From Recombination to Reunion:
Zooming in where the first heavy elements were produced

Naoki Yoshida
Kavli IPMU, University of Tokyo

STAR FORMATION
molecular cloud

protostarstar

Recap: Last summer, we discussed

1. From Big Bang ripples to the first star
2. Physical processes in a primordial gas
3. Stellar evolution
4. Formation ofmassive blackholesPrimeval
Let
Now
SpiralGravity
The
us
AThe
the
A
Galaxies
look
pris2neThe
centraldensityfully
densityA
Clumpscentralgas
2nydrivescloselycloud
newly
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ingas
embryo
part
are
waves
the
ﬂuctua2onsoftemperature
the
also
born
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at
dark
formedclump
shrinks
forma2on
the
spins
are
-protostarprotostar
core
maCer
-forma2onstar
excitedcools
infurtherslowlyisle4thenursery
isformed
are
of
and
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beginsbrightincosmicisasformedbysite
thecondenses.
formed.
itfromtoits-atcontracts.
isofregions.
ﬂaCened
to
10000
the
self-gravity.
structure.
formed.
theshine.
theﬁrst.
center.
ﬁrst
Big
degrees.
disk.
Bang…
stars.

Movie available on youtube.

SINGLE, BINARY, or MULTIPLES ?
Fragmentation of a proto-stellar disk
Small fragments
migrate onto
the central
protostar on anorbital time scale“Gravo-viscousaccretion”

Greif et al. 2012, MNRASMassive binary formation (K. Sugimura et al. 2020, ApJL)SPIRAL ARM INSTABILITY
Stability against perturba(ons along the arm
Self-gravity vs Pressure + Coriolis force

Linear analysis: δ ~ exp(i ω t)
Criticalvalue

Inoue, NY 2020, MNRAS Letters

Clump
mass

METAL-POOR STARS
Initial density distribution

Z=0

Fukushima et al. arXiv: 2004.02364

A star-forming cloud in a mini-halo incosmological simulation+ metal enrichment (C, O, S, Si, Mg, Fe…
and dust grains)
Radiation-hydrodynamics simulationsof proto-stellar accretion

Z = 0.01Z⊙

Metal co

oling

TCMB

TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE
Gas cloud Jeans mass:/ T 3/2<latexit sha1_base64="BUJeK01ERipys/1PKKRQuKyvZlw=">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</latexit>

Gas mass accretion ratecritically determines theﬁnal stellar mass

Omukai, Hosokawa, NY 2010, ApJ

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100 75 50 25 0

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4(d) 180 M

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4

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7<latexit sha1_base64="TS3jgtSKRvVX7NjiV/8SJWtJ/24=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="V6ZLOQlOCljQdCET3l4GF/6Fj5o=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="5oLn+erZHVEP/90AAF/UzClkCZs=">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</latexit><latexit

510<latexit sha1_base64="c+8kyA0/7lpT+ZASbBu4GCSzMQs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="4VN5Df2/hsXdL/g02LiUHolyyuE=">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</latexit>

5.2 ⇥ 104 au<latexit sha1_base64="9sx8vKtXFdmpOxseYEBmuh+TkQs=">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</latexit>

0.04 Myr<latexit sha1_base64="n4ypa1qA1dO4dcyVzxjmNTEY19Y=">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</latexit>

4000 yr(b) 54 M(a) 16 Mc.f.) First star formationlog T [K]0.01 Z⊙
Fukushima et al. arXiv: 2004.02364

The secondary bubble expansion occurs within the HII region,
driven by the radiation force exerted on dust grains.

MASS GROWTH
250

nly

ly

ce
o
d.

o
h
P

Ra

M§ [ MØ ]

iz
n
io
to

for

200
150

n

in

Ma

100

io
at

on

lt
u
s
re

w / RP+PI

50

Photoionizationw / onlyPI+
w / PI without dust attenuation
w/o dust attenuation
w / RP

0
0.0

0.2

0.4
time[ Myr ]

0.6

0.8

A star with 200M⊙ star forms under radiative feedback at 10-2Z⊙
Initially, photoionization limits the stellar mass growth,similarly to primordial star formation.

METALLICITY DEPENDENCE
w/o

0
10°3 ZØ

RF

10°2 ZØ

Ṁ [MØ yr°1]

10

°2

10°3

10°4

0

100

200

300
M§ [MØ]

400

500

600

Mass accretion rate decreases at higher metallicities
because of the low-temperature in the accreting envelope.

/ T 3/2<latexit sha1_base64="BUJeK01ERipys/1PKKRQuKyvZlw=">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</latexit>

The ﬁnal stellar mass tends to be smaller.

STELLAR FOSSILS
Ultrafaint dwarf galaxy
Reticulum II
UFDs:
small (< 105 Msun),low-metallicity (< 0.01 Zsun)
galaxies that are thought
to be formed early,
likely before reionization.
Oldest galaxies.

Already enriched withneutron capture
elements (Sr, Ba, Eu)

Ji et al. 2019, ApJ

ORIGIN OF HEAVY ELEMENTS

https://www.euchems.eu/euchems-periodic-table/©Los Alamos National Laboratory

GOLD FACTORY

Binary neutron stars merge, emit gravitational waves,and produce heavy, neutron-rich elements like gold, platinum.
A single merger event can synthesize about 1015-ton(!) gold.

UFD in cosmo. simulation
Modelling binary neutron star formation, merger, and metal enrichment

When and where
did a NSM event occur ?

Tarumi et al. 2020, MN Letters

UFD in cosmo. simulation
Modelling binary neutron star formation, merger, and metal enrichment

When and where
did a NSM event occur ?

Tarumi et al. 2020, MN Letters

NSM at the center

NSM at the edge

Insufficient
mixingovershootSUMMARYBIG BANG

+ MASSIVE STARS

+ NEUTRON STAR MERGERSEVERYTHING

Understanding the evolu1onof the Universe is
knowing the origin of ourselves.

He

ヘリ
H
ウム

early
universe

Mg

human
body

Fe

Si

O

earth