CHAPTERClassroom Observation in Teaching Practice

INTRODUCTION

Observation plays a central role in practice teaching, both observation of your teachingby your cooperating teacher and supervisor, as well as your own observations of your cooperating teacher's class. Other school staff may also wish to observe one of your classes
from time to time, such as the principal, the vice-principal, or a senior teacher, so you
need to prepare well for every lesson in the event that someone asks to observe yourteaching. You may also have the opportunity to observe other teachers in your host school
and to review video recordings of your own teaching and that of other student teachers inyour teaching practice seminars. The purpose and nature of observation, however, differs
according to who participates in the observation process. For example, in observing yourcooperating teacher's class your focus will be on how the teacher teaches, on such things as
how the teacher creates a positive atmosphere for learning, on the strategies and procedures
used by the teacher in setting up activities, on the way the teacher gives instructions andexplanations, and how he or she gives feedback to learners. As a novice teacher you will not
be evaluating your cooperating teacher's teaching. When you are being observed by yourcooperating teacher or supervisor, however, the focus will often be on how well you carriedout different aspects of the lesson. In this chapter we deal with both kinds of observations.

THE NATURE OF CLASSROOM OBSERVATION

Although it is an important component of teaching practice, the nature and limitations ofobservation need to be kept in mind. Teaching is a complex and dynamic activity, andduring a lesson many things occur simultaneously, so it is not possible to observe all ofthem. Thirty students in a class may be responding to the lesson in many different ways.
Some may be finding the lesson stimulating and may have a clear sense of what the purposesof activities are and how they are supposed to carry them out. Others may find some of90

Classroom Observation in Teaching Practice
the activities insufficiently challenging or motivating and may be paying minimal attention
to the teacher or the lesson. And at the same time the teacher may be struggling mentally
to maintain the flow of the lesson and may have realized that he or she set the lesson
up in a nonproductive way. None of these aspects of the lesson are directly observable.
And even if aspects of classroom behavior are observable - such as the amount of talking
students engage in when completing an activity - you may not be able to tell whether
this is an indication of confusion or of interest. For all these reasons information you or
your cooperating teacher gain during an observation always needs to be clarified throughconversation and discussion in order to understand the meaning of what you observed (orthought you observed).
At the same time, the presence of an observer in the classroom sometimes influences
the nature of the lesson, making the lesson untypical of the teacher's usual style of teaching.
As a student teacher you may "overprepare" for a visit by your supervisor or cooperatingteacher in order to show yourself at your best. You may also feel tense knowing that theobserver is not only there to assist you in developing your teaching skills, but also to evaluate
how well you are doing. However, initially you may find the presence of your cooperatingteacher or supervisor distracts you from being able to teach your best. If this is so you
should discuss this with the observer both before and after an observation. Experienced
teacher trainers are of course well aware of the influence their presence may have on a
student teacher, but comments such as the following are not uncommon:[was so scared the first time [was observed by my cooperating teacher because [ knew she
was evaluating me as a teacher. Sometimes [ looked in her direction and saw her writing
something down and [ wondered what she was thinking and at those times [lost a bit of myown flow of teaching. Anyway, [was glad when it was over and only wanted to know what
she thought of my teaching.
Jae Hee, Korea[ could never be myself when [was being observed by my cooperating teacher, no matter
how much she tried to put me at ease before the observation or how much [ had prepared
before the class. [ could not sleep properly the night before each observation. Even mystudents could see that [ was not normal when someone (either my supervisor or mycooperating teacher) was in the back of the room and they always asked me how [ was afterclass, which was sweet.
Catharine, United States
The first time my supervisor just showed up and [froze, literally. He would pick a morningthat was after the night before for me because [was still a university student and thus active
on campus as [ returned each day after teaching practice. [was not fully prepared for theclass and [ guess it showed because [think the students couldfeel this too. Needless to say,
[ was always well prepared after this and [ realized that this was a real job and settled
down to teaching practice after this.
John, Canada
Last term, [ observed three different teachers teaching different classes and different skills.
[ realized that a teacher's personality has a lot to do with the functioning of a class. Thisterm, [ began my practice teaching by observing my cooperating teacher teach the first twoclasses. [ realized that the more experienced a teacher is, the more effortless a class appears
to move. After two classes of observation, it was now my turn to be observed. [found it to
be a very uncomfortable experience. [felt (and still feel) that [was not myself when [wasbeing observed. [ continuously felt the pressure of being observed by the teacher on one

