Revisit of Taiwan Historical Damaging
Earthquakes for Seismic Hazard itigation

Kuo-Fong Ma

馬國鳳 教授Department of Earth Sciences,National Central University
Earthquake Physics and Seismotectonics Laboratory

Toward PSHA Taiwan 20142

Earthquake Source Model : Bruce Shyu
• Taiwan Earthquake Model

PSHA-Earthquake Source Model-Area Source-Historical Earthquake Studies
using historical seismograms-Potential damaging
earthquakes ,which not yet
known had occurred(Taiwan historical document,~400 years)（Shyu et al., 2005）

Historical Damaging Earthquakes in Taiwan since 1700sRelative quiet in seismicity(3 M6+)

20130327 M6.1
20130602 M6.3
19160828 M6.8
19161115 M6.2
19170105 M6.2

Compilation of Historical Earthquakes
http://tec.earth.sinica.edu.tw/TEM/hisevent/hisdoc.php
by S.-N. Cheng and CWB Colleagues
1909 0414 Taipei Earthquake Taihoku ReportCompilation of Historical Earthquakes
1909 0414 Taipei Earthquake Taihoku ReportCollecting of historical records

1909 Taipei earthquake recorded at Hongo, Tokyo, Japan

1909 Taipei Earthquake

Latitude = 25.28º N,
Longitude = 121.52º E,

Depth=75km(50-100 km)

Determine fromAmplitude ratio
MW of 7±0.3
Intra-plate event(Kanamori, Lee and Ma, GJI, 2012)

M6.5-7.0
Depth~ 75km

Focal Mechanism ?

1909 Taipei earthquake recorded at Hongo(Kao, Shen & Ma,JGR, 1998)

(for Hongo Station)(for Gottingen Station)(Omori, T=20, A=120, h=0.2)

(for Hongo Station)(for Gottingen Station)(Omori, T=20, A=120, h=0.2)

PGV, acc=(2*pi/T)**2*amplitude=> PGA
TAP= (2*3.14/1.21)**2*44/2=592耗=59.2 gal

TAP T=1.2 sec Acc=592耗=59.2 gal
KEE T=1.3 sec Acc=670耗=67.0 gal

TAP 44耗=4.4cm/sec
KEE 61耗=6.1 cm/sec
TAC 25耗
PEN 7耗9TAN 4耗5TAT 4耗7HEN 4耗3

PGV, acc=(2*pi/T)**2*amplitude=> PGA
TAP= (2*3.14/1.21)**2*44/2=592耗=59.2 gal

TAP T=1.2 sec Acc=592耗=59.2 gal
KEE T=1.3 sec Acc=670耗=67.0 gal

TAP 44耗=4.4cm
KEE 61耗=6.1 cm
TAC 25耗
PEN 7耗9TAN 4耗5TAT 4耗7HEN 4耗3

Modeling of the 1909 earthquake (on-going)

Historical Damaging Earthquakes in Taiwan since 1700s
Relative quiet in seismicity(3 M6+)

1920 Hualiean Earthquake(Theunissen et al.,GJI, 2010)

PS

S-HongoN

Osaka

P-S-~M8 EQ

1920 M8.0Zikawei

1995-2013
M>6

No. Lon. Lat. Dep. MLtitle
Strike Dip Rake F
2 122.36 23.93 6.00 6.40 199603051452 296 21 134 H
18 122.65 23.87 12.00 6.70 200112180403 231 56 -9 BA
21 122.19 24.14 13.81 6.80 200203310652
74 63 65 KH
23 122.40 23.91 15.23 6.20 200205281645 312 37 154 B
29 122.76 23.79 10.00 6.58 200411081554 320 60.2 155
30 122.16 24.31 27.26 6.09 200411110216 297 34 135 H
32 122.28 23.96 16.76 6.00 200509060116 313 20 157 H
36 122.66 23.97 27.97 6.02 200607280740 299 33 139 H
40 122.22 24.02 18.08 6.00 200907131805
85 65 80 CW

TTO station F-net, Japan,velocity and simulated Omor record for 20060728 event
Omori Instrument, T=12.5 sec, V=120, h=0.2
VBB E

VBB N

VBB Z

Omori E
ts-tp~200 sec
Time (sec)VBB MAJO station
Displacement
Simulted Omori record
at ABU from 2006 event
HONGO_Omori record
1920

Simulation
Of the 1920
Earthquake
May 17thTEM session by
Dr. Y.T. Yen

Normalized amplitude
for 2006 record

Dashed_2006 MAJO Mw6.9
Solid_1920 HONGO M8.0P-Comparison of the simulated Omori records to Omori
Hongo record (T=12.5, V=120, h=0.2)
Black: 1920 HongoBlue: 20020331(M6.8, D=14km) TTO x 100

Black: 1920(M8.0) Hongo Red: 20060728(M6.0, D=28km) TTO x 10000

0200 secMore similar in waveform from the 20060728 to the 19200605 earthquake
20020331 event tends to have longer period signal than the 20060728 and 19200605 eventMore homogeneous(longer period)at shallower slab (~15km

More heterogeneous(higher frequency)
at deeper slab (~30km)

20000331

20060728

20000331 M6.8

20060728 M6.0

20020331 M6.8

20060728 M6.0

20020311(M6.8): Zone B
20060728(M6.0): Zone C
19200605(M8.0):
Zone C and B
Slip toward to Trench
type event?
Zone, C, B, A

Lay et al. (2011)
A: Tsunami Earthquakes with low short-period energy/stable sliding
B: Large slip earthquake with low short-period energy
C: Moderate slip earthquake with high short-period energy
D: Slow Slip, LFEs, seismic tremrors

4o16oW=73km
W=144 km

Scaling using AREA
Taiwanh : seimogenic depthβ: scaling parameter related
to the effective fault width- Small-Moderate earthquakes
Mw ~ LogA- Large earthquakes
Mw ~ 4/3logA- Extra largest earthquakes
Mw ~ 2/3logAA)
22
HM  log A  log
 const.
A3[1  max( 1, 2 )] / 2H max( 1,(Shaw, 2009)

Const.: Stress drop related constant

Mw8.6

California

Mw8.0
Mw7.7

W~73km
We~50km
Le~80-120 kmAe=4000 km2-6000km2

Historical Damaging Earthquakes in Taiwan since 1700s
Relative quiet in seismicity(3 M6+)

20130327 M6.1
20130602 M6.3
19160828 M6.8
19161115 M6.2
19170105 M6.2

Rupturepattern?

Historical events

2013060205 43 23.9 121.00

10.0

6.3

20130602 TTO _acc_disp_Omori SN-component (ML6.3, Mw5.73)
Acc
Disp

Simulated
Omori

Hongo SN Omori record, T=30 sec, V=20, h=0.2, M6.8

200006101823_TTO_acc_disp_Omori SN component
Omori, T=30sec, V=20, h=0.2
Acc

DispOmori201303270203_TTO_acc_disp_Omori SN component
Omori, T=30sec, V=20, h=0.2

Normalized records at TTO for NS component-These three events with similar waveforms, but, in general, 20130327
and 20130602 are more similar- Similar generation of surface wave

20000610 ML6.7

20130327 ML6.1

20130602 ML6.3

Simulated Omori records of Japan F-net TTO station for SN component
1916 Omori Instrument Reponse T=30sec, V=20 h=0.2
20000610 ML6.7

20130327 ML6.1

Surface-

20130602 ML6.3
P-STime, sec

19160828 M6.8 Hongo Omori SN

19160828 sequence20130327 sequence

Conclusions and Challenges• How to deal with low probability (extreme event which
was not yet occurred? e.g. 1920 M8.0 Hualieanearthquake => rupture to the trench? Manila Trench event?
• Considering the tectonic events (not active faults), or, theseismogenic earthquake source in PSHA or SHA?

• Earthquake Scenario for large (extreme) earthquakes.
(Source Model; Fine 3D velocity structure andsubsurface structure of to engineering bedrock andseismic bedrock)• Continuing the literature search on paleoearthquakes/tsunamis and modeling of the historicalearthquakes. Collaboration with geologists, andengineers.

THANK YOU!