ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ǵ2005 ॷ 10 ೐
Asian and African Area Studies, 5 (1): 72-84, 2005̢͖ͻ͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲʳᠡៗ⏎ᄩ‫ޅ‬Ϻᰖ࡝ɭᅊ઴࡝ɹཉȦྋˁ‫ݏ‬ʠʳɛʠɴ⏎ᇑǵဈǵ᧷ǵ໹*Misunderstandings of “New Ecology” by Environmental Anthropologists:
Toward Fruitful Collaboration between Environmental
Anthropology and Ecology
Momose Kuniyasu*
I n recent st ud ies i n a nt h ropolog y a nd sociolog y, st at ic v iew poi nt s a reoften criticized or rejected. An unfortunate result of this is that, in the fields ofenvironmental issues, sound and realistic goals like sustaining stable conditions
are sometimes rejected. However, static vs. dynamic viewpoints depend merely on
the temporal and spatial scales of the phenomena treated. Thus, static viewpoints
should not always be rejected, but appropriate viewpoints must be chosen dependingon scales. The very famous and frequently cited paper by Scoones [1999] statesthat as static viewpoints had been rejected in ecology (he calls it “new ecology”),
social sciences concerned with environments should also be reformed. As he noted,
there was a dispute between older equilibrium theories and newer non-equilibrium
theories in the field of ecology in 1970s-80s. However, this dispute centered simply
on the ranges of temporal and spatial scales in which equilibrium models canremain effective. Scoones and a number of authors referring to his paper seem tomisunderstand that equilibrium ecological theories are totally rejected through theequilibrium vs. non-equilibrium dispute. Here, I introduce some examples in which
ecological theories have contributed to the progress of environmental anthropology.
In these examples, contrary to Scoones’s opinion, equilibrium ecological theories
were useful to understand the reasons and processes of transformation of socioenvironmental conditions, not only the maintenance mechanisms of stable statuses.

∗ ડ࠮߂࡝ᦅ࡝ᨆ⏋Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University2005 ॷ 1 ೐ 21 ౗‫؝‬Њ⏋2005 ॷ 7 ೐ 11 ౗‫؝‬ჿ72ᇑဈ⏧̢͖ͻ͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲʳᠡៗ

1̝ࠂࢧకᆪ޸ѝмуѽ౞സ޸ᅩᇨѪѠণ‫ݴ‬ᦏॷɹϺᰖ࡝⏋኏Ц࡝ɫɻ⏋‫ࡴܔ‬ᇕ⏋ᯁᇕɲឿ౅ɴࢪɐʳ᧌րɲ୕‫ؙو‬ਝȵឿʰʶʳ⏏ɄɹɄɞʼʱɻ⏋ȡʚʱෑጩɴɲʳɭȡʰʪʳ‫ݭ‬ᯆɫ೑ࢀɭਲ਼ʼʶʳȵ⏋႕ɴᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴᬠɐʳᡴᠶɫɻ⏋߂ȷɲࢀੲˁʢɛʰɐ⏏ȋ࡫ࡴɌɛႥ઴ˁᐣ୫ɐʳȍɭȦȩෑʠɩҫԃȴɦჼࡸᇕɲᇿฌˁ୕‫و‬ɐʳɄɭɴɦɲȵʳȴʰɞ⏏ᯁᇕɴឿʳʭʱ֪ᇕɴឿɛʓȩȵᯆᇐȦ⏋࡫ࡴႥ઴ɹᐣ୫ʭʱᅊଁ͹޴ࢅɹ᧌ዐȵᖂ٢ཉȦɭȦȩɹɫȡʶɽ⏋ɗʶɻ߫ʛɹ‫ک‬ᰍɴ᧌ȹɲȦɹɫ⏋ຩȵཕʞʚɫɄɞʼɤɩʢȦȦ⏏ɌȴɌᯁᇕɲឿ౅ɻᬚ᧓Ȧɫ⏋࡫ࡴɹᐣ୫ɭȦȩᇿฌˁ៯ࡴɐʏȷɫɲȦ⏋ɭȦʼʶʳɭ⏋ɗʶɻɭ˃ɫʢɲȦࢀੲɞ⏏቉ድᓔɛɠɹ֯ଝɲ߫ʛʦΥಁᇕɲ቉ድ̜ͤͲ̝ˁ⏋‫ک‬ᰍࢪՃɹჼ‫ݭ‬ɴ୫ɠᦉʚʶɩɻ‫ܐ‬ʳ⏏ɌȴɌࡸ᭬ɴɗȩȦȩɄɭȵᣱɄʱɦɦȡʳ⏏
ᯁᇕɲឿ౅ɭ֪ᇕɲឿ౅ˁ᪟ȼࢪጓɇɓ⏋Υ౅ɹʛˁ஛ᅎɐʳɭȦȩ઴঎ɴኽɻ⏋ధᩄᇕ଴வɴࢪɐʳ́Ͳ˽ɹ๕߭ˁઢɍ‫؜‬ɤɩɌʚȩ⏏ɲɕɲʰᯁᇕ⏋֪ᇕɭȦȩɹɻ⏋‫ک‬ᰍɴɌɩȦʳಁᬚɭዷᬚɹ˽˭ͻ͡ɴћࡔɌɩȦʳɴ᧌ȹɲȦȴʰɞ⏏ʢɹɅɭˁధᩄᇕɴ଩ȩɄɭɴીʶɩȦʶɽɗʶɻɐȽɴຩɧȼɄɭɲɹɞȵ⏏
