breeding is a very useful method to induce favorable changes in germplasm when required breeding
materials are not otherwise available.
Activities of this project focused on a wide array of important agronomic topics; of which the following
were deemed of highest importance: (1) exchange of breeding materials and promising mutants; (2)information regarding efficiency of screening methods for drought-tolerance; (3) breeding techniquessuch as F1 hybrid breeding of sorghum; and (4) information regarding various unique mutations such as
super-nodulation in soybean. Each year, results and encountered problems within this project are
discussed at the FNCA Workshop held in the member countries. In this project, promising lines both ofsoybean and sorghum have been identified and evaluation tests for the registration are being conducted.
Since the cooperative research investigations fulfilled the project goals, the project was terminated in2006. However, additional years of work are required for the plant breeders to develop and release newcultivars to the farmers. Following the identification of promising lines, yield trials at several locations,spanning at least 3 growing seasons, are required for cultivar registration.
It is our hope that the promising lines developed in this project will benefit the farmers of the droughtprone regions of Asia. Editors also hope that this book will be useful not only for the breeders interested
in gamma ray induced mutation breeding, but also for the breeders of soybean and sorghum.
We are grateful to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology-Japan for theirfinancial support and the management assistance they provided to the project.
I would like to state my appreciation to the contributing authors for their achievements in this project
and the submission of their final reports.
Hitoshi Nakagawa
Project Leader of Japan, Mutation Breeding Project, FNCA
Director, Institute of Radiation Breeding, NIAS
Hitachi-Ohmiya, Ibaraki, Japan
March 2009

Content
1. Sorghum
1-1 China ···················································· 5
Li Guiying, Liu Luxiang, Wang Jing

1-2 Indonesia ················································ 13
Soeranto Human

2. Soybean
2-1 Indonesia ················································ 25
Masrizal, Kumala Dewi, Hary Is Mulyana, Ina I. Rahma, Arwin

2-2 Malaysia ················································ 30
Mohamad O., Loo M. W., Mohd. Nazir B., Rusli I., Herman S., Bakhendri S.

2-3 The Philippines··········································· 37
Lapade A.G., A.C. Barrida, A.O. Grafia, J.C. Mananguit

2-4 Vietnam················································· 78
Mai Quang Vinh, Ngo Phuong Thinh, Tran Duy Quy, Pham Thi Bao Chung

1. Sorghum
1-1. China
1-2. Indonesia

1-1. China
LI Guiying, LIU Luxiang and WANG Jing
Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
Key Lab of Agricultural Nuclear Technology & Aerospace Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture
As per the general plan of the Multilateral Research Program (MRP-1) under the framework of
FNCA Agriculture Project (Mutation Breeding), we have exchanged sorghum mutant
germplasms with Indonesia, and have done multi-location evaluation for further use,
popularized new mutant varieties, and used introduced germplasm in breeding program. This
paper will give an outline summary on the researches during project years (2002-2006) as
follows.

1 Goal of the MRPThis project aims to form an Asia regional cooperation network of drought tolerance
improvement in sorghum by using mutation induction technique and related biotechnology.
(1) To collect, identify and utilize useful germplasms of drought tolerance for regional andnational sorghum breeding programs in agricultural institutions and extend planting andutilization of the improved cultivars.
(2) To exchange the improvement techniques for raising efficiency of screening for droughttolerance in sorghum.
(3) To form Asia regional co-operation network of drought tolerance improvement in sorghum
by holding meetings, inviting experts to scientific visits and exchange sorghum plant materials
and information.

2 Project Progress
2.1 Exchange useful sorghum germplasms of drought tolerance
Totally China has provided Indonesia with 4 mutant or hybrid sorghum: Yuanza 1(Hybrid),
Zhenzhu, Yuan8002, SP84002; Indonesia has provided China with 5 mutant and their initialmaterial: ME/30/9, ET/20/477, DU/30/95B, DU/20/3E and JA/30/58 and Durra .

-1-

2.2 Observation on Sorghum mutant germplasm from Indonesia
5 sorghum mutants introduced from Indonesia were planted in IAAE’s experimental farm in
2002. Experimental results are showed as in the table1.
Table 1. Performance of sorghum mutants introduced from Indonesia

ME/30/9

ET/20/477>160

DU/30/95B

DU/20/3E

JA/30/58

159

159

95

Growth period (d)125Plant height (cm)

310

350

250

250

220

Stem diameter (cm)

0.6

2.5

1.7

1.7

1.5

Number of tillers

1.0

2.3

1.0

1.5

2.0

Panicle length (cm)

23

30

20

23

38

Seed wt/panicle (g)

70

-

60

80

40

1000-seed weight(g)

36.5

-

28.0

21.0

18.0

Bx (%)

-

5.0

10.0

8.0

-

Type

Grain

Forage

Grain

Grain

Broom

Among the 5 mutants, JA/30/58 was very early mature, with short stalks and big spikes. It
could be used as a good cultivar of broom sorghum. DU/30/95B has a bright red seed color,very beautiful, could be used for decoration. ME/30/9 and DU/20/3E have bright white color,shows good market quality. ET/20/447 was multi-tillering. It had thick and strong stalks (notsweet) and high biomass yield. It might be utilized as a good cultivar of forage sorghum or beused as a high biomass parent in energy crop sweet sorghum breeding. But it cannot get mature
enough to propagation in Beijing.

2.3 Multi-location Evaluation of Sorghum Mutants and Parents
In 2005，a total number of seven varieties included four mutants and one parent fromIndonesia (Du/30/95B, Du/20/100B, DU/20/3E, ET/20/477and Durra), one mutant and one
parent from China (Yuanyu 8002 and SP4-8002) were used to do multi-location trial toevaluate their possible uses for forage or grain production in Beijing, Gansu and Heilongjiang,-2-

respectively. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications, row length 6 meters with
3 rows in one plot, row spacing 60cm and plant-to-plant space 50cm. The sowing date was 20
April 2005 in Beijing, 25 April 2005 in Gansu and 29 April 2005 in Heilongjiang.
Among the mutants and parents, Yuan8002 and SP4-8002 belong to grain sorghum but
Du/30/95B, Du/20/100B, DU/20/3E, ET/20/477and Durra forage usage according to theiragronomic performance.
Yuan8002 and SP4-8002 can be used as restoring lines of cytoplasmic male sterility ofsorghum, with short stalks and growth period. SP4-8002 was about 5 days delay in heading
date than its parent Yuan8002, which will be helpful to hybrid seed production.
Durra, DU/30/95B,Du/20/100B and ET/20/477 produced high biological yield with very highplant height but too long growth period in the above three locations.
Performance comparison of these varieties in Beijing was showed as Table2.
Table 2. Performance of sorghum mutants and parents with drought tolerance in Beijing in 2004

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Growth period (d)

110

115

183

182

183

159

>190

Plant height (cm)

138

122

248

251

262

250

350

Stem diameter(cm)

1.41

1.42

1.51

1.53

1.55

1.70

2.50

Number of tillers

1.20

1.10

1.65

1.80

1.75

1.50

2.30

Panicle length(cm)

25.8

27.1

23.5

23.1

23.2

23.0

30.0

Seed wt/panicle(g)

54.6

55.1

60.3

62.6

61.5

80.0

-

1000-seed weight(g)

25.0

24.8

25.8

26.3

26.1

21.0

-

Bx(%)

3.0

3.0

8.0

10.0

9.0

8.0

5.0

Note:1. Yuan8002 (P); 2. SP4-8002; 3. Dura (P); 4. DU/30/95B; 5. Du/20/100B; 6. DU/20/3E; 7. ET/20/477

2.4 Use of introduced mutant germplasm in breeding program
Among 5mutant from Indonesia, ET/20/447 is a useful germplasm with very high biomassyield, but it can’t get mature enough for reproduction. In order to use its useful genes, in 2003
we treated its seedlings after three leaves shoot in short sunlight (9 hr/d) for 32 days. It head
95day after sowing and short sunlight treatment. Then emasculated and pollinated with sweetsorghum CV Rio, Rio/BJk156-1-3-1 and Roma. Finally 26 seeds from cross [ET/20/477]/Rio,
50 seeds from [ET/20/477]/Roma and 50 seeds from [ET/20/477]/[Rio/BJK156 -1-3-1].
-3-

F1 generation
In 2004 all these seeds were planted in the experiment field, and F2 seeds were obtained.
ET/20/477 is 350 cm, Rio/156-1-3-1 is an advanced lines, juicy and sweet (brix 16-18%), 360380cm high. F1 plants were 5.0-5.3m tall and 3-4wm thick (see Fig.1), showing very strong
heterosis.

Et/20/477

Fig1. F1 populations of [ET/20/477]/Roma, [ET/20/477]/[Rio/156-1-3-1 and [ET/20/477]/Rio

F2 generation
In 2005 F2 populations (Fig2) were planted in the experimental field for selection of single
plant with high biomass potential, sweet or non-sweet. From 300 F2 population of[ET/20/477]/Roma, 35 plants were selected; from 240 F2 of [ET/20/477]/[Rio/156-1-3-1, 46
were selected; 240 from F2 of [ET/20/477]/Rio, 56 plants were selected. Plants with ET/20/477
characters and early mature have been recovered.
Distributions of some important characters were analyzed. Take [ET/20/477]/ [Rio/156-1-3-1]
as an example, 64 F2 plants were examined, the distributions of plant heights (Fig.3), stem
types (dry or juicy)(Fig.4), Maturity (showed as mature state when frosting, i.e. waxy to fullmature, milk or flowering)(Fig.5). For juicy plants, juice Brix was measured with a handrefractometer. And Brix distribution was showed as Fig 6.

-4-

Plants height
ET/20/477 is 350cm high. Rio/1561-3-1 is an advanced line, 360380cm high. Among 64 F2 plants
examined, 13 plants were higher than
5m, 19 were between 4.6-5m, 17

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

were shorter than two parents. It
showed plants with ET/20/477 height>5 M

4.65.0M

4.14.5M

3.64.0M

3.13.5M<3.0

Fig2 Distribution of Plant height in F2[ET/20/477]/ [Rio/156-1-3-1]

character could be recovered.

Stem types
ET/20/477 is a dry type, and100.00%

Rio/156-1-3-1 is a juicy type, with

80.00%

brix 16-18%. Among 64 F2 plants

60.00%

observed, there were two types of

40.00%

stems, 12.5% juicy and 87.5% dry,

20.00%

which showed juicy is controlled
by recessive gene. It is easy to get

0.00%

87.50%

12.50%
Juicy stem

Dry stemFig3 Distribution of Plant types in F2[ET/20/477]/ [Rio/BJK156-1-3-1]

a dry type with high biomass yield.

Maturity
ET/20/477 is very late mature, andcould not mature enough for further
reproduction. That is the key reason
to treat it and cross with earlyvarieties so as to keep its usefulgenes. Among 64 F2 plants, 54.7%
could develop to waxy to full ripe,enoughtoflowering

reproduction,
to

milk,

45.3%

difficult

to

60
50
40
30

54. 7

20

29. 7
15. 6

10
0

Waxy

Mi l k

Fl ower i ng

Fig4 Distribution of maturity in F2 [ET/20/477]/ [Rio/BJK156-1-3-1]

reproduce.

-5-Juice Brix
Among 64 F2 plants, only 8 or
10-18%, 3 plants between 10-13%,

16
juice Brix

12.5% were sweet. Brix were from

18
14
12
10

4 plants 13-16%, 1 plant 18%.

8

Generally sweet type is later

4

mature. It needs a large population

0

16

6

10

11

3

4

15

14. 4

5

6

13

2
1

to select for a sweet type with highbiomass yield.

18

15. 6

2

7

8

s i ngl e pl ant

Fig5 Distribution of Brix in F2 [ET/20/477]/ [Rio/156-1-3-1]

F3 generation
F3 generation is growing as Fig. 6. The result has yet to obtain.

Fig 6 F3 generation of [ET/20/477]/ [Rio/156-1-3-1]

2.5 Mutation technology in sorghum improvement
2.5.1 Production of M1 and M2 population after gamma radiation
Seeds of grain sorghum variety “Zhenzhu” and sweet sorghum “Sart” were irradiated by
gamma rays, 100Gy, 150Gy, 200Gy, 250Gy, 350Gy and 400Gy, respectively. The results ofthe germination test and the field planting showed that 200Gy ～ 250Gy could be theappropriate radiation dose, while very lower survival plants in 350 Gy treatment and no seeds
in 400 Gy in M1 generation. M2 seeds from 100Gy to 350Gy were obtained and will be used tolaboratory test for drought tolerance by PEG6000 and field planting in next year.
2.5.2 Mutational effects of new mutagens on sorghum-6-

Seeds of sorghum cv. Y030 and Yuan8002 were irradiated by proton, with the energy of 3Mev
and dosage of 300Gy, and synchrotron (ultra-soft X rays, 5～20λ), respectively. The result
showed that the biological effects of proton and synchrotron irradiation on the current
generation of treated sorghum seeds are very similar. The sorghum seedlings in 1～3 leaflets
stage from the treated seeds showed variations of stripe chlorophyll deletion, with the deletion
rate near 100%. However, no such variation was found in the treatments with 200Gy gamma
rays irradiation. The chlorophyll deletion was also not reported in literature.
Electron beam was used to irradiate the seeds of four sorghum cultivars, i.e.,Wusawu, Jinwu,
Aisi and Yuan2B. The preliminary results from bioeffect analysis showed the proper doses ofelectron beam to treat sorghum seeds were to be 30～50 Gy for white grain and 100～150 Gy
for red grain, respectively. This dose is significantly lower than that of gamma rays, indicatinga high relative biological effect.
2.6 New varieties
Yuantian No 1 a sweet type showed as Fig 7, released in 2002. It was developed from Rio as
initial material by induced mutation with gamma ray. It is grown ca. 1000 hectares.

Fig7 Plants, stem and spike of Yuantian No 1

Hybrid variety Yuanza 502(Yuan2/ Sp8002) In the variety comparison experiment, 25 newcrosses made with mutants Cms lines or restorer lines were evaluated, Yuan2/ Sp8002 showed
more than 20% higher in grain yield than original Yuan2/ Yuan8002. Sp8002 is a mutant
developed by space breeding. The performance of this cross shows as Fig 8.

-7-

Fig.7 Field performance of new hybrid variety Yuan2/ Sp8002

3 Discussion
Through this project, participating countries exchange their research experience, mutant shareachievement, which is conducive to all participating experts and also good for enhancing
application of atomic energy in a wider research field.
Induced mutation has become a conventional breeding approach, it become less and less anopportunity to get support as an independent project. So it is suggested that the future FNCA
project be combined with other related domestic project. It may be better to organize projectgroup as end-up use, not as single crop, such could attack more experts to participate in FNCA
activity.

-8-

1-2. Indonesia
Dr. Soeranto Human
Center for Application of Isotope and Radiation Technology
National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN)

Introduction
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a cereal crop that is usually grown under
hot and dry conditions. According to House (1985) sorghum might beoriginated from the headwaters of the Niger River in Africa. Archaeologicalevidence suggested that the practice of sorghum domestication was
introduced from Ethiopia to Egypt about 3000 B.C. Now about 80 % ofsorghum cultivation is found in the Africa and Asian regions, however, theworld sorghum production is still dominated by the USA, India, Nigeria,
China, Mexico, Sudan and Argentina.
In many countries sorghum is generally used as food source, animal feed,
and raw materials for industry. According to ICRISAT/FAO (1996), as global food source
sorghum ranks the fifth after wheat, rice, corn, and barley. In many countries, sorghum grains
and stovers are mainly used for animal feed. Sorghum grains are also used for industry such as
ethanol, bear, wine, syrup, paint, glue, and modified starch. Related to energy source, countries
like USA, India and China, have developed sweet sorghum as raw materials of bioethanol(biofuel) production. In the USA sorghum can produce up to 10,000 while in China 7,000 andin India 3,000-4,000 liters ethanol/ha/year. In India an improved, pressurized, multifuel(kerosene, ethanol or diesel) mantle lantern producing light output of 1,250-1,300 lumens(equivalent to that from a 100 W light bulb) called "Noorie" was developed (Reference). A
pressurized alcohol stove with a heating capacity of 3 kilowatts for 85% (v/v) ethanol
concentration with a thermal efficiency of 30-50% was also created (RAJVANSHI andNIMBKAR, 2004).
Sorghum has a high yield potential, comparable to those of rice, wheat, and maize. On a fieldbasis, grain yields have exceeded 11 ton/ha (in Japan, total (seed + stems and leaves) dry yield
are higher than 26t/ha), with above average yields ranging from 7-9 ton/ha where moisture is-9-not a limiting factor in Indonesia. In those dry areas where sorghum is commonly grown,
yields of 3-4 ton/ha are obtained under normal condition (Hause, 1985). Sorghum is also
known to have wide adaptability, ranging from lowland, medium and highland altitude.
Highest yields are usually obtained from varieties maturing in 100-120 days. Late-maturing
varieties tend to be appropriate for forage crop.
Sorghum is beleived to have high tolerance to adverse conditions such as drought. Compare tomaize, sorghum has a more extensive and fibrous root system. The plant roots penetrate agreater volume of soil to obtain moisture. Fertilizer, even under low rainfall conditions,encourages root development, hence the root are able to extract moisture from a greater volume
of soil. Sorghum requires less moisture for growth than some other cereal crops. A study showsthat sorghum requires 332 kg of water per kg of accumulated dry matter, while maize requires
368 kg of water, barley 434 kg, and wheat 514 kg. Compared to maize, sorghum is also moretolerant to water lodging, salinity, and aluminum toxicity (RANA and RAO, 2000).
Based on form of its spike and basic spikelet, sorghum is classified into 5 races namely Bicolor,
Guenia, Caudatum, Kafir, and Durra. The characteristic of basic spikelet for each race isshown in Figure 1. Race Durra having white color of grains is the one that is commonly
cultivated as grain sorghum and used as food source. Among race Durra, there is a variety
having high sugar content in its stalk, a type what so called sweet sorghum. In many countries,
sweet sorghum is used for syrup, sugar (jaggery), and/or ethanol industry (RAJVANSHI andNIMBKAR, 2004; UNDERSANDER et al., 1990).
Because sorghum is not Indonesian origin, so
its genetic variability found in Indonesia is
still limited. Some sorghum genotypes havebeen introduced from abroad e.g. from theInternational Crop Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India.
Through

plant

Ministry ofbreeding

programs,theAgriculture has released somesorghum varieties such as UPCA, Keris,Figure 1. Classification of sorghum by basic spikelet type

Mandau, Higari, Badik, Gadam, Sangkur,- 10 -

Lumbu and Kawali. These national varieties have a big potential to be cultivated and developedin the arable land in Indonesia especially during wet seasons. Further research on sorghum
breeding is needed especially to search for genotypes that can be grown and cultivated during
dry seasons.

