Exploring Teachers’ Beliefs and the Processes of Change
Jack C. Richards, Patrick B. Gallo, Willy A. Renandya
SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, Singapore

Introduction
The nature of teacher change is crucial to the field of second language teacher
education. Since most of what we do in teacher education seeks to initiate change of one
sort or another it is important to try to better understand the nature of change and how
it comes about.
The nature of what is meant by change is complex and multifaceted. As many others
including Bailey (1992) and Jackson (1992) have pointed out, change can refer to manythings including knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, understanding, self-awareness, andteaching practices. Several assumptions about the nature of teacher change underlie
current approaches to teacher professional development:!
!
!

teachers’ beliefs play a central role in the process of teacher development;changes in teachers’ practices are the result of changes in teachers’ beliefs
the notion of teacher change is multidimensional and is triggered both by
personal factors as well as by the professional contexts in which teachers work.

These assumptions reflect a bottom up view of teacher change rather than the top down
model of change often seen in traditional models of innovation, where change is viewed
as the transmission of information from educators or policy makers to teachers (DarlingHammond 1990). The present study was prompted by an interest in the kinds of beliefs
teachers describe in relation to their practice and how they conceptualized their own
process of teacher development. It therefore sought to clarify the following questions:!
!
!

What core beliefs do language teachers hold about the processes of teaching andlearning?
How do teachers see their teaching as having changed over time?
What were the sources of change?

Investigating teachers beliefs and changes
In order to investigate the questions above we administered a questionnaire to 112
second language teachers, the majority of whom were from Southeast Asian countries.
14 teachers from Australia also took part in the survey (See Appendix 1, 2). Information
was collected in relation to each of the questions above, namely the teachers’ beliefs,
the changes teachers reported in their approach to teaching, and the sources teachersreported for those changes.

1. The teachers’ beliefs
The study of teachers’ beliefs forms part of the process of understanding how teachers
conceptualize their work. In order to understand how teachers approach their work it isnecessary to understand the beliefs and principles they operate from. Constructivist
theories of teacher development see the construction of personal theories of teaching asa central task for teachers. Such theories are often resistant to change and serve as acore reference point for teachers as they process new information and theories(Golombek 1998, Roberts 1998). Clark and Peterson (1986) (summarized and discussed
in Breen, ms., pp. 47-48) proposed that:

~2~
!

!

!

!
!

The most resilient or “core” teachers’ beliefs are formed on the basis of teachers
own schooling as young students while observing teachers who taught them.
Subsequent teacher education appears not to disturb these early beliefs, notleast, perhaps, because it rarely addresses them.
If teachers actually try out a particular innovation which does not initially conformto their prior beliefs or principles and the innovation proves helpful or successful,then accommodation of an alternative belief or principle is more possible than in
any other circumstance.
For the novice teacher, classroom experience and day to day interaction withcolleagues has the potential to influence particular relationships among beliefs
and principles, and, over time, consolidate the individual’s permutation of them.
Nevertheless, it seems that greater experience does not lead to greater
adaptability in our beliefs and, thereby, the abandonment of strongly held
pedagogic principles. Quite the contrary in fact. The more experience we have,the more reliant on our “core” principles we have become and the less conscious
we are of doing so.
Professional development which engages teachers in a direct exploration of theirbeliefs and principles may provide the opportunity for greater self-awarenessthrough reflection and critical questioning as starting points for later adaptation.
The teacher’s conceptualizations of, for example, language, learning, andteaching are situated within that person’s wider belief system concerning such
issues as human nature, culture, society, education and so on.

Other researchers (e.g., Bailey, 1992; Golombek, 1998) affirm the notion that changes
in teachers’ beliefs precede changes in their teaching practices. Similarly, Hampton(1994) notes that teachers’ beliefs or “personal constructs” determine how they
approach their teaching. These beliefs may be quite general or very specific. For
example Harste, Woodward, and Burke (1984) identified nineteen separate beliefs aboutteaching and learning that were built into a simple primary-one level activity. Teachers’
beliefs strongly affect the materials and activities they choose for the classroom.
Hampton suggests that some of these core beliefs are changeable, but others are“impermeable and difficult or impossible to change” (p. 129). Breen (ms) describes thecore beliefs of a group of 167 teachers who participated in a language learning
experience and who reported on the practices they thought facilitated the learning of thelanguage. These are summarized in terms of nine principles.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Selectively focus on the form of the language
Selectively focus on vocabulary or meaning
Enable learners to use the language/Be appropriate
Address learners’ mental processing capabilities
Take account of learners’ affective involvement
Directly address learners’ needs or interests
Monitor learner progress and provide feedback
Facilitate learner responsibility or autonomy
Manage the lesson and the group

Examining language teachers’ beliefs, then, should therefore help clarify how teacherschange their approaches to teaching and learning over time.
In the present study the respondents were asked to provide a written response to thefollowing statement:
Briefly describe one or two of your most important beliefs about language
teaching and learning that guide(s) you in your day-to-day teaching (e.g.
grammar plays an important/trivial role in language learning).