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Practice Teaching: A Reflective Approachend and the students on the other. In trying to be acceptable to both, I seemed to lose all
focus on the learning demands of the students.
Vidya, Canada

OBSERVING YOUR COOPERATINGTEACHER'S

CLASSYour practice-teaching assignment will often begin with a series of observations of yourcooperating teacher's class. These observations will give you a chance to familiarize yourself with such things as the course materials the teacher is using, the teaching methods
and strategies the teacher uses, how he or she interacts with students, how the learners
respond and interact with the teacher and among themselves, and the kinds of language
they understand and produce. These observations will help you prepare yourself for someof issues and problems that you may have to face while teaching the class. You can see
what methods and strategies the teacher employs and decide if you will be able to use these
yourself when you come to teach the class. You will also learn more about the learners(e.g., their interests, motivations, and learning styles) and this will better prepare you for thetime when you will take over teaching the class. As Gaies (1991) has pointed out, "Whatwe see, when we observe teachers and learners in action, is not the mechanical applicationof methods and techniques, but rather a reflection of how teachers have interpreted thesethings" (p. 14).

THE

Focus OF THE OBSERVATION

If observation is to serve a useful purpose it needs to be carefully planned. The purposeof the observation is to collect information that you can later use during a follow-up
discussion with the teacher. Before you observe your cooperating teacher's class you will
normally have a preobservation meeting to decide on the focus for your observation andthe procedures you will use to record your observations. You may suggest aspects of theclass you would like to learn more about, such as how the teacher makes use of group workor how he or she deals with classroom management. Your cooperating teacher will alsosuggest things to look for during an observation. Normally you should focus on only one or
two aspects of the lesson since you cannot focus on too many things at the same time. Some
aspects of a lesson are relatively easy to observe (such as the kinds of questions studentsask), whereas others may not be observable and have to be inferred (such as the degree ofinterest students had in the topic of the lesson, decisions teachers made during a lesson, or
problems that occurred that might not have been visible to an observer). The following are
examples of the things your cooperating teacher might ask you to observe during his or her
lessons:
Lesson structure• The way the lesson opens, develops, and closes• The number of activities that constitute the lesson• The links and transitions between activities
Classroom management strategies• Setting up groups• Maintaining order• Time management• Seating arrangements

Classroom Observation in Teaching PracticeTypes of teaching activities• Whole-class activities• Pair and group activities• Individual activities
Teaching strategies• Presenting tasks• Organizing practice• Teaching techniques
Teacher's use of materials• Use of the textbook• Use of other resources
Teacher's use of language• Use of instructional language• Use of questions• Feedback techniques• Explanations of vocabulary and grammar
Students' use oflanguage• Use oflanguage in group work
• Use of the mother tongue during class• Problems with grammar• Problems with pronunciation
Student interaction• Time on task
• Questioning behaviors• Student-to-student talk
The following comments illustrate what different student teachers learned from being
observed:
When I started to observe my cooperating teacher she just said to watch the class in generaland how she started the class and went through the various activities she had planned I had a copy of her lesson plan. Then after the class she told me what she thought of it
and how it went from her perspective. She said that she was happy that all her students
were participating and learning. What really struck me was how she was able to get all her
students involved. I was surprised because this was a big class of 30 students and it was
fast moving, so I wondered how she took it all in. For the following observations she asked
me to focus on classroom management and how she accomplished this because she told me
I would have to take over this class and she had wanted me to know how to control them.
I found observing my cooperating teacher very useful because I incorporated many of herclassroom management techniques when I took over the class and they worked because thestudents were used to them.
Jin Da, Thailand
After observing my cooperating teacher's class I realized that giving clear, precise, andbrief instructions to the class is an important skill as it avoids miscommunication andmisunderstanding between the teacher and students in class. In giving out long instructions,
I realized I could help the class by writing the instructions down so that time can be used
more productively. This would enable the class to clarify any doubts they have and also toensure that the class is clear on the requirements of the assigned task.
Bernie, Singapore

