SC/D06/J2

Review of general methodology and survey procedure
under the JARPA
Shigetoshi Nishiwaki, Hajime Ishikawa and Yoshihiro Fujise
Contact email: ishikawa@cetacean.jp
The Institute of Cetacean Research: 4-5, Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan

Abstract
The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) was conducted
every year from 1987/88 to 2004/05 season. After two seasons of feasibility research, the full-scale
research started in 1989/90 season. The program is designed to repeat surveys in the Antarctic Areas
IV and V alternatively in each of the sixteen years of the research period. Area IV was divided into
five strata and Area V was divided into four strata taking into account of different density of
distribution and segregation by sex and maturity of Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis.
Although the whole research period ranged from the end of November to March, the regular researchin the Areas IV and V was concentrated on January and February. A Special Monitoring Zone (SMZ)
was established to investigate seasonal variation of whale density from 1992/93 to 1994/95 season.
From the 1995/96 season, the survey area expanded into a part of Areas III and VI to improve thestock structure study. In order to achieve four objectives of JARPA, it was characterized by
combination of sighting and sampling survey. Track lines in the Areas IV and V were designed tocover the whole research area in the same manner. In principal, a saw tooth (right triangles) shapetrack line at intervals of 4 degrees longitude was settled in south strata and a zigzag track line atintervals of 15 degrees longitude or IDCR/SOWER style was settled in north strata. In order to obtain
biological samples representing whole population in the research area, random sampling method under
the line transect sighting survey was adopted. Two or three sighting/sampling vessels (SSVs)
conducted sighting and sampling survey on the predetermined track-line with parallel sub-track lines.
A dedicated sighting vessel (SV) was introduced from 1991/92 season and the SV preceded the SSVs
with distance over 12 n. miles to avoid influence of sampling activity on sighting survey. One or two
Antarctic minke whale(s) was sampled randomly from each primary sighted school within 3 n. milesof the track line of each SSV. Individuals to be sampled in a school were chosen by a researcher onboard using a series of tables of random sampling numbers (TRS), which were prepared according thesize of the schools. A maximum of 330 Antarctic minke whales (300 with 10% allowance) was takenfrom the Area IV or V in every other season respectively. A maximum of 110 samples (100 with 10%
allowance) were added for Areas IIIE or VIW since the 1995/96 season. All the whales sampled wereconducted biological survey on the research base vessel. Some experiments in regard to sampling
method were conducted to improve methodology of sighting/sampling survey. In parallel with lethal
sampling survey, a variety of non-lethal survey, e.g. oceanographic survey, photo identification andbiopsy sampling for large baleen whales and prey survey, were conducted.
1. Background
The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) was
conducted every year from 1987/88 to 2004/05 season. In compliance with Article VIII of theInternational Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, JARPA was authorized by the Government ofJapan and planned and conducted by the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR). After two seasons offeasibility research in 1987/88 and 1988/89, the full-scale research started in 1989/90 season. The
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full-scale program was designed to repeat surveys in the Antarctic Areas IV and V alternatively in eachof the sixteen years of the research period. From the 1995/96 season, the survey area expanded into apart of Areas III and VI to improve the stock structure study (Government of Japan, 1989, 1995).
The objectives of the research were as follows; 1) estimation of the biological parameters required forthe stock management of the Southern Hemisphere minke whale, 2) elucidation of the role of whalesin the Antarctic marine ecosystem, 3) elucidation of the stock structure of the Southern Hemisphereminke whales to improve the stock management, and 4) elucidation of the effect of environmental
changes on cetaceans (Government of Japan, 1987a, 1987b, 1996). The last objective was added fromthe 1995/96 season in response to the three resolutions below (IWC, 1995, 1996):
Resolution on promotion of research related to conservation of large baleen whales in the Southern
Oceans (IWC Resolution 1994-12)
Resolution on research on the environment and whale stocks (IWC Resolution 1994-13)
Resolution on research on the environment and whale stocks (IWC Resolution 1995-10)
In order to achieve these objectives, it was necessary to obtain unbiased biological samples
representing whole population in the research area. Therefore, JARPA was characterized by
combination of sighting and sampling survey. This paper reviews the survey procedure of JARPA withspecial reference to methodology of sighting and sampling.

2. General methodology
JARPA has been conducted under the consistent research methods during survey period. Table 1
shows an outline of all JARPA cruises from 1987/88 to 2004/05 season.
2.1. Research area and season
Main research area of JARPA was the Antarctic Area IV (70E - 130E) and Area V (130E - 170W)
south of 60S (Fig 1). Except for the feasibility researches, the entire area of the each Area has beensurveyed every other year. The research season was focused on the Antarctic summer season.
Although the whole research period ranged from the end of November to March, the regular researchin the Areas IV and V was concentrated on January and February, i.e. peak migration season of
Antarctic minke whales in the Antarctic Ocean (see Appendix 1).
2.2 Stratification of the area
According to results of the two feasibility researches, which suggested different density of
distribution and segregation by sex and maturity of Antarctic minke whales by regions, main researcharea in the full scale research was divided into small strata (Fig 1). Area IV was divided into two
sectors, east and west, by 100E. They were further divided into two strata, a south stratum extending
from the ice edge to a locus 45 n. miles, and a north stratum extending from the northern boundary of
the south stratum to the northern boundary of the Area IV. The southern boundary of the West-south
stratum between 70E and 80E was fixed at 66S and Prydz Bay stratum was defined as the southernarea of this boundary. Area V was divided into the east and west sectors by 165E. The west sector was
further divided into north and south strata in the same manner of the Area IV. The southern boundaryof the East-north stratum was fixed at 69S and the East- south stratum (the Ross Sea) was defined as
southern area of this boundary. In some research seasons, northern boundary of the research area was
expanded to the latitudinal line between 55S and 58S based on ice condition or research strategy (seesection 4). A Special Monitoring Zone (SMZ) was established to investigate seasonal variation ofwhale density from 1992/93 to 1994/95 season (see section 2.3, 3.2 and 4). Except for such additional
modifications, principal stratification manner in the Areas IV and V has been kept during all JARPA
surveys. Stratification of the Areas IIIE and VIW varied with research seasons because of ice conditionand sampling strategy for stock assessment.
2.3 Design of track lines
JARPA kept the same design of research track line in each stratum of the Areas IV and V with some2