FNCA Mutation Breeding Project
Under FNCA plant mutation breeding project, the first meeting of the sub-project entitled“Drought Tolerance in sorghum and soybean” was held in Indonesia on 25 February - 01
March 2002. The participating countries included China, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippine, andVietnam. The goal of this sub-project is to provide a broad base of common interests and tostrengthen research collaboration among participating countries in the field of mutation
breeding. Two kinds of crop species i.e. sorghum and soybean have been selected as targets forindication of drought tolerant crops. China and Indonesia took part in breeding sorghum, while
the Philippine and Vietnam were in soybean. Exchange of breeding materials was agreed
among the participating countries, which necessarily intended only for breeding purposes.
(This part will be written in the preface of the report (book).)For sorghum, the sub-project has been implemented accordingly. Exchange of sorghum
breeding materials (sorghum seeds) has been made between counterparts of Indonesia andChina. The list of the exchanged materials is presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1. List of exchanged sorghum breeding materials between counterparts of Indonesia and China

From Indonesia to China

From China to Indonesia

ET/20/477

Zhengzhu

DU/20/100-B

Yuan 002

DU/20/3E

Yuantianza

DU/30/95-B

Yuanyu 8002

Durra

SP4-8002

Sorghum Breeding For Drought Tolerance
Drought problem is one of limiting factors in agriculture development in Indonesia especiallyin Java and eastern part of the country. The problem is that annual dry season in some regions
sometime happens quite long i.e. for about 6 months, starting from May up to October. During
dry season most arable land usually becomes fallow, so farmers harvest almost nothing from- 11 -

their land. For example, in the district of Gunungkidul in Yogyakarta Province, during dry
season farmers attempt to import corn leaves in a huge amount from other Districts orProvinces in order to suffice their ruminant animal feeds.
For the areas having drought problem such as that in Gunung Kidul District, selection of crop
species indicating high water use efficiency would be of valuable to be introduced. Sorghum
plant (Sorghum bicolor L.) is thought to have high tolerance to drought (ICRISAT/FAO, 1996).
Sorghum breeding to improve its yield in drought prone areas can be of importance forincreasing the overall agricultural production in the region. Its biomass may be used for animal
feed while the grains may be used as an alternative food during dry seasons.
The Indonesian farmers have long known sorghum landraces but its improvement anddevelopment seem to be neglected if compared to the other food crops. By being able to growsorghum during dry seasons, it is hoped that the fallow land at least can produce biomass forfeeding the animals. If good quality of sorghum variety is available, it may also provide foodsource to the local people so that it will prevent a hunger. As a food source, sorghum has beenreported to have good nutrition values (DEPKES RI. 1992). Thus, sorghum has a big potential
to help farmers increase their income, stimulate economic growth in the rural areas, and its
cultivation will also promote soil improvement to support sustainable agriculture development.
Sorghum is actually not Indonesian origin but it has a big potential to be grown and cultivatedin this country owing to its wide adaptability. However, sorghum is not as popular as othercereal crops and it is still insignificantly grown by very limited farmers. Available genetic
variability of sorghum plant is also low, thus, plant breeding program is badly required in orderto support sorghum development in the country. The breeding objective is to search forsuperior genotypes to help improve sorghum production with good quality according to its use
either as food, animal feed or material for industry. Any plant breeding method such as that of
selection, introduction, hybridization, mutation and/or other related biotechnology may be of
appropriate to be applied in sorghum improvement program.
With regard to drought tolerance, indirect and direct selection methods have been implemented
in sorghum breeding (SOERANTO, 2003). These methods are briefly described below:- 12 -

A. Indirect selection:
Using 25% Polyethilene Glycol (PEG Method). This method is used in seedling stage. It
can reduce water potential equivalent to natural drought condition so that water absorption
by roots is affected.
Using 0.3 % solution of potassium iodide. This method is used in seedling stage. It cansimulate leaf senescence and abscission equivalent to natural drought condition (Singh andChaudhary, 1998).
B. Direct selection:
The plants are grown directly in drought prone areas during dry season. Sowing time is usually
adjusted by the end of the rainy season. Production of total biomass, yield and its components
can be used as criteria for selection.

The Use of Mutation Techniques
A. Gamma Irradiation
Research on sorghum mutation breeding was carried out at the Center for Research andDevelopment of Isotope and Radiation Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency(BATAN). Through research collaboration with the International Crop Research Institute for
the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a number of precious breeding materials were obtained (aslisted in Table 1; only exchanged materials are listed in Table 1). In our previous mutation
breeding program, Durra variety from ICRISAT was used as starting breeding material owing
to its high yielding and white grain type with good quality to be used for food and animal feedsource.
The seeds were irradiated with Gamma rays emitted from Cobalt-60 source which is installedin the Gamma Chamber 4000A model. The dose levels 0-1000 Gy with increment of 100 Gy
was used in order to study the optimal dose estimated around LD-50. Best fitting software wasused to calculate the relationship between the doses and growth rates and to estimate theoptimal doses. For example, Figure 2 shows the relationship between doses of Gamma
irradiation doses (Gy) and survival rates (%) of sorghum Durra variety. It was found that the fit
function is as follows:
3rd degree Polynomial Fit: y=a+bx+cx2+dx3
Coefficient Data: a = 95.984; b = -0.098; c = -7.615e-005; d = 7.966e-008
R = 0.99326615
LD-50 = 395.88 Gy- 13 -

Gamma irradiation had significantly increased sorghum genetic variation in the M2(SOERANTO et al., 2001). Plant selections based on phenotypic variation were started in theM2 generation, focused on the improved agronomic characters compared to that of the control
plants. Through selection processes, a number of mutant lines with various desirable
agronomic characteristics had been identified (SOERANTO and NAKANISHI, 2003). Somemutant lines had been tested for drought tolerance in Gunungkidul and Bantul Districts of
Yogyakarta Province during dry season 2001 (M3), 2002 (M4), 2003 (M5), and 2004 (M6). The
drought tolerance lines had been obtained namely B-68, B-69, B-72, B-75, B-83, B-90, B-92,
B-94, B-95, and B-100. Biomass production and grain yields of these mutant lines (3-4 ton/ha)
were significantly higher compared to that of original variety Durra and the national checkvariety (UPCA and Higari) which yielded only 1-2 ton/ha in dry seasons. Visual performancesof some mutant lines are presented in Figure 3.

Response of Sorghum Durra to Gamma Radiation.74
109

Growth Rate (%)

9
91.4

25
73.

00
55.

5
36.7

51
18.

6
0.2

0.0

183.3

366.7

550.0

733.3

916.7

1100.0

Doses of Radiation (Gy)Figure 2. Response curve of sorghum Durra variety to Gamma irradiation in the M1 generation

B. Ion-beam (C-ion) Irradiation
Mutation breeding in sorghum using Gamma irradiation was just started in 2005. Through
FNCA Mutation Breeding Project framework, the utilization of ion beam (C-ion) for inducing- 14 -

mutation in sorghum was implemented to sorghum variety Durra and Zhengzu. Seedirradiation was conducted at TIARA facility of Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) with thedose levels of 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 Gy. The irradiated seeds were evaluated inIndonesia. Response of sorghum to ion-beam was studied in the M1 generation by its
germination rate and growth. Relationship between doses and germination rate was studied
using best fitting curve software. The curve functions were calculated and the LD-50 values
were estimated. It seemed that each variety gave different response to ion-beam.
Within the ion-beam treatment, Durra and Zhengzu gave different response curves and the LD50 values were found to be 376.30 Gy and 292.15 Gy, respectively. Meanwhile, the LD-50
value for Gamma radiation on sorghum Durra was 395.88 Gy. Comparing the ion beam andGamma radiation, it seemed that LD-50 value for Gamma radiation was higher than ion beam
radiation. The differences might be due to the highest dose levels used in the treatments. The
highest dose level used in ion beam radiation treatment was 300 Gy while in Gamma radiation
treatment was 1000 Gy. Results might suggest increasing the dose levels in ion beam radiation
treatment since the LD-50 values were about the same or slightly higher than the highest doselevels used. The effects of ion beam treatments to plant genetic variability are measured in theM2 generation by estimating genetic variance component of some agronomic characters.
In 2006, Zhengzu variety was irradiated again with ion-beam (C-ion, 320 MeV) at TIARA
facility of Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) with the dose levels of 40 and 50 Gy.
Meanwhile, sorghum variety Durra and Zhengzu were also irradiated again with ion-beam (Cion) at RIKEN facility in Japan with the dose levels of 25, 50, 75, 150 and 200 Gy, respectively.
All of these ion-beam irradiated materials are now being studied and evaluated in the field
experiments in Indonesia. Until now, there is not yet found any desirable and useful sorghum
mutants resulted from the ion-beam irradiation.

Highlight Results
1. A number of 10 drought tolerance mutant lines of sorghum have been obtained. In dry
seasons, these lines have biomass production and grain yields significantly higher than thatof original variety Durra and the national check variety (UPCA and Higari).
2. Our sorghum germplasm collections have been enhanced with these mutant lines, local andnational sorghum varieties, exchanged breeding materials from China (through FNCA
framework), and introduced genotypes from ICRISAT (Table of the data).
3. Some laboratory equipments for sorghum research have been provided by IAEA through- 15 -

TC-Project INS/05/030.
4. Good sorghum research collaboration with some national and international counterparts andthe end users has been established.
5. A private company (LIPPO Enterprises) has identified some of our sorghum mutant lines tobe good for food, animal feed, starch and ethanol industry. (Will you write this collaboration
more in detail with picture and data)

Figure 3. Variation of sorghum head form and size resulted from Gamma irradiation treatments

Other Supports
LIPPO Enterprises (MOU with BATAN was signed on 12 April 2005) (as menteined
abave.)
International Atomic Energy Agency (through TC-Project INS/5/030)
International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through the Core University Program ofTokyo University- 16 -

Future Plan
Multi-location trials of sorghum mutant lines, at least in 12 locations, before being
submitted for official releases as new sorghum varieties to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Continuing mutation breeding to improve yields and quality of sorghum used as food,animal feed, and material for industry. The development of sorghum cultivation will bedirected to make optimal use of the marginal land, especially in drought prone areas, so that
it will not compete with the other crops in term of land utilization.
Continuing and strengthening sorghum research collaboration with national andinternational counterparts
Integrating Molecular Assisted Selection (MAS) and TILLING technology in pyramiding
and characterization of the mutated gene(s) in sorghum.

Conclusions
Mutation breeding program using Gamma radiation in sorghum in Indonesia had resulted 10
promising mutant lines. These lines indicated drought tolerance and were promising to be
developed further in Indonesia. Through FNCA Mutation Breeding for Drought Tolerance
project, exchange of sorghum seeds had been implemented between counterparts of China andIndonesia. All sorghum from China could grow and perform well in Indonesia. Zhengzu has
been included in our mutation-breeding program owing to its indication of drought tolerance
and high yielding. Induced mutation using ion-beam irradiation is being studied on sorghum
Durra and Zhengzu. Sorghum research in Indonesia is supported by some national andinternational counterparts.

- 17 -

Literatures
DEPKES RI. (1992). List of Food Source Nutrition Composition. Bhratara Publication. Jakarta. 57p.
HOUSE, L. R. (1985). A Guide to Sorghum Breeding. International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid
Tropics. Andhra Pradesh, India. 238p.
HUGO, L.F. ROONEY, L.W. and TAYLOR, J.R.N. (2005). Bread-making with malted and fermented
sorghum. Cereal Quality Laboratory, Soil and Crop Science Department, Texas A&M University,
USA.
IAEA. (1977). Manual on Mutation Breeding. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 119. Sec. Ed. Joint FAO/IAEA Div. of
Atomic Energy in Food and Agriculture. 287 pp. ISBN 92-0-115077-6.
IAEA. (1984). Selection in mutation breeding. Proc. of Consultants Meeting, Joint FAO/IAEA, Vienna, 2125 JunE 1982. STI/PUB/665. ISBN 92-0-111284-X.
ICRISAT. (1990). Industrial Utilization of Sorghum. Proceedings of Symposium on the Current Status andPotential of Industrial Uses of Sorghum. 59p.
ICRISAT/FAO. (1996). The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, trend and outlook. Published by
FAO and ICRISAT. ISBN 92-5-103861-9. 68p.
RAJVANSHI, A.K. and NIMBKAR, N. (2004). Sweet Sorghum R & D at the Nimbkar Agricultural
Research Institute (NARI). PO. Box 44, Phaltan – 415 523, Maharashtra, India.
RANA, B.S. and RAO, M.H. (2000). Technology for increasing sorghum production and value addition.
National Research Center for Sorghum, Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Hyderabad, India.
65p.
SOERANTO, H., NAKANISHI, T.M. dan RAZZAK, T.M. (2001). Mutation breeding in sorghum inIndonesia. Radioisotope Journal, Vol. 50, No. 5. The Japan Radioisotope Association. P169-175.
SOERANTO, H., NAKANISHI, T.M. dan RAZAK, M.T. (2003). Obtaining induced mutations of droughttolerance in sorghum. Journal Radioisotopes Vol. 52, No. 1, January 2003. The Japan Radioisotope
Association, p15-21.
SOERANTO, H., and NAKANISHI, T.M. (2003). Screening sorghum mutants for drought tolerance tosupport sustainable agriculture development. Proceedings of the 2nd Seminar of JSPS-DGHE Core
University Program in Applied Biosciences. The University of Tokyo, Japan, 15-16 February 2003.
P166-180.
UNDERSANDER, D.J. et al. (1990). Sorghum for syrup. Dept. of Agron. and Soil Sci., Coll. of Agric. andLife Sci., and Cooperative Extension Service, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706.
U.S. GRAIN COUNCIL. (2005). White Sorghum, the New Food Grain. All About White Sorghum.
VAN HARTEN, A.M. (1998). Mutation Breeding: Theory and Practical Applications. Cambridge University
Press. 353p. ISBN 0 521 47074 9.

- 18 -

2. Soybean
2-1. Indonesia
2-2. Malaysia
2-3. The Philippines
2-4. Vietnam

2-1. Indonesia
Masrizal1,3, Kumala Dewi2, Hary Is Mulyana3, Ina I. Rahma3, and Arwin3
Introduction
In Indonesia, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) has become the second main food crop after
rice and has been included in the National Food Program since 1984 for increasing nutritious
food in human diet. It is one of the major low-cost sources of protein and edible vegetable oil.
Mostly, soybean is consumed as processed food products, such as tempe (fermented bean),bean curd (tofu), kecap (soy sauce) and cooking oil (Damardjati et al., 1996). Soybean is also
used as animal feed stock and raw material for industry.
Not only the consumption of soybean has been increased from 2,270,764 ton in 1998 to
2,278,000 ton in 2000 (CBS, 2006), but also the production of soybean has been decreased
from 1,547,263 ton in 1998 to 797,135 ton in 2005 and the average yield of soybean is around
1.2 to 1.3 ton ha-1 (CBS, 2005). However, as yet it has been impossible to meet the increasing
consumption and hence approximately 50% of the domestic production of soybean has to beimported. Therefore, to supply the domestic demand, it is important to increase domestic
production.
The domestic production of soybean could increase by intensification and extensification(expansion growth area). Both of methods need suitable varieties. Intensifying production byplanting pattern and integrated cultivation technology has been done in rice field and dry landin Java. However, the fertile soil in Java is always decreasing approximately 20,000 hectares
every year by non-agricultural purposes (Notohadiprawiro, 1996). Extensification by
expansion of the soybean area is only possible in outside Java which usually infertile viz. acid,drought, saline etc. A total potential area of soybean production is 55.2 million ha in Sumatra,
Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua. These lands are dry and acid lands (Adhi, 1987). These lands
could be suitable for soybean production after major improvement of soil fertility and irrigation.
It is make uneconomic cost production. This constrain might be overcome among others by useof adapted varieties.

1

The State Ministry of Research and Technology, Indonesia
Center for Application of Isotopes and Radiation Technology, BATAN, Jl. Cinere, Pasar Jumat, PO Box 7002,
Jakarta, Indonesia.
2- 19 -

FNCA Soybean Mutation Breeding ProjectIndonesia joined the FNCA Soybean Mutation Breeding sub-project in 2003. Exchange ofbreeding materials (soybean seeds) has been made in 2004 between counterparts of Indonesia,
Vietnam, the Philippines, Korea and Malaysia. The list of the exchanged materials is presented
in Table 1 below.
Table 1. List of exchanged soybean breeding materials between counterparts of Indonesia, Vietnam,
Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines.

No.