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My cooperating teacher gives me very little feedback about my teaching. So I feel that I
don't get to learn much from her. So the fact of being observed just plays as a negative factor
rather than anything constructive. But I also realize that half of the problem is my own
dOIng. I have been focusing on the wrong issues. Rather than try and evaluate the needs ofthe students, I have been trying to be acceptable to the others. I now try to concentrate on
the lesson plan and the course material and try to forget that I am being observed (though
I am not always successful in this).
Vidya, Canada

OBSERVATIONPROCEDURES

In order to make effective use of observation, you will have to decide how to make a recordof the information you collect. The procedures you use will depend on the focus of theobservation, but the following are often used.
•

Checklists
A checklist contains a list of different features of a lesson, which you complete
while observing a lesson. Checklists provide a clear focus for observation,
however they can only be used for certain aspects of a lesson, such as featuresthat are easy to count, and should focus on only one or two aspects of thelesson. There are several published checklists than can be used in classroom
observations (e.g., Wajnryb 1992) but these may need to be adapted to suit yourneeds. Alternatively, you and your cooperating teacher can develop your own
checklists. Examples of checklists are given in Appendix A.
• Seating charts
Seating charts showing the arrangement of desks in the classroom as well as
the position the teacher normally teaches from, can also be used to code suchthings as the number of times students ask the teacher a question or vice versa,
and the number of times a student asks other students questions. The seating
chart observation record (SCORE) in Figure 7.1 shows a ten-minute segmentof a question-and-answer period after a student (speaker) had delivered a thirtyminute speech in English (Farrell 2008d). The teacher (MH) said that she wassurprised to find out from this SCORE analysis that she had asked forty-fivequestions in the ten-minute period as she had thought that she was "a silent
participant as a listener in my classes." She continued, "Until now I had no
realization about my questioning pattern."..

IF(s)IS"qIM(s)Wq
Note: F(s)=female student; M(s)=male student; MH=Mee-Hee (the teacher);"q=ask; a=answer question. The long arrows show the directional flow of the questions.

Figure 7.1

SCORE Analysis I (Farrell 2008d)

Classroom Observation in Teaching Practice• Field notes
These consist of brief descriptions in note form of key events that occurred
throughout the lesson. They can provide a summary of the lesson as a whole,or can be time-based (e.g., every five minutes). For example:
8:30 - Class begins.
8:33 - Teacher writes instructions for class on board as students turn on
computers.
8: 35 - Teacher gives oral instructions for online reading task.
8:40 - Students engage in online reading task with computers.
8:45 - Silence - reading comprehension ensues.

8: 50 - Silence
8:55 - Teacher checks with a student about why he's not reading and circulates
to see how other students are doing.
9:00 - Silence continues as students read.
9:04 - Students finished with online reading task look up at teacher.
9:05 - Teacher takes up answers for the online reading task students were
working on.
9:08 - Teacher tells students to go back to computers to do scanning practice.
9:09 - Teacher assists one student to get online and understand scanning.
9:13 - Teacher helps student scan and then tells whole class what they should
be doing when "scanning" andfocusing on key words.
9:17 - Teacher circulates room and helps individual students while reading on
their computers.
9:20 - Teacher concludes class.
• Narrative summary
A narrative summary is a written summary of the lesson that tries to capture
the main things that happened during the course of it, such as how the lesson
opened, the sequence of activities that occurred, how the teacher introduced
each activity, and so on. The account should contain as much informationas possible but should not contain any evaluation of the lesson. Here is an
example:The teacher initiated the peer-response session of the writing cycle and started
the class by asking the students to move into groups to answer questions on
peer-response handouts. The students were asked to fill out these handouts toanswer questions about their peer's composition. The students sat in groupsof four, read compositions and then wrote at length on the handouts. Next
they exchanged the peer-response handouts and talked to each other mostly
in Mandarin for the remainder of the class. The class ended and all left theroom.
Tom, Singapore• The follow-up conversation
Following an observation, your cooperating teacher will normally find time to
discuss your observations with you and to answer any questions you may have.
It is important to remember that during the follow-up meeting you should focus

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Practice Teaching: A Reflective Approachon clarifying and interpreting information you obtained from your observationin order to learn more about how the teacher approaches his or her teaching.
For example:o Explanationsooas to why things happened: e.g., "Why do you think thestudents found this activity difficult?," "Why did you use group work at thispoint in the lesson?"
Explanations of how the teacher would respond to events during the lesson:
e.g., "What would you have done, if the students had finished this activity
ahead of time?"
Suggestions from the teacher: e.g., "How should I respond if students tellme an activity like this is too difficult?"