modification. Fig. 2 shows the typical track line in each stratum of the Areas IV and V. It was
designed to cover the whole research area in the same manner during all JARPA surveys. Followings
are concepts of the track line design. Track lines of the feasibility researches are described in section
3.1.
1) South strata in the Area IV and the South-west stratum in the Area V
A saw tooth (right triangles) shape track line was settled at intervals of four degrees longitude.
Southern waypoints (turning points) were set on the ice-edge and northern waypoints (northernboundary) were set on the locus from the 45 n. miles from there. As the longitude of the firstsouthern way point was set randomly, the latitude of starting point on boundary of the area wasalso determined randomly in each south stratum.
Latitude of each southern (ice edge) way point was estimated in advance based on the latest ice
information, e.g. a pack ice survey in advance, photograph from a meteorological satellite andinformation from the National Ice Center (former NAVY/NOAA Joint Ice Center). When the iceedge was encountered prior to reaching an estimated way point, the SV and SSV stopped
sighting (and sampling) survey and went along the ice edge until survey could be resumed on
the planned track line. When the ice edge was not encountered on reaching an estimatedsouthern way point, the SV and SSV stopped sighting (and sampling) survey and moved southon the longitudinal line of the way point until the vessels encountered ice edge. Then the
research vessels turned around and resumed the survey northward (Fig. 3a).
2) North strata in the Areas IV and V
A zigzag track line was settled at intervals of 15 degrees longitude or IDCR/SOWER style(length of track line was determined by allocated days and expected searching distance per day).
Southern waypoints were set on the locus from the 45 n. miles from ice-edge (northern boundaryof the south strata). The latitude of starting point was randomly set at the starting longitudinalline of each north stratum.
3) Prydz Bay in the Area IV
Prydz Bay was divided into the north and south zones, in which a latitudinal track-line was set
respectively. These two track lines were diagonally connected and formed a z-shaped or anhourglass-shaped line.
4) South-east stratum in the Area V (the Ross Sea)
Basically, two longitudinal zigzag track lines adopted for the IDCR/SOWER were applied.
Length of the line was determined based on allocated research days, expected searching distanceper day and open space of the Ross Sea. When the ice edge was encountered prior to reaching aplanned way point, the research vessel interrupted sighting (and sampling) survey and followed
the ice edge until survey could be resumed on the planned track line. When the ice edge was notencountered on reaching an estimated ice edge way point, the survey was continued on abisector line. After the vessel reached the way point on ice edge (true way point), the vessels
interrupted sighting (and sampling) survey and moved back to the estimated way point. Whenelapsed time from the estimated way point to the true way point was over two hours, revised
track line was set from the true waypoint and the next one (Fig. 3b). According to ice conditionin the Ross Sea, modification of the track lines was occurred in some research seasons.
5) SMZ (see sections 3.2 and 4)
The track lines in the SMZ in the first two seasons were established in the same manner in the
Areas IV and V (Figs. 10-11). A zigzag track line of the IDCR/SOWER style was set without
stratification in the third season (Fig. 12).
6) Areas IIIE and VIW
In principle, eastward and westward zigzag track lines were set in the research area. However,the design of the track line was modified in some research seasons because of a research strategy(see section 4 and Figs. 13 - 22).
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2.4 Vessels
Following vessels were used for JARPA (Table 1).
1) Research base vessel
Nisshin-maru No.3 (NM3; 23,107.85 GT)･･･1987/88 – 1990/91 season
Nisshin-maru(NM ; Gross tonnage was increased from 7,198 to 7,638)･･･1991/92 – 2004/05 season2) Sighting and Sampling vessels
Toshi-maru No.18 (T18; 739.92GT) ･･･1988/89 – 1997/98 season
Toshi-maru No.25 (T25; 739.92GT) ･･･1987/88 – 2002/03 season
Kyo-maru No.1 (K01; 812.08GT) ･･･1987/88 – 2004/05 season
Yushin-maru (YS1; 720GT) ･･･1998/99 – 2004/05 season
Yushin-maru No.2 (YS2; 747GT)･･･2003/04 – 2004/05 season3) Sighting vessel
Kyoshin-maru No.2 (KS2; 372IGT) ･･･1995/96 – 2004/05 season
2.5 Sighting survey
JARPA also kept its unique sighting and sampling method during all surveys. In order to obtain
biological samples representing whole population in the research area, random sampling method under
the line transect sighting survey was adopted.
Two or three sighting/sampling vessels (SSVs) conducted sighting and sampling survey on thepredetermined track-line with parallel track lines 7 n. miles apart (distance of parallel lines waschanged by seasons, see section 4) at a standard speed of 11.5 knots. The survey was operated under
optimal research conditions (when the wind speed was below 25 knot in the south strata or 20 knot in
the north strata and visibility was over 2 n. miles), which ensured accuracy of sighting survey.
Basically, each of the SSVs changed the track line orderly among three everyday to avoid possible
sighting bias by the fixed position. Starting position of the day was set at position where one of the
SSVs ended survey in the previous day in the most advanced position. Other SSVs moved to thestarting position of next day after the end of the daily survey. When ‘pre-determined distance a day’(see section 2.9) was set, the SSVs skipped the remained distance. These daily arrangements of SSVs
were determined by a cruise leader on the research base vessel.
Sightings of whales were classified into primary and secondary sightings. The primary sightings
were those seen in normal searching mode (three observers searched from the top barrel of the vesselon the predetermined track-line). The secondary sightings were those seen in out of normal searchingmode (e.g. during closing or chasing whales, no observer in the top barrel or the vessel engages inother work) or off the research time. In principle, the sighting survey by SSVs was conducted underlimited closing mode (NSC: when a sighting of Antarctic minke whale was made on the predeterminedtrack line, the vessel approached it and species and school size were confirmed).
A dedicated sighting vessel (SV) was introduced from 1991/92 season (see section 4 and Table 1).
One of the three SSVs was allocated as the SV from 1991/92 to 1994/95 season. An additional SV(KS2) was introduced from 1995/96 season. The sighting survey by the SV was conducted underlimited closing mode (ASP; same manner as NSC without sampling of whales) and passing mode
(NSP; even if sighting was made on the predetermined track line, the vessel did not approach thewhale directly and searching from the barrel was uninterrupted). The SSVs followed the SV with
distance over 12 n. miles to avoid influence of sampling activity on sighting survey (Fig.4).
In addition to the sightings of Antarctic minke whales or whales suspected to be Antarctic minke
whales, the SV approached blue whale Balaenoptera musculus, southern right whale Eubalaena
australis and humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae for conducting some experiments (e.g. photo
ID and biopsy sampling). Target species for biopsy sampling was increased later (see section 2.8). The
SSVs also occasionally approached these whales for conducting some experiments.
A researcher on board recorded all the sightings of whales. The sighting record includes date and4time of the sighting, position of the vessel, classification of survey mode and sighting (primary or
secondary), angle and distance from the vessel, species and school size, estimated body length, andetc.
2.6 Sampling method
Sampling scheme was described by Kato et al. (1989) in detail. One or two Antarctic minke
whale(s) was sampled randomly from each primary sighted school within 3 n. miles of the track line
by SSVs. Individuals to be sampled in a school were chosen by a researcher on board using a series oftables of random sampling numbers (TRS), which were prepared according the size of the schools.
When the primary sighting of the Antarctic minke whales was occurred, a SSV approached to theschool of whales within 0.2 n. miles. Observers on the top barrel counted a number of whales andestimated body length of each animal. If a sighting was solitary whale, it was sampled immediately
after the body length estimation. If a school was consisted of two or more animals, the researcher
assigned a serial number to each individual, ranging from left to right. The first target whale waschosen using the TRS specific to the school size. When two whales should be sampled from a school,
the second target was selected by the same manner after the first animal was sampled. In this case, theremaining individuals were renumbered according to the latest position in the school and TRS wasused for the original school size minus one. Although JARPA was originally planed to take samples
from all primary sighted minke whales with a maximum of two whales from each school, it was
reduced two to one since 1992/93 season in order to give greater importance to the representative of
the samples (Fujise et al., 1993b).
A maximum of 330 Antarctic minke whales (300 with 10% allowance) was taken from the Area IV
or V in every other season respectively. A maximum of 110 samples (100 with 10% allowance) wereadded for Areas IIIE and VIW since the 1995/96 season (Government of Japan 1995). Sampling of
dwarf form minke whale was ceased from 1993/94 season because the result of genetic study revealed
that two types of southern hemisphere minke whales were different each other (Government of Japan,
1993).
2.7 Biological survey
All the whales sampled were conducted biological survey on the research base vessel. Table 2
summarizes data and samples collected. These data and samples were analyzed for the objectives of
JARPA and some were used for collaborative studies in various fields such as histology, physiology,
embryology, pharmacology, pathology and reproductive physiology.
2.8 Non-lethal survey
Besides the sighting survey, JARPA conducted a variety of non-lethal survey. These surveys
especially contributed to study on large baleen whales, prey species and oceanography.
2.8.1 Photo-identification and biopsy sampling
The following species were targeted for photographic record of natural markings during thesurveys conducted from the SV; blue, humpback and right whales. These three species were also
targeted for biopsy sampling. Target species for biopsy sampling was added later, i.e. pigmy
right whale Caperea marginata, fin whale B.physalus, sei whale B. borealis, sperm whale
Physeter macrocephalus, southern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon planifrons, killer whales
Orcinus orca and long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas. Cross bows and air guns
developed by ICR (Kasamatsu et al, 1991) were used for it. Photographic recording and biopsy
sampling were also conducted from the SSVs occasionally.
2.8.2 Prey species and oceanographic survey
SV conducted the following survey; 1) hydro-acoustic survey using a passive acoustic system(EK500 38kHz, 120kHz, 200kHz, SIMRAD, Norway) to elucidate distribution and abundanceof prey species of Antarctic whales (from 1998/99 season), 2) consecutive measuring of surface
water temperature, conductivity, surface chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen and surface particle byElectric Particle Counting and Sizing System (EPCS, from 1999/2000 season), 3) XBT, XCTD
and CTD survey and 4) marine debris recording in the research area. All marine debris found in5the stomach of Antarctic minke whales was recorded and collected on a research base vessel. In
2004/05 season, Kaiyo-maru, a research vessel of Japanese Fisheries Agency conductedcooperative survey with JARPA on prey species of whales and oceanography in the Ross Sea(see section 4).
2.9 Pre-determined distance a day.
The pre-determined distance per day is a task on daily movement on the research track line. It wasapplied to JARPA from 1989/90 season in order to make the survey smooth. The SSVs had to move tothe start point of next day, when they did not achieved pre-determined distance during the daytime(so-called “skip”). The “skip” was caused by shortage of searching distance in a day due to bad
weather condition and/or sampling activity in the high-density area of whales. It was concerned thatthe “skip” might cause biased population estimate because SSV tended to skip over high-density areaof whales after sampling activity of a day (IWC, 1998). However, this “skip” decreased because thesurvey in the Areas IV and V was conducted once in the peak migration season of Antarctic minke
whales from 1992/93 season (see section 3.2). Since the SSVs were able to be allocated longer days in
the regular research area than before, the distance of night steaming was determined in each occasion
considering the length of un-researched track line and research schedule. Therefore the “skip” inrecent seasons occurred by shortage of research days allocated to a certain area due to prolonged badweather condition rather than sampling activity in a day. An effect of the “skip” and adjustment on the
population estimate is considered in separated papers (Hakamada et al., 2006a, 2006b).

