ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ǵ2003 ॷ 11 ೐˧̢ˏɹගɹଁʱጓɠ
⏍ಕ៎ɴ‫ݏ‬ʠᦉʚʶɛᅊ઴‫ر‬ˁᠧʞ⏍࣢ǵᣴǵǵǵៜ*
Reading Indigenous Forest Designs Embedded inGuinean Local Landscapes
YAMAKOSHI Gen*
The southeastern part of the Republic of Guinea (la Guinée forestière) has a rich varietyof flora and fauna, which are highly evaluated from a conservation viewpoint. Recent ethnoecological studies in Kissidougou, Ziama, and Bossou in this region have revealed that theseemingly primary forest patches in these areas have been subjected to dynamic and complex
historical changes and could be an outcome of local people’s intentional or unintentional
praxes. Since these vestiges of human activities are delicately embedded in the complex
landscapes, conservationists have often overlooked this possibility and proposed conservation
policies which inhibit human activities, based on the perception that local people’s activities
are destructive. These policies are not readily accepted by local communities, because theforests often have various practical and religious functions. More in-depth studies andrealistic conservation policies are needed in these areas to maintain a sensitive balance
between human economic activity and biodiversity.

1ȅΆΣͺ‫ވ‬გ࣭͈૩ႅ༗஠ે‫ޙ‬ǵ˧̢ˏԊ‫ܕٮ‬ɻ⏋‫ី׌‬ȴʰ‫׫‬ആ౅‫ك‬ɴᏳᬏȦ⏋্Ⴅɹ‫ܤܕ‬ˁ୫ɦ⏏‫ܤܕ‬ɻ 24 Ψ 6,000 km2 ɭ⏋౗ೣɹ 3 Օɹ 2 ʓɰɹᯆዩɲȵʰ⏋‫׌‬ᨆɹ̦́ˤ͡͹͇͠ɭɹ‫ݖܩޅܕ‬ɴɻ˵̫Ͳ̠˗̝̒͞Ͳ̝⏋‫׫‬ആᨆɹ̾͠͠ˏ͹˱ͻ̜˻̓ͩͻ͡ɭɹ‫ݖܩޅܕ‬ɴɻၖय़ᮒകȵঃȵʱ⏋ປᥒᇕࢸɇȦ‫ܕ‬Ԓɴ३ঃȦඨᅊ̊˓̺ˁʛʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏‫׫‬ആᨆɹၖय़കɻ⏋ຮໜೝɹගകᝢᦡೝɴȲȦɩʢගകɭɌɩࡔ‫ܧ‬Ɍᐚȿ⏋ɗɹɛʠၖय़കɴᅊਖ਼ɌɩȦɛ֪ඨ႒ɹȋ᧫ᮑ‫ݭ‬ଘ (refugia)ȍ

* ϴ ᨊ ߂ ࡝ ߂ ࡝ ᭏ ˏ ˻ ˏ͹ ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ‫ ݖ ܩ‬቉ ድ ቉ ድ ዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University237ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ɭɌɩลᔨɌɛɭȦʼʶʳȋីᨆ˧̢ˏж‫ܩ‬ക (Western Guinean lowland forests)ȍ⏃ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ˹˛ͤ͞ˠ̦‫׫‬ആᨆ͹̾͠͠ˏԃ‫ܤ‬͹˵˵Ͳ̝͞ (Sassandra) ाГីɹ˱ͻ̜˻̓ͩͻ͡ីᨆ⏆ɹΥᨆˁ෯ଁɐʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒ɹ޽෵ਸȵᲞȦᢵᩂɲȋ̜́̒˽̜̒ͅ (hotspot)ȍɭɌɩ⏋ѳԃΫɹᲞȦѝғȵ᠗ʠʰʶɩȦʳ␩Lebbie 2001␭⏏
ǵගകѳԃɭȦȩဣɫɻ⏋᝔క‫ך‬ՕΫȋගക˧̢ˏ (Guinée forestière)ȍɭ٧ɽʶʳആ‫׫‬ᨆ‫ݖܩ‬ˁμਕɴ⏋Ϻ‫֓ވؤ‬͹ᮑ຦ɹ༑Ԃ͹ᥥՏᅎೠೳФ஛͹᩿ቄᣂ྇஛஗ɲɰˁჿᅓɭɌɩගകཝࢹȵ‫׶‬ઉɇʶɩȦʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽ␩Wilson 1992␭⏆⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ആᨆ͹‫׫‬ᨆˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɴປʏ⏋‫ܕ‬ፑɭɌɩɹᕶးѳᡸ‫ך‬ɹ៯ጓɻᧆʶɩȲʱ⏋Ʉʶʚɫ̶͞Ͳ˽ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ಁБɴըࡴɇʶɛ؏๭ᕶးѳᡸ‫ך‬ȵ 2 Ͷଘ⏃˻ˏ͇࣢‫␩ݳ‬Réserve de la Biosphère du Massif du Ziama␭⏧1943 ॷ⏋̢Ͳ̫࣢␩Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Monts Nimba␭⏧1944 ॷ⏆⏋ᦏॷృɛɴ៯ጓɇʶɛ‫ܕ‬ጓԇ‫ܟ‬ȵ 2 Ͷଘ⏃̫̚ˑˏͻ␩Park National du Badiar␭⏧1985 ॷ⏋ˠͻ͹̢˻˙ͻ͡␩Park National
du Haut-Niger␭⏧1997 ॷ⏆ȡʳɹʛɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰԃѳᡸ‫ך‬ɹᯆዩˁ‫غ‬៟Ɍɩʢ⏋‫ܤܕ‬ᯆዩɹ3⎾ʓɰˁ‫װ‬ʠʳɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴᢵᩂɲගകˁѳ୫Ɍɲȵʰ⏋ѳԃ቉ድ͹༎֪ɭȦȩဣɫɻᧆʶɩȦɛ˧̢ˏԊ‫ٮ‬‫ܕ‬ɫɻ⏋Ё৿ၱᇍᇕɴගകѳԃᬠᦹɹ༎֪ȵᇵ˃ɴɲʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ೣዣɫɻ⏋ѳԃకፑɹ‫ݜ‬ᇻɭɲʱ⏋ɗɹ౅‫ك‬ਸɴ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭʳගകಕ៎ɹ০ଁ‫܍‬ɴɦȦɩɹ᠗ᡫɴ໶ᇿɌ⏋ɌɽɌɽΥ౅ᇕɴᢦɹѝғɧȿˁɇʶȵɠɲගകಕ៎ʍɹϺဤᇕ৯ᯱɴᬠɐʳᖂ٢ཉȦ቉ድϟёˁ᏷ЂɐʳɄɭɫ⏋˧̢ˏɹගകѳᡸకፑɹࢰഀӉˁฐᏮɌɩʛɛȦ⏏

