FNCA
Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia

FNCA Consolidated Reporton Nuclear/Radiological
Emergency Preparedness andResponse

March 2017
Radiation Safety and Radioactive
Waste Management Group,
Forum for Nuclear Cooperationin Asia (FNCA)

iCONTENTS
Preface ..................................................................................................................... i
I. Framework of Regional Cooperation under FNCA........................................ ii
II. Emergency Preparedness and Response ........................................................iv
II.1.

General .................................................................................................... iv

II.2.

Principles of emergency preparedness and response .......................... iv

II.3.

International Cooperation and Commitment ....................................... v

III. Present Status of Emergency Preparedness and Response in FNCA Member
Countries ..........................................................................................................1
III.1. Bangladesh ............................................................................................... 1
III.2. China......................................................................................................... 6
III.3. Indonesia ................................................................................................ 15
III.4. Japan....................................................................................................... 26
III.5. Kazakhstan ............................................................................................ 41
III.6. Malaysia ................................................................................................. 51
III.7. Mongolia ................................................................................................. 60
III.8. Thailand.................................................................................................. 70
III.9. Vietnam................................................................................................... 85
IV. Contributor List ..............................................................................................93
Appendix ...............................................................................................................94
A. Past Emergency Experience ....................................................................... 94(Country name will be erased in the final version)
B. FNCA Workshop Record ............................................................................. 96

Preface
Through the activities of Radiation Safety and Radioactive Waste Management (RS & RWM)
Group in the Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA), we present the book of “TheConsolidated Report on Nuclear/Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response in FNCACountries”. The purpose of this report is a summary of this region based on the mutual
understanding on RS & RWM in FNCA countries. The authors believe the reference of this bookwill cause further improvements of radiation safety and radioactive waste managing level in
FNCA countries.
The authors would like to appreciate the project support by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.

March 2017
Project Leader for Japan
Toshiso KOSAKO(Emeritus Professor of the University of Tokyo)iI. Framework of Regional Cooperation under FNCA
I-1. What is FNCA?
The 1st International Conference for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (ICNCA) was held by the
Atomic Energy Commission in March 1990 to promote cooperation in the field of nuclear energy
with neighboring Asian countries more efficiently. Since then, the Atomic Energy Commissionof Japan has held many ICNCAs where the ministers in charge of development and utilization of
nuclear energy exchanged frank views on how to proceed with regional cooperation, and has
carried out practical cooperation on specified subjects as well. At the 10th International
Conference for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia held in March 1999, it was agreed to move to a newframework, "Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia" (including Coordinator and Project Leader
System) with a view and information to shifting to more effective and organized cooperation
activities. Under this framework, view and information exchanges are made on the following
fields: (1) Radiation Utilization Development (Industrial Utilization/Environmental Utilization,and Healthcare Utilization), (2) Research Reactor Utilization Development, (3) Nuclear Safety
Strengthening, and (4) Nuclear Infrastructure Strengthening.
I-2. Participating Countries
Australia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia,
Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam
I-3. Framework
The basic framework of cooperation consists of the following three (See the figure on the nextpage). : Forum meeting
Discussion on cooperation measures and nuclear-energy policies.
Forum meeting is comprised of a ministerial level meeting and a senior official level one.
 Coordinators meeting
Discussion on the introduction, revision and abolishment, adjustment, and evaluation ofcooperation projects by an appointed coordinator from each country.
 Cooperation activities for each projectii

I-4. FNCA Radiation Safety and Radioactive Waste Management ProjectThis project superseded Radioactive Waste Management Project and started in 2008 with the aimsof sharing information and experiences in the area of Radiation Safety & Radioactive Waste
Management processes and regulatory issues as well as facilitating safety improvement andunderstanding of RS&RWM to public perception in nuclear society.
In each member country, the use of radiation in industry, agriculture, medical treatment, andvarious other fields is rapidly increasing, and at the same time, several countries are looking into
introducing nuclear power plants. In consideration of such tendency, member countries have been
discussing how to promote the standardization (calibration) on personnel dosimeter, focusing on
appropriate radiation exposure management.
The accumulated results acquired through these activities over ten years were published as aserried of FNCA Consolidated Report on RWM/RS. These reports are available on the FNCA
Website.
[URL: http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/e_project.html]iii

II. Emergency Preparedness and Response
II-1.General
It is a matter of indispensable for the safe use of nuclear and radiation to prepare the emergency
preparedness and response against an emergency accident for the nuclear and radiological facilities.
This emergency preparedness and response have features for each nuclear and radiation facility, andhave characteristics for each country.
To discuss on the emergency preparedness, we need to understand the emergency type. There are
two types of emergency, namely nuclear emergency and radiological emergency.
Nuclear emergency includes Chernobyl accident (1986) and Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power
Plant Accident (2011), etc.
- nuclear power plant accident- nuclear explosions:fallout (radioactive materials that can be carried long distances by the wind)
On the other hand, radiological emergency can be induced by mishandling of radiation, which
includes Goiania accident (1987) and Thailand accident (2000).
- radiological exposure device accident- transportation accidents- occupational accidents- terrorist attack by dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device
The main contents which concerned with emergency preparedness and response of the nuclear andradiological facilities, are the organizations for disaster prevention, a setup of a disaster-measureszone, the environmental emergency monitoring, the protection measure, emergency medical
treatment, communication, public relations. Moreover, the maintenance of related law which isthe foundation of these measures is also important.
Here, the situation of emergency preparedness and esponse for the nuclear and radiological facilitiesof each FNCA country are summarized. This integrated report not only shows the situation of
FNCA countries, but also becomes mutual reference and understanding.
II-2.Items for emergency preparedness and response
The principle of emergency preparedness and response is as follows.
1) Prevent the disaster of nuclear and radiation beforehand.
2) When a radioactive material or radiation is emitted from nuclear installation in an accident,
we have to prevent expansion of damage, reduce surrounding people's exposure as low as
possible, and have to keep local resident's health and property by the countermeasures.
3) Seek a restoration of disaster.
The feature of nuclear and a radiation disaster is as follows.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Radiation cannot be caught by people's sense and organ.
It is difficult for people to judge what kind of influence may occur by the exposure.
The fundamental knowledge about radiation etc. is required.
However, if a special measuring instrument are used, even a very small level of radiation, canalso be detected. And the required measures against protection can be taken.

iv5) Therefore, if a suitable measure is taken based on a specialist's advice, it is possible to stop
the influence at worst.
This means the role, directions, advice, etc. of the organization which has the professional expertise
about nuclear and radiation features, are quite important.
II-3.International Cooperation and Commitment
To promote the emergency preparedness, international cooperation and guidelines are useful andimportant. If accident happens in nuclear facilities in some country, the country needs to inform
neighbor countries that they might be affected by the accident, and also needs to report IAEA on
the accident. In case of nuclear accident or radiological emergency, IAEA will disseminate
information and offers assistance.
The related international conventions, guidelines etc. are followings:(a) Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident- to notify nearby (might affect) countries- to notify the lAEA
- Nuclear power plants (over 50 countries)(b) Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological
Emergency- lAEA’s role to disseminate information and co-ordinate assistance. Radiation use
countries (over 80 countries)(c) Guidelines:- Food and drinking water guideline by Codex Alimentarius Commission of FAO andWHO.
- International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) by lAEA and OECD/NEAv

III. Present Status ofEmergency Preparedness and Response
in FNCA Countriesv

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Bangladesh)

III-1. Bangladesh
1.1.

Policy1.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

1.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition
1.3.1. Personnel Emergency
1.3.2. Emergency Alert
1.3.3. On-site Emergency
1.3.4. Off-site Emergency

1.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

1.5.

Concept of Operation
1.5.1.. Mitigation and Prevention
1.5.2

Emergency Preparedness

1.5.3. Emergency Response
1.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
1.6.

Related Activities
1.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

1.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Bangladesh)

III-1. Bangladesh
1.1. Policy
According to Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Act -2012 and existing NSRC Rules 1997
there are provisions in order to deal with any type of nuclear or radiological emergency. As per
NSRC Rules 1997, every licensee shall establish in pursuant to applicable standards an emergency
response plan to deal with every foreseeable emergency.
1.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority is responsible to establish and promote activities
related to the international agreements, protocols and convention (in which Bangladesh is a party)
on safeguards, physical protection including illicit trafficking of nuclear and radioactive materials,
nuclear safety, radiation protection and radiological emergency situation.
An act named Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory (BAER) Act-2012 has been passed in the
National Parliament of Bangladesh. Nuclear or radiological emergency preparedness and response
related separate chapter have been incorporated in this Act which is in the process of development.
According to BAER Act 2012 and NSRC Rules, requirements of emergency preparedness andresponse are ensured through the process of issuance of license, permit, inspection, monitoring etc.
and the emergency response plan shall be approved by the Regulatory Authority.
1.3. Emergency Classes and condition
The entire operations of emergency condition at Radiation/ nuclear facility are: a. Personnel
Emergency b. Emergency Alert, c. Onsite Emergency and d. Offsite Emergency.
1.3.1. Personnel Emergency
This class involves personnel accidents, injuries or occurrences at the Radiation or nuclear
facilities, which require emergency treatment of individuals and may involve a radiologicalaccident. The following subclasses are included in this class: Bodily Injury
This class of emergency will include all common accidents or injuries.
 Bodily Injury with Radioactive Contamination
This class of emergency will include common accidents or injuries where radioactive
contamination is associated with the injury.
The head of the facility or in his absence the person in charge on duty will direct the response tothis class of emergency. If bodily injury with radioactive contamination is involved the head of the
facility will be assisted by the Radiation Control Officer (RCO).
1.3.2. Emergency Alert
This class involves situations brought on by man-made or natural phenomena which have not yet
caused damage to the facility or harm to personnel but which have the potential of escalating to amore serious incident. Emergency alert conditions require an appropriate follow-up action. The
following situations are included in this class:2

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Bangladesh) Fire in adjacent areas, which threatens the Facility site.
 Bomb threat or civil disturbance, which threatens the radiological/nuclear facility
 Severe natural phenomena such as flood, hurricane, tornado, earthquake, etc., which hreaten
the facility.
 Release of a toxic, noxious, explosive, hazardous, poisonous gas near the facility.
The head of the facility or in his absence the facility in charge will direct the response for an
emergency alert after getting verbal approval of the emergency director. All the groups of theemergency organization shall be in a state readiness when an emergency alert has been declared.
1.3.3. On-site Emergency
On-site emergency will be declared when any of the following situations prevails: Fire, which directly threatens the facility
 Explosions that result in facility damage
 Uncontrolled release of radioactive contamination in the facility building
1.3.4. Off-site Emergency
A hypothetical worst accident” like the missile or bullet hit to radiological or nuclear facility which
may cause release of radioactive materials.
Off-site emergency actions are therefore, anticipated as worst-case preparation. Situation like thiswould be readily evaluated by the Technical Evaluation Coordinator and Technical Evaluation
Group (TEG).
1.4. Participating Organisation (Enterprise, Government (Central and local), Non –Government and International Partnership)
At BAEC a Radiation emergency assessment sub-committee and medical emergency subcommittee under radiological emergency management committee have been working in order todeal with radiological emergency management and operations. In addition, coordination with thenational participating relevant organizations and authorities relating to Food, Police, Fire service,Road transport, Civil defense, Environment, etc. are included in the draft National Radiological
Emergency Response (NRER) Plan.
Bangladesh has been an IAEA Member State since 1972 and is a party to theMultilateral Agreements which includes following convention relating to nuclear or radiologicalemergency:
 Convention on Assistance in the case of Nuclear or Radiological Emergency (7 February
1988)
 Convention on Early Notification of Nuclear accident (7 February1988)
1.5. Concept of operation
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority BAERA in cooperation with BAEC presently
dealing radiation emergency situations.
A draft National Nuclear or Radiological Emergency Plan, which is in the process of development
now, delineates the roles and responsibilities of relevant organizations in the event of a nuclear orradiological emergency. Under BAER Act 2012, a draft regulation on Management of a Nuclear

3

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Bangladesh)or Radiological Emergency is also in the process of development.
1.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
BAEC has incorporated as a member in the National Disaster Management Committee and isplaying the role of National Authority/Lead Organization in respect of radiological emergency.
A draft National Nuclear or Radiological Emergency Response Plan is in review stage under
BAER Act 2012. There are adequate arrangements for radiation workers and staff to be aware of
the medical symptoms of radiation exposure and notification procedures.
Some Medical centers have been identified as regional and national centers at different places
around the country for providing medical management of injuries and/or contaminated victims. A
medical emergency sub-committee under radiological emergency management committee is inplace in order to deal with radiological medical response. The country adopted national
intervention levels for taking urgent protective actions in accordance with international standards.
1.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority in cooperation with BAEC's Health Physics andRadiation Monitoring Laboratories are presently dealing radiation emergency situations.
The contact point 24/7 has been established through the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory
Authority. The on-site facilities in charge of operations as well as the local officials are aware of
the indicators of a potential emergency such as notification, activating etc.
1.5.3. Emergency Response
The on-site managers of operations as well as the local officials of the nuclear or radiologicalfacility are responsible for emergency response. Regular basis emergency related trainings arebeing conducted in order to make the facility personnel aware of it.
Emergency Management of Nuclear Facility at Atomic Energy Research Establishment(AERE), Savar
A Nuclear or radiological emergency committee is in place in order to deal with the radiologicalor nuclear emergencies at Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar site. The executive
director is the authority for the overall direction and conduct of emergency operations in all its
phases.

Figure 1.5-1. Emergency Management of Nuclear Facility at AERE

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Bangladesh)1.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Regulatory Authority (BAERA) has been established under BAER
Act-2012 on 12 February 2013. This is an independent regulatory body. National Nuclear orRadiological Emergency Response Plan as well as draft regulations on Management of a Nuclear
or Radiological Emergency are in the process of development. In accordance with the new BAER
Act-2012 the detail Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration plans are in the development
process.
1.6. Related Activities
1.6.1. Human Capacity Building (e.g, training, workshops, drills and exercises)
In house training course relating to nuclear or radiological emergency organized by BAEC and
BAER. In addition, on site emergency drill and Follow–up Training Courses (FTC) arranged inorder to inform and make aware the radiation working individuals and public as well.
1.6.2. Communication and Public Relation (e.g, information passage, mass media, andsocial media)
Some important activities like organizing training courses, emergency related poster,announcement and passage of information in the website are in place to alert public for the hazardof radiation sources and emergency related issues etc. A complete information system is in theprocess of development to inform the public about the regulated practices in the Emergency related
aspects.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

III-2. China
2.1.

Policy2.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

2.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

2.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

2.5.

Concept of Operation
2.5.1.. Mitigation and Prevention
2.5.2

Emergency Preparedness

2.5.3. Emergency Response
2.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
2.6.

Related Activities
2.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

2.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

6

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

III-2. China
2.1. Policy
China released the “Act of Protection and Remedy of Radioactive Contamination of the People’s
Republic of China”, “Act of Emergency Response for Unexpected Events of the People’s Republicof China”, “Emergency Management Regulations for Nuclear Accidents of Nuclear Power Plant”
and a series regulations and guides, which specify the national emergency management system andemergency preparedness of NPP operating organization.
The “Emergency Management Regulations for Nuclear Accidents of Nuclear Power Plant”
specifies that the principles of emergency management of nuclear accidents should be unremitting
preparedness, positive compatibility, unified command, energetic co-ordination, protection of the
public, and protection of the environment
The fundamental mission of the nuclear emergency management in China is to effectively copewith nuclear accidents that have occurred or can potentially occur at nuclear facilities or in nuclear
activities, to control and mitigate the accidental consequences at a maximum, alleviate or eliminate
casualties and property loss, and maintain public safety, environmental safety and social stability.
China fulfils its international obligation as a member state of International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) and also as a Contracting Party to the International Convention on Nuclear Emergency andNuclear Safety Convention. The Chinese government pays high attention to the work of nuclear
emergency and nuclear safety, which have been regarded as a strategy concerned with national
economy and social development.
By far, China has entered several relevant international conventions on nuclear emergency. For
example, China entered the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and theConvention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency on 26
September 1986 and the Nuclear Safety Convention on 1 March 1996.
2.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
All the above mentioned laws, regulations, department rules, nuclear safety guides and all sorts oftechnical documents constitute relatively complete laws and regulations system for Chinese nuclear
emergency response. Hence, the necessary and effective emergency response actions can be
activated in case of a severe NPP accident.
According to the “Emergency Management Regulations for Nuclear Accidents of Nuclear Power
Plant” and the “National General Plan of Emergency Preparedness on Unexpected Public Events”,
the State Council issued the “National Nuclear Accidents Emergency Plan”.
The department rules, standards and guides on nuclear emergency are mainly as follows: Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Safety Control of Civilian Nuclear
Installations (HAF001)(1986);
 Detailed Rules for Regulations on NPP Accident Emergency Management – Emergency
Preparedness and Response of NPP Operators (I) (HAF002/01);
 Emergency Preparedness by Local Government for Nuclear Power Plant (HAF0702, HAD

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

002/02);
 Emergency Preparedness and Response to Radioactive Materials Transport Accident (2000);
 Training for Nuclear Accident Emergency at NPP (2001);
 Regulations on Transboundary Emergency Management for Radiation Impacts of Nuclear
Accident (2002);
 Management Guides on Nuclear Emergency — Emergency Preparedness and Response toRadioactive and Radiation Technology Applications (2003);
 Regulations on Emergency Management of Spent Fuel Transport accident (2005);
 Criteria on Medical treatment of radiation injury;
 Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—offsite emergency response functions
and organizations; Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—offsite emergency plan andimplementation procedures; Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—functions and features of offsite
emergency facility;
 Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—keeping of offsite emergency response
capabilities;
 Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—division of emergency plan zone;
 Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—keeping of onsite emergency response
capabilities;
 Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—onsite emergency plan andimplementation procedures; Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—onsite emergency response emergency
functions and organizations; Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—functions and features of onsite
emergency facility; Protection measures and recovery decisions in late phase of a serious accident;
 Intervention principles and levels in the event of a nuclear or radiation emergency;
 Criteria on Emergency plan and preparation at NPP—on-field emergency radiation
monitoring, sampling and analysis by operators of NPPs
2.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
Based on the nature, severity, radiological consequences and affected extent of nuclear accidents,
the emergency events are classified into four levels - emergency standby, plant emergency, plantarea emergency, and offsite emergency (overall emergency), which corresponds to a Level-IV
response, Level-III response, Level-II and Level-I response respectively.
(1) Emergency Standby: In cases where specific conditions or external events arise which maylead to the endangerment of the nuclear power plant’s safety, appropriate plant personnel
are placed on standby condition.
(2) Plant Emergency: In cases where the accident consequences are only confined to a limited
section of the plant, on-site personnel are activated and appropriate off-site emergency
organization are notified according to the on-site emergency plan.
(3) Site Emergency: In cases where the accident consequences spread over the site, the on-site
personnel are activated and off-site department assigned by the provincial people's

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

government is notified, some off-site emergency organizations may be activated to takeemergency response actions.
(4) Off-site Emergency: In cases where the accident consequences extend beyond the siteboundary, the on-site and off-site emergency plans are to be executed.
While the emergency condition “Emergency Standby” is declared at a nuclear power plant， theon-site emergency organization should promptly report the accident situation to the higher
competent authority of the nuclear power plant and the national nuclear safety authority of the StateCouncil and the department assigned by the provincial people's government. In case of situation,
where potential or actual release of radioactive materials occur, “Plant Emergency” or “SiteEmergency” shall be declared timely, depending on the situation, and the on-site emergency
organization should promptly report the accident situation to the higher competent authority of thenuclear power plant, the nuclear safety authority of the State Council and the department assignedby the provincial people's government. If the release of radioactive materials may or has extended
beyond the site boundary, the on-site emergency organization should promptly recommend thedepartment assigned by the provincial people's government to declare “off-site emergency”, andtake appropriate protective measures.
After receiving the report on accident situation from the on-site emergency organization of thenuclear power plant, the department assigned by the provincial people's government should
promptly take appropriate emergency counter measures and emergency protective measures andreport it to the department assigned by the State Council in a timely manner. Declaration of “Offsite Emergency” should be approved by the department assigned by the State Council. Under special
urgent situation, the department assigned by the provincial people's government can declare “Offsite Emergency” in advance, but reporting to the department assigned by the State Council is needed
forthwith.
2.4. Participating Organizations
The three-level emergency organizational system, which has been established in China andillustrated in Figure 1, consists of the national nuclear emergency organization, provincial
emergency organizations (including autonomous region, municipality directly under central
government where nuclear facilities are located) and the nuclear facility’s emergency organizations.
The National Coordinating Committee for Nuclear Accident Emergency (NCCNAE) organizes andcoordinates the country-wide nuclear emergency management arrangements. National Nuclear
Accident Emergency Response Office (NNAERO) /CAEA takes charge of the day-to-day work of
the NCCNAE. If necessary, the State Council shall lead, organize and coordinate country-wide
nuclear accident emergency arrangements.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

Figure 2.4-1. Organizational Structure of National Nuclear Emergency Response System

Provincial emergency organizations (including autonomous region, municipality directly undercentral government where nuclear facilities are located) are responsible for nuclear accident
emergency preparedness and emergency response within their administrative areas, and command
off-site nuclear accident emergency response actions.
Nuclear accident emergency organizations of nuclear facilities are responsible for onsite nuclear
accident emergency preparedness and emergency response, command their own nuclear accident
emergency response actions, assist and help the related agencies in making nuclear accident offsite
emergency preparedness and emergency response, make suggestions on initiating timely off-site
emergency and protective actions.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