ёˁ୲Ɂʭȩ⏏ధ‫ॷן‬ГԒɹˠͻ̋ͻɫʢɹˁᓒȭʳɭȷ⏋ʓɭ˃ɰɹ‫⏋غݭ‬ዛ⏃Species⏧ȋዛȍɹࡴᒶˁʠȽʳᡴᠶɻȡʳȵɄɄɫɻጓɠԂʰɲȦ⏆ɻέ޴ɫȡʳɭᓒȭɩԃȼ‫ک‬ᰍɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ధΨॷȴʰధ‫מ‬Ψॷˁᣳȭʳˠͻ̋ͻɫʢɹˁᓒȭʳɲʰ⏋ዛɻ޴‫׋‬ɐʳʢɹɭɌɩ଩ʼɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ధ‫ॷמ‬ዐ঎ɹಁᬚ˽˭ͻ͡ɹჼᢒˁ଩ɤɩȦʳɹɴ⏋ȋȡɲɛɻዛˁ‫ࡴܔ‬ɌɛʢɹɭʛɲɌɩȦʳȍɲɰɭ۪ʛЊȦɩȼʳϺȵȦɛʰ⏋ۢጷɹࢪᢒɫɌȴɲȦ⏏ࢪᢒȵɄʶɭᅵɲʳ‫غݭ‬ɫʢ⏋ȋȡɲɛɻǣǣˁ‫ࡴܔ‬ɌɛʢɹɭʛɲɌɩȦʳȍɭᠨȴˁఓ௖Ɍɛɭȷ⏋ȡʳȦɻɇʶɛɭȷ⏋ࡸɻɗʶɻΫɹёɹ޴০ɫɻɲȦɹȴɭԳᯁɴ‫ن‬٢ɌɩʛɛʰʭȦ⏏
ዷᬚ˽˭ͻ͡ɴɦȦɩ๖ɴ୲ɁʳёɻΫɹёʓɰྜྷዡɇȵȡȴʰɇʚɫɻɲȦȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ధ‫̜͡ͻ͍מ‬ɹˠͻ̋ͻˁࢪᢒɭɐʳɲʰ⏋ගകɹᏼଁɻɛȭɑ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌధᇑ͍ͻ̜͡ГΫɹˠͻ̋ͻɫɹॶ‫ܯ‬ᇕɲගകɹᏼଁˁ‫ک‬ᰍɴɐʳɹɲʰ⏋ɗʶɻ࡫ࡴɌɛ
Ⴅ઴ɴȡʳɭʛɲɌɩȴʚʼɲȦ⏏Ʉʶȵෑሂ͐˸˓˪ᠦȡʳȦɻ˧̺֪͑̒઴ჿᠶ␩Watt1947␭ɫȡʳ⏏˧̺֪͑̒઴ჿᠶɭɻ⏋ᯁᇕɲឿ౅ɹᦲᅎɐʳ˽˭ͻ͡ˁᭉࡴɐʳᓒȭ౅ɫȡɤɩ⏋ΥᨆɹϺȵᠡៗɌɩȦʳʭȩɲᯁᇕɲឿ౅ɹԃᯆ‫ࡴو‬ɫɻుɍɩɲȦ⏏
Scoones [1999] ɹȋNew ecology and the social sciences: What prospects for a fruitfulengagement?ȍɭȦȩ೑‫ؿ‬ɫෑʠɩᰈᑢɴৄᅎɇʶʳᠶయȵȡʳ⏏Ʉɹᠶయɻ⏋ᅊ઴࡝ɴȲȦɩ‫ࡴܔ‬ᇕ⏋ᯁᇕɲឿ౅ȵ‫ࡴو‬ɇʶɛɹɴЫȦ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬ˁ଩ȩ኏Цዀ࡝ɴʢ޴ᯊȵਖឹɞ⏋ɭς৓ɌɩȦʳ⏏ኽȵΫɴೆȦɛɄɭˁᠧʠɽ⏋Ʉɹς৓ɻɭ˃ɫʢɲȦᬚ᧓ȦɞɭȦȩɄɭȵʼȴ
73ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ʳɞʸȩ⏏
ተ ȴ ɴ ᅊ ઴ ࡝ ɴ Ȳ Ȧ ɩ⏋ ॶ ᝝ Ņ ᯃ ॶ ᝝ ᠶ ϝ ɭ Ȧ ȩ ʢ ɹ ȵ ȡ ɤ ɛ␩Connell 1978; Strong1982␭⏏̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɭ٧ʉɴɻʦʦ‫إ‬ȦಁБɹ᠌ɞ⏏ॶ᝝Ņᯃॶ᝝ᠶϝɭɻлȴɭȦȭɽ⏋ᯁᇕɲឿ౅ɐɲʼɠॶ᝝ჿᠶȵᦲᅎɐʳಁᬚ⏋ዷᬚ˽˭ͻ͡ˁឿෑʠʳс෌ɴЈɲʰɲȦ⏃ɛɭȭɽΫɹෑሂ͐˸˓˪ᠦɴȲȦɩ⏋ధᇑ͍ͻ̜͡ГΫɹˠͻ̋ͻɫɹॶ‫ܯ‬ᇕɲගകɹᏼଁˁ‫ک‬ᰍɴɐʳɹɲʰ⏋ɗʶɻ࡫ࡴɌɛႥ઴ɴȡʳɭʛɲɓʳȵ⏋ʭʱࢸɇȦ˽˭ͻ͡ɫɻɗɹʭȩɴɻ଩ȭɲȦ⏋ɭȦȩɄɭˁឿෑʠʳс෌ȵɗʶɴȡɛʳ⏆⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩȋᠶϝȍɭɲʳɹɻ⏋‫ޅ‬ᅠᇕɲႥ໥ɹʛɫȡʱ⏋ॶ᝝ჿᠶɫ଩ȭʳɄɭȵ౩ʰȴɲ˭ͻ˽ɴɦȦɩɻ႕ɴ᠌
ᰍɴɻɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗɹɛʠԃкɹჿៗˁ๕Ȧɛʚʚᠶϝ՟ೝɹᠶయɞȿˁᠧʠɽॶ᝝ჿᠶȵԃᯆ‫ࡴو‬ɇʶɛ⏋ɭȦȩᠡៗȵᅋʚʶʳɹȴʢሾʶɲȦ⏏ॶ᝝Ņᯃॶ᝝ᠶϝɭɻԃᯆ଍ϝɫɻɲȼ⏋θᓔɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠˁᅙࡴɐʳɛʠɹ‫ݖܩ‬Ꮺϝɲɹɞ⏏
ГάɫʢȩࢹɌ᠎Ɍȼ⏋Scoones ɹᠶయˁଫՠᇕɴ᏷Ђɐʳ⏏ኽɻ⏋Օᩃᬚɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠ᯿‫ݖ‬ɴώʱՏɌɩȷɛϺˁᐿʠՏɌɛȦɭਲ਼ɤɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ኽᕶ᤹ʢᦥɹጓ‫ݭ‬ɫɗʶɲʱɴᗑ
֝ɌɩȦʳɹɞȴʰ⏏ʚɛ⏋ГάɴឿʰʶʳᠡៗɴᬠɌ Scoones ɹჿៗέ᣸ɞȿˁ᢮ʠʳɹɻᨦɫ⏋ᅊ઴࡝ᓔɹᐵୠέ᣸⏋ᠦ౩έ᣸ɴᣱ‫܍‬ɐʳᨆՕʢ޽Ȧɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩГάɫɻ
Scoones ଫՠɹʛɫᏺʼʰɓɑɴ⏋ॶ᝝ჿᠶɴᬠɐʳᐵୠέ᣸⏋ᠦ౩έ᣸ˁជȩʭȩਕȵȿɛɦʢʱɫȡʳ⏏
৳ɻ⏋1970 ॷБʭʱմɴȲȴʶɩȦɛմரɭɌɩᯁᇕ (static)⏋ॶ᝝ (equilibrium)⏋ᕶးɹ̫͞Ͳ˽ (balance of nature) ɭȦȩʢɹȵȡʱ⏋֐࡝ʚɛɻ֪઴ (dynamics)⏋ಁዷᬚɴȲȿʳ޴‫( ׋‬variability across time and space) ȵံែɇʶɩȷɛ⏋ɭᦚʏɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ॶ᝝ɴᬠɐʳჿᠶɻ֪઴⏋ಁዷᬚɴȲȿʳ޴‫׋‬ˁக᭑ɌɲȦ⏏ȡʳ޴ధ⏃ɛɭȭɽᅊ႒ɹ҅кధ⏋႒ᣒɹ࿣঎ɲɰ⏆ɹᏼɹಁᬚ޴‫׋‬ȵ਎Օ౅ዐিȴेՕ౅ዐিɫ៨ᦚɫȷ⏋‫מ‬Օɲಁᬚȵᐁɩɽෑᭉ
ғ⏃ॶ᝝ဣ⏆ɴ‫ؚ‬೺ɐʳɭȷ⏋ଂǾɻɗɹ޴ధɹᏼˁॶ᝝ჿᠶɫ଩ɤɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏ភధɹॶ᝝ဣȵȡʱ⏋ɗɹɰʶɴ‫ؚ‬೺ɐʳȴȵ՟ೝғɴћࡔɐʳɭȦȩɄɭʢȡʱȩʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋৳ȵᓒૅɌɩȦɲȦёɭɌɩ⏋޴ధɹᏼȵෑᭉɹ୷֪Ⴅ઴⏃̜͊̒͠˵˓˪͡⏆ɴ‫ؚ‬೺ɐʳ‫غݭ‬ȵȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʢॶ᝝ჿᠶɴ‫ي‬ʠɩȦȦʭȩɴਲ਼ȩ⏏୷֪Ⴅ઴ʍ‫ؚ‬೺ɐʳᏙɻ‫إ‬ȼȴʰჿᠶᇕɴʢჼ
ࡸɴʢሾʰʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ɗʶˁᯃॶ᝝ (non-equilibrium) ɭ٧ʉϺɻȦɲȦȴʰɞ⏏
๖ɴ৳ɻȋ‫إ‬Ȧȍॶ᝝ჿᠶɹёɭɌɩ⏋ඨᅊ᧦ውᠶ⏃ປ‫ۄ‬ɭɌɩɹඨᅊ೑ลкᠶ⏆⏋҅кᒴ֪઴ᠶ⏃႕ɴࢌ঎ћࡔᇕ‫֓ވ‬რ⏆⏋͍́ˠ˽̘̊ˑ̒˪ɲᅊ઴Ꮩჿᠶ⏋ऄᅊ႒࡝⏃ዛధᯆዩᬠѥ⏆ˁ୲ɁɩȦʳ⏏৳ɻ⏋ɄʶʰɹჿᠶɴȲȦɩ⏋਋ӯ֐ȵӈȼॶ᝝ဣ⏃࡫ࡴॶ᝝ဣ⏆ɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳɄɭɻ⏋ȋbalance of natureȍˁѵߑɐʳੲɌȷШᐏɞɭਲ਼ɤɩȦʳʭȩɞ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ꮩɹॶ᝝ဣɴ‫ك‬ȴɤɩ਋ӯ֐ȵӈȼɄɭɻ⏋ៗȵୟతɌɲȦ਎Օ౅ዐিɫɻᰈᑢɴᇍᅊɐʳȡʱʈʶɛɄɭɫȡʱ⏋ჼᢒˁధᩄᇕɴ଩ȩᭉʱ⏋ȦʦɫʢᰈᑢɴкᱻɓɊʳˁ਄ɲȦ⏏Ɍɛ74ᇑဈ⏧̢͖ͻ͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲʳᠡៗȵɤɩɄʶɻໆɌɩံ൓୞ɲѵߑɫɻɲȦ⏏