When I observed my cooperating teacher giving instructions to the class I
learned that it may not be enough to just tell the students what to do because
they may not react until a few minutes later. So when I saw my cooperatingteacher also write these instructions on the whiteboard after giving them orally,
I noticed afew of the students only seemed to understand at that moment what
was required of them.
Tony, Brazil
I really saw the importance of teacher enthusiasm when I observed my cooperating teacher teaching a class on grammar tenses. Seeing the lesson plan on
paper is one thing but she magically transformed that plan into a lively andenjoyable lesson with her bubbly personality. I realized at that time that theteacher is the real method when it comes to teaching, and materials or evenplans mean nothing if we don't engage our students.
Terry, United States

BEING OBSERVED BY YOUR COOPERATINGTEACHEROR SUPERVISOR

As we noted in Observation Procedures, being regularly observed by your cooperatingteacher or supervisor during your practice teaching is one of the things you will doubtless find stressful. Knowing that the strengths and weaknesses of your teaching are being
assessed naturally causes some degree of anxiety. However, if you have developed a comfortable working relationship with your cooperating teacher, observation can become apositive learning experience. Your cooperating teacher will usually find many good things
to comment on about your teaching. And he or she can also help you monitor your own
teaching by observing things that it would be difficult for you yourself to observe. As
with observation of your cooperating teacher's class, a preobservation and postobservation
conversation is usually scheduled to prepare both you and the observer for your lesson andto discuss it afterwards.
There are several purposes for observation by the cooperating teacher or thesupervisor:• to collect information about your lesson that it would be difficult for you to
observe: e.g., how members of a group interacted during a group task and how
much interaction each group member took part in• to observe how you are implementing a new teaching strategy or technique thatyou are trying out: e.g., how you address reading strategies when teaching areading lesson

Classroom Observation in Teaching Practice• to observe how you implemented specific stages of a lesson: e.g., how you dealt
with the opening and closing of the lesson• to identify those aspects of the lesson that were the most successful• to identify those aspects of the lesson that could be improved• to identify techniques and practices you can apply to your own teaching• to help you gain a better understanding of your own teaching
In addition to these points, if you are being observed by a supervisor, he or she may beinterested in issues such as the following:• to see how you are able to implement strategies and ideas discussed in yourtraining class• to see if you are making progress in your skills as a teacher• to identify issues that can be discussed in follow-up sessions with you and otherstudent teachers
Although most research on supervision suggests that the nature of talk between the supervisor and the teacher learner in postobservation conferences is dictated by the supervisor, you nevertheless can take more initiative in these conferences by sharing your reactions to the class, the surprises you encountered, what you would have done differently,
what you have learned, and what you think the students have learned. Your supervisor
can also help you develop an overall action plan that can help you further develop as ateacher.
Your cooperating teacher may use some of the procedures discussed in this section in
observing your lessons, or may simply make brief notes to use in a follow-up discussion.
However, you may also find it useful to arrange for some of your lessons to be recorded.
Audio and video recordings are relatively easy to make (details on procedures for audio
and video recording are given in Chapter 11) and provide a more accurate record of alesson than checklists or observation forms. If you choose this option you may want totranscribe some or all of the lesson if time permits, or simply replay the recording to focus
on particular aspects of the lesson. For example, you may be interested in reflecting on theimpact of your verbal instructions in a lesson: In this case, you can listen to and transcribe
those parts of the tape that show you giving instructions.
I never realized that I used the word "OK" so many times when I teach until I heard myself
teaching from the audiotape of my class. I am not sure I would have even believed mycooperating teacher if she had told me the same but it was all too real for me when I heard
it on tape. I now try to catch myself before I say "OK" and this usually works but when I
get excited while explaining something to a student, I still use it a lot.
Bob, United States
After watching the video of my class I realized that I usually ignore the right side of theroom not only with my gaze, which is usually focused on the left of the room, but also withwhom I ask questions to as well, which is also to the left side of the room as well. My wholebody language looks as if I am facing left and, of course, I cannot then see the students on
the right and especially in the front rows. Even the cooperating teacher did not notice thisuntil we watched the class together.
Bernie, Singapore

