Keioʼs Paneel Data Sets
Colin MccKenzie
Faculty of Economics
Keio Unniversity

Outline of Presentation

1. Details of the Panel Data Sets
S Available at Keio
(KHPS & JHPS)
2. Introduce some analysis
y basedb
on the KHPS data set
3. Introduce some analysis basedb
on the JHPS data set

Keio Household Panel Surveeyy (KHPS)()
Nationwide panel survey of householdds begun in 2004, and conductedannually.
Each survey denoted by year of impleementation: KHPS2004, KHPS2005,KHPS2006, KHPS2007, KHPS20088, KHPS2009, KHPS2010.
RRespondents
dlilimited
i d to men andd wommen agedd bbetween 20 & 69 ini JanuaryJ2004.
Final sample of 4005 respondents obttained after 13,430
13 430 individuals
approached (29.8% response rate)
Supplementarypp
y samplep started in 20007 ((1419 respondents).
p) Nationwide
sample of men and women aged beetween 20 & 69 in January 2007.
Data for each survey available for intternal usage around July of thesurvey year, andd released
ld to theh public
p bli roughly
hl two years later.
lDataDup to KHPS2008 currently publiclyy available.

Questions in KHPS
Areas covered by the questions in KH
HPS include:* details of the respondent
p& familyy* details of the respondentʼs education* details of the respondentʼs laborr market participation* details of the respondentʼs healtth status* similar details for spouse (educattion, labor market participation,health status)* details of householdʼs financial assets
aand liabilities* details
d il off incomeiandd expenditure
di e* details of householdʼs housing* pastt laborl b market
k t participation
ti i ti ((““liflife” table)t bl )* FUNDED BY MINISTRY OF EDUCAATION COE & G-COE
Copyright ©2006 Keio University ｜4Japanp Household Panel Survveyy (JHPS)()
Nationwide panel survey of householdds begun in 2009, and conductedannually.
yEach survey denoted by year of impleementation: JHPS2009, JHPS2010,
Respondents limited to men and wom
men aged 20 or over in January 2009(no upper age limit).
p of 4022 respondents
pobttained after 12,549,individuals
Final sample
approached (32.1% response rate).
Data for each survey available for intternal usage around July of thesurvey year, and released to the publicpa year later. Only JHPS2009
currently publicly available. JHPS22010 will be released around July
2011.
2011

Questions in JHPS
Areas covered by the questions in JH
HPS include (quite a deal of overlap
with KHPS that allows pooling of thet data sets):* details of the respondent & familyy* details of the respondentʼs education* details of the respondentʼsrespondent s laborr market participation* details of the respondentʼs healtth status, social security* similar details for spouse (educattion,tion labor market participation,participation
health status, social security)* details of householdhouseholdʼss financial assets
aand liabilities* details of income and expendituree* details of householdhouseholdʼss housing* past labor market participation (““life” table)
Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜6

Features of JHPS Designg
In carrying out JHPS2009, various “eexperiments” conducted toinvestigate how response rates (reesponding to the survey itself,responding to individual questions)) are affected by:a) variations in payments to survveyors;b) some off theh questions
ibeingb i askeda k d byb an iinterviewer;ic) the availability of the option off responding online.
JHPS2010 also conducted tests of thhe academic ability of children in thesurveyed household who were eithher in primary school or juniorsecondary school.
Questions suggested by outside researchers welcome.

Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜7

Representativenesspof KHPS
S： Kimura (2004)()
・ Kimura compared summary statisticcs for KHPS with statistics for othersurveys
y (e.g.
( g PopulationpCensus,, LabourLForce Surveys,y , etc)) todetermine how representative the KHPS survey is.
・ Kimuraʼs conclusion is that with the exception of cases wheredefinitional differences lead to diveergences between the results, there
are for the main part no significantt differences in the distributions, andthat
h theh differences
diffwhereh
present are within
i hi theh boundsbd off statisticali i lacceptability.
･ It shouldh ld beb notedt d thatth t single
i l (you( ng)) unmarriedi d individuals
i di id l wouldld
appear to be slightly underrepreseented (compared to populationestimates) and that people living inestimates),
i apartment blocks are also
underrepresented.
Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜8Retention Rates for Data Se
ets