3. Experiments conducted in JARPA
In the JARPA surveys, some experiments were conducted to improve methodology of sighting/sampling survey. These experiments are in regard to (1) construction of track lines, (2) seasonal
coverage, (3) research on neighboring area, and (4) sampling method.
3.1 Construction of track lines (feasibility researches; 1987/88 – 88/89 season)
In the two feasibility researches, the cruise track line was drawn as longitudinal line in the northernpart of research area and drawn like a trace of a billiard ball reflection in the southern part. However,in the full scale survey, this ‘reflection’ method (Kato et al. 1989) was changed to zigzag line in a
stratified stratum (see sections 2.2 and 2.3) to elucidate the segregation of Antarctic minke whales inrelation to their migration pattern and biological parameters (Government of Japan, 1989).
3.2 Seasonal and spatial coverage
Some experimental research areas were set in the Areas IV and V during the JARPA surveys. These
additional areas were principally surveyed before and/or after the regular survey of the Areas IV and V
so that the regular survey in mid summer of the Antarctic (the peak migration period of Antarctic
minke whales) was not disturbed. Appendix 1 shows research period in each stratum by the season.
3.2.1. Twice cover of the entire Area (1989/90 – 91/92)
From 1989/90 to 1991/92, the Areas IV and V were covered twice at different times toanalyze the changes of population density of whales by season and area (Government of Japan,
1989, 1990a, 1990b and 1991). Thus, it was found that the peak migration season of Antarctic
minke whales corresponds to the later half of the first period and the first half of the second
period of the survey covered (see Appendix 1).
3.2.2. Special monitoring zone (SMZ) (1992/93 - 1994/95)
The SMZ was established to investigate seasonal change of distribution of Antarctic minke
whales. It was set in a part of the Areas IV and V and surveyed in each before and after the
regular survey. Therefore, the SMZ was surveyed three times practically (Fujise et al. 1993b,
Government of Japan, 1993). The season of the regular survey was concentrated to peakmigration season of Antarctic minke whales.
63.3 Feasibility research in the Areas IIIE and VIW (1995/96 - 2004/05)
From the 1995/96 season, the survey area was expanded into eastern part of Areas III (Area IIIE;
35E - 70E) and western part of the Area VI (Area VIE; 170W - 145W) to improve the stock structure
study. The original objective of the expansion to the Area IIIE and the Area VIW was a feasibility
research on stock identification to examine the hypothesis of the occurrence of more than one stock in
the Areas IV and V (Government of Japan, 1995, 1996).
3.4 Sampling method
3.4.1 Experiment to monitor whale reaction to the vesselThis experiment was conducted in order to assess the effects on sighting survey by chasing
activity of the SSV (did the sampling activity disturb other whales ahead?). One SSV surveyed
in usual manner while the other two vessels (observer vessels) drifted at a distance of 10 n. miles
ahead of the SSV and 6 n. miles apart from each other. The observer vessels observed reactionof schools of Antarctic minke whales around them while the SSV conducted normal sighting
survey, chasing and harpooning (simulated harpooning was done in several experiments). The
experiment was conducted from 1990/91 to 1992/93 and 1995/96 seasons. A total of 16 sets oftrial was conducted and 69 schools of Antarctic minke whales were observed. In summary, no
obvious whale reaction to sampling activity was observed except for one case that a school
showed negative movement when the SSV approached 1.5 n. miles from them (Government ofJapan, 1990b, Kasamatsu et al, 1993., Fujise et al., 1993a, 1993b, Nishiwaki et al., 1996)
3.4.2 Feasibility research of modification of sampling method (S-experiment)
During the 49th IWC Scientific Committee meeting, modification of the sighting andsampling method of JARPA was proposed (Schweder, 1998). Japan decided to conduct a limited
scale feasibility research on whether the modified method was workable or not (Government ofJapan, 1999). The feasibility research (S-experiment) was conducted in the East-south stratum in
the Area IV (1999/2000) and the West-south stratum in the Area V (2000/01). During theS-experiment period, All SSVs stayed at the point where the survey of the day was finished until
next day. Different from the ordinal research manner, they never moved forward during night orin bad weather condition. Target for sample was selected according to the predetermined interval
for each school size. One or two individuals were collected from the targeted school (Ishikawa
et al. 2000, Nishiwaki et al, 2001). The S-experiment was ceased in following seasons because
there were several problems in practice.