Υ౅৳ɻ⏋ᯃॶ᝝ჿᠶɭɌɩ⏋ᯃᐻ০ɫភధɹॶ᝝ဣȵȡʳ͐̚͡⏋ˡˠ˽⏋ᯃໆࡴᠶ͐̚͡ˁ୲ɁɩȦʳ⏏ʚɑ 1 ᅱᇿɻॶ᝝ჿᠶɲɹɫ৳ɹ୭௎ɻᠡʱɫȡʳ⏏2 ᅱᇿɹˡˠ˽ɻᔶ቉
ድɲɰɫɻᩂឹɭਲ਼ʼʶʳȵ⏋ˡˠ˽ჿᠶˁ‫؜‬ʱԂʶɩଁ֒Ɍɛᅊ઴࡝ɹჿᠶɻɲȼ⏋ˡˠ˽ȵ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹ‫د‬ᰄ (emergence of new ecology) ˁৄȷᣱɄɌɛɭɻȦȭɲȦ⏃Ё৿лʰȴɹ޴ᯊˁʁȷᣱɄɐ‫خ‬ᔨਸɻ̄ͦɫɻɲȦ⏆⏏
3 ᅱᇿɴɦȦɩ⏋μៀฐ௦ϕᠦȵᯃॶ᝝ჿᠶɭɌɩΥಁೝࡺШɇʶɛ␩Connell 1978␭⏏μៀฐ௦ϕᠦȵ⏋ࡴਸᇕᓒ࢘ɹʛɴʭɤɩர‫ڟ‬ɇʶɛয়ಁɻਃഀɹങᏼʛɭԃȼ᧓ȩʢɹɫȡʳȴɹʭȩɴ‫؝‬ȿ‫؜‬ʰʶɩȲʱ⏋Scoones ɻɗɹয়ಁɹᡴᠶˁȩȿɩॶ᝝Ņᯃॶ᝝ᠶϝˁჿៗɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɗɹ৿⏋μៀฐ௦ϕᠦɻਃഀɹॶ᝝ჿᠶɹিɴተრᇕɲ޴‫׋‬ˁ‫ؙ‬౱ɇɓɛ᯵ˁࢷԂɌɩ቉ድɇʶɛ␩षи 1990; Renshaw 1991␭⏏ɗʶȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲɤɛɹɻ˱Ͳ̴͖ͻ̊ͻɹᇍ᧒ɴʭʳɭɄʸȵ߂ȷȼ⏋‫ݜ‬ೣᇕˏ˓̚ˏɭɌɩᯊృᇕɭȦȩʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏‫מ‬Օɲಁᬚȵᐁ᧌Ɍɛ৿ɹྈॶ᝝ᇕɲႥ઴ɴ໶ᇿɐʳဣʢਃഀɰȲʱɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ৳ȵ 3 ᅱᇿɴ୲Ɂɛᯃॶ᝝ჿᠶɻ⏋ॶ᝝ჿᠶɹ͇˓̠ͻ̍˙Ͳ˻ɫȡɤɩ⏋Ʉʶˁ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹ‫د‬ᰄɲɰɭ٧ʉɹɻ⏋ɑȦʉ˃߂Ɂɇɞɭਲ਼ȩ⏏ተȴɴᯃॶ᝝ჿᠶɹБᝠɭɌɩɹμៀฐ௦ϕᠦɻர‫ڟ‬ɇʶɩᬚʢɲȦɄʸɴɻ́Ͳ́ͻ˹͚̠͡ɲ୼ȭ౅ˁɇʶɩȦɛȵ⏋ʭȼද២Ɍɩʛɛʰਃഀɹങᏼʛɭೣᣒᇕɲ᧓Ȧɻɲȴɤɛɹɞ⏏
ʚ ɛ ৳ ɴ ʭ ʳ ɭ⏋ ޴ ᅵ ਸ (variability)⏋ ‫ ܌‬ॠ ֐ (resilience)⏋ ୫ ᐚ ਸ (persistence)⏋ ୄ ଻ ਸ(resistance)⏋ઢ঎ (sensitivity) ɭȦɤɛృɌȦᅎ᠝ˁʢɭɴॶ᝝ჿᠶɹങᏼʛȵᆄʼʶɩȦʳɭȦȩ⏏৳ᕶ᤹ʢ᠗ʠʳʭȩɴɄʶʰɹᅎ᠝ɹьʼʶ౅ɻɇʚɊʚɞȵ⏋Ȧɑʶɹៜᘽʢॶ᝝ჿᠶɴȲȦɩ⏋ȦʦʞɌʸॶ᝝ჿᠶɹʓȩɫʭʱ⏋ಔᦲɴьʼʶʳ⏏
৳ɻ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹ 3 ɦɹ႕ਐˁ୲Ɂ⏋኏Цዀ࡝ɫʢ̮ͤ͞͡ɲᡴᠶȵ‫خ‬ᔨɞɭȦȩ⏏
ɗʶʰɻ⏋1⏏ಁᬚᇕ⏋ዷᬚᇕɲ޴‫׋‬ˁ଩ȩ⏏2⏏ࣆ঎ (scale) ᬚɹᯃᐻ০ᇕɲᬠѥˁᓒૅɌ⏋͞Ͳ̝˽˭ͻ̺ɫɹᅊ઴ᇕ᧌ዐˁჿៗɐʳ⏃ፆᓔɹៗᨾɫɄʶˁᎎ‫׬‬ɴៜɤɩɌʚȭɽ⏋ԃкȵᨆՕɹᐵ‫ٮ‬ɫɲȦɭȦȩઝ٢ɫȡʳ⏆⏏3⏏ჼႥˁჿៗɐʳȩȭɫ๴‫ر‬ˁᩂែɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ȦɑʶʢɄʶʚɫɹμਕᇕ᠌ᰍɞɤɛॶ᝝Ņᯃॶ᝝ᠶϝɭɻံᬠѥɫȡʳ⏏Ʉʶʰɹȩɠ⏋1⏋3ɻ౬ȴʰៜʼʶɩȷɛ⏏2 ɻ⏋ተȴɴ೎ᦏɹ֪‫ك‬ɭȦȭʳȵ⏋Ʉʶʢ‫ݜ‬ኄჿᠶɹ޴‫׋‬ɫɻɲȼ⏋˱Ͳ̴͖ͻ̊ͻɹᇍ᧒ɴʭʱჿᠶᇕ቉ድȵൔຍɴʦʱʦɐȼɲɤɛɄɭɹ৯ᯱȵ߂ȷȦ⏏
ɄɄʚɫɹᠶయմ‫ץ‬ɹᐵୠˁᦚʏʭȩ⏏৳ȵ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɹ‫د‬ᰄɹ‫ؿ‬ɫɇɌɩȦʳԒࢅɻ⏋˱Ͳ̴͖ͻ̊ͻɹᇍ᧒ɴʭʱధჿᅊ઴࡝ɹ౅໬ȵྻᦽᇕɴ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȷɛɄɭˁɇɌɩȦʳɭៗᨾɫȷʳ⏏Ʉʶˁॶ᝝Ņᯃॶ᝝ᠶϝɭɌɩჿៗɐʳɹɻᠡៗɫȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋‫ݜ‬ኄჿᠶɴ߂
ȷɲ޴ೃȵȡɤɛɭᓒȭʳɹʢᠡʱɫȡʳ⏏гɌ⏋‫إ‬Ԏᇕᒴ༾ໃɹக᭑⏋҅к༾ໃɹԗተ᠗Ȳʭʃᝐᑉ༾ໃෙਥɹተጓ␩Hamilton 1971␭ɴʭʳᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ɹᇍࣙɻ 1970 ॷБɹᩂឹɲჿᠶ
75ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ᇕᯊృɫ⏋Гάɫෙ៎ɐʳᠶయ৿‫ץ‬ɴʢཉȼᬠѥɌɩȼʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɲɕȴɄʶɴɦȦɩɻ៘ʶɑ⏋ᇕ޺ʶɲॶ᝝ჿᠶଫՠɴᏺࠃɌɩȦʳ⏏
৳ɻɇʰɴᅊ઴࡝ɹȋ޴ᯊȍɭ኏Цዀ࡝ɹᬠᦹɴɦȦɩᠶˁᦽʠɩȦʳ⏏մரȵᬚ᧓ɤɩɻȦʳʢɹɹᐄഗᇕɴ๭ɌȦ୭௎ʢȦȼɦȴɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ʚɑ⏋ᅊ઴Ϻᰖ࡝ (ecological anthropology) ɴɦȦɩɹ৳ɹ୭௎ɻГάɹɭȲʱɫȡʳ⏏‫إ‬Ȧങᏼʛɫɻ͍́ˠ˽̘̊ˑ̒˪ɴᠭ፲ɇʶ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬ɴћࡔɐʳϺɛɠˁயȷՏɌɩȷɛ⏏Ʉʶɻลᔨςᒶᇕ⏃৳ɻ̜̺̒̋˗Ͳˏ̺ͦͻ̍ɹ˹˽̘͌ᠶɭȦȩઝ٢ɫьɤɩȦʳ⏆ɫ⏋ᒴ༾ໃᠶɴྈ୞ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌɩ೎ᦏɹਚ‫ك‬ɻ⏋Ϻˁ҅Ϻςᒶᓔ (individualist) ɭʛɲɌ⏋ᕶး᧧ିɭˏ˪̊ͻ̾ͻ˽ɹˏ̺ͦͻ̍ȵ஛ᅎɇʶɩȦʳ⏏
ГΫɹ୭௎ɻ๭ɌȦ⏏ኽʢ‫ؾ‬ઝɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌɄɄɫೆȴʶɩȦʳԒࢅɻմ‫ץ‬ɫ৔ᠭɌᐚȿɩȦɛॶ᝝Ņᯃॶ᝝ᠶϝɭɻлɹᬠѥʢɲȦ⏏ʞɌʸɗʶʰɴɻ⏋ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ɹࢊήȵ߂ȷȦ⏏ɇʰɴ৳ɻ⏋֪઴ (dynamics) ɹࢷԂɹଝຍɭɌɩ⏋኏Цᅊ႒࡝⏃ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ɹȩɠ⏋኏Цᬠѥɹᦽ‫׋‬ɴ໶ᇿɐʳՕᩃɹɄɭ⏆ɭઝਲ਼ໆࡴᠶˁ୲ɁɩȦʳ⏏ɄɹȩɠմᓔɴɦȦɩᠦ౩ˁɦȿȼʼȭʳɭ⏋኏Цᅊ႒࡝ɹჿᠶɻೣഀ᧨Шᇕਸᣒɴɹʛ᧟ᅎ‫خ‬ᔨɞȵ⏋᧨ШࡎГ޺ɹࠬк⏃ៜ᠝ʦฐҒɹᦹ᫒⏆ɫШ᧒ɇʶʳਸᣒ⏃͊ͻ͌⏆ɴɦȦɩʢȡʳዐ঎ɻჿᠶˁ༑ᅎɫȷʳ␩̝ͻ˥Ͳ˽ 1991␭⏏኏Цᅊ႒࡝ɻ޽ȼɹϺయ͹኏Цዀ࡝ᓔȵᓒȭɩȦʳʭʱɻʳȴɴਲ਼ૅཉȼϺᬚɹ᝔֪ɴɦȦɩՕഓɌɩȲʱ⏋႕ɴҙჿ࡝ɴɻ‫҉ܦ‬ᇕɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɛ⏏ȋਏɹᣱ྇ȍ␩̝ͤ͠ͻ 2000␭ɭɗɹৄᅎయ჉ɲɰȵ߫ёɫȡʳ⏏ɛɞɌ̝ͤ͠ͻɹ៱ೣɴɻ؅యɭᅵɲʳ౗ೣ᠝ɹտᰍȵɦȦɩȦɩᠡៗˁᅋʛʦɐȦ⏏
๖ɴక໠ᅊ઴࡝ (political ecology) ɴɦȦɩ⏏॑‫ݭ‬ᐏ‫ڧ⏋غ‬෌‫⏋׋‬Шᐏᇕᣂ྇፬ჿɹᔵ‫ݖܩ‬‫׋‬ˁᓒૅɌɛ֪ᇕɲങᏼʛȵɭʰʶɩȲʱ⏋ᅊ༎ɴᬠʼʳ͊˪̺ͦͦ́˽ˁ⏋క໠ᇕ͹˓̚ˠͦ˧ͻᇕɲ߂ȷɲങᏼʛɭ͠Ͳ˪ɇɓʭȩɭɌɩȦʳ⏏ГΫɹ৳ɹ៨ᦚɻ๭ɌȦ⏏
ɌȴɌ⏋క໠ᅊ઴࡝ɴȲȦɩᯁᇕɲങᏼʛȵᦲᅎɌɲȦჿᅓȵ⏋ᅊ઴Ꮩȵᯃॶ᝝ᇕɞȴʰ⏋ɭᐄᠶɐʳɹɻ౛៟ɫȡʳ⏏ॶ᝝ᠶɹങᏼʛɹμɫʢ⏋਋ӯ֐ȵӈȼᬫғˁᣴȭɛ޺֐ȵӈȿɽ⏋աɹႥ઴ʍ᥊ውɌɩɌʚȩɭȦȩɄɭɻ៰ࢅɇʶʳ⏏ᦥɴȦȭɽ⏋਋ӯ֐ȵӈȼᬫғˁᣴȭɛ޺֐ȵӈȴɲȦʭȩɲᏙˁ଩ɤɩȦʳ቉ድᓔɻ⏋ᕶѵˁ୫ɤɩȋᯁᇕɲങᏼʛȍ⏃‫ܯ‬᝝Ⴅ઴ɴ໶ᇿɐʳ቉ድ઴঎⏆ˁьȦᐚȿɩ෯ʼɲȦɹɞ⏏ుៜɐʳȵ⏋ᅊ઴࡝ȴʰɻ⏋ɗɹങᏼʛ
ˁ‫ࡴو‬ɐʳʭȩɲᐄᠶɻՏɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏
ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᐁཕ࡝⏋ᅊ઴ᐁཕ࡝ (environmental and ecological economics) ɴɦȦɩ⏏ᄩ‫ޅ‬ᐁཕ࡝ɻ޺ᨆέᐁཕɴʭʳᕶးᣂ྇፬ჿ‫ک‬ᰍˁ଩ȩ⏏ᅊ઴ᐁཕ࡝ɻԊᦽ‫׋‬ᇕ˹˽̘͌ᠶ⏃ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ɹਝᅎ⏆ˁȡɦȴȩ⏏ʚɛը঎ɹᐁཕ࡝ɴʭʳԊ೑ᣂ྇ɹ፬ჿʢ቉ድɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɄʶʰɻᄩ‫֐ࢅؚޅ‬ˁЕࡴɌɛᯁᇕങᏼʛɞ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋ᐁཕ⏋኏Ц⏋ᅊ઴Ꮩɹሂϣћࡔਸˁᓒૅ
Ɍɛ቉ድˏ˻˙Ͳ̋ȵՏɇʶɩȦʳ⏏ГΫȵ৳ɹ୭௎ɞ⏏
76ᇑဈ⏧̢͖ͻ͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲʳᠡៗɄʶʰɻᬚ᧓ɤɛ⏋Ɍȴʢෑʠɩ೑ࢀɲჿៗɫȡʳ⏏ʚɑ޺ᨆέᐁཕʦԊᦽ‫׋‬ɹჿᠶᕶкɻᄩ‫֐ࢅؚޅ‬ɭɻံᬠѥɫȡʳ⏏๖ɴ⏋ᐁཕ⏋኏Ц⏋ᅊ઴ᏙɹሂϣћࡔਸˁᓒૅɌʭȩɭɐʳɭȷ⏋Ϋ៨ɹᄩ‫ޅ‬ᐁཕ࡝ʓȴɹᡉჿᠶȵᦲᅎɌɲȼɲʳჿᅓɻлΥɦɲȦ⏏ɗʶɰɄʸȴɄʶʰɹ೑֐ɲჿᠶˁံែɌɛ቉ድˏ˻˙Ͳ̋ɻ⏋ʚɑᓒȭʰʶɲȦ⏏೎ʢ൓ೣᇕɲᆄ‫ک‬ɭɌɩ⏋ᣂ྇ɹ೑ᭉਸˁ‫ک‬ᰍઝᡫɭɌɩʢɦᐁཕ࡝ɹɰɄȵɞʠɲɹȴ⏏৳ɹჿᅓɧȿɻ⏋೑ᭉਸɻᯁᇕˁᦹ઎ɇɓ⏋Ϻᰖ࡝ɹ̜ͤͲ̝ɴȡʼɲȦ⏋ɭȦȩȼɞʰɵʢɹɫȡʳ⏏ᣂ྇ɹ೑ᭉਸɻෑʠɩᩂឹɲ‫ک‬ᰍɫȡʱ⏋Ʉʶȵೣয়ɴϺᰖ࡝ፈɹ̜ͤͲ̝ɴȡʼɲȦɭɌɛʰ⏋̜ͤͲ̝ɹʓȩˁѹ๭ɐʏȷɫȡʳ⏏
ʢɠʸ˃ᣂ྇ɭɻ႒ᣒᕶкɫɻɲȼ⏋ɗɹഗɛɌ਄ʳลᔨˁɇɌɩȲʱ⏋য়းɗɹลᔨɻ኏ЦႥ໥ɴਝɍɩ޴‫׋‬ɐʳɭȦȩ⏋‫إ‬Ȧȿʶɰʢ⏃՟ႆɻ 1933 ॷ⏆೎ᦏ༑᝔ɌɩȦʳៜȦ‫܌‬Ɍ
␩Zimmermann 1983␭ɻჿ࣐ɹȩȭɫɻჿៗɫȷʳ⏏ɌȴɌϺǾȵሁᯆɐʳ೑ᭉᣂ྇ˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍɹჼࡸᇕɲᩂឹਸɻɗɹʭȩɲჿ࣐ɫɻᥐཝɌɲȦ⏏
৳ɻɇʰɴᕶးŅయ‫׋‬ᠶϝ (nature-culture debates) ɲɰɭȦɤɛᩂȦ‫ک‬ᰍˁȦȼɦȴ଩ɤɩȦʳ⏏ɄʶɴɦȦɩʢ‫ؙ‬ᠶɌɛȦဣɻ࣢ʓɰȡʳȵ⏋ᅊ઴࡝ɭᬠѥɲȼ⏋ೣዣɹ᣶ౚˁ߂ȷȼ
ᧀᔵɐʳɹɫւડɐʳ⏏
ɄɄɫ৳ɻ new multi-dimensional anthropological landscape ˁர‫ڟ‬ɐʳ⏏ȡʳ؅ჿȴʰᡉǾɹჼᢒˁᠦ౩Ɍʭȩɭɐʳಔ᧋ςᒶɭ⏋лɫʢȡʱɹሂࢪςᒶɹμকˁ᝔ȿɭȦȩઝ٢ɭኽɻៗᨾɌɛ⏏؅యȵಸ౴ɲɹɫΫɹᐵୠʢಸ౴ɲɹɻ᧫ȿʰʶɲȦ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋ჼ‫ܧ‬ர‫ڟ‬ɇʶɩȦʳ؅ჿȵᡉჼᢒˁᠦ౩ɫȷʳȴɰȩȴ⏋؏Ɍȼද៷Ɍ⏋ఒ޴ˁ֓ȭɩȦȼɭȦȩ౅໬ȵଁ֒Ɍɩȷɛɹɻ౩ʰȴɫ⏋ሂࢪςᒶʍʼɑȴɫʢ๰ʛࢊʳਖឹˁኽɻઢɍɲȦ⏏޽ȼɹჼᢒˁᠦ౩ɫȷʳ؅ჿɴɻ⏋ɗʶɞȿ؏Ɍȼද៷ɇʶʳลЦȵήȭʰʶɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ‫ؾ‬Υɹჼᢒˁ⏋ա҅ɭਲ਼ʼʶɩȦɛភధɹ؅ჿȴʰᠦ౩ɫȷʳɹɲʰɽ⏋ɗʶʰɹ؅ჿɻᐏΥɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɑ⏋޽؅ჿˁ‫˃ھ‬ɫȦʳ਴ઋɲ઴঎ɻ៰ɇʶɲȦ⏏Ʉɹ፲ɻɄʶʚɫɹ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɭɻံᬠѥɹԒࢅɫ⏋˓Ͳ̮˪̜ɴ๕ȿʳμ᦭‫ץ‬ጩɲዀ࡝ᇕ౅໬ʍɹଫՠɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
Υ ౘ ୟ త Ɍ ɛ ᠌ ᰍ ˁ ‫ ؚ‬೺ ɇ ɓ⏋ ԗ ʃ ৳ ɻ ᕶ း ɹ ̫ ͞ Ͳ ˽ ɴ ɦ Ȧ ɩ ᦚ ʏ ɛ ȡ ɭ⏋Newchallenges? ɭᰍɌɩ๴‫⏋ر‬᭥ࣝᬚɹሂϣсᅎ⏋έተࡸਸˁ‫؝‬ȿԂʶ‫ؙ‬ਝˁឿɲȵʰᑵʱᦐɌӈȷȴȿʳɄɭɹᩂឹਸˁ៲ȭʳ⏏ɄʶʰɴɦȦɩɻ‫ؾ‬ઝɫȷʳဣʢ޽Ȧ⏏‫ؾ‬ઝɫȷɲȦဣɴɦȦɩɹଫՠɻΫɴᦚʏɛɄɭɹᑵʱᦐɌɭɲʳɹɫህᅭɐʳ⏏
ɲȲ⏋Ʉɹᠶయɭ‫ؾ‬ɍ 1999 ॷɹ Annual Review of Anthropology ɴ⏋Little [1999] ɴʭʳȋEnvironments and environmentalisms in anthropological research: Facing a new millenniumȍɭȦȩᠶయʢᥔɤɩȲʱ⏋ᅊ઴࡝ɴࢪɐʳᰖаɹᠡៗȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ɗɌɩɄʶʰɹᠡៗɻ⏋ɄʶʰɹᠶయˁৄᅎɌɩȦʳᯃ।ɴ޽ȼɹయ჉ɴઢയɌɩɌʚɤɛ⏏

77ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬

2̝౞സ޸Ѡࠂࢧకᆪ޸ѪѠ৫ज़Ѡᆭ̟ऊୄ౞സ޸њ౞സध౞സ޸ᅊ઴࡝ɻᄩ‫ޅ‬Ϻᰖ࡝ɴ൓ೣᇕɲᢨ჉ˁɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ɗɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁஜʳȩȭɫ⏋ɄɄɫ᏷Ђɐʳёɻ⏋؄ᰑံ੒ɴʢᕶՕᕶ᤹ɹ቉ድɫȡʳ⏏ᘿᓔɹઝ‫ܒ‬ˁተࡸɴᠧʛ‫؜‬ɤɩШ᧒ɐʳɴɻɗʶȵ೎ʢተࡸɞȴʰɞ⏏
ᇑဈ␩‫׵‬թμ␭ɹȋ္ᅣˁ᝔ȩɛʠɹ೼ИȍɭȦȩᠶయȵȡʳ⏏ᦅ຦ȵ⏋္ᅣˁ᝔ȩȴ⏋।ᅣ⏋ȡʳȦɻອᅒᓚсˁ᝔ȩȴɴɦȦɩɹ⏋ਃഀɹᠦ౩ɻГάɹʭȩɴ఩ჿɫȷʳ⏏ʚɑ⏋ଯ᝗ᦽ๰ɴʭʱȋ؅ࠃᇕɲȍ္ᅣȴʰ।ᅣ͹ອᅒɴ޴‫׋‬ɐʳɭᓒȭʳϺȵ޽Ȧ␩˫͡ͻ 1971␭⏏
๖ɴ⏋Ϻ‫֓ވؤ‬ɴЫȦ⏋ᯆዩȡɛʱɹϺ‫ؤ‬ପ᰸֐ɹࢸɇȦ္ᅣȴʰ⏋।ᅣ⏋ອᅒɴ޴‫׋‬ɌɛɭᓒȭʳϺȵȦʳ⏏೎ʢఌᨗᇕɲᠦ౩ɻ⏋θᓔˁᐄ‫غ‬ɇɓɛʢɹɞ⏏Ϻ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ȵࢸɇȦɭȷɻ္ᅣˁ᝔ɤɩȦɛȵ⏋Ϻ‫ܦؤ‬ɹ‫֓ވ‬ɴЫȦ⏋ଯ᝗ᦽ๰ɹਖឹȵᇍᅊɌ⏋।ᅣ͹ອᅒɴ޴‫׋‬Ɍɛ␩Boserup 1965␭⏏ɗɹ৿ʢ Whitmore [1998] ɹ೑‫ؿ‬ɲఠዀೆʦ⏃άɫᦚʏʳኽɭɹឿៗɹሂ᧓
ɻȡʳȵ⏆ɛȦʍ˃Ӧʶɛࣅ [1994] ɹ̨͐˫̶͞ʓȴ⏋޽ȼɹయ჉ɫϺ‫ࢌؤ‬঎ˁήИɭɌɛ္ᅣɹᠦ౩ɻ৔ᠭɇʶᐚȿɩȷɛ⏏
ኽɻᦅ຦ȵ⏋္ᅣˁ᝔ȩȴ⏋।ᅣ⏋ȡʳȦɻອᅒᓚсˁ᝔ȩȴɻ⏋ຩҌᇕ೼Иɭ‫ܩ‬০ᇕ೼Иɹᏼ‫غ‬ɓɫໆʚʳɄɭˁ⏋ᢌ࢏ɲ⏋ɭɻȦȭɲȦȵ೎жᭉɹࡸёˁ୲Ɂɲȵʰ୭௎Ɍɛ⏏ࢹɲȼɭʢ͐Ͳ˽ͻͲˏ˻ˏɫɻϺ‫ؤ‬ȵᦅ໬ˁໆʠʳήИɴɲʳ˭ͻ˽ɻෑʠɩዎɫ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬ȵᦅ໬ˁៀࡴɌɗʶɴʭɤɩϺ‫ؤ‬ɹ౅ȵໆʚɤɩȷɛ⏏႕ࡴɹຩҌᇕ೼Иɭ‫ܩ‬০ᇕ೼Иɹᏼ‫غ‬ɓȵɲɕ္ᅣˁ᝔ȩɛʠɹ೼ИɴɲʳɹȴɭȦȭɽ⏋ɗɹ೼Иάɫɹʛ᭑ᗳȲʭʃేᔋɹଝᬚɹᥐཝȵ‫خ‬ᔨɴɲʳɛʠɫȡʳ⏏ɇʰɴɲɕ᭑ᗳȲʭʃేᔋɹଝᬚɹᥐཝȵ‫خ‬ᔨȴɭȦȩ‫ک‬ᰍˁ⏋ኽɻϗਸȲʭʃྂਸϠ๖᧦ውɴɦȦɩɹᅊ઴࡝ᇕ໬հɭ⏋െ᰸‫ݾ‬ɹ਌ᄩɴɦȦɩɹᅊ઴࡝ᇕሾឿȴʰ൓୞ɧȿɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴտ๖ᇕឹᏬɭɌɩ໠࡫Ⴅ໥ʦ༑ᦲᐨɭȦɤɛ኏Ц೼ИɴɦȦɩʢᓒૅɌɛ⏏
ɐʏɩɹᠶဣˁɄɄɴɻೆȿɲȦɹɫ᭑ᗳɭ᧦ውɹᬠѥɹʛˁ᏷ЂɌɩȲȼ⏏കˁФᬖɌɩ္ȷଡȩɭ⏋ತȦകআɫɻᔒɛɲȴɤɛӵˁ޽ȼឹິɐʳඨ႒ȵଁᬏɐʳ⏏ɲȴɫʢ႕ɴత॒֐ɹ৔Ȧඨ႒ȵ޽ȼࡴመɐʳ⏏ɻɍʠɴӦ‫װ‬ɐʳɹɻ͞˓̶˵˓˪͡ȵቁȦΥॷᅊᗳೣ⏃1 ॷГά⏋ధᦼᬚȴʰధͶ೐ɫᑢຂɌɩഞʶʳᗳೣɹɄɭ⏆ɫȡʳ⏏ΥॷᅊᗳೣɻᅊᬏɌɛ৿⏋ᙢȭɛᣂ྇ˁԃɩᑢຂɴହᣂɌɩഞʶɩɌʚȩ⏏ɗɹɛʠዛࡎɹᅊᅋᩄȵ޽ȼ⏋ጫϝᓔȵȦɲȿʶɽ୭ధᬠధᇕɴ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏ࢸ݀ᗳೣɻ⏋с႒ɭɹᬚɫ᰸Օُ‫ؚ‬ɴᬠɌɩᗐॵɹጫ‫غ‬ᬠѥɴɻȡʳȵ⏋с႒ɹӵˁߥȩʭȩɲጫϝሂଝɫɻɲȦ⏏
ʦȵɩ޽ॷᅊᗳೣȵ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳ⏏ɄɠʰɻᑢຂˁɌɲȵʰʢଁᬏˁᐚȿ⏋‫װ‬೑ᯆዩˁ‫֓ވ‬ɇɓᐚȿʳ⏏ጫϝȵɲȦႥ઴ɫɹ‫֓ވ‬რɻΥॷᅊᗳೣɴȴɲʼɲȦȵ⏋θᓔȵጫ‫غ‬ɐʳɭ޽ॷᅊᗳ
ೣȵ֯ɠ⏋Υॷᅊᗳೣɻக᭑ɇʶʳ⏏с႒ʢΥॷᅊᗳೣɲɹɫ⏋ᦅ຦ȵக᭑ɌɲȦᭉʱ⏋̍ˤ
78ᇑဈ⏧̢͖ͻ͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲʳᠡៗ͓ɲɰɴᢦȿɩɌʚȩ⏏ɄɄɫ⏋ѢԂɐʳ޽ॷᅊᗳೣˁக᭑Ɍᐚȿʳɹȵ।ᅣ⏋க᭑ˁȡȷʰʠɩաɹ‫ݭ‬ଘɴው֪ɐʳɹȵ္ᅣɫȡʳ⏏
ఔᒞɇʶɛ‫ܩܤ‬ʍɻʦȵɩೠೣȵѢԂɌ⏋޽ॷᅊᗳೣˁக᭑ɐʳ⏏ɗɹʭȩɴ⏋ថ‫⏋ܩ‬Υॷᅊᗳೣ⏋޽ॷᅊᗳೣ⏋ೠೣɭӦ‫װ‬ɐʳඨ႒ɹᅊ༎০ȵውʱ޴ʼʳɹˁ᧦ውɭʭʉ⏏Scoones ɴʭʶɽ᧦ውˁ᠗ʠʳɹɻ‫إ‬Ȧᅊ઴࡝ɴɲɤɩɌʚȩȵ⏋ϟࡸɭɌɩ᧦ውɻᣱɄʳɹɞȴʰЇ౅ȵɲȦ⏏ೠೣȵӦ‫װ‬ɐʳɭɗɹ‫ݭ‬ଘˁԗʃФᬖɌɩ္ȷ⏋᧦ውˁ୷ʱՏɌɴଖɐ⏏ɗɹ৿ԗʃ޽ॷᅊᗳೣȵ‫֓ވ‬ɐʳʚɫɹ 1 ȴʰధॷɹᬚɻ⏋с႒ˁсʳɄɭȵɫȷʳ⏏᭑ᗳɴ໶ᇿɐʳɲʰ⏋္ᅣɭɻ⏋Ϻဤᇕɴ᧦ውˁᑵʱᦐɇɓ⏋᧦ው՟ೝɹΥॷᅊᗳೣɹ̶˙ͻ̀ɫɹʛ⏋с႒ˁᔒɩʳ౅໬ɫȡʳ⏏ɄʶɴࢪɌ⏋।ᅣɻ⏋Υॷᅊᗳೣȴʰ޽ॷᅊᗳೣɹ̶˙ͻ̀ɴ᧦ውȵᦽʞɹˁ⏋ᓚᓜʦ᭑ᗳɴʭɤɩᬿȹᐚȿʳ౅໬ɫȡʳ⏏
ГΫɹᡴᠶɴ‫ݜ‬ɧȦɩ⏋္ᅣɭ।ᅣɹ‫ޅ‬ᅠˁໆʠʳ೼Иɹ 1 ɦˁ౩ʰȴɴɫȷɗȩɞ⏏ɗɹ೼Иɭɻ޽ॷᅊᗳೣˁக᭑ɐʳ֝֐ɫȡʳ⏏1 ॷμᲞཧ޽ྂɫ޽ॷᅊᗳೣɹᅊᔒȵ౟ᇵɲʰ⏋।ᅣɻέ‫خ‬ᔨʚɛɻᯃ֟რɫ⏋ϗਸ᧦ውɹ֐ˁҏʱɩ޽ॷᅊᗳೣˁக᭑ɐʳ္ᅣˁ᝔ɤɛʓȩȵʭȦ⏏1 ॷɹȩɠ⏋ປᥒᇕቁȦಁೝɹʛᲞཧ޽ྂɫȡʶɽ⏋޽ॷᅊᗳೣɻΥॷᅊᗳೣɴປᥒɌɩᅊᔒᩄȵɗʶʓɰ߂ȷȼɲȦ⏏ɐʳɭ⏋ᓚᓜʦ᭑ᗳɴଝᬚˁȴȿʳɄɭɹʓȩȵ⏋Фᬖɲɰ္ᅣ႕೑ɹᩂ֝ӈʭʱʢ⏋ࢸɇȦᢦ୊ɫɫȷʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲ‫غݭ‬ɻ।ᅣˁ᝔ɤɛʓȩȵʭȦ⏏ᠶయɹᐚȷɫɻЈɹឹ‫܍‬ʢᓒȭɩȦʳȵ⏋͐Ͳ˽ͻͲˏ˻ˏ࣢‫ܩ‬ɫɹᦅ໬ɭຩҌɹՕ॒ɻΫɹᠦ౩ɭʭȼ఩‫غ‬ɐʳ⏏
Ʉɹёɹʭȩɴ႕ࡴɹᕶး೼Иɭ኏Ц೼Иɹάɫɻ္ᅣȵ೎᧟ɲ౅໬ɲɹɫȡʱ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɫɹᰩᏒᕶᐌˁȡȷʰʠɲȦɹɫȡʶɽ⏋ᦅ໬ˁԃȼ޴ȭɩɌʚȩɭȦȩо‫ܩ‬ɻʓɭ˃ɰɲȦ⏏హᯆʍɹඖᅒɹᦶଁɻ‫ڞ‬Υɹё޺ȴʢɌʶɲȦȵ⏋࡫౫ɲඖᅒᦶଁɻᬿပΫ‫׶‬᭝ɫȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ࣢‫ܩ‬ɫɹᰩᏒᕶᐌˁȡȷʰʠɩɌʚȩ⏋ɭȦȩ޴‫׋‬ɻᣱɄʱȩʳ⏏ழᩆс႒ɹᅊᅋɴ႕‫׋‬ɌɩᰩᏒɻᣘԂɐʳɭȦȩ᧧ିɻȡʱȩʳɌ⏋ɗɹʭȩɲ޴‫׋‬ɻࡸ᭬ɴᇵ˃ɴᣱȷɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹ‫ݭ‬‫ܩ࣢غ‬຦ɻ⏋ᕶ֐ɫɻՕతɫȷɲȦᐁཕᇕ͠˽˪ɴሁᯆɌɩȦʳ⏏Ʉʶʰˁʈʚȭ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ᨆɴȲȿʳᦅ೴ᬖᇍɹሎɹᠩᰍɭɻлȴˁᓒ࢘Ɍɛ⏏
ॺȦɴʢኽɻ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɭȦȩᠡៗˁሎɴ‫؝‬ȿɑɴɐʞʭȩɲ቉ድࣞ๴ˁ୫ɤɩȦɛɹɫ⏋ᕶѵˁ୫ɤɩȋ࡫ࡴႥ઴ȍɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘ɐʳɄɭȵɫȷɛ⏏ʢɠʸ˃ᦏॷ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ᨆɫਸ਼࿠ɲ޴‫׋‬ȵᣱȷɩȦʳɄɭɻᇑʢମሾɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌΥౘɗʶˁඖΫɁɌ⏋ɗʶГմɹ࡫ࡴႥ઴ˁʢɛʰɐឹ‫܍‬ɴɦȦɩჿៗɌɩȲȦɛʓȩȵ⏋ᦏॷɹਸ਼࿠ɲ޴‫׋‬ȵлˁʁȷᣱɄɐȴˁᓒ࢘ɐʳȩȭɫʢᩂឹɲɹɞ⏏
ధᩄᇕគɧȿˁЫʼɑɴៜᘽɹȩȭɞȿɫᠶჿˁ௭ʳϺɻɄȩȦȩɞʸȩ⏏ȋ޴‫׋‬ɌɩȦʳɹɻ೎ᦏɞȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɗʶГմȴʰ޴‫׋‬ȵ।઴ɞɤɛɹɞȍɭ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɫʢᰩᏒˁᕶᐌɐʳɭȦȩմரȵѳɛʶɩȦʳᭉʱɴȲȦɩ⏋޴‫׋‬ɫȷʳᨆՕɭ޴‫׋‬ɫȷɲȦᨆՕȵȡʳ⏏
79ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ኽɻɗɹ޴‫׋‬ɫȷɲȦᨆՕȵлȴˁ౩ʰȴɴɌɛɹɞ⏏޴‫׋‬ɫȷʳᨆՕʢȡʳɭȦȩɄɭɴɻлɹ‫ؙ‬ᠶʢɲȦȵ⏋ɗʶɴɦȦɩɻɄɹᠶయɫɻᖂ٢ɹ޺ɴȡʳ⏏ɗɄʚɫᓒȭɛȩȭɫ⏋๖ɹຍ᭥ɭɌɩ⏋࣢‫ܩ‬ɫʢᰩᏒˁᕶᐌɐʳɭȦȩմரˁ‫؜‬ʱ޺ɐɭɰȩɲʳȴˁᠶɍɛʓȩȵɻʳȴɴ೑ઝᒶɫȡʳ⏏
Ϋɹёɫɻ⏋ᄩ‫ޅ‬Ϻᰖ࡝ʍɹᅊ઴࡝ɹᢨ჉ɻ⏋ςɭɌɩϗਸȲʭʃྂਸϠ๖᧦ውɴɦȦɩɹᅊ઴࡝ᇕ໬հɭ⏋െ᰸‫ݾ‬ɹ਌ᄩɴɦȦɩɹᅊ઴࡝ᇕሾឿ⏋ɗɌɩȋ࡫ࡴႥ઴ȍɴɦȦɩᓒ࢘ɐʳɄɭˁɛʠʰʼɲȦ቉ድ઴঎ɞɤɛ⏏ೣዣɫɻ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻɭȦȩᠡៗˁʠȽʳ‫ک‬ᰍˁ଩ɤɩȦʳɹɫ⏋ᅊ઴࡝ɹάеՕᩃɹȩɠɫɗʶɭ႕ɴᬠᦹɹཉȦᒴᮃᅊ઴࡝ʦᅊ઴Ꮩᅊ઴࡝ɹࢊήˁɻɍʠɴёኍɌɛ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋๖ɴ᏷Ђɐʳᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝⏃኏Цᅊ႒࡝ˁ‫ي‬ʞ⏆ɹϺయ͹኏Цዀ࡝ʍɹ˓Ͳ̮˪̜ɻɇʰɴ߂ȷȦ⏏

3̝౞സ޸Ѡࠂࢧకᆪ޸ѪѠ৫ज़Ѡᆭ̟ఒܿ౞സ޸ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋Scoones ɻ৿ɴ୭௎ɐʳΥဣˁ᭑ȦɩჿៗɌɩȦʳʭȩɞȵ⏋ኽɹܑٞˁឿʳᭉʱᠡៗɭံჿៗɴɻ൓৔Ȧʢɹȵȡʳ⏏ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝⏮᧨ШࡎໆࡴᠶɲɰɭȦɤɩȦʳʭȩɫɻԃȼ᠌ɴɲʰɲȦ⏏
ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ȴʰɹᄩ‫ޅ‬Ϻᰖ࡝ʍɹᢨ჉ɭɌɩɻ⏋Alvard␩1995␭ȵ⏋ႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ɹႵჃ᝔֪ɴ೎᧟஛᰹଍ᅭჿᠶˁ᧟ᅎɌɛёȵ೑‫ؿ‬ɫȡʳ⏏ȴɦɩɌɽɌɽ⏋ᐓྙɌʦɐȦ֪႒ˁႵʰɲȦ␩Ross 1978␭⏋ႵჃࢪᢒዛɹ୫ᐚਸɴᨗૅɌɛႵჃȵɲɇʶʳ␩Descola 1994␭ɭȦɤɛ‫ݬ‬ٚȵɇʶɩȷɛ⏏ɌȴɌ Alvard ɴʭʳɭ⏋ႵჃࢪᢒɹ᧧ିɻ⏋ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ȵᇍ᧒ɇɓɩȷɛ
֪႒ɹ೎᧟஛᰹଍ᅭɴᬠɐʳჿᠶȵϜཀྵɐʳɭȲʱɹ౅໬ɫɲɇʶʳɭȦȩ⏏
ਥɹɛʠɴ୭௎ɌɩȲȼȵ⏋ΫɹᐄᠶɻႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ɹ᝔֪ȵ᧨ШࡎɹʛɴʭɤɩఌᨗɇʶɩȦʳɭȦȩઝ٢ɫɻԃȼɲȦ⏏ɗɹʭȩɴɌȴჿៗɫȷɲȦϺɻ⏋̝ͻ˥Ͳ˽ [1991] ʦˠ͡˱̒˪ [2004] ˁ໶ઝཉȼᠧʞʏȷɞ⏏
ɄʶʚɫႵჃȵ᝔ʼʶɩȷɛ‫ݭ‬ଘɫ⏋ჼ‫޽ܧ‬ȼᅊȷ๿ɤɩȦʳɹɻ⏋ႵჃ‫ܦ‬ɫᐓྙɌɴȼ
Ȧ֪႒ɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶʰɻధȵ޽Ȧɹɫ೎᧟஛᰹଍ᅭɴਃɤɛɭȷɴႵჃࢪᢒɭɲʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᲞȦ⏏ɌɛȵɤɩႵჃࢪᢒɭɲʱʦɐȦɹɻႵჃ‫ܦ‬ɫᐓྙɌɴȼȦ֪႒ɫȡʳɄɭɻɅȼಔᦲɴ
ࡸჼɌȩʳ⏏Alvard ʭʱմɹΥᨆɹ៎࢘ᓔɛɠɻ⏋Ʉʶˁᄩ‫ޅ‬ʍɹཉ᧙ɲᨗૅɭ֯ଝɴៗᨾɌɩȦɛɞȿɫȡʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵᲞȦ⏏ɲȲኽɻ⏋ᩃᅊᅊ႒஛‫⏃؜‬ႵჃࢪᢒ֪႒ɴᭉʰɑᅊ႒Υᖔˁ‫ي‬ʞ⏆ɹ೎᧟஛‫ࢪ؜‬ᢒ᧧ିȵᣂ྇գᅎɹ୫ᐚተრˁᲞʠʳ೼Иɭжʠʳ೼Иˁ⏋҅кᒴᅊ઴࡝ɹჿᠶˁᅎȦɩ୭௎Ɍɛ␩ᇑဈ 2005␭⏏
ɗʶɫɻ Alvard ɹ቉ድȵ֯ଝɲៗᨾɞɭɻȦȭɲȦɹɻɲɕɞʸȩȴ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋Ϝཀྵᔨ֐ɹȡʳჿᠶˁ෯፷⏃Ʉɹ‫غݭ‬ɻҏᅎ⏆Ɍ⏋ɗɹϜཀྵɭཀྵࡴᐄഗȵΥᕹɌɩȦʳɄɭˁተȴʠʳɭȦȩ⏋ȋዀ࡝ɹଝᐚȷȍˁᤑ˃ɫȦʳȴʰɫȡʳ⏏ɄɄɫኽɻዀ࡝ɹࡴᒶɭɌɩ̮ͅͻ80ᇑဈ⏧̢͖ͻ͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲʳᠡៗ[1971] ˁ஛ᅎɌɩȦʳ⏏1) ዀ࡝ȵៗɤɩȦɲȦϺɻʭȼ⏋ዀ࡝ɭɻឹᏬ᧰ӯɹɄɭɞ⏋ɲɰɭȦȩ⏏ዀ࡝ɹଝᐚȷɭɻЕᠦද៷ɹɄɭɫȡʱ⏋ឹᏬ᧰ӯᇕȴᐏ‫غ‬ᇕȴɭȦȩɄɭɭɻлɹᬠѥʢɲȦ⏏ឹᏬ᧰ӯᇕɫɲȦЕᠦද៷ɹ̺ͦ́˽ɲɰȦȼʰɫʢȡʳ⏏
ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ȴʰɹᄩ‫ޅ‬Ϻᰖ࡝ʍɹᢨ჉ɻ⏋ɻɍʠɴႵჃ᝔֪ɴɦȦɩɲɇʶɛ⏏Ʉʶˁ⏋ႵჃ஛ᮃ຦ɹ᝔֪ɻ‫׬‬Ꮴɞȴʰᅊ႒࡝ᇕɴ଩ȭɛ⏋ɲɰɭᓒȭʳɹɻᬚ᧓ɤɩȦʳ⏏ᨊ॑з຦ɹ‫׬‬Ꮴɲ౗।ɭປᥒɌɩ⏋ႵჃɻ‫מ‬Օភᮊɲ᝔֪ɞ⏏ሎɴᩂឹɲჿᅓɻ⏋೎᧟஛᰹଍ᅭჿᠶɭȦȩϜཀྵᔨ֐ɹᲞȦჿᠶȵɐɫɴᅎઝɇʶɩȦɛ⏋ɭȦȩΥဣɴɦȷʳ⏏‫ؾ‬෵ɴϺɹᅊ༎ɹЈɹ࣌ᯆɴɦȦɩʢ⏋Ϝཀྵᔨ֐ɹᲞȦჿᠶɇȭ෯፷ɫȷʶɽ⏋ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ᇕɴ଩ȭʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸɻȡʳ⏏
ተȴɴ⏋ɄɄɫ୲ɁɛႵჃɹ֟რᦠ‫ؖ‬ȵჿᠶɹϜཀྵɭȡȩɲɰɭȦȩёɻ⏋޽ȼɹϺᰖ࡝ᓔˁྃ᣸ɇɓʳʓɰɹȲɰʸȼʏȷᇍឿɭɻȦȭɲȦȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɄʶɻȡȼʚɫʢԂʱ‫ؤ‬ɫȡʱ⏋ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ᇕɲᓒȭ౅ɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸɻʢɤɭ߂ȷȼᬖȴʶɩȦʳ⏏ҙჿ࡝ȵɗʶˁ೎ʢచઢ
ɴઢሾɌɩȦʳɄɭɻɐɫɴᦚʏɛ⏏Ʉɹ‫خ‬ᔨਸˁ⏋߂ȷɲ቉ድɹ༑ʶɴɐʳɴɻ⏋ʦɻʱჿᠶɹ෯፷ȵ๕ȴɓɲȦ⏏ɗɹʭȩɲჿᠶ෯፷ɹጩᐷˁኽɻ˰ͻ͌ჿᠶɴឿʳ⏏
˰ͻ͌ჿᠶ␩von Neumann and Morgenstern 1944␭ɻ⏋ᐁཕ࡝ɫᇍ᧒Ɍɛʢɹˁᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ȵ‫؜‬ʱᦉʛ⏋ᦥɴᕶး᧧ିɴʭʳᦽ‫˽̺́ͦ׋‬ȵᐁཕ࡝ɴᦥᥥԂɇʶɛ⏏ɇʰɴɗɹଁഗɻˏ͍͠ˡɹ͞Ͳ̝቉ድଘˁμਕɴ‫ܕ‬᭬క໠࡝ɴʢਝᅎɇʶʳɭȦȩჿ઎ᇕɲ࡝᭬ᇕᇍࣙˁᧅɁɩȷɛ⏃‫ݖܩ‬቉ድʭʱʭʓɰ࡝᭬ᇕɞ⏆⏏҅Ϻɹઝਲ਼ໆࡴȵ኏Цᬠѥˁ፷ȷΫɁʳ᧌ዐˁ଩ȩ˰ͻ͌ჿᠶɻೣഀ⏋Ϻᰖ࡝ɴʢ޽߂ɲᢨ჉ˁɐʳɻɑɫȡʳ⏏ɛɞ⏋Ʉʶʚɫɹჿᠶ‫׋‬ɹ౅‫ك‬ȵ⏋̶ˑͻ̝͡ɫᮃʠʰʶʳ̚ͻ̊ˁᅎȦɩද៷ɫȷʳʭȩɲϜཀྵਸˁ‫ވ‬ɐ౅‫ك‬ɴ‫ك‬ȦɩȦɲȴɤɛɛʠ⏋̶ˑͻ̝ͩ͡ͻˡͻɛɠɹ໶ᇿˁᮃʠʳɴɻᕸɤɩȦɲȦ⏏
Υᨆɹᐁཕ࡝ᓔȵ߫ʞధ࡝ᇕ⏃‫׬‬ɴధিˁᅎȦʳɭȦȩઝ٢ɫɻɲȼ⏋ԇჿᇕ⏋ᯃࡸ៷͹ྲᑶᇕ⏋ɭȦȩઝ٢⏆౅໬ɴʭʳ˰ͻ͌ჿᠶɹ቉ድɻᩂ፯ɹ᭟ʍɭ‫ك‬ȴȦɦɦȡʳ⏏ЁɄɗ̶ˑͻ̝͡ɫɹද៷ɴњɇʶȩʳϜཀྵਸˁઝᡫɌɛ⏋ዀ࡝ᇕ⏃ɄɹៜᘽɻΫɹȋధ࡝ᇕȍɹࢪᒶ᠝ɫȡʱ⏋‫׬‬ɴ‫غ‬ჿᇕɭȦȩઝ٢ɫɻɲȦ⏆ჿᠶ‫׋‬ȵਖឹɞʸȩ⏏Ȳɗʰȼᐁཕ࡝ᓔɻɗɹ
ʭȩɲɄɭɻɌɩȼʶɲȦ⏏ɭɐʳɭɗʶˁɐʏȷɲɹɻᅊ઴࡝ᓔɭϺᰖ࡝ᓔɲɹɫɻɲȴʸȩȴ⏏
Scoones ɻᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ʦɗʶɭᬠᦹȵཉȼʭʱ࡝᭬ᇕɲ˰ͻ͌ჿᠶɹգᅎˁ⏋ᠶయɹ৿‫ץ‬ɫ̢͖ͻ˛˱ͦ˻ͻˁᤑʚȭɛృɌȦ኏Цዀ࡝ɹμɴ‫ي‬ʠɩȦʳ⏏ሁஞȋ˰ͻ͌ჿᠶȍɭȦȩៜ1) ኽɻ̮ͅͻɹዀ࡝‫࡝ڒ‬ˁԃᯆᇕɴ‫؝‬ȿԂʶɩȦʳʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏ɛɭȭɽ̮ͅͻɻ⏋ॠᏢᇕ஠ᠶˁԃᯆᇕɴᦡȿɩȦʳ⏏ɭɄʸȵተრ٨ᰍˁ଩ȩɭȷɴɻ⏋̮ͅͻɹʦʱȴɛɭॠᏢᇕ஠ᠶɹᬚɴӦ֔ɻɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌೣዣɫɻɄɹʭȩɲᦉʛԂɤɛᡴᠶɴʚɫጓɠԂʳਖឹȵɲȦɹɫ⏋ЁɲȲ৔Ȧ৯ᯱ֐ˁᐣ୫ɌɩȦʳ̮ͅͻɴʭʳዀ࡝ɹࡴᒶˁ஛ᅎɌɩȲȼ⏏

81ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድǵፀ 5-1 ‫ش‬ᘽɻᠶయɴɫɩɄɲȦȵ⏋ઝਲ਼ໆࡴᠶɴៜ‫ؖ‬ɐʳᨆՕɻ˰ͻ͌ჿᠶɹɄɭˁɇɌɩȦʳɭɌȴៗᨾɫȷɲȦ⏏ɌȴɌɄʶȵ৳ɹᠶయɹմ‫ץ‬ɭɻ߂ȷɲሺሄɲɹɞ⏏ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ɹμਕෙਥɻ
ESS⏃ᦽ‫׋‬ᇕɴ࡫ࡴɲ଍ᅭ⏆⏋˰ͻ͌ჿᠶɹμਕෙਥɻ̠̒˹͖‫ܯ‬᝝ɫȡʳ⏏Ȧɑʶʢయ‫ئ‬ɲɌɹԎ݀ᇕɲॶ᝝ჿᠶɞ⏏ᯃॶ᝝ɴɄɞʼʳɹɫȡʶɽ⏋Ʉʶʰɹࡸʱ޽ȦჿᠶɻьȭɲȦɄɭɴɲɤɩɌʚȩ⏏ᦽ‫׋‬ᅊ઴࡝ʦ˰ͻ͌ჿᠶɹଁഗˁգᅎɐʳɄɭ⏃Scoones ɹ৿‫ץ‬ɫɹς৓⏆ˁᡀʠɩʚɫॶ᝝ˁ୕ᐓɐʳ⏃Scoones ɹմ‫ץ‬ɫɹς৓⏆઴঎ˁ᢭ȼઝᒶˁኽɻԃȼឿՏɓɲȦ⏏
ESS ɫʢ̠̒˹͖‫ܯ‬᝝ɫʢ⏋ॶ᝝Ⴅ઴ȵຯχɴᐚȼʼȿɫɻɲȦ⏏য়းήИȵ޴‫׋‬ɐʶɽաɹႥ઴ʍɭ᧦ውɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ॶ᝝Ⴅ઴ȵᐣ୫ɇʶʳɌȼʛˁჿៗɌɲȦᭉʱ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲήИȵ޴‫׋‬Ɍɩ޴ࢅˁʢɛʰɌɛɹȴʢჿៗɫȷɲȦ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋մɹёɫ္ᅣˁ᝔ȩɛʠɹ೼ИɴɦȦɩᠶɍɛɄɭɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɫȡʳ⏏ɦʚʱ Scoones ɹᓒȭ౅ɴਃȩɭ⏋ॶ᝝ɴɦȦɩᠶɍʳɄɭˁ୕‫و‬ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩ⏋޴ࢅɹ؅‫܍‬ʢៗʰɲȼɌɩɌʚȩ‫׶‬᭝ȵȡʳ⏏

