newsletter
newsletter
Vol 2002 / 2June 5, 2002

E UROPEAN F USION DEVELOPEMENT AGREEMENT

News
Issued by the EFDA
Close Support Unit
Garching

Content

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News of the Toroidal
Field Model Coilpage 2
Divertor Day atPlansee AG, Austria
page 3Fusion & Industry:
Ansaldo Superconduttori
page 4
News from JET
page 5EFCC Project at JET
Fusion for India
page 6EFDA at Physics onStage 2
page 7
Questions & Answers:
the US and ITER
page 8

http://www.efda.org

ITER: Third Negotiation Meeting
Delegations from Canada, the European Union, Japan and the Russian Federation
met in Moscow on April 7-12, 2002 to continue formal negotiations on the joint implementation of the ITER project. This was the third Negotiation meeting in a series that is
expected to lead, by the end of 2002, to the text of an international agreement for thejoint implementation of ITER.
The delegations discussed a number of technical issues such as the site selection
process, approaches to the procurement allocation, and the structure of the eventualinternational organization of ITER.
The European Union Delegation reported that there has been a decision by the
Spanish Government to offer a candidature for the European siting of ITER at
Vandellós, near Barcelona. The licensing procedure concerning the possible siting of
ITER in Cadarache has been launched. The European Delegation said that once it hasa full negotiating mandate, the EU proposal(s) would be submitted to the otherDelegations for consideration.
The next meeting of the Negotiators will be held in Cadarache, France, on June 4-6, 2002.
For the full text of this press release see our web site!

France confirms proposal of Cadarache to Host ITER
The former French Minister of Research, Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg, has written, on May 3rd, to Commissioner Busquin to thank him for his reply to the request formulated by France at the December Research Council. He also notes the Spanish
declaration as a new manifestation of the strong support of the EU member states tofusion research as already expressed several times at the Council level. In this context
and in view of the negotiation meeting to be held in Cadarache on June 4th, he does
confirm his letter of December 7th, 2001 concerning the proposal of Cadarache as apossible European site for ITER. He stresses the strong support to the Cadarache candidacy from the regional authorities as well as from the French scientific community.

Spanish government offers Vandellós as ITER site
On April 17th, the Government of Spain formally offered to the European Union itssite at Vandellós to be evaluated as a possible European site for ITER. This proposal
results from the technical and socio economic study co-ordinated by CIEMAT in collaboration with several institutions and industry. The Government also requested that
Vandellós will be taken into consideration in the ongoing international ITER process.

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 2ITER
For more information see:
EFDA NewsletterVol. 3/Dec. 2001 andhttp://hbksun17.fzk.de:8080/P
KF/welcome.html

ITER SEVEN LARGE
R&D PROJECTS

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Central Solenoid Model
Coil - L1
Toroidal Field Model
Coil - L2
Vacuum Vessel
Sector - L3
Blanket Module - L4
Divertor Cassette - L5
Blanket Module
Remote Handling - L6
Divertor Remote
Handling - L7

Status of the Development of the Toroidal Field Model CoilThe Toroidal Field Model Coil (TFMC) is one of the seven large ITER Research andDevelopment (R&D) projects. Its objective is to develop and demonstrate the superconducting magnet technology to a level that will allow the ITER Nb3Sn toroidal field coils to bebuilt with confidence. The current of 80 kA reached in this superconducting coil represents
a world record.
The TFMC was built by a European industrial consortium under the supervision of
EFDA. The first tests were carried out by the joint European Research and Development
Centre "Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe" (FzK) in Germany. In this phase, the TFMC was
installed as a single coil in the TOSKA facility and tested to its maximum current of 80 kA,
which was reached for the first time on July 25, 2001. Up to the end of the year 2001, the
TFMC was energized 19 times to its maximum current with eight safety discharges made(at this current level) and five following intentionally induced quenches. The maximum magnetic field of 7.8 T and the maximum temperature of 8.7 K were in agreement with the
expected values, according to the previous tests of the superconductive strands used for the
conductor.
Fifteen joints have been made in the path of the superconducting current between thepositive and the negative warm end of the current leads. In the second test campaign, due
to start in summer 2002, the already existing European Large Coil Task (LCT) coil will be
used as a background field coil to test the mechanical performance of the TFMC. The two
superconducting coils have been assembled back to back with a strong intercoil steel structure. At present the TFMC/LCT assembly is being installed in the cryostat of the TOSKA
facility and the hydraulic and electrical connections are being finalised. During the second
campaign, the maximum magnetic field will increase to about 9.6 T, although the maximum
current in the TFMC will be reduced to 70 kA. EFDA Newsletter will follow the tests at the
TOSKA facility and will report the results to you in forthcoming issues.

