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ATLANTEAN RESEARCH
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Vol. 2. No. 1.

April/May, 1949

CONTENTSANALYSIS AND RETROSPECT
By The Editor

Page
1

THE COSMOSThe Deluge and its Causes

1
By H. S. Bellamy

ATLANTIS:The Scientific Approach to the Study of Atlantis
By Father P. N. Zammit
Did Tobacco Originate in Africa?
By M. B. Francklyn
California Giants

B.T.8.. 4SS-S. FuU m n Rond. S.W.IO.

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By Princess Daria TroubetskoL

Atlantean Traces in the Cap Verde Islands
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AVALON:
The Mystery of the Zodiac (Conclusion)
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LITERARY MONOLOGUES
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THE DELUGE AND ITS CAUSES.
H. S. BELLAMY
The myth of the Deluge, or Great Flood is surely thegreatest of all the old wonder tales of mankind. On a closeacquaintance with, and detailed study of the biblical dehige
myth it becomes clear that it contains nothing that is physi­
cally improbable or impossible. On a careful analysis of the
deluge myth, and the intelligent assessment of its statements,
it becomes also evident that it is not a mere niade-vip story,
but bears all the traits of a report, .the report, moreover, of apersonal witness. However, up till a few years ago it was
not possible to cheek up on the correctness of the various
statements in the deluge myth, but, as I shall try to show,
we are now provided wdth a means to assay the content of
truth in this, and similar myths. For if the biblical deluge
myth was only a product of fiction its author would have trip­
ped up many times, both over major points and minor details,
quite immaterial for the poet but most significant for thescientific investigator. As it is, the author of the biblicalflood myth was either most lucky in choosing and arranging
his points, which is improbable, or he repeated only a tradition
which was handed down from most remote times, which, as
everyone will readily agree, is eminently thinkable.
If you will allow me I shall now quote the deluge mythcontained in the Book of Genesis, leaving out all non-essentials:“ The earth was corrupt and filled with violence. And God
said, I do bring a flood of waters upon the earth and every­
thing that is in the earth shall die. And it came to pass thatthe waters of the flood were upon the earth. In the same
day wer^ all the fountains of the great deep broken up andthe windows of heaven were opened. A nd the w aters p re­vailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth, and all thehigh hills th a t were under th e whole heaven, were covered.
And all flesh died th a t moved upon the earth, and every man.
All th a t was d ry in d ry land died. A nd God made a windpass over the earth, and the w aters asswaged. The fountainsof th e deep and the windows of heaven were stojjpcd. And
the w aters decreased continually u n til the tops of th e moun­tains were seen.
A nd the w aters were dried up from theea rth .”The chief tra it of this story is its insistence upon theuniversality of the deluge, and this leads us to the following
consideration.
If the deluge was really a universal event,and not a local happening, th en surely other peoples, too, may
have, nay, m ust have, recorded th eir experiences. And so it
is indeed. In all climes and zones of the E a rth we find flood
myths, both among peoples wlio know th e sea well, and among
those who dwell near g reat rivers and w ere acquainted w ith
th eir ways, but also among those who live fa r inland wherew ater m ay have been rare. If we analyse these m yths we findth a t they fall into four m ain g ro u p s: those th a t tell of a risingof the w aters, m aybe in a region som ewhat rem ote from thesea; those th a t tell of a falling of the w a te rs; tliose th a t m en­tion seismic and cosmic disturbances; and those which tellof the appearance of a new heavenly body.
There can be no doubt th a t all the flood mj^ths re fer to thesame event, which m ust therefore have been not only universal,
but also sim ultaneous. They em phatically do no t re fe r to local
inundations, be it through seismic or m eteorological causes.
B ut w hat m ay have been the cause of th e deluge? E ver since
the red acto r of the biblical deluge m yth p u t th e story into
the form in which we know it, people have asked them selves
this question, and probably already before th a t tim e th ey wereequally curious. In the sixth chapter of th e Book of Genesis
an answer is attem pted, an answer, by the w ay which, very
sim ilarly, is also given in the flood m yths of other peoples.
I t was the “ axe age and sw ord age” of which the Teutonic
Genesis, the Book of Voluspa in the Edda, tells, th e age inwhich b ro th er lifted hand against brother, and children tu rn edon th eir i)arents. I t was the w ickedness of the ante-diluvian
generation, we are told, th a t roused the Divine anger. B ut
is th is teleoligical cause tlie correct one? W as it not ra th e r
only inferred?
As the deluge was a physical occurrence it m ust n atu ra lly
have had a physical cause, and therefore, it cannot have h ap ­pened w ithout w arning, fo r certain other events m ust haveled up to it, m ust, indeed, have east distinct shadows before,m anifold unm istakeable w arnings.
In those precataclysm altimes, full of dire forebodings, p re g n an t w ith im pending
disaster, men m ust have entirely lost th eir n e rv e : the times
m ust have made them hard, “ w icked” as the Bible p u ts it—bu t it was not this “ wickedness” of th eirs which m ade thedeluge surge over th e E a rth to purge it of m an’s iniquity,
sinfulness, and perversity. If it was— why, then, th is tra itof th e m yth is no b e tte r th an th a t of th e m yths of more'’prim i­
tiv e trib es which tell th a t th eir deity punished th eir fore­
fath ers because they had made insulting gestures to him.
R egarding the physical cause of the deluge, m any theories
have been advanced already. One supposed th a t th e deluge
was a p u rely local event caused th rough tid al waves cast fa r
up into the M esopotam ian plain by an earthquake in th e
P ersian Gulf. Indeed, m any deluge m yths do m ention seismic
phenom ena, though not th e biblical one. A nother th eo ry p o st­ulated a g reat ra in due to special m eteorological conditions.
The _biblical and o ther rep o rts certainly show this feature.
A gain another th eo ry supposed a change in th e E a r th ’s ro ta ­to ry speed, or th e tiltin g of the axis or precessional d istu rb ­ances, yet another supposed th a t th e deluge was caused by them elting of th e extensive glaciation a t the end of th e last great
ice age. B ut all these theories fail in one or more im p o rtan t
respects.
To be generally applicable, a deluge theory should givesatisfacto ry answ ers to th e following p o in ts ; it should explainth e u n iv ersality of th e flood, th e suddenness w ith which it'happened, and th e peculiarities insisted on in m any myths,
as, fo r instance, th e fa c t th a t th e w aters pose, or th a t th ey
f e ll; th a t th ey were h o t ; th a t they surged in a p aric u lar d irec­
tio n ; th a t th ere w ere seismic d isturbances; th a t there was anexcessive fall of ra in ; th a t th ere Avas a fall of m eteoritic
m aterial; th a t it was especially d ark while th e deluge happen­
ed ; and so on. Is th ere such a theory? Does not, fo r instance,
the v ery coneeirt of th e “ u n iv ersality ” alone m ake th e estab­lishm ent of any such th eo ry fu tile? The w aters rose “ over
all th e high hills th a t w ere luider th e whole heaven.” W here
did th a t w ater come from ? Nay, a question much h ard er toansw er would b e : where did th a t stupendous q u an tity of w ater
go to, a fte r it had done its task of cleansing th e ea rth fromsin?
The best th eo ry th a t I know, whose teachings and de­ductions m ost closely approxim ate the statem ents and descrip­
tions in th e m yths, and explain them m ost satisfactorily, isth a t of the Viennese scientist. H ans H oerbiger, w ith which
I became acqiiainted some 27 years ago. A ccording to H oer­
biger, in terp lan e ta ry space is not absolutely vacuous but isfilled w ith a m aterial medium, consisting both of atom ic andof m olecular m aterial. Such m aterial is continuously exhaledby th e Sun, and is carried aw ay out into space by the p res­sure of radiation. This is an observed fact and cannot begainsaid.
In spite of its extrem e thinness th is medium m ust have adefinite influence upon all bodies revolving in it. The orbitsof p lan eta ry bodies cannot be re-entering curves, ellipses, but
m ust be inw ard ten d in g elliptical spirals. So much g ran ted —it is obvious th a t the involution speed m ust v ary for eachplanetary body, being greater for the smaller and lighter
bodies, and less for larger, heavier ones. If we try to calculate
a set of theoretical relative involution eoeffecients out of theresistance-encountering cross-sections and the resistance-oppos­
ing masses of the inner planets we get the following approxi­
mate values: Mercury 2.3, Venus 1.3, Earth 1.0, and Mars
2.6; while for our Moon we get 5.8.
These figures mean that whenever the orbit of our Earthdecreases by one unit, that of Mars, for instance, diminishes
by more than two and a half units, which implies that event­ually at a period too remote to be expressed in figures, theplanet Mars will come dangerously close to our Earth. But
if we consider the figure calculated for our Moon, 5.8, we areforced to infer two things; first of all, our Moon must havebeen an independent planet, perhaps at not so very remote adate; secondly it will approach nearer and nearer to our
Earth, until it finally disintegrates, and its debris will descend
upon our planet in a terrific cataclysm.
There is another point which arises from the above: if ourMoon is a captured planet and will eventually crash—it isquite probable that it may have had predecessors.
Let ussuppose that another satellite was in the heavens before theplanet Luna was captured, and that it was approaching our
Earth on its spiral path.
We cannot enter into an even approximate discussion of
all the manifold developments upon our Earth that such an
approaching satellite would bring about—but for our present
enquiry the chief and most important phenomenon would be
the great gathering of the waters of the seas of our Earthinto the tropical girdles. For the nearer the satellite camethe more powerful became its gravitational pull. Finally at
the time when the satellite had approached already to a dis­
tance of about three terrestrial radii from our Earth, andwas revolving round it some three times a day—when the“month” had shrunk to about eight hours!—the waters would
become arranged into a great girdle tide.
Readers of mybooks will know that evidences of this girdle tide have aactually been found in the region of the interandean meseta in
Peru and Bolivia, where the ancient city of Tiahuanaco, withits magnificent Calendar Gate, is situated on an unmistakablestrandline. They then reached a height of over 13,000 feetabove the present sea level, while at the then equator they
were somewhat higher.
It was on the highest elevations in the tropical zone thatthe inhabitants of the Earth sought refuge, as well as on thenorthern and southern shores of the great girdle tide, andalso inland. But further north and south from the 45th
parallel life was difficult or impossible, as these regions werecovered with ice.
Very probably the people of that time knew very littleof what was to follow. With succeeding generations thegatellitp approachec} iiearcr, its gravitational pull increased,

