長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』
第

号
（

．）

〈研究論文〉The Changes of Forestry Trade Development in Western Fujian
and the Influences on Ecological Environment＊
Lianfang WANG
Jing LIU
Abstract: The special mountain terrain in Western Fujian created a rich forest resources, and derived the forestry
trade as the main way for the survival and development. With the society changes, forestry trade in western Fujian
occurred changes from prosperity to decline, from blindness to orderliness, and forest ecosystem also experienced ainterconversion between the balance and imbalance. The forestry trade development brought great changes to theecological environment in Western Fujian. At the same time, from the ecological environment changes caused bydevelopment of forestry trade in Western Fujian, we can also learn the experiences from the interaction between
ecology and society.
Key Words: Western Fujian; Longyan; Forestry Trade; Ecological Environment
Western Fujian is known as Longyan area which islisted as national key protection, accounted for 49% of

located in the southwest of Fujian Province and is 150

rare plant varieties in Fujian, so Western Fujian is calledkilometers apart from the sea channel. As the region is

the green ”treasure bowl” . For the region is located inlocated in the Tropic of Cancer, the climate is mild and it

the mountains, more mountain and less field is the basic

is like spring all the year around. The mountain soil isecological condition restriction. Because of the

red soil and yellow soil for the most part and it is suitable

restriction, farmers in Western Fujian began to focus onfor plant growth particularly, so there is very rich ofand used the rich forest resources very early. The

forest resources in this region. For a long time, Westernforestry trade development in Western Fujian has

Fujian has always been one of the three major forest

experienced the changes from prosperity to decline, andareas in Fujian Province, of which five counties (districts)of the forestry development changes has led to theare listed as national forestry emphasis counties. In theecological environment changes in this region. Thisrich forest resources, there are 38 kinds of rare plants

paper analyzes thecharacteristics

offorestry* Fund Project: the soft science project of Science and Technology Department of Fujian Province in 2017 year:< Study on the Effective Utilization and Advantages Keeping of Ecological Resources in Western Fujian Under
the Green Development Concept >(2017 R 0078); Project of Central Soviet Area Research Institute of LongYan
University in 2015 year: <Study on the Soviet Society Under the Dimension of Ecological Change in Western
Fujian>(LS 2015023)
Associate professor of the College of Marxism LongYan University, Post doctoral research in the School ofHistory and Culture, Shandong University.
Lecturer of Hebei Software Institute.

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長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

development from the changes of forestry trade in

Longyan county, 16 villages in Zhangping county, 16Western Fujian and discusses the influences on the local

villages in Ninghua county, 29 villages in Qingliu county,

ecological environment.

47 villages in Mingxi county, which is widely distributed.
The wood that these places produced was more than 1.5
million annually . However, since the 1930s, due to the

1. Development and Changes of Forestry
Trade in Western Fujian

political turmoil in Western Fujian, ”the old verdant

The forestry trade mainly concentrated on theand coupled with the loss of timber overseas market, as

exploit of forest resources and the related handicraft

the same time the domestic market was excluded by theindustry, such as Chinese fir, saw board, local paper andimported building materials such as foreign wood andother related industries. As early as the Ming and Qing

plum and so on, then the market of the wood in Western

Dynasties, by the unique forest resources, forestry trade

Fujian became tighter. Forestry trade entered thehas appeared a scene of prosperity in Western Fujian. In

decline period with an annual output of nearly a million

the early 20th century, the forestry trade developed

trees yet.

forest area become the place that the bandits gethered”,

rapidly in Western Fujian under the stimulus of market

Modern times, Chinese economy has also been ademand. The description of the forestry trade,certain development even be given the aggression andChangting county “connected many areas by the Ting

oppression by the capitalist countries. The timber

river, and the merchants were in an endless stream”, inmarket demand growthed rapidly due to the domestic

the Tingzhou municipal “the merchants from Anhui

and international economic stimulus. According tobought the mountain and southands of wood were cut<China Economic Book> ”Chinese mainland building

down every time”. “Fir, books paper, and part of Yanshi

materials probably were from Fujian”. Thus ”the main

Huanglian paper were transported by Jiulong river fromgoods that the merchants in the upper reaches ofWanan and Baisha, and were sold in Punan and Shima. It

Minjiang River upstream sold was wood” . Most of theis an economic system and known as the “Wenheguantimber industry in Fujian originated from the rich forest

Consortium”” . With the rapid development of forestry

resources in Western Fujian, and the forestry trade here

trade, Western Fujian area gradually formed thebecame prosperous. In the early years of the Republic ofcorresponding commercial gangs, such as wood gang,

China, the timber market was extremely active at theand local paper gang. they spread to the areas such as

peak of timber industry in Changting, Liancheng,

Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hebei, Jiangsu and so on,

Shanghang, Yongding and Wuping counties of Westernthen built the guild hall.