Genotypes

Country of Origin

1

5-MBB

Indonesia

2

25A-MBB

Indonesia

329-MBB

Indonesia

447-MBB

Indonesia

555-MBB

Indonesia

660-MBB

Indonesia

7

I-209

Indonesia

8

M-220

Indonesia

9GH-7 (Rajabasa)

Indonesia

10

M.103

Vietnam11

DT.84

Vietnam12

Bangsakong

Korea

13

CM60-10kr-71PS-21

Thailand14

CM60

Thailand

15

PSB-Sy-4

Philippines

16

NSIC-Sy-8

Philippines

17

PCB-Sy-5

Philippines

18

BPI-Sy-4

Philippines

19

Tanggamus,

Local check (Indonesia)

20

Willis)Local check (Indonesia)

Cultivar Guntur was used as breeding material in this sub-project to increase variability, andthen 2 selected mutant lines (No. 9 and 23) were crossed. The F1 hybrid of cv. Muria x PI48025 was irradiated by gamma rays. The method has been established, which the optimum
dose was 150 Gy, and the rate was 750 Gy.h-1. Some promising mutant lines have been

- 20 -

developed and then tested in multi-locations in 2003. The GH-7 mutant line was proposed to
the National Seed Board for evaluation in 2004.
The genetic materials from participating countries tested at The Citayam Research Station in
the year 2004 and 2005. In the dry season 2006 the experiment was carried out to investigate
the performance of twenty-soybean genotypes (including mutant lines and local check) at
Cikemeuh Research Station. Elevation of these locations is 75 m above sea level. The soil typeis red-yellow phodzolic. The soil was dry and no irrigation. Natural drought climate was used
to evaluate the mutant lines. Twenty genotypes mutant lines from Indonesia (9 mutants),
Vietnam (2 genotypes), Thailand (2 genotypes), the Philippines (4 genotypes), and Korea (1genotype), and 2 national control varieties had been used. The treatments were applied in a
Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data on yield and agronomic
characters i.e. dry seed weight, mature plant height, number of branches per plant, number ofnodes per plant, number of pods per plant, weigh of 100 seeds, and days to maturity wereobserved.

Results and Discussion
The result of 2003 multi-location trials showed that the GH-7 mutant line had excellent
performance. It had high yielding (22.4 qu.ha-1) due to having medium seed size (15 g/100
seeds), and plenty of pod number per plant. The GH-7 line was tolerant enough to acid soil anddrought. It was named cultivar Rajabasa.
Three-year data (2004-2006) showed that the yield average of the 60-MBB mutant line (13.84
qu.ha-1) and 47-MBB (12.7 qu.ha-1) was significantly higher than Tanggamus cv. (10.43 qu.ha1), Rajabasa cv. (9.4 qu.ha-1) and Willis cv. (9.1 qu.ha-1) as a local checks (P=5%). High yieldof 60-MBB and 47-MBB mutant lines were due to the bigger seed size, high number of pods,
high number of branches, and high number of nodes per plant. There was no different between
M-220 and 60-MBB on dry seed weight per plant at P=5%. The CM.60 line from Thailand had
the lowest yield (2.65 qu.ha-1) due to low pod number per plant, and short stature.
The data showed that the average of seed weight per plant of Bangsakong variety from Korea
was significantly lower than other genotypes (1.26 g). This was due to less number of pods
(16.63), number of nods (14.10), and short plant (30.63 cm). The 60-MBB, 25-A-MBB, 47MBB, 5-MBB, 55-MBB and 29-MBB mutant lines had big seed size. The 100-seed weights
were ranging from 22.0 to 27.2 g.

- 21 -

There was no significant difference between NSIC-SY-5 (Phil) and DT.84 (Viet) but
significantly lower than control varieties Tanggamus and Rajabasa cv.
Eight genotypes with pure line selection for 6 generation of local mutant lines with droughttolerance have been selected. Four mutant lines (GH-7, I-209, M-220 and 60-MBB) werealready distributed to field test in Malaysia and Philippines. Two students of the Sriwijaya andBogor Agricultural Universities had used mutant lines to study the characters of mutant andfield test. The GH-7 mutant line was released as cv. Rajabasa, and then 2.2 ton certified seed of
cv. Rajabasa has been distributed in South Sumatra and Jambi Provinces. All mutant lines had
been evaluated by the committee. In the mid 2007, M-220 line will be released as Mitani cv.

Conclusion
Guntur cv. was breeding material to increase variability for this project, and then two selectedmutant lines (no. 9 and 23) were crossed. F1 of Muria cv. x PI-48025 were irradiated by gamma
rays. Some mutant lines were promising to be released. The method has been established,which the optimum dose was 150 Gy, and the rate was 750 Gy.h-1. The methods to increased
variation were by combination of crossing and irradiation. Natural drought climate was used toevaluate the mutant lines. Eight lines with pure line selection for 6 generation of the mutants
with drought tolerance have been developed. Availability to share promising mutant lines
among the participating countries and to use them as parental lines for developing new
varieties. Four mutant lines were already distributed to field test in Malaysia and Philippines as
participating countries. Two students of the Sriwijaya and Bogor Agricultural Universities had
used mutant lines to study the characters of mutant and field test. The GH-7 mutant line wasreleased as cv. Rajabasa. 2.2 ton certified seed of cv. Rajabasa has been distributed in South
Sumatra and Jambi Province. All mutant lines had been evaluated by the committee. In the mid
2007, M-220 line will be released as Mitani cv.

References
Adhi, IPGW. 1987. Liming acid soils for soybean in Soybean. Somaatmadja, S. et al. CRD of Food Crop.
Bogor. Pp. 103-119.
CDS 2002. Central bureau of statistic of Indonesia. www.bps.go.id
Damardjati, DS., S. Widowati and H. Taslim. 1996. Soybean processing and utilization in Indonesia. Ind.
Agric. Res. Develop. J. 18:13-25.

- 22 -

Hendratno, K and AMR Sumanggono. 1991. Improvement in soybean and mungbean using induced
mutations. Plant Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement Vol. I. Proceed of Symp., IAEA, Vienna.
Pp. 77-84.
Sunarto. 1996. Soybean breeding for tolerance to acid soils and aluminum toxicity. Abstract in Workshop on
research and development of soybean production in Indonesia. BPPT.

Annex
Table 1. Agronomic Characters of eleven Mutant Lines and three National Varieties of Soybean at
Cikemeuh in dry season 2006.

No.

Genotypes

Yieldqu.ha-1

Dry seedweight,g/plant

Weightof 100
seeds
g

Plant

NumberHeightof nodes/

Cm

plant

NumberofBranches /plant

Numberof pods/plant

1

60-MBB

13.85

6.34

27.2

56.97

12.83

2.0

27.23

2

47-MBB

12.71

5.55

25.2

53.53

13.00

1.6

23.80

3

5-MBB

12.11

5.43

24.5

52.20

12.33

1.5

25.47

4

55-MBB

11.55

5.19

22.0

56.00

12.43

2.2

23.00

5

29-MBB

10.92

4.93

24.5

47.13

11.20

1.7

20.90

6

Tanggamus

10.43

4.69

8.5

61.17

16.83

2.1

34.70

7

Rajabasa

9.42

4.77

13.5

66.27

15.67

2.1

33.47

8

Willis

9.07

4.22

9.0

70.43

17.30

1.8

29.07

9

25-A-MBB

8.96

6.05

26.0

54.40

13.33

2.2

29.07

10

NSIC-SY-8

7.20

3.42

12.5

59.63

16.13

0.7

15.63

11

DT.84

7.19

4.89

15.5

57.87

12.53

0.6

17.90

12

I-209

6.95

4.25

12.5

66.47

16.50

2.6

32.77

13

PCB-SY-5

6.95

3.11

13.0

70.17

15.57

0.9

20.07

14

M-220

6.51

4.96

12.0

53.8

15.63

2.6

29.37

15

M.103

6.22

3.81

15.0

56.20

13.63

2.0

26.53

16

PSB-SY-4

5.84

3.21

14.0

52.77

13.60

1.8

20.27

17

CM.60-KR

5.44

4.76

14.5

50.63

14.10

1.4

25.23

18

BPI-SY-4

3.77

3.43

15.0

53.27

13.47

1.7

20.33

19

Bangsakong

3.24

1.26

13.0

30.63

10.60

1.5

16.93

20

CM.60

2.64

4.76

14.5

50.63

14.10

1.6

15.63

LSD (5%)

2.00

1.68

7.6

1.37

0.8

10.31

CV (%)

15.03

22.95

8.19

5.87

19.5

15.03

- 23 -

2-2. Malaysia
Mohamad, O1., Loo, M. W 1., Mohd. Nazir, B2., Rusli, I2.,
Herman, S1., and Bakhendri. S1.
1

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences

Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2

Division of Agro Technology and Bioscience

Malaysian Institute for Nuclear Technology Research

Introduction
Mutation breeding is considered as an additional tool in augmenting other breeding techniques,
even though many important crops in Malaysia already have elaborate improvement
programmes. The use of induced mutations in crop improvement was initiated in the 1970's,
and involved crops such as soybean, rice, banana and roselle.
Gauged on the achievements made over the last couples of decades, only few induced
mutations have met with varying success The early work on mutation breeding of legumes was
initiated at UKM in 1976, where soybean and winged bean were used (Jalani & Zakri 1980).
The research on induced mutation of soybean was carried out with the support of the IAEA at
UKM, and the main objective was to breed for high yield and good adaptation to the warm
humid tropical environments (Jalani & Zakri, 1980; Mak & Funnah, 1983; Mak & Yap, 1986;
Yap, 1986; Zakri & Jalani, 1986; Zakri, 1991; Mohamad & Mohd. Nazir, 1997; Mohamad etal., 1999). More recently, drought tolerance traits have become sought after to increase
productivity in tropical environments (Barrida et al. 2005; Masrizal et al., 2005).
In soybean mutation breeding, ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS) and gamma irradiation wereused, and following several selections, two high yielding and well-adapted mutants wererecovered. They were designated as A15 and A5. A15 is a large seeded mutant with a high pod
number, while A5 is an early maturing dwarf with a good yield potential. The two mutants
flowered in 35 and 32 days respectively, compared with Palmetto, which flowered after 34
days. The maturation periods for the three were 98, 84 and 97 days, respectively.
However, even though reported yields from experiments for the three were high, the field trials
did not show up the same performance. In fact, Palmetto is still the leading control variety withmoderately low yield levels of 1.0-2.0 t/ha. Based on an introduction of nine soybean varieties- 24 -

from USA in 1996, field evaluations showed that two of them, namely Ottootan and Bossier,had potentially good performance. The black-seeded variety Ottootan was engaged in induced
mutations, but the mutants produced were not able to improve significantly the soybean
productivity. The objective of this paper is to briefly report on the performance of the threepotential soybean mutant lines accessed through FNCA network under local conditions.

Introduction of Drought-Tolerant Mutant Lines
As a result of the FNCA 2003 Workshop on Mutation Breeding in Cavite and Manila, it wassuggested that four soybean mutant lines be made available by soybean breeder from
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) for field testing in Malaysia. Barrida et al. (2005)
reported that three soybean mutant lines, namely BPI-SY-4, PSB-SY-4 and PSB-SY-5 showedsome degree of drought tolerance under Philippine conditions. Four samples containing 20
seeds of each line were received by the breeder at UKM in late 2003 (pers. comm. Paul). Oneof the seed samples did not germinate completely.

Seed Increase Plots
The remaining three accessions, PSB-SY-4, BPI-SY-4 and PSB-SY-5 went through seed
increase in 2004 as single hills. Each entry had six replications. Some morphological andagronomic data on the three mutant lines were taken. They were also compared with Ottootan,
A5, and A15. Morphological and agronomic characteristics included plant heights at floweringand maturity, 100-seed weight, number of seeds per pod, number pods per plant, pod length
and width, leaf length and width, seed weight per plant, and days to flowering and to maturity(Norliyana, 2005; Mohamad et al., 2005; Loo, 2006).
The accession BPI-SY-4 had the best morpho-agronomic assessment. This was because it had
the highest seed weight per plant (49.4 g), the shortest days to maturity (82 days) as well as thehighest 100-seed weight (23.1 g). All accessions were observed to have little seed dormancy.

Replicated Field Trial
In mid-August 2005, the three mutant lines PSB-SY-4, PSB-SY-5, BPI-SY-4 were planted infield plots to assess their field performance. The field experiment used Palmetto, A15 andOttootan as control varieties. However, Palmetto suffered severe germination problems andwas excluded from statistical analyses. Ottootan is black small-seeded variety introduced from
US. A15 is a mutant line developed by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) from Palmetto- 25 -

through mutation breeding (Zakri 1991). In the past, Palmetto and A15 had been reported to
produce yields of between 1,000 and 2,000 kg/ha (Anon., 1978; Yap & Lee, 1975).
The experiment was conducted at UKM Bangi using a split plot design with three replications.
Each entry is planted as a 4-row plot comprising 26 plants. Each row is 5m in length, and theplants were planted in 50 x 20 cm spacing. The main plots were assigned to two irrigation
treatments, namely with irrigation and without irrigation. With irrigation, experimental plots
were irrigated throughout the crop season; without irrigation, experimental plots were only
given irrigation until 30 days after seed germination. The remaining part of the crop season was
only subject to natural rainfall, essentially to simulate less water conditions. Harvesting wascompleted in late November 2005.
Analysis of variance showed all morphological and yield components’ characteristics did not
differ significantly (p>0.05) between the irrigation treatments (Tables 1 & 2). However, thenumber of pods per plant showed a significant interaction between irrigation and soybean
accessions (Figure 1). The soybean accessions showed significant differences (p<0.05) for all
characteristics. Tukey test showed that PSB-SY-4 was the earliest to flower and mature, in 32
and 83 days, respectively. Plant heights at flowering for A15 and Ottootan were 1.3 and 3.2 cm
higher than the other accessions, but plant heights at maturity for BPI-SY-4, PSB-SY-5 andOttootan were 29.9 to 53.5 cm higher than A15 and PSB-SY-4.

Conclusion
The mutant line PSB-SY-4 was slightly earlier than the control A15. The field trial showed thatthe accession BPI-SY-4 recorded the highest for the number of pods per plant (153), 100-seedweight (22.2 g), seed weight per plant (48.3 g) and seed yield per plot (3.83 kg) compared withother accessions. However, despite its good field performance and yielding capacity, theexperiment was not able to compare PSB-SY-4 with Palmetto, which represents the key control
variety under our local conditions.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank UKM, MINT, FNCA, PNRI and Mr. Paul for the materials
and support in this research. They are also grateful to Ms. Norliyana and Ms. Loo for their dataand information discussed in this paper.

- 26 -

References
Anon. (1978). Projek Bersama Biakbaka Kacang Soya Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Barrida, A. C., Lapade. A. G., Grafia, A. O. and Managuit, J. C. 2005. Status report on the
FNCA multilateral research program (MRP-1) on drought tolerance of soybean (Glycine max
L.) in the Philippines. FNCA 2005 Mutation Breeding Workshop. Kuala Lumpur.
Jalani, B. S. and A.H. Zakri. (1980). Plant Science Research in Malaysia with respect tobreeding of crops. Unit of Genetics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. In Induced Mutations for
Improvement of Grain Legume Production. IAEA Vienna. pp. 5-17
Loo, M. W. 2006. Perfomance evaluation of five soybean accessions under two irrigation
treatments.2 Thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mak, C. dan Funnah, S. M. 1983. Breeding soybean for yield improvement and stability. In:
Yap, T.
C., Graham, K. M. Dan Jalani, B. S. (eds.). Crop improvement research. Proc. of the Fourth
SABRAO Congress. pp. 257 – 260.
Mak, C. and Yap, T. C. 1986. Soybean improvement-achievement and stability. In: Banpot, N.
and Suranat, S. (eds.). New Frontiers in Breeding Research. Proc. of the Fifth International
SABRAO Congress. pp. 465 – 474.
Masrizal, Kumala Dewy and Hary Is Mulyana. 2005. Performance of soybean mutant lines at
the Citayam Research Station in dry season. FNCA 2002 Mutation Breeding Workshop. Kuala
Lumpur.
Mohamad, O. and Mohd. Nazir, B. (1997). The use of induced mutations in oil and industrial
crops in Malaysia. Proc. Seminar on Mutation Breeding in Oil and Industrial Crops: Regional
Nuclear Cooperation in Asia, 12-18 October 1997, National Crop Experiment Station, RDA,
Suwon, Korea.
Mohamad, O., Mohd. Nazir, B., Gandhi, R., Tan, C. L. and Yee, K. L. (1999). Selection for
seedcoat mutants of soybean variety Ottootan induced by gamma irradiation. Presented atSymp. Biology in the Next Millennium, 1-2 December 1999, Kuala Lumpur. Academy of- 27 -

Sciences Malaysia / Genetics Society of Malaysia (Abstract).
Mohamad, O., Mohd. Nazir, B., Herman, S., and Bakhendri. S. (2005). The evaluation of threedrought-tolerant soybean mutant lines. Paper presented at FNCA 2005 Workshop on Mutation
Breeding, 5-9 Dec 2005, Kuala Lumpur.
Norliyana Ali. 2005. Penilaian prestasi tiga titisan baru kacang soya di UKM. B. Sc. Thesis,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Yap, T. C. 1986. The feasibility of growing soybean in Malaysia. In: Zakri, A. H. and Jalani, B.
S. (eds.). Soybean improvement in Malaysia. Collection of Working Papers 7. Bangi: Penerbit
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 13 – 18.
Yap, T. C. dan Lee, L. F. 1975. Performance and path coefficient analysis of soybeans underlocal conditions. Mal. Agric. Res. 4: 97 – 102.
Zakri, A. H. 1991. Breeding high yielding soybean using induced mutation. Proc. of Symp.
Plant Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement. Vol. 1. Vienna: IAEA. pp. 163 – 169.
Zakri, A. H. dan Jalani, B. S. 1986. Soybean improvement in Malaysia. Bangi: Penerbit
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 1 – 20.

