Agriculture Research and Development Report

No.11㧔2004㧕

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery

The International Researches of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheryfor the Solution of Global Food and Environmental Issues

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Contents
1㧚 Introduction 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

1

2㧚 Fluctuation in world's food production 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

2

3㧚 Global greenhouse effects on agriculture 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
1. Decrease in production 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
2. Decrease of accessible fresh water resources 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
3. Increase of sea level 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column Ԙ: World's Forest Area and Its transition> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

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4㧚 The international effort 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column ԙ: The Green Revolution> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column Ԛ: The International Year of Rice> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯6
7
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5㧚 Japan's effort to support international issues on agriculture,
forestry and fishery 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

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6㧚 The research systems of JIRCAS 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
1. International collaborative projects 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
2. Domestic projects 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
3. Invitation of researchers 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
4. Information references, analyses and public relation works 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
5. International symposiums, workshops and seminars 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
6. Technical assistance for developing countries 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
7. Think-tank function 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

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7㧚 University research facilities 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 1 2
8㧚 Private Organizations 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 1 3

Edited by the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery

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Published by Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery9㧚 The Result of International Collaboration Research Works 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column ԛ: Developing hostile environment resistant crops> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column Ԝ: Stone mulching> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column ԝ: Citrus Greening Disease>㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

10㧚 The development prospect of international agriculture,
forestry and fishery research 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 2 1<Column Ԟ: Japan Forum on International Agricultural Research
for Sustainable Development>㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 2 2

⴫⚕KPFF

Agriculture Research and Development Report No.11
㵰 The International Researches of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery for the Solution of
Global Food and Environmental Issues 㵱
12 November 2004

1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950 JAPAN
Tell:+81 㵥 3 㵥 3501 㵥 8111
Fax: +81 㵥 3 㵥 3507 㵥 8794
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1. Introduction
In An Essay on the Principle of Population, the 18th century English economist Malthus stated,"Population, when unchecked, increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence increases only in anarithmetical ratio," warning us that we would face a serious food shortage as the world population
grows. Fortunately, we human beings have overcome that estimation by means of improvements inagricultural productivity. However, many agree that Malthus' principle is basically true and the time
will come, though we don't exactly know when, that population growth will overwhelm productivity
growth.
At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 1.6 billion people on the Earth. World population
leaped to 2.5 billion by 1950 and now stands at 6.3 billion. It is still growing at a very rapid pace,increasing by about 90 million people every year. If population growth continues at this rate, the world
population will reach 8.9 billion by 2050. (UN World Population prospect2002) (Fig1) The estimatednumber of new people on the planet by 2050, 2.85 billion people, exceeds the entire 1950 world
population. The current growth rate is especially high in developing countries, and the estimatedincrease is anticipated to mostly affect developing countries. 49 countries classified as developing areexpected to add a billion more people to their existing population of 668 million. With this rapid pace,
we do not hesitate to call this a "population explosion."
Will this population explosion lead to world hunger?
Even today 800 million people, 15% of world population, suffer from malnutrition. These people takein only 2,000 Kcal a day and most of them are the residents of developing countries. The population
explosion will certainly increase their number and worsen the condition.
We also have serious ongoing environmental crises that we have never experienced before: climate
fluctuation caused by global greenhouse effects, and widening barren lands caused by soil erosion. The
worldwide food crisis always looms, ready to happen in reality, and is likely to strike the developing
areas first and critically.
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
http://www.unic.or.jp/new/pr03-010.htm

Fig.1

The World’s Population Transition (UN World Population prospect 2002)
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html- 1-

2. Fluctuation in world's food production
From 1960 to 2000, the world's supply of wheat, corn and rice had had a cycle of abundant and lean
harvests over the long term. This caused the excess and shortages cycles in the market, too.
Nonetheless, overall food production during this period achieved remarkable growth. The success inthe common agricultural policy conducted in the EU and the progress in farm plant breeding, as wellas the increased application of agricultural chemicals fertilizers and pesticides brought great growth in
the yields per unit.
However, since the year 2000, food consumption has exceeded production, and the stock-to-sales ratio
is staying in a low level. Wheat stock had been in continuous drop from 2000 to 2003, though it isexpected to recover in 2004. Corn and rice stock rates are expected to decrease again in 2004 after
four downward years (Overseas food survey report 2004).
The present food supplies do not allow us to be optimistic. So as the population increases indeveloping countries, it will create more demand for grains, and the currently growing needs forlivestock products also will generate an increase in grain demand. As a result, we will see a strained
market situation in coming years. (Fig2)
Food production yields depend largely on farm acreage, which increased until the middle of the 1970s.
From then, the harvesting area has decreased and together with the growing world population, farmacreage per individual is half of its area 40 years ago. (Fig.3)
In addition, growth in productivity per area is slowing down. Food production per individual hit its
peak in the year 1984 and has dropped since then. (The Annual Report on the Trends on the
Agriculture and the Farming Communities 2001) (Fig.4)
The production per area increased through enlargement of irrigated areas but it is getting harder tosecure new sources of water. Some areas report they are already running out of water: rivers are drying
up and undergrounds water levels are falling. There are other areas of increasing concern: irresponsible
irrigation management, overuse of chemical fertilizers, and soil deterioration or desertification causedby overgrazing. Droughts and floods caused by climatic aberration also disturb the stabilization of foodsupplies.
http://www.hakusyo.maff.go.jp/books_b/WN01H140/html/index.htm
http://www.fao-kyokai.or.jp/world/index.html
http://www.fas.usda.gov/wap/circular/2002/02-05/Key_briefs.htm

3. Global greenhouse effects on agriculture
According to a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, the largest climacticchange in the last thousand years happened in the 20th century: the global average ground temperature
increased 0.6C. This rapidly rising temperature affects every aspect of the world's agriculture. The mostprominent results of greenhouse warming are the following three:
1. Decrease in production

The effects of rising global temperatures have already been observed in actual phenomena. For
example, the flowering season in Europe starts much earlier now than traditionally. IPCC estimates thatthe rise in global temperature from 1990 to 2100 will be 5.8C at the maximum. This will result criticaldamages in food production in developing countries located in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
(Refer to "The Report on the Effect of Global Warming to Japan 2001")- 2-

WheatCorn

Rice

Fig.2 World's grain stock at the end of period and stock rate transition(Top: Wheat, Middle: Corn, Bottom: Rice)
http://www.kanbou.maff.go.jp/www/jki/rep/2004kaigai-rep.pdf- 3-

Fig.3 World’s grain production, yield per unit and harvested areas transition

Fig.4 World’s grain harvested area and yield per person transition（1961is100）
http://www.hakusyo.maff.go.jp/books_b/WN01H140/html/index.htm
If climate alteration stays in the range of 2 to 3C, and we carefully plan and adapt to a warmer
environment, we can expect some increase in the mid-latitude agricultural production. However, in thetropical low-latitudes, total agricultural yields will decrease because the higher temperature will
increase aborted pollination and other processes inhibiting the harvest.

- 4-

2. Decrease of accessible fresh water resources

Water is the natural resource most affected by the climate alteration. Fresh water is not an abundantresource on our planet. 97% of Earth's water is sea water. Much of the remaining 3% of fresh water isfrozen ice in the polar areas. The accessible fresh water in rivers, lakes and swamps totals only a tenthof a percent (0.01%) of all the water on the Earth.
Even now, we see increasing demands for water resources. Innovations in water supply technology,
particularly pumping techniques able to leach the underground water situated in deeper strata, lead toover-pumping and cause subsidence and lower underground water levels all over the world. In the
North China Plain where 40% of Chinese grains are produced, the underground water level is falling at
the rate of 1 to 1.5 meters per year. If the underground usage in Saudi Arabia continues at present rate,
it could possibly vanish completely by 2040. (Refer to "The Third World Water Forum")As shown in figure 5, both China and Saudi Arabia achieved over 250% increase in grain yield inthree decades starting in the middle of 1960s. Climatology research models that global warming willbring more droughts to these areas and result in serious damage to the world's food production. (Fig.5)

Fig.5 1993-95 Grain yields ratio to 1963-65 yields (%)

http://www.fao-kyokai.or.jp/world/index.html
3. Increase of sea level

Global warming will cause water stored in glaciers and polar ice to melt, leading to a rise in sea level.
Submergence, erosion of seashores, and saltwater contamination of fresh water are the most worrying
results. IPCC estimates a rise of the sea level in the next 100 years between 9 cm and 88 cm, which
will affect nations located on flat islands or lowland deltas; land areas could disappear under the sea
water and more damage would occur at the time of typhoon, high tide and tsunami.
http://www.mlit.go.jp/tochimizushigen/mizsei/wwf3/index.html
Changes in the global environment mean all the nations on Earth face the same problems to solve. A
crisis in one country affects the whole region it belongs and thus affects the entire world. International
research on the issues of food production and the environment is the one of the most urgent projects
carried out by developed countries including Japan.

- 5-<Column ① ： World's Forest Area and Its transition>
Forests absorb and fix CO2 in the atmosphere. Therefore forests are considered an importantresource to control CO2 increases, which are seen as the main cause of the global greenhouseeffect. Forest resources now cover 30% of the Earth surface but forest area as large as 1/4 ofJapan is lost every year. (Average of 1990s)
National area
(1,000 ha)

Forest area
(1,000 ha)

Region
1999

1990

2000

Yearly Transition Y e a r l yForest rate in areatransition(%)(1,000 ha)
rate
(%)
2000
1990-2000
1990-2000

Africa2,978,394

702,502649,866

21.8-5,262-0.8

Asia

3,084,746

551,448547,793

17.8

-364

-0.1

Oceania

849,096201,271

197,623

23.3

-365

-0.2

Europe2,259,957

1,030,475 1,039,251

46.0

881

0.1

North

and

2,136,966

555,002549,304

25.7

-570

-0.1

South America

1,754,741

922,731885,618

50.5-3,711

-0.4

Total

13,063,900

3,963,429 3,869,455

29.6-9,391-0.2

MiddleAmerica

Reference：FAO State of the World's Forests 2001

4. The international effort
November 1966, the United Nation Food Agriculture Organization, FAO, organized the first “World
Food Summit” in Rome. Representatives from 185 countries and the European Community attended
the meeting. The international communities shared the awareness that the food supply problem will be
one of the most important issues facing world leaders in the new millennium, together with issues on
the population, the natural environment and the energy. "The Rome Declaration on World Food
Safety" made by the summit stated that the governments and international organizations will cooperate
and exert on going efforts to accomplish two main aims: achieve world food security; halve thenumber of undernourished people by 2015. "The World Food Summit Plan of Action" presented a
blueprint for actual policies. The UN Millennium Declaration of September 2000 also included a 50%
reduction of the world's undernourished population by 2015 as one of the millennium development
goals for the international community.
Despite of all efforts made after the summit, the undernourished population of the world is decreasing
in very slow rate. The condition is getting better in East Asia but the number of people suffering in
Africa and South Asia is increasing. If we leave the situation as it is, we will never achieve the goal by
2015. Worse than that, the food supply rate in developing countries is estimated to drop to 86%, 10%
lower than the 96% rate achieved during 1974 to 1976.
To accelerate the achievements of the Rome Declaration, "World Food Summit: Five Years Later" heldin Rome in June 2002, called for the international efforts towards the goal. "International Alliance
Against Hunger" set a target for developed countries.
http://www.fao.or.jp/international_conference/detail.html- 6-

In a world where 75 percent of poor people live on agriculture, investments in agriculture directly
contribute to reducing the undernourished population. The scientific and technological improvements in
the international agricultural sector are imperative to achieving the goals of the Rome Declaration. For
this purpose, international research organizations will play important rolls.
Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research (CGIAR), established in 1971, is the world's
largest organization for agricultural research. Their aims are to resolve the food and poverty issues indeveloping countries, as well as promoting appropriate management and protection of natural resources.
CGIAR supports 15 international agricultural centers, where they research food productivity,
management of natural resources and saving biodiversity, as well as providing support on policy andhuman resource development. (Fig 6) CGIAR is also known as an organization that led the "Green
Revolution" to success in 1970s. They are expected to be a core organization to lead the second Green
Revolution to reduce the malnourished population.

Fig. 6 15 organization of CRIAR (Present, september, 2004)<Column ②: The Green Revolution>
The serious famines that took place in India during 1960s warned the world about theexpectedfood shortage in future and highlighted the necessity to increase food production on a large scale.
This was when Mexico, then largely dependent on imported wheat, started to breed semi-dwarf
wheat varieties by introducing Norin 10 wheat of Japan. Norin 10 wheat, developed in 1935 has
shorter stems, is resistant to over-fertilized conditions and brings better yields. By cross breeding
the semi-dwarf gene of Norin 10 with Mexican spring wheat, a series of improved varieties werecreated; e.g.Lerma Rojo and Sonara 64. This improved wheat made Mexico into a wheat exporter.
The new varieties were introduced to India, Pakistan, Nepal and the countries in Mediterranean
regions, and resulted in significant increases in grain production, thus known as the "Green
Revolution." The role that genes of Norin 10 played in this achievement cannot be
underestimated.

- 7-

<Column ③: The International Year of Rice>The UN declared 2004 as the International Year of Rice.
Rice supports the lives of half the world's population and several tens of millions of people workin rice-related industries. The rice cultivation is deeply related to the world's natural environment.
Rice production is, as a single industry, the most important economic activity in the world.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery of Japan will host the World Rice Research
Conference from November 4 - 7, 2004, to find resolutions for numerous challenges faced by theworld's rice-related industries. The opening ceremony and keynote speech will take place inTokyo with a research symposium in Tsukuba.
The World Rice Research Conference is the most important research event during theInternational Year of Rice. Scientists from all over the world will gather to share their research
results concerning rice's role in the world's food security, fight against poverty, and the global
environment. The participants will discuss ideas based on the up-to-date results to bring more
profits and a healthier life to millions of rice cultivators and consumers.
Many poor people in the world depend on rice, not only as food but also for their living. The
result of this conference will be imperative for international society to achieve the UN goals forthe millennium. Through the World Rice Research Conference, the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fishery of Japan will bring together the latest rice study with domestic agriculturalresearch facilities and the International Rice Research Center.

5. Japan's effort to support international issues on agriculture,
forestry and fishery
Since 1984, Japan is the largest net importer on the agricultural field. On a monetary base, we import
10.2% of the world's agricultural products, which makes us the world's third largest importing nation,
but the Japanese population is only 2% of the world. The import ratio is more than five times the
population ratio, and the net agricultural import amount (import export) continues to increase. The
Japanese self-efficiency in food and energy is extremely low and we largely depend on the othernations of the world for food and resources. Therefore, the world's food circumstances directly affectJapan.
Japan has accumulated technology and knowledge and we should eagerly engage in activities to findresolutions to the world's food and environmental issues. This is not only to fulfill our obligation as adeveloped country, but to sustain our own security and prosperity. Participating in collaborative studies
with developing countries is one possible way to contribute, but points out certain limits on
effectiveness and range of influence, mainly because of insufficiencies in research systems and sourcesin developing countries. This leads us to conclude that collaborating with CGIAR would bring better
results. By enhancing relations with them, sharing our knowledge and experiences to build an organic
combination, and promoting research and development, we can devise solutions to food andenvironment problems that are important for Japan, CGIAR and the World.
Japan became a member of CGIAR in 1972 is one of the top financial contributors. Japan has sent 70
board members, at least one for each of 15 centers and two for the International Rice Research Center,as well as 169 researchers in total. In 2002, Dr. Masaru Iwanaga was the first Japanese appointed
director general of CIMMYT; Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maizy Trigo. Dr. Keiji
Kainuma was selected as one of the seven-member Science Council, CGIAR, formally founded in
2003. Dr. Kainuma is also a committee member of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries ResearchCouncil. By these accomplishments, Japan and CGIAR will develop further ties to corporate with each- 8-other.
Japan carries out joint works with other international organizations. For Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) founded in1945, we have assigned professionals in both short- and long-term
projects. ESCAP-CGPRT: Regional Coordination Center for Research and Development of Coarse
Grain, Pulses, Root and Tuber Crops in the Humid Tropics of Asia and the Pacific is anotherorganization Japan is deeply involved in. We have participated in their managing council since theirestablishment in 1981, and all of the director generals were selected from Japan. We also have sent a
number of professionals to the organization. United Nation University founded in 1972 has their head
office in Tokyo, and our National Food Research Institute (Incorporated Administrative Agency) has
accepted 38 trainees from UNU since 1996.
In carrying the collaborative work with CGIAR, we need to create schemes to enhance our co-relation
for better results. For example:
1.

Upgrade the domestic arrangement to support CGIAR systems.
Japan established "Japan Forum on International Agricultural Research for Sustainable
Development" in July 2004.
2.

Send research personnel to CGIAR centers with flexible and well-planned intentions
Japan has sent researchers as cited previously.

3.
Develop education and training program for young Japanese researchers in cooperation with
CGIAR
Universities are the key organization promoting this item. There are 10 major universities inJapan (7 national and 3 private) with international research departments in agricultural areas. Their
graduates are expected to be core researchers for international projects in the future. We launched"International Research Career Network" project to support these young researchers.
4.

Provide information to CGIAR centers on potential Japanese competitive funds

5.
6.

Support CGIAR centers in research areas involving our domestic study projects
Encourage domestic research organizations to cooperate with CGIAR centers

Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) is an important organization
bringing well-organized results. JIRCAS is the one and only public institute established forinternational collaborative studies with developing countries and international organizations to promote
and achieve the sustainable food supply and environmental friendly agriculture and fishery.
Japanese

CGIAR

Date

o f Subjects

conclusion
JIRCASICRISAT

1994. 5.20

Sustainable cultivation of inland crops in semi-arid
tropics; development of sustainable land use systems

JIRCAS

ILRI

1995. 5.22

Study on the mechanism of the trypanosomiasis
development and trypano-tolerance

JIRCAS

ILRI

1995. 5.22

Study on the mechanism of trypanosomiasis infection
and development in gene defect mice

JIRCAS

ILRI

1995. 5.22

Study on the roll of TNA alpha on trypanosomiasis- 9-

JIRCAS

IRRI

1995. 8.24

Genetic study of rice blast resistance: Stabilization ofrice production under tropical water stresses

JIRCASIRRI

1995. 8.24

Developing stabilization technique on rice production
under the tropic water stress by enlargement ofgenetic resource

JIRCAS

IIMI

1997. 2.17

Developing effective water utilization technique ingrowing inland crops in dry season rice paddies

JIRCAS

IIMI

1997. 2.17

Developing MI techniqueaccumulation in semi-arid land

JIRCAS

IIMI

1997. 2.17

Developing the optimum water management
technique under the water shortage to diversify thecrop varieties

JIRCAS

ICRAF

1997. 5.25

Study on the roll of local residents for the forest
dissertation and rehabilitation

JIRCASCIMMYT 1998. 1.14

Establishing effective method assisted by DNA
marker and haploid breeding for the disease resistantselection and high disease resistant wheat breeding

JIRCASCIMMYT 1998. 1.14

Establishing effective breeding method for wheat by
haploid maize method

JIRCASCIMMYT 1998. 1.14

Breeding technique for disease resistant wheat
utilizing the biotechnology

JIRCAS

WARDA

1998. 3. 3

Study on use of cross bred rice varieties forincreasing rice yield in West Africa

JIRCAS

WARDA

1998. 3. 3

Genetic and physiological ecologic study on
environmental adaptability of cross bred rice between
Asian and African rice plant

JIRCAS

WARDA

1998. 3. 3

Study of social economical issue concerning thepromotion of rice cultivation technique in West
Africa

NIAS

IPGRI

2001.12.10

Analysis of genetic variety in Ceratotropis plants

JIRCAS

IRRI

2002. 3. 7

Physiological study on yield decision factor andenvironmental adaptation for developing
environmentally sustainable method for ricecultivation- 10 -

toestimatesalt

6. The research systems of JIRCASJIRCAS was established in 1993, by reorganizing the Tropical Agriculture Research Center (TARC).
TARC had mainly worked with developing countries, fulfilling their request by sending researchers forcertain areas of study. These bilateral research projects realized difficulties because the research levels
and political instabilities of the partner nations largely affected the projects. JIRCAS, in contrast,
carries out international collaborative studies by following well-discussed plans made by thegovernments and the research organizations, and by sending researchers for long and short terms.
JIRCAS also develops domestic research projects to support these projects, to which JIRCAS invites
overseas researchers to join Japanese organizations. Other collaborative studies with international
research institutes provide support to the overseas projects. While the institutions still carry on bilateralprojects, they now emphasize collaborative works with international institutes supported by CGIAR tofacilitate the processes and to bring results more effectively.
The following 7 items are JIRCAS's recent major projects; unlike existing research projects that werecarried out in the individual areas of researchers' interests, these are the comprehensive studies
targeting on the key subjects in the strategically important regions for the world's food supply. These
employ multi-disciplinary professionals including social and economic majors to tackle the issues
multilaterally and systematically.
1. International collaborative projects
As of 2004, JIRCAS leads 8 projects in cooperation with CGIAR centers. The projects are planed in 5
to 10 year terms. Most of them are in Asia, but recently Africa was added as an important strategic
region.
2. Domestic projects
Some important research studies on food and agricultures of developing counties and regions require
facilities with high-tech environments and knowledge that is not available in the overseas centers.
Worldwide information references in relation to developing countries and their analyses are also carriedout in Japan.
3. Invitation of researchers
Researchers and research project managers are invited to Japan for further study and/or to obtainfurther education training to enhance human resources.
4. Information references, analyses and public relation works
Accumulation, references and analyses on information on agriculture and their trends, as well as
demands for collaborative works in major developing countries are carried out on an international basis.
5. International symposiums, workshops and seminars
JIRCAS hosts events to draw out major issues on agriculture in developing countries and regions, thus
clarifying the issues to be treated in future research. The events also provide chances to use JIRCAS
activities and research results to promote internationally collaborated works.
6. Technical assistance for developing countries
JIRCAS provides support and assistance to other international cooperation organizations such as JICA
by sharing its knowledge and experience accumulated through research work. For example, JICA
established a technology transfer project based on the technology developed by the collaboration workof JIRCAS.
7. Think-tank function
JIRCAS is one of the most well informed organization on the subjects of agriculture, horticulture,
forestry and fishery as well as social and economic issues in developing countries. Answering requests- 11 -

from domestic and overseas administration bodies, NGO aid organizations and citizens, JIRCAS
provides suggestions, advice and results of researches.
http://ss.jircas.affrc.go.jp/index.sjis.html

7. University research facilities
Japanese universities not only promote international agriculture researches, but also contribute toeducating and training the people who will play important roles in the international community. Major
universities equipped with international agricultural facilities are listed below.
University of Tsukuba http://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/
Alliance of Research on North Africa is carrying out research on North Africa. Their major area ofactivity is Tunisia. ARENA aim to carry collaborated studies with North African countries in their four
major areas of studies: language and culture; the arid area environment; biotechnology; and informationand communication.
The University of Tokyo http://www.ga.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/
The University has launched an International Agriculture major at the Graduate School of Agricultureand Life Sciences. Their intention is to accumulate achievements in research and education area
incorporating international view points which were not possible in the existing range of majors andthey also expect to encourage collaborative works.
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~ieas/
The University offers an International Environmental and Agricultural Science major in the Masters
program. The major includes following three fields: International Environmental Rehabilitation andConservation; International Biological Production and Resource Science; and International
Development in Rural Areas. Their aim is to develop sophisticated technological systems for
agricultural production that achieve environmental purifying, rehabilitation and conservation. The
research is carried out in the long term under comprehensive perspectives to create the basis for thisaim. The students are expected to be "leaders in the field" equipped with pragmatic agriculture
technology, and to organize and carry out the regional development projects.
Tokyo University of Agriculture http://www.nodai.ac.jp/
The University provides the Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies composed offollowing three departments: International Agricultural Development aims to turn out pioneeringengineers who will play an active part in the world in international aid; Food Environment Economics
trains environmentalist economists with expertise in global food economic systems; Bio-Business
Management and Information develops experts in bio-business capable of planning global information
strategies.
Nihon University http://www.brs.nihon-u.ac.jp/gs/navy.html
At the Graduate School of Bio Resource Sciences, the University provides two majors: International
Food Economics Studies; and International Development Studies. Both contend with the global issues
on food and development of resource allocation.
Nagoya University http://www.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/%7eiccae/index-j.html
International Cooperation Center for Agricultural Education (ICCAE) was founded in 1999, and iscarrying out its own development projects; e.g. "The agricultural influences brought by seawater
resistant rice plant introduced in Macon Delta areas" and "The structure and function of agriculture
promotion in China."
Tottori University http://www.tottori-u.ac.jp/main/flash_submenu/index_da.htm
Located near the Tottori dune, the university own the Arid Land Research Center founded in 1990,- 12 -

serving as the center of arid land research in Japan. The center conducts basic research for theprevention of desertification and the development and usage of arid lands.
Kyushu University http://bbs1.agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp/tropic/
The Institute of Tropical Agriculture has two sectors: water control and environmental reservation; andcrop production. The crop production sector deals with farming systems in tropical and sub-tropicalclimate and they are creating a database of disease and pest information. The water control andenvironmental reservation sector carries out studies on the ecology and physiology of forest trees,
environmental conservation of tropical forest, climatic damage in tropical and sub-tropical areas, water
environmental mechanism shift caused by environmental changes as well as the land use in watershedareas affection over water quality of river and underground water source.
University of the Ryukyu http://www.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/en/for_student/jointuse/jointuse_index.html
The Tropical Biosphere Center is carrying out research related to the environment and living things in
the tropical biosphere.

8. Private Organizations
NGO and other private organizations do not conduct international collaborative research, but regardlessof their sizes, they have accumulated experiences and know-how through their activities, and are
expected to provide effective information to figure out the true demand of people.
The Asian Rural Institute http://www.ari.edu/
Founded in 1973, the Institute provides training courses for rural leaders who will head activities in
Asian and African local communities. Their achievements are highly evaluated in the international
community, and in 1996, founder Dr. Toshihiro Takamami was granted the Ramon Magsaysay Award.
ICA Japan http://www.icajapan.org/
The Institute of Cultural Affairs has a long history of activities since their founding in the US in 1953.
ICA Japan was launched in 1982 as volunteer organization and provides support for agriculture
projects in the Philippines, Vietnam and Kenya. The Kitui Integrated Rural Development Program in
Kenya, conducted with JICA, should be noted for their approach to collaborate with NGO and ODA
for more effective results.
OISCA http://oisca.org/indexj.htm
Oisca was founded in 1961 as International Organization for Cultivating Universal Human Spirit. They
now carry out a range of agricultural projects in Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Malaysia andother developing countries.
LIFE: Live with Friends on the Earth http://www.ne.jp/asahi/life/home/
LIFE developed from volunteer organization The Tokyo Branch of the Japan-Asia Friendship Society(JAFS) founded in 1986. Their main activities are water well projects and tree planting projects in
India and Indonesia.
Japan International Volunteer Center http://www1.jca.apc.org/jvc/
The organization was founded in 1980 to aid refugees in Thailand. They conduct various aid activities
to make “villages that would not create anymore refugees,” focusing on community-based
development and life-improving activities in rural areas, specifically, water supply, agriculture, tree
planting, healthcare and vocational training.
Action for Greening Sahel http://www.jca.apc.org/~sahel/
The organization was founded in 1991. It is conducting activities in the fields of forestry, agriculture
and fresh water fish cultivation in Chad and Burkina Faso.

- 13 -

9. The Result of International Collaboration Research Works
Of International collaboration research works carried out by research bodies and Universities, theJIRCAS projects are the largest in the scale. Listed below are some examples of results from ongoingprojects.
"Development of Agro-forestry Technology for the Rehabilitation of Tropical Forests" (2000 to 2006)
aims to establish a technical system that enables us to recreate tropical forest consisting of a variety oforganisms. In tropical regions, artificial and planted forests, mono-cultured oil palm and rubber tree
forests created by plantation farming, and devastated secondary forests are increasing at a rapid rate
and the diverseness characterizing tropical environment is endangered.
In this project, JIRCAS developed a technique to produce cellulose from the empty fruit bunches of oilpalms otherwise abandoned as industrial waste. Oil palm is a useful crop. The per unit area amount ofvegetable oil produced from oil palms is significantly high compared to other plants. (Fig.7) The oil isalso rich in vitamin A and E. It has been drawing public attentions as a supplement food for patients ofvitamin A deficiency and as an anti-aging and anti-cancer food and as a result, its production isincreasing. (Fig.8) On the other hand, the woody parts like empty fruit bunches are currently thrownaway without any use. We developed an environmentally friendly technique to draw out cellulose pulp
from these EFB. (Fig.9) Cellulose pulp is used as the starting material for cellulose derivatives andregenerated cellulose production, and for tropical nations where a large amount of unused tropicallignocellulose resources exist, this will be a key technique to create a domestic and integrated
production system to manufacture industrial products from the raw materials.
http://www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g30922b41j.pdf

Fig. 7 Amount of oil produced per unit area（t/ha）
http://www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g30922b41j.pdf- 14 -

The majority of the world's palm oils are produced in Malaysia and Indonesia

Fig.8 Amount of oil produced in major countries
http://www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g30922b41j.pdf
Magnified

Palm oil factory(disposed orused as fuel)Empty fruit bunch
Pulping process
Oil palm tree

The fruit (the nutsng containing
oil can be separated)
Formed cellulose pulp
(raw materials)

Fig.9 Extraction of cellulose from empty fruit bunches of oil palms(Photo by Mr. Tanaka of JIRCAS at Malaysia in 2001)"Productivity and Sustainable Utilization of Brackish Water Mangrove Ecosystems" (2001 to 2005)
focuses on the coastal region where natural mangroves are deserted and deteriorating, and aims todevelop a low input aquaculture system utilizing the natural water circulation that mangrove forestshave.

- 15 -

In the Macon delta region of Vietnam, the giant fresh water prawn is expected to be an important
target shellfish for aquaculture. The major problem here was the low survival rate of prawns during theearly period of growth; after hatching until transformation to baby prawns. By introducing a moresophisticated aquaculture method, the survival rate improved significantly. The amount of baby prawns
produced in Vietnam increased by 50 times compared to 1990 and has achieved a total yield of 50
million prawns.
The prawn and other aquacultures are conducted in the tropical coastal regions. The culture ponds arebuilt along coasts including the mangrove-hinterland. A large amount of sewage water drains into thenatural water system severely impacting the ecology by causing eutrophication and reduction of thebiodiversity. We now are discussing development of a semi-closed system for managing sewage water.
The idea is to conduct sewage through a mangrove planted pond that will function as a natural
purification system and send water back to the culture pond again. The technological system isimportant to recreate the endangered mangrove forests. (Fig.10 to 12)

Fig.10The water purifying system for culture pond sewage using mangroves

Fig.11 Purifying pond using window fans(mangrove will be planted to complete）
Experimental aquaculture pond of
Coastal Fishing Research Center,
Kasetsart University, Thailand(Photo by Mr. Fujioka Yoshizo of
IRCAS in May, 2004)

Fig.12 Mangrove purifying pond
Experimental aquaculture pond of
Coastal Fishing Research Center,
Kasetsart University, Thailand(Photo by Mr. Fujioka Yoshizo of
IRCAS in May, 2004)- 16 -

"Development of soil fertilization management techniques in semi-arid tropic Africa" (2003 to 2007) isa project carried out in collaboration with ICRISAT Sahel center. Its purpose is to avoid soil depletionin the farmlands and to improve the productivity in savanna areas where the annual rainfall is minimaland less fertile sandy soils spread.
Africa suffers from chronic food shortages caused by stagnant agriculture and increasing population. At
the same time, amount of rice consumed in Africa has increased rapidly since the 1970s, making themmore dependent on imported rice.
With this background in mind, the effort to breed a new variety of rice started in Africa in the early
1990s. Overcoming periods of difficulty, NERICA -NEw RICe for Africa- was created in 1994 by
WARDA, headquartered in Cote d'Ivoire, with financial and technical support from Japan and otherdeveloped nations. Japan provided support by sending out researchers and experts from MAFF,
JIRCAS and JICA while MOFA offered financial support.
NERICA is a dry rice bred by crossing drought- and pest-resistant West African rice with high-yield
Asian rice. To avoid confusion with hybrid rice, we call it NERICA. NERICA has a number ofsupreme qualities: e.g. high yield; fast ripening; drought-, pest- and weed-resistance. It is rich inprotein, too, containing 9 to 10% protein compared to existing rice with only 6 to 8%). The UN
expects this rice to play a role as a key crop in the solution of poverty and food security issues. The
multilateral research and development proceeded significantly through collaborative study carried
between WARDA and JIRCAS, e.g. "Study on utilization of cross bred rice varieties for increasing
rice yield in West Africa" concluded in March 1998, breeding more than 3,000 lineages of NERICA.
More than 200 varieties selected from those are now in the stage of extension in actual cultivation.
http://www.undp.or.jp/Publications/Nerica.pdf

Fig.13 Transition of rice consumption in West Africa
http://www.undp.or.jp/Publications/Nerica.pdf- 17 -

Fig.14 NERICA cultivated in the field(Photo by Mr. Tobita of JIRCAS at a rice field of Cote d'Ivoire farmer, August 2000)<Column ④： Developing hostile environment resistant crops>
Plants put in hostile surroundings develop various environment resistant genes to adopt themselvesto the environment. We discovered DREBIA; a gene regulating these environmental resistantgenes. By improving the DREBIA gene and introducing it to plants by genetic engineering
techniques, we can create new plants highly resistant to drought, salt and freezing. The technology
is expected to be applied to create crops and trees with the ability to adapt to global environment
deterioration. JIRCAS is now conducting some collaborative research projects to apply DREBIA
to rice with IRRI, to wheat with ICARDA, to wheat and corn with CIMMYT and to soybeans
with EMBRAPA.
The drought resistance of geneticallymanipulated rice with DREB1

DRB1 manipulated tobacco plant
Wild typecold

drought
Wild type

DREB1
DREB1
manipulated manipulated
stock astock bhigh salt(Photos provided by Shinozaki Kazuko of JIRCAS)- 18 -

DREB1
manipulated stock<Column ⑤: Stone mulching>
The agriculture lab of Tokyo University of Agriculture lead by Fukunaga Kenji has been working
with a desert greening project in the Republic of Djibouti in northeastern Africa. Through theiractivities, a unique stone mulching method was developed.
The stone mulching works just as it literally means: place cobbles on the ground leaving somespace in between. The space could be several cm to 10 cm. Cover them with a small amount ofsoil and place seeds in the soil between the stones. (Photo.1) In Djibouti, the ground surface
temperature reaches 70 to 80 C in summer and even in winter, hovers around 50 C. Shaded by thestone, the surface temperature is as much as 20 C lower. Therefore, the stone mulching slows
down the evaporation of water in the soil, and by doing so, prevents accumulation of salts causedby the evaporation and controls the surface temperature. The mulching provides water to theground by stimulating dew formation and avoids soil erosion as well. Photo 2 shows a sprout instone mulching. This is leguminous tree suited for desert greening. 5 years after, without any
irrigation, the tree had grown as shown in photo 3.

Photo 1: Stone mulching applied to
the ground surface

Photo 2: Sprout of leguminous plant (Leucaena)
1 week after seeding

Photo 3: 5 years after without any irrigation- 19 -

<Column ⑥: Citrus Greening Disease>
Citrus greening disease is seen commonly in Southeast Asia. It was named so because once
infected, the citrus fruits stops growing and turns green. (Photo 1) The disease was first reported
in South China in 1919 and broke out in China in 1943. Then it started to spread to the adjacentareas of Asia; continental Southeast Asia to the Philippines and the Indonesian islands. It hadreached New Guinea in 2001. As the symptoms worsen, all the leaves of infected trees fall and in
2 to 3 years, the trees start to die. (Photo 2) This plant disease is transmitted by a small insect
named Asiatic citrus psyllid, whose body is only 2 mm long. The disease is attacking Japan, too.
It first infected Okinawan plants in 1988 and is coming north along the Nansei Islands located in
the south of Kyushu. In Tokunoshima Island, a notable number of trees died in 1 year after the
first infected tree was reported.
The only measure to protect citrus crops against this disease is, currently, to cut down the infected
tree and plant a new non-infected tree instead. Until today, most of the effort was made to
develop a diagnostic method to identify the pathogenic germs to stop further infections. However
it is almost impossible to cut down all the infected trees particularly the garden and wild plants
and therefore we are powerless to stop the disease. We now must focus on the Asiatic citrus
psyllid to develop new methods to avoid infection. By studying its ecology, new methods toprevent infection could be developed; e.g. physical way to prevent the bug by using fly-screen
nets and windbreak trees and/or utilizing bug avoiding materials and attractant to trap and killthem.

Photo 1: Healthy fruit and infected fruit(Photo taken by Mr. Imada of NIFTSat Katmandu, Nepal)

Photo 2: abandoned fruit farm and dead trees(Photo taken by Mr. Imada of NIFTSat Cameron Highland, Malaysia)

Photo 3: Asiatic citrus psyllid sucking citrus tree sups
(Photo taken by Mr. Ashihara of NIFTS, 2003)- 20 -

10. The development prospect of international agriculture, forestry
and fishery research
In next 100 years, the Earth will experience a population explosion and global warming that we never
have encountered before. Whether we can avoid the catastrophe largely depends on the improvement ofagriculture technology and environmental conservation in all areas of the world. As globalization
proceeds, it becomes impossible for any nation to set itself apart from these global crises. We must
admit now that global benefits are national benefits and global problems are national problems. Japan
must contribute to international agriculture more than ever.
We cannot solve every existing issue. To conduct international agricultural research projects using
limited human and financial resources effectively, we need to build a strategy to focus on the distinct
target of our own nation. To enable this, we must assess trends of overseas and domestic research,
consider the effectiveness of the research and development, maintain knowledge of up-to-dateachievements of research and development, and then must map out the research fields where Japan cancontribute internationally. At the same time, to improve our ability to contribute to solving problems,
we must establish a flexible research system by overcoming difficulties in exchanges among relevantorganizations. To serve this purpose, Japan Forum on International Agricultural Research for
Sustainable Development was established in July, naming JIRCAS as the secretariat. The forum is
expected to play an important roll in promoting international research projects.
Asia and Africa are the two areas where most of the people suffering from malnutrition reside, andthese are the areas Japan must focus on. The most important subjects for our research will be following
three: balancing development and environmental conservation; decreasing poverty; and approaches forthe global issues.
In making an effort to balance the development and environmental conservation, following subjects forresearch are most suited to Japan: maximize the yield capacity per unit area by using all potential
biomass in the region; develop farming systems for areas of soil deterioration (agricultural methods
combining tree plantation, vegetable and feed stuff cultivation and livestock breeding in multilayered
and multifaceted ways), develop animal disease diagnosis methods in extensive areas and crop
protection technology against hazardous insects and diseases. The development of cellulose extraction
from oil palm fruit waste sited above is a good example of achievement in this field. For biomass
research, we must bring into our view the clean development mechanism approved by the Kyoto
protocol. (The clean development mechanism is a system that allows a developed country supporting
developing countries in their effort to decrease CO2 and other greenhouse effect gases can count a partof that achievement in the developed country's effort of reduction.)
The largest problem in decreasing poverty is a range of inhibiting factors existing in the developing
countries. Some of these factors do not belong to agricultural fields but hinder the solution of foodproblems: e.g. depletion of water resources; enlarging areas of hazardous environments; inadequacy insocial infrastructure; non-effective public investments and low investment in production materials. We
cannot solve these problems by research projects alone and therefore, must analyze each factor. For
those that can be solved by science, we must conduct research and development projects to improve
production technology. We also must encourage people to improve their agriculture and ruraldevelopment policies, encouraging understanding of how these two areas must cooperate to achieve
notable results. More precisely, we must conduct research and development to enlarge the self
sufficiency of small scale farmers, e.g. developing environmentally adapted and sustainable production
technology, avoidance of post-harvest loss and fresh water fish and shellfish culture, all suited forsmall scale farmers. Among the on-going projects, the development of sustainable fish and shellfish
culture system in brackish mangrove areas is an example.