Fujian. Only Liancheng and Wuping two counties, theIn the 1920s, the forestry trade of Western Fujian

annual output of the wood was more than 1 million. theentered the prosperous period. There are many places

output of the whole forest zone is as high as more than 4

where the wood is rich, including 18 villages inmillion yuan .

Changting county, 68 villages in Liancheng county, 92

With the rapid development of forestry trade, thevillages in Wu Ping county, 42 villages in Shanghang

exploit and utilization of forest resources in Westerncounty, 46 villages in Yongding county, 43 villages in

Fujian is more serious. In Shanghai, the timber−−

The Changes of Forestry Trade Development in Western Fujian and the Influences on Ecological Environment

merchants of Fujian ”set up woodern factory andnow, after more than ten years of improvement andwoodern industry for oprating and trading along theprotection, the forest ecosystem in Western Fujian has

Huangpu River bank, from the east to the south of the

been restored gradually. The ecosysem is not good ascity. Among them the big merchants owned thirty of

before, but the improvement and protection alreadythem. We can see the prosperity development of themade a great contribution to the ecological environment

timber industry at that time. Most income of people inin Western Fujian.

Western Fujian was from the forestry trade, forestry
developed rapidly and the timber output rose sharply by
the influence of this trade environment. The forestry

2.

trade continued to develop and progress. In the

Characteristics of Forestry
Development in Western FujianTrademountainous areas of Western Fujian, the tree species

With the advantaged forest resources, the forestry

that constitute forest resources such as pine, camphor,trade development promotes the economy development

phoebe, padauk, lacquer, vernicia fordi, Eucalyptus,

rapidly in Western Fujian. Meanwhile, the development

vertebrae, beech, boxwood and so on, without manualof forestry trade also has its own characteristics.

intervention, cutting and growing freely, but the ChineseFirst, the forestry has been exploited without

fir was more easy to plant which is cultivated artificially.

thinking. The economy in Western Fujian developed

In the early years of the Republic China, the decline

rapidly in modern China, but at the same time, becauseof the timber industry in Tingjiang River Basin was notof the lacking of ecological consciousness, theserious, and it did not affect the sustainable development

exploitation and utilization of forest resources wasof the timber industry in Fujian. However, after the

obviously predatory exploiting. The average population

Republic of China the timber industry was declining.

density in Western Fujian is far lower than that of Fujian

After the founding of new China, the new changes have

Province. With much land and few people, but moretaken place in forestry resources of Western Fujian. The

mountain and less arable and the poor quality of arable

establishment of the new China means that China

land in Western Fujian, so per capita arable land is very

entered the period which is development first fromless. The local literature often portrayed the land of

turbulent period, in the view of people in Western Fujian

Western Fujian as ”narrow soil and less land”, or ”barren

then the development should be started from thesoil”. As a result, the population pressure in Westernadvantaged resources. The forestry resources as

Fujian is still rather serious for the land. It was theadvantaged resouce in the local areas became theenormous pressure of the land that the local people

optimistic development capital. In the era of lacking of

turned their attention to the mountain forest and began

ecological awareness, the emergence of deforestation

to make predatory expoiting. The vast wood land not

are naturally. Therefore, in recent decades, Western

only provides a lot of wood for people, but also provides a

Fujian has achieved some economic development

wide variety of forest products, such as tea-oil tree,

results, but at the same time, such as the utilizing way

fordii, turpentine, dried bamboo shoots medicine and so

the climate change the pest incidence and so on caused

on. In addition, the banmboo forest prospering all overthe seriouse bad consequences of forest resouces. Until

the mountain provides enough paper materials for the−−長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

farmers of Western Fujian. In the situation that thealong the stream nearby. Since the timber merchants

cultivated land can not meet the needs of the peasants inentered into Western Fujian, they developed forest

Western Fujian, then the forest resources have become

resources seriously. Whether the adult trees or young

an important economic source of the peasants, andsaplings were cut down, and many of the original trees

various reckless development methods have also

were cut down and form the mountain into ”bare hills”.

appeared.