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- 29 -

- 30 -

2-3. The Philippines
Lapade, A.G., A.C. Barrida, A.O. Grafia 1/and J.C. Mananguit 2/
Introduction
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is one of the most important sources of protein and oil. It
contributes about 60% of the world protein consumption and 53% of the oil need. In thePhilippines, soybean is grown both for animal feed and human food. As animal feed, it is the
major component in the formulation of mixed livestock and poultry feed. As human food, it isused as substitute for cow’s milk and other food preparation like “tokwa”, “miso”, “tahuri”,“taho”, etc. It has also many commercial applications especially in the manufacturingindustries having a high oil content of 20%. Its production, however, lags behind demandbecause of the convergence of causes like lack of price and production support, slow
development of adapted and high-yielding varieties particularly those that have droughttolerance.
Drought is one of the most debilitating conditions farmers have to face especially if irrigationwater is not available. This is true to crops that do not posses deep and extensive root system,
like soybean because even a short dry spell can damage the crop. Measures to circumvent dry
spell are sometimes implemented like timing of planting to coincide with rainfall pattern but it
cannot be relied on because of the unpredictable weather especially with the occurrence of the“El Nino” phenomenon.
Thus, prolong dry spell devastate the crop. This is the main reason why the good results in theexperimental fields are not attained in the farmer’s fields. Developing varieties that are highyielding and drought tolerant are the main breeding objectives. At present, yield of the newly
developed varieties is only a little over 2 tons per hectare which is below the world standard.
Because of the low yield, less than 1000ha are planted to soybean in 2001 and as aconsequence, the Philippines is importing more than 96% of our requirements valued at P 70
million a year, draining part of our foreign exchange. To increase the yield of soybean requires

1

Supervising Science Research Specialist and Head, Science Research Specialist II, Senior Science
Research Specialist of the Agricultural Research Section, Atomic Research Division, Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) respectively.

2

Associate Professor of the Bulacan Agricultural State College (BASC).

- 31 -

new lines that are adapted to the tropical condition. Since the source of breeding materials
come mainly from the temperate countries, the use of induced mutations to generate the desired
characters is needed. Based on the FAO Mutant Variety Database more than 1,800 developed
varieties including soybean have been officially released.
In 2002, the Philippines, through the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) started
participating in the Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Multilateral Research
Program on “Mutation Breeding for Drought Tolerance in Soybeans” in collaboration with
Vietnam and Indonesia. This project includes exchange of soybean germplasm developed bydifferent breeding centers in Asia. Development of high yielding varieties that are droughttolerant will encourage farmers to grow more of these crops and would result in increased
productivity, poverty alleviation and improved nutrition. This would also mean saving due toshorter breeding time in the development of improved soybean varieties.
The accomplishments (2002-2007) of this project on “Mutation Breeding for Drought
Tolerance in Soybeans” are summarized in this report.

Objectives
To develop soybean varieties with good agronomic characteristics such as short stature, earlymaturing, high yielding and drought tolerant.

Methodology
Research studies conducted for the attainment of the project objectives were as follows.
1. Collection of different varieties of soybean to be used for mutation induction.
2. Determination of radiosensitivity of different soybean varieties to gamma radiation.
3. Screening for drought tolerance and identification of putative mutants in the M2 generation.
4. Screening for drought tolerance in the M3 generation of the introduced varieties from
Vietnam and the M4 generation of the local soybean varieties
5. Growing and selection of mutants in the M4 of the introduced and M5 generations of local
soybean varieties.
6. Further selection of mutants for drought tolerance and other agronomic traits in the M5
generation of the introduced varieties from Vietnam and M6 generation of the local soybean
varieties.

- 32 -Collection of different varieties of soybean to be used for mutation induction
Four local soybean varieties (BPI-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 5 and NSIC-Sy 8) were obtained
from the Bureau of Plant Industry, Economic Garden, Los Banos, Laguna. These varieties weresent to Vietnam in exchange of four genetic materials of soybean (AKO-6, DT 84, DT 95 andDT 96) as per agreement with participating countries involved in the Forum for Nuclear
Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Multilateral Research Program on Mutation Breeding forDrought Tolerance in soybeans. Eight varieties of soybean were used for irradiation using
gamma rays to induce mutation.

Determination of radiosensitivity of different soybean varieties to gamma radiation
Dry seeds of four local soybean varieties (BPI-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 5 and NSIC Sy 8) and
four varieties from Vietnam (AKO-6, DT 84, DT 95 and DT 96) were irradiated at doses ofgamma radiation ranging from 100 to 500Gy using Gamma Cell-220 irradiator of thePhilippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI). Irradiated and non-irradiated local andintroduced varieties were planted at the PNRI experimental field and at Bulacan National
Agricultural College (BNAC). Data on percentage germination, seedling height, mature plantheight, days to flower and number of pods were taken in the M1 generation. Based on the
results of this study, the optimum dose was determined. Processing of the seeds were done andplanted as M2 generation. Data on chlorophyll mutations were collected and putative mutants
were likewise identified and selected. Another batch of irradiation was done using the optimum
dose of 200 and 250Gy. Data on the different growth parameters mentioned above were also
taken to determine the radiosensitivity of different soybean varieties.

Screening for drought tolerance and identification of putative mutants in the M2
generation
Identification of the mutants was done in the M2 generation. For drought tolerance test, eightvarieties were simultaneously planted in a well prepared soil on March 4, 2003. The distance ofplanting is 60cm between rows and 10cm between hills with 1 seed per hill. The rate offertilization used was 40 kg/ha NPK (14-14-14).
The treatment consisted of withdrawing irrigation water 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after planting.
The control was regularly irrigated until maturity. The experiment was laid out in a
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data on days to flower,
mature plant height, weight of harvested seeds from 2-meter sample length were taken. Routine- 33 -

cultural practices (i.e. watering, weeding, fertilization, hilling up and spraying with
insecticides) were done for the optimum growth of the plants.

Screening for drought tolerance in the M3 generation of the introduced varieties
from Vietnam and the M4 generation of the local soybean varieties
Seeds of the local soybean varieties (PSB-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 5, NSIC-Sy 8 and BPI-Sy 4) and theintroduced varieties from Vietnam (AKO-6, DT 84 and DT 95) selected in the previous
generations that exhibited desirable agronomic characteristics (drought tolerant, early maturing,
short stature, high yielding) were planted at the experimental field of PNRI, Quezon City andat the cooperator’s field at the Bulacan Agricultural State College (BASC), San Ildefonso,
Bulacan, during the dry season. The experiment was laid in Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) with three replications. The same distance of planting and experimental designused the previous study was also used in the M3 and in the succeeding generations. Data on
number of days to flower, plant height at maturity, number of pods per plant, number of seeds
per plant and 100-seed weight were gathered. During the whole growing season, plants thatexhibited earliness, short stature, compact growth and tolerance to drought were tagged andselected. Methods to identify the drought tolerant mutants have been established undergreenhouse and field experiments. Under greenhouse pot experiment, withdrawal of irrigation
at various developmental stages of the plant was conducted. Roots were examined and plantsthat have long and ramified root system were selected for drought tolerance. Plants that havethickened leaves that remain green at maturity were selected since these plant characters arepresumed to be associated with drought tolerance. Under field conditions, plants withthickened leaves that are green in color at maturity were also selected as putative mutants fordrought tolerance.

Growing and selection of mutants in the M4 of the introduced varieties and M5
generations of local soybean varieties
The growing of the M4 generation of four local soybean varieties and three introduced varieties
from Vietnam mentioned above were also conducted at the experimental field of BNAC and
PNRI. These were planted in a well prepared soil. The distance of planting and theexperimental design used were the same as in the previous studies. In the screening for droughttolerance in the M4 generation the test materials used were the introduced varieties from
Vietnam that have been irradiated with 200 and 250Gy and subjected to withdrawal of- 34 -

irrigation 30 days after planting. Another study was undertaken to select mutants fro droughttolerance in the M5 generation of four local soybean varieties with varying days of irrigation
withdrawals (30, 40, and 50 days after seeding). Various growth parameters and yieldcomponents were taken. Percentage drought tolerant lines, as well as the number of earlymaturing plants were also recorded.

Further selection of mutants for drought tolerance and other desirable agronomic
traits in the M5 of the introduced varieties from Vietnam and M6 generation of thelocal soybean varieties
The growing of the M5 generation of three introduced varieties (AKO-6, DT 84 and DT 95)
from Vietnam and the M6 generation of three local varieties (PSB-Sy 4, BPI-Sy 4 and PSB-Sy
5) were conducted at the experimental field of PNRI, Quezon City on February, 2006. These
were planted in a well-prepared soil and the experimental lay-out used were the same as in theprevious studies. The plants were fertilized with complete fertilizer (14-14-14) at the rate of 40
kg/ha. Routinary cultural practices were undertaken for the optimum growth of the plants.
In the screening for drought tolerance in the M5 generation the test materials used were theintroduced varieties from Vietnam that have been irradiated with 200 and 250Gy and subjected
to withdrawal of irrigation 20 days after planting. In the M6 generation selection of mutants fordrought tolerance and other desirable agronomic traits was done with varying irrigation
withdrawals of 20 and 30 days after planting. The same data on the different growth parameters,
yield and drought tolerance were gathered.

Results and Discussions
Collection of different varieties of soybean to be used for mutation induction
Four local varieties (PSB-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 5, BPI-Sy 4, NSIC-Sy 8) and four varieties from
ietnam (AKO 6, DT 84, DT 95 and DT 96) were used as breeding materials for mutationinduction. Exchanged of genetic materials between Vietnam and the Philippines (as greed uponin the 2002 Formulation Meeting) was undertaken. Production of pure lines of these varieties
was done.

Determination of radiosensitivity of different soybean varieties to gamma radiation
The method of irradiation was established. Seeds of the local and introduced varieties from
Vietnam were irradiated with gamma rays ranging from 100 to 300Gy and the optimum dose
- 35 -

was determined to be at 200 and 250Gy.
The effects of gamma radiation in the M1 generation of four local soybean varieties wereassessed and shown in Table 1. Percentage germination was not affected by the two doses of
200 and 250Gy gamma radiation in the four varieties used. Based on the seedling height,
varieties BPI-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 4 and PSB-Sy 5 have similar sensitivity. No significant differenceswere observed in the 200Gy treatment and the control except for the 250Gy. In NSIC-Sy 8
variety however, doses of 200, 250Gy and the control were not significantly different.
In mature plant height, variety BPI- Sy 4, PSB-Sy 5 and NSIC- Sy 8 had the same response.
PSB-Sy 4 was the least sensitive to gamma radiation of 200 and 250Gy. The number of days toflower for all varieties was not affected by the treatment. Likewise, the maturities of allvarieties were not affected by gamma radiation.
The effects of gamma radiation in the M1 generation of four soybean varieties obtained from
Vietnam are presented in Table 2. In the introduced varieties, doses of 200 and 250Gy did notaffect the percentage germination of four soybean varieties (AKO 6, DT 84, DT 95 and DT 96).
Significant differences in seedling height were observed in doses of 200, 250Gy and thecontrol except for the variety AKO 6. There were significant differences in plant height ofmature plants between the control and the treatment dose of 250Gy in varieties DT 95 andAKO 6. However, no significant differences were observed between the control and theirradiated ones in varieties DT 84 and DT 96.
The number of days to flower was not affected by gamma irradiation. No significant difference
was noted between the control and the irradiated ones (200 and 250Gy) in all varieties used.
Data on number of pods per plant is presented in Table 3. Significant differences between thecontrol and 200Gy treatment in variety DT 96 were observed. Likewise, significant differenceswere noted between the control and 250Gy treatment of soybean variety AKO 6, DT 84 andDT 95.
The different types of chlorophyll mutations in the M2 generations of four local soybean
varieties are shown in Table 3. The predominant type of chlorophyll mutation is the chlorina,
followed by striata and spotted yellow for all the varieties used. The greatest number ofchlorina mutant was observed at 250Gy for varieties PSB-Sy 4 followed by PSB-Sy 5 and then
NSIC-Sy 8; and at treatment dose of 200Gy for PSB-Sy 5, NSIC-Sy 8 and BPI-Sy 4. Spottedyellow mutant was noted only at 200Gy for NSIC-Sy 8 and at 250Gy for variety PSB-Sy 4. No
albino mutant was induced in all of the four varieties used in the experiment.
The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutation was at treatment dose of 250Gy for varieties
PSB-Sy 4, BPI-Sy 4 and NSIC-Sy 8 and at 200Gy for PSB-Sy 5 (Table 3a).
- 36 -

The frequency and type of chlorophyll mutations in the M2 generation of soybean varieties
obtained from Vietnam are shown in Tables 3b and 3c. Only chlorina mutant was induced at
200 and 250Gy treatment in four (4) varieties. (AKO 6, DT 84, DT 95 and DT 96). Sixteen(16) striata were induced at 200Gy treatments in variety DT 84 and only one (1) striata wasfound in variety DT 96 formerly exposed to 200Gy Co-60 gamma rays.
The treatment with the highest frequency of chlorophyll mutation was at 250Gy in varieties DT
84, DT 96 and DT 95 (Table 3c).
Desirable mutant lines selected in the M2 generation are presented in Table 4. The highest
number of early and high yielding mutants was selected at 250 Gy for varieties BPI-Sy 4 and at
200Gy for PSB-Sy 4.

Screening for drought tolerance and identification of putative mutants in the M2
generation
Results of the drought tolerance tests are presented in Tables 5-9. The number of days toflowering of the eight soybean varieties was not affected by the treatments (irrigation
withdrawals 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after planting) and the control (Table 5). On the other handmature plant height was affected by irrigation withdrawals 20 and 30 days after planting
including the control (Table 6). No significant differences were noted on plant height of 40 and
50 days irrigation withdrawals in all the eight varieties.
The number of pods of all the different varieties of soybean as affected by different duration ofirrigation is shown in Table 7. No significant differences were observed among the treatments
except for the control.
The seed weight from the 2m sampled length showed that differences were noted only in the 20
and 30 days irrigation withdrawal treatments (Table 8). The 40 and 50 days irrigation
withdrawal treatments including the control were not significantly different indicating that themost critical period for irrigation in soybean varieties tested is in the first 30 days. The yieldfrom the 40 and 50 day irrigation withdrawal treatments were lower than the control but thedifferences were not statistically significant (Table 8).
When the effects of the different treatments were analyzed on a per variety basis, somevarieties were not affected at all showing that they were tolerant to drought (Table 9). For
example, the yields of variety DT 84, DT 96, BPI-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 4, PSB-Sy 5 and NSIC-Sy 8
were not significantly affected although the highest yield was obtained in the control of AKO 6
followed by NSIC-Sy 8. Even in the other treatments, the same varieties yielded the highest- 37 -

indicating their good performance.

Screening for drought tolerance in the M3 generation of the introduced varieties
from Vietnam and the M4 generation of the local soybean varieties
The effects of gamma irradiation on different soybean varieties in the M3 and M4 generations
are shown in Tables 10 and 11. The number of days to flower in the local varieties did not vary
much; same result was obtained from Vietnamese varieties. With regards to plant height atmaturity, it can be noticed that a gradual reduction in height resulted as the dose was increased
in both the M3 and M4 generations. Doses of 200 and 250Gy were not significantly different
from each other in both varieties in the M4 generation. As for the number of pods per plant in
the M4 generation, the control plants had significantly higher yield than the treated population;same results was obtained in the number of seeds per plant. However, variety PSB-Sy 4 treatedwith 250Gy produced higher number of pods and seeds per plant than those treated with 200Gy.
For BPI-Sy 4, the control was significantly different from the treated plants as far as thenumber of pods is concerned.
Considering the weight of 100-seed, insignificant differences were obtained among thevarieties and treatments used in both the Philippine and Vietnamese varieties (Tables 12 and13). Results of test for drought tolerance showed that varieties from Vietnam were quite
adapted to Philippine conditions because they survived even without watering from flowering
stage until maturity. The only problem is their climbing characteristic which needs sometrellises for support. Irradiation of these varieties was done to produce shorter and non-lodging
plants. Short plants were already selected in the M3 generation of Vietnamese varieties. BothPhilippine varieties, treated with 200Gy showed some degree of tolerance to drought. Somemorphological mutations observed in the M3 and M4 generations were: early maturing, shortstature and compact growth habit (Table 14).

Growing and selection of mutants with desirable agronomic traits in the M4 of theintroduced and M5 generations of local soybean varieties
The effect of different doses of gamma radiation on the plant height at maturity of four local
soybean varieties in the M4 generation is presented in Table 15a. Analysis of variance showedinsignificant difference between the treatments and the varieties used (Table 15b).
However, interaction between varieties and gamma radiation significantly affect the length ofroots (Tables 16a and 16b). PSB-Sy 4 at doses of 100 and 200Gy and PSB-Sy 5 at 300Gy gave

- 38 -

significantly longer roots than BPI-Sy 4 and NSIC- Sy 8 at all levels of radiation.
With regards to the number of lateral roots no significant difference was observed among thevarieties and gamma radiation used (Tables 17a and Table 17b).
The number of pods per plant in the M4 generation of four local varieties was not affected bydifferent levels of gamma radiation (Tables 18a and 18b). Similar result was obtained in theweight of 100 seeds (Table 19a and 19b).
The yield in the M4 generation was not affected by different levels of gamma irradiation (Table
20a). Analysis of variance showed insignificant result between the varieties and treatments(Table 20b).
The number of drought tolerant plants is presented in Table 21a and 21b. Significant difference
was obtained among the varieties (Table 21b). BPI-Sy 4 had the highest average number oftolerant plants followed by NSIC-Sy 8, PSB-Sy 5 and PSB-Sy 4.