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THE ETIQUETTEOF SUPERVISORY OBSERVATION

When a teacher learner is being observed for administrative reasons, the observer (thisincludes the cooperating teacher, the school principal and vice-principal, and the practicum
supervisor) should try to make the visit as noninvasive as possible (Master 1983). As Masterpoints out, the observer administrator is a stranger in the room, and in the eyes of a teacher
learner a typical observation goes like this:The administrator enters the room, often after the class has begun, and quietly
takes a seat in the back row. The teacher may introduce the newcomer but
cannot, of course, announce why the newcomer is there (i.e., to see how
good the teacher is). Scanning the faces of the students, watching for thecues that indicate the attention level of the class, the teacher is suddenly
confronted with a critical, non-participating observer. This establishes a new
relationship, no longer between the teacher and the students, but between
the teacher and the administrator. The students have become secondary. The
lesson plan that once lay clearly in the teacher's mind now evaporates, andthe teacher must break rhythm and refer to the written lesson plan on thedesk. The students become nervous. The teacher, now so intent on appearing
to be a good instructor, loses the ability to pick up the essential facial cuesof the students. At the end of the lesson, waiting for the administrator's
assessment, the teacher feels nervous, knowing that the class has not gone
as well as it usually does. (Master 1983: 498)
This "invasive scenario" of classroom observation for administrative purposes can be
avoided, as Master suggests, by having the observer follow a certain etiquette in orderto bridge the dichotomy between the necessity for observation of teacher learners and thisfeeling of invasion. Master offers the following guidelines for observation etiquette and hissuggestions seem equally relevant today:• Deciding When to Visit: Most teachers prefer that an observer arrive before theclass begins rather than at some time during the lesson. This gives teachers
the opportunity to establish at least minimal contact and allows them to tell
the students that an observer will be visiting the class that day (students arelikely to offer spontaneous words of welcome under these circumstances, which
can further reduce tension). If the observer can socialize with the students in
the immediate vicinity before the lesson, perhaps asking what they have been
studying or what they will probably be learning that day, the whole classis likely to feel more comfortable about the observation. There are different
opinions regarding whether the visit should be on a pre-announced or a drop-in
basis. From the administrative point of view, both have their disadvantages.
Pre-announced visits almost always force teachers to put on their best show,
giving a somewhat unnatural picture of a normal class period. Drop-in visits
run the risk of encountering a quiz or a student report.
• Choosing the Best Vantage Point: To avoid the danger of setting up a teacherobserver relationship that excludes the students, the observer should not sit
in the back of the room, as is commonly practiced, but rather among thestudents or facing them from the side in order to have a clear view of thestudents' faces.

Classroom Observation in Teaching Practice• Adopting the Best "Bedside Manner": Some teachers feel more comfortable ifthey can treat the observer like a student. Others prefer to use the observer as a
back-up resource, as the only other native speaker in the room. Still others prefer
the observer to be a quiet friendly presence. The observer should be sensitive
to the teacher's style, perhaps asking beforehand what the teacher prefers.
When the teacher begins the lesson, the observer should appear pleasant andsupportive (if the observer feels unable to do this, the visit is best postponed toanother day). The eyes of the observer should be not so much on the teacher ason the students, watching how they react to their teacher and how the teacher
responds to them. If the students feel themselves to be under scrutiny, they
are often stimulated to perform, and this stimulates teachers to behave in amore natural, less threatened manner as they sense the greater response of thestudents.
• Taking Notes: Most observers need to take notes. However, an observer taking
notes cannot be a participant in the class at the same time. Hence, an observer
who is continuously writing can distract the teacher, just as a student reading a
newspaper can. Note taking should therefore be kept to a minimum. A word ora short phrase is usually enough to remember a point found useful or confusing.
The observer can embellish the notes later.
• Giving the Teacher Oral and Written Feedback: At the end of the lesson, having
thanked both teacher and students for the pleasure of visiting the class, theobserver should immediately go over the notes taken during the class with theteacher, praising as well as pointing out weaknesses and providing suggestions
for improvement. The written report of the observation can take a variety offorms. A desirable format is one in which the observer first describes what
the point of the lesson was, then describes the procedures used, and finallycomments both specifically and generally on the teacher's handling of theclass. This kind of form obliges the observer to be attentive to content as wellas to style and enables teachers to challenge the description if they feel the
point of the lesson was missed. It also obliges the observer to be a more active
participant in the process. This is preferable to the type of observation form
in which the observer must simply check appropriate responses like a multiple
choice test. Such forms often fail to adequately characterize the unique natureof a single lesson in a single class. Whatever the form used, the teacher should
be given a copy and allowed to challenge it, if desired. The teacher should
also be given the option of requesting another visit (or another observer whenpossible) if the class has not gone well, just as the observer, when appropriate,
can request a follow-up visit later in the course to see how the teacher has
grown with the class and incorporated the suggestions.
(Master 1983: 499-500)