The decrease of forest resources naturally restricts the

Meanwhile, because of the invasion of foreign

further sustainable development of forestry.

capitalism in modern China, the invaders not only

Modern China was in a semi feudal and semiplundered the original material and wealth, but alsocolonial state, and the forestry trade was also in theplundered the economic development. Any progress instage of petty dealer stage. At that time, the various

capitalist society can not be separated from the nature ofheavy feudal exploitation and exorbitant tax fromplunder. After the invasion, the development of forestry

government has caused tremendous pressure to thetrade in West Fujian has experienced the economic

local people. As small producers the local people had toplunder of foreign capitalism. Camphor wood is one of

only pursue immediate interests and they could not takethe main forest species in West Fujian. At the end of

long-term ecological benefits into account. therefore the

Qing Dynasty, the commercial activities of British andcommodity production is carried out under anarchy. The

Japanese merchants became more and more frequent indevelopment of forestry trade is on the basis of

China, and the purchase of camphor increased

spontaneous completion of local people in the pursuit ofconsiderably. In the disparity period of economic

personal interests and spontaneous, which leads to thedevelopment, ”the villagers cut camphor countless” inmaterial exchange between human and nature is only

order to get more benefits. ”since thirty-two years ofacquisition of human beings without return to nature.

Guangxu period to the first year of Xuantong in Qing

For example, there was a team called ”shed people” whodynasity, the camphor which could be made for camphor

were the hobos for obtainting the interest of forest tradeballs were all cut” , resulting in the camphor forest

and running from neighborhood regions or local people.

destroyed situation. Except camphor, such as Phoebe

They build a hangar in the mountains and living” there.

Nees, Tungoiltree, Tallow trees and so on in the upper

Because the ”shed men” were in the miserable situation

reaches of mountain also have gradually disappeared.

and poor living settled place. In fact, the emergence ofSecond, the blind development of forestry trade, andthe spontaneous disorder of material exchange. By thethis new force was more destructive than the local
people.

stimulates of forestry trade development, the forest

Third, the development of forestry trade wasowners and the timber merchants cut the forest

accompanied by the emergence of social problems.

competitively. The late Qing dynasity, Customs andForestry trade and multifarious taxes of government

taxation department of Fujian has the report that trees

and local forces coexist. At the end of the Qing Dynasty,

are less and less and will be more less quickly because ofin addition to pay the taxes for outside along the wood

the less supplement for the felled trees, and there aretransportation, the wood merchants had to bear the raft

not the wood which size accord with market demandtax, guns tax, paving stone road tax and other various−−

The Changes of Forestry Trade Development in Western Fujian and the Influences on Ecological Environment

burden. In the Republic of China, the warlord mademoreand more warfare to fight for power and causing
various tax levies named for the protection but

3. The Impact on the Ecological Environment
from Forestry Development in Western Fujian

extortion, which brought greater pressure for the wood

The variety of products, production area andmerchants. The establishment of the Kuomintang

quantity of products in West Fujian have been greatly

government in Nanjing worsened living situation ofdeveloped since 1920s, and the commodity economy inwood merchants. Before 1934, except paying duties,

mountain areas has shown an view of active

special tax, the wood merchants must be assessed to pay

development. However, the development of commodity

more than 60 kinds of local taxes. All taxes and levies

economy in this period was at the cost of the destruction

aggravated the presseure of wood merchants andof the ecological balance and the deterioration of thehindered the forestry trade development.

ecological environment in the mountains. Among them,Moreover, the development of forestry trade is

the development of two major industries tea and woodaccompanied by serious traffic problems. The

has the greatest impact on the ecological environment incharacteristics of mountainous area has created two

mountain areas. The forestry trade development inmajor circulation routes for goods. One ot them was roadWestern Fujian has experienced a period fromfrom Zhangzhou to Longyan, but before New China

flourishing to declining, and the forest resources havebandits appeared in this road without poor public

been overexploitation and ecological rehabilitation. The

security, and the merchants lose wealth and goods

ecological environment problems caused by the forestry

frequently. The other one is waterway from Shantou

trade development are also obvious in Western Fujian.

through Chaozhou, gathered at Fengshi then throughFirst, the rapid development of forestry trade

Kanshi to Longyan. This route spent half month to go

makes forest ecosystems evidently deteriorated, and thethroughtheecological service function and ecological products

development of forestry trade, the backwardness of

output of forest resources in Western Fujian decreasedtransportation in Western Fujian has gradually became

significantly. The ecological products supply is provided

visible. Wood transported mostly by water to weave aby the normal forest ecosystem. Once the area of forest

raft drifting down the river. But in autumn and winteris too small, the ecological products will become scarce,

the river becomes shallow and the raft can not beeven turning to zero. The decrease of forest number will

carried, thus affecting the timber trade development,

lead to ecological crisis, and decreasesd in windbreakcausing serious damage of wood merchants. Trafficand soilproblems have become more and more obviously in thediversity decreasement and so on. The disorderly andprocess of forestry trade, which limited the expansion of

uncontrolled exploitation of forest resources led to lessforestry trade and the timber market.

and less forest conservation, which can not fix the sand,shipping

andshouldering.

With

fixation, dust absorption and the species

a large mount of sediment in the rainy season was
flushed into river teaches. The waterway was silted up,
formating the downstream jams.
In 1958, the soil erosion area is 170.38 km−−

長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

accounting for 0.89% of the total land area in Western

China. In 1940s, Changting county set up a water and soil

Fujian; In 1987, the soil erosion area expanded to 1795.77

conservation organization, which is one of the three key

km (1379 km of mountain), 9.54 times more thanthat inexperimental areas for soil and water conservation in1958 year; The annual sediment loss in the whole area

China together with Tianshui city of Gansu Province,amounts to 12 million tons equivalent to an annual loss of

Changan city of Shanxi province. According to the

80 thousand acres of arable land, and the nutrient loss isremote sensing survey in 1985, the soil erosion area ineven more amazing. Calculated according to the amountWestern Fujian 3.747 million mu, accounting for 13.13%of nitrogen in plough layer 0.115%, annual loss of pureof territory area, of which less erosion was 2.513 million

nitrogen was 13.8 thousand tons and the equivalent of

mu accounting for 67.07%; Moderate erosion was 673

83.6 thousand tons of oxygen bicarbonate. It equaled

thousand mu, accounting for 17.96%; the strength

66.2% of the nitrogen fertilizer inputs in 1987. According

erosion was 425 thousand mu, accounting for 11.34%; theto forestry census data in 1983; the ratio of coniferous

pole strength erosion was 136 thousand mu, accounting

forest to broadleaf forest is 10: 1. The young plantationsfor 2.63%. soil erosion area of Changting county wasof total forest accounted for 71.5%, and the mid-aged

1.462 million mu, accounting for the territory area wasplantations accounted for 5.9%, the mature forest is only

up to 31.5% .

22.6%; because the existing broad-leaved forest area of

According to statistics in 2011, from 2000 to 2011

forest was so small and mature forest was low

year the total soil erosion control area in Western Fujian

proportion that the forest soil and water conservation

was 2.965 million mu, of which 1.63 million mu wascapacity decreased .

completely controled. The area of soil and water loss inSecond, the forestry development has led to a great

Changting county dropped to 476.9 thousand mu, andincrease of original forest felling, but due to the lack of

reduced nearly 1 million mu from 1.462 million mu inecological awareness, local residents was cutting more

1985, of which the strength erosion area reduced 135.7

and planting less, which resulted in a large area of forest

thousand mu than that in 1999. In the first half of 2012,

destruction. A large number of mountain surface

the whole region controled soil erosion areas 460.99

exposed outside. On the one hand, this formed athousand mu by forest and grass measures, accounting

longitudinal section of the landslide, on the other handfor 102.4% of the planning tasks 450 thousand mu . The

which formed irreversible destruction of the ecosystem

agricultural production conditions in the controlled areas

due to the mountain soil texture, which is unable to growhave been remarkably improved, and the characteristic

new trees. Because of the geographical distribution ofindustries have been developing rapidly, which ismore mountains and hills in Western Fujian, coupledbeneficial to promote the local agricultural production,with unreasonable deforestation and the mode of

the income increase of farmers and the development of

economic development, soil erosion is much morerural economy.

serious, and it is one of the most serious soil erosion

Third, the changes in biodiversity of forest

areas in Fujian province. Changting county was the mostecosystems. Uncontrolled deforestation in the mountain

serious particularly, which was one of the most serious

forest caused rapid reductions in the adult forest, andsoil erosion counties in the red soil region of southerneven the arbor seedlings began to decrease gradually.