Growing and selection of desirable mutants in the M4 generation of introduced
varieties from Vietnam
Mature plant height of varieties from Vietnam in the M4 generation as affected by withdrawalof irrigation 30 days after planting is shown in Table 22. Irradiation at 200Gy with variety DT
95 increased in height by about 52.9% and only 3.2 % with DT 84. Increasing the dose to
250Gy reduced plant height in both varieties. However, no change in height was observed invariety AKO 6 irradiated with 200Gy as compared with the control.
The number of days to flowering as affected by withdrawal of irrigation 30 days after planting
is shown in Table 23. It was found that irradiation did not affect the number of days toflowering. However, AKO 6 flowered earlier followed by DT 84 and DT 95 regardless of
dosage used.
The number of pods per plant revealed that DT 95 and DT 84 obtained the highest number at
200Gy (Table 24). AKO 6 irradiated with 200Gy showed no difference in the number of pods
as compared with the control. Weight of 100 seeds was not affected by the variety and dose of
gamma radiation used (Table 25).
The increase in the number of seeds with irradiation at 200Gy in varieties DT 95 and DT 84
resulted in the increase in the number of seeds per plant. Such increase was about 15.6% withvariety DT 95 and as high as 49.9% with variety DT 84. A reduction in number of seeds was
obtained at 250Gy in both varieties (Table 26).
The varieties DT 95, DT 84 and AKO 6 (Table 27) were also adapted to Philippine condition- 39 -

as shown on the % of drought tolerant lines selected. However, the plants selected were still
considered to be putative mutants. Confirmation and evaluation will be done in the succeeding
generations.
DT 95 irradiated with 200Gy gave the highest number of early maturing plants as comparedwith the control (Table 28). This was followed by 250Gy of the same variety.
Plant height of the control local varieties (PSB-Sy 4, PSB-SY 5 and BPI-Sy 4) in the M5
generation consistently increased with increasing days of irrigation withdrawn at 30, 40 and 50
days after seeding (Table 29). Irrigation withdrawn at 30 days in PSB-Sy 5 at 200 to 250Gy hascomparable height with those at the doses of radiation with irrigation withdrawn at 50 days
after seeding. In PSB-Sy 4, only the highest of 250Gy consistently resulted in plant heightcomparable with those at irrigation withdrawn at 30, 40 and 50 days after seeding respectively.
Slight stimulation of plant height was noted in the variety BPI-Sy 4 at 200 and 250Gy as
compared with the control.
Number of days to flowering in all varieties was not affected by irrigation withdrawals andirradiation treatments (Table 30).
Number of pods in all the control (unirradiated) increased with irrigation withdrawn at 30, 40
and 50 days after seeding (Table 31). Irradiation treatment of PSB-Sy 4 at 200 and 250Gy
decreased the number of pods when irrigation was withdrawn at 40 and 50 days after seeding.
Increase in number of pods of 22.4% and 18.6% was obtained in the same variety at 200 and
250Gy over the control even if irrigation was withdrawn 30 days after seeding. Increases in
the number of pods in PSB-Sy 4 at 200Gy with irrigation withdrawn 30 days after seeding
were 34.6 and 33.7% as compared with the same dose at 40 and 50 days withdrawal treatment,
respectively. On the other hand, irradiation dose of 250Gy at 30 days irrigation withdrawal
increased the number of pods by about 30.8% and 37.6% over 40 and 50 days irrigation
treatments at the same irradiation dose, respectively. BPI-Sy 4 at 200Gy resulted in a slightincrease in the number of pods when irrigation was withdrawn at 50 days after seeding. Bothirrigation withdrawn at 40 and 50 days after seeding and irradiation treatments were
detrimental to the production of pods in the variety PSB-Sy 5. However, at 30 days irrigation
withdrawal, the number of pods of PSB-Sy 5 at 200 and 250Gy increased by 12.8% and 27.4%
as compared with control, respectively.
The effects of irradiation and varying days of irrigation withdrawals after seeding on thenumber of seeds per plant followed the same trend with those of the number of pods per plant(Table 32). Based on seed production per plant PSB-Sy 4 at 200Gy can tolerate drought
conditions with production increases of 17.2, 12.9 and 7.8% over the control with irrigation- 40 -

withdrawn at 30, 40 and 50 days after seeding, respectively. Increase in the number of seeds
per plant at 250Gy with irrigation withdrawn at 30 days after seeding were 23.5 and 25.6%
over the same dose at 40 and 50 days irrigation withdrawal, respectively. Both irradiation andirrigation withdrawn at 30 and 40 days after seeding did not affect the number of seeds of BPISy 4. However, at 250Gy of the same variety with irrigation withdrawn up to 50 days after
seeding increased the number of seeds by about 32.2% over the control.
In the variety PSB-Sy 5, none of the irradiation and irrigation treatments affected the numberof seeds produced per plant. Likewise, weight of 100 seeds was not affected by irradiation andirrigation treatments in the varieties tested (Table 33).
The number of mutants selected in the M5 generation that were early maturing and droughttolerant (plants with green leaves at maturity, Fig. 1) that were subjected to irrigation
withdrawal 30 days after seeding is presented in Table 34. The number of early maturing plants
ranges from 9-151. PSB-Sy 4 that was irradiated with 250Gy have the most number of earlymaturing mutants (151) followed by 125 in the variety BPI-Sy 4 that were exposed to the same
dose of gamma radiation. Likewise, similar trend was noted with regards to the number ofplants that have green leaves at maturity are presumed to be drought tolerant.

Further selection of mutants for drought tolerance and other desirable agronomic
traits in the M5 of the introduced varieties from Vietnam and M6 generation of thelocal soybean varieties
Plant height at maturity was not significantly different among gamma radiation of 200, 250Gy
and the control (0 Gy) in variety DT 95 with irrigation withdrawn 20 days after planting (Table
35). The selected mutant lines at 200 and 250Gy were significantly taller than DT 84 and AKO
6 receiving the same dose of gamma radiation. AKO 6 at 200Gy was the shortest with areduction in plant height of about 13.3 % over that of the control (0Gy).
The number of days to flower of the selected mutant lines from the introduced soybean
varieties from Vietnam and their control was not significantly different from each other at
irrigation withdrawal 20 days after planting (Table 36). Flowering ranged from 39-41 days
after planting.
The number of pods in all selected mutant lines at 200 and 250Gy was not significantly
different from the control (0Gy) within variety (Table 37). However, significant differenceswere noted at 200 and 250Gy in variety DT 95 and DT 84 at the same dose of gamma radiation.

- 41 -

This increase in the number of pods in DT 95 mutant lines ranges from 41.9 to 58.6 % ascompared with DT 84 (control) and at 200 and 250Gy, respectively.

Drought Tolerant Plants

Fig. 1. Drought tolerant mutants with green leaves at maturity obtainedin 250 Gy with irrigation withdrawan 30 days after planting.

Withdrawal of irrigation at 20 days after planting did not significantly affect the number ofseeds of mutant lines at 200 and 250Gy and the control in three varieties tested. Although notsignificant DT 84 at 200 and 250Gy increased the number of seeds per plant by about 14.8 and22.4% over the control, while DT 95 at 250Gy gave an increase of 10.2 % as compared withthe control. DT 95 at 250Gy has the most number of seeds per plant (Table 38).
The weight of 100 seeds was not significantly different between the control varieties andselected mutants at 200 and 250Gy (Table 39). DT 84 at 200Gy although not significant gavea slight increase at 14.8 % and 7.3 % in seed weight over the control and DT 84 at 250Gy,
respectively.
Shortly before harvest heavy rain occurred causing depressed grain yield (Table 40). Inspite of
the low yield, significant effect of the stress condition was still manifested on the different
mutant selections at 200 and 250Gy and the control. DT 84 at 200 and 250Gy gave comparable- 42 -

yields but significant increase in grain yields by as much as 51.6 and 35.4 % over the control,
respectively. On the other hand AKO 6 at 200Gy significantly out-yielded its control by about
113.6 %.

Selection of mutants for drought tolerance and other desirable agronomic traits in
the M6 generation of three local soybean varieties
PSB-Sy 5 was the tallest among the varieties tested regardless of the irrigation treatments
imposed (Table 41). Plant height at 200 and 250Gy was not significantly different from theunirradiated control in varieties PSB-Sy 4 and PSB-Sy 5 subjected to irrigation withdrawn at
20 and 30 days after planting, respectively. BPI-Sy 4 at 250Gy was significantly taller than
200Gy and the control at irrigation withdrawn 20 days after planting.
The number of days to flower was not significantly affected by irrigation treatments imposed in
all the three varieties tested and mutants selected at 200 and 250Gy (Table 42). Flowering
ranged from 35 to 37 days after planting.
The number of pods was not significantly different from the selected mutant lines in all 3
varieties and their respective control at irrigation withdrawn at 20 days after planting (Table
43). In BPI-Sy 4 at 250Gy significantly increased the number of pods by as much as 41.8 %over the control and 29.9 % over the mutant lines at 200Gy subjected to irrigation withdrawn
30 days after planting. The number of pods at 250Gy in BPI-Sy 4 showed significant increaseof 47.8, 46.2 and 42.9 % over the control and at 200 and 250Gy, respectively at irrigation
withdrawn 30 days after planting.
The number of seeds per plant among the selected mutants at 20 days irrigation withdrawal
was not significantly different with each other and their respective control in all the varieties(PSB-Sy 4, BPI-Sy 4 and PSB-Sy 5). In irrigation withdrawal at 30 days after planting, BPI-Sy
4 at 250 significantly increased the number of seed per plant by about 35.3 and 20.2 % over thecontrol and at 200Gy, respectively. The same mutant selection showed significant increase in
the number of seeds of about 35.5, 41.4 and 42.2% over PSB-Sy 4 control and PSB-Sy at 200
and 250Gy, respectively. PSB-Sy 5 at 200Gy has the most number of seeds followed by BPISy 4 at 250Gy (Table 44).
In irrigation withdrawal at 20 and 30 days after planting, the weight of 100 seeds at 200 and
250Gy of the three varieties (PSB-Sy 4, BPI-Sy 4 and PSB-Sy 5) and their respective control
was not significantly different with each other (Table 45).

- 43 -

Grain yields at 200 and 250Gy in all the varieties tested were not significantly different witheach other in all the treatment imposed (Table 46). In the withdrawal of irrigation water, 20
days after planting, PSB-Sy 4 at 200Gy increased grain yield (although not significant) by
about 11.1% over the control, while BPI-Sy 4 at 200Gy gave an increase of 14.8% over thecontrol. At 30 day withdrawal of irrigation water, PSB-Sy 5 at 250Gy increased yield by asmuch as 23.2% over PSB-Sy 4 control and only 17.2% with PSB-Sy 4 at 200Gy.

Conclusion
Promising mutant lines for drought tolerance, earliness and increase yield have been obtained
at 200 and 250 Gy gamma radiation in both the local and introduced varieties from Vietnam.
Multiplication of these mutant lines is presently being undertaken. Further selection of droughttolerant lines in the M6 and M7 generations will be done to confirm and evaluate previous
results. Yield performance test will be conducted in multi-location trial.

Contributory factors for the attainment of the project objectives are as follows:
1. Support from PNRI-GIA.
2. Collaboration with Bulacan Agricultural State College (BASC), San Ildefonso, Bulacan.
3. Participation in the FNCA Multilateral Research Program on the Mutation Breeding forDrought Tolerance in Soybean in collaboration with Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Publication of Results
Paper Published:
Asencion, A.B., A.G. Lapade, A.O. Grafia, A.C. Barrida, A.M. Veluz and L.J. Marbella.
2004. Induced mutations for the improvement of soybean. (Glycine max L.) in
The Philippines. Philippine Nuclear Journal 14: 12-25.
Paper presented:
Lapade, A.G., A.C. Barrida and A.O. Grafia. 2006. Status Report on FNCA MRP-1 On
Drought Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in the Philippines. Paper
Presented in 2006 FNCA Mutation Breeding Workshop, September 3-7, 2006, Takasaki, Japan.
Barrida, A.C., A.G. Lapade, A.O. Grafia and J.C. Mananguit, 2005. Status Report on
FNCA MRP-1 on Drought Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in the Philippines. Paper
presented in the 2005 FNCA Mutation Breeding Workshop, December 5-9, 2005, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia.
Barrida, A.C., A.O. Grafia, A.G. Lapade, A.B. Asencion and E. Costmiano. 2004. Status- 44 -

Report on FNCA MRP-1 on Drought Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in
The Philippines. Paper presented in the 2004 Workshop on Mutation Breeding. August 30 to
September 4, 2004. Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Asencion, A.B., A.G. Lapade, A.C. Barrida, A.M. Veluz, and L.J. Marbella. 2003.
Status Report on FNCA MRP-1 on Drought Tolerance of Soybean(Glycine max L.) in the Philippines. Paper presented in Mutation Breeding Workshop,
September 22-26, 2003. Southwoods, Manila, Philippines.
Lapade, A.G. 2002. Status of Mutation Breeding in the Philippines. Paper presented
in the Formulation Meeting MRP-1 Drought Tolerance of Sorghum and Soybean,
Jakarta, Indonesia.
Technical Progress Report on “Soybean Drought Tolerance in the Philippines”.
2002-2005 PNRI, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.

Other results and riffle effects of the project:
Two students from the De La Salle University conducted their thesis related to this project.
The Bachelor of Science Degree in Agriculture thesis is entitled “The effects of different dosesof gamma radiation and various water regimes on soybean”. The Master of Science inAgriculture (major in Agronomy) thesis is on the “Effects of different water regimes on thegrowth and yield of some drought tolerant varieties of soybean (Glycine max L.)”. Mrs.
Avelina G. Lapade, the Project leader acted as co-adviser to these students.
The project on mutation breeding for drought tolerance was funded by PNRI-GIA incollaboration with Dr. Josefina C. Mananguit and her researcher from Bulacan Agricultural
State College (BASC) San Indefonso, Bulacan. This institution provided experimental area forlarge population to screen our developed mutants. Through this project, researchers andstudents were informed of the potential of mutation breeding in the improvement of soybean
and other crops.

- 45 -

Table 1. Effects of gamma irradiation on four (4) Philippine soybean varieties in the
M 1 generation
Variety

BPI-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 5Treatment%
Germination

Seedling
ht.
cm.

Control
200
250

94.20
93.35
93.35

14.27 a14.43 a11.00 bControl
200
250

90.00
93.20
93.50

13.00 a12.13 a8.70 bControl
200
250

90.00
93.35
86.65

14.00 a14.07 a10.23 bMatureplant
Height(cm)
75.6 a70.6 ab63.5 b
63.1
62.3
61.8
n.s.
67.3 a64.8 b60.6 bDays toflowerNo. of
pods

34.0
34.0
34.0
35.3
35.7
34.3

8.5
7.1
4.1
n.s.
16.4 a
8.5 b
6.1 b

36.7
36.0
36.0

15.7 a
9.0 b
7.2 b

Control
86.00
10.40
68.6 a37.0
12.6 a
200
85.00
10.70
63.2 b
36.3
9.6 b
250
85.00
10.23
58.0 b38.7
5.1 b
1/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
NSIC Sy-8

Table 2. Effects of gamma radiation in the M 1 generation of four soybean varieties
obtained from Vietnam 1/
Varieties

AKO 6

DT 84

DT 95

Treatments(Gy)%
Germination

Control
200
250

88.3
88.3
90.0

Control
200
250

86.7
90.0
88.3

Seedling
ht.
cm.
12.5
9.5
8.7
Ns
10.6 a
9.1 b
8.4 c

Control
200
250

88.3
88.3
88.3

9.6 a
9.2 b
6.5 c

Matureplantheight69.9 a61.3 ab55.7 b
56.0
49.7
43.3
ns
49.7 a48.4 a38.5 b

41.0
41.0
41.3

No. ofpods
Per plant
13.8 a
9.2 a
5.3 b

40.7
42.0
42.0

11.4 a
9.6 a
4.4 b

39.3
41.0
40.7

9.6 a
8.4 a
5.8 b

Days toflowerControl
95.0
14.9 a50.4
42.7
10.5 a
DT 96
200
93.3
12.4 b
47.8
42.0
7.2 b
250
82.3
8.9 c
40.5
43.3
4.9 b
1
/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT

- 46 -

Table 3. Types of chlorophyll mutation observed in the M2 generation of Philippine
soybean varieties
Varieties

BPI-Sy 4
PSB-Sy 4
PSB-Sy 5
NSIC-Sy 8

Table 3a.