- 21 -

To approach global issues, internationally shared technology and knowledge creation is the key subject.
In this category, the breeding project using the rice DNA database and genetic engineering techniques,as well as the creation of hazardous environment resistant plants, development of practical application
technology for biomass, fresh water management technology and development of technology thatprevents global warming are example of critical research.
The creation of new crops using gene manipulation techniques is very important, because it will
provide a common solution to all problems listed above. The number of crops created at this point is
not large and the range of genes is limited, too. However we should not underestimate it when we
consider population increase, decreasing farmland areas and depletion of water resources. Gene
manipulation technology is one solution with great potentiality.
Technology transfer conducted through research and development and technical aid achieves the
improvements of developing countries. The relevant personnel of Japan must share their extensive
accumulated scientific knowledge with international technological aid projects at the actual sites. Thisis Japan's obligation as a member of the world and is the duty as a developed country.
<Column ⑦: Japan Forum on International Agricultural Research
for Sustainable Development>
On July 28, the Japan Forum on International Agricultural Research for Sustainable
Development was established to cross boundaries among Japanese organizations, to achieve
cooperation and coalition by building new partnerships between international research
participants and organizations in agricultural fields, to solve global issues including the stable
and sustainable development of developing countries which face serious starvation and poverty
as well as the environmental issues related to these problems.

Photo: The organization meeting of Japan Forum on International Agricultural Research for
Sustainable Development

Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank Japan International Research Center for
Agricultural Sciences and their staff for providing data and information.

- 22 -

Back Numbers of "Agriculture Research and Development Report"
No.1 (2001.10)

Developing high quality wheat

No.2 (2002. 1)

Unscrambling rice genome information

No.3 (2002. 5)The livestock excreta as recycling resources

No.4 (2002. 9)

Development of functional foods

No.5 (2002.12)

Development of biomass energy technology

No.6 (2003. 3)

Research and development of rice for new purposes

No.7 (2003. 5)

Research of insect technology

No.8 (2003. 9)

Forest functions in inhibition of global warming

No.9 (2004. 2)

Marine ecosystem and aqua resources-Developing more sophisticated and sustainable aqua resources managementNo.10 (2004. 11) Research and development for quality assurance in food products
Please give us your comments and suggestions on this report

We appreciate your comments and suggestions to improve our future work. Please send them by e-mail,fax or postal mail to the following address.

Contact:

Kawaguchi and Iwasaki

Research Group, Research Information Office, Research Policy Planning Division
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8950 JAPAN
Tell:+81 ‐ 3 ‐ 3501 ‐ 9886
Fax:+81 ‐ 3 ‐ 3507 ‐ 8794
e-mail：www@s.affrc.go.jp
Japanese version of this report is accessible from following URL<URL> http://www.s.affrc.go.jp/docs/report/report.htm

Contents
1㧚 Introduction 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

1

2㧚 Fluctuation in world's food production 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

2

3㧚 Global greenhouse effects on agriculture 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
1. Decrease in production 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
2. Decrease of accessible fresh water resources 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
3. Increase of sea level 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column Ԙ: World's Forest Area and Its transition> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

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4㧚 The international effort 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column ԙ: The Green Revolution> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column Ԛ: The International Year of Rice> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯6
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5㧚 Japan's effort to support international issues on agriculture,
forestry and fishery 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

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6㧚 The research systems of JIRCAS 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
1. International collaborative projects 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
2. Domestic projects 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
3. Invitation of researchers 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
4. Information references, analyses and public relation works 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
5. International symposiums, workshops and seminars 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
6. Technical assistance for developing countries 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯
7. Think-tank function 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

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7㧚 University research facilities 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 1 2
8㧚 Private Organizations 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 1 3

Edited by the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery

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Published by Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery9㧚 The Result of International Collaboration Research Works 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column ԛ: Developing hostile environment resistant crops> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column Ԝ: Stone mulching> 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯<Column ԝ: Citrus Greening Disease>㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯

10㧚 The development prospect of international agriculture,
forestry and fishery research 㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 2 1<Column Ԟ: Japan Forum on International Agricultural Research
for Sustainable Development>㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯㨯 2 2

⴫⚕KPFF

Agriculture Research and Development Report No.11
㵰 The International Researches of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery for the Solution of
Global Food and Environmental Issues 㵱
12 November 2004

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