4. Outline of the research cruises
Table 1 summarizes outline of JARPA. Followings are summary of research procedure and resultsin each cruise. Details of each cruise are described in cruise reports of JARPA (see References).
Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA in each cruise are shown in Appendix 2.
4.1. 1987/88 season (feasibility research in Area IV, Fig. 5)
The first feasibility research was conducted between 105E and 115E in the Area IV. The
research area was divided into two strata; a southern stratum (from the pack ice edge to 60S) and anorthern stratum (from 55S to 60S). The distance between parallel two track lines of SSVs was 6 n.
miles. Research period was 70 days from 17 January to 26 March 1988. Total searching effort of two
SSVs was 8,482 n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were 226 schools / 654
individuals. A total of 273 whales (including one dwarf minke whale) was sampled (Kato et al.
1989).
4.2. 1988/89 season (feasibility study in Area V, Fig. 6)
The second feasibility research was conducted between 168E and 180E south of 52S of the Area V.
The research area was stratified to latitudinal three strata; north (52S - 60S), middle (60S - 69S) andsouth zone (69S-ice edge). As the sampling rate of the second targeted whale in a school of two or
more was relatively low in the previous cruise, an additional SSV was introduced from this season.
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The three SSVs were grouped into two vessels (pair) and one vessel (single), which were allocatedeach of two parallel track lines. The research period was 79 days from 12 January to 31 March 1989.
Total searching effort of three SSVs was 9,614.2 n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke
whale were 340 schools / 743 individuals. A total of 241 whales (including five dwarf minke whales)
was sampled (Kato et al. 1990).
4.3. 1989/90 season (Area IV, Fig. 7)
After the two feasibility researches, the full-scale research started from 1989/90 season. The entire
Area IV was divided to five strata (see section 2.2) and northern area between 55S and 60S was also
surveyed using longitudinal track line on the way to and from the Area IV. Northern boundary of theWest-north stratum in the first period was shifted from 60S to 58S because of extended ice edge. Eachstratum was surveyed twice. The distance between parallel three track lines was 9 n. miles apart eachother. The research period was 97 days from 6 December 1989 to 12 March 1990. Total searchingeffort of three SSVs was 17,094.4 n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were
767 schools / 1,978 individuals. A total of 330 whales (including three dwarf minke whales) was
sampled (Fujise et al., 1990).
4.4. 1990/91 season (Area V, Fig. 8)
The entire Area V was divided to four strata (see section 2.2) and northern area between 55S and
60S was also surveyed using longitudinal track line on the way to and from the Area V. Each stratum
was surveyed twice. Track line design for IDCR/ SOWER was adapted in the South-west stratum. The
research period was 94 days from 19 December 1990 to 22 March 1991. Total searching effort of three
SSVs was 14,759.9 n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were 750 schools/
1,725 individuals. A total of 327 whales (including four dwarf minke whales) was sampled(Kasamatsu et al., 1993).
4.5. 1991/92 season (Area IV, Fig. 9)
The northern area between 55S and 60S was surveyed using longitudinal track line on the way toand from the Area IV. Northern boundary of the West-north stratum in the first period was shifted from
60S to 58S because of extended ice edge. Each sector was surveyed twice. One of the three SSVs (aSSV on the main course) was allocated as a SV in south strata and Prydz Bay to improve the research
effort. The research period was 112 days from 5 December 1991 to 25 March 1992. Total searchingeffort of SV and SSVs was 18,204.5 n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were
616 schools / 2,061 individuals. No Antarctic minke whale was sighted in the East-north stratum in thesecond period. A total of 288 whales was sampled (Fujise et al., 1993a).
4.6. 1992/93 season (Area V, Fig. 10)
The SMZ survey (see 3.2.2) started. It was set in the Area V between 130E and 155E south of 60S
and stratified to the north and south strata in the same way as the regular research area. The research
period was 112 days from 3 December 1992 to 24 March 1993. The first SMZ survey was conductedfrom 3 to 25 December 1992 and the second survey was conducted from 10 to 24 March 1993 after
the regular research of the Area V (30 December 1992 -6 March 1993). Sampling method was changed
to taking one whale from a school in order to achieve better representation of the whale population.
One of the three SSVs (a SSV on the main course) was allocated as a SV in all the research areas toimprove the research effort. Total searching effort of SV and SSVs was 13,492.3 n. miles and theprimary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were 933 schools / 3,049 individuals. A total of 330
whales (including three dwarf minke whales) was sampled (Fujise et al., 1993b).
4.7. 1993/94 season (Area IV, Fig. 11)
The SMZ in this season was set in the Area IV between 110E and 130E south of 60S andstratified to north and south strata in the same way as the regular research area. The research period
was 107 days from 3 December 1993 to 19 March 1994. The first SMZ survey was conducted from 3
to 19 December 1993 and the second survey was conducted from 5 to 19 March 1994 after the regularresearch of the Area IV (21 December 1993 -3 March 1994). One of the three SSVs was allocated as a
SV in all the research area. The SV surveyed main course and followed by two SSVs on the main8

course and a parallel sub-course 12 n. miles south. Total searching effort of SV and SSVs was 17,930
n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were 688 schools / 1,619 individuals. A
total of 330 whales was sampled. Dwarf minke whales were not targeted for sample from this season(Nishiwaki et al. 1994).
4.8. 1994/95 season (Area V, Fig. 12)
The SMZ was set in the Area V between 165E and 170W south of 60S and it was not stratified.
The research period was 109 days from 3 December 1994 to 21 March 1995. The first SMZ survey
was conducted from 3 to 17 December 1994 and the second survey was conducted from 13 to 18
February and from 15 to 21 March 1995. The regular research of the Area V was conducted from 18
December 1994 to 14 March 1995. One of the three SSVs was allocated as a SV in all the researcharea. Total searching effort of SV and SSVs was 14,038.6 n. miles and the primary sightings ofAntarctic minke whale were 823 schools / 2,453 individuals. A total of 330 whales was sampled(Nishiwaki et al. 1995).
4.9. 1995/96 season (Area IV and eastern part of the Area III, Fig. 13)
The first feasibility research for the eastern part of the Area III (Area IIIE; 35E – 70E, south of60S) was conducted. A maximum of 110 samples (100 with 10% allowance) was allocated for the
Area IIIE. The research period was 118 days from 26 November 1995 to 22 March 1996. Area IIIE
was surveyed twice before (26 November - 22 December 1995) and after (5 - 22 March 1996) thesurvey of the Area IV (22 December 1995 - 1 March 1996). A new dedicated SV was introduced (seesection 2.4). The SV surveyed main course and the three SSVs followed parallel three research tracklines each other (fig. 3). The distance between parallel track lines was changed to 7 n. miles. Total
searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 21,455.5miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic
minke whale were 893 schools / 2,021 individuals. A total of 440 whales was sampled (Nishiwaki et al.
1996).
4.10. 1996/97 season (Area V and western part of the Area VI, Fig. 14)
The first feasibility research for the western part of the Area VI (Area VIW; 170W – 145W) was
conducted. A maximum of 110 samples (100 with 10% allowance) was allocated for the Area VIW.
The research period was 103 days from 30 November 1996 to 13 March 1997. Area VIW was
surveyed twice before (30 November - 4 January 1997) and after (12 - 13 March 1997) the survey ofthe Area V (4 January- 12 March 1997). Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 17,755.6
n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were 852 schools / 2,608 individuals. A
total of 440 whales was sampled (Nishiwaki et al. 1997).
4.11. 1997/98 season (Area IV and Area IIIE, Fig.15)
The research period was 98 days from 7 December 1997 to 14 March 1998. Area IIIE wassurveyed twice before (7 - 31 December 1997) and after (5 - 14 March 1998) the survey of the Area IV(31 December 1997 - 9 March 1998). Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 21,598.4 n.
miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale were 672 schools / 1,373 individuals. A totalof 438 whales was sampled. The results of this season were characterized by low density of minke
whales in the south strata and low proportion of pregnant females that were collected in the south
strata and Prydz Bay in the Area IV (Ishikawa et al. 1998, Ishikawa, 2003).
4.12. 1998/99 season (Area V and Area VIW, Fig. 16)
The SV equipped scientific echo-sounder for a hydro acoustic survey. The research procedure inthis season had to be changed because a fire broke out in the research base vessel (NM) on the way to
the Antarctic. The NM should be repaired and the research fleet started the survey nearly two months
later than usual. The sighting survey started from 13 Jan. 1999 and sighting/sampling survey started
from 24 Jan. 1999 in the East-north stratum in the Area V. The research period was 78 days and thearea VIW was surveyed from 17 to 31 March 1999 after the survey of the Area V (13 January- 16
March 1999). Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 5193.6 n. miles and the primarysightings of Antarctic minke whale were 826 schools / 2,665 individuals. A total of 389 whales was
sampled (Nishiwaki et al., 1999).
9