CONVERSATIONWITH

THE COOPERATINGTEACHER AFTEROBSERVATION OF YOUR LESSON

Following an observation of one of your lessons your cooperating teacher will normallywant to meet with you as soon as possible after the lesson to discuss his or her observations.
Remember, though, that your cooperating teacher may have limited time to discuss yourlesson and answer any questions you have, so keep your questions focused. As we saw in
Chapter 4, cooperating teachers have different styles of interacting with student teachers,
and you and your cooperating teacher will need to establish the kind of supervision style

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you both feel comfortable with. The following vignette shows the approach used by one
teacher trainer:
When talking about their teaching, and particularly when talking about specific lessons
they have taught, it is natural for preservice language teachers to focus on their success,or lack of it, in experimenting with the new classroom procedures and techniques they a're
exposed to in the methodology part of their teacher education course. In the postlesson
conversation with a teacher after observing their lesson, it is important for the teacher
educator to acknowledge such experimentation, praise success, and give clear and specificmethodological direction when there have been complications. However, as a teacher
educator, I am always impressed when a teacher starts the self-evaluation of their lesson
not with talk about what they did or didn't do, but rather with comment on the learners andlearning; that is, if the pitch of the lesson seemed right, if the aims were achieved, what
activities they thought the learners most benefitedfrom, what activities and what particularpoints of language they thought the learners had trouble with, how learning could havebeen better promoted. The discussion of specific procedures and techniques can, and indeed
should, emerge from discussion of these broader issues.
Neil, teacher trainer, Australia
Normally the postlesson conversation will follow the following format:
1.

You give your account of the lesson, focusing on what worked well, what didn't workso well, and what you might do differently next time.

2.

If you have asked your cooperating teacher to focus on specific aspects of the lesson,
you can both discuss the information that was collected and its implications.

3.

Your cooperating teacher responds to your account of the lesson and adds his or her
own observations.

4.

Any problem areas of the lesson are discussed and strategies for addressing them are
identified.

5.

A goal is set for the next observation.

The following comments describe a cooperating teacher's postlesson conversation with astudent teacher:
After the lesson I was a bit nervous to speak to my cooperating teacher because I wondered
what she would say about the lesson. I felt the lesson had gone well, but you never knowwhat another more experienced teacher will say about it. To my relief she told me that
she was happy with the lesson in general and that it was delivered clearly with a specificdirection that was in the lesson plan. She said that she noticed that I attempted to provide
more learning opportunities for the students than when she had observed me the previous
time and I agreed because the last time, I felt that I had difficulty putting myself in theshoes of learners of that age and of course little did I expect that I had overestimated theirlearning capacity. I guess this has something to do with my own experience when I was astudent - my classmates and I understood what my English teacher was saying most of thetime when I was a student. I suppose our better command of English helped. Now I told
her that I intend to teach slowly whenever I introduce a new topic in order for students tobuild a strong foundation for the basics of the topic. I was very pleased that she noticed thischange because she had written this on my observation sheet before and now she could seethat I was following her suggestions. This time, however, she did suggest that I should try to
liven up the lessons a bit as she said I seemed a bit tight. That is true, I guess, but I always
feel a bit scared when she observes me and I think I am different and more relaxed whenClassroom Observation in Teaching Practice
I teach the class by myself. She also suggested that I try to set more of a nonthreatening
learning environment for the class, and I should try to inject more humor into the lessons.
I think this too is related to my nervousness of being observed by my cooperating teacher.
Anyway, I will try to relax in my next observed lesson.
Tung, Singapore
Table 7.1 summarizes some of the issues teachers may want to consider for classroom
observations.