2ȅ৬ௗ̥ͣವ͛ͥΆΣͺ͈૩ႅǵ˧̢ˏ‫׫‬ആᨆɹᢵᩂɲᕶးɹჼႥˁ଴வɌ⏋ɗɹѳԃɹɛʠɹ౅ፑˁᓒȭʳɛʠ⏋ᠱʼʶɩჼ‫ܩ‬ˁ᭜ᤉɫែ࢘Ɍɴ᝔ȼɄɭˁ઎ӉɌɩȦɛɞȷɛȦ⏏˧̢ˏɹ‫ី׌‬ᨆɴȡʳ᱔ᨊɹ˱̠˪
͠ȴʰ⏋‫׫‬ആᨆɹගക‫ܩ‬य़ɴ‫ك‬ȴȩ‫ͤ͞˛˹⏋غݭ‬ˠ̦⏋̾͠͠ˏɭɹ‫ޅܕ‬ɴ໤ɤɩ‫ܤܕ‬ˁᑖ᢭ɐʳ‫ ᧑ܕ‬1 ‫ش‬͹2 ‫ش‬ᐻˁ 1,000 km ʓɰ⏋ʚʳʚʳ 2 ౗ȴȿɩው֪ɐʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏃‫ ܒ‬1⏆⏏
ǵϺ‫ؤ‬Ꮭ 150 ΨϺɹ˱̠˪͠ (Conakry) ॑ɹ‫ۭۂ‬ˁ৿ɴɌɩ᧿޺ɴՏʳɭ⏋Ꮭ 100 km Ӵɹ˥Ͳ̚ˑˏ (Kindia) ॑ȡɛʱʚɫɻ⏋ᦏ᧿ᦅ෌ȵᇵ˃ɲᦅ೴‫ܩ‬य़ȵᐚȼ⏏ឿཡɐᭉʱɹᓚс‫ܩ‬ɭ္ᅣఔඉ৿ɹϠ๖കȵঃȵʱ⏋Ϻဤᇕ৯ᯱˁ৔ȼ‫؝‬ȿɛಕ៎ȵࣙᬖɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏͇͌ͻ(Mamou) ॑⏋̶ˎ̠͞ (Faranah) ॑ɭȦɤɛᅘȵᐚȼ˹˛ͤ͞ˠ̦‫ޅܕ‬໤Ȧɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻ⏋਀Ǿɴ˵̫Ͳ̠ȵᇿጓɦʭȩɴɲʱ⏋ᗳ؅ɭปᲞȵжȼʚɽʰɲගകɭȵ͐˸˓˪ႥɴՕ॒ɐʳʭȩɴɲʳ⏏᧑ᤉ໤ȦɴՕ॒ɐʳ೴Ǿɫɻ⏋ᦅᓚɴ֓ȭɩ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁգᅎɌɛႌɹఔ႑ȵᇿጓɤɩȼʳ⏏
ǵ˱̠˪͠ȴʰ 600 km ʓɰᦽ˃ɞ˥˹̝˕˫ (Kissidougou) ॑ȴʰ⏋᝔క‫ך‬ՕɭɌɩɹȋගക˧̢ˏȍ‫ݖܩ‬ɴԂʳ⏏ɌȴɌ˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇɻ⏋ಕ៎ɭɌɩɻගകɭ˵̫Ͳ̠ɹ͐˸˓˪Ⴅ઴
238࣢ᣴ⏧˧̢ˏɹගɹଁʱጓɠ

଎ 1ȁΆΣͺ‫ވ‬გ࣭ਔ༏ၞ଎

ৢ૯ 1ȁ΋΢·ς̆΅ϋΟͻͺ‫͈֚ۼ‬໓ࠊ᥂ዿʭʱ௣৯Ɍɛ̚˻̲̊̚͡ˠ౱Ӊʭʱ⏃ᘿᓔ௣৯⏧2000 ॷ 8 ೐⏆ȵᐚȷ⏋ගകȵɭȼɴᇿጓɦʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ႕ᖬɭɌɩ⏋͐˸˓˪ಕ៎ɹμɫ̮̒̍ႥɴՕ॒ɐʳගകɹμਕᨆɴ೴ᘺȵᇍ᧒Ɍ⏋ᐄഗɭɌɩ̝ͻ̠̓ɹʭȩɲ০઴ɹගകȵʛʰʶʳɄɭȵሾʰʶɩȦʳ⏏᥂ዿȴʰʢ⏋ԓ০ɴι˃ɞॅೠɴܑʚʶɛ೴ᘺˁተ᠗ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏
239ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ৢ૯ 2ȁ༗ࢌߊ‫͈ٮޏ‬಴ΓτΡͽͤ͢བ͚ΐͺζ૩ႅ᥂ዿʭʱ௣৯Ɍɛ̚˻̲̊̚͡ˠ౱Ӊʭʱ⏃ᘿᓔ௣৯⏧2000 ॷ 8 ೐⏆ǵ˥˹̝˕˫ˁ᧌ȹ⏋˰˭̝˕ (Guékédou) ॑⏋͇˵Ͳ̊ (Macenta) ॑ɭᦽʞɴɦʶ⏋߂ៀฐɲ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁᇿɴɐʳɄɭȵࢹɲȼɲʱ⏋ปᲞȵ 20 ⑎ ዐ঎ɹϠ๖കȵᇿɴɦȼʭȩɴɲʳ⏏͇˵Ͳ̊ȴʰගക˧̢ˏɹμਕᨊ॑ɫȡʳͲ̄ͤ˱ͤ (Nzérékoré) ॑ɴ‫ك‬ȴȩ᦭μɫ⏋‫ ᧑ܕ‬2 ‫ش‬ᐻɻ˻ˏ͇࣢‫ݳ‬ѳᡸ‫ך‬ɹ‫׌‬ᨆˁ᢭ᦲɌɩȦȼ⏃Ԡሎ 2⏆⏏˱̠˪͠ȴʰ 800 km ው֪Ɍɩ⏋՟ʠɩᇿɴɐʳᮁ߂ɲၖय़കɫȡʳȵ⏋ᤂᮐɴɌɩ 10 km ʓɰɫѳᡸ‫ך‬ˁᦲ᧌ɌɩɌʚȩɭ⏋ԗʃᅣɭϠ๖കɹϺဤᇕ৯ᯱˁ৔ȼ‫؝‬ȿɛᰟಕȵᐚȦɩȦȼ⏏೴Ǿɹᦏ᭰ɴʼɑȴɴ๿ɇʶɛࢸගകɴɻॅೠȵᗛɤɩȲʱ⏋؅ඨᅊȵᇍ᧒Ɍɛၖय़കɫȡɤɛɄɭˁ஠ཀྵɇɓʳ⏏
ǵɄȩɌɩ˱̠˪͠ȴʰ 1,000 km ˁᣬቑɌɩගക˧̢ˏɹμਕᨊ॑⏋Ͳ̄ͤ˱ͤ॑ɴɦȦɛȡ
44ɲɛɻ⏋̢Ͳ̫࣢ᕶးѳᡸ‫ך‬ɲɰɹࢸៀฐɲѳᡸ‫ך‬ˁែ࢘Ɍɛȡɭɫ⏋ȋɄɄɹɰɄȵගക˧̢ˏɲɹɞ⏏ࢹధɫࢸៀฐɲᕶးѳᡸ‫ך‬ˁ᭑ȿɽ⏋˧̢ˏɴɻʚɭʢɲගകɲɰࡔ‫ܧ‬ɌɲȦȍɭᐄᠶɧȿʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ȋʼɑȴɴ๿ɇʶɛගകɹ፬ჿˁ৔‫׋‬ɐʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏
ʚɛ⏋‫׶‬ลᇕɲගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɹӯՌɭਲ਼ʼʶʳз຦ɹ္ᅣɲɰɹᅊ෌༎֪ˁ‫خ‬ᔨɲᭉʱըᭉɐʳʏȷɞȍɭȦȩʭȩɲకፑரៜˁ๿ɐȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏
ǵኽɻ 1992 ॷȴʰЁ౗ʚɫ⏋˧̢ˏ‫׫‬ആᨆɹගക‫ܩ‬य़ɴᅊਖ਼ɐʳ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɹ᝔֪͹ᅊ઴͹ѳᡸɴɦȦɩɹ቉ድˁᐚȿɩȷɛȵ⏋˧̢ˏɹಕ៎ɴɦȦɩɹΥᖔᇕɲ‫׵‬ᢒɻΫ៨ɹʭȩɲʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ᇤᔀɲɄɭɴ⏋˧̢ˏɫɹᠭീˁᏺȭɩᰧ᝔ลɫॠ‫ܕ‬ɐʳɭȷ⏋ଁᅒȡʳȦɻᬠዷɹΫዷȴʰٞᦇɹᰟಕˁሖʠʳɛʃɴ⏋˧̢ˏɴປʏ⏋౗ೣɴɻɲ˃ɭගȵ޽Ȧɹɞʸȩ⏋ɭઢɍʳɄɭȵɌɽɌɽɫȡʳ⏏

3ȅ΅ΏΡͽΈ͈૩͂૽͍͂
ǵȲɗʰȼɻ˧̢ˏɹගകɴɦȦɩ޽ȼɹϺǾȵԊ೑ɌɩȷɛΫ៨ɹʭȩɲᏬ೧ɲ‫׵‬ᢒˁ⏋ʚ240࣢ᣴ⏧˧̢ˏɹගɹଁʱጓɠʳɫ̦̒ˡͻ˥͖ͻ̸ɹ‫ؙ‬᥊ሾៅɹʭȩɴʁɤȼʱᦐɌɩʛɓɛɹȵ Fairhead ɭ Leach ɴʭʳ
቉ድɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɻගകɭ˵̫Ͳ̠ɹ஠ውय़ (ecotone) ɴеᒞɐʳ˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇˁᠭീ‫ܩ‬ɴ᧧ʃ⏋ගകՕ॒ɭϺǾɹ༎֪ɭɹᬠѥɴɦȦɩɹ޽ᯆᇕȴɦ᠎Ᏻɲ቉ድˁ᝔ɤɛ␩Fairhead andLeach 1996␭⏏
ǵីˏ̶͠ˡɹඨᅊՕ॒ɹ႕ਐɭɌɩ⏋˵̩͞ቆྴʭʱ‫׫‬ʍ⏋˵̼͡ᗳ؅‫ܩ‬य़⏋˽ͻ̋Ͳ˗̒
̝͞Ͳ̝—˵̫Ͳ̠‫ܩ‬य़⏋ගക—˵̫Ͳ̠ው᝔‫ܩ‬य़⏋ϗၥ݀˧̢ˏ—˱Ͳ˳ж‫ܩ‬ၖय़ᮒക⏋ྂ࿅݀˧̢ˏ—˱Ͳ˳ж‫ܩ‬ၖय़ᮒകɭȦȩ᯶ɴ⏋ඨᅊ‫ך‬Օȵആីɴय़Ⴅɴᦹɲʳဣȵ୭௎ɫȷʳ[White 1983]⏏˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇɻ⏋ගക—˵̫Ͳ̠ው᝔‫ܩ‬य़ɴеᒞɌ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ಁБʭʱ⏋˵̫Ͳ̠ɹμɴሁ৹ 1-2 km ɹ̮̒̍ႥගകȵՕ॒ɐʳ႕ਐᇕɲಕ៎ȵ៨ᥔɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ʚɛ޽ȼɹ‫⏋غݭ‬ɗɹʭȩɲගകɹμਕᨆɴɻ೴ᘺȵʛʰʶʳɄɭȵ‫׵‬ᢒᇕɫȡʳ⏏
ǵඨ຦‫ܩ‬ಁБʭʱ⏋ᕶးѳᡸɴ৔Ȧᬠਕˁ୫ɦඨ຦‫ܩ‬᝔కࡲʦගകᅊ઴࡝ᓔʰɻ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲႶ႕ɲගക০઴ɹଁ‫܍‬ˁ⏋ϺǾɹᕶးቑ‫ޙ‬ᇕɲ᝔֪ɹᐄഗɭɌɩᠦ౩Ɍɩȷɛ⏏ϺǾȵ္ᅣʦఔ႑ɴʭʱගകˁቑ‫ޙ‬Ɍɩȷɛɛʠ⏋ගകɻɐɫɴ˵̫Ͳ̠ɴ༝ȴʉऄɹʭȩɴɌȴ๿ɤɩȲʰɑ⏋Ȧʚ๿ɇʶɛʼɑȴɲගകˁգᅎɌࣉȼɐɛʠɴ⏋ϺǾɻʚɇɴගകɹμਕɴ೴ˁᬖȦɩȦʳ⏋ɭȦȩៗᨾɫȡʳ⏏
ǵFairhead ɭ Leach ɻ⏋Ʉɹ̢͘ͻ˪ɲ̝ͻ̠̓݀ɹගക (forest islands) Օ॒ɹଁ‫܍‬ˁஜʳɛʠ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ٞᦇɹ 8 Ͷ೴ˁᠭീ‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩ⏋ʚɑ⏋1952 ॷɴ௣৯ɇʶɛᖒዷԠሎɭ⏋1989-92 ॷɹ᝚౰ᅙӉɹៗഓᐄഗˁປᥒɌɛ⏏ɐʳɭઝ޺ɲɄɭɴ⏋ɄɹᏝ 40 ॷɹᬚɴ⏋ཝࢹɌɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ forest islands ɹధʦᯆዩȵ⏋ʞɌʸ‫ވ‬ȭɩȦʳӃ‫ك‬ɴȡʳɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɴɲɤɛ⏏1902-6 ॷɹ̶͞Ͳ˽᥅ɴʭɤɩ៨᪼ɇʶɛගകɹ˽˭̒̍ɭ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ᝚౰ᅙӉៗഓᐄഗɭˁປᥒɌɩʢ⏋ʦɻʱ‫ؾ‬ɍӃ‫ك‬ȵʛɩɭʶɛ⏏
ǵɄʶʰɹᐄഗɻɲɴˁઝ٢ɌɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ᓬ‫؜‬ʱᠭീˁɌɩʛʳɭ⏋޽ȼɹ೴ɫ⏋೴
ɭ forest island ɹᣱ྇ɴᬠɐʳᠦ᠌ȵШȭʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗʶʰɻ৳ʰɹӴኘȵ˵̫Ͳ̠ɹμɴ೴ˁল៯Ɍ⏋೑ᅎปɹඨകɲɰɴʭʱගകˁᦶʱΫɁɛ⏋ɭȦȩᰖɹʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ගകȵ‫ވ‬ȭɛɛʠɴ⏋࣒൓ɹলೳɭɌɩਖឹɲᗳೣȵ⏋Гմʭʱ೴ȴʰ᧙ȼɴ᝔ȴɲȼɩɻଝɴ
Ԃʰɲȼɲɤɛ⏋ɭȦȩʭȩɲ೴Ϻɹᠰ᠌ʢ⏋ᅙӉៗഓɴʭɤɩኍ‫ڗ‬ɇʶɛගകɹୟ߂ȵჼࡸɴᣱɄɤɩȷɛɄɭˁఌ୫ɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵϺǾȵ˵̫Ͳ̠ˁගകɴ޴ȭɩȦȼ͍ˡ̢̀͌ɭɌɩ⏋Fairhead ɭ Leach ɻ⏋1) ᐁཕᇕ͹᥅ϟᇕɴᩂឹɲปዛˁ᧧ିᇕɴ᧟Ֆɲ‫ݭ‬ଘɴඨปɐʳɄɭ⏋2) ೴ˁܑʞගകԒʦകᑉᨆՕʍᅊ
༎๿ྞˁత॒ɐʳɄɭɴʭʳ‫ޚܤ‬ɹᔋ໋‫⏋׋‬3) ೴ɹᦏҶɫ᝔ʼʶʳࢃ঑ᘛ‫ܟ‬ɴʭʳ‫ޚܤ‬ఒᖪ֟ഗ⏋4) с႒͹ᦅ໬ɹ޴‫׋‬ɴЫȩႌఔ႑ɹᩂឹਸжά⏋5) Ϻ‫ވؤ‬ɴʭʳᬿတᇺែ֟რɹ‫⏋֓ވ‬6)γᏛ‫׬‬еɫʛɛຩҌɹྂ࿅‫⏋׋‬ɭȦɤɛ޽෵ɲឹ‫܍‬ˁ୭௎Ɍ⏋Ʉʶʰȵភᮊɴᐉʛ‫غ‬ɤɩගക‫֓ވ‬ȵࡸჼɌɩȦʳɭ஠࢘ɌɩȦʳ⏏໶ᇿɐʏȷɄɭɻ⏋Υᖔɴගകቑ‫ޙ‬ɹ᧙‫܍‬ɭɌɩ୭௎ɇ241ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ʶʳɄɭɹ޽ȦϺ‫֓ވؤ‬ȵ⏋Ϋ៨ɹ2)⏋3)⏋5) ɴȲȦɩɻʞɌʸගക‫֓ވ‬ɹ᧙‫܍‬ɭɌɩᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳဣɫȡʳ⏏Fairhead ʰɻ⏋ࡸ᭬ɴϺ‫֓ވؤ‬ɹᘿɌȦ‫ݖܩ‬ɫ forest islands ɹᯆዩȵ‫֓ވ‬ɌɩȦʳʰɌȦɄɭˁ⏋᝚౰ᅙӉɹៗഓɭϺ‫࡝ؤ‬ᇕᣂషɭˁປᥒɐʳɄɭɫϜҺᇕɴኍɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɴ⏋ቑ‫ޙ‬ɇʶɛගകɹ೎৿ɹ๿ᲖˁՖʱࣉȼɗȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏋ɭᓒȭʰʶɩȷɛ˥˹̝˕˫ɹϺǾɻ⏋ࡸɻʢɭʢɭ˵̫Ͳ̠ȵӦӴɌɩȦɛ‫ܩܤ‬ˁȋᬖୖȍɌ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲू߅ɫ̮̒̍ႥɹගˁᦶʱΫɁɩȷɛࡔ‫ܧ‬ɫȡɤɛɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏Ʉɹ቉ድɻ⏋ᕶးᣂ྇ˁ᧟Ֆɴ፬ჿɌఒ‫ڵ‬Ɍɩȷɛࡸ᝔ςкɭɌɩ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ˁеᒞɧȿɌሁɐɄɭɫ⏋ᕶးɹѳᡸʦ୫ᐚᇕգᅎɴȲȦɩ⏋ߺࢀᓔɭɌɩ୼ȭʰʶɩȷɛ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ӉˁԗᓒɐʳɄɭˁς৓ɌɩȦʳ⏏

4ȅΐͺζ༗ࢌߊȶࡔ୆ႅȷ͈Ⴄঃǵ˻ˏ͇ගകɻ˥˹̝˕˫ȴʰ 100 km ʓɰ‫׫‬ആɴȡɛʳගക˧̢ˏɹμᨆɴеᒞɌ⏋̶͞Ͳ˽᯿ɫȡɤɛ 1940 ॷБʭʱ؏๭ᕶးѳᡸ‫ך‬ɭɌɩѳᡸɇʶɩȷɛ⏏1980 ॷɴɻ̦͘˽˱ɹᅊ႒‫ܞ‬ѳࡔ‫( ݖܩ‬Biosphere Reserve) ɭɌɩ୭ࡴɇʶ⏋ᐵᯆዩ 1,100 km2 оʱɹ˧̢ˏˁБᝠɐʳගകѳᡸ‫ך‬ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ѳᡸ‫ך‬Ԓɴɻ˧̢ˏ‫ܕ‬Ԓɫɻʓɭ˃ɰʛʰʶɲȦˏ̶͠ˡ̈˗⏋˱̲̜ˡ̫⏋̓Ͳ˳ɭȦɤɛॕࢹ߂֪݀႒ɹᅊਖ਼ȵተ᠗ɇʶɩȦʳ␩Barnett and Prangley 1997␭⏏
ǵɄɹѳᡸ‫ך‬ɻ⏋մᦚɹɭȲʱ⏋˱̠˪͠ȴʰͲ̄ͤ˱ͤʚɫᐚȼ 1,000 km ɹ‫᧑ॻݜ‬ᤉȴʰᇿɴɐʳɄɭɹɫȷʳ‫ڞ‬Υɹ߂ගകɫȡʱ⏋ѳᡸ‫ך‬ɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠᐻɹ޺үɻ⏋ᮃμᇕɴϺଝȵԂɤɛᦅ೴ᇕಕ៎ɴܑʚʶɩȦʳ⏏ᏬϺᇿɴʢ⏋˧̢ˏɹȋ೎৿ɹ؅ᅊകȍɹʁɭɦɭɌɩ⏋೎ӦӴɫѳԃɐʳਖឹਸɹᲞȦ‫ݭ‬ଘɫȡʳʭȩɴਲ਼ȭʳ⏏ɗɌɩࡸ᭬ɴకঌลᬠʦ‫ܕ‬᭬ NGO ȴʰɻɗɹʭȩɴ៿ѝɇʶ␩Wilson 1992; Kasisi 2002␭⏋ᦏॷɭȼɴᏄ֐ᇕɲѳԃ༎֪ȵ᝔ʼʶɦɦȡʳ⏏
ǵɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ɄɹʭȩɲᏬ೧ɲಕ៎᠗ᡫɴࢪɌ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ɹϟёɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴᅵᡴȵ‫ڟ‬ȭʰʶɩȦʳ␩Fairhead and Leach 1994␭⏏Fairhead ɭ Leach ɻ 19 γᏛμ᯴ȴʰ৿‫ץ‬ɴೆȴʶɛஜදࢃɹో᝔៨ȴʰ˻ˏ͇ٞᦇɹಕ៎ˁԗ෯፷Ɍ⏋ɗʶȵЁ౗ɹʢɹɭɻ߂ȷȼᅵɲʱ⏋˵̫Ͳ̠ȵӦӴɐʳμɫᓚс‫ܩ‬ɭ္ᅣХᬘകȵʛʰʶʳϺဤᇕɲ৯ᯱɹ৔ȦʢɹɫȡɤɛʰɌȦɄɭˁ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏ɄʶˁគЊȿʳʭȩɴ⏋20 γᏛ՟ᰄɹᅊ႒࡝ᓔʰɹ៨ᥔɴʢ⏋Ʉɹ‫ݖܩ‬ɫɻΥ๖കᇕปዛȵʚʶɫϠ๖കਸɹගകȵӦӴɐʳɄɭȵ៨ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏֓ȭɩ Fairhead ʰɻ⏋‫إ‬యೆɴ៨ɇʶɩȦʳϺ‫ؤ‬ɴᬠɐʳ៨ᥔˁՕഓɌɩ⏋˻ˏ͇ٞᦇɹϺ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ɻ⏋19 γᏛμ᯴ʚɫɻჼ‫ܧ‬ɹధ҆ɹៀฐȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹ৿ 19 γᏛ৿‫ץ‬ɹ˵͐͠ज़‫ܕ‬Ȳʭʃ̶͞Ͳ˽ɴʭʳ৶೓ʍɹୄ଻ɹɛʠϺ‫ؤ‬ȵ࿠ཝɌ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ʚɛ‫֓ވ‬Ӄ‫ك‬ɴȡʳɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄɹʭȩɲҶ៷ȴʰ⏋Fairhead ɭ Leach ɻ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകɻȴɦɩɻ˥˹̝˕˫ɹʭȩɴ˵̫Ͳ̠ȵӦӴɐʳ‫ܩܤ‬ɫȡʱ⏋19 γᏛμೝɹϺ‫֓ވؤ‬ಁɴϺǾȵ᝔ɤɛɇʚɊʚɲ༎֪⏃ᬿ‫ޖ‬ɭɌɩɹඨക⏋ࢃ঑ᘛ‫ڧ⏋ܟ‬෌ႵჃɴʭʳ̈˗ᅊਖ਼ధɹ࿠ཝɲɰ⏆ɴʭʱගക‫׋‬ɇʶʳ೼Иȵ242

࣢ᣴ⏧˧̢ˏɹගɹଁʱጓɠ఩Ȧ⏋ᏝΥγᏛȴȿɩჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ؅ᅊകɹʭȩɴʛȭʳගകȵɫȷȡȵɤɛ⏋ɭȦȩ˽̜ͻ͠ͻˁரᣱɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɄɹ˻ˏ͇ගകଁጓɴɦȦɩɹ߂ᔗɲЕᠦɻ⏋ៗᨾɴಸ౴ɇȵ๿ʳ‫إ‬య჉ɹ៨ᥔʦϺǾɹ᠝ʱɴᰉʳᨆՕȵ޽ȼ⏋᝚౰ᅙӉɲɰɹ౩ተɲ̚ͻ̊ɴʭɤɩࡸ៷ɇʶɛ˥˹̝˕˫ɹϟёɴປʏʳɭ⏋ᠦ਄֐ɴȲȦɩ֔ʳɞʸȩ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകΥय़ȵࢹɌմʚɫɻଝɦȴɑɹ؅ᅊകɫȡʱ⏋ᦏॷਸ਼࿠ɴ‫֓ވ‬Ɍɛ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹϺ‫ܦؤ‬ɴʭʱ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ਸ਼ᦵɴቑ‫ޙ‬ɇʶɦɦȡʳ⏋ɭȦȩȲໆʚʱɹয়ɩ஠ᩄɴɻᆄ‫ک‬ɹо‫ܩ‬ȵȡʱɗȩɞ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹѳᡸ‫ݖך‬Ԓȴʰ⏋ඨปɇʶɛ೑ᅎปʦᬿ‫ޖ‬ɹʭȩɲϺǾɹ༎֪ɹᆜᤄȵʛɦȴʳɄɭȴʰʢ⏋ঃ߂ɲ˻ˏ͇ගകɹȴɲʱɹᨆՕȵ⏋ᦏॷ‫܌‬਋ɌɛʢɹɫȡʳɄɭɻተȴɞɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏
ǵɄɹϟёɻ⏋ᡴᠶˁ 20 γᏛГᭇɹගക‫܌‬਋ೝɴᐈʶɽ⏋ȡʳઝ٢ɫ 1943 ॷГᭇɴଁጓɌɛᦏБᇕɲܑȦᦉʛ݀ѳᡸ‫̘͌˽˹ך‬ȵ⏋ගകɹ‫܌‬਋ɴࢊήɌɛଁ֒ёɭ୼ȭʳɄɭȵɫȷʳȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകɫɻჼ‫⏋ܧ‬Ϻ‫ؤ‬ȵ⏃ԗ⏱⏆‫֓ވ‬Ɍɦɦȡʳѳᡸ‫ך‬ٞᦇз຦ɭ⏋ѳᡸɹɛʠɹ፬ჿˁ৔‫׋‬ɌʭȩɭɐʳᕶးѳᡸᬠѥลᬠɹᬚɫѳᡸకፑɴᬠɌɩࢪጓȵ᳞౩ɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ೝГմȴʰɹ๴‫ر‬ᇕᐁᑅˁ᭯ᚂɌɩ⏋޺‫ك‬ȷɴɻᦲʱɹʭȦȋᢵᩂɲଝɦȴɑɹ؅ᅊകɞȴʰ؏ࢌɴѳᡸɐʏȷɞȍɭȦȩʭȩɲᠶჿɫѳᡸకፑˁᦽʠʳɲʰɽ⏋᧌ؑɹᐁᑅˁԊ೑ɌɩਛʶɩȦɲȦ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɭɹᬚɹྋɻཉʚʳɞʸȩ⏏

5ȅδΛΕ;ఆ͈ΙϋΩϋΐȜ͂ୈႠ͈૩ǵ̓̒̅˗೴ɻ⏋˻ˏ͇ගകȴʰɇʰɴ 100 km ʓɰ‫׫‬ആɴ‫ك‬ȴɤɛ̾͠͠ˏ͹˱ͻ̜˻̓ͩͻ͡͹˧̢ˏɹ 3 ‫ޅܕܕ‬ɴʓɰᦏȦ‫ݭ‬ଘɴȡʱ⏋˱̠˪͠ȴʰʛʶɽʚɇɴ೎Ә‫ܩ‬ɴȡɛʳ⏏Ʉɹ೴ɹܑٞɴȡʳధ km2 ʓɰɹࢸɇɲග⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆ɴɻᩃᅊ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɹΥᮃ܎ȵᅊਖ਼ɌɩȲʱ⏋20 γᏛ৿‫ץ‬ȴʰᇵ˃ɲᅊ႒࡝ᇕ቉ድȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ␩Kortlandt 1967; ೰࣢ 1978; ഌ໘ৢ૯ 3ȁδΛΕ;ఆ͈ୈႠ͈૩ȄΨϋ (Gban)243ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬

2000␭⏏Ʉɹ೴ɹ‫׫‬ആᏝ 5 km ȴʰɻ⏋γᅠᕶး᧨ᅋɫȡʱᅊ႒‫ܞ‬ѳࡔ‫ݖܩ‬ɫʢȡʳ̢Ͳ̫࣢؏
๭ᕶးѳᡸ‫ך‬ɹ࣢ᕊȵࠃʚɤɩȲʱ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹගʢ 1991 ॷɴ̢Ͳ̫ᅊ႒‫ܞ‬ѳᡸ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ˱ˏ˛͠ˏɹΥᨆɭɌɩɹ୭ࡴˁ‫؝‬ȿɩȦʳ␩࣢ᣴʓȴ 1999␭⏏
ǵ̯̜ɴ೎ᦏᑉɹ֪႒ɫȡʱ⏋ᑢຂ˵˓˪͡ȵᬏȼᐓྙȵ‫׶‬ઉɇʶɩȦʳ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɻ⏋ᦲ
। 50 ᰄմ৿ɹᮃ܎˵˓̀ɫధ‫ מ‬km2 ɹගകˁᅊਖ਼‫ܩ‬ɭɌɩਖឹɭɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ̓̒̅˗ɹᮃ
܎ɻ⏋ʼɑȴ 20 ᰄʓɰɹ߂ȷɇɌȴɲȼ⏋ᅊਖ਼‫ݖ‬ɹᯆዩʢ 5 km2 ʓɰɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᅊਖ਼‫ܩ‬ɫȡʳ̓̒̅˗೴ٞᦇɻ⏋1 km2 ɴྃɛɲȦႷȦᲞೠകГ޺ɻ⏋္ᅣХᬘ‫ܩ‬ɹϠ๖കɭᦅ‫ܩ‬ȵঃȵʳϺဤᇕɲ৯ᯱɹ߂ȷȦಕ៎ɴʭɤɩ෯ଁɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ʼɑȴధ km Ӵɹ̢Ͳ̫࣢‫ܩ‬ɴɻঃ߂ɲᲞೠകȵᇍ᧒ɌɩȦʳɄɭɭປʏʳɭ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹࢸගകɻ⏋ʚɇɴϺဤᇕᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹ༠ɴ༝ȴʉȋᮐʶࢸऄȍɹʭȩɴʛȭʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲಕ៎ɴࢪɐʳᏬ೧ɲ‫׵‬ᢒɻʦɻʱ⏋ȋᬖୖɌࣉȼɇʶɛܑٞɹᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹμɫʼɑȴɴՖʱ๿ɇʶɛගɴ⏋ᦡᤉˁుɛʶɛ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻȵз˃ɫȦʳȍɭȦɤɛʢɹɴɲʳɞʸȩ⏏ɇɩ⏋ɄɄ̓̒̅˗ɫʢʦɻʱ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ʦ˻ˏ͇ɹʭȩɴ⏋Ꮼ೧ɲ᠗ᡫɻគՖʰʶʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏏
ǵ̓̒̅˗ɹʭȩɲໆɌɩჿ઎ᇕɫɻɲȦᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻȵᅊਖ਼ɌɩȦʳჿᅓɴɦȦɩɻ⏋೴ϺɛɠȵԊ೑ɐʳႶ႕ɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ៎ɹ৯ᯱȵ୭௎ɇʶɩȷɛ⏏̓̒̅˗ɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻȵ೎՟ɴయೆ៨᪼ɴᇎ‫ݭ‬ɐʳ̶͞Ͳ˽ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ೝȴʰ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹ೴Ϻɻ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻˁኜᓩែɌɩໆɌɩႵჃɌɛʱᰩʏɛʱɐʳɄɭɻɲȦ⏋ɭ៨ɇʶɩȦʳ␩Lamotte 1942␭⏏৳ʰɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ៎ɴɦȦɩɻ᠎ᦚɌɲȦȵ⏋ȋ೎೑֐ລ౏ɹ̜ͻ̘֪͌႒ɫȡʳȍ
⏋ȋȡʳ๴‫ر‬ᇕՏഀϟɹ᭬ɴ৳ʰɹӴኘȵ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɴ޴᤹ɌɛȍɭȦɤɛឹᏬȵᐉʛ‫غ‬ɤɩ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ɫʢ೴Ϻɻ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɴࢪɌᅢʶɭ៊Ɍʛȵཌྷɍʱ‫غ‬ɤɛ႕աɲઢ੻ˁୃȦɩȦʳʭȩɞ⏏
ǵȦɤʗȩ⏋೴ɹគ࣢ɴჼ‫ܧ‬ɹʭȩɲගȵ๿ɇʶɩȦʳჿᅓɴɦȦɩɻ⏋ᦏॷɴɲʳʚɫɻɤȷʱɭɌɛᠦ౩ȵɇʶɩȦɲȴɤɛ⏏ɌȴɌኽȵ೎ᦏ᝔ɤɛᠭീɴʭʶɽ⏋̓̒̅˗ɹ̫Ͳɭ
٧ɽʶʳࢸගകɻ⏋ᩂឹɲᏄᮠɛɠȵ࿃ʛ⏋ଁϺә኎ɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɭɲʳȋᏄᮠɹගȍɭɌɩɹลᔨ
ˁ୫ɦࡱఠᇕɲගɫȡʳɄɭȵɻɤȷʱɌɩȷɛ␩࣢ᣴ 1999␭⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ꮔᮠɹගɻីˏ̶͠ˡɹᦅ೴ɴΥᖔᇕɴʛʰʶʳʢɹɫȡʳȵ⏋ɲɕɄʶʚɫɗɹɄɭȵУɓʰʶɩȷɛɹɞʸȩȴ⏏˧̢ˏɫɻ 1958 ॷɹႶጓГഀ⏋́˪͹̜˕ͻͤ߂ᐏ᯿ɴʭʳ኏Цςᒶకณȵᐚȷ⏋1984ॷ̜˕ͻͤ߂ᐏ᯿ɹ๷ɹሁ৿⏋ံᝐ˪ͻ̊̚ͻɴʭʱకณȵϯБɌ⏋ᕶᅓ‫׋‬ᤉᐻȵఫȴʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏̜˕ͻͤకณಁɴɻ⏋኏Цςᒶɴʭʳ‫ܕ‬຦ᐏ‫غ‬ˁᦽʠʳɛʠ⏋‫ܧ‬ഀࡱఠˁኧ๬Ɍ⏋Ꮔᮠɹගɫɹә኎ʢ᧓໬ɭɐʳȋᔵኜዃ‫( ׋‬démystification)ȍకፑȵɭʰʶɛ⏏ɦʚʱ⏋೴ϺɴɭɤɩᏄᮠɹගɴɦȦɩៜ‫ؖ‬ɐʳɄɭɻ᧓໬᝔ဤɫȡɤɛʼȿɫȡʳ⏏̜˕ͻͤకณಁɹ೴Ϻɹံࡱఠᇕ઴঎ɴɦȦɩɻ೰࣢␩1978␭ȵ᠎Ɍȼ៨ᥔɌɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɗʶɫɻ⏋̫ͲɹගɹଁጓɴɦȦɩɻɰȩɫȡʸȩȴ⏏೴ϺɛɠɻՖʱ๿ɇʶɛ؅ᅊകˁᏄ
ᮠɹගɭɌɩదɤɩȦʳɹɞʸȩȴ⏋ɗʶɭʢ˥˹̝˕˫ɹ forest islands ɭ‫ؾ‬෵⏋Ʉʶʢʚɛ
244࣢ᣴ⏧˧̢ˏɹගɹଁʱጓɠ

೴Ϻᕶ᤹ȵᦶʱΫɁɩȷɛ෯፷႒ɲɹɞʸȩȴ⏏ɄɹဣɴɦȦɩɻჼ‫ܧ‬ᠭീμɲɹɫ᠎ᦚɻ᧫
ȿʳȵ⏋ॠံЕᠦɭɌɩȋ؅ᅊകЕᠦȍˁɭɤɩ̫Ͳɹගˁሖʠɩʛʳɭ⏋ʦʦߏߴɴਲ਼ȭʳဣȵȦȼɦȴʛʰʶʳ⏏ɛɭȭɽ࢏ަ࣢݀ɹ̫Ͳɹගɹ᯳Ϋɴɻॅೠȵʛʰʶɑ⏋ཉȦᚼȵᑢᗛɌɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴɄɹ᯳Ϋɹᚼˁԓ০ɴܑʞʭȩɴॅೠȵᨗᒞɇʶɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹȩɠɹ޽ȼɻ⏋˥˹̝˕˫ɫ೴ˁল៯ɐʳ᭬ɴඨകɇʶʳปዛɭ‫ؾ‬ɍɫȡʳ⏃ɛɭȭɽ Ceiba pentandra,
Triplochiton scleroxylon⏆⏏ʚɛ⏋μᕊɴɻԋ᭢ɹմᦽˁᭀʞɭȦʼʶʳ೑լೠೣਸᙶඨ႒ɫȡʳ
Acacia pennata ˁʛʳɄɭʢɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ៎࢘ɴ⏋ȋ೴ȵ೎՟ɴল៯ɇʶɛɹɻ̫Ͳɹ᯳Ϋɫ⏋ɗɹ৿ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɴው֪Ɍɛȍ⏋ɭȦȩ೴ɹ๴‫ر‬ɴɦȦɩɹᠦ౩ˁ֓٢Ɍɩᓒȭʳɭ⏋̫Ͳɹගɹɗʢɗʢɹลᔨɻ᥅ϟᇕɲȋ‫ݐ‬ȍɫȡɤɛ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵ୭௎ɫȷʳ⏏Ʉɹဣɻ⏋ඨปɹ೑ံˁ‫ي‬ʠЁ৿ɹᠭീɴʭʱ౩ʰȴɴɌɩȦȷɛȦɭᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏
ǵɇʰɴ⏋̫Ͳɹගɹ፴ܑɹ๴‫ر‬ᇕ޴᧦ɴɦȦɩʢᖂ٢ཉȦ‫ک‬Ȧȵ๿ɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɻ᯳Ϋܑٞɹॅೠᒴȴʰᵴʚɫ⏋ȷʶȦɴගɴʭɤɩុʼʶɩȦʳȵ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢ 1960 ॷБɹȡʳಁೝɴɻμᕊʭʱΫɹᨆՕˁ๿ɌɩᅣȵᬖȴʶɩȦɛɄɭȵ⏋1960 ॷБ৿‫ץ‬ɴ̓̒̅˗ɫ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɹቁೝᠭീˁ᝔ɤɛˏ͌˽̘̋͌͡߂࡝ɹ቉ድᓔȵ๿Ɍɛ౱Ӊɴʭɤɩተ᠗ɫȷʳ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ɄʶˁគЊȿʳʭȩɴ⏋ភధɹ೴Ϻɻ⏋౬ɹ̫Ͳɹගɻȋ̾ͤͻ॥ɹʭȩɲȍ⏃᯳ΫЊᦏɴ৓ʱɦȦɩȦʳɞȿɹ⏆ʢɹɫȡɤɛɭ៨ૡɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋1960 ॷɭ 1965 ॷɴ 2 ‫˗̅̒̓܌‬ˁ៮ʶɛ Kortlandt ɻ⏋Ʉɹ 5 ॷɹᬚɴ೴Ϻȵ̫Ͳɹගɹά‫ץ‬Օ⏃ᯆዩɫ 3/4⏆ˁΥຩɴᅣɴɌɩɌʚɤɛ⏋ɭᦚʏɩȦʳ␩Kortlandt 1986␭⏏Ʉɹಁೝɻ˧̢ˏႶጓሁ৿ɫȡʱ⏋ᩂዒȵᠩɓʰʶɛɭϺǾɴ៨ૡɇʶɩȦʳಁೝɭᩂɲɤɩȦʳɛʠ⏋ȋ̾ͤͻ॥ȍႥ઴ɹ̫Ͳɹගȵ⏋ȴɦɩȴʰɹ।઴ɫȡɤɛɹȴ⏋60 ॷБɴʦʞˁ਄ɑᅣɴɇʶɛᐄ
ഗɲɹȴɻՕȴʰɲȦ⏏̓̒̅˗ɫɻɄɹʭȩɲගɹ๴‫ر‬ᇕ᠗ᡫɴᬠɐʳሂ᧓ȵ⏋з຦ɭѳᡸకፑɹࡸేᓔɭɹȡȦɞɫჿ઎ɹѳᡸ‫ך‬Ӊɹሂ᧓ɭɲɤɩ‫ک‬ᰍ‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭʢɌɽɌɽȡʳ␩࣢

ৢ૯ 4ȁ1967 ා൚শ͈Ψϋ‫ࠊ׿‬
J. van Orshovenʰ௣৯ɹ 16 mm ̶ˑ͌͡␩Kortlandt 1981␭ʭʱ
245ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 3 ‫ش‬ᣴ ‫׵‬թμ␭⏏˻ˏ͇ɹϟёɫʢ୭௎Ɍɛʭȩɴ⏋ගക০ଁɹ๴‫ر‬ɴɦȦɩɹ᠗ᡫɻ⏋ѳᡸకፑɹᡴᠶɴȲȦɩᩂឹɲѥϝဣɭɲʱȩʳᩂឹɲ‫ک‬ᰍɲɹɫ⏋̓̒̅˗ɫɻЁ৿ɹષᩂɲᠭീˁᦲɍɩ⏋з຦ɭѳᡸకፑɹࡸేᓔɭɹȡȦɞɫ᠗ᡫˁԊ೑ɌɩȦȼਖឹȵȡʳ⏏

6ȅΆΣͺ͈ুட̠ͬ̓ບ‫̥̳ͥث‬ǵɄɄʚɫ⏋ගക˧̢ˏ‫ݖܩ‬ɹ 3 ɦɹϟёˁ᏷ЂɌɩȷɛ⏏ɗɹȦɑʶʢȵ⏋ȋో᝔ᓔȍᇕែဣɴʭʳ⏋ಕ៎ɹᏬ೧ɲ‫׵‬ᢒɴࢪɌ⏋ᅵᡴˁᅕɌጓɩʳʢɹɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰ 3 ϟёɻ⏋଩ɤɩȦʳගകɹៀฐʦϺǾɹᬠήɹȡʱ౅ɴɦȦɩΥ෵ɫɻɲȦȵ⏃ᝠ 1⏆⏋ಕ៎০ଁɴᬠɐʳ‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬з຦ɹዩෑᇕɲᬠήˁ୭௎ɌɩȦʳɭɄʸɴԊᦲဣȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɴ‫ݖܩ‬з຦ɹ༎֪ȵᕶးѳᡸᇕɴɻɛʰȼɭȦȩ⏋ȡʳઝ٢ɫઝ޺ɲүᯆˁ᠗ᡫɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ᦏॷ˧̢ˏɴȲȦɩʢᮒ৿ɹፋɹɅɭȼጓɠΫȵɤɩȦʳᕶးѳᡸ៟ᅙɴࢪɌɩɰɹʭȩɲኍ‫ڗ‬ˁήȭʳɞʸȩȴ⏏
ǵȋో᝔ᓔȍᇕɲᏬ೧ɲ᠗ᡫʍɹଫՠɻ⏋‫׬‬ɴ໶ઝཉȼ቉ድɐʶɽϟࡸȵʭȼʛȭɩȼʳ⏋ɭȦȩʭȩɲ቉ድΫɹଯ᝗‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩς৓ɌɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏Fairhead ɭ Leach␩1996␭ʢ
୭௎ɌɩȦʳʭȩɴ⏋ඨ຦‫ܩ‬ೝɹ᝔కࡲɲɰɄʶʚɫɹ˧̢ˏɹගകѳᡸ୊য়ᓔʰɻ⏋2 ፲ɫ᝔ɤɛฐ௹᠅᝔ɹʭȩɲ᥂ዿȴʰɹែ࢘ɴʭɤɩ਄ʰʶɛ‫׵‬ᢒɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȷ⏋ගകѳᡸకፑˁໆࡴɌɩȷɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᦏॷɹᕶးѳᡸ៟ᅙɴɦȦɩʢ⏋ϟࡸȵɰȩɫȡʶ⏋ȋଝɦȴɑɹᢵᩂɲගകȵ༥ྙࢨմɫȡʳȍɭȦȩፉೆȷɹ̺ͦͅͻ˸͡ɫɲȦɭᣂᩆȵɦȴɲȦɭȦȩʭȩɲ෯ᦶᇕ‫ک‬ᰍʢȡʸȩ⏏Ё‫܌‬᏷ЂɌɛϟёȴʰኍ‫ڗ‬ɇʶʳɹɻ⏋‫ݖܩع‬ɹࡸ੻ɴ‫׸‬Ɍɛѳᡸ៟ᅙˁጓ
ɩʳɛʠɴɻ⏋ಕ៎ɹ০ଁɴᬠɐʳષᩂȴɦ޽ᯆᇕɲᠭീȵਖឹɫȡʳɭȦȩɄɭɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʚɛ⏋ೣዣɫɻ˧̢ˏɹᦅ೴ಕ៎ȵϺဤᇕɲ৯ᯱˁ৔ȼ‫؝‬ȿɩȦʳɄɭɴɌɽɌɽៜ‫ؖ‬Ɍɩȷɛ⏏
ȋଝɦȴɑɹȍΥ๖ᇕᕶးˁᲞȼ៿ѝɐʳᓒȭ౅ȴʰɐʶɽ⏋ɄɄɻ᳄֐ɹϋɌȦ‫ܩ‬‫ݖ‬ɭȦȩɄɭɴɲʳɞʸȩ⏏Ȧɤʗȩɫ⏋˧̢ˏɻᩃᅊ֪႒ɹዛ޽෵ਸɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ٞᦇᡉ‫ܕ‬ɴປᥒɌɩᢌȴɫȡʱ␩Barnett and Prangley 1997␭⏋ᐓྙ‫׶‬ઉዛɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻˁёɴɭʶɽ⏋̠˓˻˙͠ˏГីɹីˏ̶͠ˡᡉ‫ܕ‬ɹμɫ೎߂ɹᅊਖ਼ధˁѳ୫ɌɩȲʱ⏋ɗɹȩɠ 95⎾ȵѳᡸ‫ך‬ɹ޺ᨆɴᅊਖ਼ɌɩȦʳɭȦȩ␩Ham et al. 2002␭⏏ɦʚʱ˧̢ˏɫɻ⏋္ᅣХᬘകɲɰɹϺນ 1ȁΆΣͺ͈૩ႅ͈੨අಭ
2˥˹̝˕˫˻ˏ͇̓̒̅˗
̢Ͳ̫*ගകៀฐ (km ) ගകɹ০઴
0.2-3.3
೴ᘺകᏝ 1,100ගകѳᡸ‫ך‬Ꮭ1೴ᘺകᏝ 180ගകѳᡸ‫ך‬؅ඨᅊǵ˵̫Ͳ̠͹ගക͐˸˓˪˵̫Ͳ̠͹ගക͐˸˓˪⏱ၖय़കၖय़കᣱ྇ϺဤϺဤ⏃⏱⏆⏱؅ᅊക⏱ᦏॷɹගക‫ވ‬ཝ‫ވ‬‫ވ‬‫⏱ވ‬ཝ⏱* ೣయɫɻ៘ʶɩȦɲȦȵ⏋̓̒̅˗ɴ᭰ஞɐʳ̢Ͳ̫ගകɹ๴‫ر‬ᇕ͹ᅊ઴࡝ᇕеᒞɧȿɻЁ৿ɹᖂ٢ཉȦ̘ͻ͇ɫȡʳ⏏
246࣢ᣴ⏧˧̢ˏɹගɹଁʱጓɠ

ဤᇕ৯ᯱɹ৔Ȧ‫ݖܩ‬ɻ⏋ჼႥɫʢሂয়ధɹᩃᅊ֪႒ɹᅊਖ਼‫ܩ‬ɭɲɤɩȦʳʭȩɫȡʳ⏏ჼ‫ܧ‬ɹၖय़ˏ̶͠ˡɹѳԃ༎֪ɴȲȦɩɻ⏋೎ᦏ౗ೣɫ߂ȷɲ࿈༑ɭɲɤɩȦʳȋᩁ࣢ȍ᧊֪ȵჿਥᇕɴς৓ɐʳʭȩɲ⏋Ϻဤᇕ৯ᯱɹ৔ȦϠ๖ᇕඨᅊɹѳԃˁᇿ୭ɐ᧊֪ɻʛȡɛʰɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌմᦚɹȋᏄᮠɹගȍʦ္ᅣХᬘകɲɰ⏋Ϡ๖ᇕඨᅊɹѳԃᅊ઴࡝ᇕɲѝғˁԗ៿ѝɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ᩂឹɲࢰഀᇕᠩᰍɫȡʳ⏃
␩࣢ᣴ 2000␭ˁؒ၇⏆⏏ɇʚɊʚɲઝ٢ɫȋϺȼɇȦȍ˧̢ˏɹගകɻ⏋ឿɛᇿɻੲȦȵߡȵཉȼ⏋᳄֐ᇕɲ቉ድࢪᢒɫȡʳɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏

৫ȁৃǵೣ቉ድɻ⏋యᨆህዀ࡝቉ድᢹជ֖ᩆ⏋႕ա቉ድ‫֜ߣڊ‬ᢹ⏃9702670⏋1997-1999 ॷ⏆⏋‫ݜ‬ᇻ቉ድA⏃10041168⏋Бᝠᓔ⏧೰࣢ॺπ⏋1998-2000 ॷ⏆⏋ᗐଝ቉ድ B⏃15710182⏋2003 ॷ⏆Ȳʭʃᢧ܎໬Ϻ̜̊͜ᢧ܎ 2000 ॷ঎቉ድ֖ଁ A (363) ȴʰɹ֖ଁɴʭɤɩ᝔ʼʶʚɌɛ⏏˧̢ˏ͹̓̒̅˗ɫɹᠭീɴᬠɌɩ⏋˧̢ˏᲞፈఠᔒህዀ࡝ଯ᝗࣌Ȳʭʃ̓̒̅˗ᄩ‫ޅ‬቉ድଘȴʰɹᠭീ៰‫خ‬ɗɹЈɹఌஹɴઢᡚɌʚɐ⏏‫ˏ̢˧ܧ‬౗ೣ߂ь᱅ᬠѥɹᇖɇʚ⏋೰࣢ॺπລ⏋ഌ໘‫ڒ‬ᨀລʓȴ̓̒̅˗቉ድ̺ͦ˻˙˪̜ɹԊ‫ؾ‬቉ድᓔɹᡉລ⏋Ȳʭʃ̓̒̅˗೴ɹϺǾɴɻ⏋˧̢ˏɫɹᅊ༎ʦᠶయсଁɴᬠɌɩɛȦʍ˃Ȳγ᠌ɴɲʱʚɌɛ⏏Fairhead ʰɹ቉ድˁ᏷ЂɌɩάɇɤɛ॑ाӵᮁລ⏋˱͍Ͳ̜ˁάɇɤɛࢸ࣢ሁปລ⏋ೣ᠖ɹ‫ؿל‬ീᠧᓔȲʭʃᑂᮃࠇ‫ڊ‬ɹ߄ᅒᕸລ⏋ϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀɹȋϺɭᕶး቉ድЦȍؒ֓ᓔɹ౅ǾɴઢᡚɌʚɐ⏏
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ഌ໘‫ڒ‬ᨀ⏏2000⏏ȏ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻɹਕȑ࣬໳ჼБయঐ⏏࣬໳ೆঊ⏏
೰࣢ॺπ⏏1978⏏ȏ̓̒̅˗೴ɹϺɭ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ⏧ីˏ̶͠ˡӘ‫ܩ‬ɹᅊ઴ȑᏛР‫࣒ܕ‬ೆঊ⏏
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࣢ᣴǵៜ⏏1999⏏ȋŋኜᓩɲගŌɹ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ⏧˧̢ˏ⑺̓̒̅˗ɴȲȿʳϺɭɹԊࡔȍȏ˛˱̶̅ˑˏȑ
3: 106-117.
␲␲␲␲⏏2000⏏ȋ ᩃ ᅊ ֪ ႒ ɭ Ԋ ᅊ ɐ ʳ Ɍ ȼ ʛ—ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ɴ Ȳ ȿ ʳ Ԓ ᇍ ᇕ ɲ ᕶ း ѳ ᡸ—ȍ ˓ Ͳ ̊ ͻ̦ ̒ ̜ ᦹ ᐚ ᡙ এ⏋ ϴ ᨊ ߂ ࡝ ߂ ࡝ ᭏ ˏ ˻ ˏ͹ ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ‫ ݖ ܩ‬቉ ድ ቉ ድ ዀ ˏ ̶ ͠ ˡ ‫ ݖ ܩ‬቉ ድ ࢭ ఓ⏏
http://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/lecture/yamakoshi/index.html⏃2003 ॷ 7 ೐ 24 ౗⏆⏏
␲␲␲␲⏏‫׵‬թμ⏏ȋᠨȵˏ̶͠ˡɹᕶးˁࡪʳɹȴ—‫ܧ‬ഀᄩ‫ޅ‬ਲ਼઎ɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɛᕶးѳᡸɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁஜʳ—ȍᩂᅒልᒶᑂȏˏ̶͠ˡɹ֐ȑϴᨊ߂࡝࡝᝗ՏႆЦ⏏
࣢ᣴǵៜ͹ጭӯ‫ॺ׭‬͹ഌ໘‫ڒ‬ᨀ͹೰࣢ॺπ⏏1999⏏ȋ˧̢ˏԊ‫ܕٮ‬͹̓̒̅˗ɴȲȿʳ̍Ͳ̮Ͳ˻ͻ቉ድࢸ‫ر‬ȍȏᮠᬏᰖ቉ድȑ15(2): 101-114.

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