Treatments
Gy

Striata

Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250

0
4
4
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
4
0

Types of chlorophyll mutations
SpottedChlorina
yellow
0
0
24
0
24
0
0
0
12
0
52
4
0
0
64
0
48
0
0
0
56
3
44
0

Albino
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Frequency of chlorophyll mutations in the M2 generation of Philippine

soybean varieties after treatment with gamma rays
Varieties
BPI Sy-4
PSBSy-4
PSB Sy-5
NSIC Sy-8

Treatments

Total M2
Seedlings

No. of M2
Mutants% Chlorophyll
MutationsControl
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250

2,028
4,284
1,820
3,760
1,984
3,868
5,380
4,924
4,344
8,440
9,192
3,452

0
28
28
0
12
60
0
64
48
0
63
44

0
0.65
1.54
0
0.60
1.55
0
1.30
1.11
0
0.63
1.27

- 47 -

Table 3b. Types of chlorophyll mutation in the M2 generation of Vietnamese varieties
Variety
AKO 6
DT 84
DT 95
DT 96

Treatment(Gy)
Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250Striata
0
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

Type of chlorophyll mutations
Chlorina
SpottedYellow
0
0
47
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
37
0
0
0
26
0
29
0
0
0
23
0
30
0

Albino
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Table 3c. Frequency of chlorophyll mutation in the Vietnamese soybean varieties
Variety
AKO 6
DT 84
DT 95
DT 96

Treatment (Gy)Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250

Total M2
Seedlings
3570
3657
2122
2620
1923
1992
2707
2823
1986
2950
1833
1963

No. of M2 Mutant
Seedlings
0
47
28
0
16
37
0
26
29
0
24
30

% Chlorophyllmutation rate
0
1.28
1.32
0
0.83
1.86
0
0.92
1.4
0
1.30
1.53

Table 4. Number of mutants selected in the M 2 generation and their desirable traits
Variety
PSB Sy-4
BPI Sy-4
PSB SY-5
NSIC Sy-8

Treatment

No. selected

Characteristics

Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250

14
5
12
33
8
6
4
4

early, high yielding
Early
early, high yield
early, high yield
early, high yield
early high yield
Early
Early

- 48 -

Table 5. Days to flower of eight soybean varieties subjected to varying irrigation
withdrawals
Variety

Control

AKO 6
DT 84
DT 95
DT 96
BPI Sy-4
PSB Sy-4
PSB Sy-5
NSIC Sy-9

35.5
34.7
39.3
38.0
36.0
34.0
34.7
43.3

20 days after
seeding
35.7
35.0
39.7
39.0
36.3
34.3
35.0
44.0

30 days after
seeding
35.7
35.3
39.7
40.7
36.0
34.3
35.3
44.3

40 days after
seeding
36.0
34.7
39.7
40.7
36.3
43.7
35.3
44.6

50 days after
seeding
35.0
34.7
39.3
40.3
36.3
34.3
35.0
43.6

Table 6. Mature plant heights (cm) of eight soybean varieties subjected to varying
irrigation withdrawals
Variety

Control

20 days

30 days

40 days

50 days

AKO 6
34.1ab26.5b26.56c
27.3
29.0
DT 84
30.0abc
26.2b
29.9b
26.9
27.4
DT 95
37.5a
32.9a
34.3a
32.7
33.3
DT 96
26.4bc22.1bc
22.6d
24.0
25.0
BPI Sy-4
27.5bc
25.5b
26.9c
18.2
27.7
PSB Sy-4
28.7bc
24.8b
25.8c
26.9
27.3
PSB Sy-5
23.5c
18.6c
20.5c
22.0
24.5
NSIC Sy-8
28 bc
22.5bc26.4c
27.0ns27.5 ns1/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.
ns = non-significant

Table 7. Number of pods of eight soybean varieties subjected to varying irrigation
withdrawals
Irrigation Withdrawals
Variety

Control

20 days after 30 days after 40 days after 50 days after
seedingseedingseedingseeding
AKO 6
13.9a
6.6
56.3
8.1
8.5
DT 84
9.5b
4.1
5.2
5.0
5.4
DT 95
6.3b
3.6
4.4
4.8
5.6
DT 96
7.3b
5.1
5.6
6.1
6.6
BPI-Sy 4
7.0b
4.9
5.4
5.4
5.7
PSB-Sy 4
7.7b
5.6
6.2
6.7
6.7
PSB-Sy 5
6.4b
4.4
5.1
5.6
7.3
NSIC Sy-8
7.2b
4.9 ns5.9 ns
6.6 ns
6.9 ns1/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

- 49 -

Table 8. Seed weights (gm) from the 2m sampled length of eighth soybean varieties
subjected to varying irrigation withdrawals
Irrigation withdrawals
Variety

Control

20 days after
seeding

30 days after
seeding

40 days after
seeding

50 days after
seeding

AKO 6
DT 84
DT 95
DT 96
BPI Sy-4
PSB Sy-4
PSB Sy-5
NSIC Sy-8

32.48
17.84
21.25
22.55
14.76
16.32
14.86
27.45 ns

11.48b
8.69d
6.95c
8.43d
6.70e
9.52c
9.55c
17.21a13.28c9.93e
10.75d
13.17c
7.22f
6.78g
13.82b
16.22a

16.63
15.06
16.25
11.75
10.31
10.93
13.64
19.05 ns

14.56
13.44
18.11
11.68
10.66
7.60
14.58
21.08 ns

Table 9. Seed weights from 2-m sampled length of eight soybean varieties subjected tovarying length of irrigation withdrawals
Varieties
Treatments
Control
20 days
30 days
40 days

AKO 6

DT 84

DT 95

DT 96

BPI Sy-4

32.48a11.48b
13.28b
16.63b

PSB y-4

PSB Sy5
14.86
9.55c
13.82b
13.64

NSIC Sy-8

17.84 21.25a
22.55
14.76
16.32
27.45
8.69d
6.95c
8.43d
6.7e
9.52c
17.21a9.93c 10.75b 13.17c
7.22f
6.78g
16.32a
15.06
16.26
11.75
10.31
10.93
19.05
13.44
11.68
50 days
14.56
18.11
10.66 ns7.60 ns
14.58 ns
21.08 nsns
ns
1
/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

Table 10. Effects of gamma irradiation on Philippine soybean varieties in the M3 generation
Variety

Treatment

Days toflowerMatureplt. ht. (cm)

No. of pods
per plant

No. of seed
per plant

PSB St-4

Control
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy250 Gy

35.3
35.7
34.3
34.0
34.0
34.0

63.10
32.23
33.42
75.60
34.43
58.90

70.00
22.17
15.25
80.50
19.06
30.00

120.5039.32
27.45
170.5031.41
55.30

BPI-Sy 4- 50 -

Table 11. Effects of gamma irradiation on different soybean varieties in the M4 generation
Variety

Days toFlowering
45
45
45
45
45
45

Treatment

PSB-Sy 4
BPI-Sy 4

Control
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy250 GyMature plt.
ht. (cm.)
31.85
25.90
26.05
38.25
28.95
31.00

No. of seeds
per pod
70.30
35.80
47.00
85.50
62.30
60.00

Nos. of pods
per plant
122.5070.80
81.40
175.50113.30127.50

Table 12. 100-seed weight in grams of Philippine soybean varieties as affected by gamma
irradiation in the M4 generation
Varieties
PSB-Sy 4
BPI-Sy 4Treatment

Weight (gms.)

Control
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy250 Gy

20.75
19.62
20.72
21.55
21.21
19.72

Table 13. Effects of gamma irradiation on Vietnamese varieties in the M3 generation
Varieties
DT- 84

DT-95

AKO 6

Treatment

Days to flowering

100-seed wt. in grams

Control
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 gy250 gy

40
39
39
39
39
39
41
39
41

18.00
18.65
18.14
17.51
17.71
17.72
16.15
15.00
17.18

- 51 -

Table 14. Number of mutants selected and their characteristics
Variety

SB-Sy 4Treatment

No. Selected

Characteristic

Control

250 GyControl

15
2
3
4
-

200 Gy16

250 Gy6

early, high yieldcompact, high yielddrought tolerant
early, shortearly, high yielddrought tolerant
early, short

200 GyBPI-Sy 4

Table 15a. The effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the height of plants atmaturity of four local soybean varieties (M4 generation) grown at BASC.
Replications
Varieties

PSB SyBPI Sy 4

NSIC-Sy 8

PSB Sy 5

Dose (Gy)
0
200
200
300
0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300

Rep 1

Rep 2

Rep 3

Mean

70
72.1
67.8
64.5
66.8
70.2
63.2
72
75.1
76.6
69.3
72.1
66.4
69.7
61.6
73.9

54.1
73.6
78.4
70.9
58.7
72
69.5
68.1
75.8
81.2
58.8
59.9
55.3
71.4
74.9
78.4

58.3
77.6
74.6
68.5
62.3
78.7
69.9
68.9
65.2
72.2
71.3
69.8
70.1
77.2
68.4
55.8

60.8
74.4
73.6
68.0
62.6
73.6
67.5
69.7
72.0
76.7
66.5
67.3
63.9
72.8
68.3
69.4

- 52 -

Table 15b. ANOVA on plant height at maturity
SourceDegreeOf
Of
Variation
Freedom
Replication
2
Gamma Radiation (A)3Error (a)6
Variety (B)3AxB
9Error (b)
24
Total
47
a
cv (a) =10.40% cv (b) = 8.53%
b ns

Sum
Of
Squares
3.61
554.72310.8836.74
312.50835.092053.54

Mean
SquareComputedFb

1.80
184.91
51.81
12.25
34.72
34.80

ns

3.57
<1
1.00

ns

Tabular F
5%

1%

4.76

9.78

3.01
2.3

4.72
3.25

= not significant

Table 16a. The effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the length of roots (cm)of four local soybean varieties (M4 generation) grown at BASC.
Replications
Varieties

PSB SyBPI Sy 4

NSIC-Sy 8

PSB Sy 5
1

Dose (Gy)

Rep 1

Rep 2

Rep 3

Mean 1/

0

11

12

9.8

10.9de

100

13.5

13.2

12.9

13.2ab

200
300

14.6
11.9

14.7
12.1

13.5
10

14.3a
11.3cde

0

12.8

10

9.8

10.9de

100

12.4

11.9

11

11.8cde

200

10.4

9.1

10.1

9.9e

300

12

11.8

11.5

11.8cde

0

11

13.5

12.7

12.4bcd

100
200

10.5
11.7

9.4
10.8

9.8
12.8

9.9e
11.8cde

300

11.8

10.8

11.2

11.3cde

0

11.8

11

9.8

10.9de

100

11.8

9.8

12.3

11.3cde

200

11

10.5

9.7

10.4e

300
13.6
11.9
13.2
12.9abc/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT.

- 53 -

Table 16b. ANOVA on length of roots (M4 generation)a
SourceOf
Variation

Degreeof
Freedom

Sum
Of
Squares

Mean
SquareReplication

2

4.77

2.39

Gamma Radiation (A)

3

1.82

0.61

Error (a)

6

2.91

0.49

Variety (B)

3

13.13

AxB

9

Error (b)Total

Tabular F
5%
1%

1.25

ns

4.76

9.78

4.38

5.11

**

3.01

4.72

48.56

5.40

6.30

**

2.3

3.25

24

20.54

0.86

47

91.74

a

b ns

ComputedFb

cv (a) =6.03%
cv (b) == not significant, ** = highly significant

8.01%

Table 17a. The effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the number of lateralroots of four local soybean varieties (M4 generation) grown at BASC
Replications
Varieties

Dose (Gy)PSB Sy 4

BPI Sy 4

NSIC-Sy 8

PSB Sy 5

Rep 1

Rep 2

Rep 3

Mean

0
100
200
300

12.4
14.4
11
7.7

10.3
6.4
6.8
6

7.2
5.9
5.9
3.7

10.0
8.9
7.9
5.8

0
100

6.8
8.8

5.8
6.9

8.4
10.3

7.0
8.7

200
300
0

9.3
8.7
7.9

5.2
9.9
6.5

5
5.9
6

6.5
8.2
6.8

100
200
300

7.2
14.11
8.6

7.2
6
6.4

4.9
6.4
5.5

6.4
8.8
6.8

0
100
200

12.2
11.2
15.6

6.5
6.1
7.9

4.1
7.2
3.9

7.6
8.2
9.1

300

8.4

6.2

8.7

7.8

- 54 -

Table 17b. ANOVA on the number of lateral rootsaaSourceOf
Variation

DegreeOf
Freedom

Sum
Of
Squares

Mean
SquareReplication

2

152.6576.33

Gamma Radiation (A)

3

6.93

2.31

Error (a)

6

37.10

6.18

Variety (B)

3

7.51

AxB

9

Error (b)Tabular F

Computed
Fb

5%

1%

<1

4.76

9.78

2.50

<1

3.01

4.72

45.42

5.05

1.24

2.3

3.25

24

97.60

4.07

Total

47

347.21cv (a) = 31.96%

cv (b) = 25.92%

b ns

ns

= not significant

Table 18a. The effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the number of pods perplant of four local soybean varieties (M4 generation) grown at BASC
Treatments

PSB Sy 4

BPI Sy 4

NSIC-Sy 8

PSB Sy 5

Varieties

Replications
Rep 1

Rep 2

Rep 3

Mean

0

23.7

33.1

22.4

26.4

100

38.4

28.3

31.1

32.6

200

26.9

26.5

24.3

25.9

300

30.9

36.1

16.2

27.7

0
100

61.1
24.8

28.8
26.2

24.9
26.1

38.3
25.7

200
300

24.3
24.3

25.8
28.2

18.8
26.7

23.0
26.4

0

54.2

15.8

29.1

33.0

100

24.4

30.7

20.2

25.1

200
300

38.1
45.8

25.5
22.1

25.8
22.4

29.8
30.1

0

29.2

22.5

18.4

23.4

100

31.7

27.3

36.7

31.9

200

24.7

27.2

13.5

21.8

300

31.3

22.6

20.7

24.9

- 55 -

Table 19a. The effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the weight of 100 seed(in grams) of four local soybean varieties (M4 generation) grown at BASC
Replications
Varieties

Dose (Gy)BPI Sy 4

NSIC-Sy 8

PSB Sy 5

a

Rep 2

Rep 3

Mean

100
60
50
40
120
40
40
40
100
30
40
100
70
80
40
60

(gram)
40
30
40
60
30
40
40
40
40
40
40
60
30
30
40
40

70
50
40
40
40
30
40
40
50
20
40
30
50
50
50
50

70.0
46.7
43.3
46.7
63.3
36.7
40.0
40.0
63.3
30.0
40.0
63.3
50.0
53.3
43.3
50.0

Computed
Fb

Tabular F

0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300

PSB Sy 4

Table 19b.

Rep 1

ANOVA on weight of 100 seeds (M4 generation)a

SourceOf
Variation

DegreeOf
Freedom

Sum
Of
Squares

Mean
SquareReplication

25037.502518.75

Gamma Radiation (A)33225.00

1075.00

Error (a)64812.50802.08Variety (B)3275.00

91.67

<1

AxB

9

2225.00

247.22

1.25

Error (b)244750.00

197.92Total

4720325.00

cv (a) = 58.09%

cv (b) = 28.86%

b ns= not significant- 56 -

1.34

ns

ns

5%

1%

4.76

9.78

3.01

4.72

2.3

3.25

Table 20a. The effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the yield in kilograms
per plot of four local soybean varieties (M4 generation) at BASC
Varieties

Replications

Dose (Gy)PSB Sy 4

BPI Sy 4

NSIC-Sy 8

PSB Sy 5

Rep 1

Rep 2

Rep 3

Mean

0

1.4

1.25

1

1.2

100

1

1

1.1

1.0

200

1

1.1

1

1.0

300

0.4

1.3

.85

0.9

0

1.2

0.5

1

0.9

100

.75

1.25

1.25

1.1

200

1

1

1

1.0

300

1.5

1.4

1.1

1.3

0

1.2

1

0.9

1.0

100

1.3

0.75

0.9

1.0

200

1.25

0.8

0.5

0.9

300

1.1

1

1.5

1.2

0

1

0.9

1

1.0

100

0.75

0.5

1

0.8

200

1

0.9

0.8

0.9

300

1.3

1.3

1.25

1.3

Table 20b. ANOVA on yield (M4 generation)a
SourceOf
Variation

DegreesOf
Freedom

Sum
Of
Squares

Mean
SquareReplication

2

0.05167

0.02583

Gamma Radiation (A)3

0.363070.12102

Error (a)60.37708

0.06285

Variety (B)30.06682

0.02227

<1

AxB

9

0.79005

0.08778

1.54

Error (b)24

1.37125

0.05714Total

47

3.01995

cv (a) =24.43%

cv (b) =aacv (a) = 24.43%

b ns

cv (b) = 23.30%= not significant- 57 -

23.30%

Computed
Fb

1.93

ns

ns

Tabular F
5%

1%

4.76

9.78

3.01

4.72

2.3

3.25

Table 21a. The effects of different doses of gamma radiation on the number of droughttolerant plants of four local soybean varieties (M4 generation) grown at BASC
Varieties

PSB Sy-4

BPI Sy 4

NSIC-Sy 8

PSB Sy 5Treatments
0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300
0
100
200
300

Replications
Rep 1
10
14
20
20
28
35
18
10
28
12
10
15

Rep 2
15
20
25
25
30
20
28
15
25
28
20
24

Rep 3
20
18
20
28
26
24
30
22
20
25
19
30

Mean
15.0
17.3
21.7
24.3
28.0
26.3
25.3
15.7
24.3
21.7
16.3
23.0

Table 21b. ANOVA on number of drought tolerant PlantsaacSourceOf
Variation

DegreeOf
Freedom

Sum
Of
Squares

Mean
SquareReplication2

192.17

96.08

Gamma Radiation (A)2

121.5060.75

Error (a)4

164.83

41.21

Variety (B)3

323.64107.88

4.89

AxB

6

211.61

35.27

1.60

Error (b)18397.00

22.06

Total

35

Computed
Fb

Tabular F
5%

1%

*

3.16

5.09

ns

3.66

4.01

c

1410.75b

cv (a) = 29.74%
cv (b) = 21.76%,* = significant at 5% level
Error (b) d.f. not adequate for valid test of significance.

- 58 -

ns= not significant

Table 22. Mature plant height in the M4 generation of three soybean varieties from
Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 30 days after planting
Varieties

DT 95

DT 84
AKO 6

Treatments (Gy)

Plant height (cms.)

Control
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy

60.50
62.45
58.70
42.90
65.60
39.80
45.40
45.57

Table 23. Number of days to flowering (M4 generation) of three soybean varieties from
Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 30 days after planting
Varieties

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

Treatments(Gy)Days to flower

Control
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy

38
38
38
36
36
36
35
35

Table 24. Number of pods per plant (M4 generation) of three soybean varieties from
Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 30 days after planting
Varieties

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

Treatments (Gy)

Pods per plant

Control
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy250 GyControl
200 Gy

17.92
24.05
20.10
21.40
28.70
15.00
16.80
17.85

- 59 -

Table 25. Weight of 100 seeds (in the M4 generation) of three soybean varieties from
Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 30 days after planting
Varieties

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

Treatments (Gy)

Weight in grams

Control

13.62

200 Gy12.60

250 Gy12.00

Control

14.12

200 Gy13.45

250 Gy13.65

Control

11.64

200 Gy12.32

Table 26. Number of seeds per plant (M4 generation) of three soybean varieties from
Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 30 days after planting
Varieties

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

Treatment (Gy)Seeds per plant

Control

54.66

200 Gy63.20

250 Gy52.30

Control

46.70

200 Gy70.00

250 Gy34.50

Control

34.30

200 Gy35.71

Table 27. Number of drought tolerant lines selected in the M4 generation of three soybean
varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 30 days after planting
Varieties

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

Treatments (Gy)No.

Control

26

4.20

200 Gy36

5.81

250 Gy50

8.07

Control27

4.36

200 Gy33

5.33

250 Gy25

4.04

Control

25

4.04

200 Gy37

5.98- 60 -% of drought tolerantTable 28. Number of early maturing plants selected in the M4 generation of three soybean
varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 30 days after planting
Varieties

Treatments (Gy)

Number of earlymaturing plants

Control

46

200 Gy250 Gy81
75

Control
200 Gy40
19

250 GyControl-

200 Gy

-

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

Table 29.