KHPSA

2004

2005

2006

22007

2008

2009

4005

3314

2887

2
2643

2451

2290

82.7%

87.1%

91.5%

92.7%

93.4%

11419

1240

1132

87.4%

91.3%

93.0%

4022

3470

KHPSB

JHPS

2010

94.0%

86.3%

Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜9Impact
pof Tax Changes:gSakatta & McKenzie （２００９）

・In 2003, the Japanese Diet passed legislation to abolish part of thespecial deduction for spouses (Haaigusha Tokubetsu Kojo), with theabolition to take effect for the 20004 tax year.
This paper investigates the impact off this tax reform on the female
labour supply (labor market particiipation & hours worked).
worked)A number of earlier studies have show
wn that married women are likely toadjust their labour supply so that theirt
husbands will be eligible to takeadvantage of the spouse deduction.
By using data from the first and seco
ond waves of the Keio Household
Panel Survey (KHPS) collected in 2004 and 2005, this paper uses thedifference-in-differences approach to examine whether there has
been any change in the behaviour of female labour supply as a resultof this tax reform.

Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜10

Impact of Tax Changes: Sakata & McKenzie （２００９）
Information on the awareness of the policy change is used to find acontrol ggroupp and a treatment ggroupp for the hours worked analysis.
yThe empirical evidence indicates thatt the tax reform in 2004 did not have
any impact on the decision of female spouses to enter the labourmarket.
However, there are some effects on the number of hours they worked
conditional on their participation inn the labour market. Due to thepartial abolition of the special spouse deduction, it is estimated thatpart-time
t ti
femalefl workers
kincreasei
edd theirth i weekly
kl hours
hoff workk bybabout 3.7 hours. Sakata and McKeenzie argue that the awareness ofthe partial abolition of the spouse allowance is crucial in accounting
for the changes in married womenʼs labour supply.
Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜11Earthquake Risk and Housingg Prices: Naoi et al(2007)
・ Hedonic pricing approach is used too examine whether individuals alter
their subjective
jassessments of eaarthquake
qrisks before and after amassive earthquake.
・ Using KHPS2004-2007 coupled with earthquake hazard information andthe observations on major earthquuakes, it is found that there is some
updating of individualsʼ assessmennts of earthquakes.
･ For homeowners, estimates of housse prices are available; for renters,
rents are available. Characteristicss of houses (age, location to nearest
station,t tinumberb off rooms)) are available.
il bl AlthAlthoughh thisthi information
i fti isi
not released to the public, we have information on the census area
where the individuals live and this is linked to earthquake risk database.
Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜12Earthquake Risk and Housing Prices: Naoi et al(2007)･ Hedonic models for house prices anda rents suggest that both aresignificantly
gy negatively
gy affected byy the “objective”
jrisk of anearthquake.
・ Difference in difference approach used to measure the impact ofearthquake occuｒrences.
･ Naoi et alʼs results suggest that foor homeowners the price discounting
from locating within a quake pronee area is significantly larger after amajor earthquake than before.
･ The authors suggest that this is beecause homeowners initially
underestimate earthquake risks.

Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜13

Impact of the Childcare Leave Law: Sato & Ma(2008)･Since it introduction in 1992, the Chhildcare Leave Law has been
amended several times. Sato & Maa examine the determinants ofwhether or not women leave their job following the birth of their firstchild.
･ A key to this analysis is the use off the “life table” in KHPS2004 whichasks respondents (and their spousses) to indicate their main activity( d job(study,j b search,h work,k homehmaker,k etc)) fromftheh age off 18 to thehpresent. Information on activities in
i 15-17 age group collected inKHPS2005 Analysis uses KHPS20
KHPS2005.
004 KHPS2007.
004-KHPS2007
・ Using a probit analysis that contro
ols for differences in educational
levels & cohort effects,
effects it is foundd contrary to expectations of thechildcare leave system that betweeen 1992 and 1999, the law had little
impact on “quit” rates of women.
Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜14

