1.シンポジウム
平成27年2月7日
会場：鹿児島大学島嶼教育研究センター5階会議室

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国際シンポジウム
Challenge of Integrated Disciplinary Research－Natural Resources Use by People in the Pacific Islands－
要旨：人と自然の共存・共生は人類の永遠のテーマである。それは我々人類が自然環境において誕生・進化し、そして自然環境に強く依存した生活をしているためである。それに加え、人類はさまざまな文明を発展させ、それに伴う資源利用や自然環境の利用も常に変化してきていることが大きな理由である。
鹿児島大学の研究グループは、他分野の研究を融合させる「学融的研究」という視点から「人と自然の関係」について太平洋島嶼国フィジーにおいて三期にわたって研究を行ってきた。第一期は、「人と自然の共生」をキーワードにし、人々の資源利用について「学融的」に調査を行った。第二期は、村落の生活様式を貨幣経済の浸透度の差により分類し「人と自然の連動システム」について統計解析を用いモデル化を行った。そして、第三期は、生態系サービスについてのプロジェクトを開始し、産業上重要種である二枚貝の生態系における機能的重要性を指摘し、村内の伝統的制度と国内・国際的制度の現状との関係を解明した。
今回のシンポジウムでは太平洋島嶼国の研究者を招き、太平洋の島々の人々の現状を見つめながら、鹿児島大学の研究者が今までの研究の総括を行ったのち「人と自然の関係」を「学融的」に研究を推進するときの課題と問題点を指摘し、今後の太平洋島嶼を中心とした「人と自然の在り方」について考えていきたい。（シンポジウムは英語で行います）
日時：平成27年2月7日（土） 13:00場所：鹿児島大学総合教育研究棟5階会議室
プログラム
司会：Mousourakis, G.（鹿児島大学）
趣 旨 説 明：河合 渓（鹿児島大学）
基調講演1:Integrated Coastal Management Initiative in Gau Island, Fiji: theActivities and the Interesting Lessons Learned: Veitayaki, J.（南太平洋大学・フィジー）
基調講演2:Re-examining the Rural Economy in the Pacific Islands: Accounting for
Natural Resource Use by Women in Coastal Communities: Bidesi, V.（南太平洋大学・フィジー）報 告 1:Factors Influencing the Natural Resource Use in Semi Self-sufficient
Communities: 西村 知（鹿児島大学）
報 告 2：The Change and Challenges of Resource Management System in Fiji:
鳥居享司（鹿児島大学）
報 告 3:Comparison of Fisheries Management in Fiji: Kitolelei J.（鹿児島大学）
報 告 4:Comparison of Dietary Habit for Fijian Local People Using Stable Isotope
Ratio: 小針 統（鹿児島大学）
報 告 5:Bivalve Resources Use by Local People in Fiji: 河合 渓 （鹿児島大学）
総合討論：全参加者

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International SymposiumChallenge of Integrated Disciplinary Research－Natural Resources Use by People in the Pacific Islands－
The balance between humans and nature is an everlasting theme. Because we humanbeings live and evolve in the natural environment our lives depend on it. In addition
to that, we are constantly developing civilization and therefore our interaction
with natural environment, especially the utilization of natural resources, has been
undergoing change and adaptation. With the use of The Scientific Research Fund, wehave been conducting research on the relation between humans and nature regarded
from the viewpoint of“Integrated Disciplinary Research.”In our study of Fiji various
research fields are integrated through three stages. In the first stage, the coexistence
between humans and the nature was set as a key issue and we have researched
the topic of resource utilization with a view to quantifying the factors related to theeconomic system and natural environment in coastal fishing villages. In the secondstage, we classified the villages’lifestyles into these types according to the popularityof monetary economy and on the basis of statistical analysis. Finally, in the third stage,a project on the Ecosystem Services was started. In this stage we pointed to theimportance of bivalve“Kaikoso”in the ecosystem and then elucidated the relationshipbetween traditional village institutions and current domestic and international
influences. In this symposium we will report the outcomes of our research, especiallythose derived from the third stage, and draw attention to issues and problems that
often emerge when integrated disciplinary research on the relation between humans
and nature is conducted with a focus on the interaction between humans and nature
in Pacific Islands.
Key Notes Speech 1
Integrated Coastal Management Initiative in Gau Island, Fiji:
the Activities and the Interesting Lessons Learned
Joeli Veitayaki（School of Marine Studies at the University of the South Pacific）
Indigenous village communities on Gau Island, Fiji have been undertaking integrated
coastal management over the last decade and are displaying a unique commitment tobetter manage their environmental resources to ensure better life for them and theirchildren in the future. The people are continually confronting pressing challenges
that need to be overcome if the results of the resource management activities areto be realized. The case demands that resources are strategically used and thatgovernance is strengthened to convince the people that the better managementof their environmental resources, the mainstay of life in these islands, is their bestdevelopment option.
All of the 16 villages and five settlements in Gau are part of the Lomani Gau initiative
to pursue sustainable development to improve their lives as well as maintain theintegrity of their ecological environment that provides the critical support services.
While the people are undertaking sustainable development activities that protect their

7environment and enhance their lives and those of their future generation, pressing
challenges and altering situation continue to pose difficulties that demand better
governance.
In this presentation, I will share the lessons from some of the processes and actions
undertaken by the villagers in Gau to safeguard the environment that they will
present to their future generations as the basis of future economic, social and culturaland ecological well being. The lessons from the challenges faced and the activities
taken to address the difficulties will also be discussed.
Key Notes Speech 2
Re-examining the Rural Economy in the Pacific Islands:
Accounting for Natural Resource Use by Women in Coastal Communities
Vina Ram-Bidesi,（School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji）
The discriminations embedded in gender relations resulting from existing social
norms, conventions and practices are often reproduced in the sphere of economic
activities which in turn influence the economic outcomes. Using the coastal fisheries
sector in the Pacific Island Countries, the paper firstly reviews the shifts in ruraldevelopment thinking through re-examining the dominant theories and policy thrusts
and their impacts on environment, society and economy. It then goes on to discuss thecontext of sustainable development in small island developing economies within thisframework where the sustainable livelihoods approach is most applicable. As a result,the multiple roles of women form the cornerstone of such an approach in rural coastal
communities. Using an economic lens, the paper analyses some of the misconceptions
and discriminations that result in terms of costs and benefits and how these translate
into opportunities and constraints faced by women in particular and the coastal
fisheries sector in general. The paper argues that integration of gender into economic
analysis is important not only to change economic thinking but also in designing ofmore effective policies for natural resource use and sustainable development.
Report 1
Factors Influencing the Natural Resource Use in Semi Self-sufficient Communities
Nishimura S, Kawai K, Kobai T, Torii T, Kitolelei J
It is a very important issue how to use the natural resource in semi self-sufficient
communities where the people are heavily depending on the agricultural products
and marine resources in the community both for their food and source of income. We
argue what factors decide the mechanism of the resource use by comparing several
semi self-sufficient communities in Fiji which locate in deferent geographical zones. We
focus on the kinship system（yavusa and mataqali）, accessibility of each community
to the main market, intervention of the Government and NGO, religion and so on. We
also discuss some useful economic approaches to understand the mechanism of theresource use such as Micro-Macro Loop（Shiozawa 1995）and the Thünen rings（1826）

8Report2

The Change and Challenges of Resource Management System in Fiji
Torii T, Kitolelei J, Nishimura S, Kawai K, Kobai T
The objective of our study is clarified of the current situation and challenges ofFisheries Resource Management System in Fiji through a case study of some Village.
There were no rules in some of the village in Fiji related to the management of fishinggrounds and fishery resources. Villager caught fish and shellfish for consumption by
their families and selectively caught shellfish of certain sizes suitable for consumption.
However, with the spread of the monetary economy throughout the country, anddevelopment and adoption of fishery equipment and devices, the way fishery resources
are used have dramatically changed. Specifically, there have been shifts from selfsufficient use to commercial use of fishery resources and from traditional fishingmethods to efficient fishing methods. As operators started harvesting more fisheryresources than necessary for self-consumption, a new lifestyle has been establishedin which extra fishery resources harvested are exchanged for money at the markets.
Changes in economic environment and technological advancement have increased
pressure on fishing, threatening the fishery resource level, while the order establishedduring the era of self-sufficiency only has become insufficient for securing sustainable
resource use.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries introduced the Inside Demarcated Areas
Fishing License system in 2013. If the villagers want to sell their fishing products inthe market, it is necessary that they pay registration fee and get the license. And theyshould follow the ministerial regulation.
However, households less than half had the license. And it was observed thatlicensees do not correctly understand all the regulation rules. The current system
in which fishery operators are trusted to learn about the regulation by themselves
has limitations. If the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries wants to enforce theregulation without exception, it is necessary to notify fishery operators on theregulation details thoroughly. And it is also necessary to examine a transmission
course of the information.
Report 3

Comparison of Fisheries Management in Fiji Case Studies
Kitolelei J, Nishimura S, Kawai K, Kobai T, Torii T,
Coastal fisheries management is important to Pacific Island communities, as theyare fisheries-dependent economies. This study aims to analyze coastal fisheries
management in Fiji and the difficulties that are faced within achieving effective
coastal fisheries management. The purpose of this research is to analyze the current
management system and practices in coastal communities. The challenges faced
in managing community-based fisheries in Fiji include the lack of understanding offishing boundaries, fishermen activities, fisheries rules, fisheries practices and theimpact of fisheries market.

9Report4
Comparison of Fijian Dietary Habits among Local Villages Using Stable Isotope Ratio
Kobari T, Kawai K, Nagai A, Torii T, Nishimura S, J Kitolelei
Fijian dietary habits are compared among the three local villages. We also analyzed
stable isotope ratio of dietary items and Fijian kids’hairs to explore an approach tocompare dietary habits. Vegetables and cereals are major dietary items and seafood
was important as protein items in all villages. Regardless of accessibility to urban
areas, both locally produced and market-derived items were equally used. The stable
isotope ratio was specific to seafood among dietary items and different for Fijian kids’
hairs among the three villages, suggesting an useful approach to compare their dietaryhabits. The stable isotope ratio of Fijian was close to those of Indian and Chinese but
represented more fish-eating.
Report 5Bivalve Resources Use by Local People in Fiji
Kawai K, Kobai T, Torii T, Kitolelei J, Nishimura S
The coastal village’s lifestyle in Fiji is mainly dependent on farming and fishery.
“Kaikoso”are a major fishery resource, and are collected by women and sold as asource of income. Kaikoso are bivalve and feed on organic matter in the seawater;
they inhabit the coastal sites between mangroves and coral reeves, and are moreabundant than on other islands. This presentation will demonstrate the ecologicalimportance of Kaikoso to mangrove-tidal flat ecosystems and the islands’economic
and social systems.

Veitayakiさん

Bidesiさん