Mature plant height (in centimeters) of local soybean varieties in the M5

generation as affected with varying days of irrigation withdrawals
Varieties

PSB-Sy 4

BPI-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 5Treatments (Gy)

Irrigation Withdrawals
40 days after
50 days after
seedingseeding
50.30
53.70

Control

30 days after
seeding
50.05

200

49.75

51.70

55.70

250

50.25

43.30

51.40

Control

49.15

50.10

56.65

200

42.25

46.35

59.73

250

51.00

54.40

59.10

Control
200

58.45
66.25

67.45
74.70

62.30
66.25

250

68.80

71.73

65.05

Table 30. Number of days to flower of local soybean varieties in the M5 generation asaffected with varying days of irrigation withdrawals
Varieties

PSB-Sy 4

BPI-Sy 4
PSB-Sy 5Treatments(Gy)Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200

Irrigation Withdrawals
30 days after
40 days after
50 days after
seedingseedingseeding
35
35
35

35
35
35
35
35
35
35
- 61 -

35
35
36
36
36
35
35

35
35
35
35
35
35
35

Table 31. Number of pods per plant of local soybean varieties in the M5 generation asaffected with varying days of irrigation withdrawals
Varieties

PSB-Sy 4

BPI-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 5Treatments(Gy)Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250

Irrigation Withdrawals
30 days after
40 days after
50 days after
seedingseeding
Seeding

23.80
29.15
28.22
27.82
19.90
23.47
16.00
18.25
19.32

24.35
21.65
21.57
27.59
26.57
23.10
17.37
15.95
15.22

25.75
21.80
20.50
20.25
25.06
18.22
25.95
23.80
23.35

Table 32. Number of seeds per plant of different soybean varieties in the M5 generation
as affected with varying days of irrigation withdrawals
Varieties

PSB-Sy 4

BPI-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 5Treatments(Gy)Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250

30 days after
seeding
45.80
53.67
48.42
48.80
37.32
47.62
31.10
35.07
39.62

Irrigation Withdrawals
40 days after
50 days after
seeding
Seeding
46.70
49.77
38.57
42.45
39.22
38.50
48.32
39.75
48.55
52.53
47.05
34.62
34.22
53.35
29.79
48.85
30.70
49.90

Table 33. Weight (grams) of 100 seeds of local soybean varieties in the M5 generation asaffected with varying days of irrigation withdrawals
Varieties

PSB-Sy 4

BPI-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 5Treatments(Gy)Control
200
250
Control
200
250
Control
200
250

30 days after
seeding
16.20
15.91
15.68
14.06
15.51
13.12
15.31
16.00
17.22
- 62 -

Irrigation Withdrawals
40 days after
50 days after
seedingseeding
16.17
15.52
14.91
16.66
16.28
14.40
14.75
14.18
14.46
13.40
13.42
13.77
15.51
14.67
15.82
16.91
14.76
14.15

Table 34. Number of mutants selected in the M 5 generation that were early maturing
and plants with green leaves at maturity that were subjected to irrigation withdrawal
30 days after seeding
Varieties

Number of plants selected:

Radiation
Treatments (Gy)

Early-maturingwith green leaves at maturity

Control

9

3

200

86

38

250

52

16

Control

-

33

200

32

47

250

125

92

Control

18

60

200

86

81

250

151

99

PSB-Sy 4

BPI-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 5

Table 35. Height (cm) of selected drought tolerant mutant lines in the M5 generation of
three soybean varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal 20 days after
planting
Varieties

Dose (Gy)Means a/044.65 a200

42.6 a250

40.86 ab030.3 cd

200

38.25 b250

31.05 cd

033.45 c

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

a/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level based on
DMRT.

- 63 -

Table 36. Number of days to flower of selected drought tolerant mutant lines in the M 5
generation of three soybean varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal
20 days after planting
Varieties

0

Means
ns/
40

200

39

250

39

0

39

200

39

250

39

0

41

250

40

Dose (Gy)

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6
ns = not significant

Table 37. Number of pods per plant of selected drought tolerant mutant lines in the M5
generation of three soybean varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal
20 days after planting
Varieties

0

Means
a/
16.65 abc

200

19.45 a

250

19.6

a

0

12.4

c

200

13.7

bc

250

13.7

bc

0

17.25 abc

Dose (Gy)

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

200
18.35 aba/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level based on
DMRT.

- 64 -

Table 38. Number of seeds per plant of selected drought tolerant mutant lines in the M5
generation of three soybean varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation withdrawal
20 days after planting
Varieties

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

0

ns/
Means
41.65

200

43.35

250

45.9

0

26.9

200

32.95

250

30.9

0

39.95

200

36.1

Dose (Gy)ns – Not significant

Table 39. Weight of 100 seeds in grams of selected drought tolerant mutant lines in the
M 5 generation of three soybean varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation
withdrawal 20 days after planting

0

ns/
Means
13.22

DT 95

200
250
0

13.56
3.71
13.04

DT 84

200
250
0

14.98
13.96
12.15

200

12.80

Varieties

AKO 6

Dose (Gy)ns = not significant- 65 -

Table 40. Yield in tons per hectare of selected drought tolerant mutant lines in the M5 generation of
three soybean varieties from Vietnam as affected by irrigation
Varieties

Dose (Gy)

Means

0

0.39 ab200

0.44 a250

0.47 a00.31 bc

200

0.47 a250

0.42 a00.22 c

DT 95

DT 84

AKO 6

200
0.47 aa/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level based on
DMRT.

Table 41. Plant height (cm) at maturity of selected mutant lines in the M6 generation of
three local soybean varieties as affected by the different irrigation treatments
Local
Varieties

PSB-Sy 4

BPI-Sy 4

PSB-Sy 5

Irrigation Withdrawn
Dose (Gy)
20 DAPa/043.8 c30 DAPa/43.36 bc

200

41.9 c45.1 c250

40.53 c42.5 c043.2 c48.13 bc

200

41.66 c40.66 c250

53.0 b54.33 b075.96 a76.4 a200

77.1 a78.56 a250

74.06 a80.93 aa/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level based on
DMRT.
DAP – Days after planting- 66 -

Table 42. Number of days to flower of selected mutant lines in the M 6 generation of
three local soybean varieties as affected by the different irrigation treatments
Local varieties
PB Sy-4

BPI Sy-4

PB Sy-5

Dose (Gy)

20 DAP

30 DAP0ns/ 36ns/ 35

200

35

35

250

35

35

0

35

35

200

35

35

250

36

37

0

37

37

200

36

37

250

36

36

ns/ Not significant
DAP – Days after planting

Table 43. Number of pods per plant of selected mutant lines in the M6 generation of
three local soybean varieties as affected by the different irrigation treatments
Local varieties

Dose (Gy)

Irrigation withdrawals

20 DAP
30 DAP0
59.5
56.66 dPSB Sy-4
200
56.96
57.3 d250
53.4
58.63 cd
045.56
59.06 cd
BPI sy-4
200
54.66
65.5 bcd
250
49.9
83.8 a0
53.1
75.33 abPSB Sy-5200
52.9
85.2 a250
56.66
72.23 abc
a/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level based on
DMRT
ns/ Not significant
DAP – Days after planting- 67 -

Table 44. Number of seeds per plant of selected mutant lines in the M6 generation of
three local soybean varieties as affected by the different irrigation treatments
Local Varieties

Dose (Gy)

20 DAP

30 DAPa/111.53 cd

200a/120.5 a107.46 ab

250

104.73 ab

106.1

0

89.20 b111.67 cd

200

103.46 ab125.73 bcd

250

91.9 b151.14 ab0106.76 ab

152.83 ab

200

102.7 ab169.1 a0
PSB Sy-4

BPI Sy-4

PSB SY-5

106.9 d250
116.73 a
139.73 abc
a/ In a column, means with the same letters are not significantly different at 5 % level based on
DMRT.
DAP – Days after planting

Table 45. Weight of 100 seeds in grams of selected mutant lines in the M6 generation of
three local soybean varieties as affected by the different irrigation treatments
Local Varieties

Dose (Gy)

20 DAP

30 DAP

200

ns/
17.95
19.11

ns/
18.14
18.46

250

19.26

17.15

0

18.01

19.03

200

18.80

18.97

250

18.67

16.26

0

18.52

17.43

200

19.21

19.12

250

18.45

18.88

0
PSB Sy-4

BPI Sy-4

PSB Sy-5
ns – Not significant
DAP – Days after planting- 68 -

Table 46. Total yield in tons per hectare of selected mutant lines in the M6 generation of
three local soybean varieties as affected by the different irrigation treatments
Local Varieties

Dose (Gy)

20 DAP*

30 DAP

0

1.26

1.46

200

1.40

1.63

250

1.37

1.64

0

1.22

1.46

200

1.40

1.48

250

1.02

1.14

0

1.18

1.38

200

1.24

1.45

250

1.27

1.70

PSB Sy-4

BPI Sy-4

PSB Sy-5
ns/ Not significant
DAP – Days after planting

References
1. Asencion, A.B., A.G. Lapade, A.O. Grafia, A.C. Barrida, A.M. Veluz and L.J. Marbella.
Induced Mutation for the Improvement of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Philippine Nuclear
Research Journal (14) 12-25, 2004.
2. Asencion, A.B., A.B. Lapade, A.O. Grafia, A.C. Barrida, A.M. Veluz and L.J.
Marbella. Status Report of the FNCA Multilateral Research Program (MRP-1) on Drought
Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in the Philippines. Paper presented in a seminar on
Asexually Propagated Crops Held on September 22-26, 2003. Southwoods Manor Hotel,
Philippines.
3. Asencion, A.B., A.G. Lapade, A.O. Grafia, A.C. Barrida, A.M. Veluz and L.J. Marbella.
Status Report on: FNCA Multilateral Research Program (MRP-1) Drought Tolerance ofSoybean in the Philippines. Paper presented in a workshop on Mutation Breeding and Biofertilizer, Beijing, China. Aug. 19-23, 2002.
4. Asencion, A.B., A.C. Barrida, I.S. Santos and F.I.S. medina III. 1997.
Improvement of soybean through mutation breeding. Oil and Industrial Crops Mutation
Breeding in Asia. Seminar on mutation breeding in oil and industrial crops for Regional
Cooperation in Asia. Suwon, Republic of Korea. Oct. 12-18, 1997. pp. 81-102.

- 69 -

5. Asencion, A.B., A. Singson, F.I.S. Medina III and A. Galvez. 1993. The mutagenecity of
sodium azide in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under different pre-soaking
treatments. Plant Mutation Breeding in Asia. Beijing, China 1993 and 1994. pp. 139-153.
6. Barrida, A.C., A.O. Grafia, A.G. Lapade, A.B. Asencion and E. Costimiano.
Status Report of the FNCA Multilateral Research Program (MRP-1) on Drought Toleranceof Soybean (Glycine max L.). Paper presented in a Workshop on Mutation Breeding held
at Yogyakarta, Indonesia on 30 August to 04 September 2004.
7. Barrida, A.C., A.G. Lapade, A.O. Grafia and J.C. Mananguit. Status Report of The FNCA
Multilateral Research Program (MRP-1)on Drought Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max
L.) in the Philippines. Paper presented in a workshop on Mutation Breeding held on
December 5-9, 2005 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
8. Cheng, X.Y. and M.W. Gao. 1998. Biological and mutagenic effect of combined treatmentof sodium azide, gamma rays and EMS in barley. Environmental and Experimental Botany.
28: 281-288.
9. Hendratno, K and A.M.R. Sumanggano. 1990. Improvement in soybean and mungbean
using induced mutation. Plant Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement (1) Proceedings ofa symposium, Vienna. 18-22 June. 1990. Jointly organized by IAEA and FAO, Vienna.
1991. pp.77-84.
10. Jalani, B.S., H.P.P. Gaul and A.H. Zakri. 1980. Soybean mutation breeding programs in
Malaysia. Induced Mutations for the improvement of grain legumes production. IAEATECDOC 234. IAEA, Vienna, Austria.
11. Lapade, A.G. 2002. Status of Soybean Breeding for Drought Tolerance in the Philippines.
Paper presented in the FNCA Multilateral Project Research Program (MRP-1) on Drought
Tolerance of in soybean and sorghum, Jakarta, Indonesia from 25 February to 1 March
2002.
12. Lapade, A.G., A.C. Barrida and A.O. Grafia. 2006. Status Report on the FNCA,
Multilateral Research Program (MRP-1) on Drought Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max
L.) in the Philippines. Paper presented in the Mutation Breeding Workshop. Takasaki City,
Japan. Sept. 11-15, 2006.
13. Medina III, F.I.S., A.B. Asencion, A.G. Lapade and V.F Medina. 1993.
Radiation-induced mutation for crop improvement and plant domestication. Plant Mutation
Breeding in Asia, Beijing, China. 1993 pp. 61-75.

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14. Nix, H.A. 1982. Aspect of drought tolerance for agroclimatic perspective. In: Drought
resistance in crops with emphasis in rice, IRRI, Philippines, p 15.
15. Soeranto, H. 2001.

Current status of research on mutation breeding in sorghum In

Indonesia and Center for Isotope R & D Technology National Nuclear Energy Agency(BATAN).
16. The Philippine Recommends for Soybean. 1986. PCARRD. Technical Bulletin Series No.
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17. The Philippine Recommends for Soybean. 1976.
Research and Development.

- 71 -

Philippine Council for Agriculture,2-4. Vietnam
Mai Quang Vinh*, Ngo Phuong Thinh, Tran Duy Quy, Pham Thi Bao Chung
Agricultural Genetics Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam
This report summarized some results of soybean mutation breeding program at AGI andthrough FNCA network. Starting materials including imported varieties, national selectedvarieties, mutants and hybrid lines were used and treated by using radiation as mutagens withsuitable doses, treatment methods to repair, improve the variety defects and isolate mutant lines.

1. Introduction
Because of long stretching on the North Latitude of 150, Vietnam has diversified weather andcomplicated topography. The weather is divided into two distinct patterns: the rainy season(from May to November) and the dry one. The cultivated land is 9.6 million ha of which 2.5
can be accessed to water and used for food production including rice and maize. The 75% of
cultivated land must be depended on natural rainfall which leads to the need of releasing
varieties resistant to drought including soybean.
In Vietnam, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), an important food and industrial crop, provides
the protein need and oil for human being, the food for animals and the materials for industry.
Although spreading of soybean cultivated area in Vietnam still has a large potency, but it
increases quite slowly. In 2005, the soybean planted area was reached only to 203,000 ha withthe yield of 1.43 ton/ha (66,5% average world yield), and the soybean produce was 290,290
thousand tons, meanwhile in 2005, Vietnam had to import 1.0 million tons (equivalent of driedseed) from foreign countries. Up to 2015, Vietnam intends to import 1.5 – 2.0 million tons/yearof soybean.
Thus the problem, which made by the fact of production and market to Vietnamese soybean
breeders was selecting and creating soybean varieties with short growth duration (75-100 days),high yield (1.5-3.5 tons/ha), good seed quality, tolerant to drought, resistant to diseases,
adapted to crop pattern and ecological regions in the whole country.
Since 1960 it has been shown that soybean was an autogamous species having narrow genetic*

Head of Legume Research Divison – Agricultural Genetics Institute (AGI)- 72 -

base, thus induced mutation seems to be the most suitable technique for increasing variation
effect in soybean breeding (Conger et al, 1976). Nowadays, by induced mutation, many authors
have formed several soybean varieties, with tolerance to diseases (Tulmann Neto et al, 1988),
with high protein and oil content (Qui and Gao, 1988) and with many agronomic desired traits(Micke, 1993; D’ Surhey et al, 1993; Bhatnagar and Tiwari, 1991).
In Vietnam, Tran Dinh Long (1990) selected M-103 soybean variety by using EI. At AGI, theresearcher group, leaded by Mai Quang Vinh (1985, 1987, 1990, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2002,
2004), has been carrying out the research on the application of induced mutation and bred 10
mutant soybean varieties and tens other promising varieties and lines.

2. Selection of soybean variety DT96 with high-yielding and drought tolerance
2.1. Material, method and results:
2.1.1. The selection of starting breeding materials
Two mutant soybean varieties DT90 (Original from F2 hybrid line (K.7002 x Coc chum,radiated by Gamma ray- Co60/180 Gy) and DT84 (Original from DT80 x DT 76, F3 hybrid line:
D.3/033 used as starting breeding materials were radiated by Gamma ray- Co60/180 Gy) wereused for interbreeding. They were created by Agricultural Genetics Institute (AGI) and adopted
as national varieties. Both of them have high seed yield (2.5 – 3.5 tons/ha), short growthduration (85 – 95 days) and rather poor tolerance to drought. Besides, the variety DT90 has
good seed quality, resistance to diseases and high tolerance to low temperature, however has
low tolerance to high temperature. On the contrary, the variety DT84 has high tolerance to hightemperature but has low tolerance to low temperature.
2.1.2. Selection of hybrid lines with drought tolerance- The Single-seed descent method (SSDM) was applied on the hybrid populations at the
beginning of F4 generation and promising lines with drought tolerance were selected.
- Drought tolerance lines were selected by testing the rate of seed germination in sugar solution
as introduced by VIR (1982) in the laboratory.
- The promising lines were evaluated basically with two control varieties DT90 and DT84 at
the field in a continuous assessment of 3

crops/year. They were planted under growth

condition with and without supplement of water, and were observed directly the level of flag
leaves under the hot and dry weather condition of summer noon in North of Vietnam.