2.5. Concept of Operation
2.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
A nuclear facility is being on the alert to take prevention and mitigation measures to allow thefacility to maintain or recover to safe conditions and provide timely suggestions to national nuclear
emergency office, provincial nuclear emergency office, nuclear power authorities, nuclear safety
regulatory bodies, and upper corporation groups or institutes, and to conduct assessment of thenature and consequences of the accident.
Provincial nuclear emergency organization should pay close attention to the accident tendency,
keep frequent emergency telecommunication, make effort to maintain communication with the
public, and deploy the provincial nuclear emergency forces to enter emergency standby.
2.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness include the deployment of special forces, equipment and materials to
conduct engineering rescue, mitigate and control accident to allow nuclear facilities to be
recovered to normal conditions, and to prevent and reduce the release of radioactive materials tothe environment.
It also involves carrying out radioactivity monitoring on the accident scene and in the surrounding
environment, including mid-air, land, water, air, crops, foods and drinking water and dosemonitoring of dose to emergency personnel and the public; conducting real time observation andforecasting of meteorology, water, geology, and earthquake; performing diagnosis of accidental
condition, analyzing the of source terms, judgment of accident tendency, assessment ofradiological consequences, determination of affected area, and providing technical support toemergency decision-making.
The national nuclear emergency office decides the activation of Level IV response, strengthens
the liaison and communication with the related provincial nuclear emergency organizations,operates the organization of the facility, pay close attention to the accident tendency, and notify
the member organizations of the NCCNAE. Various member organizations make every effort inemergency preparedness.
2.5.3. Emergency Response(1) Level IV response
A nuclear facility will enter emergency standby to activate Level IV emergency response, when
the condition or event that endanger such a facility is expected to have occurred or are likely tooccur.
(2)
Level III response
A nuclear facility will enter plant emergency to activate Level III emergency response, when therelease of radioactive materials is expected to have to occurred or likely to occur and the resulting
radiological consequences is only confined in part of plant area.
On the basis of the Level IV response, the following measures shall be taken: The operatingorganization of a nuclear facility takes control measures, conduct emergency radiation
monitoring and meteorology observation, take radiation protection measures to protect personnel,
enhance information report work and provide timely suggestions, and to maintaincommunication with the public.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)(3) Provincial nuclear emergency committee organizes the relevant member organizations andexpert groups to assess the nuclear emergency measures; deploy the provincial nuclear
emergency forces to conduct radiation monitoring and meteorology observation.
(4) The NCCNAE determines the activation of Level III responses, deploy its member
organizations and expert panel to study the trend development and the communication withthe public. It also coordinates and guides the local and nuclear facility’ nuclear emergency
work.
(5) Level II response
A nuclear facility will enter plant emergency to activate Level II emergency response, when therelease of radioactive materials is expected to have to occurred or likely to occur and the resulting
radiological consequences is extended to the entire plant area (onsite) but without serious impact
imposed upon the offsite public and the environment.
On the basis of Level III response, the following measures are undertaken: The operatingorganizations of a nuclear facility deploys engineering rescue, evacuate non-emergency persons,control radiation exposure to emergency personnel, establish the sign of contaminated area andonsite alert, carry out contamination monitoring of onsite persons and vehicles access to plantarea, and, and keep coordination with offsite emergency forces.
Provincial nuclear emergency committee deploys the implementation of meteorology
observation and forecast, radiation monitoring, organizes experts to analyze and judge theaccident tendency; issues announcement in a timely manner, takes traffic regulation, if necessary,
control entrance and exist, provides psychology assistance; release information according torules, coordinate necessary supply of emergency resources within the administrative areas
concerned to the operating organization of nuclear facility, and prepares for medical rescue.
When the NCCNAE decides to activate Level II response, it will deploy its member
organizations and expert panel to conduct comprehensive study and judgment; deploy
information release and stabilize social order according to rules; upon the requests fromprovincial government and operating organization of nuclear facility, provides necessary support
to the accident mitigation and the rescue actions; deploy national emergency forces to provide
guidance on radiation monitoring, meteorology observation and forecast and medical rescue.
(6) Level I response
A nuclear facility will enter offsite emergency to activate Level I emergency response, whenlarge amounts of radioactive material release are expected to have occurred or likely to occur
and the resulting radiological consequences is extended to the entire plant area (onsite).
The operating organization of nuclear facility deploys engineering rescue, mitigate and control
accident extension, diagnose accidental conditions, and implement radiation emergency
monitoring; takes protection measures for onsite personnel, evacuate non-emergency persons,control radiation exposure of emergency personnel, and perform medical rescue on injured or
exposed persons; provides suggestions on actions of radiation protection action for the public;
carry out assessment of the nature and radiological consequences; coordinate offsite rescue
forces to complete rescue and assistance efforts; support the NCCNAE and provincial nuclear
emergency committee in keeping communication with the public.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

Provincial nuclear emergency committee will be deployed to implement offsite emergency
radiation monitoring, meteorological observation and forecast, organizes experts to analyze andjudge the accidental tendency, coordinates and deploys the emergency resources within the areas
concerned to be supplied to the operating organization of nuclear facility in aspects of traffic,
power, water, telecommunication and so on; takes measures in announcement issue, traffic
control, distribution of stable iodine, access control, control of foods and drinking water, medical
rescue, psychological rescue, decontamination and cleaning; organizes the population in theaffected areas to shelter, evacuate, relocation, and settlement; provides accident notifications andsuggestions to the affected adjacent provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities.
The NCCNAE will recommend to the State Council to activate the Level I response. The StateCouncil will decide on the activation of the Level I response. The NCCNAE organizes andcoordinates nuclear emergency management. If necessary, the State Council sets up national
nuclear accident emergency commanding headquarter (NNAECH) to implement overall
direction, organization, coordination of nationwide nuclear emergency management. The
NNAECH will sets up working groups, if needed, responsible for accident rescue, radiation
monitoring, medical assistance, radioactive contaminant disposition, public living security,
information release and dissemination, foreign affairs, social stability and coordination.
2.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
After evaluation and confirmation of nuclear facility safety, the operating organization of thenuclear facility will advise both national and provincial emergency offices with regard to thetermination of the nuclear emergency condition. The national nuclear emergency office has thepower to decide the termination of Level IV response. The national nuclear emergency
coordination committee also has the power to decide the termination of Level III and Level II
responses.
After a nuclear accident has been under the effective control, radioactive material release hasceased or has been controlled to acceptable level and such a facility has restored to safety condition,
the national nuclear emergency coordination committee advises the termination of the Level I
response, which is subject to approval by the State Council.
After termination of emergency response, provincial people’s government and its related
departments and the operating or organizations of nuclear facility shall at once deploy restoration
actions withintheir respective scope of responsibility.
(1) Onsite restoration actions
The operating organization of nuclear facility is responsible for onsite restoration actions. It
develops restoration plan for the nuclear facility and reports to higher competent authority for
approval and to both the national and provincial nuclear emergency committees for archiving.
The national and provincial nuclear emergency committees and the relevant corporation groups
and institutes shall provide the necessary guidance and support to onsite restoration actions asneeded.
(2) Offsite restoration actions
Provincial nuclear emergency committee is responsible for offsite restoration actions and thedevelopment of restoration plan for the nuclear facility. The plan shall be subjected to theapproval by the State Council after authorization by the NCCNAE. Offsite restoration actions
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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (China)

include comprehensive environmental radioactivity level survey and assessment, integrated
rehabilitation and cleanup, cease of emergency protective measures, restoration of production,
livelihood and social order in affected areas, resettlement of population, evaluation of dose topersonnel and the public, scientific propaganda, consultation and psychological assistance.
2.6. Related Activities
2.6.1. Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)(1) Technical force preparation
The national emergency capability in an event of a nuclear accident has received much attention
in China. Four national nuclear emergency support centers have been set up in conjunction with
six emergency rescue teams. Initiatives in building basic nuclear emergency abilities have been
undertaken by operators of NPPs, users of nuclear technology, and operators of other major
nuclear facilities. Nuclear emergency committees, together with their routine administrative
offices, have been established in 16 provinces. At present, national nuclear accident emergency
rescue teams are in the process of being assembled, as required by the State Council.
Drawing upon the technical capabilities of member organizations, corporation groups andinstitutes, the NCCNAE strengthens its professional rescue forces in the following areas:enhanced rescue, radiation monitoring, decontamination and cleanup, contamination control,
radiation protection, medical rescue, necessary deployment of special purpose materials andequipment, enhanced professional training and emergency exercise and drills.
(2) Emergency Drill and Exercise
Under NNEP, the nuclear accident emergency organizations at various levels should carry out
nuclear emergency exercise through desktop and actual maneuvers to test, maintain and enhance
emergency ability in response to a nuclear accident. The nuclear accident emergency joint
exercise at the national level will be implemented under the coordination of the NNAECC,
generally once every three to five years. Provincial level nuclear accident emergency exercise
will be organized by provincial nuclear accident emergency committee for implementation,
normally once every two to four years. Nuclear facility emergency exercise will be organized
and implemented under the deployment of nuclear facility emergency headquarter, generally
once every two years, but with appropriate addition for the site with more than three units. Prior
to first fueling, the nuclear facility operators all participate with the onsite and offsite joint
exercise organized by provincial nuclear accident emergency committee.
2.6.2. Communication and Public Relation
The National Nuclear Accidents Emergency Response Office has established information
communication network to enhance communication with relevant departments, local governments,
the NPPs and the public. In July, 2013, National Nuclear Emergency Coordination Committee
carried out a “national nuclear emergency publicity week” activity. The theme of the publicity
week activity is “strengthening nuclear emergency and nuclear safety, promote scientificdevelopment of nuclear energy”.
The operating organization of the NPP takes various measures such as publicizing propaganda
material and inviting local public to visit plant and to take part in or to watch emergency exercises,
and to effectively participate in emergency response activities in case of an emergency.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

III-3. Indonesia
3.1.

Policy3.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

3.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

3.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

3.5.

Concept of Operation
3.5.1.. Mitigation and Prevention
3.5.1.1

Personnal Protection Action

3.5.1.2

Urgent Protection Action

3.5.1.3.

Protection for First Responder, Radiation Worker, And
Vulnerable Groups

3.5.1.4.

Public Action to Off Site Radioactive Release

3.5.2

Emergency Preparedness

3.5.3. Emergency Response
3.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
3.6.

Related Activities
3.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

3.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

III-3. Indonesia
3.1. Policy
There are 3 research reactors in Indonesia currently, those are Kartini reactor of 100 kWth power in
Yogyakarta, Triga Mark Reactor of 2 MWth power in Bandung, and G.A. Siwabessy Multi Purpose
Reactor of 30 MWth power in Serpong. Considering that the biggest research reactors currently inIndonesia is G.A. Siwabessy Multi Purpose Reactor (category II), then discussion of nuclear
emergency and response is focused to this reactor.
Nuclear emergency preparedness and response is regulated in Goverment Regulation number 54
year 2012 on The Safety and Security in Nuclear Installation. And it is regulated in BAPETEN
Chairman Regulation number 1 year 2010 on The Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response.
Beside refering to National Regulation it also refers to IAEA Regulation on The Nuclear
Emergency ; i.e. GS-G-2 on The Criteria for Use in Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear orRadiological Emergency, GS-G-2.1 on The Arrangements for Preparedness for a Nuclear orRadiological Emergency, GS-R-2 on The Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear or Radiological
Emergency, IAEA Tecdoc 1162 on The Generic Procedures for Assessment and Response during
a radiological emergency, EPR First Responder 2006 on The Manual for First Responders to a
Radiological Emergency, EPR Methode 2003 on The Method for Developing Arrangements for
Response to a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency.
3.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
Act number 10 year 1997 on The Nuclear Energy and it is implementation regulation define theneed of nuclear preparedness and response system in order to achieve the objectives of supervision,
ensure safety and health for worker and public and to protect environment.
Nuclear energy utilization which has radiological impact must have nuclear emergency programme.
This programme is expected possible to minimize radiological consequency to worker, public, andenvironment. The emergency response programme uses the approach of all hazards with framework
as in conventional emergency response system. The main difference to conventional emergency isthe need of specialist expert for radiation hazard handling. While infrastructure and response
function is mostly same.
The objectives of nuclear preparedness programme are :1. minimize the risk or to decrease accident consequency to radiation sources(accident location)
2. prevent deterministic health effect
3. decrease stocastic health effect.
Nuclear preparedness programme made is based on National Legislation as follows :1. Act no 10 year 1997 on The Nuclear Energy;
2. Act number 24 year 2007 on The Disaster Management;
3. Act number 32 year 2009 on The Protection and Environmental Management;
4. Government Regulation number 33 year 2007 on The Ionizing Radiation Safety andRadioactive Source Security;

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

5. Government Regulation number 54 year 2012 on The Safety and Security of Nuclear
Installation;
6. Government Regulation number 2 year 2014 on Licensing of Nuclear Installations andUtilizations of Nuclear Material;
7. Presidential Decree number 81 year 1993 on Ratification of Convention on Early
Notification of a Nuclear Accident;
8. Presidential Decree number 82 year 1993 on Ratification of Convention on Assistance on
the Case of a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency;
9. BAPETEN Chairman Regulation number 1 year 2010 on The Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness and Response.
3.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
Understanding about nuclear emergency and response, it firstly need to know about radiologicalhazard category. BAPETEN Chairman Regulation number 1 year 2010 on The Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness and Response regulates radiological hazard category that constitutes representation of
the facility potential hazards. The category can be shown on table 1 below.
Table 3.3-1. Radiological Threats Category

Category

Description

Radiation Facility/Nuclear Instalation

II

Instalation or facility has
danger potencial toproduce radioactive
release with doses upperpermited limmited but it
does not give serious
deterministic effect out ofsite.

 Reactor with power higher or equals to 2
MWth but lower or equals to 100 MWth.
(e.g. nuclear power reactor or research
reactor).
 Spent fuel wet storage facilities wich has
potential risk value equivalent with reactor
core for power higher than 10 MWth andlower than 3000 MWth.

Several things must be done by operator who has category II facility :1. Facility will give clarification an accident and inform onsite officer, off site and national
officer;
2. Facility will provide recomendation action based on facility condition and monitoring resulton field;
3. Facility will take actions to prevent and to reduce radioactive release;
4. Onsite and off site officer will take urgent countermeasure actions immediately on facility
based on recomendation;
5. On site officer will conduct monitoring on site area to determine whether additional action
is needed;
6. On site and off site officer will provide services of police, fire brigade, medic assistance tofacility when needed;
7. Facility will ensure that first renponder provide radiation protection services;17

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

8. National officer will help on site and off site officer to conduct further monitoring and tocoordinate long term actions.
3.4. Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Central & Local Government , andInternational Partnership)
In the case of nuclear emergency preparedness and response in Serpong Nuclear Area (on site), theelements involved in nuclear emergency preparedness and response organization consists of :1. BATAN (National Nuclear Energy Agency) covers radiation protection team, radiation
environmental monitoring team, fire brigade and rescue team, medical team, nuclear
security team, logistic team, evacuation team, supporting team, and public relation/PR;
2. PUSPIPTEK, Research Center of Science and Technology (RCST) covers emergency offsite management, safety team (rescue, medic, evacuation, technical, and public relation);
3. POLICE, covers police of sector Cisauk Tangerang regency;
4. TNI (Indonesia National Army) covers the ZENI TNI AD Directorate of NUBIKA (nuclear,biology, and chemical) unit, and also Koramil (Military Rayon Command) of Serpong;
5. South Tangerang City Government covers BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Board),
Dinas Kesehatan (Public Health Affairs), Dinas Pemadam Kebakaran (fire brigade) andSub-district of Setu.
The Emergency response organizations have tasks and responsibles to conduct all nuclear
emergency response on site and out site of Serpong Nuclear Area (SNA).
The implementation of nuclear emergency response is done in integrated implementation by all
response teams as operation executive which involves emergency organizations on-off site of
Serpong Nuclear Area (SNA).
The elements of nuclear emergency response off site consist of:
1. Head of Emergency Response (HER) of SNA is head of Center for Informatic Utilization
and Nuclear Strategic Areas(CIUNSA) as response coorditaor at NSA.
2. Licencee is Head of Center for Multi Purpose Reactor as person in charge emergency
response at the facility.
3. Operation Controller (OC) is operator officer control command center from nuclear security
unit. Operation controller chaired by head of nuclear security unit of CIUNSA.
4. Operation Executive (OE) is emergency response teams of NSA consists of radiation
protection, medic, radiation environment monitoring, radioactive waste management, firebrigade, rescue, evacuation, security, logistic, and supporting facilities.
5. Radiological Assessor is radiological assessor team chaired by head of personal dose andenvironment monitoring division CIUNSA collaborate with center for safety technology
and radiation metrology, center for multipurpose reactor, center for nuclear material
technology, center for radioactive waste technology, and center for technology and nuclear
reactor safety as needed.
6. Public relation is public relation division of bureau for low, relation and cooperation
collaborate with CIUNSA, to coordinate giving information nuclear emergency occurs,
countermeasures efforts, and pasca countermeasures.
7. external assistance is organization of control for nuclear emergency response from outsideof NSA coordinated by Head of emergency response of SNA and or Operation controller.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

External assistance consist of CRST, army, police, regional disaster management agency
and hospital.
Nuclear emergency response organization structure can be seen on figure 4.4-1.
Bapetenchairman

HER of SNA andlicencee

Batanchairman

OC

RadiologicalasessorPublic relation

Radiation
protection

CRST
Medic, rescue, firebrigade, technical,
evacuation, security,
PR

Medic
Radiation
environment
monitoring

Army
Nuclear biology
chemical unit, districmelitaryFire brigade

RescuePoliceSector Police ofCisauk and Gunung
Sindur

Evacuation

RDMA

Security

public health appair

Logistic
local government
Radioactive waste
management
Supporting facilities

Command and report
Coordination
ReportFigure 3.4-1. Nuclear Emergency Response Organization Structure on SNA

If nuclear emergency escalate to off site, handling of emergency will involve big emergency
organization. Emergency response organizations have tasks and responsible to conduct all nuclear
emergency response. Nuclear emergency response implemented in an integrated way by all
response teams coordinated by Regional Disaster Management Agency of South Tangerang City
Government.
The Major of South Tangerang City as a head of nuclear emergency response in South TangerangCity, and Chairman of RDMA/BPBD of South Tangerang as a Head of Daily Executive, conduct
daily duty of nuclear emergency response on the field.
To handle emergency, nuclear emergency response sectors should be formed, i.e.:
1. management and control division
2. evacuation division
3. social and logistic division
4. security division

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

5. health division
6. nuclear division
Whereas elements involve in the nuclear emergency response out of SNA consist of :1. Head of Countermeasures Nuclear Accident (HCNA), is Major of South Tangerang City as
holder of command out of NSA or leader of nuclear emergency in South Tangerang Region.
2. Head of NSA control, is Head of CIUNSA as leader of nuclear emergency response on NSA.
3. Head of CRST area control, is Deputy Assistant for Provider Network with Users as controller
for personnel evacuation process who present on CRST area to control vehicle access, toguard security, coordination with BATAN and local government of South Tangerang City.
4. Lisencee, is Head of Multipurpose Reactor as person in charge of emergency response on
facility.
5. Operation control, is Head RDMA of South Tangerang City as nuclear emergency operation
control out of NSA.
6. Operation executive, is nuclear emergency response team consist of 6 (six) division.
7. Radiological assessor, is radiological assessor team chaired by Head of Center for Safety
Technology and Radiation Metrology Colaboration together with field asisstance team (FAT)of BATAN NSA and FAT of BATAN Nuclear Pasar Jum’at area, local environmental agenciesof South Tangerang City and Climatology Meteorology and Geophysics Agency as needed.
8. Public relation, is PR chaired by PR bureaulocal government of South Tangerang City
involving element of BATAN, Army, Police, or else.
Nuclear emergency response organization structure of south Tangerang City can be seen on figure
4.4-2.
Batan Chairman

Bapeten Chairman
HCNA of South
Tangerang City

CRST Chairman

Public Information
CenterOperation Control/
Head of RDMA

Operation executive

Sector of Control andManagement

Sector of Evacuation

Head of Unit on South
Tangerang City

Radiological Assessor

Operation executive

Sector of Health

Sector of Security

Sector of Social andLogistic

Sector of Nuclear

Figure 3.4-2 Regional Nuclear Emergency Response Organization of South Tangerang City