Features of TFMCHeightWidth
Diameter
Joint
resistances
Total weight

3.79 m2.83 m
0.78 m
1.1 nΩ - 1.9 nΩ
35 t

LTC coil (left) and TFMC with steel structure (right)

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 3

EFDA at Plansee AG
For more information see:
http://www.ansaldo.it/
http://www.plansee.com/english/index.html

European Industry celebrates Full Set of ITER Divertor
On 16 January 2002, an "EU Divertor Celebration Day" with 30 participants was organized at Plansee AG (Reutte, Austria) to mark the end of the successful manufacturing activities (undertaken by EFDA) for the ITER large R&D project on the divertor. Both Plansee
AG and Ansaldo Ricerche (Genoa, Italy) contributed to the manufacturing activities.
During the ITER Engineering Design Activities (EDA) and the Coordinated Technical
Activities (CTA), the EU Party has developed technologies for high heat flux applications,which meet and even exceed the design requirements. The result of this extensive R&D programme was the manufacturing of a complete set of prototypes for each divertor component, namely the vertical target, the dome liner and the cassette body.

Other EURATOM
Associations participating
to the meeting:
CEA: Commissariat àl’Energie Atomique
http://www.cea.fr/

ENEA: Ente per le Nuove
Tecnologie, l’Energia el’Ambiente
http://www.enea.it/

Dr. Robert Aymar(ITER)

Dr. Michael Schwarzkopf(Chief Executive Officer of Plansee)

Dr. Mario Merola(EFDA)

Jacques Schlosser(CEA Cadarache)

IPP: Max-Planck-Institut
für Plasmaphysik
http://www.ipp.mpg.de/ÖAW: Österreichische
Akademie der Wissenschaften
http://www.oeaw.ac.at/

Vertical Target

Dome Liner

1998

Among the participants in the event were Dr. M. Schwarzkopf (Chief Executive Officer ofPlansee AG), Prof. A. Airaghi (President of Ansaldo Ricerche), Prof. K. Lackner (EFDA
Leader), Dr. R. Aymar (ITER Director), who presented an overview of the ITER project and
Dr. R. Andreani (EFDA Associate Leader for Technology), who outlined the activities envisaged on fusion technology during the 6th EU Research Framework Programme. Dr. R.
Tivey (ITER Divertor Group Leader) showed the design of the different divertor components
and summarized the impressive achievements obtained by the R&D activities carried out
within this project. Dr. M. Merola, the EFDA Responsible Officer for Divertor Technology,
remarked that the EU has shown a systematic capability to manufacture high heat flux components together with mastering the required non-destructive examination techniques andquality assurance procedures. Prof. Chung Wu, EFDA Responsible Officer for Plasma/Wall
Interaction, summarized the EU development work on the carbon composites (reinforced
with three-dimensional carbon fibres with high thermal conductivity) required for use in thevertical target.
The results of the event demonstrated, on the prototypical scale, that the ITER divertor
can be manufactured. This allows the European Union to start the related procurement assoon as the decision on ITER construction is taken. The time period remaining until then will
be used to optimize the fabrication processes and to develop more cost-effective alternatives.

The fabrication of the firstvertical target prototype,on a medium scale, wascompleted. It contained all
the main features of thecorresponding ITER divertor design, and was highheat flux tested up to 20
MWm-2 for 2000 cycles
without failure.
A full-scale section of theoutboard divertor cassettebody was also completed.
This demonstrated thepossibility of manufacturing this component bywelded forged plates,
rather than by casting witha corresponding drastic
reduction in costs.
2001
Near full-scale vertical target and dome liner prototypes were delivered.

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 4Fusion & Industry
50ies:The history of ANSALDO
Superconduttori S.p.A.
starts with the constructionof yokes for dipole magnets of the PS at CERN; atthat time the name of theCompany was ANSALDOSan Giorgio.
70ies:The so-called "Magnet
Unit" became one of thefirst European Companies
able to design and produce
large size superconducting
magnets;
80ies:The "Magnet Unit" wasorganized with independent design and manufacturing teams, in coincidenceof important contracts inHigh Energy Physics &Fusion research.
90ies:
Some other products weredeveloped inside the "Unit"
with involvement of newimportant technologies.
At present:
ANSALDO Superconduttori
is a company of about 80
people, having orders in
the research field, where
fusion represents about
50% of the total production, starting from 1983 on.

For more information on
Forschungszentrum
Karlsruhe see:
http://www.fzk.de/FZK2/english/
welcome.html

Magnets Made in Italy: The Role of Ansaldo
Ansaldo (Genoa, Italy) has been involved in the European Fusion Programme since theEighties, in particular the Magnet Department which is now a separate company named
Ansaldo Superconduttori. They manufactured the resistive and superconducting coils formost of the European experiments on fusion, such as ASDEX Upgrade, Tore Supra,
Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) and COMPASS. In the past, Ansaldo was also involved indesign and assessment work related to magnet coils for future fusion
devices (NET, ALCATOR C, TJ-2). It
currently also works as a subcontractor for EFET (European Fusion
Engineering and Technology), which
is a consortium of nuclear systems
companies from seven European
countries working on the design, R&D
and feasibility assessment of ITER.
The most recent major projectfor fusion research was the designof the ITER prototype TFMC
(Toroidal Field Model Coil), which
Ansaldo - DP1; lower pancake inserted, transfer of
was issued in 1995. The order for
upper pancake on going. Genoa, 6 April 98.
the manufacturing of the coil wasawarded to the AGAN consortium (Ansaldo, GEC Alstom, ACCEL, Noell) in 1996. During
the AGAN internal discussion, Ansaldo was chosen to undertake the winding react, transfer and impregnation of the TFMC double pancakes. This was one of the more critical jobs
in the commissioning schedule, and took into consideration Ansaldo’s previous experiencein the construction of such toroidal field coils.
Ansaldo started with a series of tests to check the fabrication technology. Several problems had to be solved after the first winding test and during the construction of the dummy
pancake and the full scale joint sample. The last of the five double pancakes was delivered
to Alstom in May 1999. The final
assessment of the design andconstruction method could only
be made some years later with
the
cold
test
at
FzK
(Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe,
Germany) where the first cryogenic tests were successfully
performed in 2001. During thistime, Ansaldo Superconduttori
has continued to gain experience in the construction andimpregnation of very large
superconducting coils (up to 25m), a very important expertisefor the future manufacturing of
the ITER coils.
Ansaldo - Insulating DP1.2; Genoa, 6 April 98.

The company is now involved in the jacketing of 60 m of a NbTi Conductor for the con-struction of the PF conductor insert coil and in the construction of the non-planar coils for
Wendelstein 7-X, again in co-operation with Noell.

page 5EFDA Fusion Newsletter

JET

New Quartz micro-balance device: Successful from shot to shot
When hydrogen plasma interacts in JET with the carbon divertor target plates, amorphous hydrocarbon films are deposited, particularly in the pump duct region of the innerdivertor. These films can trap large quantities of tritium and are therefore a key area of
research in support of ITER, due to safety related restrictions on the quantities of tritium
which can be retained in the ITER torus.
The traditional method for measuring film growth has been to analyze tiles removed fromthe JET torus during a major shutdown. Surface analysis provides valuable data on longterm evolution and composition of surface layers but it is difficult to tell which type of discharges contribute most to the measured deposits.
The quartz micro-balance (QMB) device has been developed through an EFDA-JET
enhancement project and preliminary results show that it can measure deposition on a shot
to shot basis with a resolution of around one monolayer (~10-10m). This novel device is basedon a quartz crystal oscillator circuit originally developed to measure the pressure in oil wells.
At its heart is a high temperature application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) which ismounted close to the measuring crystal and must survive the harsh conditions inside the
JET torus. The hardware was largely designed and assembled at JET by G. Neill and D.
Wilson (UKAEA) and calibrated and tested at Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) by G.
Esser. The system was successfully commissioned at the start of JET Campaign 5 (C5, 18
March – 31 May 2002) and is now being used as part of the physics programme by the
Exhaust Physics Task Force.

The QMB assembly was
mounted in JET during
the last shutdown. The
shutter, which normallyprotects the quartz crystal, is shown in the open
position. Before a JET
pulse the resonant frequency of the crystal ismeasured with respect toan internal reference.
During the pulse the shutter is opened to expose
the crystal during a specific part of the discharge
and after the pulse thefrequency is again measured. This resonant frequency decreases as themass of the deposit increases.

New spectrometer installed for the study of pellet ablation
A new spectrometer, provided by the Plasma Physics Laboratory of Princeton University(New Jersey, USA), has been installed during the last shutdown at JET.
This new instrument provides a detailed spectrum of the pellet ablation light and allows
improved studies of the processes involved in the ablation of injected pellets.
It has recently been commissioned successfully and the result of first measurements
during pellet injection experiments in Campaign 5 (18 March – 31 May 2002) are promising. For example the line width of the spectrum, which is broadened by the Stark effect,
delivers information on the density of the pellet ablation cloud. The spectrometer can alsomeasure the ratio of the intensities of the Dα and Dβ lines, which reflects the electron temperature of the pellet ablation cloud. Thus simultaneous time resolved measurements of theelectron density and temperature of the pellet cloud are now possible for the first time at
JET. This will provide significant additional data for use in the modeling of the ablation of apellet and of the drift of the ablated pellet mass in the plasma.

Pellet Injection:
Firing little cubes ('pellets')of frozen deuterium or deuterium-tritium mixtures into
the plasma to increase itscore density.

More information about
the Plasma Physics
Laboratory of Princeton
University:
http://www.pppl.gov/

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 6

JET
Features of the Error Field
Correction Coils Project
Area enclosedby the loop
Toroidal angle(each)
Numberof turns
Cable area

6 m2
70˚
16
150mm2

Locked modes are
Magnethydrodynamic
modes that cease rotating(though they can still grow).
Neo-classical tearing
mode: The magnetic
island produced by a tearing mode perturbs thebootstrap current whichfurther amplifies the islandand degrades confinement
or leads to a disruption.
TAE means Toroidal
Alfvén Eigenmode, which
is a fast particle driven
instability.

News from Error Field Correction Coils Project
Non axi-symmetric magnetic fields can be responsible for the onset of large locked
modes in tokamak discharges, which in turn often trigger disruptions.
The internal saddle coils on JET have been used to study the generation and correctionof error fields. However, these internal coils had technical problems and therefore a new setof external correction coils were proposed as an EFDA enhancement project. The installation of the coils started during the summer 2001 shutdown
and two coils havebeen completed successfully. The
remaining two coils
are due to be wound in the summer
2002 intervention.
The new set of 4
external, non-symmetric coils can beused to replace theDC (direct current) and low frequency
AC (alternate current) function of the existing internal
saddle coils for thegeneration and correction of static
error fields, and theseeding of neo-classical tearing
modes. The internal
saddle coils are also currently used for
TAE studies, which
involves their excitation at high frequency - this function cannot be performed by the external error field correction
coils due to the high inductance and thefield penetration timethrough the JET mechanical structure.
The correction coils will
be used both to reduce the ‘natural’ error field(which arises from machine
asymmetries), to ameliorate its effect, and to control the level of the error field so that the threshold level can be studied as a function ofplasma parameters. It is important to understand this process since the maximum tolerable
error field decreases with the machine size and the permitted value on ITER is close to thevalue that is likely to be generated by anticipated machine asymmetries.