Impact of the Childcare Leave Law: Sato & Ma(2008)
・ From 2000 onwards, for firms that have a childcare leave system, it isfound that there is a significant
greeduction in the number of womenleaving their jobs.
・ The authors suggest that tighter laabor markets may have led firms tochange the way they implement thheir childcare leave system, andmake it easier for women to take advantage
aof the system

Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜15

Social Economic Differentialls and Health
DiffDifferentials:
ti l Kawai
Ki (2007)
・Kawai uses data from KHPS2005 annd KHPS2006 to examine thedeterminants of several health relaated factors: 1)) obesity;y; 2)) smoking;g;3) drinking of alcohol; 4) lack of exxercise; 5) lack of sleep.
・Explanatory variables include: hours worked, income, gender, age,educational level, geographic information.
・Kawai finds thata) long working hours tends to significantly worsen some aspects ofhealth (smoking, exercise, sleep)b) lower incomes tend to increase smokingsand lack of exercisec) elderly people tend to smoke lesss, exercise more and get sufficient
sleepCopyright © 2006 Keio University ｜16Micro Simulation Usingg JHPS: Doi (2010)()
・ Doi uses data from the JHPS2009 survey to undertake a microsimulation of the impact
pof the Haatoyama
yGovernmentʼs proposedp ppolicy relating to the child allowance and the associated revision ofvarious deductions.
・ Using household equivalent disposable income, households areallocated to 10 income groups.
・ It is found that lower and middle inncome earners benefit from thepayment of the child allowance.
・ An elimination of the top up deducction for dependents aged between
16 and 18 would increase the tax burdens of households in the 6th to9th deciles.
deciles・ Key assumption is that labor market responses do not change.
Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜17

Surveyy Response
pRates: Naoi et al (2010)()
・Analyzes data relating to the experim
ments conducted when theJHPS2009 was implementedp(p(priorr explanation
pof JHPS byy
researchers to surveyors, changess in payments to surveyors,interview vs leave and pick up, usee of the internet)
・ Found that when surveyors are paaid a higher payment for obtaining acompleted survey from the “originnal” sample, response rates for thissample
l tendd to rise.
i・ No difference in the response ratees between interview＋leave and pickup vs pick-up
i k・ The sample obtained via internet responsesr
is rather small, but tend tobe high income individuals and they tend to be full
full-time
time workers

Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜18

Social Economic Differentialls and Health
DiffDifferentials:
ti l KawaiKi (2007)
・Kawai also examines the determinannts of hospitalization (includinghospitalpvisits)) & medical checkupps
・ It is found that income levels do not appear to be related tohospitalization (including hospital visits).
v
There are significant
geographic differences that Kawai attributes to hospitals being
concentrated in major cities.
・ In contrast, lower income level inddividuals, the unemployed & nonregular workers have a tendency notn to have medical checkups.
Kawai suggests this is evidence off economic differentials.

Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜19

Determinants of Academic Ability:
AAkabayashi etall (2010)
・This analysis combines JHPS2009, JHPS2010,
Jand tests on theacademic skills ((math,, “Japanese”p”,, logic)g ) of primarypy school and juniorjhigh school students of respondennts.
・Preliminary analysis suggests thata) the scores of children in math annd “Japanese” are related to thelevel of schooling of both parents. Especially for math if the father is auniversity graduate, and for “Japaanese” if the mother is a university
graduate.
b) the sex of the child, the number ofo brothers/sisters and the birthorder do not appear to have a signnificant effect on academic abilityc)) beingb i bornb“early”“ l ” (Jan.-Mar.)(JM ) hahas a limitedli i d negativei impaction
academic abilityd) family
f il factors
f t
dod nott appear tot ininfluence
fll i l ability
logicalbilit
Copyright © 2006 Keio University ｜20