4.13. 1999/2000 season (Area IV and Area IIIE, Fig. 17)
Northern boundary of the Area IIIE was expanded to 58S to increase the number of samples apartfrom the ice edge in the early period of feeding season of Antarctic minke whales. The research period
was 97 days from 5 December 1999 to 10 March 2000. The Area IIIE was surveyed from 5 to 26
December 1999 before the survey of the Area IV (27 December 1999 - 10 March 2000). Total
searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 16,341.5 n. miles and the primary sightings of Antarctic
minke whale were 1,507 schools / 6,581 individuals. A total of 439 whales was sampled (Ishikawa etal., 2000).
4.14. 2000/01 season (Area V and Area VIW, Fig. 18)
The research period was 100 days from 11 December 2000 to 20 March 2001. The Area VIW was
surveyed from 11 December 2000 to 1 January 2001 before the survey of the Area V (1 January- 20
March 2001). Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 26,425.7 n. miles and the primarysightings of Antarctic minke whale were 1,881 schools / 4,903 individuals. A total of 440 whales was
sampled (Nishiwaki et al., 2001).
4.15. 2001/02 season (Area IV and Area IIIE, Fig. 19)
Northern boundary of the Area IIIE was expanded to 58S to increase the number of samples apartfrom the ice edge in the early period of feeding season of Antarctic minke whales. In order to improvesighting survey and hydro acoustic survey, the SV allocated 4 hours for the closing mode (ASP) and 8hours for the passing mode (NSP) a day from this season. Area IIIE was surveyed twice before (29November - 25 December 2001) and after (28 February – 8 March 2002) the survey of the Area IV (25December 2001 – 27 February 2002). The research period was 100 days from 29 November 2001 to 8
March 2002). Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 14,394.4 n. miles and the primarysightings of Antarctic minke whale were 1,867 schools / 4,374 individuals. A total of 440 whales was
sampled (Ishikawa et al., 2002).
4.16. 2002/03 season (Area V and Area VIW, Fig. 20)
Track line design for IDCR/ SOWER was adapted in the South-west stratum in the Area V. The
research period was 97 days from 2 December 2002 to 8 March 2003. The Area VIW was surveyedfrom 3 December 2002 to 1 January 2003 before the survey of the Area V (5 January - 8 March 2003).
Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 18,126.2 n. miles and the primary sightings ofAntarctic minke whale were 2,461 schools / 6,583 individuals. A total of 440 whales was sampled(Nishiwaki et al., 2003).
4.17. 2003/04 season (Area IV and Area IIIE, Fig. 21)
Area IIIE was surveyed from 30 November to 23 December 2003 before the survey of the Area IV(26 December 2003 – 3 March 2004). The research period was 95 days from 30 November 2003 to 3
March 2004). Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 19,287.4 n. miles and the primarysightings of Antarctic minke whale were 1,092 schools / 3,256 individuals. A total of 440 whales was
sampled (Ishikawa et al., 2004).
4.18. 2004/05 season (Area V and Area VIW, Fig. 22)
Track line design for IDCR/ SOWER was adapted in the South-west stratum in the Area V. The
research period was 92 days from 7 December 2004 to 8 March 2005. The Area VIW was surveyedfrom 7 to 25 December 2004 before the survey of the Area V (26 December 2004 - 8 March 2005).
Total searching effort of the SV and three SSVs was 18,712.0 n. miles and the primary sightings ofAntarctic minke whale were 1,711 schools / 4,400 individuals. A total of 440 whales was sampled(Nishiwaki et al., 2005). Kaiyo-maru, a research vessel of Japanese Fisheries Agency conductedcooperative survey with JARPA on prey species of whales and oceanography. A survey of the
Kaiyo-maru was carried out to collect data simultaneously on ecological interaction of environment,
Antarctic krill and whales in Ross Sea and adjacent waters from 25 December 2004 and 27 February2005 (65 days) (Naganobu et al., 2005).
10References
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under Special Permit in the Antarctic. Paper SC/47/SH3 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 1995 (unpublished). 8pp.
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under Special Permit in the Antarctic. Paper SC/48/SH3 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, 1996 (unpublished). 11pp.
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under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA). Paper SC/51/O5 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 1999 (unpublished). 5pp.
Hakamada T, Goto, M and Ishikawa, H. 2006a. Examination of the effect of skip on the abundance
estimate for Antarctic minke whales in JARPA. Paper SC/58/IA6 presented to the IWC
Scientific Committee, May 2006 (unpublished). 18pp.
Hakamada T, Goto, M and Ishikawa, H. 2006b. Examination of correction the effect of skip on theabundance estimates for Antarctic minke whales in JARPA. Paper SC/JARPA Review/3
presented to the JARPA Review meeting, December 2006, Tokyo (unpublished).
Ishikawa H, Matsuoka K, Tohyama D, Yuzu S, Shimokawa T, Ohshima K, Mizushima Y, Nibe T, Kido
T, Asada M, Nakamura M, Ichinomiya D and Kinoshita T. 1998. Cruise report of the Japanesewhale research program under a special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) area IV and easternpart of area III in 1997/98. Paper SC/50/CAWS8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee,
1998 (unpublished).
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Ishikawa H, Murase H, Tohyama D, Yuzu S, Otani S, Mogoe T, Masaki T, Kimura N, Ohshima T,
Konagai T, Asada M, Takeuchi J and Kinoshita T. 2000. Cruise report of the Japanese whale
research program under special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) area IV and eastern part of area
III in 1999/2000. Paper SC/52/O20 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, 2000
(unpublished).
Ishikawa H. 2003. Relationship between ice condition and number of sightings of Antarctic minke
whales – comparison between 1997/98 and 2001/2001JARPA surveys in Area IIIE and IV.
Report of the Scientific Committee, Annex G, Appendix 6, J. Cetacean Res. Manage.
5(SUPPL.):278-282.
Ishikawa H, Otani S, Mogoe T, Kiwada H, Tohyama D, Yoshida T, Hayashi T, Nagamine M,
Fukutome K, Koyanagi T, Fujihira T, Sasaki T, Ishihara T and Mori M. 2002. Cruise report of
the Japanese whale research program under special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) area IV andeastern part of area III in 2001/2002. Paper SC/54/O18 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, 2002 (unpublished).
Ishikawa H, Otani S, Kiwada H, Isoda T, Tohyama D, Honjo K, Hasegawa A, Terao T, Kushimoto T,
Ohshima T, Sugiyama K, Sasaki T, Itoh S, Takamatsu T and Yoshida T. 2004. Cruise Report of
the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area IV
and Eastern Part of Area III in 2003/2004. Paper SC/56/O12 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, 2004 (unpublished).
IWC. 1995. Chairman’s report of the forty-sixth annual meeting. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn, 45, 15-52.
IWC. 1996. Chairman’s report of the forty-seventh annual meeting. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn, 46, 15-48.
IWC. 1998. Report of the Intersessional Working Group to Review and Results from Special Permit
Research on Minke Whales in the Antarctic, Tokyo, 12-16 May 1997. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn,
48, 377-411.
Kasamatsu F., Iwata S. and Nishiwaki S. 1991. Development of biopsy skin sampling system for fastswimming whales in pelagic waters. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn 41. 555-557.
Kasamatsu F, Yamamoto Y, Zenitani R, Ishikawa H, Ishibashi T, Sato H, Takashima K and Tanifuji S.
1993. Report of the 1990/91 southern minke whale research cruise under scientific permit inarea V. Rep Int Whal Commn 1993, 43:505-22.
Kato H, Hiroyama H, Fujise Y and Ono K. 1989. Preliminary report of the 1987/88 Japanesefeasibility research of the special permit proposal fir southern hemisphere minke whales. Rep Int
Whal Commn 1989, 39:235-248.
Kato H, Fujise Y, Yoshida H, Nakagawa S, Ishida M and Tanifuji S. 1990. Cruise report andpreliminary analyses of the 1988/89 Japanese feasibility research of the special permit proposal
for southern hemisphere minke whales. Rep Int Whal Commn 1990, 40:289-300.
Naganobu, M, Taki, K and Hayashi, T. 2005. Preliminary report of the Japanese R/V Kaiyo maru
survey in the Ross Sea and adjacent waters, Antarctica in 2004/05. Paper SC/57/O16 presented
to the IWC Scientific Committee, 2005 (unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Ishikawa H, Itoh S, Matsuoka K, Yuzu S, Nagatome I, Yamagiwa D, Murase H, Tanifuji
S, Miyakoshi H and Ono K. 1994. Report of the 1993/94 cruise of the Japanese whale research
programme under special permit in the Antarctic area IV. Paper SC/46/SH15 presented to the
IWC Scientific Committee, 1994 (unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Ishikawa H, Itoh S, Shimamoto K, Mogoe T, Kawazu H, Machida S, Yamane T, Ono K
and Ohkoshi C. 1995. Report of the 1994/95 cruise of the Japanese Whale Research Programme
under Special Permit (JARPA) in the Antarctic area V. Paper SC/47/SH5 presented to the IWC
Scientific Committee, 1995 (unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Ishikawa H, Tohyama D, Kawasaki M, Shimamoto K, Yuzu S, Tamura T, Mogoe T,
Hishii T, Yoshida T, Hidaka H, Nibe H, Yamashiro K, Ono K and Taguchi F. 1996. Report of the
1995/96 Japanese whale research programme under special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) inarea IV and eastern part of area III. Paper SC/48/SH12 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, 1996 (unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Niimi Y, Itoh S, Shimamoto K, Abe H, Yuzu S, Shimokawa T, Miyashita S, Taguchi F,
Kasai H, Kinoshita T, Iwata T, Sano K and Tanabe K. 1997. Report of the 1996/97 Japanesewhale research program under special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) in area V and westernpart of area VI. Paper SC/49/SH10 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, 1997
12

(unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Daisuke T, Yuzu S, Bando T, Watanabe M, Kitajima A, Takeda S, Murase H, Otose S,
Okubo J, Tsutsui S, Takatsuki M and Kinoshita T. 1999. Cruise report of the Japanese whale
research program under a special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) area V and western part ofarea VI in 1998/99. Paper SC/51/CAWS10 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, 1999
(unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Ishikawa H, Narita H, Otani S, Kiwada H, Kariya T, Yoshimura I, Takamatsu T, Teraoka
T, Shiozaki M, Abe N, Okamura S, Yasui K and Mori M. 2001. Cruise report of the Japanese
Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area V and westernpart of Area VI in 2000/2001. Paper SC/53/O11 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee,
2001 (unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Tohyama D, Mogoe T, Murase H, Yasunaga G, Mori M, Yoshida T, Fukutome K,
Machida S, Ogawa R, Oka R, Ito S, Konagai T, Isoda T, Mori Y, Iwayama H and Horii N. 2003.
Cruise report of the Japanese whale research program under special permit in the Antarctic(JARPA) area V and western part of Area VI in 2002/2003. Paper SC/55/O6 presented to the
IWC Scientific Committee, 2003 (unpublished).
Nishiwaki S, Tohyama D, Goto M, Mogoe T, Isoda T, Tsunekawa M, Yoshimura K, Kasai H, Teraoka
T, Koyanagi T, Ito S, Kitajima A, Ogihara M, Hasegawa A and Fujihira T. 2005. Cruise report of
the Japanese whale research program under special permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) area V andwestern part of Area VI in 2004/2005. Paper SC/57/O5 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, 2005 (unpublished).
Schweder, T. 1998. A proposed modification for the JARPA sighting and sampling protocol. Reportof the Scientific Committee, Annex U. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 48:298.