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The Changes of Forestry Trade Development in Western Fujian and the Influences on Ecological Environment

On the one hand, new arbor seedlings can not follow theWestern Fujian; The second, a strong contrast between

planting, on the other hand, soil erosion leads to thethe circulation of commodities demand and lagging ofdifficulty of seedling regeneration, and results thetransportation

extinction of some arbor species. At the same time, somemodernization of society and economy in Western

shrub species in forest ecosystems can not be used andFujian, and also suggests the way out of social andover life growth breeding poisonous and harmful plant

economic development; The third, villages and towns

species. In the original forest soil, a large number

concentrates in the mountain basin and river valley

nutrients are consumed by infinite growth shrubs,

which are divided. The situation not only provides

poisonous and harmful species. In addition the arbor

natural conditions for the relatively closed traditional

species that have been cut down, some plant species

customs of the society in Western Fujian, but also

which fail inprovides the soil for the family power growth.

competition

gradually

disappear.

conditions,whichhinderstheAccompanied by the decreasement of biodiversity, theSecond, the impact of ecological environment on theforest ecosystem arrived subtle changes, which is easy

peasants and the economy in West Fujian. The

to lose balance.

increasingly small-scale peasant economy is the root of
the social unrest in West Fujian in the first half of 20th

4. The Experience and Inspiration of Social
Developmen from The Change of Ecological
Environment

Century, and the social control system established withit has a strong traditional succession. the local clan andgentry forces took an important role in society, andneighbourhood administrative system and vigilante

In human social production activities, economic

group are the derivatives. The deterioration of social

systems and ecosystems are organically integrated into

control system was accompanied with the decline ofan ecological economic system by the links of material

small economies. So we could see such a vicious cycle:

cycles, energy flows, information transmission and value-

the deterioration of the human environment -- theadded and so on. The contradiction between theimpoverishment of small-scale peasant economy -- social

unlimited demand of ecological system by human social

unresting - further deterioration of the human

production and the limited capacity of the productivity

environment -- further impoverishment of small-scaleand resource renewal by ecological system to meet thispeasant economy. This is the basic feature of rural social

demand. The basic contradiction is more and moreand economic development in Western Fujian in the firstobvious with the conquering nature step and expanding

half of 20th Century . It also reflects the closehuman economic activities.

relationship between ecological environment and social

First, the ecological environment is closely related

economy.

to economic development and social change. The first,

In the first half of 20th Century, the decline of social

there is more mountain and less people caused not only

economy in Western Fujian was the result of the double

much land to farm, but also per amount of capita arable

restriction of local ecological environment and humanland is small, which constitute the two basic elements

environment. Compared with the latter, the former is awhich limited the social and economic development of

more long-term restriction. The further evolution−−

長崎県立大学東アジア研究所『東アジア評論』第 号（．）

history of society in West Fujian in the latter half of 20th

system. It has many functions, such as climate

Century could provide us with another powerfuladjustment, water conservation, water and soil

evidence. Since 1950s, the economic society development

conservation, wind resistance, sand fixation, pollution

in Western Fujian has reached a certain development

prevention, environment beautification and so on.

space

due to the change of the human environment.

Ancient people have many simple understanding about

However, the rural economic structure which is mainly

the important role of forest in agricultural economic

restricted by the ecological environment in history,

ecosystem. This precious cultural heritage is worthy of

there is still limited room for development. In fact, by the

excavating, summarizing, carrying forward seriously.

middle of 1990s, the agricultural population in Western

There are excellent forest production conditions in

Fujian still accounted for 81.56% of the total population,

mountain area of Western Fujian, and the forestry

and the local economy was still in a backward state.

development potential is great, but in modern times

Western Fujian is one of the 18 contiguous poor areas inbecause of the blind pursuiting of timber economic value,

China, with a large area of poverty. There are

deforestation, adoptsthe disorderly, it could not play the

Shanghang, Wuping, Changting, Liancheng and other 4favorable conditions of the original envieroment, but alsocounties, 47 townships in this region. Therefore, theget the opposite result of the ecological environment

impact of the ecological environment on society isdeterioration will be appeared, which caused all kinds ofenormous, and it can affect the development of local

hazards. Therefore, the central work of developing

economy and social progress for a long time and a large

forestry should be transferred from log production toscale.