~3~

From the responses given, a total of 207 summary statements were recorded in the database. Thirteen categories of beliefs emerged from the responses; nine main categories
summarize the majority of the responses, while four smaller categories contain less than
5% of the total number of comments; hence, these final four categories were put
together under other. Table 1 lists the categories and the numbers of responses that fit
in that category.

Results
The most commonly reported core belief centered on the role of grammar in language
teaching and the related issue of how grammar should be taught. Out of 38 responses,
25 discussed the importance of grammar for communication, comprehension and clear
expression. Others described grammar as the foundation of English language learning or
referred to the need for grammar at the early stages of language learning.
Table 1
Teachers’ Most important Beliefs about Language Teaching and Learning
Category
The role of grammar and grammar teaching
Beliefs about learners
The language skills
Teacher characteristics
Class atmosphere/conditions for language
learning
Purpose of language teaching and learning
Teaching procedures
Methods
Role of practice in language learning
Other: Personal philosophies
Learner errors
The status of English
Teaching/learning processes

Frequency
38
30
25
24
21

Percent
18
14
12
11.5
10

16
16
11
10
6
4
3
2

8
8
5
5
3
2
1
<1

At first, this result was surprising, considering that other research evidence hassuggested teachers in Southeast Asia prefer the more communicative, meaning-focused
approach to teaching (Renandya, Lim, Leong & Jacobs, ms). On one hand, this response
may have been triggered by the design of the questionnaire, since the example provided
of a belief was a belief about grammar. In addition at least one group of teachers who
filled out the survey were engaged in an in-service course on Communicative Grammar
Teaching at the time they answered the questionnaire. Hence for some respondents therole of grammar in language teaching and how grammar should be taught were topics
fresh on their minds. On the other hand, informal interviews with some of the survey
respondents confirmed that the role of grammar is an issue of special interest toteachers in the Asian region, especially those who have been using a communicative
approach. Such teachers often feel frustrated because some of their students continue to
speak and write with relatively poor accuracy.
The second largest category of beliefs was that of beliefs about learners. Many of the
respondents commented on the need for learners to be independent, self-directed andresponsible for their own learning (n=11). Several (n=4) mentioned learner training andlearner strategies as important to autonomous language learning. Several others (n=11)
suggested that learning should be learner-centered and relevant to student needs andinterests, and that learner goals should shape language courses. A few (n=3) mentioned

~4~
the differences between different groups of learners and the need to adjust one’s
teaching to fit the learning styles and special needs of different groups.
The third most common key belief was the importance of the language skills. 10
mentioned the importance of reading instruction, especially extensive reading. As withthe results for ‘grammar,’ part of the reason so many teachers mentioned this skill may
have been because one cohort of teachers was taking a course in Developing Reading
and Writing Skills (during which extensive reading is studied) at the time they answered
the questionnaire. Five others identified speaking as the most important language skill
and related it to good writing. The comments on writing (n=5) indicate that teachers
believe a lot of practice with writing will help students learn to write well. Several
teachers mentioned the integration of the skills and the importance of vocabulary
learning.
The next most common focus for responses centered around beliefs about thecharacteristics of a good teacher. Comments ranged greatly here, but included
exhortations about a) teacher-student relationships (to believe in, respect, support andencourage students, learn more about students, find the positive qualities in each
student, not to judge students, and develop good relationships/rapport with students);b) the teacher’s role (as a facilitator, leader, guide, skill trainer, model of values anddesirable habits, and socializer of the young); c) teacher attitudes (teachers should beopen, flexible, motivated, and willing to experiment); d) teacher training anddevelopment (language teachers need intensive training, teachers should keep up todate, teachers learn to teach by teaching, a good teacher is a well-prepared teacher,more education encourages me to work harder); and e) other assorted comments (theteacher is the focus of language teaching and learning, teachers should self-evaluate
lessons, teachers must adapt to student needs, and teaching is fun and not a stressful
as other jobs).
There were many comments about class atmosphere and the conditions necessary for
language learning. These included the need to create a fun, motivating, non-threatening
and secure learning environment and to create a language rich environment in whichlearners could be constantly exposed to and use the language (N=11). Motivation,interest and readiness for learning were mentioned as essential ingredients for the
language classroom by another group of respondents (n=6). Moreover, there wereindividual comments about language learning as a two way process—involving both ateacher and a learner, the need to offer lessons suited to the students’ background andcapacities, and finally that class atmosphere is as important as content and pedagogy.
Concerning the purposes of language teaching and learning, many respondents agreed
that language learning is for communication and should be practical, relevant to out ofclass needs and instrumental for attaining other goals (n=13). Teachers, then, should
focus on students’ purposes for learning and must not overlook the socio-linguistic andcultural aspects of the target language.
Several teachers (n=16) described a variety of specific teaching procedures that they
believed were important. They mentioned a) getting students to participate in lessons bymaking the learning activities varied, interesting, creative, relevant, enjoyable and not
too difficult; b) setting clear objectives and developing good lesson plans in order to help
teachers determine instructional priorities; and c) that revision and reteaching were
essential. Other comments ranged from the benefits of cooperative learning to the use ofmusic to motivate students.
Although a small group of teachers suggested that there was no agreement on the one
best method for language teaching or learning—and consequently, that teachers should
constantly find new methods of teaching—the majority (n=7) of those who commented
on teaching methods agreed that an approach which focuses on authentic language used~5~in meaningful contexts for real communicative tasks was more practical, successful andnatural for language learning. Other comments mentioned methods for teaching writing,recommending a process approach and a genre approach respectively.
The final category of beliefs focused on the role of practice in language learning. A
number of teachers (N=8) recommended providing a lot of practice for language
learners since “practice is essential for learning the skills” and “we learn languages byusing them.” A few others commented on how and when practice should occur: in classwith communicative groups and out of class as well.
In describing beliefs about language teaching and learning many of the beliefs reported
demonstrate an awareness of the learner as central in the educational context. Even
when describing the characteristics of a good teacher, which one might expect to be themost “teacher-focused,” the respondents gave more emphasis to teacher-student
relationships than they did teacher training and development. When discussing teachingprocedures, student participation, cooperative learning and relevant activities werementioned along side planning objectives and developing lesson plans. Within every
category explored above, there is a clear thread of belief in the centrality of the learner.
This finding is consistent with the growing body of research which describes andsupports the move away from a teacher-centered to a more learner-centered teaching
methodology (e.g., Bailey, 1992; Larsen-Freeman, 1998; Nunan, 1988; Renandya et al.,ms., and Tudor, 1996).
The question now is are these beliefs, especially that of a learner-focused classroom,
reflected in the data collected about the changes teachers have made in their approachto language teaching during their careers?
2. Teachers’ changes in their approach to teaching
Change is regarded as a major dimension of teachers’ professional lives. Both preservice and in-service teacher education is normally predicated around the need toprovide opportunities for thoughtful, positive change. Pennington (1990) describes
positive change as central to the professional life of a teacher. She comments that “adistinguishing characteristic of the notion of teaching as a profession is the centrality ofcareer growth as an ongoing goal” (p. 132). In addition, Freeman (1989, pp. 29-30)
highlights a number of aspects of the notion of change:!
!
!
!

Change does not necessarily mean doing something differently; it can mean achange in awareness. Change can be an affirmation of current practice…
Change is not necessarily immediate or complete. Indeed some changes occur
over time, with the collaborator serving only to initiate the process.
Some changes are directly accessible by the collaborator and thereafter
quantifiable, whereas others are not.
Some types of change can come to closure and others are open-ended.

In a survey-based study, similar to the present study, Bailey (1992) examines sixteen
separate changes reported by sixty-one teachers. Those which represent at least 5% of
the respondents are listed here:
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Teacher-centered classes were made more student-centered
Use of more varied, authentic materials
Earlier focus on accuracy changed to communicative competence
Decrease the explicit teaching of rules in grammar instruction
Change in attitude
Use of groupwork begun or improved
Increased use of tasks and student-generated projects
Changes in procedures for teaching children

~6~In order to identify how teachers’ approaches to teaching change over time, therespondents were asked to reply to the following question:
Think about your first year(s) of teaching and compare what you did then withwhat you do now. What are some of the important ways your approach toteaching has changed (e.g. my teaching is not as teacher-centered as before)?

Results
The one aspect of teaching about which teachers reported the most change over theircareers was their focus on the student. Although a few teachers reported a change awayfrom student centeredness—due to time constraints and the heavy demands made onteachers—the vast majority of respondents (n=60) described their teaching as morelearner centered, more focused on students’ purposes for learning, more closely related
to students’ interests and daily lives, and more individualized. As they explained what
they meant by ‘more student centered,’ several of the teachers mentioned eliciting
student contributions, opinions and views during lessons, showing more respect for
students’ ideas, using students’ names, treating students as individuals who learn
differently, and providing more activities such as pair and group work. Two teachers
mentioned that now their students take more responsibility for their own learning, while
three others honestly commented that they mix teacher- and student-centered
techniques, using more student-centered lessons for non-exam classes.
Table 2
Changes in Approach to Language Teaching
Category
Learner centeredness
Basic teaching philosophy
Materials and resources
Language learning activities
Teaching grammar
Teacher confidence
Other: Learner errors
Teaching the language skills
Teacher effort
Teaching procedures

Frequenc
y
62
60
43
33
28
25
9
9
7
4

Percen
t
22
21
15
12
10
9
3
3
2
1.4

This move toward student-centered teaching parallels Bailey’s (1992) findings. It also
matches well with the underlying beliefs reported in the first section of this study andagrees with the results of other studies of Southeast Asian teachers (Renandya et al.,ms). One doubt remains, however, since the sample answer to this question included the
opposite concept of teacher-centeredness. Perhaps some of these responses were
triggered by the sample response rather than true reflection on real changes.
The second most common area in which teachers reported changes was basic teaching
philosophy. This category includes several key concepts, including changes in a)methodology, b) activity and task based learning, c) the linguistic and pragmatic focus oflessons, and d) assessment. Many (n=18) indicated that they now use a mix of methods
and strategies when teaching. Some have shifted from a structural to a communicative
approach, while others have moved from a communicative approach to an analytic
approach. Some mentioned an emphasis on strategies, processes, thinking, andcreativity. Several respondents (n=15) mentioned using a more interactive teaching

~7~style, with task-based, activity-based and project-based lessons. Comments on thefocus of lessons include concentrating on specific rather than general purposes forlanguage learning, focusing on sociolinguistic and discourse competence, and targetingthe quality not just quantity of output. As for assessment, one respondent mentioned
being more exam focused for final year students. The others (n=5) mentioned using
fewer exams and tests but more continuous assessment, trying to predict learnerdifficulties and highlighting these, and using assessments as a basis for changing
teaching and helping students.
Aside from these main areas, there were a few other notable changes in basic teaching
philosophy: increased use of cooperative learning and attempting to appeal to all
multiple intelligences during lessons, the change in the role of the teacher to guides,
facilitators, motivators, counselors, resource persons and consultants for learning, as
well as having clear objectives but flexible lesson plans.
As for materials and resources there were many comments about a change in theavailability of a much greater range of resources for teaching. Instead of relying on theprescribed textbooks and covering everything in them, teachers are using moreauthentic texts, teacher created materials, and other creative materials chosen for theirrelevance to students’ current and future activities (n=26). Another main change in thearea of resources is the introduction of information technology. Many of the respondents(n=14) wrote that they now use (or are expected to use) IT for teaching and lesson
preparation.
A forth category of changes that teachers reported was the types of learning activities
used in the language classroom. Now, the teachers reported, they use communicative
activities, group work, role play and games during their English language lessons.
Although one teacher lamented that she had less time for music, drama or otheractivities, others reported that they encourage their students to participate in classdiscussions, answer open-ended questions, take longer and more difficult tests, andproduce more writing assignments and homework. To make time for the increase in thevariety of activities, the teachers reported less lecturing.
Grammar teaching was another area of definite change. Generally, the teachers reported
spending less time on grammar rules or drilling, because of a shift in focus fromaccuracy and grammar to fluency and communication. Others mentioned using an
inductive approach such as a focus on consciousness raising, and teaching and testing
grammar in context.
A final category of change related to teacher confidence. Some mentioned general
feelings of confidence and enthusiasm for their work while others described being morefriendly, approachable and open with students, having better rapport with colleagues
and supervisors, and being able to relax in class and interject comments and incidental
ideas while teaching. Other respondents discussed specific competencies that havedeveloped with their growing experience: confidence with test writing, integrating theskills, linking lessons, and language analysis. Several others mentioned how experiencebred new flexibility in their teaching. They felt able to be more flexible about lessonplans, teaching methods, and materials. Two more general attitude changes werereported as well: from idealist to realist, and from dislike to love of teaching.
3. Sources of change
Vonk (1991, p. 64) observes:
At certain moments a coherent set of changes occurs in teachers’ thinking
about the profession and in their conduct. These changes are both qualitativeand quantitative in nature. Such a development, however, is not a simple,

~8~spontaneous process; it is rather the outcome of a complex interaction
between the individuals and the various environments in which they areparticipating.
These “complex interactions” often involve a mix of supervisors, colleagues, teacher
trainers and quite often groups of students. Through discussions, formal and informal
feedback and interaction with these collaborators, changes begin to take shape. Jackson(1992, pp. 64-67) identifies four ways that collaborators help teachers to change.
Collaborators can:!
!
!
!

tell teachers how to teach;
improve the conditions under which they work;
relieve them of psychological discomfort and help them come to terms with thedemands of their work;
help teachers come to a broader and richer understanding of what they do.

Batten (1991, p. 295) adds the idea that reflecting on and verbalizing what one does
well helps to bring about positive change:
If teachers can be encouraged and helped to identify and reflect on thepositive aspects of their teaching — to articulate their professional craft
knowledge — they may provide us with a clearer insight into the nature ofeffective teaching, enhance their own teaching, and establish a basis forsharing their knowledge with other teachers through school-based professional
development.
In addition to collaborators, Bailey (1992, p. 271) identifies six other catalysts forteacher change, including
!
!
!
!
!
!

dissatisfaction with the current situation
the connection of a new idea with the teacher’s own situationa change in the teaching context
life changes and personal growth which led to professional developmenta realization of something based on his or her experiences as a learnera conflict between the teachers’ new beliefs and their practices

In order to identify the specific sources of the changes the teachers had reported, therespondents were asked to reply to the following question:
What are the sources of the changes you identified above? Number the threemost important of the following options (#1, 2, 3) and explain your responses
in the space provided.

" feedback from supervisor" student feedback" keeping a teaching journal" through trial and error" collaboration with colleagues" self-discovery" attending in-service courses" tired of doing the same thing" use of (new) textbooks/new
curriculum" classroom investigation/research
I conducted" contact with others who triggereda change in me" attending seminar/conference/
workshop" other (please specify)

~9~Results
A total of 341 responses were recorded for this question. This chart ranks the frequencyof the responses.
Table 3
Sources of Change
Item
In-service courses
Seminars/conferences
Student feedback
Self-discovery
Trial and error
Collaboration
New texts/curriculum
Contact with others
Research
Tired of doing the same thing
Other
Teaching journal
Feedback from supervisor

Frequency
55
47
46
39
37
36
23
20
10
9
8
6
5

Percent
49.1
42
41.1
34.8
33
32.1
20.5
17.9
8.9
8
7.1
5.4
4.5

The responses indicate that in-service courses, seminars/conferences, and student
feedback are the top three sources for the changes the teachers reported. It is not hardto understand how teachers learn and then change based on student feedback. Since
they are with them most of the time, teachers often view their students as their bestsource of feedback. As the respondents explained, they use student feedback “to findout if lessons actually help students learn,” “to find out if lessons are effective,” “to help
me understand how people at the receiving end feel about my teaching,” and “to find out
what students’ problems are and change my teaching methods accordingly.”
What was surprising; however, were the two highest responses. While we may have to
discount some of the evidence for the first response, since all the respondents wereattending in-service courses at the time they answered the survey and may have wanted
to please the researchers, the respondents themselves gave interesting explanations of
their first two choices. They reported that in-service courses and seminars/conferences
!
!
!
!
!
!

give us a lot of ideas to put into practice. I choose those ideas that are suitable
for my class.
help us to upgrade our skills and to keep up with latest teaching methods andmaterials.
provide lots of good, well-tested strategies.
shed new light on ELT as well as help to reinforce old ideas.
are an opportunity to access new resources and read widely.
have helped to change my attitude towards English teaching.

Perhaps the most interesting comment came during informal interviews with some of the
respondents during which they indicated that what makes in-service courses andconferences/seminars so useful is that teachers meet their counterparts in other schools
and have a chance to share ideas, find out what else is being done to handle similarmaterials and how others are overcoming similar problems. As a result, they have thecourage to implement some of the new ideas they have learned.

~ 10 ~Of the next three sources of change — self-discovery, trial and error, and collaboration— the first two involve teachers reflecting on their own performance. As one of the
respondents explained, “self-reflection and self-evaluation help as they make you ponder
whether you’ve achieved your objectives.” Another source that spurred reflection was
reading. As for collaboration, the explanations were telling:
!
!
!
!
!

Conversations and sharing sessions with colleagues trigger off new ideas.
When talking with colleagues, we find new ways to handle a task.
Discussions with colleagues lead to the discovery and adoption of better teaching
methods.
I exchange ideas/methods/worksheets/teaching materials with more experienced
colleagues.
Encouraging words from colleagues help a lot.

The next two categories — new texts/curriculum and contact with others — also proved
to be catalysts for change. Clearly, new curricula including student texts, workbooks,
and teacher’s guides would directly influence what is done in the classroom, especially if
the book writers have incorporated new task or activity types or left out other types oftasks, grammar drills, for instance. One respondent commented on the process ofdeveloping a syllabus and textbooks and how this process “encouraged a lot of sharing,brainstorming and collaboration.” Similarly, contact with others, especially those whoshare the same beliefs about teaching would certainly help to bring about positivechange. This type of contact could come during workshops, seminars, in-service courses
or in other informal contexts.
Of the other sources of change — research, tired of doing the same thing, other,teaching journals, and feedback from supervisor — the only one with less than 5%
response was feedback from supervisor. The reasons that this was identified as the least
important for the teacher change is not clear. Perhaps the respondents did not receive
regular professional supervision and thus did not consider their supervisors as helpful
collaborators in the process of change. On the other hand, this could be a revealing
comment on the usefulness of the supervision that is being done.

Conclusions
Teacher development is a vast and complex field of study. What is already known
informs what is being done, and yet, it seems as if we see only through a glass, darkly.
This study was designed to provide some insight into teacher’s current beliefs about
language teaching and learning, the changes teachers have made in their approach tolanguage teaching and the sources of those changes. But, clearly, there are limitations
to the applicability of our findings.
First, the respondents were not a random sample of teachers from the region;consequently, the results may differ in some significant way from what would have beengathered from a purely random sample. The fact that our respondents were all attending
in-service courses at the time of the study also may have biased the responses,
especially in the area of sources of change. Secondly, the data for this study came froma single source (i.e., a self-report questionnaire), and although a few interviews wereconducted to clarify some of the responses, the data were not verified through othersources such as classroom observations, lesson plans, reports from students, colleagues
or administrators. Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, the responses may have been
influenced by our survey questions, which included sample answers for the first two
open-ended questions. Our highest number of responses for both those questions fell
into categories that matched the sample responses we had provided. For further
examination of these questions, removing the sample responses would berecommended.

~ 11 ~

With these limitations in mind, this study does shed some light on the three questions
and the three assumptions about teacher development with which we began this study:
i)
ii)
iii)

teachers’ beliefs play a central role in the process of teacher development;changes in teachers’ practices are the result of changes in teachers’ beliefs;
the notion of teacher change is multidimensional and is triggered both by
personal factors as well as by the professional contexts in which teacherswork.

As for teachers’ beliefs, we found a high number of responses about the role of grammar
and grammar teaching, and beliefs about learners. Although many of these teachers also
reported that they are following a communicative methodology and have texts andmaterials that were designed with this approach in mind, many of the respondents still
hold firmly to the belief that grammar is central to language learning and direct
grammar teaching is needed by their EFL/ESL students. While there was also evidence
that this belief is changing, more responses indicated that the view of grammar as
foundational has not changed, even though many have moved away from direct
grammar teaching or are at least doing less of it. Perhaps beliefs about grammar andgrammar teaching are two of what Clark and Peterson (1986, in Breen, ms) described as“resilient or ‘core’ teachers’ beliefs.”
On the other hand, our study confirms what other researchers (for example Bailey, 1992
and Breen, ms) have said with regard to teachers’ beliefs about learners. Teachers
believe learners should take responsibility for their learning, teachers should equiplearners for the task of learning, and teaching should meet learner needs. In otherwords, teaching should be learner-centered. Additional support for this finding comes in
the form of parallel beliefs in other categories of our data. When describing thecharacteristics of a good teacher, the respondents mentioned learner-centered ideas:
positive relationships with students, new teaching roles (facilitator, motivator, guide),and a focus on student needs. As for class atmosphere and conditions for language
learning, again student-centered concepts came through: classes should be motivating,interesting, relevant, secure, and fun. A third area in which student-centeredness isevident is the purposes for language teaching and learning. Respondents focused on
both teaching and learning being practical, relevant and instrumental for current andfuture goals.
Our second survey question attempted to shed light on the second assumption, thatchanges in teachers’ practices are the result of changes in teachers’ beliefs. The
responses on learner-centeredness offer clear evidence in support of this view. There
was a clear correspondence between the respondents’ belief in the centrality of thelearner and the number of teachers who described their teaching as learner-centered as
opposed to teacher-centered. Additional support for this assumption can be seen in the
responses on basic teaching philosophy. The respondents reported changes in teaching
methods (more communicative), style (more interactive and activity based) and teacher
roles that seem to correspond to the central belief in the learner. Moreover, with thisbelief in learner-centeredness and the change towards a communicative approach,teachers reported using more communicative activities, group work, discussion, role-playand games in their language lessons. Again a change in belief seems to be behind thesechanges in practice.
Yet, we did not find the same support for this assumption in the category of materials
and resources, or grammar teaching. Although the finding that teachers have changed inthese areas parallels Bailey’s (1992) findings, there is little evidence that the
respondents use additional materials and more variety of resources because of a change
in their beliefs about language teaching materials or how materials are chosen. Perhaps
our survey prompt did not surface a belief in this area, or perhaps the respondents’~ 12 ~
views on this subject were too sensitive to report, or perhaps the underlying beliefs forthis change come from many sources. Nevertheless, our data do not demonstrate a clear
link between belief and change in this case.
Similarly, with regard to the role of grammar and how grammar should be taught, ourdata do not suggest a clear relationship between belief and resulting behavioral change.
The respondents reported that they believed grammar was central to language learningand many, but not all, suggested that direct grammar teaching would result in moreaccurate language use. At the same time, the data concerning changes in approachindicate that the current trend is towards less direct grammar teaching. While there may
not be any conflict in a high view of the role of grammar and a more communicative
approach to language teaching, there are mixed signals regarding how we should
approach the teaching of grammar. What we do see in the data, then, is that someteachers are trying to adopt a communicative approach, which they interpret to meanusing less direct grammar teaching, whether they believe it is the best way or not.
Perhaps this is one area in which a change in belief and a change in practice are in such
flux that clear and definitive development is difficult to describe.
Moreover, it is not within the scope of this study to comment on the order in which thesechanges occurred: whether the beliefs formed and then resulted in changes, or whether,as Bailey (1992, p. 272) suggests “small changes preceded a developing feeling ofconfidence.” What we can note is that there is a correlation between the two. Further
study on the relationship between beliefs and positive change is needed. Perhaps thebest we can say, then, is that changes in teachers’ practices are often the result ofchanges in teachers’ beliefs.
Certainly, though, we can support the third assumption that teacher change is multidimensional and triggered by many factors. Our question about the sources of change
reveals that many avenues bring about significant changes in teachers’ practice. The
clear thread running through many of the responses we received is that collaboration
with colleagues, students, trainers, presenters and other collaborators offers the
support, ideas, and the encouragement necessary to implement positive change.
Additionally, reflection and self-appraisal are clearly beneficial for inducing change.

Implications for teacher development courses
1. Since teachers’ beliefs about successful language teaching and learning form the coreof their teaching behavior and changes in behavior often follow changes in beliefs,
teacher development courses which give participants the opportunity to reflect on theirbeliefs and make those beliefs explicit will be more likely to encourage professional
development. This type of reflection is possible through many means including
narratives, discussion, review of student feedback, viewing videotapes of their teachingas well as other modes of reflection.
2. A focus on how change comes about is also a select focus of teacher development
activities. Teachers can monitor how their own beliefs and practices change through suchactivities as journal writing, case studies and other methods for reflective analysis.
Opportunities to share experiences of positive change can provide a valuable source of
input for in-service courses and teacher education activities.