4̝ࢠ຋ѠёѳѠ಴ฑњඏ‫ڮ‬ड़ࢂଂѠ߈ᇑɄʶʚɫɴ୲Ɂɩȷɛёɹʭȩɴ⏋ᅊ઴࡝ɻᄩ‫ޅ‬Ϻᰖ࡝ɴ൓ೣᇕɲᢨ჉ˁɐʳ‫خ‬ᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɗɹɛʠɴɻմரˁተ᠗ɌɩȲȴɲȼɩɻɲʰɲȦ⏏
ɗɹմரɭɻ⏋๭ɌȦ޽ӯςᒶˁ஛ᅎɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦɭȦȩɄɭɞ⏏ភధɹ؅ჿɻ⏋ɗʶəʶɹ᧟ᅎ፴ܑˁ໶ઝཉȼᭉࡴɌɛȩȭɫϣȦɴሺሄɲȼԊࡔɌɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ɐɫɴᠦ౩Ɍɛʭȩɲ⏋ಁᬚ⏋ዷᬚ˽˭ͻ͡ɴਝɍɛᯁᇕɲឿ౅ɭ֪ᇕɲឿ౅ɹԊࡔɭьȦՕȿȵɗɹёɫȡʳ⏏ɰɹʭȩɲಁᬚ˽˭ͻ͡⏋ዷᬚ˽˭ͻ͡ˁ‫ک‬ᰍɭɌɩȦʳȴˁɻɤȷʱɇɓ⏋᧟ᅎɐʏȷ؅ჿˁឿෑʠʳਖឹȵȡʳ⏏႒ჿ࡝ɫȦȭɽ͇˪ͦɲჼᢒɫɹ‫إ‬Ԏ֐࡝ɭ͊˪ͦɲჼᢒɫɹᩄࡎ֐࡝ɹьȦՕȿȵɗʶɴȡɛʳ⏏ɰɹʭȩɲ‫غݭ‬ɫȡɤɩʢᯁᇕɲឿ౅ˁ୕ᐓɌᐚȿʳɭȦȩ઴঎ɻ⏋๭ɌȦ޽ӯςᒶȴʰ೎ʢ᧙Ȧʢɹɞ⏏
Υ౅⏋Scoones ɹȦȩ new multi-dimensional anthropological landscape ɻ⏋Ԏ݀ᇕɲᠡɤɛ޽ӯςᒶɞ⏏‫ؾ‬Υɹჼᢒˁ⏋ա҅ɭਲ਼ʼʶɩȦɛភధɹ؅ჿȴʰᠦ౩ɫȷʳɹɲʰɽ⏋ɗʶʰɹ؅ჿɻᐏΥɇʶɲȿʶɽɲʰɲȦ⏏ɗʶˁɓɑɴ޽؅ჿˁ‫˃ھ‬ɫɌʚȩɹɻᠡɤɛ޽ӯςᒶɫȡʳ⏏
ɌȴɌ‫ک‬ᰍɴɲʳɹɻ Scoones ȵաɹ፝ଘɫ๭Ɍȼ୭௎ɐʳʭȩɴ⏋ɇʚɊʚɲಁዷᬚɹ˽˭ͻ͡ɫ᠗ʠʰʶʳ෯ᦶ (structure) ɭсᅎ (agency) ȵϣȦɴ৯ᯱɌȡȩ‫غݭ‬ɫȡʳ⏏ዀ࡝ᓔɹ।ᡫɫɻ⏋ᅵɲʳಁዷᬚɹ˽˭ͻ͡ᬚɴံែɫȷɲȦʓɰɹሂϣсᅎ2)ȵȡʳʭȩɲᏙɻ⏋቉ድࢪᢒȴʰ޺ɐʏȷɞ⏏ɗɌɩ⏋˽˭ͻ͡ᬚሂϣсᅎȵ߂ȷȦ˭ͻ˽ɫɻ⏋ዀ࡝ɻᲊȼʓɰံ֐ɴɲʳ⏏̶ˑͻ̝͡ɫ៎࢘ɇʶʳჼᢒȵࢪᢒɹ‫غݭ‬ɻ⏋ɗɄɴȋ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድᓔȍɹ༎ᤲɹо‫ܩ‬ȵᅋʚʶʳɄɭɴɲʳ⏏ɄʶɻࡻԒፈɫ៎࢘ɇʶʳჼᢒɴȲȦɩ⏋ዀ࡝ȵ଩ȦȷʶɲȦᨆՕ82ᇑဈ⏧̢͖ͻ͹˛˱ͦ˻ͻɲʳᠡៗɫଯ᝗ᓔ⏃য়း⏋ଯ᝗Ꮩࡸ֭ᓔɭଯ᝗Ꮩ቉ድᓔˁ‫ي‬ʞ⏆ȵ༎ᤲɐʳႥ໥ɴሂয়ɐʳ⏏
ΥᖔਸɭȦȩࡸɴ᳄֐ᇕɲሾᇕᇿฌˁȡʳዐ঎ȡȷʰʠɛ⏋ȡʳȦɻࢹɲȼɭʢ೎ӦӴɴɻȲȦɩȦɲȦ⏋ɭȦȩઝ٢ɫ⏋ଯ᝗Ꮩ቉ድᓔʢ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድᓔʢዀ࡝ᓔɫɻɲȦɭኽɻᓒȭɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌΥᖔਸɫɐȼȦɭʶɲȦჼᢒȵγɹμɴɻ޽ȼ⏋ɗʶʰˁ᧫ȿɑɴᖂ٢ˁ໶ȦɫȦȼϺɛɠȵਖឹɞɭȦȩɄɭɻᬚ᧓ȦɲȦ⏏Ʉʶɻ‫ؙ‬ዀ࡝ɹጓ‫ݭ‬ˁɭʳɭȦȩઝ٢ɫɻʢɠʸ˃ɲȦ⏃‫ؙ‬ዀ࡝ᇕଯ᝗ᓔɲɰȡʱȭɲȦɞʸȩ⏆⏏ᕶՕȵΥᖔਸˁᦠິɐʳȴ⏋ౖࡔɹΥᖔਸɹȡʳჿᠶˁჿៗɌɛȩȭɫ⏋ɗɄȴʰʢʶɛᨆՕɴʢ໶ᇿɐʳȴ⏋ɭȦȩ᧓Ȧȵȡʳɴ᧌ȹɲȦ⏏
ɛɞɌɗʶɻ⏋ȡȼʚɫʢ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድᓔɹ༎ᤲɹȋо‫ܩ‬ȍɫȡɤɩೣয়ɴ༎ᤲɫȷʳȴɻѳ៷ɇʶɩȦɲȦ⏏‫ݖܩ‬቉ድᓔȵకঌᏙ⏋ᯃకঌᏙɹࡸ֭ᓔʦ༎֪ࢃГΫɴઝ٢ɹȡʳሾᇕᅊᅋȵɫȷʳȴɰȩȴ⏋؏Ɍȼ‫ک‬ʼʶᐚȿʳɞʸȩ⏏ʚɛ⏋ଯ᝗Ꮩ቉ድᓔɴឹິɇʶʳࢭᬐਸɻཉȼ
Ɍȴʢ߂ୄភధՕᩃɴʚɛȵʳʢɹɫȡʳɹɭ‫ؾ‬෵ɴ⏋ᩃ޺ჼᢒɹ˽˭ͻ͡ᬚሂϣсᅎɴ‫؜‬ʱᏼʞ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድᓔɴʢཉȼɩ३ঃȦࢭᬐਸȵឹິɇʶʳɭኽɻᓒȭʳ⏏
ɲȲ⏋ዀ࡝ȵ଩ȩɹȵ‫ܐ‬ᮑɲɹɻ˽˭ͻ͡ᬚɹȋሂϣȍсᅎɫȡʱ⏋Υ౅‫ك‬ɹ৯ᯱɫȡʶɽɗʶʓɰᮑɌȼɲȦ⏏క໠ᅊ઴࡝ɲɰɫ⏋ᅵɲʳ˽˭ͻ͡ɴ໶ᇿɌɦɦʢࡸɻΥ౅‫ك‬ɹ৯ᯱɌȴ଩ɤɩȦɲȦɄɭɻ޽Ȧ⏏ɗʶȵੲȦɭȦȩʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋˽˭ͻ͡ᬚሂϣсᅎɭȦȩɹɻɗʶȼʰȦ଩ȦᮑȦʢɹɲɹɞ⏏
Scoones ɹ୭௎ɹȩɠ⏋ॶ᝝Ņᯃॶ᝝ɴᬠɐʳᨆՕɻ⏋ᠶϝ՟ೝɲʰɭʢȴȼᠶϝȵ๬ளɇʶɛჼ‫ܧ‬ɹզ᧒ဣȴʰឿʳɭᇕ޺ʶɭȦʼɊʳˁ਄ɲȦȵ⏋˽˭ͻ͡ᬚሂϣсᅎɴᬠɐʳᨆՕɻೣᣒᇕɲ‫ک‬ᰍɫȡʱ⏋ΫᦚɹɭȲʱ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድɹࡔ‫ܧ‬ઝᒶɴȴȴʼʳɄɭɫʢȡʳ⏏
ଃ̙૛Ʉɹᠶᓒɻ⏋ᘽ࣢ˏ̓ࡎລ⏃য়ಁϴᨊ߂࡝߂࡝᭏ˏ˻ˏ͹ˏ̶͠ˡ‫ݖܩ‬቉ድ቉ድዀ⏆ɭᑵʱᦐɌ᝔ɤɩȷɛল៯ᇕɲᅵՕᩃᬚɹࢪ᠌ˁȷɤȴȿɴೆȴʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ʦɻʱᅵՕᩃɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ‫ؿל‬ീᠧᓔɴ᧟Ֆɲѹ๭ઝឿˁȦɛɞȦɛ⏏Ʉʶʰɹ౅ɴȲ኎ˁᅕɌΫɁʳ⏏

2) ɛɭȭɽᅊ઴࡝ᓔɻʭȼ০ᣒɹ᧟ਝᇕɲઝᒶˁஜʸȩɭɐʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ɰɹʭȩɲ০ᣒɫʢᕶᅓɴࡸჼɫȷʳʼȿɫɻɲȼ⏋ɲ˃ʰȴɹᅊჿᇕըᏝɹʢɭɫࡸჼ‫خ‬ᔨɲ০ᣒɹμȴʰ⏋೼Иɴਝɍɩ೎᧟ɲ০ᣒȵ⏋ᦽ‫׋‬ɹ᧌ዐɫࡸჼɐʳ⏏ɄɄɫᅊჿᇕըᏝɭɻςɴᏳᔟԒ͹ᏳᔟᬚɹՕࡎɹሂϣсᅎɹɄɭɫȡʱ⏋০ᣒɹ᧟ਝᇕɲઝᒶɭɻ⏋҅кɭᄩ‫ޅ‬ɹሂϣсᅎɹɄɭɫȡʳ⏏ᅊ઴࡝ᓔɻᅊჿᇕըᏝˁ‫ࡴܔ‬ɇʶɛʢɹɭʛɲɓʳ‫غݭ‬ɴɦȦɩɹʛ⏋೎᧟ɲ০ᣒȵࡸჼɐʳᦽ‫׋‬ɹ᧌ዐˁரኍɌ⏋៷୞ɭɦȷ‫غ‬ʼɓɩද៷ɫȷʳ⏏ࡸ᭬ɴɻ⏋ᅊჿᇕըᏝɹȡʱ౅ʢᦽ‫׋‬ɹ᧌ዐɫံែɫȷɲȦʓɰ޴‫׋‬ɐʳɄɭȵȡʳʼȿɞȵ⏋ɗȩɲʳɭȲଝΫɁɭȦȩɹȵჼႥɫȡʳ⏏ɗʶɻ⏋ՕࡎŅᏳᔟͤ̾͡⏋҅кŅᄩ‫̾ͤ͡ޅ‬ɭȦȩᅵɲʳ˽˭ͻ͡ᬚɹᬠѥˁ଩ȩɭȷɴ⏋Υ౅ˁ‫ࡴܔ‬ɫȷɲȦɛʠɫȡʳ⏏

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