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

3.5. Concept of Operation
In the case of nuclear emergency that will involve nuclear emergency organization occurs, theactivation of nuclear emergency organization of South Tangerang City would be conducted if theaccident in facility extend out site SNA and where the licencee and SNA controller are not able tohandle emergency which would rise impact furtherly to environment and public. In this emergency,
SNA controller will give notification immediately to CRST area controller and to the Major ofSouth Tangerang as HNCA of territory, and furtherly report to BAPETEN and Batan chairmans.
Based on impact analysis that occurred and will occur, radiological assessor could give
recomendation to activate region nuclear emergency response organization of South Tangerang.
The Major of South Tangerang as HNCA leads and coordinates each operation response step fromthe begining until recovery.
In case of nuclear emergency caused by nuclear accident, nuclear emergency organization of South
Tangerang City is operated in mechanism as follow:
1. Nuclear emergency escalates, then licencee can not handle emergency occured in facility andthe escalation of emergency causes effect that all facilities and response command station oflicencee are not feasible presenting on site due to the contamination and radiation level are too
high, so that licencee makes coordination with NSA controller and CRST area controller
immediately to give notification to surrounding public and local government whose theterritory is exposed by radiological exposure.
2. Accidents result in directly significant impacts to enviroment and public by radiation exposurelevel on site about 5 μSv/h for 10 minutes consecutive, then licencee coordinates to NSA
controller and CRST area controller must give warning immediately to local government
without waiting further excalation.
3. Base on those warning, South Tangerang City Mayor through head of RDMA of South
Tangerang City activates organization of nuclear response and command post of South
Tangerang to control the operation of radiologic/nuclear emergency. South Tangerang City
Mayor announces immediately the possible impact and protection action to public.
4. South Tangerang City Mayor through head of RDMA of South Tangerang City in charge todecide urgent protection actions (evacuation, sheltering, Iodine prophylaxis) based onrecommendation from radiological assessor, and leads all nuclear/radiologic response activities
until the end.
5. If nuclear/radiological emergency in South Tangerang City can be handled, South Tangerang
City Mayor declares and stops nuclear/radiological emergency response in local level. But if it
can not be handled, then the Mayor requests assistance immediately to province or national
levels.
3.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
Control Command Center (CCC) of SNA gives command to licencee to conduct mitigation to
reduce radiological escalation, to return facility to save and stabil condition, to reduce potential
radioactive release or radiation exposure and to mitigate radioactive release or radiation exposure
effect. Mitigation action is conducted following safety work procedure of installation concerned.
The licencee could request technical assistance from other instalations through Head ofEmergency Response (HER) of SNA.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

3.5.1.1 Personnal Protection Action
In the nuclear emergency even on site, HER of SNA coordinates with all head of center in
BATAN to take personnel protection actions which do not involve in nuclear response on site
(personnel is not nuclear emergency response officer). These protection actions cover iodine
phropylaxis, sheltering, and or evacuation. Emergency response officers conduct radiology
monitoring on site and personnel decontamination as needed. Evacuation point for personnel
on site is sport stadium. Evacuation pathway is decided by HER of SNA depend on field
condition and recommended by radiological assessor. If nuclear emergency escalates
becoming off site emergency, then personnel at sport stadium will be removed to anotherlocation recomended by head of RDMA.
Protection action to personnel in off site nuclear emergency follows the personnel protection
action on site which the pathway and evacuation location decided by head of RDMA.
3.5.1.2 Urgent Protection Action
In case of the accident effect exceeds intervention level which needing urgent protection
action, HER of SNA coordinates with RDMA to implement urgent protection action
including :1. Evacuation
2. Iodine phropylaxis
3. Sheltering
To ensure safety of environment and public, monitoring of environmental radiologicalenvironment emergency is conducted during emergency. This information is needed to
conduct urgent protection action.
3.5.1.3 Protection for First Responder, Radiation Worker, And Vulnerable Groups
The things needed to conduct on protection action to nuclear emergency response officer are :1. Wearing personnel protective equipment
2. Monitoring of dose acceptance
3. Limiting dose asseptance on life saving
4. Acting to over dose asseptance
5. Personnel decontamination
Protection action for vulnerable groups (BATAN employees, contractors, visitors, students,
out sourcing employees) follows nuclear facility preparednes programme.
3.5.1.4 Public Action to Off Site Radioactive Release
If radioactive release even make effect to off site seriously deterministic health, public shouldact:
1. Keep calm and do not panic
2. Keep away and far away from incident center /reactor
3. Destination location must contra with wind direction come from incident center/reactor
4. Monitoring these even continously from Official government news
5. Wearing standard masker as needed.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

3.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
In the preparednes there are several things need to be prepared before emegency condition
coming. Facility and equipment of nuclear emergency response is including facility support
which must be avaiable in each center accordance with kind of radiology threath category on
their facility. Facility and equipment of operation executive on site and off site of SNA iscompleted by each teams and it must be in function and storaged at special emergency room.
In conducting function of nuclear emergency response effectively, all emergency response teams
must meet procedure and work instruction.
3.5.3. Emergency Response
Nuclear emergency response is conducted by Organization of nuclear emergency response of
SNA and assistanced by outside relation response Organization (Nuclear Biology and Chemical
unit of Army, police, hospital, etc.), and involves RDMA of South Tangerang City if accident
effect escalates out of NSA. Operational of nuclear emergency response of NSA and related
emergency response organization is available under control of Control Command Center (CCC)of NSA, whereas off site emergency control conducted by off site emergency responseorganization accordance with off site nuclear emergency preparednes response programme.
Urgent protection action plan zone is the place to be prepared for sheltering, to conduct
environment monitoring and to conduct other urgent protection actions based on monitoring
result several times after release.
Plan zone radius is 0,3-2 km. In this radius the Mayor of South Tangerang City gives instruction
to public to stay at home or temporary sheltering to wait further instruction.
Sheltering is strongly considered for distances less than 1 km, and is also recommended to
conduct until radius of 2 km. Evacuation must be done immediately for radius under 0.3 km andneed consideration based on field condition until radius of 2 km.
Monitoring Food Ingredients Zone, this zone is prepared to implement protection action to
reduce stocastic efect risk as a result of consuming local food products. Protection action such as
relocation, food restriction and response action to agriculture product is usually based on
environment monitoring result and food sampling. Radius of monitoring Food Ingredients is 530 km. Monitoring Food Ingredients cover agriculture product and livestock and foodconsumption and drinking water. This monitoring result is evaluated by radiological assessor andthe assessor then recommend prohibition of consuming foods that are potentially contaminatedin a defined radius of foodstuffs monitoring zone.
Table 3.5-1. Emergency Zone and The a Defined Radius for Radiology Threath Category.

Facility
Reactor 10100 MWt

Urgent Protective
Precautionary Action Zone
Action Planning Zone
(PAZ)
(UPZ)
minimum of the outer wall0,5–5 kmof the building

23

Longer Term Protective
Action Planning Zone
(LPZ)
5–50 km

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

3.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
Nuclear emergency response on SNA is done if escalation of accident is predicted reach out theon-site emergency level (on site emergency class) or off site emergency (general emergency
class). Both condition emergency response operations are chaired by Head of CIUNSA as SNA
manager. All infrastructures of nuclear emergency (organization, coordination,
facility/equipment and procedure) and ability response function of SNA is deployed to handle
emergency. Nuclear emergency response also covers out SNA if accident escalation and potential
threath thranscends SNA. Nuclear emergency reponse function on SNA aims for:1. Controlling nuclear emergency situation, that the handling of which is in accordance withthe response procedure on site;
2.
Keeping away and mitigating accident consequency;
3.
Keeping away the deterministic effect to personnel (onsite);
4.
Conducting first aid and managing handling radiation wound victim;
5.
Keeping away stocastic effect to public (off site);
6.
Keeping away non radiology effect to individual and population;
7.
Protecting property and environtment.
3.6. Related Activities
3.6.1. Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)
Training and or drill of nuclear emergency response on site is conducted by CIUNSA at least
once a year, the aim of these activities is to implement the programme, to develope
personnel/teams ability in field and to try out the equipment and existing response facility.
Training is conducted by involving infrastructure and existing response function.
CIUNSA conducts exercise and drilling of nuclear or radiological emergency off site at least
once in two years by involving out side istitutions such as RDMA, CRST, police and or hospital.
CIUNSA follows exercise and drilling of nuclear or radiological emergency in national level atleast once in 4 (four) years cooperates with disaster management national agency (DMNA),
Nuclear biology chemical unit of army, bomb squad, health ministry, agriculture ministry,
Government of South Tangerang City, etc.
Besides drill conducted, there are some supporting training such as training for radiologicalassessor, first responder, fire and first aid countermeasures, radiation protection, and decision
maker.
3.6.2. Communication and Public Relation (e.g. information passage, mass media, andsocial media
Giving information to media and or public under PR coordination. The information is given to
media and or public immediatelly and efective. PR keeps maintenancing information to media
and or public continously due to emergency situation development. PR arranges press conference
that involves related emergency response elements such as facility in charge, radiologicalassessor, public in charge and RDMA.
Task and responsible of public information center are as follows:
1. Collecting data and information for handling of the disaster.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Indonesia)

2. Making information and communication network and distribute information to mass
media and public about situation and condition the prevention effort.
3. Facilitating giving information from stakeholder to mass media and public.
4. Giving information to public, mass media and related institution.
5. Coordinating with external assistance PR on giving information.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

III-4. Japan
4.1.

Policy4.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

4.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

4.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

4.5.

Concept of Operation
4.5.1.. Mitigation and Prevention
4.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
4.5.3. Emergency Response
4.5.4. Emergent Rehabilitation and Restoration

4.6.

Related Activities
4.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

4.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)
4.7

Abbreviations

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

III-4. Japan
4.1. Policy
On the basis of Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (DCBA), the definition of the nuclear
emergency preparedness and response is prescribed as follows:
To prevent in advance nuclear disasterTo prevent expansion of damage caused by the nuclear disasterTo assist recovery of the affected areas
The nuclear disaster means damage caused to the lives, bodies or properties of citizens due to anuclear emergency situation in which radioactive materials or radiation at an abnormal level has
been released outside the nuclear site of a nuclear operator.
Therefore, the nuclear emergency preparedness and response means to prevent in advance damage
caused to the lives, bodies or properties of citizens due to a nuclear emergency situation in whichradioactive materials or radiation at an abnormal level, to prevent expansion of the damage and toassist recovery of the affected areas.
In addition, since the nuclear disaster is due to operation of a nuclear reactor of a nuclear operator,
the nuclear operator has primary responsibility for contain of the accident and nuclear emergency
response. The responses to be implemented are different between within and outside the nuclear
facility. For this reason, within and outside the facility are distinguished and called “on-site” and“off-site”, respectively as shown in Table 4.1-1.
Table 4.1-1 Distinction of on-site and off-site responses

On-site: within the
grounds of a
facility
Off-site: outside of
the grounds of a
facility

Main response is to contain of the accident
 Response for control of the accident has been continued since trouble
stage Operator has primary responsibility for the contain of the accident
Main response is for residences Response for residences starts from a step of notification of an eventthat may lead to release of radioactive materials
 Response is carried out by government and local public organization

Ref. 1) S Sato and K Yamamoto, Basic Concept of the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response in Japanafter the Accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station - The Plain Explanation for Regional
Officials and Emergency Workers -, JAEA-Review 2013-015 http://jolissrch-inter.tokaisc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAEA-Review-2013-015.pdf

4.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
As Japanese laws to prescribe nuclear emergency response system has been established in asequential order after occurrence of disasters, it is effective to understand background history of thelaws. The following is historical backgrounds on the establishment of the laws.
For responses to natural disaster, there was the Disaster Relief Act established in 1947. Owing to
the Ise Bay Typhoon in 1959, the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (DCBA) was enacted in27

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

1961 for the purpose of unification of relevant laws to disaster and promotion of comprehensive
administration for disaster prevention.
In the DCBA, the establishment of the Central Disaster Prevention Council (CDPC) was prescribed.
In the enforcement ordinance of the DCBA, release of a large amount of radioactive materials
became one of the disasters in the DCBA, which clarified that nuclear disaster is located under theframework of the DCBA. In 1963, the CDPC showed a foundation of disaster prevention and madethe Basic Plan for Emergency Preparedness that is a basis of the operational plan for disasterprevention and the local disaster prevention plan.
As the Three Mile Island accident occurred in 1979, the CDPC determined “On the measures should
be taken for disaster prevention of the nuclear power plants” and advice and dispatch by experts ofnuclear power. In 1980, the Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC) established a guideline on nuclear
disaster prevention entitled “Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Facilities (Emergency
Preparedness Guide)” in which Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ; areas in which arrangements for
emergency preparedness and response for nuclear power plants should be intensively made) was
adopted. In 1997, nuclear emergency response section was added to the Basic Disaster Prevention
Plan and responses specific to nuclear disaster was incorporated.
As criticality accident at the nuclear fuel plant in JCO plant occurred in 1999, the Act on Special
Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness was established as a special law of the
DCBA, which prescribed insurance of rapid initial motion system and reinforcement of the role ofgovernment. In addition, the Emergency Preparedness Guide was revised according to the Act on
Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and its target was expanded tonuclear fuel facilities and research reactors. Also, relevant guides were established or revised.
In response to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo ElectricPower Company in 2011, the Atomic Energy Basic Law, the Act on Special Measures Concerning
Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and the Basic Disaster Prevention Plan were revised when the
Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) was established. In October 2012, the NRA established the
Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Guide that was legislated according to the revision of the Act on
Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness. This guide was established byrevising the previous Emergency Preparedness Guide incorporating lessons learned from theaccident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company, items
pointed out in the investigative reports and interim report of the Emergency Preparedness Guide.
Although new concept was added to the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Guide, specificnumerical values and operational method of criteria became issues to be solved in future tasks. As
the new concept was made only for the commercial nuclear power reactors, considerations for theother facilities were also issues to be solved in future tasks. This is because there is a need to rapidly
establish the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Guide to make it available for revision of regional
disaster prevention plan, which is a method to establish highly prioritized items in advance.
In November 2012, study teams were established under the NRA. The Nuclear Emergency
Preparedness Guide was fully revised on 27th February 2013 incorporating items completed in the
study teams. There have been remaining issues to be solved in the future in the revised Nuclear
Emergency Preparedness Guide. Subsequently, additional revisions were carried out twice on 5thJune and 5th September 2013. Further examinations for remaining items are still continued in the28

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

study teams.
Ref. 1) S Sato and K Yamamoto, Basic Concept of the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response in Japanafter the Accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station - The Plain Explanation for Regional
Officials and Emergency Workers -, JAEA-Review 2013-015
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAEA-Review-2013-015.pdf

4.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
In the revised Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Guide, importance is addressed in the decision
making on the basis of common understanding in relation to progress of the events. The responseto an emergency situation can be divided into three phases, Preparedness, Early Response, Mediumterm Response and Recovery as shown in Table 4.3-1.
Table 4.3-1 Phases in an emergency situation in the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Guide

Preparedness
phase
Early response
phase
Medium-term
response phase

Recovery phase

It is necessary for nuclear operators, national government and local
government to make and notify each action plan, and to evaluate, verify andimprove it by training.
It is necessary to avoid deterministic effects due to radiation exposure evenin the case that limited information is available and to implement rapid
protective measures to minimize stochastic effects due to radiation exposure.
It is required to administrate effects from radiation or radioactive material. It
is also necessary to understand radiation level by environmental radiation
monitoring and analysis. On the basis of these results, it is necessary torevise or cancel protective measures that were implemented in the early
response phase and to examine long-term protective measures.
It is necessary to support a comeback to normal social and economic
activities on the basis of the long-term recovery plan made in the transition
time to this phase at the affected area.

In the early response phase after an emergency (particularly, before release of radioactive material),
it is significant to appropriately progress preparedness and implement of protective measuresaccording to the situations of the nuclear facility and distance from the facility. For this reason,
emergency classes are divided into three types, Alert, Site Area Emergency and General Emergency.
Measures to be implemented according to the three classes are prescribed as shown in Table 4.3-2.
The three categories correspond to preparedness of response organization in the alert situation,
preparedness for protective measures in the site area emergency situation and rapid implement ofprotective measures within the Precautionary Action Zone (PAZ) and the Urgent protective action
Planning Zone (UPZ), which was given by IAEA.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

Table 4.3-2 Emergency categories in the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Guide

Category
Situation

Response

Alert
There is no radiation
effects on the public orany imminent risk, but
caution is required
because of the possibilityof an ‘abnormal’ event
occurring.
The body implementing
protection measures suchas a local government
begins preparations
which may require acomparatively long time
to implement.

Site Area Emergency
An event occurs in a
nuclear facility where aradioactive material
release may threaten
public safety.

General Emergency
An event occurs in a
nuclear facility where aradioactive material
release will threaten
public safety.

It is necessary for local
governments to put into
place the main
protection measures
including the evacuationof all local residents.

It is necessary forcontrollingorganizations such as
local governments toimplement fullemergency protection
measures, to mitigate
inevitable damage
impact and prevent its
spread following theradioactive material
release.

Emergency Action Levels (EALs) are guidelines to establish whether a specific situation
corresponds to one of these emergency categories, such as the status of the facility’s defense-indepth equipment, the status of radioactive material confinement functions, and whether or not any
external events have also occurred. Table 4.3-3 shows emergency categories relating to commercial
reactor facilities and the main details of current EALs.
Nuclear operators are required to consider establishing more detailed EALs specifically reflecting
conditions at each power reactor and submit them to the NRA, which will examine them and amend
recommendations if warranted.
Table 4.3-3 Emergency Categories and EALs (No 1)

Emergency
Category
Alert

EAL- If an earthquake with a magnitude of at least 6-lower on the Japaneseseismic intensity scale has occurred in the prefecture in which the nuclear
facilities are sited- If a major tsunami warning has been issued in the prefecture in which
nuclear facilities are sited- If a Tokai Earthquake Advisory has been issued- In the event of a crucial failure of the reactor facilities that a DirectorGeneral of the NRA Secretariat or the Director of the Accident
Countermeasures Office of the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Division
deems to necessitate an alert

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

Table 4.3-3 Emergency Categories and EALs (No 2)

Emergency
Category

Site Area
Emergency

GeneralEmergency

EAL- In any other case in which the Chairman of the NRA deems theestablishment of an NRA Nuclear Accident Vigilance Headquarters to benecessary- Leakage of reactor coolant- Failure of emergency core cooling system in the high pressure coolant
injection system in the event of the loss of feed water functions- Loss of all feed water functions to steam generators- Loss of residual heat removal functions in the event of the loss of residual
heat removal functions from the reactor by means of the main condenser- Station blackout (continuing for at least five minutes)- If a situation in which only one power source is supplying electricity to the
DC bus continues for at least five minutes, in the event that there is only
one emergency DC bus- Decline of the water level within the reactor vessel while the reactor is shut
down to the level at which the emergency core cooling system begins toactuate- Loss of all functions for cooling the reactor during outage- Unavailability of the reactor control room
- Inability to shut down the reactor, if required, by means of a conventional
neutron absorber.
- Loss of all functions to shut down the reactor, in such an emergency isrequired.
- Inability to inject water into the reactor in question using any of theemergency core cooling systems- If the pressure within the containment vessel reaches the design-basis
maximum allowable working pressure- Loss of pressure control functions in the containment vessel, in the eventthat functions for removing residual heat from the reactor have been lost
- Loss of all functions for cooling the reactor- Loss of all emergency DC power supply continues for at least five minutes- Detection of radiation or temperature indicative of core meltdown- Detection of a change in the liquid level within the reactor vessel or otherphenomenon indicative of exposure of the irradiated fuel assemblies within
the reactor vessel- If a situation continues for at least one hour in which the water level
declines to a point where residual heat removal functions are lost
- Unavailability of the reactor control room
- The liquid level in the irradiated fuel assembly storage tank declines to thelevel at which the fuel assemblies in question are exposed- If a situation in which the air radiation dose rate at the site boundary reaches
5 mSv/hour continues for at least ten minutes

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

Ref. 1) S Sato and K Yamamoto, Basic Concept of the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness and Response in Japanafter the Accident of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station - The Plain Explanation for Regional
Officials and Emergency Workers -, JAEA-Review 2013-015
http://jolissrch-inter.tokai-sc.jaea.go.jp/pdfdata/JAEA-Review-2013-015.pdf
Ref. 2) Convention on Nuclear Safety National Report of Japan for 6th Review Meeting, August 2013
http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/cooperation/conventions/data/cns_6th.pdf

4.4. Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local), NonGovernment, and International Partnership)
The government’s preparedness system in the event of a nuclear disaster is prescribed in detail under
the Nuclear Emergency Preparedness Act, the Basic Plan for Emergency Preparedness and the
Nuclear Emergency Response Manual (NER Manual), etc.
According to the NER Manual, etc., the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (NERHQ) andthe Local NERHQ are the core organizations that respond to a nuclear disaster. When the prime
minister issues a Nuclear Emergency Declaration, the NERHQ (for which the prime minister serves
as the director-general) should be established at the Kantei and the Local NERHQ at the Off-site
Center. The director-general of the Local NERHQ, to whom the director-general of the NERHQ
delegates part of his/her authority, undertakes the response to the accident, including the issuanceof evacuation orders, in accordance with the actual local conditions and with the support of theNERHQ and the support and cooperation of the other relevant organizations such as municipal
governments.
Japan is an island nation and shares no land borders with its immediate neighbors. However, its
geographical neighbors – China and South Korea – also have reactor facilities. Following the
Fukushima Daiichi accident sharing information during a nuclear emergency is an important issue
for all of the neighboring countries. In August 2009, senior Japanese, Chinese and South Korean
regulators met and agreed to share emergency information. The three countries had earlier
exchanged information as required, but Fukushima underlined the importance of closer
cooperation’s and talks are currently underway to achieve such an outcome.
At a Japan - China - South Korea Top Regulators’ Meeting in November 2011, the three countries
reached agreement on a Nuclear Safety Cooperation Initiative, which includes improving theexchange of information, cooperating in response to severe accidents, and cooperating on disasterprevention and emergency responses.
In terms of existing mechanisms for the providing information other than the aforementioned
tripartite mechanism, Japan will disseminate information via the Unified System for Information
Exchange in Incidents and Emergencies (USIE) web portal run by the IAEA’s Incident andEmergency Centre (IEC).
To carry out the provisions of the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and theConvention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, Japan has
designated the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as the National Warning Point (NWP) and National
Competent Authority for an Emergency Abroad (NCA (A)), in the event of a nuclear accident orradiological emergency occurring outside the territory of Japan. In the event of a radiologicalemergency outside the territory of Japan, including in a neighboring country, the Ministry of Foreign

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

Affairs will receive a notification and pass on the details without delay to the National Competent
Authority for a Domestic Emergency (NCA (D)) and other relevant authorities, as well as taking
any the necessary action. Moreover, in relation to the Convention on Assistance in the Case of a
Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, the National Assistance Capabilities (NAC) of
relevant organizations within Japan have been registered with RANET (the IAEA Response
Assistance Network).
Ref. 1) National Diet of Japan, Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, Report, 5July 2012.
Ref. 2) Convention on Nuclear Safety National Report of Japan for 6th Review Meeting, August 2013
http://www.nsr.go.jp/english/cooperation/conventions/data/cns_6th.pdf

4.5. Concept of Operation
4.5.1 Mitigation and Prevention
Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness has been established. The
purpose of this Act is to strengthen nuclear disaster control measures, in cooperation with the Act
on Regulation of Nuclear Source Materials, Nuclear Fuel Materials and Reactors, and the Basic
Act on Disaster Control Measures and other Acts concerning nuclear disaster prevention, by
providing special measures for the obligations, etc. of nuclear operators concerning nuclear
disaster prevention, the issuance of a declaration of a nuclear emergency situation and theestablishment, etc. of nuclear emergency response headquarters, and the implementation of
emergency response measures and other matters relating to a nuclear disaster, taking into
consideration the particularity of a nuclear disaster, thereby protecting the lives, bodies andproperties of citizens from a nuclear disaster.
The state, local governments and nuclear operators shall cooperate with each other through thepromotion of mutual coordination for the purpose of ensuring the smooth implementation of
measures to prevent nuclear emergency, emergency response measures and measures forrestoration from nuclear emergency.
This Act determines the responsibilities of nuclear operators, the state and local governments asfollows.
4.5.1.1. Nuclear Operator
A nuclear operator shall be responsible for taking full-scale measures for prevention of
occurrence of a nuclear disaster pursuant to provisions of this Act or any other relevant Act andfor taking, in good faith, necessary measures with regard to the prevention of the progression(expansion) of a nuclear disaster (including the probability of the occurrence of a nuclear
disaster) and nuclear disaster recovery efforts.
4.5.1.2. The StateThe State shall, pursuant to the provisions of this Act or any other relevant Act, be responsible
for taking full-scale measures for prevention of occurrence of a nuclear disaster by establishing
nuclear emergency response headquarters, giving necessary instructions to local governments
and taking other measures necessary for the implementation of emergency response measurers
and those necessary for the implementation of measures to prevent nuclear emergency andmeasurers for restoration from nuclear emergency.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

4.5.1.3. Local Government
A local government shall, pursuant to the provisions of this Act or any other relevant Act, be
responsible for taking full-scale measures for prevention of occurrence of a nuclear disaster bytaking measures necessary for the implementation of measures to prevent nuclear emergency,
emergency response measures and measures for restoration from nuclear emergency
4.5.2 Emergency Preparedness
The State, local governments and nuclear operators are strengthening the system and working forprevention of occurrence of a nuclear disaster from normality by the respective viewpoints basedon the Act on Regulation of Nuclear Source Materials, Nuclear Fuel Materials and Reactors andthe Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness.
4.5.2.1. Nuclear operator
A nuclear operator shall prepare a nuclear operator emergency action plan with regard to its
measures to prevent nuclear emergency, emergency response measures, and measures
restoration from nuclear emergency and other duties that are necessary for preventing theoccurrence and progression (expansion) of a nuclear disaster and promoting nuclear disasterrecovery efforts, with respect to each of its nuclear sites, and review its nuclear operator
emergency action plan every year and revise it if revision is found to be necessary. When anuclear operator intends to prepare or revise a nuclear operator emergency action plan, it
confers in advance with a competent prefecture governor, the competent mayor of amunicipality and the related neighboring prefecture governors. When it has prepared or revised
a nuclear operator emergency action plan, a nuclear operator promptly notify the competent
minister to that effect and make public the gist of the plan.
A nuclear operator shall establish an on-site organization for nuclear emergency preparedness
with respect to each of its nuclear sites. An on-site organization for nuclear emergency
preparedness shall, in accordance with a nuclear operator emergency action plan, perform thenecessary duties for preventing the occurrence or progression (expansion) of a nuclear disaster.
A nuclear operator shall post nuclear disaster prevention staffs who are engaged in the duties
for preventing the occurrence or progression (expansion) of a nuclear disaster at on-siteorganization for nuclear emergency preparedness.
A nuclear operator shall appoint a nuclear emergency preparedness manager with respect toeach of its nuclear sites and have him/her manage the relevant on-site organization for nuclear
emergency preparedness. A person who manages and administrates of the business of a nuclear
site at said nuclear site shall serve as a nuclear emergency preparedness manager.
A nuclear operator shall appoint a vice-nuclear emergency preparedness manager from thosein a managerial or supervisory position who are able to perform, appropriately, duties
concerning the prevention of the occurrence or progression (expansion) of nuclear disaster at
the relevant nuclear site, and have him/her assist a nuclear emergency preparedness manager
in managing the relevant on-site organization for nuclear emergency preparedness.
A nuclear operator shall establish in its nuclear site a radiation measurement facility andmaintains such facility.
A nuclear operator shall install protection apparatus for radiation hazards, emergency

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

communication devices and any other materials and equipment necessary for said on-siteorganization for nuclear emergency preparedness to perform its duties, and maintain and checkthem as needed, in its on-site organization for nuclear emergency preparedness.
A nuclear operator shall record the numerical values of a radiation dose detected by a radiation
measurement facility and publicize such values.
Where there is a need to take emergency response measures pertaining to the nuclear site ofanother nuclear operator, a nuclear operator shall make efforts to dispatch nuclear disasterprevention staff, lend materials and equipment for nuclear disaster prevention and provide anyother cooperation necessary for implementing said emergency response measures.
4.5.2.2. The StateThe competent minister shall, with respect to each nuclear site, designate a facility that serves
as the center for emergency response measures taken by a specialist or organization responsible
for the implementation of emergency response measures, which is located within the area ofthe prefecture that includes the area where the relevant nuclear site is located (“off-site center”).
Senior specialist for nuclear emergency shall be allocated to the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sport, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. A seniorspecialist for nuclear emergency preparedness shall, in addition to giving guidance and advice
concerning the preparation of nuclear operator emergency action plan, establishment of an onsite organization for nuclear emergency preparedness or other measures to prevent nuclear
emergency implemented by a nuclear operator with regard to a nuclear site that has been
designated by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology or the
Minister of economy, Trade and Industry as nuclear site of which said senior specialist for
nuclear emergency preparedness should take charge, collect information necessary forunderstanding the situation, give advice concerning the collection of information andemergency responses implemented by a local government and perform any other duties
necessary to smoothly implement the prevention of the occurrence or progression (expansion)of a nuclear disaster in the case where there has been a notification from a nuclear emergency
preparedness manager.
Disaster prevention drill shall be carried out based on a plan prepared by the competent minister.
4.5.3 Emergency Response
4.5.3.1. Nuclear operator
When an event of nuclear emergency has occurred at the nuclear site managed by a nuclear
emergency preparedness manager, the nuclear emergency preparedness manager shall,pursuant to the provision of a nuclear operator emergency action plan, immediately have theon-site organization for nuclear emergency preparedness of said nuclear site implement the
emergency response necessary for preventing the occurrence or progression (expansion) of a
nuclear disaster. In addition, a nuclear operator shall, pursuant to the provision of its nuclear
operator emergency action plan, report the outline of the measures implementation to thecompetent minister, the competent prefectural governor, the competent mayor of a municipality
and related neighboring prefectural governors. In this case, the competent prefectural governor
and the related neighboring prefectural governor shall notify the mayors of related surrounding
municipalities of content of said report.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

4.5.3.2. The StateThe competent minister shall, when he/her finds that a nuclear emergency situation has
occurred, immediately report necessary information concerning the situation to the Prime
Minister and submit a draft of a public notice and a draft of an instruction. When there has beena report or submission form the competent minister, the Prime Minster shall immediately give
public notice of the occurrence of a nuclear emergency situation, the area where emergency
response measures should be implemented, the outline of the nuclear emergency situation andthe matters which need to be known by residents, etc. in the area (“the declaration of a nuclear
emergency situation”).
The Prime Minister shall, when he/her has issued a declaration of a nuclear emergency situation,
temporarily establish nuclear emergency response headquarters within the Cabinet Office after
deliberation in a cabinet meeting in order to promote emergency response measures pertaining
to said nuclear emergency situation. The nuclear emergency response headquarters shall beheaded by the director-general of the nuclear emergency response headquarters, and the Prime
Minister shall serve in this capacity. The competent minister shall serve as the vice directorgeneral of the nuclear emergency response headquarter.
4.5.3.3. Local government
When a declaration of a nuclear emergency situation has been issued, prefecture governor andmayors of municipalities who have jurisdiction over the emergency response measures
implementation area pertaining to said declaration of nuclear emergency situation shallestablish headquarters for disaster control with regard to said nuclear emergency situation.
When a declaration of a nuclear emergency situation has issued, the local nuclear emergency
response headquarters and the prefectural and municipal headquarters for disaster control
which have jurisdiction over the emergency response measures implementation area pertaining
to said declaration of a nuclear emergency situation shall organize a Joint Council for Nuclear
Emergency Response, in order to exchange information on said nuclear emergency situationand cooperate with one another for the emergency response measures that they implement
respectively.
During the period from the issuance of nuclear emergency situation to the issuance of adeclaration of the cancellation of a nuclear emergency situation, the heads of designatedadministrative organs and the heads of designated local administrative organs, the heads of
local government and other executive organs, designated public institutions and designatedlocal public institutions, nuclear operators and other parties responsible for the implementationof emergency response measures pursuant to the provision of laws and regulations shall
implement emergency response measures pursuant to the prevention of laws and regulations, adisaster prevention plan or a nuclear operator emergency action plan. A nuclear operator shall,pursuant to the provisions of laws and regulations, a disaster prevention plan or a nuclear
operator emergency action plan, dispatch nuclear disaster prevention staff, lend materials andequipment for nuclear disaster prevention and take other necessary measures for the accurate
and smooth implementation of emergency response measures which are implemented by theheads of designated administrative organs and the heads of designated local administrative
organs, and the heads of local governments and other executive organs.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

Emergency response measures shall be implemented with regard to the following matters;(1) Declaration of a nuclear emergency situation and other matters relating to thetransmission of information regarding a nuclear disaster and a recommendation for or
instruction of evacuation.
(2) Measurement of a radiation dose and other matters relating to the collection oinformation regarding a nuclear disaster.
(3) Salvage, rescue of disaster victims and other matters relating to their protection.
(4) Matters relating to the development, check and emergency recovery of facilities andequipment.
(5) Crime prevention, traffic control and other matters relating to maintenance of the social
order in the area affected by the relevant nuclear disaster.
(6) Matter relating to securing emergency transportation.
(7) Securing food, medicine and other materials, measurement of radiation exposure ofresidents, etc., removal of contamination by radioactive materials and other mattersrelating to the implementation of emergency response.
(8) Matters relating to measures to prevent the progression (expansion) of a nuclear disaster(including the probability of the occurrence of a nuclear disaster).
4.5.4 Emergent Rehabilitation and Restoration
The heads of designated administrative organs and the heads of designated local administrative
organs, the heads of local governments and other executive organs, designated public institutions
and designated local public institutions, nuclear operators and other parties responsible formeasures for restoration from nuclear emergency pursuant to the provision of laws and regulations
shall implement measures for restoration from nuclear emergency pursuant to the provision oflaws and regulations, a disaster prevention plan or a nuclear operator emergency action plan. A
nuclear operator shall, pursuant to the provision of laws and regulations, a disaster prevention planor a nuclear operator emergency action plan, dispatch nuclear disaster prevention staff, lendmaterials and equipment for nuclear disaster prevention and take other necessary measures for theaccurate and smooth implementation of measures for restoration from nuclear emergency which
are implemented by the heads of designated administrative organs and the heads of designatedlocal administrative organs, and the heads of local governments and other executive organs.
Measures for restoration from nuclear emergency shall be implemented with regard to thefollowing matters;(1) Investigation of the concentration or density of radioactive materials, or of the radiationdose, in the emergency response measures implementation area or other area where suchinvestigation is required.
(2) Medical examination of and mental and physical health consultation for residents, etc. andother measure relating to medical care.
(3) Public information activities concerning the status of the emanation of radioactive
materials in the emergency response measures implementation area, etc. for the purposeof preventing the stagnation of sales, etc. of goods resulting from a situation where the astatus of contamination by radioactive materials remains unclear.
(4) Matters relation to measures for preventing the progression (expansion) of a nuclear

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

disaster (including the probability of the occurrence of a nuclear disaster) or promoting
nuclear disaster recovery efforts.
4.6. Related Activities
4.6.1 Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)
At emergency situations at nuclear-related facilities, responding and recovering activities onradiation protection purposes are quite important, necessary and crucial, and they should be
performed by capable and reliable experts. These experts can be obtained only by systematic andcontinuing trainings including workshops, drills and exercises. Human capacity building process
for these emergency experts should be well planned and organized for each of their expertise.
In Japan, the emergency trainings are positively conducted by most of the organizations having
nuclear facilities. For example, NEAT (Nuclear Emergency Assist and Training Center), JAEA is
an actual emergency assistance organ and, in ordinary time (at non-emergency situation), it is also
conducting many training programs for designated emergency experts throughout a year.
In general, radiation protection experts should have;*Basic knowledge of properties of radiation and radioactive materials in facilities andenvironment*Basic knowledge of risks of radiation exposure and methods of radiation protection*Knowledge and skills for basic radiation measurement and monitoring*Skills on how to use or operate many protection tools and apparatuses
Practical experiences can be cultivated by certain emergency drills and exercises conducted byassuming many types of nuclear or radiation accidents, even if they have had no experiences at
actual emergency situation. Trainings for practical emergency operation should also include
advance planning for emergency activities. These practical trainings should be conducted
regularly so that the trainees can get exact images of their own practical activities in emergency
condition.
An example of menu of typical emergency training is as follows;(Lectures)
1) Radiation protection measures
2) Characteristics of radioactive materials and effects on human bodies
3) General evacuation measures for public in nuclear emergency condition
4) How to minimize the exposure dose to workers and public(Exercises)
1) Radiation measurements: Survey meters, dosimeters, contamination monitors, whole-body counters, monitoring
activities etc.
2) Evaluation of air and surface contamination

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan): Sampling of airborne materials, sampling of surface contamination, how to measurecontamination samples and evaluate the radioactivity contamination level3) How to prevent from internal exposures: Routes of intake of radioactive materials, how to use masks or protecting wears, how toevaluate internal doses, etc.
4) How to use or operate many types of protection tools: Air-cleaning pump, filtration devices, respiration-assisting tools, etc.
5) Emergency drills: Precaution measure, stand-by alert, evacuation drills, decontamination, etc.
The main targets of these trainings are responsible emergency experts, such as personnel of local
government including police and fire department, leaders of local communities and medical
professionals as well as workers of nuclear or radiation facilities.
Since 2006, JAEA’s Nuclear Human Resource Development Center (NuHRDeC) started topromote training programs on emergency preparedness for Asian countries under sponsoring ofJapanese Government: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).
The program is divided into two types of training events, international training course (called
Instructor Training Course; 6weeks) in Japan and national training courses held in Asian countries.
National training courses held in each country (1 or 2 weeks) are sometimes called Follow-up
Training Course, since some Japanese experts visit their countries and support them.
4.6.2 Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)
Even in the normal conditions or non-emergency situations, the general public has negative images
and idea on nuclear-related facilities (represented by nuclear power plants) andradiation/radioactive materials, and feels anxiety and mistrusts that any small radiation exposure
may generate fatal and genetic damages.
Therefore, public relations activities are quite important for promotion of understanding of thegeneral public on the expectations of nuclear-related technologies for its contribution to humansociety and on the accurate knowledge of their potential risks and the biological effects of radiation
exposure that may be caused by accidents at nuclear facilities.
Public relations activities on nuclear facilities have two types. The first one is to promote
understanding and acceptance of accurate knowledge and information regarding the normal
operation of nuclear facilities - - - as public communication. The second is to provide the publicwith accurate information as promptly as possible at emergency situations - - - public relations as
one of important objectives for crisis-management. The mass media and social media are very
important tools and methods for this purpose.
Japan has learned much through the accident at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Japan)

occurred in March, 2011. The lessons learned by this event shall be analyzed and reflected infuture public relations activities in both ordinary and emergency situations.
 Abbreviations:Page

Abbreviation

Formal Term

27, 28DCBA

Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act

28

CDPC

Central Disaster Prevention Council

28

NSC

Nuclear Safety Commission

28

EPZ

Emergency Planning Zone28, 30 .31

NRA

Nuclear Regulation Authority

23, 29PAZ

Precautionary Action Zone

23, 29UPZ

Urgent protective action Planning Zone30, 31

EALs

Emergency Action Levels

32

NER Manual

Nuclear Emergency Response Manual

32

NERHQ

Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters

32

USIE

Unified System for Information Exchange in Incidents andEmergencies

32

IEC

Incident and Emergency Centre

32

NWP

National Warning Point32

NCA (A)

National Competent Authority for an Emergency Abroad33

NCA (D)

National Competent Authority for a Domestic Emergency

33

NAC

National Assistance Capabilities

33

RANET

IAEA Response Assistance Network

38

NEAT

Nuclear Emergency Assist and Training Center

38, 39JAEA

Japan Atomic Energy Agency

39

NuHRDeC

Nuclear Human Resource Development Center

39

MEXT

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology,
Japan

39

TEPCO

Tokyo Electric Power Company

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)

III-5. Kazakhstan
5.1.

Policy5.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

5.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

5.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

5.5.

Concept of Operation
5.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
5.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
5.5.3. Emergency Response
5.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration

5.6.

Related Activities
5.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

5.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)

III-5. Kazakhstan
5.1. Policy
In general, the policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of emergency preparedness andresponse regulates social relations which arisesd for the defense of workers and population, andaims at:- prevention and liquidation of natural and man-made emergency situations and theirconsequences,- urgent medical and psychological assistance to populations in the emergency area,- nuclear, radiological, fire and industrial safety assurance.
In part, the nuclear and radiation safety policy of Kazakhstan is based on the National plan forresponse to nuclear and radiological accidents, which is approved by the Government of the
Republic of Kazakhstan and which is put into effect by the decision of the authorized body:1) in case of exposure or threat of exposure of factors of nuclear or radiological accident
outside site of emergency nuclear, radiation, or electrophysical facility;2) in the event of cross-border nuclear or radiological accidents that have occurred in the
territory of another country, whose exposure or threat of exposure extends to part of or thewhole of the Republic of Kazakhstanterritory.
The National plan for response to nuclear and radiation accidents determines the:1) rights and responsibilities of central and local executive bodies of the Republic of
Kazakhstan, as well as economic entities in case of nuclear or radiological accidents;
2) procedures and management of activities for preparedness and response to nuclear andradiological accidents;3) coordination of activities of enterprises and government bodies in case of nuclear orradiological accidents and liquidation of their consequences.
Upon receipt of the information about a nuclear or radiological accident, the authorized body
immediately informs the competent authority in the field of civil defense to put into effect the
National plan.
Operating organizations develop and approve emergency plans in accordance with the legislationof the Republic of Kazakhstan. The emergency plans include procedures and activities forliquidation of the consequences of accidents, and (or) for minimization of the potential influence on
workers, public and environment in accordance with the category of radiation danger of the nuclear,radiation, or electrophysical facility.
In case of cross-border accidents or incidents in the field of nuclear energy, authorized body takes
alert and response measures in accordance with international agreements in the field of nuclear
energy which are ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan.
5.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
Modern regulatory framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of atomic energy andradiation safety assurance is represented by a four-level structure: 1) the laws of the Republic of
Kazakhstan and the Decrees of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan; 2) the resolutions of42

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the atomic energy use and radiation safetyassurance; 3) the rules and regulations approved by the central government authorities; 4) standards,
guidelines, typical instructions for individual sectors and enterprises.
In the field of nuclear and radiological emergency preparedness and response, this framework isbased on the lessons and experience learned during the Soviet period, as well as on therecommendations of the IAEA and the experience of other countries. The framework does notremain permanent in composition and content - it is updated and improved according to new global
challenges. Basic documents in this field are as follows:- Law on Atomic Energy Use;
- Law on Radiation Safety of Population;- Law on Civil Defense.
These documents identify the:- basics of planning and response;- participants of planning and response activities, and the distribution of responsibilities
between these participants;- procedures in case of nuclear and radiological emergency;- measures for emergency preparedness and so on.
The Law «On Atomic Energy Use» (No.93-1 dated to April 14, 1997) establishes legal framework
and principles for regulation of public relations in the field of atomic energy use and aims at thedefence of human health and life, environmental protection, nuclear weapons non-proliferation andproviding and nuclear and radiation safety assurance in atomic energy use.
The Law establishes the basic rights and independence of authorized state bodies and officials in
the field of atomic energy use, as well as identifies the rights and responsibilities of citizens andpublic organizations in this field.
The Law «On Radiation Safety» (No. 219-1 dated to April 23, 1998) regulates public relations in
the field of radiation safety assurance to protect the health of the population from the negative impact
of radiation and sets the main principles of radiation safety.
The Law establishes the jurisdiction of the state bodies on radiation safety assurance, general
requirements for radiation safety assessment and for radiation safety when using radiation sources.
The Law «On Civil Defense» (№ 188-V dated to April 11, 2014) defines the main tasks, theorganizational and functional principles of civil defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, formation,
storage and use of national material reserves, organization and activity of emergency rescue services
and units.
5.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
In order to determine the level of measures for emergency preparedness and response planning theregulatory base of Kazakhstan uses five emergency planning categories that are similar to five threat
categories in the recommendations of the IAEA.
Categories I, II and III represent decreasing levels of threat at facilities and therefore correspond to
decreasing stringency of requirements for emergency preparedness and response measures.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)Category IV includes radiological emergencies that could occur anywhere unexpectedly and applies
always in all jurisdictions, possibly together with other threat categories.
Category V applies to the off-site areas where arrangements for preparedness and response are
warranted to deal with contamination resulting from a release of radioactive material from a facility
in category I or II.
Republic of Kazakhstan doesn’t have facilities of Category I now, but Kazakhstan has facilities ofcategories II and III, such as reactor facility BN-350 (presently decommissioned), three operational
research reactors, nuclear fuel fabrication plant and so on.
Table 5.3-1 Emergency planning categories

Category
I
II

III

IV
V

Description
Facilities, for which large releases of radioactive materials are possible that canlead to severe deterministic health effects off the site
Facilities, for which releases of radioactive materials are possible that can lead toconsiderable exposure to off-site people, but cannot lead to severe deterministic
health effects (low probability)
Facilities, for which considerable risk of exposure to off-site people does not exist,
but there are possibility of accident that can lead to deterministic health effects on
the site
Activities with low threat of emergency such as activities relating to dangerous
sources obtained illicitly, activities involving dangerous mobile sources
Activities, for which yield products with a significant likelihood of becoming
contaminated as a result of events at facilities of category I or II, including such
facilities in other States, to levels necessitating prompt restrictions on products

For rapid and coordinated response and for determination of the level of response in the case ofradiation accidents regulatory base of Kazakhstan uses almost the same classification system as the
IAEA with the following classes of the accidents:
 General accident is global-scale or regional-scale emergency resulting in an actual or
substantial risk of release of radioactive materials or radiation exposure due to a criticality or
loss of shielding requiring implementation of urgent protective actions off the site. At theannouncement of this accident class, urgent measures should be taken to reduce consequencesof the accident and to protect the people on the site and in the area (or zone) of urgent
protective actions, if necessary.
 Local accident is a sharp decrease in the level of protection of the personnel on the site anddirectly near the facility. At the announcement of this accident class, urgent measures should
be taken to reduce consequences and protect the people on the site. In addition, some
preparation to implement protective actions off the site should be taken, if it will be necessary.
 Facility accident is a sharp decrease in the level of protection of the personnel on the site only.
At the announcement of this accident class, urgent measures should be taken to reduce
consequences and protect the people on the site. For this class there aren’t any off-site hazards.
 Threat of accident is a significant decrease in the level of protection of the public and on-site

44

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)personnel. At the announcement of this accident class, urgent measures should be taken toassess and mitigate the consequences, as well as increase readiness of response organizations
on- and off-siteif necessary.
 Incident is other emergencies, such as accidents during transportation of radioactive materials,
contamination because of economic activity, loss of control under radioactive source and soon.
Planning level for facilities where there is a probability of accidents with a large off-site releasevaries in different areas, depending on distance of these areas from the facility. For such facilities
Kazakhstan regulations distinguish three emergency planning zones:
 Preventive protective action zone – a predefined area around the object, for which urgent
protective measures are planned in advance, and where it is necessary to take urgent protective
actions immediately after the declaration of General Accident. The goal is to significantly
reduce the risk of severe deterministic health effects through the implementation of protective
measures before release.
 Urgent protective action zone - a predefined area around the object, where emergency
planning is previously made and where there is preparedness for urgent protective actions on
the basis of the results of environmental control.
 Long-term protective action zone - a predefined area around the object which is remote for aconsiderable distance from object. In this area, preparations are made in advance for theeffective implementation of protective actions to limit doses of long-term exposure toradioactive fallout and to consumption of contaminated food.
Table 5.3-2 Recommended dimensions of emergency planning zones

Category of facility
Category I

Preventive protective Urgent protective Long-term protective
action zone
action zone
action zone
3-5 km
10-25 km50-100 km

Category II (longer on-site area
distances refer to moredangerous facilities)
on-site area

0.5-1 km5-10 km

1.5-2 km15-20 km

Category III

not required

not required

on-site area

5.4. Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local), NonGovernment, and International Partnership)
Close cooperation at three levels is implemented for effective response in case of emergency: 1)
enterprise level; 2) territorial/local level; and 3) state/central level. The coordination of actions ofcentral and local executive authorities carried out by the Interdepartmental State Commission on
Emergency Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
 The enterprise level
This level includes enterprises engaged in activities related to the use of nuclear energy,
regardless of ownership and departmental affiliation. Such enterprises are responsible for
emergency planning and response to radiation accidents on a site, namely for the:45

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)- establishment and maintenance of reserves of material and financial resources for
emergency response;- implementation of urgent measures to localize and to reduce the consequences of accidents;- protection of personnel and public from the consequences of accidents;- conduction of initial radiation monitoring;- establishment of a monitoring system, alert system, communication system and support ofthese systems in case of radiation accidents;- personnel training on methods of protection and response to a radiation accident, and so on.
 Territorial/local level
Local executive authorities are responsible for emergency planning and response to radiation
accidents in the relevant territory, namely for:- helping enterprises where a radiation accident has happened;- mobilization of material and technical resources of enterprises, regardless of their ownershipand departmental affiliation, during emergency response;- participation in the forming teams of rapid response to radiation accidents;- public protection;- development of territorial plans of response to radiation accidents.
 State/central level.
Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the central executive authorities are responsible
for emergency planning and response to radiation emergencies at the national level, namely for:- support of local executive authorities in case of insufficiency of forces and means at the
local level;- implementation of long-term protective measures;- international cooperation.
Almost all ministries and state departments of the Republic of Kazakhstan are involved in the statesystem of response to radiation accidents. Their main responsibilities include the implementation of
measures for prevention of and response to radiation accidents at their subordinate enterprises. Other
important responsibilities of key ministries and departments are listed below.
Thus, the Committee for Emergency Situations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs forms a national
policy in the field of management of emergency (natural and man-made), including radiation
accidents. The Committee also manages services of monitoring, control and forecasting of thesituation, the Republican automated information system for emergency situations, and national
expertise in emergencies.
Other departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are responsible for the maintenance of publicorder, protection of material and cultural values during radiation accident, and isolation zones ofradiation accidents.
The Atomic and Energy Supervision and Control Committee of the Ministry of Energy is thedepartment carrying out the regulatory, control and realizable functions in the field of nuclear energy.
The Committee provides: 1) national supervision and control over nuclear and radiation safety, andnuclear security; 2) licensing activities concerned with use of nuclear energy; 3) control of
emergency planning; 4) exchange of operational reports about radiation accidents and incidents with46

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)specialized international agencies and the supervisory authorities of other states; 5) participation ininternational cooperation in the field of emergency planning and response to radiation emergencies,
and organizations of training of specialists in the specialized international courses.
Other departments of the Ministry of Energy also provide: 1) analysis and assessment of risks ofharm to human life, human health and environment in the field of atomic energy; 2) environmental
impact assessment of projects and environmental monitoring of enterprises; 3) guidance to theprocess of radiation accidents management; 4) implementation of operational control and precision
measurements of radioactive and chemical contamination caused by accidents; control over thecollection, removal and disposal of radioactive waste.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1) promotes the development of international cooperation in the field of
emergency planning and response to radiation emergencies, mutual assistance in case of accidents,
catastrophes; and provides 2) notification to foreign countries about ongoing activities on radiation
emergency management in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also about threat of transboundary
impact from the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan; and 3) assistance to rescuers in rapid
obtaining entry/exit visas, assistance in delivery of humanitarian supplies into areas of radiation
accident.
5.5. Concept of Operation
5.5.1 Mitigation and Prevention
Prevention of emergency situations and mitigation of their consequences at all stages of the life
cycle of the radioactive/hazardous object are provided through consecutive implementation oforganizational and technical measures which include:- selection of site which is suitable for radioactive/hazardous object;- establishment of the controlled access area around such object;- classification of structures, systems and components of object, including software for
instrumentation and control systems, based on their functions and their impact on safety;- development of project of object based on a conservative approach using the properties ofinherent safety; and based on application of systems influenced on safety which are built on
the principles of reservation, independence and diversity, and single failure;- personnel recruitment and organization of work with personnel for actions in normal andemergency conditions, forming a safety culture at the level of enterprises, managers andexecutives;- support of systems which are important to safety in good condition by performing anecessary maintenance and replacement of outdated equipment;- timely diagnosis of defects and detection of deviations from normal operation, taking
measures to eliminate them;- organization of efficient system to document the results of operation and control;- development and implementation of measures to manage accidents and mitigate theconsequences of accidents which could not be prevented;- development and implementation of measures to protect the localizing safety systems fromdestruction during beyond design basis accidents and to maintain their functionality;- development and consecutive implementation of emergency plans for protection of site
personnel and public outside;47

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)- development and consecutive implementation of quality assurance programs for all kindsof work on the stages of the life cycle.
5.5.2 Emergency Preparedness
The central and local executive authorities should develop their plans to respond to radiation
emergencies taking into consideration specifics of core activities, regional and local characteristics.
Enterprises engaged in the activities concerned with use of nuclear energy should prepare:- list of potential radiological accidents with a forecast of their consequences and forecast ofradiological situation, approved by authorized state body;- criteria for operational decision-making in case of radiological accident, and the intervention
levels, approved by authorized state body;- action plan for protection of personnel and public from radiological accident and its
consequences, approved by local authorities and authorized state bodies engaged in national
governance, supervision and control in the field of radiation safety;- means for warning and eliminating the consequences of the radiological accident;- medical supplies for prophylaxis of radiation injuries and means of medical aid to victimsof radiological accidents;- rescue formations created from among staff.
5.5.3 Emergency Response
Enterprises, where radiation accidents have occurred, are responsible for taking measures toprotect personnel and public, accident localization and elimination of consequences, as well as
timely notification to central and local executive authorities. In the case of a radiological accident,
enterprises should:- notify to central and local executive authorities;- take measures to provide medical assistance to victims of radiation accidents;- take measures to localize contamination and prevent the spread of radioactive substances
into environment;- analyze and prepare a forecast of radiation accident evolution and changes in radiation
situation during radiation accident;- take measures to normalize the radiation situation on the territory of the enterprise;- take measures to assess individual doses to workers and public.
5.5.4 Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
Enterprises are required to plan and carry out at its own expense all necessary set of measures toeliminate the consequences of radiological accidents. Rehabilitation and restoration measures
include:- assessment of the composition and basic forms of radionuclides in contamination;- consideration of the properties of surfaces of areas and objects;- assessment of supposed character of fixing of radioactive contamination on various
surfaces;- prioritization of work to clean-up contamination at various objects (sites), depending on
their influence on formation of radiation situation;- choice and implementation of the most effective and real way of clean-up of radioactive
contamination of objects on the basis of available forces and means.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)

Methods of clean-up of radioactive contamination may be the following (alone or in combination):-collection and localization of high-level radioactive materials;
ploughing-up the soil;
shielding by backfilling with sand, gravel or by concrete coating;binding radioactive contamination by film-forming composition;
cutting crown with subsequent collection and disposal (for terrain covered by woods and/or
bushes).

5.6. Related Activities
5.6.1 Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)
5.6.1.1 Education of public and persons involved in response
Education of public to methods of radiation protection is carried out by local executive
authorities, territorial authorities of Committee for Emergency Situations and training centersof enterprises (engaged in activities related to use of atomic energy) through studies, trainings
at the place of work, study and life, and special drills.
Specialized emergency teams are established at the enterprises of categories I and II. These
teams may be involved in activities for prevention of radiological accidents and elimination of
their effects on other objects and territories.
5.6.1.2 Organization and conducting exercises
Drills and trainings are conducted according to the plans approved by the respective heads ofministries, local executive authorities and enterprises. The three types of exercises include:
Comprehensive drills are one of the highest forms of training managers, governing bodies,
specialized staff emergency services and units, personnel and public living near radiationhazardous facilities. These exercises aimed at prevention of radiological accidents andelimination of consequences. They are held at least once every three years.
Table-top exercises are a form of joint training between management staff andcommanders of specialized rescue services and units to response to radiological accident.
They are organized and conducted at least once a year.
Facility trainings are carried out in enterprises engaged in activities on the use of atomic
energy. These trainings provide a deep, comprehensive and differentiated preparation ofthese enterprises to respond to radiological emergencies. The facility trainings are
conducted at least twice a year (frequency of the trainings is determined by the enterprise).
5.6.2 Communication and Public Relation (e.g. information passage, mass media, and social
media)
Information about threat or occurrence of radiation accident is transmitted:- from enterprises to territorial bodies of Committee for Emergency Situations, and to
departmental territorial bodies;- from departmental territorial bodies to the central apparatus of relevant departments;- from territorial bodies of Committee for Emergency Situations to central apparatus of theCommittee (State Institution "Center for Crisis Management"), to local executive authorities,
to Atomic and Energy Supervision and Control Committee of the Ministry of Energy;

49

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Kazakhstan)- from Atomic and Energy Supervision and Control Committee to IAEA.
Information on radiation accident should be transmitted through intercomputer communication
channels, and in case of absence or failure - through telegraph, telephone, satellite, radio
channels of communication.
The central and local executive authorities shall take a decision on informing public through themedia or alert systems, if necessary.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

III-6. Malaysia
6.1.

Policy6.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

6.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

6.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

6.5.

Concept of Operation
6.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
6.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
6.5.3. Emergency Response
6.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration

6.6.

Related Activities
6.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

6.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

III-6. Malaysia
6.1. Policy
The National Security Council Directive No. 20 (Revised) - Policy and Mechanism on National
Disaster and Relief Management, is the main guideline for disaster management in Malaysia. It iscomplemented by other legislations and guidelines that form a disaster mitigation framework. The
Directive describes the management mechanisms according to the level and complexity of disasterand determines the roles and responsibilities of various agencies to ensure effective coordinationand mobilization of resources when handling disasters.
The Directive No 20 (Revised) defines disaster as an event that causes disruption to the activities ofpublic and state affairs, involving loss of life, property damage, economic losses and environmental
damage that goes beyond the ability of communities to cope and require extensive mobilization of
resources ;For nuclear or radiological emergency that is not considered disaster, where the emergency is
involved a small number of victims and its impact only to the victims, not patterned have a chanceto spread, and usually can be controlled within a short time, the emergency will be managed byagencies concerned with using resources or facilities minimal at the local level.
6.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
In 2015, The Government of Malaysia had established a new agency called, National Disaster
Management Agency (NADMA) to manage and coodinate all disasters in Malaysia under the
Directive No. 20 (Revised 2012). A law directly related with nuclear and radiological emergency
in Malaysia is the Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304) which is under the purview of theAtomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB). These two basic documents are used for management of
nuclear and radiological emergencies in Malaysia. NADMA which is under the Prime Minister’s
Department, is a main lead agency responsible for coodinating the whole operation of nuclear andradiological emergencies, if the emergency is declared as a disaster under the Directive No. 20(Revised 2012) .
Under the Directive No. 20 (Revised 2012), the AELB is a Lead Technical Agency for nuclear andradiological emergency whereas Malaysian Nuclear Agency, which is a technical support
organisation, will be called upon if there is a need for technical assistance in handling the emergency.
The functions and responsibilities of other agencies involved during the emergency such as
Malaysian Royal Armed Forces, Malaysia Royal Police, Fire and Rescue Department, Ministry of
Health, Civil Defence Department, etc. are also clearly outlined in the Directive No. 20 (Revised2012).
The Act 304 and regulations made under the Act stipulate responsibility for developing andmaintaining emergency plans and preparedness, and taking response actions in a nuclear orradiological emergency in Malaysia. According to the Act, the operator or licensee is responsiblefor developing and maintaining the emergency plan and preparedness at their premises.
At the international level, Malaysia is a signatory of the Convention on Early Notification of a
Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological52

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

Emergency.
6.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
In order to manage disaster more effectively the Disaster Management Committee is established atFederal, State and District levels as below:


Federal Disaster Management Committee (FDMC);State Disaster Management Committee (SDMC); andDistrict Disaster Management Committee (DDMC)

Members of the committee are from various agencies, including AELB, if the disaster is related tonuclear or radiological accidents. Each agency has responsibilities for different aspects while
maintaining their core responsibilities.
Disaster management should be handled according to the three levels as follows:(i) Disaster Management Level I (District Level)
It is a management and control of disaster events that occur in an area and it can be dealt witheffectively by the agencies involved in the management of disasters at district level either without
external assistance or with limited external assistance.
Disaster Management Level 1 is a local incident in specific district which is controllable and has nopotential to spread beyond the district area. Therefore, the DDMC Level 1 is headed by Malaysian
Civil Defence Force. District committee ensures coordinated actions, including provision ofavailable assets and human resources. The State provides assistance to the District such as financial
aid, additional assets and human resources as needed. DDMC Chairman together with the Disaster
Operations Commander responsible for making judgments about the disasters that occurred todetermine the location and capacity of disaster management agencies at district level in handlingthe disaster. After the initial assessment made and actions taken but it appears that disaster events
cannot be handled at the district level, DDMC Chairman shall inform the SDMC to get help
immediately. Disaster management machinery at the district level should continue operate evenafter receiving help from the State and Federal level.
(ii) Disaster Management Level 2 (State Level)
It is a management and control of disaster events that occurs at more than one district in the same
State which requires mobilization of resources at the State level with the limited assistance of theFederal level. Disaster Management Level 2 is a more serious incident covering a wider area withthe potential of spreading out. In Disaster Management Level 2, State Disaster Management
Committee (SDMC) uses and mobilizing resources under its control to help disaster management
at district level or take over the overall disaster management at district level.
The State Police Chief and State Fire and Rescue Director is responsible as Commander and Deputy
Commander of Operations Disaster respectively when disaster control was taken over as a wholeby the State Level. The Malaysian Civil Defence Force, as the Chairman of SDMC, is responsible
to move machinery in the state-level disaster management to ensure that all actions are carried out
in orderly, efficient and coordinated. Chairman of SDMC, on the advice of the Disaster Operations

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

Commander, responsible for determining the ability of agencies in handling the disaster and if help
is needed, SDMC shall be informed immediately by the Chairman SDMC.
(iii) Disaster Management Level 3 (Federal Level)
It is a management and control of disaster that occurs at more than one state or complex in nature
and affecting a wide area which requires coordination and mobilization of resources at the Federal
level or with foreign assistance. In Disaster Management Level 3, FDMC will utilize and mobilize
resources under its control to help disaster management incident at State and District or to take theoverall disaster management at state level.
The Director of the Internal Security and Public Order, Royal Malaysia Police (RMP) and Deputy
Director of Operations, Fire and Rescue Department responsible as Commander and Deputy
Commander of Disaster Operation respectively when overall disaster management is taken over byFederal Level. NADMA is responsible to ensure that implementation of all policies on disastermanagement, search and rescue operation, and relief to victims are in a coordinated, efficient andeffective. After assessment and found that the management of disasters in the state does not haveadequate capacity or specific expertise to handle an event of such disasters, FDMC through
NADMA can coordinate the application or accept the assistance offered from foreign countries orinternational organizations.
When any disaster happens, the committee will be called upon and whether it needs federal, state
or district level of intervention depends on the conditions of the disaster. The NADMA is asecretariat to the Disaster Operation Control Centre (DOCC), the police force will be an ‘On-scene
Commander’ whiles the Fire and Rescue Department will be a Deputy ‘On Scene Commander’.
AELB acts as a lead technical agency for nuclear and radiological incident and Malaysian Nuclear
Agency as a technical support organisation will help the authorities in terms of technical expertise
if needed. Figure 7.3-1 shows the national disaster management structure, including nuclear andradiological emergency, as stipulated in the Directive No. 20 (Revised)
The level of disaster management is dependent on the assessment of Disaster Management
Committee at the District, State or Federal level. The assessment shall be based on the following
elements:







complexity and magnitude;destruction and damage;ability of financial resources , manpower and equipment;
expertise;assistance; andresponse time period.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

Figure 6.3-1: National disaster management structure, including nuclear and radiological emergency, as
stipulated in the Directive No. 20 (Revised)

6.4. Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local), NonGovernment, and International Partnership)
In case of nuclear or radiological emergency, the authority and responsibility for taking decisions
to apply intervention measures and for mitigating the event consequences within the facility site oron-site are fully given to the operator or licensee. The operator shall ensure that there are clear
allocations of responsibilities, authorities and arrangements for coordination in all phases of the
response. These arrangements include ensuring that the radiation protection officer has the authority
and responsibility to direct the entire on-site response, to notify the appropriate emergency
organisations, to take immediate on-site mitigation actions and to re-establish the site’s normal
operation.
Off-site nuclear or radiological emergency will be managed by the Atomic Energy Licensing Board
if the incident is not classified as disaster. If the nuclear or radiological emergency is declared as
disaster, the NADMA will take over the management and the action to be taken is as explain in
Paragraph 7.3.
6.5. Concept of Operation
6.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
All government agencies, statutory bodies, private parties and volunteer involved in disastermanagement should, in alone or in cooperation • preparing and updating policies, action plans and guidelines respectively to prevent andreduce the risk of disasters;• implement development programs for the prevention or reduce the risk of disasters;• designing and implementing measures to reduce disaster risk including efforts on researchand development in the management of disasters;• to enforce the laws and regulations of each of relevant agencies and effective governancepractices;• share information on the disaster mitigation and prevention, and• carry out such other efforts on mitigation and prevention from time to time.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

6.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
The goal of emergency preparedness is to ensure that an adequate capability is in place within theoperating organization and at local, regional and national levels and, where appropriate, at theinternational level, for an effective response in a nuclear or radiological emergency. This capability
relates to an integrated set of infrastructural elements that include, but are not limited to: authority
and responsibilities; organization and staffing; coordination; plans and procedures; tools,
equipment and facilities; training, drills and exercises; and a management system.
Under the Subsidiary Regulation of the Act 304, the Atomic Energy Licensing (Basic Safety
Radiation Protection) Regulations 2010, it is a requirement for the Licensee of the facility to havean Emergency Plan for radiological or nuclear emergency. This plan shall be submitted andapproved by the AELB. It is also stated that this emergency plan shall be tested yearly and oncein every five years with the attendance of the regulator.
On the National level AELB is responsible in developing a National Radiological Emergency Plan
which is currently under the process of adoption by the National Disaster Management Agency(NADMA). This plan includes roles and responsibility of every related agencies and departments.
In strengthening the capability of managing any nuclear or radiological emergency, the AELB
have built a National Radiological Emergency Centre (NREC) which can be reached on
emergency Hotline at 1-800-88-7999. It is operated 24 hours per day and seven (7) days per week.
The AELB has also a Mobile Operation Unit (specially modified double deck bus) which has afunction as a Mobile Off-site Centre in case of radiological or nuclear emergency happen. Besidethat the AELB is also equipped with a Mobile Radiation Monitoring Laboratory for environment
radiation monitoring.
Nuclear or radiological emergency drill and exercise are held yearly to strengthen emergency
preparedness on the national level with cooperation of other agencies such as HAZMAT (Fire andRescue Department), Malaysian Royal Armed Forces, Malaysian Royal Police, NADMA,
Ministry of Health etc.
Proper resource allocation is very important so that the emergency plan can be implemented
effectively. The necessary resources include the following:• Budget - it is important to ensure that the proper equipment and necessary infrastructure are
made available to deal with an emergency;• Staffing - response teams should always have and maintain the adequate ‘strength’, especiallyin the ‘key’ positions in the event of an emergency and• Documentation - well-documented, proper and a continuously updated emergency plans andprocedures for anticipated accidents that might occur at the site are ready and easily available.
6.5.3. Emergency Response
During an emergency National Radiological Emergency Centre (NREC) AELB will be activatedand operates 24 hours. This centre will become a coordination and communication centre and any
mitigation decision will be analysed here. Besides that AELB has also developed a Nuclear
Emergency Team (NET) which will respond to any nuclear or radiological emergency. This teamis operated 24 hours and can be contacted anytime. Figure 7.5-1 shows the response mechanismof Nuclear Emergency Team (NET) of AELB.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

Figure 6.5-1: Nuclear Emergency Team (NET) response mechanism

If the emergency becomes disaster, the action should be taken as stated in Para 7-3.
6.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
There is no nuclear power plant in Malaysia. However, Malaysia has a 2 MW research reactor
named Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI which is situated at Malaysian Nuclear Agency. Therefore, interm of hazard assessment, in case of nuclear or radiological emergency, Malaysian only involves
in Category III, IV and V which do not involves rehabilitation and restoration (see Figure 7.5-2).

Figure 6.5.-2 Category of nuclear and radiological Emergency

However, In case of disaster, rehabilitation and restoration should be implemented immediately
after the event occurred. Each Government agencies, statutory bodies, private and voluntary
bodies involved, responsible for implementing damage assessment and restoration andreconstruction of public infrastructure under their respective jurisdiction

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

6.6. Related Activities
6.6.1. Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)
Training for personnel who are involved with radiological emergency or accident is essential andshould be done regularly. Therefore, in Malaysia any person who deals with radioactive or nuclear
materials or with irradiation apparatus shall undergo a radiation protection training course which
includes handling of radiological accidents or emergencies. Beside this training course, allradiation workers shall also attend training course before can be approved as radiation workers.
Training courses and workshops for first responder agencies such as police and fire brigade
personnel are also conducted regularly. Besides local training courses, the government also sends
personnel to attend workshops which are conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency
and Asian Nuclear Safety Network (ANSN). The training course is also conducted throughbilateral arrangement within the Government of Malaysia and other countries such as the Unitedof America and Australia.
Exercises are essential. At national-level, the exercises are conducted by AELB and NADMA
which include field exercise on research reactors, transport accident exercises, Malaysia railway
service exercise for dirty bombs, missing source exercise, contamination emergency exercise, etc.
Drills and exercises cover a full range of response actions, and involve the AELB and NADMA
teams and participants from states and local governments, other federal agencies and foreignorganisations, where appropriate.
The lessons learned from these exercises help the agency to focus its mission and objectives, tostreamline its radiological emergency response programme, to modify operational procedures andto rectify response weaknesses
6.6.2. Communication and Public Relation (e.g. information passage , mass media, andsocial media)
The arrangement of public communication and relation during the emergency depends on situation
whether the incident happen on-site or off-site. In case of on-site incident, the communication is
only within the licensee premises and the Atomic Energy Licensing Board.
However, if the incident happens off-site the premises and it is not classified as a disaster, then theregulatory body, i.e. AELB will take necessary action to manage the incident. In this case, during
an emergency, if public communication is needed, it will be coordinated between Multimedia andCommunication Section of AELB and Corporate Communication Unit of Ministry of Science
Technology and Innovation (MOSTI). AELB will mainly be responsible of feeding the technicalinformation needed and any press conference or press release will be given by the Minister of
MOSTI through the local television/radio station and newspaper. Moreover, the public is also cancommunicate with AELB through official website www.aelb.gov.my where any questions orreport about misuse of radioactive or nuclear material can be made. AELB can also be contacted
through social media such as Facebook and Instagram.
In case of nuclear or radiological that is considered disaster; early warnings are disseminatedthrough sirens, short messaging systems, telephone, telefax, webpage, mass media broadcasting
system and public announcements. Malaysia uses Information and Communication Technology(ICT) to promote awareness and disseminate early warnings to the public. A separate system

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Malaysia)

known as the Government Integrated Radio Network (GIRN) provides radio communication
between responders during emergencies or disasters. Disaster Reporting is very efficient via the
Malaysia Emergency Response System (MERS) hotline, “999”. The potential of using mass
media as an effective platform to disseminate disaster preparedness information is fully capitalisedby the Department of Information, which is under the Ministry of Communication and Multimedia.
In the event of disaster emergency the Media Management Centre will be established immediately
and operated by the Department of Information and placed in the specified zone. The MediaManagement Centre is a place where the officers and staff of the mass media can carry out related
tasks to coverage of disasters that occur. It shall be equipped with briefing room, media conference
room, television and radio. Officials from the Department should also coordinate all coverage andbroadcasting of news about the disaster that happened to people. Disaster Operation Commander
shall ensure that the representatives of the mass media are in the specified zone only. Only essential
facts can be announced to the public through the media to avoid unwanted confusion. Only the
Chairman of Disaster Management Committee, Lead Agencies, Disaster Operations Commanderor an officer authorized by the Chairman of the Disaster Management Committee can issue astatement to the media if necessary.
6.7. References
1. Arahan 20 Majlis (Semakan Semula) – Dasar dan Mekanisme Pengurusan Bencana Negara,
Majlis
Keselamatan
Negara,JabatanPerdana
Menteri.
Availableat:
http://www.ump.edu.my/doc/arahan-mkn-no.20-semakan-semula-09_02_2013.pdf[16
January 2017]2.

Act 304, Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984, Published by the Commissioner of Law
Revision, Malaysia under the Authority of the Revision of Laws Act 1968 in Collaboration
with

Percetakan

Nasional

Malaysia

Bhd

2006.

Availableat:
http://portal.aelb.gov.my/sites/aelb/bahan%20perundangan/Akta304E.pdf [16 January 2017]3.

IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). Preparedness and Response for a Nuclear orRadiological Emergency, GSR Part 7, Vienna 2015. Available at: http://wwwpub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/P_1708_web.pdf [16 January 2016].

4.

National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA). Arahan MKN No. 20: Dasar dan
Mekanisme
Pengurusan
Bencana
Negara.
[Online].
Availableat:
http://portalbencana.ndcc.gov.my/Portal/Board/Detail?board=147&entity=7516 [16 January
2017]

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

III-7. Mongolia
7.1.

Policy7.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

7.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

7.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

7.5.

Concept of Operation
7.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
7.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
7.5.3. Emergency Response
7.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration

7.6.

Related Activities
7.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

7.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

III-7. Mongolia
7.1. Policy
State Policy of Mongolia on the Exploitation of Radioactive Minerals and Nuclear Energy has been
approved by the Parliament Resolution No.45dated 25 June 2009. Relevant paragraphs related tothe emergency preparedness and response are as follows:
5.6.To develop and implement national emergency response program for possible nuclear
and radiation accidents.
Action plan for Implementation of the State Policy had been approved by the Government
resolution no.222 dated 22 July, 2009 and the relevant paragraphs are:7.4. Develop a national plan for potential nuclear and radiation emergencies and provide
professional bodies with radiation control devices
7.5. Improve the inspection of the illegal transport of nuclear materials and radiation generators
across the national border.
In February 2016, Mongolian parliament approved “Mongolian Sustainable development
concept 2030” (Parliament Resolution no.19, 02 February 2016) and according to this document
following strategic objectives were stated in the field of uses of nuclear energy: Phase 1. (2016-2020): to increase renewable energies to 20% of total energy, providing
preparation work of using nuclear energy.
 Phase 2. (2021-2025): to increase renewable energies to 25% of total energy, complete
preparation work of using nuclear energy.
 Phase 3. (2025-2030) to increase renewable energies to 30% of total energy, start using
nuclear energy.
Currently, Mongolia has no nuclear facilities and the Nuclear energy law requires a facility levelemergency response plan from the licensee as a part of application documents for license.
7.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
Mongolia’s International legal instruments related to the EPR are follows: Agreement between IAEA and Government of Mongolia on Methods under the Treaty on
the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons /its Protocol, 1972
 Additional Protocol to Agreement between IAEA and Government of Mongolia on
Methods under the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 2003
 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 1985
 Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, 1987
 Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency,
1987.
Mongolia has joined to IAEA Incident and traffic database in 2015 and approved IAEA Integrated
Nuclear Security Support Plan, 2015.
Relevant national legislation are:
 Law on nuclear energy, 2008
 Law on nuclear weapon free status, 2000

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

Law on disaster protection, 2003

Relevant provisions of Nuclear Energy law, 2009 are as follows:
Article 45. Prevention from nuclear and radiation accident 45.1. The license holder shall have the program for emergency prevention, mitigation &response plan for nuclear/radiation accident, and it is responsible for all the recovery
expenses in the case of nuclear/radiological accident.
 45.2. It shall be organize activities of investigation and identification of accident causes,
recovery activities in cooperation with the responsible government authorities under
supervision of the State Emergency Commission.
 45.3. The Government shall be responsible for expenses related to elimination of harms of
nuclear and radiation accident affecting broad masses.
Article 46. Compensation of damage caused by nuclear and radiation accident
Law on disaster protection:



Article 17. Disaster Response Team (DRT)
Designate non stuffing teams responsible for prevention, rescue and recovery of different
disasters shall be leaded by related governmental authorities (13 teams)
17.1.8. State emergency response team for nuclear/radiological accident

Government Decision 81, 2015 updated the list of DRT. Leading Agency for State emergency
response team for Nuclear & radiological accident (NEA) has been replaced by GASI (2015, March
09).
National regulations and standards:
 Radiation Safety Standard (2015) based on IAEA GS-R Part 3
 Basic Regulation on Radiation Protection and Safety based on IAEA GSR Part 3 (2016)
 Transport Regulation for Radioactive Sources (1987) Set of Radiation Protection National Standards, 2006
 Basic Radiation Safety Standard, July 28, 2015
 Regulation on Security of Radiation Sources, Nov 4, 2015
 Regulation on Radioactive Waste Management from Mining and Milling of ore, Nov 4,2015 Radiation Safety Procedures for Uranium Exploration, Nov 4, 2015
 Rule for Radiation Control Unit within the Radiation User Organizations, July 28, 2015
 Technical regulation for acid in situ leach uranium mining (2015)
 Mongolian Integrated nuclear security support plan (2015)
Development of new safety requirements and regulatory guidance documents are follows: Drafted in 2016: Radiation safety regulation for uranium mining and milling (in assistanceof EU)
 Drafted in 2016: Guidance document for EPR for uranium mining and milling (under the
EU project) Drafted in 2016: Regulation for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material based on
IAEA SSR-6, 2012

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

Regulatory body
Government of Mongolia restructured the Nuclear Energy Commission (NEC) replaced on the
Nuclear Energy Agency by the Law amendment and the Government decision 2015. According to
the amendment of the law and Government decision, the Regulatory body has been restructured andtransferred from NEA into the General Agency for Specialized Inspection /GASI/ as Nuclear andRadiation Inspection Department.
Following the Amendment of the Nuclear Energy Law (February 13, 2015) and the Government
Decision: Executive Office of the NEC has been established.
 Regulatory Department of NEA has been restructured under the GASI (Independent
Inspection Agency)
 Mining Licensing Unit of the NEA has been restructured under the Mineral Resources
Authority of the Ministry of Mining.
NEC is responsible for the coordination of peaceful uses of radioactive minerals and nuclear energy,
research and development of nuclear technology and nuclear and radiation safety. It was establishedin 1962. The Chairman of the Nuclear Energy Commission of Mongolia is The Prime Minister.

Figure 7.2-1: Organizational chart of the Nuclear Energy Commission.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

Main duties of the NEC as follows:
To coordinate implementation of state policy on
exploitation of radioactive minerals and nuclear
energy, utilization of nuclear technology anddevelopment of nuclear research

To coordinate activities for ensuring radiation
protection and nuclear safety, safeguards

To develop and adopt safety and security
regulations, licensing for nuclear facilities

General Agency for Specialized Inspection (GASI) is independent inspection agency under Deputy
Prime Minister and it has 7 inspection departments and National Reference Laboratory as follows: Infrastructure inspection department
 Social and labor welfare inspection department
 Health, education, culture and science inspection department
 Environment, tourism, geology and mining inspection department
 Food, agriculture, industry and public service inspection department
 Nuclear and Radiation Inspection Department (10 inspectors)
 Border quarantine inspection department
 National reference laboratory for food safety /includes radiation control laboratory (9staff)
 Administration department
GASI has 21 branches in the Provinces but there is no radiation inspectors in the local branches
except Metropolitan branch. The Metropolitan Inspection Branch has Nuclear and Radiation
Inspection Division (8 inspectors).

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring is coordinated by the Metropolitan Specialized Inspection Department and carried out
by the environmental monitoring network of Ministry of Environment and Green Development of Mongolia.
Air fallout samples for gross beta measurement are collected in 24 local stations and 34 meteorological stations,ambient gamma dose rates are measured twice a day using portable dose rate meters. The data of the measurementtransmitted to the meteorological center in Ulaanbaatar twice a week. In the case of nuclear accident from outside
the ambient gamma dose rate measurement frequency changed as hourly.
It has great importance to develop online environmental monitoring network for Mongolia considering its
geographical locations between 2 nuclear countries for emergency response purposes. Former NEA has developed
a Project Proposal on Establishment of an internationally compatible environmental radiation network forcontribution of international activities in analyzing and managing the global impact of environmental radiation.
Submitted the proposal to the Government for Approval.
System Configuration for Full-scale Regulation
Authorities• Full configuration• Satisfaction of national needs• Full-scale regulation

25

Release of Alarm

Communication Provider

INTERNET

FirewallApplication Server

DB Server

Data Server

Web Server (MS IIS)MS SQL Server

Redundant

Early Warning
Environmental Radiation
Monitoring Network

MODEM• Nationwide monitoring posts• Network system with auto polling system• Data acquisition unit
• Centralized data display unit
• DB for external access of the data

GSM /GPRS

MODEM

Figure 7.2-2: Early warning system which proposed under the project65

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

Border control
Since 2008, Mongolia has started to install and operate radiation portal monitoring equipment supported by USA
under the project UNSCR 1540 on strengthening of technical capabilities for export and import controls overnuclear and radioactive material. There are 80 radiation portal monitors were installed at 15 border crossing ports
as of 2017.
Cooperation with US-DOE Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI)
Mongolia received technical assistance from US-DOE Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) project for
upgrading of Physical Protection of Radiation Sources stored at Isotope Center and other potential source users
like Radiotherapy hospital and Nuclear Research Centre.

7.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
Currently, there is no specific document related to an Emergency Classes and Condition in Mongolia.
Threat categorization system is not in place, however actions are under way to make improvements.
7.4. Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local), NonGovernment, and International Partnership)
Based on the law of Mongolia on Disaster Protection, which was passed in June 2003, the National
Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) was established with the duty to conduct nationwide
activities for disaster protection. All the 21 provinces and the capital city have a NEMA emergency
management divisions and departments.
Safety and response procedures for first responders from NEMA for radiological accident has been
approved by NEMA Director General’s Decision A/853, dated 26 November 2013.
Participating organizations at national level and their main responsibilities are:
 NEMA (Emergency management and Rescue) GASI (Investigation & Technical Advisor)
 NEC (Coordination & Technical advisor) National Security Authority (Investigation)
 Police Department (Investigation & Protective Measures) Hospital /Ambulance (Medical assistance) Isotope Centre of NEC (Storage, transport and securing of RAM) Other government institutions (technical assistance)
Needs to close cooperation of above organizations and their branches in provinces at three levels
for implementation of effective response in case of emergency:
1. Facility level;
2. Local level
3. State level.
The coordination of activities of central and local executive authorities carried out by theInterdepartmental Commission on Emergency Management according to the Law on DisasterProtection.
NEC is responsible for coordination of the international assistance, if required in the case of
nuclear/radiological accident.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

7.5. Concept of Operation
7.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
There are not arrangements to initiate a prompt search and to issue a warning to the public in theevent of a dangerous source being lost or illicitly removed and possibly being in the public domain,
however actions are under way to make improvements, however this topic has been consider under
the national Plan.
The National plan consider the arrangements for mitigatory actions, however there is not a system
in place.
The facility level emergency plans, procedures and guidance for the operator on mitigatory actions
designed for the facility shall be revised by the regulatory body before granting a license according
to the legal requirements.
7.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
All hazard disaster or emergency responses in Mongolia are coordinated by the National
Emergency Management Agency /NEMA/. NEMA has contact point operating 24hours a day and7 days/week.
Executive office of the Nuclear Energy Commission and General Agency for Specialized
Inspection (GASI) play a role within a multiagency response and providing technical adviser inthe case of nuclear and radiological emergency.
NEMA and NEC has memorandum understanding of cooperation on the emergency preparedness
and response.
National Plan for Radiological Emergency Response which had been developed by NEMA needs
for updating regarding to restructuring of the Government bodies.
The Executive office of NEC had been designated as a leading authority for developing of
National Emergency Management Plan for Nuclear/Radiological emergency in cooperation withother Governmental organizations including NEMA, GASI etc. according to the Decision of State
Emergency Commission’s (Chaired by Deputy Prime Minister) Session dated 15 November 2016.
The new National Plan should be submitted to the Government for approval in 2017/2018.
7.5.3. Emergency Response
According with the Mongolian structure upon the level of the accident, the NEC, under thesupervision of the State Emergency Commission (SEC) chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister, incollaboration with NEMA or other respective professional agencies, shall make the arrangements
to co-ordinate the state level of emergency response of nuclear/radiological accident.
The country does not adopt national intervention levels for taking urgent protective actions inaccordance with international standard, however actions are under way to make improvements.
There is not in place arrangements for effectively making and implementing decisions on urgent
protective actions to be taken off the site within the emergency zone, however actions are under
way to make improvements.
7.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
The License holder is responsible for all the recovery expenses in the case of nuclear/radiological67

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

accident. The Government shall be responsible for expenses related to elimination of harms of
nuclear and radiation accident affecting broad masses according to the Nuclear Energy Law.
Orphan or abandoned radiation sources should be secured and stored at Isotope office without any
charge by the Law on Nuclear Energy (2008). Requirements on reporting loss of control and toencourage awareness of, and monitoring to detect, orphan sources has been described in the
Nuclear Energy Law and regulations.
7.6. Related Activities
7.6.1. Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)
Training opportunities for regulatory and government staff related to the emergency response arefollows:
 IAEA training program National training courses
 International organizations
 Bilateral cooperation with other countries
 Technical Assistance Projects
NEMA and operators are responsible for conducting a facility level emergency exercise and drills
according to the Law on Disaster Protection.
Onsite emergency exercises for the organizations where potential sources used or stored have been
done in Erdenet mining company, Isotope centre and Radiotherapy hospital in cooperation with
NEMA and the regulatory body.
Non governmental organizations which approved by the regulatory body has providing anradiation protection training for operators and also for first responders for radiological emergency.
The regulatory and competent authorities had been organized several training event for the first
responders under the above mentioned training programs during last 4 years. For example:
 Radiological Security Incident Response Training, Mongolia, June 17-21, 2013. Attended:(31 participants from 10 organizations) Mongolia participated in the Instructor Training Program on Nuclear/Radiological
Emergency Preparedness and Response which held by JAEA. There are 6 instructors weretrained in 2014-2016 and 3 follow up training courses were organized in Mongolia in 20142016.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Mongolia)

Mongolia needs to arrange training and exercises on EPR for radioactive contamination from
NPPs of other countries considering its geographical location and country specific needs.
7.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

There is not arrangement yet to provide warning and instructions to the different groups, however
this is the authority’s main duties, according with the National Emergency Plan.
There is an urgent need to strengthening of national infrastructure for emergency preparedness
and response for Mongolia. Establishment of national program for emergency
preparedness/response, identification of gaps and updating of national nuclear/radiologicalemergency response plan are the main goal for the near future.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)III-8. Thailand

8.1.