~ 13 ~

Appendix 1
Participants
One hundred and twelve teachers participated in the study. The majority of theseteachers (87.4%) were from Southeast Asian countries: 48.2% from Singapore, 19.6%
from Thailand and 19.6% from other Southeast Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia,
Laos, Cambodia, and the Philippines). A total of 14 teachers (12.5%) from Australia also
took part in the survey. Table A.1 presents the breakdown of the participants bycountry.
Table A.1
Participants by Country
Country
Frequency
Percent
Singapore54
48.2
Thailand22
19.6
Other SE Asian Countries
22
19.6
Australia
14
12.5
Total
112
100
Seventy-nine percent of the participants were female and 21% were male. More than
two thirds of the participants (73.2%) worked at publicly funded institutions, while therest (26.8%) worked at privately-run institutions. These teachers taught at primary(27.7%), secondary (29.5%), and tertiary (39.3%) levels of education; a small
percentage of them (3.6%) taught at non-formal institutions (e.g., language training
centers). The majority (51.8%) had a BA as their highest degree, with the rest holding
certificates (17%), diplomas (8.9%), MA degree (16.1%), and doctorates (2.7%). The
teachers varied greatly in terms of the length of their teaching experience, with a rangeof 1 to 39 years. The mean and median years of teaching experience were 11.6 and 9,
respectively, with a standard deviation of 9.5 for the mean.
This group of respondents is not a random sample of teachers from the region, butrather represents teachers with whom RELC faculty members had some contact. Most of
the Singapore respondents were practicing teachers attending short MOE sponsored inservice courses offered by RELC, either a course in Communicative Grammar Teaching or
Developing Reading and Writing Skills. The majority of the Thai respondents were
English Department faculty members of Dhurakijpundit University, Bangkok, who wereenrolled in RELC’s distance education Advanced Certificate in TEFL The remaining
Southeast Asian respondents were students enrolled in RELC’s in-house courses: either
the Diploma in Applied Linguistics or the Advanced Certificate in Language Testing. The
Australian respondents were M.A. TESOL students at Macquarie University.
Analyzing the data
In analyzing the responses on beliefs, after receiving the responses, we created a database into which we entered the information, assigning an identification number to each
respondent. For the first two questions, which were open-ended questions, summary
statements were extracted from each response and then up to three beliefs and up to
three changes reported by the teachers were entered into the data base. For thequestion about sources of change, which involved choosing three sources from a given
list then explaining the answers, the responses were tabulated and representative
explanations selected.
In order to group the responses into more general categories, we read through thesummary statements to find areas of commonality. With several general categories inmind, we went through each teacher’s responses and sorted them by category. Informalinterviews were also conducted with a few of the respondents in order to clarify their
responses.

~ 14 ~In analyzing the responses on changes, again up to three changes were recorded foreach teacher, yielding a total of 280 responses for this question. Ten categories emerged
from the responses; six main categories summarize the majority of the responses, whilefour smaller categories contain less than 5% of the total number of comments; hence,these final four categories were put together under other.

~ 15 ~

Appendix 2
TEACHER DEVELOPMENT SURVEY
Dear colleagues,
We are interested in how teachers develop professionally and how thisdevelopment is reflected in their teaching practices in the classroom. Your
participation in this survey will help us understand this important topic better.
Please kindly spare a few minutes of your time to fill out this questionnaire. Your
responses to this questionnaire will be treated with utmost confidence. Thankyou for your cooperation.
Jack C Richards, Willy A Renandya & Patrick B Gallo

I. Background Information
1. Sex:" male " female

2. Highest academic qualifications. Please tick one box only.
" A teacher’s certificate in _________________________" A diploma in __________________________________" A bachelor’s degree in __________________________" A master’s degree in ____________________________" A doctorate in _________________________________" Other; please specify: ___________________________
5. Number of years of teaching experience _________________
6. Type of school you are teaching in" government" government-aided" other ________________" independent

7. Level at which you are teaching" primary " secondary " other ______________
8. Are you willing to participate in a 15-minute oral interview? If so, please write
down your name, telephone number and email address:
II. Teacher Development
1. Briefly describe one or two of your most important beliefs about language
teaching and learning that guide(s) you in your day-to-day teaching (e.g., grammar
plays an important/trivial role in language learning). Please explain your response in
the space provided.

2. Think about your first year(s) of teaching and compare what you did then withwhat you do now. What are some of the important ways your approach to teachinghas changed (e.g., my teaching is not as teacher-centered as before). Please explain
your response in the space provided.

~ 16 ~Then

Now

3. What are the sources of the changes you identified above? Number the threemost important of the following options (#1, 2, 3) and explain your responses in thespace provided.

"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"

feedback from supervisor
student feedback
keeping a teaching journal
through trial and error
collaboration with colleagues
self-discovery
attending in-service courses
tired of doing the same thing"use of (new) textbooks/new
curriculum" classroom investigation/research
I conducted" contact with others who triggereda change in me" attending seminar/conference/
workshop" other (please specify)

1.

2.

3.

Thank you for your cooperation.

~ 17 ~

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