Fusion & Environment
INDIA: Energy Developments for a Growing Nation

You want to learn more
about the Indian Institutefor Management (IIM)?
Please see:
http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/More Information on the
Max-Planck-Institute for
Plasmaphysics(Association EURATOM- IPP):
http://www.ipp.mpg.de

For the Netherlands
Energy Research
Foundation (ECN) see:
http://www.ecn.nl/main.html

What role could fusion power plants play in the future energy supply of India as a country with one of the fastest growing populations? How will the energy needs of India develop
in general up to 2100 and which technologies are therefore required? How do these facts
influence the production of greenhouse gases such as CO2?
The new study "Long-term Energy Scenarios for India" tries to answer these questions.
It was undertaken by the Indian Institute for Management (IIM) in Ahmedabad, together with
Max-Planck-Institute for Plasmaphysics (Association EURATOM - IPP) in Garching (Germany)and the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation (ECN), in the framework of the "Socioeconomic studies on Fusion" which were initiated by the European Fusion Programme.
If the development of the Indian energy economy is left to the unregulated market, coal,for which there are adequate resources, remains the most important energy source for electricity production (over 70%) up to the year 2100 – with dire consequences for the global
climate. To replace the coal power plants, emission free technologies such as renewables
and fusion could become more and more important. Depending on the limit set to CO2 emissions, fusion could produce about 10% of India’s electricity requirements in the second halfof our century.
The methods, which were applied in the study give an impression of the future economic
development and the demand for energy in India, as well as information on the development of
the energy resources, technologies and other factors which influence the energy market. The
model also picks the combination of energy technologies with the lowest total system costs.

page 7

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

Fusion & the Public
ESTEC:
European Space Agency’sSpace Research andTechnical Center

EFDA at Physics on Stage 2
Physics on Stage 2 (PoS-2), an initiative for European physics educators, took place at
ESTEC in Noordwijk (Netherlands) on April 2-6, 2002. CERN, ESO and ESA originally set
up this annual event as part of the European Week for Science and Technology 2000. It is
one of the milestones of the co-operation between the seven EIROFORUM partners(CERN, EFDA, EMBL, ESA, ESO, ESRF, ILL) on outreach and education activities.
The PoS project aims at motivating teachers
and also provide them with information about
current activities carried out in the leading
European research organizations. This is very
important as the tendency towards a lack ofinterest in physics by the younger generation
nowadays mostly results from the lack of exciting
lessons at school.
ESTEC welcomed at its headquarters 465
participants all involved with education, both
"Couldn’t be without it!" is the next initiative
teachers and members of national education
lauched this year by the seven European
programmes from 22 different European counResearch Organizations.
tries. The event consisted of a fair, live performFor more information, visit the site:
ances and workshops.
http://www.cern.ch/sci-tech
Chairman of PoS-2 was Prof. W. Ockels(ESA), ex-scientist/astronaut who flew aboard the US space shuttle Challenger in 1985 to conduct experiments in a multitude of disciplines in the German-organized Spacelab mission.
During the week various VIPs visited thefestival, such as Commissioner Busquinand His Excellency Mr. L. Hermans,
Minister for Education, Culture andScience in the Netherlands.

Dr. F. Casci (left, EFDA Garching) presenting the
EFDA stand to Prof. W. Ockels (center) andHE Mr. L. Hermans

http://www.estec.esa.nl/

EIROFORUM is a co-ordination and collaboration group of
the European Inter-governmental Research Organizations(CERN, EFDA, EMBL, ESA,
ESO, ESRF, ILL). A primary
goal is to play an active andconstructive role in promoting
quality and impact ofEuropean Research.

For more information see:
http://www.eso.org/outreach/pr
ess-rel/pr-2001/pr-12-01.html
http://www.cerncourier.com/ma
in/article/42/1/18/3/cernpeople10_1-02

CERN:
European Organization for
Nuclear Research
http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/

ESO:
European Southern
Observatory
http://www.eso.org/

ESA:
European Space Agency
http://www.esa.int/

EMBL:

The EFDA stand was equipped withposters on energy issues, EFDA andJET, but also with the ITER model. The
visitors showed great interest in using
fusion CD-Roms and information material on the ITER and JET projects at
schools and universities.

European Molecular Biology
Laboratory
http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/As a general comment we can saythat it was very useful to be among theparticipants in the event, as we could not
only answer the visitors’ questions on
Fusion, but also offer to take the Fusion
Expo to their premises and give talks on
fusion at their schools or places ofwork.There was a pressing request for
the research organizations to provide
more support for the work of teachers.
PoS-2 showed once more the necessityof informing the public and especiallythe schools and universities on what’s
going on in our research establishments.