Policy8.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

8.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

8.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

8.5.

Concept of Operation
8.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
8.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
8.5.3. Emergency Response
8.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration

8.6.

Related Activities
8.6.1

Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, andexercises)

8.6.2. Communication and Public Relation(e.g. information passage , mass media, and social media)

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)III-8. Thailand
8.1. Policy
The National Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Plan is a practical infrastructure on nuclear andradiation in consistent with the National Preparedness Policy, the National Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation Plan, the National Defence Plan and the National Policy on Prevention and Suppression
on Terrorism. It is intended for use in the preparedness and cooperation in domestic and international
levels on nuclear and radiological emergency. Being construed as a strategic plan in pursuant toroles of each relevant agency, the Plan is served as guidelines in accordance with the National
Preparedness Policy.
 National Policy on Nuclear/Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response
i. All relevant parties shall undertake necessary measure to prepare for prevention,
mitigation, suppression and rehabilitation of disasters, security threats and emergencies
ii. Government agencies, state enterprise, private sector organizations and the general public
shall participate and cooperate in the implementations of the National Disaster Prevention
and Mitigation Plan and Military Defence Plan.
iii. Relevant agencies shall develop their respective implementing plans concerning
prevention, mitigation, suppression and rehabilitation of disaster, security threats andemergencies to be in accordance with and systemically linked to the National Preparedness
Policy.
iv. Crisis management system shall be administered in comprehensive, unified, effective andtimely manners for all circumstances.
Relevant policies and national plans- National Preparedness Policy- National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan
8.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
Main laws, ministerial regulations and relevant regulations are as follows;- The Atomic Energy for Peace Act B.E. 2504 (1961), MOST
- The Atomic Energy for Peace Act B.E. 2508 (1965) (2nd Edition), MOST
- The National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act B.E. 2550 (2007), Ministry of Interior- The Labor Protection Act, B.E. 2541 (1998)- The Public Health Act, B.E. 2535 (2002)- The Arms Control Act, B.E. 2530 ( 1997), Defence Industry Department- The Enhancement and Conservation of the National Environment Quality Act, B.E. 2535
(2002)- The Airport Authority of Thailand Act, B.E. 2522 (1989)- The Factory Act, B.E. 2535 (2002)- The Hazardous Material Act, B.E.2551 (2008), Department of Industrial Works- Other relevant legislations

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)

8.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
The response to an emergency should begin without delay and be fully coordinated from the start.
To facilitate this, a common emergency classification system should be adopted by all responseorganizations. The requirements suggest the following classes for facility emergencies (items 1-4)
and for radiological emergencies (item 5);
8.3.1. Nuclear and radiological emergency class 1
Nuclear and radiological emergency class 1 are general emergencies at facilities in threat category
I or II involving an actual, or substantial risk of, release of radioactive material or radiation
exposure that warrants taking urgent protective action off the site. Upon declaration of this classof emergency, action shall be promptly taken to mitigate the consequences of the event and toprotect people on the site and within the precautionary action zone (PAZ) and the urgent protective
action planning zone (UPZ) as appropriate.
8.3.2. Nuclear and radiological emergency class 2
Nuclear and radiological emergency class 2 are site area emergencies at facilities in threat category
I or II involving a major decrease in the level of protection for those on the site and near the facility.
Upon declaration of this class of emergency, action shall be promptly taken to mitigate theconsequences of the event and to protect people on the site and to make preparation to takeprotective action off the site if this becomes necessary.
8.3.3. Nuclear and radiological emergency class 3
Nuclear and radiological emergency class 3 are facility emergencies at facilities in threat category
I,II, or III involving a major decrease in the level of protection for people on the site. Upondeclaration of this class of emergency, action shall be promptly taken to mitigate the consequencesof the event and to protect people on the site. Emergencies in this class can never give rise to an
offsite threat (e.g. site area or general emergency).
8.3.4. Nuclear and radiological emergency class 4
Nuclear and radiological emergency class 4 are emergency alerts at facilities in category I, II or
III involving an uncertain or significant decrease in the level of protection for the public or for
people on the site. Upon declaration of this class of emergency, action shall be promptly taken toassess and mitigate the consequences of the event and to increase the readiness of the on-site andoff-site response organization as appropriate. Alerts include events that could evolve into facility,
site area or emergencies.
8.3.5. Nuclear and radiological emergency class 5
Nuclear and radiological emergency class 5 are other emergencies such as uncontrolled source
emergencies involving loss, theft or loss of control of dangerous sources, including terrorist threats
involving radioactive material and re-entry of a satellite containing such a source. This emergency
classification is intentionally used for communications among the involving agencies in respect tosuppress and alleviate of the disaster, enabling prompt and appropriate actions. Typically, theoperator declares a class of emergency on the basis of predetermined emergency action levels(EALs). The emergency classification should not be confused with the International Nuclear
Events Scale (INES).
Nuclear and radiological threats can be classified into 5 categories according to Table 10.3-1.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)

Threat categories I through III represent decreasing levels of threats at facilities and therefore
decreasing emergency preparedness and response requirements. Threat category IV applies tothreats and practices that can exist virtually anywhere and thus is the minimum level of threatassumed to exist everywhere. Threat category IV always applies to all jurisdictions, possibly alongwith other categories. Threat category V applies to the off-site areas where emergency preparations
are warranted to address contamination resulting from a release from a facility in threat category
I and II.
Table 8.3-1 Suggested Emergency Threat Categories for Planning (No.1)

CategoryI

Definitions and potential nuclear and radiological threats
Emergencies have been postulated that could result in severe
deterministic health effects off site of the facilities, to including:- reactors with power levels greater than 100 MW(th) e.g. powerreactors, nuclear ship and research reactors;- spent fuel pools that may contain some recently discharged fueland a total of more than about 0.1 EBq (E=exa=1018) of Cs-137
equivalent to the inventory in a 3000 MW(th) reactor core;- facilities with inventories of dispersible radioactive materials
sufficient to result in severe deterministic effects offsite of such
facilities.
Probability of threats in Thailand and potential affected areas- Currently, there are no nuclear power plants and nuclear facilityof such magnitude.
Emergencies have been postulated that could result in doses warranting
taking urgent protective action off site of the facilities, to including:- reactors with power levels greater than 2 MW(th) and less than
100 MW(th), e.g. power reactors, nuclear ship and research
reactors;II

Category

Definitions and potential nuclear and radiological threats-

spent fuel pools containing fuel requiring active cooling;facilities with potential for an uncontrolled criticality within 0.5
km of the off-site boundary;- facilities with inventories of dispersible radioactive sufficient toresult in doses warranting taking urgent protective action offsite1;
Probability of threats in Thailand and potential affected areas- Currently, there are no nuclear power plants but potential threats
occur if a nuclear ship is in our territory. The affected sites
depend on the climate.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)

Table 8.3-1 Suggested Emergency Threat Categories for Planning (No.2)

Category
III

Definitions and potential nuclear and radiological threats
Emergencies have been postulated that could result in doses warranting
taking urgent protective action on site of the facilities, including:- facilities with potential, if shielding is lost, of direct external(shine) dose rates of more than 100 mGy/h at 1 m;
- facilities with potential for an uncontrolled criticality more than
0.5 km from the off-site boundary;- reactors with power levels of less than or equal to 2 MW(th);- facilities with inventories of radioactive sufficient to result in
doses warranting taking urgent protective action on the site2
Probability of threats in Thailand and potential affected areas- A researchreactor is located at 16. Vibhavadi Rangsit Road,
Chatuchak District, Bangkok. The potentially affected sites
could be the nearby area.
Operatorsof mobile danqerous sources. including:
1. a mobile source with potential, if shielding is lost. of direct
external (shine) dose rates of more than 10 mGy/h at 1 m
2. satellites with dangerous sources;
3. transport of quantities of radioactive material that would be
dangerous if not controlled;IV

Category

Definitions and potential nuclear and radiological threats

4. facilities/locations with a significant probability of encountering
an uncontrolled dangerous source such as:
4.1 large scrap metal processing facilities;
4.2 national border crossings;
4.3 facilities with fixed gauges with dangerous sources.
Probability of threats in Thailand and potential affected areas- Radioactive materials are used nationwide so threat could havepossibly occurred at any of the sites. The affected area is theincident site.
V
Products with a significant likelihood of becoming contaminated as aresult of events at facilities in threat categories I or II of neighboring
countries, to levels necessitating prompt restrictions on products inaccordance with international standards.
Probability of threats in Thailand and potential affected areas- The affected sites depend on the climate.
1
10 times the AID value calculated in Appendix 3 provides an estimate of this inventory if
10% of the inventory is assumed to be released to the atmosphere.
2
0.01 times the AID value calculated in Appendix 3 provides an estimate of this inventory
if 10% of the inventory is assumed to be released into room and the people are evacuatedwithin a few minutes

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8.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local), NonGovernment, and International Partnership)
8.4.1. The Prime Minister’s Office
8.4.1.1. Office of the National Security Council shall have powers and responsibilities
as follows:(1) Follow the national security and other relevant laws.
(2) Propose recommendations to the National Security Council or the Cabinet to formulate
the policies and strategies or activity plan in connection with the national security bothinternal and international affairs, border affairs and national defence and other national
security-related affairs.
(3) Facilitate and coordinate with government agencies, private sectors, academic
institutions and educational institutions on implementations and activities according to
the National Security Policies and Strategies so that they are consistent and integrated.
(4) Organize and research, develop and oversee changing security circumstances, including
evaluate and develop policies and strategies in pursuant to all national security-related
matters and peaceful strategies.
(5) Recommend and formulate policies, facilitate, improve, cooperate and follow up theassessments of intelligence, counterintelligence, national security, as well as, propose
guidelines on development of intelligence policy, intelligence organization, andcounterintelligence.
(6) Recommend and formulate policies, facilitate, coordinate, follow up, evaluate, anddevelop national security policies in pursuant with the resolutions against theinternational terrorism. International crime, security crisis management, national
preparedness, and policy on prevention and resolutions of other new security threats.
(7) Perform other duties as required by laws by virtue of the Office of National Security
Councilor as required by the Prime Minister or the Cabinet.
8.4.1.2.

Government Public Relations Department shall have powers andresponsibilities as follows:(1) Publicize to create moral and psychological supports among people, government
officials in unified efforts, to provide cooperation and support the operations.
(2) Coordinate with the regulatory government agencies relating to control information,
release of information, prevention disclosure of government confidentiality and news
broadcasting which may be threat to security.
(3) Support communication equipment and materials in terms of public relations to provide
security information services, as well as, specialized personnel to support the operations.
8.4.2. Ministry of Interior shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Facilitate, oversee, and provide sufficient consumer products, temporary shelters, and other
remuneration package to the victims radically and expeditiously.
(2) Control and maintain peaceful to normal state, provide protection and mitigate the people's
dispirited during the disastrous event.
8.4.2.1.Department of Disaster Prevention and Migration shall have powers andresponsibilities as follows:
The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation is served as a central government

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)agency in implementing the national disaster prevention and mitigation and shall have powers
and duties as follows:(1) Establish the National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan, propose to the National
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee (NDPMC) and seek for approval by the
Cabinet.
(2) Organize researches on procedures and measures to prevent and mitigate all impacts ofdisasters effectively.
(3) Operate, cooperate, support and assist government agencies, local administrations andrelevant private sectors on disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as, provide initial
aids to the affected people, victims or casualties.
(4) Guide and provide consultancy, and train other government agencies, local
administrations and other private sectors on disaster prevention and mitigation aspect.
(5) Follow-up, assess and evaluate all activities related to disaster prevention and mitigation
at all level.
(6) Perform other duties in accordance to this and other laws or as may required byCommander in Chief, Prime Minister, NDPMC, or the Cabinet.
8.4.3. Ministry of Defence shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Establish measures on prevention and mitigation of nuclear and radiological disaster, which
has impacts on individuals, facilities, premises and military properties, including, plan on
evacuation of military affairs and families, and coordinate with the Department of Disaster
Prevention and Mitigation.
(2) Facilitate, coordinate, command, and oversee the operations of the Ministry of Defence on
providing aids to those affected by nuclear and radiological disaster, including solving
unexpected problems, rehabilitation of both central and provincial casualties in prompt,
unified, effective and timely manners.
(3) Facilitate and organize public relations by utilizing tools and equipment of the Ministry of
Defence, or through other media channels to warn and report updated events in all
circumstances, including provide recommendations on procedures to be followed to thoseaffected by nuclear and radiological disaster.
(4) Cooperate/exercise on operations, support and facilitate the civil prevention in the areas.
8.4.3.1.Defence Mobilisation Department shall have powers and responsibilities asfollows:(1) Coordinate with the Disaster Mitigation Centre, Ministry of Defence on providing aids
to those affected by nuclear and radiological disaster(2) Provide support on resources information of military forces, military arms, devices,
equipment, and communication tools for nuclear and radiological disaster prevention,
mitigation, suppression and rehabilitation according to the Disaster Mitigation Plan,
Ministry of Defence, when requested.
8.4.3.2. Directorate of Civil Affairs shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Propose the policy and implementation plan, including guidelines on prevention andresolution of nuclear and radiological disaster, as well as, develop Aide Plan by the Royal
Thai Armed Forces Headquarter for those affected by nuclear and radiological disaster.
(2) Facilitate, coordinate, command and supervise the operational sectors of the Royal Thai76

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)

Armed Forces Headquarter in providing aids to those affected by nuclear andradiological disaster.
(3) Served as coordinating centers among military agencies of the Royal Thai Armed Forces
Headquarter, civil affairs and private sector, to facilitate the operational aid to thoseaffected by nuclear and radiological disaster.
(4) Publicize, announce information regarding nuclear and radiological disaster, aide to thepeople, as well as, provide recommendations on implementations of nuclear andradiological disaster prevention to the public.
8.4.3.3.

Royal Thai Army Chemical Department shall have powers andresponsibilities as follows:(1) Procure forces, equipment and tools to assist on emergency operations to prevent,mitigate, and suppress nuclear and radiological threats as requested by other government
agencies via the Royal Thai Army.
8.4.3.4.

The Naval Science Department shall have powers and responsibilities asfollows:(1) Procure forces, equipment and tools in relating to preliminary nuclear and radiologicalpublic disaster mitigation to provide aid to the victims as commanded by the Royal Thai
Navy.
8.4.3.5.

Research and Development Centre for Space and Aeronautical Science andTechnology, Royal Thai Air Force, shall have powers and responsibilities asfollows:(1) Provide the Nuclear-Biological-Chemical (NBC) Team to join the operation as requested.
8.4.4.

Ministry of Science and Technology shall have powers and responsibilities asfollows:(1) Support on technology services and knowledge of Ministerial agencies concerning nuclear
and radiological response in emergency.
(2) Promote and assist the research, development and innovation which support theimplementation and operation to mitigate nuclear and radiological disaster.
8.4.4.1.

The Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) shall have powers and responsibilities
as follows:(1) Be responsible for preliminary assessing situations for mitigating nuclear andradiological accidents and emergencies so that such events shall be resolved in the right
directions in accordance with the nuclear and radiation protection to limit the expansionof such event which could be detrimental to the public and environment.
(2) Receive notification and report nuclear and radiological incident(s) and accident(s).
(3) Coordinate with the Nuclear and Radiological Suppression Forces Operations and otherlocal and international relevant agencies, e.g. Disaster Mitigation Agencies, Royal Thai
Police, Army Forces, International Atomic Energy Agency, etc.
(4) Follow up and collect information on nuclear and radiological accident to plan, manage,
operate and prepare efforts for the suppression of nuclear and radiological emergency
situations both in and out of the Bangkok Metropolitan.
(5) Manage database and statistics concerning officials, agencies, etc. in connection with the77

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)

suppression of nuclear and radiological emergencies for development and improvementof coordination to achieve the highest level of(6) Cooperate trainings on nuclear and radiological emergencies to raise safety awareness in
preparedness and operations during nuclear and radiological emergency circumstances.
8.4.4.2.

Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT) shall have powers andresponsibilities as follows:(1) Support response activities of nuclear and radiological emergency, when requested.
(2) Provide consultancy, propose recommendations on formulating nuclear and radiologicalemergency plan to other agencies.
8.4.5. Ministry of Public Health shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Support the formulation of National Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Plan andsituation correction.
(2) Collaborate with other relevant agencies to identify roles and responsibilities of key
agencies to formulate Capability Building Implementation Plan as well as provide necessary
resources as follows:(2.1) Survey and supply collected medical and public health resources, as well as, set up
medical and radiological(2.2) Establish Emergency Medical Services (Ambulance System) to be available andassist the injured at the site, including establish public health network system tosupport its nationwide operation.
(2.3) Provide medical care, sanitation and disease prevention to the victims.
(2.4) Provide trainings to medical professions on treatment of patients exposed to radiationand nuclear.
(2.5) Establish system and procedures on safety maintenance of radiological equipments
and materials used in the public health facilities.
(2.6) Manage data and report effectively.
(2.7) Provide knowledge on primary care, sanitation and environmental health to the public
so that they can help themselves and others during the crisis.
8.4.6.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment shall have powers andresponsibilities as follows:(1) Provide recommendations and propose guidelines on the formulation of Chemical
Substances and Hazardous Materials Emergency Plan in the risk areas.
(2) Coordinate with relevant agencies according to the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Planon planning to control the prevention of explosion, fire, and chemical and hazardous
material leaks to the public and environment.
(3) Follow up, oversee, and assess the effects of hazardous residuals on the environment, as
well as, plan on the rehabilitation and preservation of the environment to achieve thebalancing state which is appropriate to the livings.
(4) Plan and develop permanent and sustainable natural resources and environment to be able
to endure other threats.
8.4.6.1.Pollution Control Department shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Provide consultancy and recommendations on guidelines of the National Nuclear and78

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)Radiological Emergency Plan in collaboration with relevant agencies.
(2) Coordinate with relevant agencies as defined in the National Nuclear and Radiological
Emergency Plan to control, prevent and remedy potential hazards, caused by nuclear andradiological emergency, to the public and environment.
(3) Support and provide recommendations on guidelines to rehabilitate and remedy damages
to the environment caused by nuclear and radiological emergency, in collaboration withother relevant agencies.
8.4.7. Ministry of Industry shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Regulate, oversee and support operational activities of industrial business, as well as,
promote safety, environment and hygiene at the manufacturing facilities.
(2) Control and oversee security system to prevent disaster caused by hazardous materials inindustrial factories.
8.4.7.1.Department of Industrial Works shall have powers and responsibilities asfollows:(1) Administrate industrial business, including hazardous materials in terms of
manufacturing, environment, safety to be consistent with laws and. international
agreements.
(2) Support information and knowledge of machines, manufacturing, environment,
hazardous materials and energy for utilization in the industrial business development.
(3) Provide services on conversion of assets, machineries, into fund.
8.4.8. Ministry of Transport shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Support transportation vehicles, drivers, and transportation equipment as well as supply fuel.
(2) Prepare back-up routes or temporary traffic arrangement, fix or modify transportation,
particularly roads, rails, or damaged bridges to be in services.
8.4.8.1.Department of Land Transport shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Support information of vehicle registration and drivers, collaborate, coordinate andfacilitate on vehicle procurement in the transportation as appropriate.
8.4.9. Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Coordinate with agencies, international organizations to request supporting of civil defence.
(2) Request of aids from abroad.
8.4.10. Ministry of Finance shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Allocate budget as needed and in urgent circumstances(2) Provide consultancy on allocation and integrated utilization of budget.
8.4.11. Ministry of Information and Communication Technology shall have powers andresponsibilities as follows:(1) Support communication resources and provide necessary communication system services
as contingency plan and remedy nuclear and radiological emergency.
(2) Coordinate on information and relevant communicative infrastructure for disaster warning,aide, and suppression of nuclear and radiological emergency.
(3) Provide weather forecast information to support 24-hours operation.

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8.4.11.1. National Disaster Warning Centre shall have powers and responsibilities asfollows:(1) Study each type of disaster by simulating different scenarios of disasters and develop
anticipated basic information used to make informed, comprehensive, accurate, quick
and standardized decision.
(2) Exchange of disaster information at domestic and international levels for analyzing thelevel of disaster severity and assess casualties caused by the disaster.
(3) Warn and broadcast the severity of the disaster and its ending via the Television Pool ofThailand, radio, telephone, and other government and private medias that wish to
broadcast news, warning towers, including provide suggestion to minimize loss,
evacuate, avoid and mitigate the disaster to staff and relevant agencies in order to provide
aids to the public and countries bound by the warning system agreement.
(4) Announce fact sheets to stop disaster rumor through the Television Pool of Thailand,
radio in order that panic, confusion, anxiety of the public can be eradicated.
(5) Monitor disaster situations closely to learn about casualties of both lives and assets, andsupport necessary rescue equipment, as well as, coordinate and provide information to
the Disaster Mitigation officer so that the mitigation activities can be performed
effectively.
(6) Guide and cooperate trainings to the officials and public to have knowledge on guidelines
and means of minimizing losses, evacuation, avoidance, and mitigation of the disaster.
(7) Perform other duties as assigned.
8.4.12. The Royal Thai Police shall have powers and responsibilities as follows:(1) Control and maintain peaceful state, safety of lives and properties of the people and provide
social services.
(2) Evaluate the situation, plan the operation, and deploy operational forces. Facilitate andsupport, exchange information among operational units, as well as, publicize disasterwarning to the civil sector.
(3) Organize traffic systems in case the transportation routes are in detour or barred, support theoperational activities of other units, and provide aide to mitigate the disaster.
(4) Set up Frontline Operational Center to be Joint Operation Center of the Royal Thai Police,
control, oversee, facilitate and collaborate on the operational activities until the situation
turns to its normal state.
(5) Organize Mobile Medical Team with medical supplies to provide medical services to thepeople and staff affected during the crisis.
8.4.13. Bangkok Metropolitan Administration shall have powers and responsibilities asfollows:(1) Direct, control, oversee, and recommend on the operational activities of disaster prevention
and mitigation in the Bangkok Metropolitan areas.
(2) Support the operational activities of District Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Operation
Division or other regions when requested for suppression, mitigation and rehabilitation.
(3) Coordinate with government sectors and relevant agencies in the Bangkok Metropolitan
areas, including collaborate with the private sectors in all operational activities to preventand mitigate disaster.