13

Table 1. Outline of the JARPA. △: a part of the Area IV or V was surveyed. Entire Area x2: the Area IV or V was surveyed twice. SMZ: special monitoringzone was surveyed before and after the entire area survey. Expanded area: the Area IIIE or VIW survey was added to the regular survey. RBV:
research base vessel, SSV: sighting and sampling vessel, SV: sighting vessel. *: one of the three SSVs was allocated as the SV.
No

SeasonExperimentRESEARCH AREA
IIIE

1

1987/88

Feasibility

2

1988/89

Feasibility

3

1989/90

Entire Area x2

41990/91

Entire Area x2

5

1991/92

Entire Area x2

6

1992/93

SMZ

7

1993/94

SMZ

8

1994/95

SMZ

9

1995/96

Expanded area

10

1996/97

Expanded area11

1997/98

Expanded area

12

1998/99

Expanded area

13

1999/2000

Expanded area

14

2000/01

Expanded area

15

2001/02

Expanded area

16

2002/03

Expanded area

17

2003/04

Expanded area

18

2004/05

Expanded area

IV

V

VIW

△
△
○
○
○
○
○
○
○

○
○

○
○

○

○
○

○

○

○
○

○

○

○
○

○

○
○

Research period (days)○

Research vessel

Sample number (dwarf minke whale)

RBV

SSV

1988.1.17 – 1988.3.26 (70)NM3

K01/T25

1989.1.12 – 1989.3.31 (79)NM3

K01/T25/T18

1989.12.6 – 1990.3.12 (97)NM3

K01/T25/T18

1990.12.19 – 1991.3.22 (94)NM3

K01/T25/T18

1991.12.5 – 1992.3.25 (112)NM

K01/T25/T18*

1992.12.3 – 1993.3.24 (112)NM

K01/T25/T18*

1993.12.3 – 1994.3.19 (107)NM

K01/T25/T18*

1994.12.3 – 1995.3.21 (109)NM

K01/T25/T18*

1995.11.26 – 1996.3.22 (118)NM

K01/T25/T18

KS2

1996.11.30 – 1997.3.13 (103)NM

K01/T25/T18

KS2

1997.12.7 – 1998.3.14

(98)

NM

K01/T25/T18

KS2

1999.1.13 – 1999.3.31

(78)

NM

YS1/K01/T25

KS2

1999.12.5 – 2000.3.10

(97)

NM

YS1/K01/T25

KS2

2000.12.11 – 2001.3.20 (100)NM

YS1/K01/T25

KS2

2001.11.29 – 2002.3.8 (100)NM

YS1/K01/T25

KS2

2002.12.2 – 2003.3.8

(97)

NM

YS1/K01/T25

KS2

2003.11.30 – 2004.3.3

(95)

NM

YS1/YS2/K01

KS22004.12.7 – 2005.3.8

(92)

NM

YS1/YS2/K01

KS2

14

SV

IIIE

IV

V

VIW

273

273 (1)241

241 (5)330

330 (3)327

327 (4)

288

288
330

330 (3)

330

330
330

110

440

60

330

389
439

110

330

440
440

330
110

440
438

330
110

110

328
329

109

330

330
330

110

Total

110

330

440
440

330

110

440

Table 2.

Example of data and samples collected by biological survey on the research base vessel in JARPA.

DATA
Photographic record of external character
Body length and sex identification
Measurement of external body proportion
Body weight
Body weight by total weight of parts
Skull measurement (length and breadth)Standard measurement of blubber thickness (five points)
Detailed measurement of blubber thickness (14 points)
Mammary gland; lactation status and measurement
Breadth measurement of uterine horn
Testis and epididymis weight
Weight of stomach content in each compartment
Photographic record of fetus
Fetal length and weight
External measurements of fetus
Number of ribs
Craniometric study
Gross pathological observation

Subject
All
All
All
All
1 per dayAllAll
1 per dayAll females
All females
All malesAll
All fetuses
All fetuses
All fetusesAll
2 per season
All

SAMPLES

Subject

Diatom film record and samplingAll
Serum sample for physiological study
All
Earplug and tympanic bone for age determination
All
Baleen plates for age determination and morphological study
All
Vertebral epiphyses sample for physiological study
All
Ovary
All females
Histological sample of endometrium and mammary gland
All females
Milk sample for chemical analysis
Lactating females
Histological sample of testis and epididymis
All males
Testis and epididymis stamp smear for sperm detection
All males
Tissue samples for genetic study
All including fetuses
Tissues and stomach contents for heavy metal analysis
All
Tissues and stomach contents for organochlorine analysis
All
Tissues and stomach contents for lipid analysis
1 per dayStomach contents for food and feeding study
All
External and internal parasites
All
Fetus in early stage
AllSk]eleton for educational exhibition
Occationally15

Fig.1.

Research area of JARPA (Area IIIE, Area IV, Area V and Area VIW) showing small strata.

Fig.2. Concept of the design of research track lines in JARPA.

Fig. 3a (left). When the ice edge was not encountered on reaching a planned southern way point(estimated WP), the research vessels stopped survey and moved south (TD) on the longitudinalline of the WP until the vessels encountered ice edge. Then the research vessels turned aroundand resumed the survey (BC) northward.
Fig. 3b (right). In case of survey in Ross Sea, the survey was continued on a bisector line after reachingan estimated southern WP. When elapsed time from the estimated WP to the true WP on iceedge was over two hours, revised track line was set from the true WP and the next one.
16

Fig. 4. Allocation of the SV and the three SSVs. The research base vessel follows SV and SSVs not toaffect sighting and sampling survey.

Fig. 5. Research track line in the 1987/88 feasibility research in the part of Area IV (Kato et al. 1989).

17

Fig. 6. Research track line in the 1988/89 feasibility research in the part of Area V (Kato et al. 1990).

18

Fig. 7. Research track line in the 1989/90 season in the Area IV. Upper represents the first period and lower
represents the second period (Fujise et al. 1990).

19

Fig. 8. Research track line in the 1990/91 season in the entire Area V. Upper represents the first period andlower represents the second period (Kasamatsu et al. 1993)

20

Fig. 9. Research track line in the 1991/92 season in the entire Area IV. Upper represents the first period
and lower represents the second period (Fujise et al. 1993a)21

Fig. 10. Research track line in the 1992/93 season in the entire Area V with SMZ. Upper figures represent
the SMZ survey conducted before (left) and after (right) the regular survey of the entire research area
(Fujise et al. 1993b).

