長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』
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〈研究論文〉

Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English andJapanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory
Comparing Discourse between English Tour Guiding in London and Japanese Guiding in Nagasaki

Hiroe TANAKA*
Paul Joseph BRADLEY
Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore communication competence of tour guides, focusing on how they use
politeness strategies in their guiding discourse. Politeness Theory (Brown and Levinson, 1985) was employed to analyze
two different guiding discourses recorded in 2009. The first discourse is from a British professional guide in a walking
tour of Westminster Abby in London; the second discourse is from a

(a

) who

guided tourists around Hypocenter Park in Nagasaki-city. The analysis of these two discourses demonstrated that the
British tour guide used more positive politeness strategies than the Japanese guide, who was more likely to employ
negative politeness strategies. She also spoke in a lecturing style more than the British guide did when communicatingwith the tourists. However, these findings were limited because of the differing locations and purposes behind bothtours.
welcoming foreign visitors to Japan, and tour guides

Ⅰ．Introduction

have much soft power in tourismʼs infrastructure. As a

In 2003, the Japanese government under Prime

result, the tourism sector needs to produce guides who

Minister Koizumi started the Visit Japan Campaign,

are competent in international communication so as towhich aimed at attracting 10 million foreign visitors tohave them properly explain Japan and its culture to

Japan by 2010 (Tanaka, 2010) . The campaign was seen

foreign visitors.

as a success with increasing numbers of tourist arrivals.
However, foreign tourism fell sharply following theGreat East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima

Ⅱ．BackgroundDaiichi nuclear disaster in 2011. Two years later, the

1. Communication Competence in tour guides

International Olympic Committee chose Tokyo as the

Pearce stated that, “An analysis of tourist-guidesite for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, after whichinteraction is both a highly suitable and potentially richforeign tourist arrivals began to recover and increase

topic for social psychological inquiry.” Pearce studied

sharply. The tourism industry plays an important role intourist-guide interaction from the viewpoint of social＊

Lecturer, Department of Media Studies at University of Nagasaki, Siebold
Former lecturer, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Bangkok

†

−

−

長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

psychology. The researcher examined six tours andhimself, consisting in two related aspects:

conducted a survey. As a result, it is suggested that
tourist-guide situations in sightseeing spots is an(a) Negative face: the basic claim to territories,

important factor for a successful tour.

personal preserves, rights to non-distraction.

Scollon and Scollon (1995) describe tour guides as(b) Positive face: the positive consistent self-image or

professional communicators, i.e., “anyone for whom

ʻpersonalityʼ(crucially including the desire that thecommunication is a major aspect of his or her work.” In

self-image be appreciated and approved of)2010, this paperʼs author researched the attributes ofclaimed by interactants.

qualified tour guides. Employing a questionnaire with

Negative face includes a personʼs desire to have the236 participants who had visited Nagasaki city fromfreedom of unhindered action and unimpeded attention.

other countries, she surveyed their expectations of

Positive face includes a personʼs desire to be ratified,Japanese tour guides regarding the following qualities:

understood, approved of, liked and/or admired. A person

ʻknowledgeʼ, ʻlanguage skillsʼ, ʻkindnessʼ, ʻpolitenessʼ,needs to recognize these two aspects of face inʻfriendlinessʼ, ʻenergyʼ, ʻleadershipʼ, and ʻappearanceʼ.

interpersonal communication to establish a good

Each of these elements falls under one of therelationship with others. More importantly, each aspectcomponents in Spitzbergʼs Model of Competence ofof face can be damaged by speech acts through human

motivation, skills, and knowledge. In particular, foreigninteraction. Brown and Levinson call such acts ʻface-tourists are required to have language skills andthreatening actʼ (FTAs). In order to reduce the risk ofknowledge of the sightseeing venues. However, there islosing face, speakers choose strategies in theirlittle research of how tour guides escort or interact withinteractions. The choice of strategies depends on the

tourists in communication studies.

speakerʼs assessment of the weight of the FTA. Brown

From the findings of the authorʼs tourist survey, it
appears that the touristsʼ expectations conform to theand Levinson advocate that the speaker will calculate
the size of the FTA (Wx) as follows:

positive and negative faces of politeness theory as
proposed by Brown and Levinson, and I investigated

Wx = D (S, H) + P(H, S) + Rx

Politeness Strategies in the spoken discourse of a(D) is the social distance between a speaker (S) and aJapanese Nagasaki Saruku Guide.

listener (H); (P) represents power; and (R) is the ranking

According to Brown and Levinson, people useof impositions within the relevant culture. The total ofstrategies of language when they interact with others.

these three values become the ʻweightinessʼ of FTA

ʻFaceʼ is the most important concept in this theory,(Wx), which influences the strategies that a speaker

which they derived from Goffman. Brown and Levinson

chooses. There are four strategies for conducting an

define their concept ofʻfaceʼ as follows:

FTA. Figure 1 shows the five options for a speaker.

all competent adult members of a society have

According to Brown and Levinson, the more an act(and know each other to have) ʻfaceʼ, the public self-

threatens Sʼs or Hʼs face, the more S will choose a higher-

image that every member wants to claim for

numbered-strategy.

−−Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English and Japanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory. Possible strategies for doing FTAs

Since the theory was proposed, a number of studies

communication competence for tour guides, guiding

in politeness have been introduced. Some studies in

discourses were recorded and analyzed employing

politeness have focused on particular speech acts, such

politeness theory. The following are two questions posed

as request, condolences, and request responses. Somein this research:studies analyzed conversations elicited from movies orclearly

1 What differences exist in Politeness Strategies

interactional discourses between speakers and listeners

between Japanese and British tour guides in their

because they involved face-to-face communication.

work?

manga.

These

spokendiscourses

areMyers analyzed politeness strategies between readers

2 Does interaction exist even in monologue

and writers in scientific articles. There have been founddiscourse such as in tour guidesʼ monologues?

both Positive Politeness Strategies and Negative Positive
Politeness strategies in written discourse. However, noresearch has been conducted using politeness theory to

Ⅲ．Methods & Materials

analyze the spoken language of British and Japanese

In order to show specific features in spoken

tour guides. This is because the tour guiding discourse

discourse by tour guiding, The researcher examines two

has mostly been regarded as a monologue, not as

kinds of discourse: spoken discourse by a British tour

interactional spoken language. However, I regard tour

guide during a walking tour in London, and a Japanese

guiding discourse as an interactional discourse. As avolunteer tour guide in Nagasaki Such a guide is called aorresult, this researcher decided to investigate from the(Nagasaki Peaceviewpoint of politeness theory what kind of politeness

Guides). The spoken data of the English tour guiding

strategies tour guides use in their guiding.

discourse was recorded on April 26, 2009. The Japanese
tour guiding discourse was recorded in Nagasaki city on

2. Research Questions

February 10, 2009. Both guides gave their permission

In order to examine the language skills andprior to recording. The female tour guide in London was−−長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

a native speaker of English with professionalbe liked, approved of, respected and appreciated incertification as a Blue Badge Guide. Her tour group ofinterpersonal communication. Figure 2 shows the list of

about 25 tourists comprised several small groups, such

positive politeness strategies. They are drawn from theas friends and families. Their nationalities varied andthree main functions to ʻClaim common groundʼ, ʻConvey

included Japanese and neighboring countries aroundthat S and H are cooperatorsʼ, and ʻFulfill Hʼs wantʼ.

Europe. After the tour, the recorded voice of the tour
guide was transcribed in text form by a native speaker

As we can see in the chart, positive politeness strategies

of English. In contrast, the Japanese tour guide was a

would satisfy both the speakerʼs face and the listenerʼs

volunteer. Her guiding was conducted in Hypocenterface. I examine positive politeness strategies used by thePark, and the audience comprised the researcher and an

tour guides in their discourses which were collected

American exchange student. He had been studying

during the walking tours as explained earlier. Appendix

Japanese for about six months. The guiding was

A is the actual spoken discourse transcribed by the

conducted in Japanese. After the guiding was recorded,

researcher. Appendix B is the Japanese guiding

it was transcribed and translated into English by thediscourse translated into English.

researcher (See Appendix B).
1. 1 Positive Politeness Strategies 4 and 12
Brown and Levinson refer to the use of personal

Ⅳ．Data analysis and discussion

pronouns in Strategy 4: ʻuse in-group identity markersʼ

1. Positive Politenessand Strategy 12: ʻinclude both S and H in the activityʼ.

According to Brown and Levinson, both speakerʻIn-group identity markersʼ include the address terms

and listener use positive politeness when they desire tosuch as ʻweʼ. Here are some samples which Brown and. Chart of strategies: Positive Politeness−−Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English and Japanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory

Levinson explained:and ʻyouʼ. As a result, both speakerʼs and listenersʼ

Letʼs have a cookie, then.

positive face are satisfied with the tour guideʼs

Give us a break.

strategies. In contrast, although “I” “You”, and “We”

Shall we eat?

appear in a translated English version of the Japanese

They say “By using an inclusive ʻweʼ form, when S reallyguiding discourse, in the raw data no first, second, ormeans ʻyouʼ or ʻmeʼ, he can call upon the cooperative

third person pronouns in Japanese were spoken.

assumptions and thereby redress FTAs.” In the British
tour guiding, the guide used ʻIʼ, ʻweʼ, and ʻusʼ frequently
during the walking tour. The following are samples:

1. 2 Positive Politeness Strategy 3
Strategy 3 is a positive politeness strategy of ʻsharing
interesting anecdoteʼ.

This strategy intensifies a

listenerʼs interest. Brown and Levinson provide an

Example 1

example of sharing interesting anecdote as follows:
I come down the stairs, and what do you think I see?
A huge mess all over the place, the phoneʼs off thehook and clothes are scattered all over.
When the speaker tells the listener an interesting event
1) What I want to do at the moment is move usthat happened in the past, he/she uses present tenses toacross to Parliament Square,

make the story vivid. The following is a “good story” that

because itʼs somewhere we can get the whole

the London tour guide used. She used the second person

sweep of the buildings.

plural pronoun so that her group could feel as if they
were going through the same experience as that of theperson in history.

Example 2

Example 32) We need to cross over3) Off we go.
(underline added)

4) We are going to dip down just here.

5) You are hung by the neck until youʼre dead.
6) Youʼve had a nasty shock, possibly snapped a

The speaker used ʻIʼ, ʻweʼ, and ʻusʼ. By using these terms,

vertebrae.

the speaker implied that all tourists and herself were

7) Youʼre just about to suffocate, then they cut you

involved in the same activity: they enjoy themselves

down.

seeing a fine view of buildings together. Here she used
Strategies 4 and 12 of positive politeness. The subjects of8) They woke you up because they wanted you

the three sentences in Example 2 are weʼ (meaning ʻIʼ)

conscious. Sounds quite flattering, doesnʼt it?

−−

長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

The word ʻyouʼ was used unconventionally here. If shewife, he wouldʼve drunk it (17).

said ʻyouʼ in this context, the audience, the tourists here,
could imagine what might have been done to them. For

She modified the way she spoke depending on who was

example, the audience could imagine how they might

saying the lines. When she said, “If you were myhave felt if they were to be hanged. This use of thehusband, I would poison my coffee,” she spoke as if she

second person reference, ʻyouʼ, is considered to bewere Nancy. When she said, “If you were my wife, I

Strategy 3. Here is another instance:

would drink it”, she spoke as if she were Churchill. The
use of direct speech in both sentences made her perform

Example 4

the double roles of Nancy and Churchill. If she had told
the story using indirect speech, as rewritten above, andwith no acting, the storyʼs impact would have been
reduced. Her performing the double role of Nancy andChurchill succeeded in bringing her audience tolaughter. She used Positive Politeness Strategy 39) The one I like is heʼs been at a party.

ʻsharing interesting anecdoteʼ. As a result, she attracted10) Heʼs actually insulted every single guest at themore interest from her listeners.

party.
11) By the end of the evening, everyone is feeling a

1. 3 Positive Politeness Strategies 10, 14 and 15

little miffed to put it mildly.

Strategy 10 is the ʻspeakerʼs offers and promises to12) One woman by the name of Nancy Astor, who

help H with somethingʼ. Strategy 14 is ʻassume or assert

was a woman Member of Parliament, decided

reciprocityʼ. For example, ʻIʼll do X for you, if you do Y

sheʼd had quite enough of this.

for meʼ. Strategy 15 is ʻgiving gifts to Hʼ. Gifts include

13) She decided to confront him.

not only goods, but also sympathy, understanding and14) She turned to him and drew herself up to her

cooperation.

full height.
15) “If you were my husband, I would poison my

Example 5coffee.”16) Winston Churchill said,17) “If you were my wife, I would drink it”.
As the lines show above, the guide used direct speech in17) If I come down with you, youʼll get a 20%

the line of Nancy Astor (15) and also in the line of

discount.

Winston Churchill (17). Here are sentences rewritten as18) Now I donʼt get a commission on this.

indirect speech:
She told him that if he had been her husband, she19) Itʼs just a deal we have with London Walks.

would have poisoned her coffee (15).

20) You used to be able to take one of thesepamphlets

Winston Churchill told her that if she had been his−−

Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English and Japanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory21) They donʼt allow that anymore. I have to come,too.

victims after the bomb exploded. These photos she
prepared for guiding could be Positive Politeness22) The reason you have to do it immediately is

Strategies 10 and 15.

because I have another walk to go to at the
British museum at 2 oʼclock.

2. Negative PolitenessAccording to Brown and Levinson, NegativeʻIf I come down with you, youʼll get a 20% discountʼ in

Politeness is the language a speaker uses to show

line 17 is an example of the use of Strategies 10 and 15

respect for a listenerʼs negative face: Listeners want to(ʻpromise and offerʼ and ʻgiving gifts to H is filling theact freely or not be impeded by others. Figure 3 provides

listenersʼ wishes). This example is also considered to bea look at the dynamics of Negative Politeness Strategy.

the use of Strategy 14 (ʻassume or assert reciprocityʼ).
Although she offered and promised to give a discount

There are ten Negative Politeness Strategies inadmission to tourists, she suggested that tourists should

politeness theory. These come from the five majorcooperate with her in getting the discount for admission

taboos and redress behaviors which do not damageby, saying ʻIf I come down with youʼ; she also asked themlistenersʼ negative face. They are: ʻBe directʼ, ʻDonʼt

to take the discount immediately. She expected apresume/assumeʼ, ʻDonʼt coerce Hʼ, ʻCommunicate Sʼsreciprocal action from her clients. Strategies 10, 14 andwant to not impinge on Hʼ, and ʻRedress other wants of

15 in the discourse satisfy her positive face as well as her

Hʼs derivative from negative faceʼ.

listenersʼ face. On the other hand, the Japanese tour

The tour guide appears to use negatives politenessguide prepared many photos of the atomic bomb andstrategies as well as positive politeness strategies. Negative Politeness−−長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

because there are some tourists who want to travel

Example 7

freely even in a guided tour. The researcher examines
how the tour guide used negative strategies.
2. 1 Negative Politeness Strategy 2
Negative Strategy 2 refers to what is known asʻhedges.ʼ Brown and Levinson list various kinds of24) You may be quite surprised, when they think ofhedging words as the negative politeness strategy tomedieval palaces.

“redress Hʼs negative face”. For example, ʻadverbialclause hedgesʼ, ʻif clauseʼ, ʻquality-emphasizing adverbsʼ,The speaker assumed that all hearers were not always

and so on. Here are a few examples which Brown andsurprised at the fact that the Palace of Westminster was

Levinson list:

made of wood in medieval times. Therefore, both ʻmayʼIʼm pretty sure Iʼve read that book before.

and ʻquiteʼ are used in her commentary. She avoidedYouʼre quite right.

damaging listenersʼ face.

I think that Harry is coming.
Example 8
The speakers of the sentences avoid saying assertivecomments by using hedging words, but also give theoption to the listeners of not having to follow the
speakerʼs instructions. In this way, the speakerʼs face25) Itʼs well worth the visit.

threatening acts are reduced.

26) You can take guided tours through the House of
the Parliament during the summer recess,

Example 627) Thatʼs really the best time to see it.
28) You do have to book and they have groups of up
to 25 go through, but you see some of the rooms
that are usually off limits to the general public.
29) Some of the antechambers and some of thelobbies are open to you.

23) You might not be able to see me, but hopefully30) It really is a glory of all things medieval.

youʼll be able to see the leaflets.

31) Itʼs homage to the theme of very old England.
32) The detail is astonishing.

In this case, the speaker could say ʻsee the leaflets andfollow me,ʼ but she employed hedges such as ʻmightʼ, ʻbe

There are hedges such as ʻreallyʼ in the above

able toʼ, and ʻhopefullyʼ. She avoided coercing tourists tocommentary. While she wanted to recommend tourists

follow her by using hedges. Here is another observed

to join a special tour in the summer, she also implied thatexample of hedges:

it was their decision. Sentences including hedges are−−Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English and Japanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory

easy to find in the spoken discourse of tour guiding inAppendix A. When we ask advice of tour guides, they

Ⅴ．Summary and conclusion

may recommend restaurants or other venues. SuchIn this study, The researcher analyzed theinformation is often very important and useful for

discourse of tour guides from the perspective ofoverseas tourists, but the speech act by the tour guide

Politeness Theory by Brown and Levinson, andmay well damage the negative face of the tourists if theinvestigated the kinds of Politeness Strategies used inadvice is given as an order. Tourists may want not to be

spoken language by a British tour guide to save touristsʼ

impeded. For example, for religious reasons, someface. As a result, the British tour guide used not only

tourists cannot eat certain kinds of food that the tour

Positive Politeness Strategies (Strategies 3, 4, 12, 14, 15

guide recommends. Therefore, tour guides need to use

and 17), but also Negative Politeness Strategies (Strategy

Negative Politeness Strategies as well as Positive2) in her guiding discourse. In contrast, the Japanese

Politeness Strategies in the interactions with their

guide used more Negative Politeness Strategies thancustomers.

Positive Politeness Strategies. It is found that the British
tour guide effectively and appropriately chose Politeness2. 2 Negative Politeness Strategies in the Japanese
guiding discourse

Strategies in different situations and at different places.
Tourists have both positive face and negative face. The

There are more negative politeness strategies thanpositive face for tourists is the desire to communicate

positive strategies in her guiding discourse.

more with their tour guides. The more the tour guide isA) Have you ever heard of ʻblack rain?ʼ

approachable to tourists, the more the tourists may feelB) Do you know what the bomb that was dropped infree to ask their tour guides many questions. Using

Ngasaki looked like?

Positive Politeness Strategies in interaction is helpful forboth speaker and listener to understand each other inLines A and B comprise Negative Politeness Strategy 2 “communication.

Question, hedge”.

There may be tourists who want to travel freely,

As mentioned above, in the entire Japanese guiding

and who have different values and perspectives in a tour.

discourse, the first, second and third person pronouns

Therefore, tour guides need to use Negative Politenessare not found at all. This is Negative Politeness Strategy

Strategies in their commentary so as not to damage a

7 “Impersonalize S and H: Avoid the pronouns ʻIʼ andtouristʼs negative face. Politeness Theory has beenʻYouʼ. In her discourse, she repeated how terrible thecriticized by linguists who have different points of view,

atomic bomb was and how bad things were many times.

particularly by some Asian researchers. However,According to Brown and Levinson, they are called Off

interpersonal relationships in our culture are quite

Recordand include “Use tautologies” and “Overstate”.

different from that in Western culture. Therefore,

These strategies could be impeded FTA to listeners inJapanese who want to be tour guides for foreign tourists

spite of indirect speech.

from mainly Western countries must apply Politeness
Theory to have successful communication.

−−

長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』
第 号
（

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NOTE
This paper is revised version of “Competence Modeland Elements Required for Tour Guides,” developedwith additional data, which comprises Chapter 2 ofmy master thesis submitted to the Graduate Schoolof Global Communication in University of Nagasaki.
1. Tanaka, H. (2010).

27. Ibid. (p.131).
28. Matsumoto, Y. (1988).
: Politeness phenomena inJapanese. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, (pp.403-426.)

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An

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Spitzberg, B. H. (2009). A model of interculturalcommunication competence. Paper presented at thelecture in the University of Nagasaki, Siebold,−−長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

APPENDIX A
Actual script of the tour guide. Recorded on April 26, 2009, in London.
Scene 1:
Okay, Iʼm late again. I think weʼll begin. (Something) a wall of old western stuff. An unadulterated view of one of
Londonʼs most famous landmarks. This way. (wind) papers (wind). You can see why I wanted to stop here now. we havea beautiful view of the 330 food clock tower of the houses of parliaments seated government of the United Kingdom,
standing at the eastern edge. This really is key to any old western stuff (check), political power. And there has been
political power on this site, for a thousand years if you can believe it. Now the building that youʼre admiring is actually
younger than it looks. Itʼs only 19th century, mid-19th century. But there has been a palace of sorts on this site since1042. When we go back in time to 1041, there was absolutely nothing here whatsoever, except the marshland, and thenthe King of england, a man called Edward the Confessor, a holy man, a prince and king(check), decided that he wanted
to be god. The best way of doing that, he felt, is by building (18, 20 monastery, a at (West)minster. Now he wanted tobuild that thing just west of the developed class London(west of the city of London). Itʼs the oldest (something) was
developed years ago. He decided to build his minster on the site of the golden crossroads. He called it Westminster
abbey. I donʼt know in fact...Westminster Abby, right next door he built a palace, the old palace of(...)In fact he resided
there and of course in those days the king had all the power(...) and since that time. (something) . So what I want to do at
the moment is move us across to parliament square, because its somewhere we can get the whole sweep of buildings
and its also somewhere quieter. In order to do that we need to crossover(...). Do not use this as an experiment in Jwalking, ill tell you why. Theres always something happening in parliament square, its very very busy and chaotic, so...
wait at the green line and all will be well. The other thing I should mention, is that sometimes I have to hold theseleaflets above my head. Iʼm not very tall and...challenged. You might not be able to see me, but hopefully youʼll be able tosee the leaflets. If you do not make the traffic light, Iʼm not going to march off with half the group waiting on the otherside of the street. So, off we go, good luck, this way. (walking across the street).
Scene 2:
You can hear already just set back from the road a little bit. Itʼs much more peaceful,You can hear the bells as well. I
should have mentioned that although that is called St. Steavens Clock tower of the houses of Paliament . Everybody
calls it “Big Ben”. Even Londoners call clock tower Big Ben, Big Ben is actually a bell. A 13 1/2 ton bell which chimes
only an hour. Now we havenʼt heard him just there because that was cimes of Westminster. But if you were here at 11oʼclock you heard his resonant voice booming out over a Parliament Square we will hear him shortly again. But his realname is St Stevenʼs clock tower as you look we have this gorgeous sweep of the Houses of the parliament of course
where our two chambers of government sit. At the end of the clock tower is the House of commons 6 with 659 elected
members of Parliament. Up at this end we have called the house of Lords. Lords are an advisory body they are notdemocratically elected they donʼt actually have the vote however, they can delay the legal process and delay bills
becoming law. And they are currently being reformed because a democracy shouldnʼt really have that It is not fair, But
they are being reformed. They were going to be abolished but theyʼve found a way round that keeping their advisory−−

Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English and Japanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory

nature without having the power of delaying low making look at this building . I said since the in the mid 19 centry
because the old Palace of Westminster burned down.In a most dreadful fire in 1834. The whold thing, really the wholething went up smoke. However, there is a little section that survived the flames from where we are standing It you lookjust below the clock tower.This is basically Westminster Hall the bit that survived flames of the fire there is anothersection of the Palace I want to show you, we are going to dip down just here.
Scene 3:
So folks remember Westminster the whole with grave rooms Iʼd have to it was used for some Pretty horrible trial it
used to be a law court at one point. And many trators were tried in Westminster Hall treason. A very famous traitor by
the name of William Walace. He was basically a very brave courageous.Scotsman who stood up against the king of the
England of the day. The king of the England of the day was king Edward I , He had two nick names. One was LongLongshanks because he was very tall. The other was the Hammer of the Scots because of the brutal Suppression of
Scotish trials. Basically Wallace and his kin decided they had to stand up to the king to protect their family and theirland and they made very valiant attempt. But eventually brave heart was caught. His nickname is because of his
courage he was brought here London and stood trial at Westminster Hall. He was found an guilty used taken spot
Public execution fields of Smith Fields. He was horififically executed in front of a huge crowd. In fact, executions used to
be a form of entertainment for the population of London. In fact people used to take the day off work and bring up
picnic and family to watch the public hanging. But in this case you get more foryour money because the way William
Walace was executed was devised to extricate as much agony from the victim as possible. It was called being hungdrawn and quarted. And for anybody unaware this particular of the farmer execution, I am going to briefly explain
breakfast her .But if anybody does start going green Iʼll stop. Basically , You are hung by neck, not until Youʼre deadjust until Youʼve had a nasty shock possibly snapped a vertibra or perhaps you just about too suffocate then they cut
you down fromm the roap and they woke you up because they wanted you conscious because you were to be drownsounds quite flattering doesnʼt it?like someoneʼs going to take a quick sketch or portrait of you. Nobecause “being
drawn”meant something different in those days.The executioner would take a nice sharp knife and slit you right down
your middle and then he would pull or eat one of your internal organs they would be drawn from your baby that is thedrawn bit of the execusion. If the executioner was in a paticlarly vile mood. He would throw each one of your internalorgans on to the flame.
Scene 4:
Now the Jewel tower dates to the 13th century, and there are some wonderful examples of the capitoltry of thecorridors, sort of pictures and statues of people going about their business and if you look up, you can see more of thesebosses which basically help to secure the celling and its ripped voltaic. So this is a 13th century building were standing
in. and although the palaces of Westminster was built in the 11th, it took centuries to build palaces in medieval times.
and this is one of the only surviving parts if you like. Now why did the palace of Westminster burn down? Well basicallyit was made of wood. And you may be quite surprised, when they think of medieval palaces they think of this kind of
fairy tale, sleeping beauty, torrited affairs very symmetrical all made of stone but actuality quite no. the majority ofmedieval palaces were a bit of a muddle, a medieval mishmash A chaotic jumble in all sorts of different buildings. Yes−−

長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

you would have stone buildings like what were standing in. And like Westminster hall. But the majority of buildings
would be wood. Why? It was cheaper. And of course those half timber jetty buildings that you associate with places like(...)avon were very much what was being used, built around square courtyards. The stone buildings usually had very
specific purposes in the case of Westminster hall, it kept the criminals safe, and in the case of the jewel tower it kept
surprise surprise the crown jewels set this is where they used to keep the crown jewels the glittering regalia, worn by
her majesty or his majesty on special occasions. But not just jewels were kept here, anything valuable. The solid gold
plate that was used for banqueting situations was also kept here and the very fine livery, the uniforms worn by senior
members of the royal household was also safely under lock and key anything of virtue, anything expensive, silk, satin,
damask. So this had to be safe, so this is why it was made of stone. now today its a museum, which tells us a story of theold palace of Westminster and what the old palace of Westminster looked like before the dreaded fire in 1834. and it isquite an eyeopener, and I would defiantly recommend it. See you walk up those spiral stairs and off you go , going backin time as it were. That must be related because we have so much more to see. There was a moat that used to be filledwith water just outside this building, again as a protection against thievery and today of course the crown jewels are
not here anymore there down in her majesties palace and fortress, in the river tempt, the tower of London and bygoodness me they make for quite spectacular viewing if you havenʼt been I really would recommend it, they sparkle
away underneath glass cases. And their used in coronation ceremony when a new monarch is coroneted or crowned inWestminster Abby. Now I know Iʼve missed out on Westminster Abby a little bit, because weʼve kind of had to moveaway of the large funeral cartage what weʼll do is weʼll backtrack but for now I want to take us outside, because we geta wonder closeup of the western end of the houses of parliament outside of Victoria tower, this way.
Scene 5:
So ladies and Gentleman, across the street, 400 foot high, the tallest tower in Europe, Victoria towers. It is so called
because Queen Victoria opened the tower officially when the building was completed in 1860, and it really is amagnificent example of what we call neo-Gothic or new Gothic. It is not original medieval architecture, it is a homage tothat style(...) Theyʼve done a wonderful job, because you really and truly couldnʼt tell the difference between this, andthe back of Westminster Abby, which is the authentic Gothic style. Lots and lots of vertical tracery. Lots of statues ofkings and queens, bishops and saints. There lions, theres shields, theres crowns and when we get across the road, andsurely youʼll be able to admire some of the detail up-close. It is the work of a man called Augustus Pugin, an architect, in
London, in the 19th century, and when the old palace of Westminster burnt down, a competition was held among thesort of most talented architects of the day, to design a new Gothic building and Pugin, won. And the style that he loved
to recreate is this medieval style. His name is the great goth, because of his style of architecture. And its very
interesting that the Victorians chose this sort of old fashioned, antique style for the new part of the building. And when
you think about it, were at the height of the British heir empire. You know Queen Victoria is on the throne, and the(...)
rules the(...) and perhaps there is a psychological message being given, by the British empire. Look at our parliamentbuilding, its very old looking, weʼve been around for centuries and were here to stay. They had this underlying
longevity of the empire. Theres even a few more parishes and details than you would usually find on an authentic
medieval building. And again thats quite Victoria. Victoria wanted to be that snitch better so they added a few more−−Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English and Japanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory

frills and flourishes, and so its more ornate than an authentic medieval building. Pugin was such a stickler for detail, andsuch a perfectionist that he would not let anyone design the interior of the house of the parliament either, so uh uh soevery piece of furniture, every carpet pattern, the wardrobes, the wallpaper, the curtains, the ink wells, the umbrellasstands, everything is designed by Pugin inside and is considered to be his masterpiece. And its well worth the visit. You
can take guided tours through the house of the parliament during the summer recess, and thats really the best time tosee it. you do have to book and they have groups of up to 25 go through, but you see some of the rooms that are usually
off limits to the general public. And some of the anti-chambers, and some of the lobbies are open to you, and it really is aglory of all things medieval, its a homage to the very old england theme. And mind you its me, the detail is astonishing.
When we walk across the street in a moment, well be walking past this generous archway(...)there was a black gate at
the bottom of the archway is these little gold flowers painted on it. Theres also a sign, it says “sovereigns entrance”,
why, well every year at the state opening of parliament, her majesty, her majesty shes been on the throne for over 50
years, will come and officially open parliament for the year. Now, what does it mean, in fact she doesnʼt have any
political power, she is apolitical, so what on earth is she doing, opening parliament? But itʼs tradition. Monarchs always
open parliament so why not continue it into the 21st century. And then shell be invited and then she gives her queens
speech. Now the queens speech is not written by the queen, it is written by the government in power, but its tradition,that her majesty reads out the speech and it basically outlines what what the government in power hopes to achieve in
the next parliamentary year. Theres another tradition at parliament, the evening the ball of the state opening ofparliament. The(...), the queen, and the government, and the opposition parties arrive on this very formal occasion. They
search the area and theyʼve been doing this every single year since 1605. In this building they search the Jewel towers,
fellers, the houses of parliament. Why? Theyʼre looking for gunpowder, yes there was a terrible plot in 1605, called the
gunpowder plot. In which nearly and it nearly happened. The king, the parliament, and all his friends were nearly blown
up at the state opening. Why? Well, we had King James the 1st on the throne at the time and James was vidimantally
anti-catholic, so if you were a catholic living in this country at that time, your life was horrible. And thirteen catholics
decided theyʼd had enough, and they decided to plot, to get rid of the king, and all his best friends, and the government
in one fell swoop. What a better opportunity than the state opening of parliament where everybody was congregated.
Now, one of the men of their lot was a man called Guido Fawkes who knew a lot about gunpowder, and he managed tosecret 36 barrels around and underneath the old palace of Westminster. And he sat and guarded his gunpowder, readyto light the fuse. And it nearly happened except one of his co-conspirators chickened out at the 11th hour, he got coldfeet. He actually wrote to a friend, who he knew would be attending the state opening and advised him strongly to be
elsewhere that evening. His friend, a rat, informed the authorities, and soon the area was being searched. Guido
Fawkes, nicknamed, Guy, was actually arrested guarding the gunpowder. He was taken from here to the nastiest
prison in town, which was the tower, and there he was interrogated, tortured, and interrogated. When his last fingernail
had been pulled, he had not only confessed to the gunpowder plot, but he also named all his other co-conspirators. They
were rounded up, taken to Westminster hall, and they were drawn, hung, and quartered. And I donʼt need to tell you
about that, because you know what thats all about now. So a pretty nasty end to them. every year in this country webizarrely celebrate something called Guy Fawkes day. What we do is, you hear a poem being chanted in school−−長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

playgrounds and schoolyards up and down great Britain at the beginning of November. Remember remember, the 5thof November, gunpowder treason and plot, I see no reason why gunpowder treason should ever be forgot. So there ya
go. And what happens on the 5th of November fireworks are lit and exploded into the sky, bonfires are lit and were allcelebrating, and celebrating what, were not celebrating that guy Fawkes had to go and try to blow up parliament, werecelebrating that he didnʼt, achieve his aim. But somehow hes got sort of a victory there, because we all know his namein this country. From here Iʼm going to walk us across the street folks, so we get that lovely closeup of the parliamentbuilding. The traffic lights here are very quick, so donʼt worry if you miss them, there very short and its impossible toget across in one. And I think we out to redress the balance a little bit because its been a bit male dominated so far.
With lord Cromwell and the like, and I think we need to redress the balance, and I think the best way of doing that is byaddressing a very strong female figure. And I cannot think of anyone better than the 19th century suffrage act,
campaigned women to get the vote Mrs. Pinehurst.of old Westminster we cannot walk down downing street, because
of security. They have big railings at either end. A group of any size has to have written permission, and thensometimes even sadly its declined. Sadly we cant do that the only thing I can say is that these buildings are notdissimilar in feel and style to downing street. there is definatly an echo of that sort of political land there. But youll begetting close we can go and see down downing street at the end of the walk if youd like to. From here though weʼve got
this rather lovely view of the church that was built the same time as the houses. It was the local parish church, if you
would, you can see the name of the church on either side. Its not a church anymore however, its been deconcecrated,
and its used as a concert hall. bbc often used it for recordings for classical music, you can see a list of what is coming up.
It really is very magical to go to a concert here with its classical rock architecture, but it also has quite an enchanted
story because when the architect thomas archer began building its foundations, he had a terrible time making it stable.
Were very near the river, its marshy land here and this particular plot is problematic, to put it mildly. So problematicthat he quite literally had to go back to the drawing board and add something to the design of this church that was nothere initially. He added the round towers, two of which you can see from this angle but there are two more balancing
the whole church. And he needed to weigh down the church in order to stabilize the foundations. It hadent worked, no.
The whole church is actually sinking down, to the left in places. It is actually safe but it is quite on a jaunty angle. Thinkthat the towers do nothing church it really is question of personal taste. But one person, hated, the design of this church,
his name was charles dickens the 19th century novelist. He had many opinions about the architecture in London. He did
walk for miles everyday for inspiration for some of his novels. He particularly hated this church, he thought it was theugliest church in all of london. He thought it looked like a petrified beast. Lying on its back with its limbs flailing in the
air. Queen anns footstool, because it does look like one of those footstools with a cushion, and the cushion had been
turned upside down with four legs. , . From here if we walk halfway we get a ghostly reminder of world war II

APPENDIX B
Actual script of the tour guide. Recorded in 2009, at Hypocenter park in Nagasaki. (English is mine).
I am Guide A, a peacemaker, thank you. Our current position is the hypocenter of where atomic bomb fell.As you are−−Analyzing Intercultural Communication Competence of English and Japanese Guiding Discourses Using Politeness Theory

here, you may wonder, “Did the bomb fall here?”As you can see, this park is beautiful and very clean.The American
exchange students: “Weʼre having bad weather today, arenʼt we?”Shall we pray for the bomb victims? The atomic
bomb fell over there [the tour guide points to the sky].[The tour group prays in silence.] Thank you. Now I will begin the
tour. On August 9, 1945, the B-29 bomber dropped the “Fat Man” bomb there. The atomic bomb in Hiroshima had been
dropped three days before that. The target for the second bomb was supposed to be Kokura, which is in northern
Kyushu; however, on August 9, the weather in Kokura was cloudy and hard for the bombers to see from the sky. As aresult, they flew to Nagasaki and dropped the bomb here. The range of the bomb blast was 2.5 kilometers from the
hypocenter, and the Atomic Bomb Museum lies inside that range. At the moment of the explosion, one-third ofNagasaki was destroyed in the blink of an eye. Shall I show you the photographs? Please look at them. At that time, thisneighborhood was a place where people of high society lived in Nagasaki. The place where weʼre standing was thelocation of a garden and tennis court. As you can see in the photo, all that remained standing after the blast were black,carbonized trees. The atomic bomb was dropped from an altitude of 9,000 meters. It detonated at 500 meters, sendingout heat ray and radiation instantaneously and creating a mushroom cloud. Everything in a 250-meter diameter was
carbonized just like what you see in the photograph.The bomb was not dropped by a machine or computer; a humanbeing controlled the dropping of the bomb on Nagasaki. As you can see in the photos, the clouds turned black with dustthat rose into the sky. Have you ever heard of ʻblack rainʼ? The water from the clouds mixed with the black dust andrained onto Nagasaki.
Nishiyama [a suburb of Nagasaki) suffered the worst of the blast. The people saw the process of the mushroom cloud
rising into the sky. Do you know what the bomb that was dropped in Nagasaki looked like? It was called “ふとっちょ
Futoccho,” which in Japanese means a very fat man.Futocchoʼs diameter was 1.52 meters at its widest point andweighed 1.5 tons. The inside structure was like this [showing a photo of the bombʼs inside structure). It was made ofplutonium-239, whose radiation causes cancer as cells in the body are broken. Now, 64 years later as of this year, people
are still suffering from cancer. Even if a person appears healthy and energetic, damage from the radiation is still
occurring. After the bomb blast, every victim was hospitalized and soon died after being admitted. Therefore, theatomic bomb is scary. The difference between an ordinary bomb and an atomic bomb is the plutonium-239, whose
atomic nucleus emits radiation. I prepared these photos to show the destruction of people and property that such abomb causes. If the weather were good, I would show you some nearby neighborhoods, but I am sorry that I canʼt dothat today. Please see here. This stone is whatʼs left of the revetment of a cathedral after the bomb was dropped. Hereis glass on the ground. I think you can understand how hot the heat rays from the bomb were. [She moves the grouparound the hypocenter.] I think this was a kitchen here from someoneʼs house. There are many tea bowls; you can see
things like glasses, dishes, and other kitchenware. There were also human bones, but they were removed. You can see
how hot the heat rays were. When the bomb was dropped, the surface temperature was thought to be between 3,000
and 4,000 degrees.
In a nearby neighborhood, Matsuyama lost 1,860 people in 300 households, with the only survivor being a nine-year-old
girl. Earlier I showed you the Shimono River. This is where the tennis court was. Here was Shiroyama Elementary
School [pointing to map]. Please look all over Urakami. You can see how scary the bomb was. And there were a lot of−−長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

merchants doing business here. There were many of these merchants whose names are now known after research. I
am showing you a restoration map with names of the people who lived in Matsuyama at that time. This neighborhood
was a quiet place. Nagasaki had two distinct areas. At the border of Nagasaki station, where the atomic bomb was
dropped, it was a remote, rural-like area with districts including Dejima, Minamiyamate, Toujin, Yashiki. and there are
Dokushima, Minamiyakita, Kinjin houses and exoticism with Christianity station as the boundary, and those in Nagasaki
who are two distinct parts are dark, in the countryside It becomes towards.
“Is it that the locals do not want to come?” No, that is not the case. I think that it is a place not having a shop. I write it inEnglish here.
“yeah yeah” This is the river below. There is no water as there is no revetment construction right now. At that time of
the bombing, there was a lot of water. Children were playing here. It was a hot day as it was summer.After the atomic
bomb was dropped, industrial high school teachers and their students sought water. Everyone died after drinking
water, which was irradiated.

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