1. The nature of classroom observation• Teacher discusses nature andlimitations of observations withcooperating teacher.

2. Observing your cooperatingteacher's class• Teacher learns about current course
materials and strategies used,interactions with students, howlearners respond and interact with theteacher and among themselves, andkinds of language they understandand produce.

3. The etiquette of supervisory
observation• Observer and teacher negotiate whento visit, the best vantage point, thebest "bedside manner" to adopt,when and how to take notes, and thegiving of feedback.

4. Focus of observation• Cooperating teacher can suggest
focus and / or teacher can suggest
aspects of class on which to focus
observation.

5. Observation procedures• Depending on observation purpose,teacher can choose from checklists,seating charts, field notes, and / ornarrative summaries.

Table 7.1

Classroom observation

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Learning through observation plays an important part in practice teaching. In order to makethe most of opportunities to observe classes taught by your cooperating teacher or otherteachers, you should have a clear focus for your observations, you should establish suitableprocedures to help you describe what you see, and you should remain an observer in thelesson and not an evaluator or a participant. Observing the way the cooperating teacher
teaches the class before you begin your practice-teaching sessions in the class will help you
anticipate some of the issues involved in teaching the class and help you better prepare foryour practice teaching. You may not look forward to having your own lessons observed,
but the feedback you get through this process is essential to your development as a teacher.
The number of observations you take part in will depend on the practice-teachingarrangements in your host school. However, you may also find other opportunities for

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Practice Teaching: A Reflective Approachobservation experiences that you can initiate yourself. Other teachers in your host school
may be willing to let you observe their classes from time to time to enable you to see classes
containing different types of learners and being taught by other teachers. And you and yourfellow student teachers can also arrange to observe each other's classes. In this way you
can learn from watching others solve the problems you also have to solve during yourpractice-teaching classes and from observing the teaching strategies employed by otherteachers.

Further reading
Bailey, K. M. (2006). Language teacher supervision: A case-based approach. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Gebhard, J. (1984). Models of Supervision: Choices! TESOL Quarterly 18, 501-13.
Oprandy, R. (1999). Exploring with a supervisor. In 1. Gebhard and R. Oprandy (Eds.),
Language teacher awareness (99-121). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wajnryb, R. (1992). Classroom observation tasks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Discussion questions
1. Have you ever been observed by others while you were teaching? Who observed you
and why? How did you feel about it?
2. What are some important aspects of teaching than cannot be observed?
3. What can you learn from observing another student teacher teach a class?
4. How can you best prepare for observing another teacher's class?
5. What is the difference between being observed by your students - which happens every
time you teach - and being observed by your cooperating teacher?
6. How best can you deal with the tension or nervousness that the presence of an observer
in your class may have?
7. Discuss the suggestions for the etiquette of observation on pages 98-99 and commenton them.
8. Several procedures for classroom observations are outlined in this chapter. Discuss
the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure. Which procedure would you bemost / least comfortable with? Why?
9. What do you expect your cooperating teacher to include in your preobservation
postobservation conversations?

and

10. Read what Tung wrote in her teachingjoumal about her postobservation discussion withher cooperating teacher (see pages 100-101). What do you think of the type of feedback
she received?

Follow-up activities
1. Develop an observation form or instrument that could be used to observe any of theissues discussed in the section on "The Focus ofthe Observation" (see pages 92-94). With
your cooperating teacher's permission, try it out when observing a lesson. How useful wasit?
2. Read Jacob's reflections of his first observation as a teacher by his cooperating teacher(see Appendix B page 105). Do you think Jacob benefited from the visit? Do you think anyother kind of feedback on the lesson would have been useful?

Classroom Observation in Teaching PracticeAppendix A: Examples of observation checklists
I. Observation checklist used in a Mexican
teacher-training program
Observation Checklist
Benemeritat.:niversidad Aut6noma de Pucbla
F'acultad de Lenguas ! Licenciatura
en Lenguas Modernas
Pnictica Docente II
Formato de Observaci6nStudent's

Name

School:_Teacher'sName

Level:_

Numberof students:

fNSTRUCfIONS:Good 0

Schedulc_

Check (\!) the statement that yOll consi.der appropriate

Needs Improvementtv

Q

Preparation
I.

2.
3.
4.

Datc:.

W_

accordingto your criteria.