ILL:

ESRF:
European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility
http://www.esrf.fr/

Institut Laue-Langevin
http://www.ill.fr/

For more information on
Physics on Stage,
visit the site:
http://www.physicsonstage.net

EFDA Fusion Newsletter

page 8

Questions & Answers"It is said that the US may reconsider its withdrawal from the ITER project.
What is the status on this?"
The US were partners in the ITER project until 1999. They then left the project for different reasons. While, at that time, the scientific and technical developments for the first (the "big") ITER project had been successfully concluded, the political and economic boundary conditions for the project had deteriorated. Moreover, none of the partner countries had presented a proposal for a site.
In essence, the project appeared too costly for realization: Russia was experiencing a serious economic crisis, and Japan, also in the throes of economic problems, had decided on a moratorium on
the construction of major research facilities. The US had re-oriented its research activities, and theprovision of clean energy on a timescale of fifty years did not appear to be a top priority. A shortlived, but widely publicized, theoretical prediction that ITER might not satisfy its stated goals probably
also played a part in the decision of the US to abandon the project. In the meantime, ITER has
become a leaner project, focusing exclusively on objectives lying on the critical path to a fusion
power plant. Three concrete site proposals have been made, or are expected to be made official,in the near future, and three years of targeted research have further verified the design assumptions forming the basis of the project. The fact that Europe, Japan and Russia forged ahead successfully with the project has evidently re-established the credibility of the project in the US and rekindled their interest in participation. The scientific advisor of the US President has expressed hiswish to follow closely the progress in the ITER negotiations and we already see the first steps takenby the US fusion community to re-enter ITER.

Milestones of US
Participation to ITER
November 1985
Geneva Summit Meeting: proposal by the then Soviet Union
to build a next generation
tokamak experiment

October 1986
The United States, Japan andthe European Community proposed an activity under the
auspices of the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

April 1988 – Dec. 1990
ITER Conceptual Design
Activities (CDA)

July 1992
Agreement on the Engineering
Design Activities (EDA) of ITER.
Protocol 1

March 1994
The four Parties signed
Protocol 2 to the ITER
Agreement.

July 1998

United States engaged in serious consultations on ITER
"President Bush is particularly interested in the potential of the international effort know as ITER
and has asked us to seriously consider American participation."
Secretary of Energy, Mr. S. Abraham at the Conference of G8 Energy Ministers, Detroit, May 2, 2002.
For the full text see:
http://www.energy.gov/HQDocs/speeches/2002/mayss/PublicEnergyForumLunch.html

ITER Final Design Report,
Cost Review and Safety
Analysis (FDR).

July 1998
Extension of EDA to July 2001

September 1999
The US left ITER project at
the end of the US fiscal year.

More information:

Mr. Evgueny Adamov,
RF Minister of Atomic Energy

Mohamed ElBaradei,
IAEA Director General

Mr. Bill Richardson,
US Secretary of Energy
Mr. Pablo Benavides,
European Commission, DG Energy

http://www.iter.org:> What is ITER?
> Background & Origins
of ITERFor more information
see our EFDA website:
http://www.efda.org

and additionally
http://www.jet.efda.org
http://www.iter.org
IAEA (Vienna - 1998): The US DoE Secretary signs a one year extension of the US participation to ITER.

EFDA Close Support Unit - Garching
c/o Max-Planck-Institut for Plasma Physics(Association EURATOM-IPP), Boltzmannstr. 2
D-85748 Garching / Munich - Germany© K.Lackner (EFDA Leader) 2002.
This internal newsletter or parts of it may not be reproduced without permission. Text,
pictures and layout, except where noted, courtesy of the EFDA Parties.
Contribution on page 4 courtesy of Ansaldo Superconduttori. Picture on page 7 courtesy of ESTEC. Picture on page 8 courtesy of IAEA.

phone: +49-89-3299-4237
fax: +49-89-3299-4197
e-mail: federico.casci@efda.org
editors: Federico Casci, Doris Lanzinger
graphic design: Karen Jens

The EFDA Parties are the European Commission and the Associates of the European
Fusion Programme which is co-ordinated and managed by the Commission.
Neither the Commission, the Associates nor anyone acting on their behalf is responsible for any damage resulting from the use of information contained in this publication.