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Figure 8.4-1 Organization structure of DM in Thailand

8.5. Concept of Operationa. Mitigation and Prevention
b. Emergency Preparedness

Figure 8.5-1 Structure of National Preparedness Planc.

Emergency Response
Table 8.5-1 Guidance on Operational intervention levels (OILs) for Public ( OAP, 2014)

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Major Exposure Condition

OIL

External radiation from a point
source100 µSv/hExternal radiation from groundcontamination over a small area
or in the case of not very
disruptive evacuation
External radiation from groundcontamination over a wide area
or in the case of very disruptive
evacuation
External radiation from air
contamination with an unknown
radionuclide(s)d.

100 µSv/h

1 mSv/h

1 µSv/h

Recommended Actions--

Isolate the area
Recommended isolation
area of cordoned area
Control access and egress
Isolate the area
Recommended isolation
area of cordoned area
Control access and egress
Recommended evacuationor substantial shelter

Isolate the area (if possible)
Recommended isolation
area of cordoned area or
downwind in open area

Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration

8.6. Related Activities
8.6.1. Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)
OAP has conducted training programs for first responders, police, military, Emergency Medical
Service, frontline officer, scrap metal dealer, rescuer, ets.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)

Figure 8.6-1 National emergency exercise

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Thailand)

Figure 8.6-2 Training for Frontline Officers

8.6.2. Communication and Public Relation (e.g. information passage , mass media, andsocial media)
Communication and coordination with relevant agencies when a nuclear and radiologicalemergency occurs is a significant task. When a disaster or security event occurs, the involving
agencies must be notified of the event to take appropriate actions for mitigation, including
collaboration and cooperation, commanding, reporting the activities and facilitating all related
matters for prompt response and smooth operation during both crisis and normal operation.
Procedures
1. Be ready and prepared at all times even in a normal state. A number of communication
systems and back-up tools should be available for accurate, reliable and prompt action.
2. Test the communication system annually to check its function and assess the problems andobstacles which could have occurred during nuclear and radiological emergency or during
normal operation.
3. List the main relevant organizations. Internal communication and coordination among
inside and outside relevant organizations can take place at any time.

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III-9. Vietnam

9.1.

Policy9.2.

Regulatory Framework and Legislation

9.3.

Emergency Classes and Condition

9.4.

Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local),
Non-Government, and International Partnership)

9.5.

Concept of Operation

9.6.

9.5.1.

Mitigation and Prevention

9.5.2.

Emergency Preparedness

9.5.3.

Emergency Response

9.5.4.

Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration

Related Activities

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Vietnam)

III-9. Vietnam
GeneralNow in Vietnam, radiation and radioisotopes have been applied in health care, agriculture, industry,geology, mining, meteorology, hydrology, transport, construction, oil and gas industry, etc.
There is only one nuclear installation in the country is the Dalat nuclear research reactor withcapacity of 500 kW.
In order to meet the energy demand in the future, the first nuclear power plant (NPP) will be put in
operation in 2020 with capacity of 2000 MW and the second NPP with capacity of 2000 MW will
be put in operation in 2021.
Atomic Energy Law had been approved at the twelfth National Assembly Session 3 on 3rd June2008 and come to enforce on 1st January 2009. The Atomic Energy Law includes 11 Chapters with93 Articles.
9.1. Policy
To establish the basic requirements for adequate level of Nuclear & Radiological Emergency
Preparedness & Response;
To implement the requirements to minimise consequences during all types of nuclear andradiological Emergency;
To complement standards already developed for large & complex radiation sources, including
nuclear reactors and radioactive waste management facilities.
9.2. Regulatory Framework and Legislation
9.2.1. Legislative framework and policy
According to articles 91, 103 of Statute of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the order oflegislative framework is as following: Laws will be enacted by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
 Ordinances will be enacted by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly.
 Decrees will be enacted by the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.; Circulars, Guidance, Codes of practices will be enacted by the Minister or some Ministers.
 Atomic Energy Law, Article 6, Principles for activities and the assurance of safety andsecurity in the field of atomic energy.
 Any activities in area of atomic energy shall ensure that public health, human life,
environment and social security are protected. State management on safety and security
shall be independent and scientifically based.

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9.2.2.

National System on Nuclear/Radiological Emergency Preparedness andResponse
National Committee for Disaster Protection
State Steering Committee on emergency response

Local
Goverments

Ministry of Science and Technology
Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry of National Defense
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Public Security
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Industry and Trade
Ministry of Transport
Ministry of Information and Communications
VARANS, EVN

Steering committee on emergency response of related ministríes

Nuclear Facilities
Figure 9.2-1 Flow chart of National System on Nuclear/Radiological Emergency Preparedness andResponse

9.2.3.

Legislation Documents on Nuclear/Radiological Emergency Preparedness andResponse Atomic Energy Law
The Law has became effective as from 1 Jannuary 2009, stipulating Emergency preparedness
and response for radiation and nuclear incidents and accidents including the following:- Classification of Emergency circumstances for the purpose of working out appropriate
response plans:

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Group 1 - Circumstances of unserious incidents,
Group 2 - Circumstances of less serious incidents,
Group 3 - Circumstances of serious incidents,
Group 4 - Circumstances of very serious incidents,
Group 5 - Circumstances of particularly serious incidents.
- Stipulating the plan for emergency preparedness and response in detail:Plans on response to facility –level incidents are applied when incidents of group 1, 2 or
3,Plans on response to provincial-level incidents are applied when incidents of group 4,
Plans on response to national-level incidents are applied when incidents of group Secondary documents to enforce the Law on Nuclear/Radiological Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Decree 70/2010/ND-CP by The Government dated detailing and guiding number of articles of
The Law on Atomic Energy regarding nuclear power plants stipulating the action in response
to NPP accidents.
 The content of Emergency and Response Plan
- Organizations, individuals conducting radiation activities shall develop their plans forradiation and nuclear incident response- Provincial People’s Committee shall develop provincial plans for radiation and nuclear
incidents response; the MOST shall provide guidance on planning and approving theprovincial plans for radiation and nuclear incidents response.
- The MOST shall collaborate with the Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Health, Ministry of
Defense, Ministry of Public Security, Provincial People’s Committees in which radiation
facilities, nuclear facilities are operating and related organizations and individuals todevelop national’s plans for radiation and nuclear incident response to submit to the Prime
Minister for approval.
 National Emergency Response Plan
MOST shall assume the prime responsibility for, coordinate with concerned agencies,
organizations and individuals is developing response plans to National level- emergencies.
VARANS have been also assigned to develop National Nuclear and Radiological Emergency
Response plan. The Draft of the plan is available and is reviewing by related organizations. It
will be submited for Prime Minister Approval in 2017.
PM will decides responsibility of agencies implementing of Convention on Notification andConvention on Assistance in case of Radiological Emergency & Nuclear Accident.
 Provincial Emergency Response Plan
Provincial People's Committees shall develop provincial plan for radiation and nuclear
incidents response
Emergency response plans at provincial level have been prepared in some big cities: Hanoi, Ho
Chi Minh City, Da Nang and Binh Duong, Lang Son, Hai Phong, Khanh Hoa and BaRia-Vung
Tau.

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Vietnam)

 Facility Emergency Response Plan
Organizations, individuals conducting radiation practices shall develop their plans forradiological and nuclear incidents response.
These plans will submitted to the VARANS for reviewing when licensees apply for license.
9.3. Emergency Classes and Condition
Class 1. Facility Emergency Response Plan
Content of the Facility Emergency Response Plan includes the estimated incident situations that
may occur; manpower plans, means to implement the initial response measures, to held emergency
victims, limiting the incident spread, limiting the consequences, isolating hazardous area, and safety
and security issues; organizing emergency response exercises annually.
Condition:
Apply for accidents that belong to Group 1, 2, 3 as described in Atomic Energy Law above.
Class 2. Provincial Emergency Response Plan
Content of the Provincial Emergency Response Plan includes the estimated incident situations that
may occur; manpower plans, means to implement the initial response measures, to held emergency
victims, limiting the incident spread, limiting the consequences, isolating hazardous area, and safety
and security issues; organizing emergency response exercises annually
Condition:
Apply for accidents that belong to Group 1, 2, 3 but the accidents are beyond the response
capacity of the facilities and Group 4, as described in Atomic Energy Law.
Class 3. National Emergency Response Plan
Content of the National Emergency Response Plan includes organizing system, includes theestimated incident situations that may occur; Emergency Response Scenarios; organizing
emergency response exercises every two years.
Condition:
Apply for accidents that belong to Group 4 but the accidents are beyond the response capacityof the Province and Group 5 as described in Atomic Energy Law above.
9.4. Participating Organizations (Enterprise, Government (central and local), NonGovernment, and International Partnership) National Committee for Disaster Protection
In coordination with the State Steering Committee on emergency response to coordinate humanresources to cope with the emergency situation, to support local governments and facilities, toperform assigned tasks in incident response plan.
 State Steering Committee on emergency response- Directing ministries and branches to prepare human resources and equipments and technicalmeans, and incident response process;- Advising the Government to build offsite-centre;- Organizing exercise of the Emergency Response Plans;- Taking charge of the action of emergency preparedness and response;

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FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Vietnam)- Performing assigned tasks in the emergency response plans approved by the Prime Minister;- Advising the National Committee for Disaster Protection to implement emergency measures.
 Ministry of Science and Technology- Monitoring the response activities within the nuclear facility;- Advising the State Steering Committee on emergency response to implement emergency
measures;- Supporting technical to assess radiation background, to analyze radioactive isotope inenvironmental samples and foodstuffs, to assess radioactive spread and radiation doses;- Monitoring radiological environment and evaluating radiation in normal conditions and inincidents;- Supporting local governments and facilities;- Advising radiation protection measures and evaluation of occupational radiation doses of
personnel involved in responding to incidents;
 Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment- Building resources, prepare technical facilities to ensure the control of radioactive pollution;- Supporting the Ministry of Science and Technology to monitoring radiological environment in
the initiate period of the response;- Conducting pollution control and environmental impact assessment of the incident.
 Ministry of National Defense- Providing professional human resources in incident response, radiation recording devices,
equipment and instruments for professional use;
- Supporting the radiation monitoring, decontamination, analysis of environmental samples;- Supporting local governments to evacuate the people.
 Ministry of Health- Chaired implement measures to protect health care for those affected by the incident;- Building health systems of health care for victims of radiation exposure, especially in the local
where nuclear power plant located;- Coordinating with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to inspect the
production, processing and storage of food for humans and animals;- Organizing epidemiological investigation;- Controlling and studying the radiation exposure population.
9.5. Concept of Operation
9.5.1. Mitigation and Prevention
Mitigation provides a critical foundation for emergency management. The ultimate purpose of
emergency management is to save lives, preserve the environment and protect property and theeconomy. Emergency management is comprised of four interdependent risk-based functions:prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
9.5.2. Emergency Preparedness
Emergency Preparedness is the discipline of dealing with nuclear accidents. It involves
mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of accident.
Emergency management requires a partnership among all levels of government (nuclear facility,

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local, State). Successful preparedness requires detailed planning and cooperation among eachsector.
The following principles illustrate the emergency preparedness concept: Emergency
preparedness at all levels considers and takes into account all accident, all phases, all stakeholders
and all impacts relevant to accident. Anticipation of future accident and preventive andpreparatory measures build accident-resistant and accident-resilient communities. Sound risk
management principles (accident identification, risk analysis, and impact analysis) are used inassigning priorities and resources. Unity of effort among all levels of government and allelements of a community are integrated. Broad and sincere relationships among individuals andorganizations are incorporated to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus,
and facilitate communication. Activities of all relevant stakeholders are synchronized to achieve
a common purpose. Creative and innovative approaches are used to overcome disasterchallenges. Emergency preparedness uses a science and knowledge-based approach; based on
training, experience, ethical practice, public stewardship and continuous improvement.
Management consists of four phases: Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and recovery.
9.5.3. Emergency Response
Emergency response consists of actions taken to prevent death and further damage during an
emergency situation. The response phase is putting the preparedness phase into action. Examplesof response include evacuating an accident area, seeking shelter, etc. Response activities takeplace during an emergency.
9.5.4. Emergency Rehabilitation and Restoration
This is the ability to return to a state of normal function with minimal suffering and disruptionof services following a accident. Accident and financial assistance are examples of recovery thataids individuals and communities. Recovery assistance can be provided at local, state. The
recovery phase takes place following an accident.

9.6. Related Activities
9.6.1. Human Capacity Building (e.g. training, workshops, drills, and exercises)
Training for personnel who are involved with radiological emergency or accident is essential
and should be done regularly. Therefore, in Vietnam any person who deals with radioactive or
nuclear materials or with irradiation apparatus shall undergo a radiation protection training
course which includes handling of radiological accidents or emergencies. Beside this training
course, all radiation workers shall also attend training course before can be approved asradiation workers.
Exercises are essential. At local-level, the exercises are conducted by Steering committee on
emergency response of local government and VARANS which include field exercise on research
reactors, transport accident exercises, missing source exercise, contamination emergency
exercise, etc.
Drills and exercises cover a full range of response actions, and involve the Steering committee
on emergency response of local government and VARANS teams and participants from local
governments, other federal agencies, where appropriate.
The lessons learned from these exercises help the agency to focus its mission and objectives, to91

FNCA Consolidated Report on Radiation Safety (Vietnam)

streamline its radiological emergency response programme, to modify operational procedures
and to rectify response weaknesses.

9.6.2. Communication and Public Relation (e.g. information passage , mass media, andsocial media)
Some important activities like organizing training courses, emergency related poster,announcement and passage of information in the website are in place to alert public for thehazard of radiation sources and emergency related issues etc. A complete information system isin the process of development to inform the public about the regulated practices in theemergency related aspects.

92IV. Contributors
Australia
Ms Lynn Tan
Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation (ANSTO)
Bangladesh
Dr M. Moinul Islam
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC)China
Dr Zhang Jintao
China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)
Indonesia
Mr Suryantoro
National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN)
Mr Moch Romli
National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN)
Japan
Prof Toshiso Kosako
The University of Tokyo
Mr Hiroyuki Murakami
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)Dr Shouji Futatsugawa
Japan Radioisotope Association (JRIA)Dr Takatoshi Hattori
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI)Malaysia
Dr Mohd Abdul Wahab Yusof
Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia)
The Philippines
Ms Maria Visitacion B. Palattao
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)
ThailandMs Nanthavan Ya-anantThailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT)
VietnamDr Pham Quang Minh
Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute (VINATOM)
Ms Pham Thi Quynh Luong
Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute (VINATOM)
Secretariat
Nuclear Safety Research Association (NSRA)
5-18-7 Shin-bashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0004 JAPAN93

Appendix A Past Emergency Experience Reactor Accident and Emergency
Year/Month
Country
Emergency Experience
1957 Oct. UK
Windscale NPP (Graphite reactor) Carbon fire, fuel meltdown
1961 Jan. US
SL-1 reactor (LWR) Reactor excursion
1975 May US
Browns Ferry-1 NPP (BWR) Fire
1975 Dec. East Germany
Greifswald-1 NPP (VVER) Fire
1977 Feb. Czechoslovakia
Bohunice A1 NPP (Gas cooled reactor) Fuel meltdown1977 Sep. US
Davis Besse NPP (PWR) Loss of Coolant
1979 Mar. US
TMI-2 NPP (PWR) Loss of Coolant, core meltdown1980 May France
Saint Laurrent-2 NPP (Gas cooled reactor) Fuel melt down
1980 Jun. US
Browns Ferry-3 NPP (BWR) Scram failure
1986 Apr. USSR*
Chernobyl-4 NPP (RBMK) Reactor excursion, meltdown1986 Dec. US
Surry-2 NPP (PWR) Pipe rupture
1989 Oct. Spain
Vandellos-1 NPP (Gas cooled reactor) Fire
1991 Nov. US
Salen-2 NPP (PWR) Turbine missile. fire1992 Jul.
SwedenBarsebaeck-2 NPP (BWR) ECCS failure
1993 May India
Narora-1 NPP (CANDU) Fire, electric break2002 May US
Davis Besse NPP (PWR) Pressure vessel cover injury
2011 Mar. Japan
Fukushima Daiich NPP (BWR) Core melt down
*USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
 Nuclear Accident and Emergency
1. Criticality Accident
Year/Month Country
Emergency Experience
1957 Apr. USSR*
Mayak complex, Criticality, 1death+ 5 serious
1958 Jan. USSR*
Mayak complex, Criticality, 3 deaths
1958 Jun. US
Oak Ridge, Y-12 chemical factory, criticality, 8 exposed
1958 Dec. US
Los Alamos, Reprocessing plant, criticality, 1death, 2 exposed
1964 Jul.
US
Wood River Junction, criticality, 1 death, 2 exposed
1999 Sep. JapanJCO conversion factory, Criticality, 2 deaths, 1 serious, 57 exposed*USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
2. Explosion and Release of Radioactivity
Year/Month Country
Emergency Experience1953 Jan. US
Savannah River reprocessing plant, Chemical explosion, 2 workers
damaged1957 Sep. USSR*
Kyshtym reprocessing plant, Explosion, Release, Level 61973 Sep. UK
Windscale reprocessing plant, Release, Level 41975 Feb. US
Savannah River reprocessing plant, Explosion, fire, 2 workers damaged
1976 Aug. US
Hanford reprocessing plant, Explosion, 9 workers exposure
1977 Jul.
FrancePierrelatte Conversion factory, UF6 release1981 Jan. France
La Hague reprocessing plant, Fire in the storage, 5 workers exposure
1986 Jan. US
Sequoyah conversion factory, UF6 release, 1 death94

1987 Jan. UK
Sellafield reprocessing plant, Pu intake, 12 contamination
1987 Feb. Germany Hanau fuel fabrication plant, Pu intake, 14 contamination
1990 Dec. Germany Hanau fuel fabrication plant, Explosion, 2 damaged.
1991 Jun. Germany Hanau fuel fabrication plant, Pu intake 3 workers
1993 Apr. USSR*
Tomsk-7 Reprocessing plant, Explosion, Release
1994 Dec. JapanPNC-Tokai reprocessing plant. Pu intake, 4 workers
1997 May JapanPNC-Tokai Reprocessing plant, Explosion*USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
3.

Radiological Accident and Emergency
Year
Country
Emergency Experience
1963 China
Irradiation facility, 2 deaths
1975 Italia, Brescia
Irradiation facility, 1 death1981 US, Oklahoma
Radiography, 1 death1982 Norway
Sterilization irradiation, 1 death1989 EL Salvador, San Salvador Industrial irradiation facility, 1 death1990 Israel, Soreq
Industrial irradiation facility, 1 death+ 6 serious damage
1991 Belarus, Nesvizh
Industrial irradiation facility, 1 death1996 Casta Rica, San Jose
Medical facility, 3 deaths (patients)
2001 Panama
Medical facility, 14 deaths (patents)

4.

Theft or Loss of Radiation Source
Year
Country
Emergency Experience
1962 Mexico, Mexico city
Loss of radiation source, 4 deaths
1978 Algeria
Loss of radiation source, 1 death1984 Morocco
Loss of radiation source, 8 deaths
1987 Brazil, Goiania
Theft of radiation source, 4 deaths+ 249 contamination
1992 China, Xinshou
Loss of radiation source, 2 deaths+5 serious damage
1994 Estonia, Tammiku
Theft of radiation source, 1 death2000 Thailand, Samut Prakarn
Theft of radiation source, 3 deaths+7 serious damage
2000 Egypt, Meet Halfa
Loss of radiation source, 2 deaths+ 5 serious damage

95Appendix B FNCA RS&RWM Workshop (2014-2016)
 FNCA RS&RWM Workshop 2016
 Date: October 4-6, 2016
 Venue: Almaty, Kazakhstan
 Topics: Progress, improvement and future plan over the prior year on 1) nuclear andradiological emergency preparedness and response; 2) status, plans and challenges oflow/Intermediate level waste disposal facilities/long term storage facilities.

 FNCA RS&RWM Workshop 2015
 Date: November 17-19, 2015
 Venue: Serpong, Indonesia
 Topics: 1) nuclear and radiological emergency preparedness and response; 2) status,
plans and challenges of low/Intermediate level waste disposal facilities/long term storage
facilities

 FNCA RS&RWM Workshop 2014
 Date: September 9-12, 2014
 Venue: Astana, Kazakhstan
 Topics: Challenges faced by FNCA participating countries in the area of RS&RWM suchas 1)radiation safety issues in uranium mining; 2)challenges in RS&RWM in RI
facilities/nuclear power plant; 3)plans for NPP introduction, and 4)status and plans for low
level waste disposal facilities/long term storage facilities.

96

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