And this is why .....

Lesson plans according to number of students lindlanJ<lluJ<elevel.
Clear and specific objectives for Jesson.
Selection of equipment and materials according tothe obiecrivcs of thc lesson.
Time planning according to the objectives of thelesson and the activitv(s) presented.
Teaching

5.

6.

7.

Use of teaching techniques according to theobjectives (e.g. error correction, instructions,explanations. feedback and evaluation. etc.)
Use and ofomotion of meaningful communication
Learners activelv involved in the class.
Class Management

8.
9.
10.
II.
12.

15.
16.
17.

Student groupinlts according to activities.
Use of equipment needed for the class. (e.g. neatand organized use of the board).
Use of materials needed for the class.
Pace and time management thro\lgh thedevelopment of the class.
Ability to deal with occasional classroom
manaltement problems.
Self ManlU!ement
Punctuality
Friendly and respectfu I 10 students
Use of body language. gestures and leaching spaceas needed
LanguageUse

18. According to student's level.
19. Tone and volume of voice as needed

Table 7.2

Observation checklist from a Mexican teacher-training program [(Brenes-Carvajal, M. 2009:190). Initial development of language teachers in Mexico. Dissertation for Macquarie University].

101

1

I

104

Practice Teaching: A Reflective Approach

2. Grammar correction: Observing how the teacher provides
grammatical feedback on students' writing
MethodNumber of responses

Teacher writes symbols such as "sp" for spelling and"T" for tense near the errors to tell students the error
types.

Teacher explains orally students' common grammaticalerrors in class.
Teacher writes down the correct form of the error after it
is identified.
Teacher writes down grammatical explanations.
Teacher explains orally to individual students.
Teacher rewrites the sentence(s) completely.
Teacher only underlines or strikes off the grammaticalerrors.

Other (such as Teacher writes in the margins the numberof errors in each line, without telling students what theerrors are or where in the line they are located).

3. Observing group interaction
This checklist helps the observer determine how the group uses its time when completinga task. The observer marks at 10 to 15 second intervals to note what the group is doing atthat moment.
Task
Reading some text
Discussion in target language
Discussion in native language
Task discussion: General group
Task discussion: One / two dominate
Procedural discussion
Off-task discussion
Dispute: Procedural (roles, etc.)
Dispute: Task relevant (answer content)Group silence (confusion)Frequency

Classroom Observation in Teaching Practice

4. Questioning strategies
This checklist can be used to describe the kinds of questions a teacher uses during a lesson.

Type of question asked

Frequency

Factual: Teacher asks a question that students cananswer by looking for factual answers.
Opinion: Teacher asks a question that students cananswer by using their own knowledge.

Type of response required
Display: Student must provide teacher's
required answer
Referential: Student must provide answer thatinvolves own thought and reasoning.

Selection of student
Calls student's name directly before asking
question.
Calls student's name directly after asking question.

Calls for student volunteers after asking question.
Allows students to self-select when to answer.
Table 7.3

Checklist for types of questions used by teacher

Appendix B: Being observed - how did it feel?
I remember in my TESOL class during university that one part of the class was to be observed
by our TESOL instructor. Since I had never been observed before as a teacher, I didn't reallyknow what to expect. AliI knew was that my TESOL instructor would come in, sit in myclass, and observe how I teach, interact with the students, and maintain control of the class.
I knew I wouldn't be nervous when the instructor came because I typically don't get nervous
in these types of situations. I also felt very confident that my instructor would not find muchnegative to criticize or comment on because that week I had planned a very good lesson as
we were covering a great topic. The only thing I did not like about being observed was thatwhen the instructor came, she was late and the only seat that was left was in the very centerof the classroom. So much for trying to pretend she wasn't there! During the observation,
I felt very confident that what I was doing seemed very professional and well organized.
Also, my students were being "extra good" that day as everyone actively participated in thelesson and listened to my instructions the first time. After the lesson was finished, I felt very
confident that my instructor liked what I did and that I really was capable of being an ESL
teacher. Later on that week I went to my instructor's office to talk to her about my lesson andsure enough, she enjoyed observing my lesson and thought I did a very good job and had
what it takes to be an ESL teacher. The whole experience of being observed really made mereflect on how I teach and also gave me the confidence to know that I am good at what I do.
Jacob, Canada

105

I