22

Fig. 11. Research track line in the 1993/94 season in the entire Area IV with SMZ. Upper figures represent
the SMZ survey conducted before (left) and after (right) the regular survey of the entire research area
(Nishiwaki et al. 1994).

23

Fig. 12. Research track line in the 1994/95 season in the entire Area V with SMZ. Upper figures represent
the SMZ survey conducted before (left) and after (right) the regular survey of the entire research area
(Nishiwaki et al. 1995).

24

Fig. 13. Research track line in the 1995/96 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV. Upper figures represent the
Area IIIE survey conducted before (left) and after (right) the Area IV survey (Nishiwaki et al. 1996).

25

Fig. 14. Research track line in the 1996/97 season in the Area VIW and Area V. Upper figure represents the
Area VIW survey conducted before and after the Area V survey (Nishiwaki et al. 1997).

26

Fig. 15. Research track line in the 1997/98 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV. Upper figures represent the
Area IIIE survey conducted before (left) and after (right) the Area IV survey (Ishikawa et al. 1998).

27

Fig. 16. Research track line (SSVs) in the 1998/99 season in the Area VIW and Area V (Nishiwaki et al.
1999).

Fig. 17. Research track line in the 1999/2000 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV (Ishikwa et al. 2000).

28

Fig. 18. Research track line in the 2000/01 season in the Area VIW and Area V (Nishiwaki et al. 2001).

.
Fig. 19. Research track line in the 2001/02 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV. Upper figures represent the
Area IIIE survey conducted before (left) and after (right) the Area IV survey (Ishikawa et al. 2002).
29

130E

140E

150E

160E

170E

180

170W

160W

150W

140W

60S

65S

70S

: P ack line

75S

: Main (SV and SSV)
: Sub (SSV)

80S

Fig. 20. Research track line in the 2002/03 season in the Area VIW and Area V (Nishiwaki et al. 2003).

Area III

60S

70S

40E

50E

60E

70E

Area IV

60S

SV

ANTARCTICA

70S
70E

80E

90E

SSV

100E

110E

120E

130E

Fig. 21. Research track line in the 2003/04 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV (Ishikawa et al. 2004).

30

Fig.22. Research track line in the 2004/05 season in the Area VIW and Area V (Nishiwaki et al. 2005).

31Appendix 1a.

Research period of each stratum by the research season in the Area IV and the Area IIIE. Shaded area represents research in theentire Area IV in the peak migration period of Antarctic minke whales. TR; research on transit line, PRZ; Prydz Bay, WS;
West-South stratum.

Nov
1989/90

DecemberT
West-SouthR

1991/92

TR

1993/94

EastSouth

1995/96

WestSouth

2001/02
2003/04

WestNorthEast-South

West-North

EastNorth

III-E

EastNorth

March

February
PR
Z

WestNorth

EastSouth

East-North TR

East-South West-SouthPRZ

WestNorthEast-South

EastNorth

WestSouth

East-North

East-South

East-South

East-North

West-South

West-South

West-North

PRZ

West-North

EastNorth

PRZ

East-North

East-South

III-E
PRZ

1997/98
1999/00

January

III-E
III-E
III-E

West-North
West-North
West-North

East-South

East-North

East-North
East-South

East-North

East-South

East-North

East-South

West-South

III-E

West-South PRZ

West-South

PRZ

III-E
PRZ

III-E

West-North

32

West-South

W
S

T
R

Appendix 1b.

Research period of each stratum by the research season in the Area V and the Area VIW. Shaded area represents research in theentire Area V in the peak migration period of Antarctic minke whales. WN; West-North stratum, WS; West-South stratum, EN;
East-North stratum, ES; East-South stratum..

DecemberJanuary

EastT
East-SouthNorth
R
WestEast-North
North

1990/91
1992/93West-South

1994/95

East-North

1996/97

West-South

VI-W

WestSouth

East-South

VI-W

EastNorth

W-S

West-South West-NorthWestSouth

East-South

East-North

E
S

EN

East-South

East-North

West-South

West-North

East-South

East-North

VI-W
VI-W

March

West-North

EastNorth

2000/01

2004/05

WestNorthWest-South West-North

1998/99

2002/03

FebruaryWest-South

East-South

West-North

East-SouthWestNorthEast-North
East-North

W
N

East-South

33

VI-W

West-South

WestWest-South
North

WN

EastNorthEast-South

West-South

T
R

VI-W

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

a) 1987/88 research in the part of Area IV. (Kato et al. 1989)b) 1988/89 research in the part of Area V. (Kato et al. 1990)

34

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

c) 1989/90 season in the Area IV. Upper represents the first period and lower represents the second period(Fujise et al. 1990).

35

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

d) 1990/91 season in the Area V. Upper represents the first period and lower represents the second period.
Closed circle: female; open circle: male; closed circle inside open circle: dwarf minke whale(Kasamatsu et al. 1993).

36

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

e) 1991/92 season in the Area IV. Upper represents the first period and lower represents the second period(Fujise et al. 1993a).

37

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

f) 1992/93 season in the entire Area V with SMZ. Upper figures represent the SMZ survey conducted

before (left) and after (right) the regular survey of the entire research area (Fujise et al. 1993b).

38

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

g) 1993/94 season in the entire Area IV with SMZ. Upper figures represent the SMZ survey conducted

before (left) and after (right) the regular survey of the entire research area (Nishiwaki et al. 1994).

39

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

h) 1994/95 season in the entire Area V with SMZ. Upper figures represent the SMZ survey conducted

before (left) and after (right) the regular survey of the entire research area (Nishiwaki et al. 1995).

40

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

i) 1995/96 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV. Upper figures represent the Area IIIE survey conducted

before (left) and after (right) the Area IV survey (Nishiwaki et al. 1996).

41

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

j) 1996/97 season in the Area VIW and Area V. Upper figure represents the Area VIW survey conducted
before and after the Area V survey (Nishiwaki et al. 1997).

42

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

k) 1997/98 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV. Upper figures represent the Area IIIE survey conducted
before (left) and after (right) the Area IV survey (Ishikawa et al. 1998).

43

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

l) 1998/99 season in the Area VIW and Area V.

m) 1999/2000 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV (Ishikawa et al. 2000).

44Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

n) 2000/01 season in the Area VIW and Area V (Nishiwaki et al. 2001).

o) 2001/02 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV. Upper figures represent the Area IIIE survey conducted
before (left) and after (right) the Area IV survey (Ishikawa et al. 2002).

45

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

p) 2002/03 season in the Area VIW and Area V (Nishiwaki et al. 2003).

q) 2003/04 season in the Area IIIE and Area IV (Ishikawa et al. 2004).

46

Appendix 2. Distributions of Antarctic minke whales sampled by JARPA.

r) 2004/05 season in the Area VIW and Area V (Nishiwaki et al. 2005).

47