- 73 -

2.1.3. Development of promising lines by using the local adaptability test
5 lines were developed by pure line selection of the promising lines with drought tolerance for9 generations. The results of local adaptability test at 5 stations showed that the line D.96
(adopted as national variety in 2004 and named DT96) was tolerant to drought and highyielding (Table 1).
Table 1. Assessment results of seed germination level in sugar solution 10.8% (equivalent of 9 at)

Varieties and lines

Variety
DT90

Variety
DT84

Line
D.45

Line
D.57

Line
D.86

Line
D.87

Line
D.96

The rate ofgermination (%)

62

65

50

53

62

67

70

The result of Table 1 showed that D.96 proved germination ability in sugar solution 10.8%,
among 5 lines when being compared with the parent lines (DT90 and DT84), D.96 had highest
germination level (70%) which was significantly higher than that of the parent lines (62% and65%). This characteristic is also interrelating to its drought tolerance ability as shown in Table 2.
The assessment result of the drought tolerance ability at three different growth periods: IShooting period; II- Blooming period; III- Firm-ripe period (Table 2) showed that D.96 hadhighest level (4-5) while its parents had lower levels (3-4). D.96 also proved hot tolerance ability
similar to that of DT84 and higher than that of DT90. Assessment result of seed yielding/ a plantshowed that D.96 also had highest yield (9.6 gr/ a plant), significantly higher than that of it
parents DT90 (8.86 gr/ a plant) and DT84 (7.34 gr/ a plant). The line D.96 was adopted by
Vietnamese Agricultural Ministry as a new national soybean variety in 2004 and named
officially as DT96.
Table 2 Drought tolerance characteristics of lines (In Spring 2002)

Characteristics
Varieties
and lines

Variety DT90
Variety DT84
Line D.45
Line D.57
Line D.86
Line D.87
Line D.96

Days tomaturity

90
95
90
89
96
85
96

Drought tolerance level
(*)

I
3
4
3
3
4
3
4

II
4
4
3
3
3
3
5

III
4
4
4
3
3
4
5

Hot
tolerancelevel (**)

Seed yield/plant (g)

5
2
3
4
4
3
5

8.86
7.34
5.46
6.89
7.45
6.98
9.42

Table legend:(*) – Drought tolerance levels were marked with the point 1 – 5: 1 – 2 - Low; 3 - Average;
4 – Rather high; 5 – High; I – shooting period; II – blooming period; III – firm-ripe stage(**) – Hot tolerance levels were marked with the same point as those of drought tolerance- 74 -

Table 3 Evaluation result of basic characteristics of examined varieties with the control variety DT84

Crops

Varieties

Days tomaturity(days)

Plant
height
(cm)

Pods/
plant

1000-grain
weight (g)Potential
yield(tons/ha)

Field
yield
(tons/ha)Comparison
level with thecontrol (%)

2.41
2.96
2.87
0.05
6.45

1.85
2.28
2.21
0.04
5.34

100.0
122.8
119.4

2.19
2.69
2.79
0.16
5.34

1.68
2.05
2.10
0.14
4.98

100.0
122.0
125.0

3.31
2.81
3.28
0.17
7.22

2.54
2.16
2.52
0.16
6.34

100.0
85.0
99.2

2.87
2.44
3.12
0.14
6.18

2.01
1.71
2.40
0.09
5.22

100.0
85.0
119.4

2.21
2.45
2.53
0.16
6.28

1.70
1.88
1.96
0.13
5.58

100.0
110.6
115.3

1.70
1.87
2.11
0.18
6.25

1.30
1.46
1.69
0.16
5.35

100.0
112.3
130.0

In the Spring crop 1996 (with supplementary of water)z
DT-84 (I) 92
44.0
18.6 185
DT90 (II) 99
48.6
21.1 200
DT-96
97
53.3
21.3 192
LSD.0.05
CV (%)In the Spring crop 1996 (without supplementary of water)
DT-84(I)93
43.2
16.9 182
DT90(II)100
46.5
19.1 189
DT-96
98
52.2
20.3 191
LSD.0.05
CV (%)In the Summer crop 1996 (with supplementary of water)
DT-84(1) 90
59.1
29.9 184
DT90(II)
97
42.5
23.4 200
DT-96
95
50.8
26.6 205
LSD.0.05
CV (%)In the Summer crop 1996 (without supplementary of water)
DT-84(I)89
56.2
26.4 180
DT90(II)
95
40.6
20.5 185
DT-96
95
49.3
25.6 200
LSD.0.05
CV (%)In the Winter crop 1996 (with supplementary of water)
DT-84(I)85
35.3
15.3 195
DT90(II)90
38.3
17.9 206
DT-96
89
41.2
16.3 211
LSD.0.05
CV (%)In the Winter crop 1996 (without supplementary of water)
DT-84(I)
DT90(II)
DT-96
LSD.0.05
CV (%)

81
85
87

29.4
31.9
33.4

11.7
13.7
13.6

150
158
165

- 75 -

Table 4. National assessment results of seed yield at 5 stations in spring 2002 (quintals/ha)

Stations

Average
Vinh
Phuc

Phu
Tho

Bac
Giang

Hai
Duong

Thanh
Hoa

Quang
Ngai

V74(Control
variety)

29.28 19.5

13.80

27.71

16.70

18.3

20.88 0T21

26.19 16.6

19.00

28.33

14.26

13.3

19.61 -6.10

DT200032.38 20.4

20.03

28.90

16.05

9.1

21.14 +1.20

DT99.224.76 17.6

21.30

20.18

12.96

9.0

17.63 -15.60

D2101

29.28 18.1

18.13

27.71

16.21

10.7

20.03 -4.07

D2102

32.38 21.9

18.27

29.61

17.22

14.9

22.37 +7.10

MA97

34.76 20.4

18.60

25.33

16.63

16.0

21.95 +5.10

912

31.43 18.0

20.87

23.47

17.31

11.9

20.50 -1.80

DT-96
CV (%)

35.23 19.0
3.0
4.3

18.07
11.4

30.33
5.8

16.60
8.8

18.6
6.0

22.98 +10.10

LSD 0.05

1.62

3.68

2.68

2.43

1.40

Varieties

1.41

Seed
yield

Comparison yieldwith the control
variety (%)

2.2. Application of the gamma-Co60 to improving 3 high-yielding Vietnamese soybean
varieties with new characters of short growth duration and drought tolerance
2.2.1. Material and Method
Treatment Methods
The field experiment was conducted at the Hanoi Research Station in Summer Season 2005.
Starting Materials: DT96, DT2001 and D.158.
Treatment method and time: radiating Gamma Co60 on dry seeds in the late June 2005.
Dose treatments: 150, 200, 250 Gy
Table 5 Improvement targets of variety characteristic

Variety characteristics

DT96

DT2001

D.158

OriginTargetOriginTargetOriginTargetGrowth duration (days)

100

90 - 92100

90 - 92100

90 - 92

Yield (quintal/ha)

22 –35

22-35

23-40

22-38

22-38

21-36

Drough tolerance

RatherhighHighMediumRatherhigh

Hot tolerance

High

High

High

High

Ratherhigh
Ratherhigh- 76 -HighHigh

Research methods :M1 plants: Examining mitosis index, spectrum and frequency of chromosomal aberration ofparenchyma cell of root-tip, rate of germination in room and field condition, rate of survival infield, variation rule of morphological characteristics and occurring dominant mutant.
M2, M3 plants: Examining variation frequency and spectrum, the genetic rule of M1
variations, variation coefficient, determining optimal dose and concentration of eachmutagen to each variety.
M4 and so on generations: selecting, evaluating obtained mutant collection according tobreeding standard, drawing the influence rule of mutagens to genotype of each kind ofvarieties, finding out the optimal condition and treatment method.
Field tests procedure and data statistics were carried out after general principle (Rokiski,
1973, Dospekhov 1979)...
Using method of anaphase analysis (Youssev, Poukhalski 1968). Temporary preparation
made after modified method of Iutmann, Topinskaia et al 1975.
Assessment of drought tolerance: the germination in solution of sacharose 10.8% (9 atmosphe
according to VIR guideline, 1982), the germination in hot condition of 440C (5 h, according toVolcova, Kozusco, 1984); research on criteria of water regime of soybean leaves during growthduration (according to Gazunova, 1984); the drought tolerance can be discovered by level ofdrying leaves. The trial data research of soybean varieties in mountainous area where watering
depends on natural rainfall in two provinces: Son La and Ha Giang;
Data treatment on computer according to IRRISTAT program.
2. 2.2. Results and discussiona) Variation types appeared in M1 generation
During observation on the field we found that due to different effect of mutagen doses, many
types of variation were appeared resulting in rather large variation spectrums among theexperimental soybean lines. The variation manifested through the change of the shape, the size,
and the color of vegetative organs (root, stem, leaf) or reproductive organs (flower, pod andalso seed). Besides, there were variation types which caused the increase in number of leaf,
number of branch or the change of leaf distribution in a plant, and variation types which caused
the sterile in the whole plant or in the half part of the plant etc. In addition using radiation as
mutagen can result in a mutation population containing many useful mutations. They aremaybe dominant mutations (expressing immediately right at M1 generation) or recessive- 77 -

mutations (only expressing later since M2 generation obtained from self-pollination of M1). For
example: Useful dominant mutations increasing the yield of variety and having a higheconomic value (the variations cause the increase in pod number of plant or in the number offour seed-containing pod, or high seed weight/ plant, or the increase in seed size.. etc.).
Obtained variations are the results from the effect of different doses of Co60 mutagen on threesoybean experiment varieties DT96, DT2001, D.158. Those variations can appear singly ineach plant or many different variations can appear simultaneously in a plant.
However in the research scope for M1 generation we just concerned about some usuallyoccurred variation types such as flattened stem, split stem, curved stem, early ramified, shrink
top. The research results were shown in the Table 6 and Chart 1.
Table 6. Morphologic modifications on stems of the treated plants at M1
Treatment

Flattened Stem

Split Stem

Curved Stem

Early Ramified

Shrink Top

PlantsPlantsPlantsPlantsPlants

%

%

%

%

%

DT96
Control

0

0

0

0

0

150 Gy

14

4.6

28

9.2

58

19.1

0

0

4

1.3

200 Gy

32

10.3

45

14.4

47

15.1

0

0

5

1.6

250 Gy

38

13.9

51

18.7

40

14.7

0

0

7

2.6

DT2001
Control

0

0

0

4

0

150 Gy

6

2.0

15

5.1

25

8.4

0

0

4

1.3

200 Gy

6

2.4

23

9.0

37

14.5

9

3.5

3

1.2

250 Gy

4

1.6

30

12.3

33

13.5

5

2

3

1.2

D.158
Control000

150 Gy

1

0.3

21

6.3

35

10.6

4

1.2

4

1.2

200 Gy

3

1.0

32

10.2

33

10.5

8

2.5

6

1.9

250 Gy

4

1.5

47

17.5

32

11.9

0

0

5

1.9

- 78 -

80Variation (%)

60
50

DT96

40

DT2001

30

D.158

20
10
0
Control

150

200

250
Dose (Gy)

Chart 1. Variation of mutagen treated plants at M1

The result of Table 6 shows that the effects of

Co60 mutagen doses on mutant rates of fivemutation types are different: The variety DT2001 and the line D.158 are over sensitive than thevariety DT96. Early ramified variation type did not appear in DT96 at all treated formulas,
revealing that this variety has a narrower mutation spectrum.
Appearance of the variation types in treated formulas here followed a rule is that as stronger
mutagen dose was treated as higher the variation frequency was increased. Variation frequency
was calculated on harvested plants by the ratio (%) of variation having plants number to plant
total number. For example variation frequency of the control formula of DT96 was 0%, in theformulas treated with gradually increased doses of 150 Gy, 200 Gy, 250 Gy, variation
frequencies were also increased corresponding to 35%, 43% and 54%. In the case of the line
D.158, variation frequency of the control was 3%, in the treated formulas it was increased from
20% at the treatment of 200 Gy to 35% at the treatment of 250 Gy.
Thus in all examined soybean varieties and line DT96, DT2001 and D.158, different variation
types were appeared after treated the plants with the mutagen and variation frequency wasincreased when the mutagen dose was increased.
b) Appearance of the mutants having economic values in M2-M4 generations+ Generation M2
Soybean is self-pollinate plant. Thus recessive mutant usually appears one generation later thandominant mutant does, which means that some mutants just appear since M2.
We found that radiation treated formulas had variation frequencies higher than that of thecontrol. Table 7 showed that the dependence of variation frequency on treating dose in M2 was
not similar with that in M1. In M1 generation variation frequency was increased accompanying
79

with the increase of treated dose (150 Gy – 200 Gy - 250 Gy). However in M2, variation
frequency was highest at the 200 Gy treating dose. For example, DT96 had variation frequencyof 0.033% at treated dose of 200 Gy, while at treating doses of 150 Gy and 250 Gy thevariation frequencies were 0.024% and 0.019 %, respectively. DT2001 had variation frequencyof 0.033% at treating dose of 200 Gy, which was higher than those at the treating doses of 150
Gy (0.028%) and of 250 Gy (0.026%). This character was also similar with what appeared intreated soybean line D.158.
+ Generation M3, M4
The target of inducing experimental mutation on the plant is to make new varieties of highyield, early harvest and drought tolerance. Thus after mutagen treatment on starting materials,
during observation of the growth and development of the soybean plant at M2 generation wealso interested in looking for useful variations for breed selection. In M2 generation, theappeared variation types having economical values were the plants bearing high branch number,high pod number especially of the pod containing three seeds, big and firm seed etc. Those
variation types appeared in M2 generation much more than in M1. At the treating dose of 200
Gy, useful variation types appeared much more than those of 150 Gy and 250 Gy. For example,
from the mutagen treated D.158 we obtained 1 plant having 50 pods among of that 31 three
seed-pods, 5 four seed-pods; 3 plants having the heights of 35- 36 cm and bearing 5- 6
branches on each plant. From the 150 Gy treated formula of DT2001 we obtained 2 plants
which had P1000 of the seed were 192 gr and 192.6 gr, 9.4 and 10 gr respectively higher thanthat of the control. Especially some plants obtained from this treated formula had many usefulvariation characters in the same plant such as having short stem, strongly branched, having
high pod number, bearing big and good shape seeds. These might be variation types having
prospect of using for breed selection in the future. On M4 grown at the summer 2006 crop
(Table 8), examination result of the mutant lines bearing the stable characteristics which were
inherited from M3 showed that some lines taking short time to be mature but they still could gethigh yield as the origin varieties did (D.96/26, D.01/58, D.58/224) or even could get higher
yield due to bearing bigger seed or higher pod number in each plant (D.96/150, D.01/245).

80

3. Conclusions and suggestions
3.1. Conclusions
From the research result of mutagen treatment on three experimental objects DT96, DT2001
and D.158 during summer and winter crops in 2005, we come to the conclusions as following:
1. In M1 generation variation frequencies in all three experiment objects were increased
according to the increase of mutagen doses 150 Gy-200 Gy-250 Gy. However in M2
generation highest variation frequency was of treatment at 200 Gy dose.
2. By observation from M1 to M2, we found that the treating dose of 200 Gy induced much
useful variation types having economical values more than that at other treating doses.
Many variation types were appeared in M2 indicating that variation spectrum of thisgeneration was higher than of M1.
3. Treatment by Co60 mutagen could change some characteristics, among of those there werequite a lot useful variation types. Especially shortening growth time and increasing in theyield, improving drought tolerance for the plant are realizable.
3.2 Suggestions
By continuing observation on variation types of M1 and M2 generation, especially the types
having economical value such as short stem having high yield, shortened growth time, droughttolerance, we can hope to obtain mutant lines as our desire, suitable with selection target fordrought tolerance, high yield, short growth time and being widely adapt with the environment.

81

Table 7 Variation of generation M2 after -Co60 treatment
DT96

DT2001

D.158

No

Type ofvariation

Control

150
Gy

200
Gy

250
Gy

Control

150
Gy

200
Gy

250
Gy

Control

150
Gy

200
Gy

250
Gy

1.

Dwarf

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

2.

Tall

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

3.

CurvedDwart andearly
ramified
MultiplyramifiedNonramifiedThick leaf
on stem

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

+

0

+

+

0

+

0

+

0

+

+

+

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Leaf shape

0

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

9.

LeafletLeafcolourSterilePod with
4-seedSeedcolour

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

0

+

+

0

0

+

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

+

0

0

0

+

0

0

+

0

14.

Rareripe

0

+

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

0

+

+

15.

Late reripe
Total ofvariation
type
Total ofvariation
plantsFre-cy ofvariation
(%)

+

+

+

0

+

+

+

+

+

0

0

+

2

13

15

15

3

13

14

15

2

12

14

14

2

19

26

13

3

24

25

18

2

15

27

22

0.002

0.024

0.033

0.019

0.003

0.028

0.033

0.026

0.002

0.019

0.037

0.032

10.
11.
12.
13.

16.
17.
18.

Remark: + : yes; 0 : no82

Table 8. Performance of generation M4 of some promising mutant lines at summer (2006)

Treatment

Days tomaturity

Plant
Height(cm)

Number of
Branches/
plant

Numberof Nodes/plant

Numberof Pods/
plant

Weightof 100seeds, gDryseedweight,g/plant

DT96

Origin

96

57.2

5.7

10.4

25.6

195.6

10.7

2

96/26

150 Gy

91

55.3

4.6

9.9

27.5

193.8

11.2

3

96/52

200 Gy

96

58.4

5.9

11.6

28.3

200.6

11.9

4

96/150150 Gy

98

59.5

6.4

11.8

30.5

186.0

125

5

DT2001

Origin

95

55.8

4.7

11.3

34.7

162.0

12.4

6

01/58

150 Gy

90

53.8

5.6

10.2

32.7

164.9

11.8

7

01/245200 Gy

98

58.9

5.8

11.3

34.5

170.5

12.9

8

D.158

Origin

98

60.5

6.8

12.5

40.7

190.3

16.2

9

58/224200 Gy

92

56.4

6.0

10.7

37.9

195.3

16.3

No

variety,
Mutant
Lines

1

83

This report was prepared by the Nuclear Safety Research Association as a part of activities on the MEXT
Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA).