7 Teaching portfolios

The nature of a teaching portfolio
A teaching portfolio is a collection of docwnents and other items that provides information about different aspects of a teacher's work. It serves to
describe and document the teacher's performance, to facilitate professional
development, and to provide a basis for reflection and review. Like manyof the procedures described in this book, it is another form of teacher development that is built around self-appraisal and teacher-directed learning.
Evans (1995, p. 11) characterizes the nature of a portfolio in the following way:
A professional portfolio is an evolving collection of carefully selected or composed
professional thoughts, goals, and experiences that are threaded with reflection andself-assessment. It represents who you are, what you do, why you do it, where you
have been, where you are, where you want to go, and how you plan on getting there.

A portfolio consists of a set of different types of documents and artifacts
that have been selected on a principled basis (see below) and that are organized to tell a story. The collection is updated and revised when needed
and is accompanied by the teacher's account of the rationale behind thecollection. The portfolio can both serve as the basis for self-appraisal andbe a component of the teacher's assessment.

Purpose and benefits of creating a portfolio
Teachers we have worked with find that a portfolio serves a number of
purposes. First, it provides a demonstration of how a teacher approaches
his or her work and presents evidence of the teacher's thinking, creativity, resourcefulness, and effectiveness. The portfolio can thus be submitted
to a supervisor or manager as evidence of the standard of the teacher's
performance.
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Second, a portfolio serves as a source of review and reflection. The process of compiling the portfolio prompts the teacher to engage in a comprehensive self-assessment of different aspects of his or her work. By reviewing
the portfolio (in consultation with a colleague or supervisor, if necessary),
the teacher can make decisions about priorities and goals and areas for future
development or improvement.
Third, a portfolio can promote collaboration with other teachers. For
example, it can become part of the process of peer coaching (see Chapter 10); the peer reviews and discusses the portfolio and uses it to give
feedback about the teacher's work. A particularly useful type of portfolio
is one that is part of a team-teaching collaboration in which two teachers
create a joint portfolio to accompany a class they both teach.

Working portfolio and showcase portfolio
There are two different types of portfolios, reflecting differences in their
purpose and audience: a working portfolio and a showcase portfolio.
A working portfolio contains items that show how a teacher has progressed toward meeting a particular goal. For example, a teacher might
decide he or she wants to move toward a more student-centered approachto learning. The portfolio contains documents and other items that provide
evidence that this goal has been reached. Or a teacher might be trying to implement a genre-based approach (materials organized around genre types)
in a writing course and the items in the portfolio are assembled in order toshow how this has been achieved.
A showcase portfolio, as the name suggests, is designed to show theteacher at his or her best. Thus, it contains a collection of items that havebeen selected to show the range and depth of skills the teacher possesses.
This kind of portfolio might be submitted as a part of an appraisal or included
in an application for a new teaching position or for promotion. Teachers
sometimes show us impressive portfolios of this kind. The following vignette shows how a teacher in Japan who is on a 2-year renewable contract
is required to compile a showcase portfolio.

Vignette

Every faculty member at this university (in Japan) is required to submit aportfolio every 2 years for evaluation by an elected committee of facultypeers and the administration. The standards for this portfolio and its evaluation are outlined in detail in the university's Faculty Handbook. Specifically,

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the Faculty Review Committee (FRC) judges the responsiveness of candidates to problems in their teaching and their willingness to adapt teaching
philosophies, styles, and strategies to the requirements of the university's
program.
On the surface, it's very straightforward because the portfolio requirements and evaluation procedures are laid out in eight pages of text. The required materials for submission are: an updated curriculum vitae; a concise
letter of self-evaluation of teaching, service, collegiality, and scholarship;highly selective samples of course materials demonstrating pedagogicalapproach, creativity, willingness to adjust to the educational needs of thestudents, and standards of judgment on student performance; and pertinent
examples of scholarship. I soon discovered how difficult it is to create ahigh-quality portfolio of one's work. I have been fortunate to experience
our process for showcase portfolios from both sides, as a candidate forreappointment and as a peer evaluator. The insights I have gained fromreading dozens of my colleagues' portfolios, while sitting on the FRC fourtimes, have certainly directed the composition of my own portfolios. My
own painful experience of reading portfolios and trying to sort out what thematerials were used for, why, and what the results were, led me to take extra
care with the layout of my portfolio. Although I resent having to complete
a portfolio every 2 years, each time I begin the process I quickly realize thebenefits I receive from reflecting on my recent practices.
Tim Stewart

Reflection• Why do you think it may be difficult to compile a quality teaching portfolio?
• What are some of the features of a teaching portfolio that appeal to you?
Two metaphors, the mirror and the map, summarize some of the benefits ofassembling a teaching portfolio.
• Mirror. The mirror metaphor captures the reflective nature of a portfolio
as it allows the teacher to view himself or herself over time. The portfolio
contains samples of the teacher's work that illustrate a range of teachingskills and activities. It is usually created with a particular audience andpurpose in mind. The focus is thus outward, toward other people, suchas a colleague or supervisors. This influences the kinds of things that

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are included in the portfolio. The portfolio as mirror allows a teacher toreflect on his or her achievements as a teacher.
• Map. The map metaphor captures the idea of creating a plan and setting
goals. After reviewing the evidence collected over time, the teacher can
set immediate and longer-term goals. This is a process of review and selfassessment and deciding where one has arrived in one's development asa teacher and where one would like to go next. In this sense, the portfolio
is like a map.
The following vignette from a teacher in the United States explains why hecompiled a showcase portfolio, what he chose to include and why, and what
he gained from this process.

Vignette

I have been teaching ESLlEFLIEAP for the past 20 years after having graduated with an M.A. At that time, teaching portfolios were not required, oreven talked about. I knew what they were, but no one ever asked me forone, so I had never put one together. Recently, I've read more about thembecause, as an administrator, I have to find ways of assessing candidates
for jobs with our program. I then read where teaching portfolios represent
who a teacher is and what he or she has achieved over time. I decided that
if I was going to be reading other people's portfolios, I should give this ago myself. I had wanted to see what I had done over the years in terms ofteaching and other related work. I started to compile my teaching portfolio.
Following what was suggested in the article I read and what suited me, I
decided to include the following items:
1. Resume
2. Letters of reference
3. Copies of transcripts
4. Copies of diplomas
5. Beliefs about my teaching
6. Course outlines
7. Student testimonials
8. Copies of materials I wrote
9. Student evaluations
I chose these nine items as I figured these would be an overall representationof who I am as a teacher. It took me about 3 months to put this portfolio
together, but I am amazed at what I was able to assemble. I did not realize that
I had accomplished so much, especially in the past few years. For example,

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I had not realized the vast number of diverse courses I designed and taught
successfully in the past few years. Additionally, I learned a lot from reading
my student evaluations. For example, I was surprised to see some of themfelt that they were not improving in their speaking and writing ability andthat I was not correcting them enough. Apart from that, they all seemedsatisfied that I was doing a good job. I understand their attitude towardcorrections; it was as if they were thinking: "Why can't the teacher give mesome magic feedback that will eliminate my writing problems?" I think I
have to do a better job of explaining my strategies as a writing teacher. The
most challenging aspect of the teaching portfolio for me was writing about
my beliefs and values of teaching and learning. I found it very difficult tobring to the surface what I usually do instinctively when I teach. This wasa major reflective essay for me, as I had to articulate beliefs that I have butthat are not always easy to write down on paper. I really enjoyed putting
my portfolio together. I was pleasantly surprised at the breadth and depthof what I have accomplished since I started teaching. Even though it was
time-consuming, I hope others compile their teaching portfolios too.
Larry Zwier

Reflection• Which other components could Larry have included in his portfolio?
• What would you like to include in a portfolio if you decided to assembleone?
As this example illustrates, compiling a teaching portfolio can be a very
useful activity because it provides the opportunity to undertake a holistic
assessment of one's teaching. It can also provide a rationale for undertaking
some of the other activities discussed in this book, such as self-monitoring,journal writing, videotaping a lesson, and peer observation. Before startinga portfolio, however, teachers should be aware of some of the difficulties
involved.
One of the most common difficulties reported is that of time (Wheeler,1993). Assembling a portfolio takes a considerable amount of time and isbest viewed as an ongoing long-term endeavor, with new features being
added as needed and when they become available. Setting realistic goals
and narrowing the contents of the portfolio are important, particularly atthe outset. Deciding on the contents of the portfolio can also be problematic.
If the portfolio is going to be part of a teacher's appraisal, then the purpose
and contents of the portfolio should be discussed with the appraiser. WhenTeaching portfolioS

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appraisal is not involved, discussion with a peer, with a mentor, or withother teachers who have developed portfolios is always helpful.
Nevertheless, we feel that a teaching portfolio can provide a useful
opportunity for self-review and for collaboration with colleagues. In addition, a portfolio provides a richer picture of a teacher's strengths andaccomplishments than a reswne would, and in the process of compiling theportfolio, goals for further professional development can be identified.

Procedures used in compiling a teaching portfolio
The purposes and audience for a portfolio are crucial in determining what
is selected to go into it and how the contents of the portfolio are arranged.
Many different kinds of items could be included in a teaching portfolio,
but the contents should be selected carefully to ensure that they help createa coherent and effective portfolio and that they provide evidence of theteacher's competency, development, and self-awareness. A portfolio could
include lesson plans, anecdotal records, student projects, class newsletters,
videotapes, teacher evaluations, and letters of recommendation, but the formand contents of the portfolio will vary depending on its purpose.
An alternative to a paper-based portfolio is an electronic portfolio. An
electronic portfolio has the same goals and content as a paper-and-pencil
portfolio but presents them through the medium of the computer. It is amultimedia approach that allows the teacher to present the portfolio ina variety of formats, such as audio, video, graphics, and text. Hypermedia
links are used to connect each section. The portfolio can be published on the
Web and/or on a CD. Basic computer skills are needed, however, including
the ability to create word-processing documents and incorporate computer
graphics (Costantino & de Lorenzo, 2002).
Contents of a portfolio
The following are examples of the kinds of things that can be considered,though no more than eight to ten items would normally be included.
Evidence of your understanding of subject matter and current
developments in language teaching• A copy of your qualifications.
• A list of courses you have taken related to the areas you teach. For
example, if you teach a course on speaking, you could include a list that
includes such courses as Phonetics, Phonology, TESOL Methodology,
and Second Language Acquisition Theory, to name a few.

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for language teachers• A critique of your school curriculwn or languages program and its
strengths and weakness. This could include comments on course outlines and tests.
• A critique or review (published or unpublished) of one or more books
related to the subjects you teach. For example, if you teach a reading
course, you might want to include a review of a book on the reading
process and how to teach reading.
• A short essay describing your understanding of areas you teach (e.g.,grammar, writing) and the principles you try to implement in yourteaching.
• Written comments from a supervisor or colleagues on your expertise andknowledge in particular areas.
Evidence of your skills and competency

as a language teacher• A report by a colleague who visited your class• Student evaluations• Lesson plans• Self-evaluations of lessons you have taught• Examples of students' work
• A video (and/or audio) of one or more of your lessons• A report by a supervisor, usually an evaluation• Samples of assessment procedures you use with your students• Examples of teaching materials you have prepared• Photographs of you teaching your class• Photographs of your classroom with students engaged in a learning
activity• Notes or cards of appreciation from past students• Student achievements in outside examinations (such as the TOEFL
test)• Student placement success rate in university courses that require English
Your approach to classroom management

and organization• A description of your philosophy of classroom management• A report by a colleague on how effectively you managed lessons yourcolleague observed• Written comments on your management and organizational skills by asupervisor• An account of critical incidents related to student behavior and how you
responded to them
• An account of procedures used for teaching large classes and for usinggroup work

Teaching portfolios

105• A video of one of your classes in session• A diagram of your ideal language classroom• A student account of your classroom management techniques and effectiveness
Documents showing your commitment to professional development• A professional development plan for yourself• A report on other teachers' classes that you have observed• A report on any teacher group you belong to and your activities in relation
to it• A report on how you think you have developed since you beganteaching• An account of any classroom research you have conducted• A list of courses and workshops you have taken in recent years• A list of professional organizations you belong to (e.g., TESOL,IATEFL)• A report on a conference or workshop you attended• An annotated list of the books you have read in your area recently• An account of some journal articles you have read
• A sample of any papers related to language teaching you have written
recently for publication or otherwise
Information concerning your relationships with colleagues• An account of ways in which you have assisted or mentored colleagues• Letters from colleagues attesting to successful collaborations• A report about the sense of collegiality you perceive in your school andwhere you fit in• A report on ways you have contributed to your colleagues' professional
development (e.g., did you present any brown-bag lunch seminars to yourcolleagues recently? If so, make a summary ofthis session).
The following vignette outlines an English language teacher's teaching philosophy, prepared for his teaching portfolio.

Vignette

I have a definite philosophy of teaching: I think that all students always
come first. If a particular program (or course of action) will benefit them, I
will endeavor to carry it out. If it's not going to benefit the students, I will
scrap it or play it down. Pupils can learn well if they start liking the subject.
To make the students like the subject, first, inject fun and humor; second,106

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relate it to real-life situations; third, give students a chance to pass in orderto build up self-esteem; fourth, acknowledge effort and any improvement.
A teacher should be prepared to experiment with materials and teachingstrategies because we don't know what actually works until we have trieddifferent approaches and strategies. I put myself in the students' shoes andintroduce to them whatever they could do to earn better grades - checkfor grammar in comprehension; teach them how to make inferences incomprehension and how to identify relevant points in summary writing.
Victor Ng

Reflection• How would you characterize your philosophy of teaching?
• What sources do you think influenced the development of your teaching
philosophy?
Organizing the contents of the portfolio
Portfolios usually contain a mix of teaching artifacts and written documents,grouped into different sections. As noted, we recommend including eight toten items in a portfolio, depending on the amount of information includedin each section.
The portfolio is not simply a set of documents, however. It is supported by
the teacher's explanation ofthe goals, contents, and meaning ofthe portfolio
as a whole and of the different items within it. This can be achieved throughthe following means (Costantino & de Lorenzo, 2002):• Introductions. You should open your portfolio with an overview of theportfolio and the rationale for including the items in it. Each section of
the portfolio usually contains its own introduction.
• Artifacts. Artifacts are the essential elements of a teaching portfolio andinclude such things as your philosophy of teaching, course outlines, unit
and lesson plans, and other typical items.
• Explanations. These accompany each artifact in the portfolio and explain
briefly what it is and why it is included. They may be a narrative text or
simply a caption.
• Reflections. The value of a portfolio lies not merely in its contents, but inthe meaning its contents have for you. This can be expressed through written reflections that accompany the different artifacts or sections within
the portfolio.

Teaching portfolios

107• Conclusion. You should conclude your portfolio with a reflective essay or commentary in which you review the meaning of the portfolio
for you.
The following vignette is an account of how an Australian teacher organized
her teaching portfolio.

Vignette

I compiled my teaching portfolio and divided it into four main sections:"Qualifications and introduction," "Who I am as a teacher," "What I teach,"and "My professionalism."
Qualifications

and introduction

Who I am as a teacher• My beliefs about my teaching - effective teaching and successful language learning
What I teach• Sample course outlines• A completed set of unit materials, including assessment tasks• Sample lesson plans• Samples of students' evaluations/feedback of lessons• A videotape and/or audiotape of me teaching a class with a written
description of what I was teaching and my reflection on that class• Comments from colleagues• My reflective journal
My professionalism• My resume• My professional development plan (in point form)• Research• Copies of degrees, certificates, honors, and awards
Lyn May

Reflection• What items in the categories mentioned here would you include in yourteaching portfolio?
• How often do you think you should update your portfolio?

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Implementing teaching portfolios
Compiling a teaching portfolio can be useful because it provides the opportunity to undertake a holistic assessment of one's teaching. By compilinga teaching portfolio, a teacher can assess his or her own progress and establish goals for professional development. Deciding on the audience fora portfolio (e.g., a working portfolio or a showcase portfolio) will help todetermine what to include in it.
Portfolios have attracted increased interest as an institutional professional
development strategy, often as a component of teacher appraisal. If theinstitution has opted for the use of portfolios, a number of questions need
to be addressed.
1. Do teachers understand the nature and purpose of keeping a portfolio?
An orientation session in which teachers are given the chance to examine examples of portfolios and discuss how they can be assembled
is an important first step.
2. Participating teachers need to be given clear guidelines on what toinclude and within what time frame.
3. It is crucial to establish the criteria that will be used to assess thecontents of a portfolio. Will assessment depend simply on assembling
the agreed upon number of items, or will individual items also beassessed? Teachers need to know what they need to do in order toachieve a positive evaluation.

Summary
Compiling a teaching portfolio provides a teacher with an opportunity to
document his or her strengths, skills, and accomplishments as a teacher andcan also provide a rationale for undertaking some of the other activities
discussed elsewhere in this book, such as self-monitoring, journal writing, videotaping a lesson, and peer observation. Assembling a portfolio isbest viewed as an ongoing, long-term endeavor, with new features being
added as needed and when they become available. Setting realistic goals
and narrowing the contents of the portfolio are important, especially atthe outset. The process of assembling the items to include in a portfolio
can trigger self-appraisal, facilitate review, and help set goals for further
development.

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Example of a teaching portfolio
The following is an example of a small section of a teaching portfolio an EAPteacher in Singapore was required to compile by the school administration.
This example explains how the teacher compiled his portfolio for part ofone course he was teaching, Business and Technical Communication.
Teaching portfolio
BUSINESSAND TECHNICALCOMMUNICATIONPATRICK GALLOContents/Sections
1. Course outline and Web page files
2. Lecture notes
3. Tutorial materials
4. Continual assessment
5. Final assessment
6. Concluding remarks
This course folder includes course materials that I developed since I joined
the course team in July 2001. Before each element presented in this folder, I
have included a brief introductory paragraph that summarizes what is being
presented and my comments on it. This folder highlights those aspects ofthe course that I had direct control over and those that I had the opportunity
to shape with my colleagues into the form they currently take.
Section 1
Course outline and Webpage files
1. Course objectives
2. Course Web pages
a. Calendar
b. Lecture schedulec. Tutorial scheduled. Topicse. Staff contacts
Section 2
Class notes
1. Lecture 4: Successful User Manual Writing 1 student handout
2. Lecture 4: PowerPoint slides

11 0Professional development for language teachers

3. Lecture 5: Successful User Manual Writing 2 student handout
4. Lecture 5: PowerPoint slides
5. Mock Exam Workshop - User Manual Writing
Section 3
Tutorial materials
I. Sample textbook pages
2. Tutorial 4 and 5 guides (from textbook)
3. Lesson plans for each tutorial
4. Supplementary materials linked to various lessons
In July 2001, the course team had just finished their first edition of a course
textbook, Business and Technical Communicationfor IT Professionals. This
book served as our main text for 200112002. Consequently, the first tutorial
guides and related assignments that I produced were based on this versionof the user manual writing materials.
Section 4
Continual assessment
1. Pop quizzes for tutorials 4 and 5
2. User manual writing assignment sheets
3. User manual evaluation form
Section 5
Final assessment - user manual questions
Section 6
Concluding remarks
The preceding materials illustrate much of what I have been able to contribute to the course during the past 2 years. Perhaps from these materials
you can see that I strive to organize each session I have with my students
in a logical and efficient way. I care about presentation and the look of
the materials we use. I use computer (and other) technologies and findways to adapt existing activities into a multimedia environment. I do mybest to maintain a spirit of unity with my colleagues who team teach thiscourse with me, while injecting a breath of individuality into my lessons.
On the other hand, the hard copies of handouts, lesson plans, and lecturenotes do not provide a complete picture of what happens in my lectures ortutorials.
What may not be clear from these materials is my commitment to cooperative learning. In my lectures, and even more in my tutorials, I apply
cooperative learning principles as much as I can. If you visit my class, youwill see students constantly teaching one another or answering questions inTeaching portfolioS

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pairs before displaying their knowledge to me and the whole class. I often
apply Kagan's cooperative structures (cooperative learning methods) to theactivities presented in the tutorials. Fortunately, before I arrived, many of
the assignments were designed as group projects. Yet it is not enough to put
students in a group and expect them to function appropriately. Cooperativeskills must be explicitly taught and modeled during class. This is something
I attempt to do during each tutorial session. Similarly, after group work,
it is important to reflect on the process that the group has been throughin order to learn what worked well and what could be improved upon for
the next group project. Again, this is something I take the time to do inorder to maximize my students' learning, not only of the specific writing
and presentation skills we teach, but also of interpersonal communication
skills and group-work strategies that will benefit them well beyond myclassroom.

References and further reading
Anderson, R. S., & DeMulle, L. (1998). Portfolio use in twenty-four teacher
education programs. Teacher Education Quarterly 25, pp. 23-3l.
Antonek, J. L., McCormick, D. E., & Donato, R. (1997). The student teacher
portfolio as autobiography: Developing a professional identity. Modern
Language Journal 81, pp. 5-27.
Banfi, C. S. (2003). Portfolios: Integrating advanced language, academic,
and professional skills. English Language Teaching Journal 57(1),pp.34-42.
Barrett, H. C. (2000). Creating your own electronic portfolio: Using offthe-shelf software to showcase your own or student work. Learningand Leading Technology 27(7), pp. 14-2l.
Brown, J. D., & Wolfe-Quintero, K. (1997). Teacher portfolios for evaluation: A great idea? Or a waste of time? Language Teacher 21(1),pp.28-30.
Burke, K. (1997). Designing professional portfolios for change. Palatine,
IL: IRIISkyLight Training & Publishing.
Campbell, P., Cignetti, P., Melenyzer, D., Nettles, D., & Wyman, R. (1997).

How to develop a professional portfolio: A manual for teachers.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Costantino, P., & De Lorenzo, M. N. (2002). Developing a professional
teaching portfolio. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Evans, S. M. (1995). Professional portfolios: Documenting and presenting
performance excellence. Virginia Beach, VA: Teacher's Little Secrets.

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Green, J. E., & O'Sullivan

Smyser, S. (1996). The teacher portfolio: A
strategy for professional development and evaluation. Lancaster, PA:

Technomic Publishing.
Lyons, Nona (Ed.). (1998).

With portfolio in hand: Validating the newteacher professionalism. New York: Teachers College Press.
Martin-Kniep, G. (1998). Why am I doing this? Purposeful teaching throughportfolio assessment. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Seldin, P. (1997). The teaching portfolio. Bolton: Anker Publishing.
Stone, B. A. (1998). Problems, pitfalls and benefits of portfolios. Teacher
Education Quarterly 25, pp. 105-114.
Tanner, R., Longayroux, D., Beijaard, D., & Verloop, N. (2000). Piloting
portfolios: Using portfolios in pre-service teacher education. English
Language Teaching Journal 54(1), pp. 20-28.
Wheeler, P. H. (1993). Using portfolios to assess teacher performance.
Livermore, CA: EREAPA Associates.
Wolfe, K., & Dietz, M. E. (1998). Teaching portfolios: Purposes and possibilities. Teacher Education Quarterly 25(1), pp. 9-22.