forest management and protection. Planting tree andThird, in Western Fujian, the basic contradiction ofconserving forest are not only the central link of thethe ecology economic system is also becoming more andeconomic development in mountain areas, but are also

more obvious and aggravating with the development of

the key link to protect the ecological environment andsocial production. The ecological economic system

restore the ecological balance .

formed by human economic activities exists above basic
contradictions, so the human economic activities also

Annotation:
Cultural and Historical data ResearchCommittee of Longyan Municipal Committee
Fujian province of the Chinese Peopleʼs Political
Consultative Conference(1998): the 75th restrictedpublication of Longyan, p 23.
Cultural and Historical data ResearchCommittee of Longyan Municipal Committee
Fujian province of the Chinese Peopleʼs Political
Consultative Conference(2006): Cultural andHistorical Data of Western Fujian, p 84.
Dai Yifeng ( 2004 ) :Regional
Economic
Development and Social Change--- Taking theModern Fujian Region As the Center, Yuelu
Publishing House, p 280.
Dai Yifeng ( 2004 ) :Regional
Economic
Development and Social Change--- Taking the

restricted by it. Therefore, human economic activities
must face up to this basic contradiction. Our social
production development is not only to pursue theeconomic efficiency, but also emphasizes the ecologicalbenefits, which keep the dynamic balance of ecologicaleconomic system in the development of social
production, so as to ensure the harmonious operation of
ecological economic system. This is also the basic
principle should be followed in the exploitation anddevelopment of mountain.
Fourth, forest is the pillar of natural ecological−−

The Changes of Forestry Trade Development in Western Fujian and the Influences on Ecological Environment

Modern Fujian Region As the Center, Yuelu
Publishing House, p 169.
Dai Yifeng ( 2004 ) :Regional
Economic
Development and Social Change--- Taking theModern Fujian Region As the Center, Yuelu
Publishing House, p 252.
Dai Yifeng ( 2004 ) :Regional
Economic
Development and Social Change--- Taking theModern Fujian Region As the Center, Yuelu
Publishing House, p 170.
Qiu Binghao(1990): Economic Research on
Western Fujian, China Planning Press, p 85.
Standing Committee of Longyan Municipal
Peopleʼs Congress(2012): Compilation of Special
Reports on Ecological Longyan Construction in2012, p 16.
Fu Qisheng, Zeng Xianhua(2006): Literature of
Revolutionary History in Western Fujian,Memorial Hall of Gutian Conference, p 63.
Dai Yifeng ( 2004 ) : Regional Economic
Development and Social Change--- Taking theModern Fujian Region As the Center, Yuelu
Publishing House, p 175.
Dai Yifeng ( 2004 ) : Regional Economic
Development and Social Change--- Taking theModern Fujian Region As the Center, Yuelu
Publishing House, p 288.

1928-1931).
Qiu Binghao(1990): Economic Research on Western
Fujian, China Planning Press.
Standing Committee of Longyan Municipal Peopleʼs
Congress(2012): Compilation of Special Reports on
Ecological Longyan Construction in 2012.
Longyan Municipal Committee on Cultural andHistorical Data Collection Committee in Fujian
Province of the Chinese Peopleʼs Political Consultative
Conference(1982): Cultural and Historical Data ofWestern Fujian(the 5th).
Longyan Municipal Committee on Cultural andHistorical Data Collection Committee in Fujian
Province of the Chinese Peopleʼs Political Consultative
Conference(1987): Cultural and Historical Data ofWestern Fujian(the 15th).
Fu Qisheng, Zeng Xianhua(2006): Literature of
Revolutionary History in Western Fujian, Memorial
Hall of Gutian Conference.

References:

Statistics Department of Longyan(2009): Glorious course

Cultural and Historical data Research Committee ofof 60 years--- Development of Longyan since theLongyan Municipal Committee Fujian province of thefounding of new China, Statistics Department ofChinese Peopleʼs Political Consultative Conference

Longyan.

(1998): the 75th restricted publication of Longyan.
Cultural and Historical data Research Committee ofLongyan Municipal Committee Fujian province of theChinese Peopleʼs Political Consultative Conference(2006): Cultural and Historical Data of Western Fujian(the 8th).
Dai Yifeng(2004): Regional Economic Development andSocial Change--- Taking the Modern Fujian Region As
the Center, Yuelu Publishing House.
Central Archives, Fujian archives(1985): Collection of
Revolutionary

History

Documentsof

Fujian(Documents of Each County Party Committee from−−