and the waters rose a little higher round the island refuges,
while in the northern and southern shore districts they re­ceded. Men retreated or advanced, probably very mjich as
they do now when the sea encroaches or recedes.
But finally things began to happen, which were new, andterrifying. The vast bright orb of the former satellite which
dominated the heavens, rising out of the west three times a(lay, careering across the sky in rapid change of phase, plung­ing the inhabitable regions of the Earth into the darkness of
total solar eclipses or becoming itself totally eclipsed, sud­denly began to show cracks in the centre of its face. These
cracks widened, the centre of the disk became distorted, wasriven into blocks, and, finally, these fragments were detached
to move alongside it in a glittering stream. It must have beena magnificent spectacle, but one that soon began to spreadterror among all mankind. The satellite had approached sonear that terrestrial gravitation began to outweigh its
cohesion, and it began to break up. Once this process had
started there was no stopping, till at last the whole satellite
was riven into smaller and larger fragments which swunground the Earth in a huge ring. This redistribution of thesatellitic material caused changes in the gravitational controlof the girdle tide, which started to flatten, and to spread.
While the distorted body of the Earth began to return to aspherical shape and tremors, which presently became mighty
earthquakes, ran through the globe. The Earth’s atmosphere,
too, had been drawn into the tropical girdle, and the air
masses began to flow off north and south under cyclonicphenomena. These were the chief warnings to the dwellers
near the northern and southern shores of the girdle tide, tell­ing unmistakably of impending peril. To guote one example:
in the Book of Enoch we read, for instance, “ In those days
Noah saw that the Earth was sinking into the waters andthat its destruction was nigh.
And he cried, ‘what is thematter with our Earth that it should be so fatigued andshaken?’ ” Elsewhere we are told that corpses suddenly start­
ed to rot quickly in the days before the deluge, a sign ofclimatic change through tropical air masses spreading northand south.
The fragments felt the resistance of the interplanetarymedium so much that they started to spiral earthward very
quickly. Presently the first cosmic missiles fell on the Earth.
Like our present Moon its predecessor was also covered witha surface layer of ice. When these ice blocks entered theterrestrial atmosphere they dissolved into great storm clouds
which darkened the skies, and from which descended prodigi­
ous falls of hail and rain. This is a trait of many myths, alsoof the biblical one, where we read that the windows or sluicesof heaven were opened, and it rained for a considerable time
without ceasing. In the Book of Revelation also the fall ofa great hail is mentioned, huge blocks even descending. Tlie
beginning of the Great Rain, as many myths tell, was frequently
the signal for entering the ark. It should be clearly lender-stood th a t th e great rain, though it m ust have caused great
local inundations, was not th e cause of the deluge, bu t only
an incidental accom panim ent.
Because the w aters of thispluvial catastrophe were derived from the satellite’s shore­less frozen ocean, they n atu ra lly also contained, and were dis­coloured by, mud and ooze from the bottom of this ocean,and m ixed w ith ea rth y m aterial from the sa te llite ’s actual
surface layers. T hat is why some deluge reports tell th a t a
ra in of blood fell, as fo r instance the Apocalypse, and th a t
is also why U tnapishtim , the hero of the B abylonian Flood
M yth, the Gilgamesh Epic, was told to enter his ark “ in theevening” (th a t is, when th e great darkness began to prevail)“ when the m ud ra in falls.” H ith erto tran slato rs and com­
m entators of th e Gilgamesh Epic have been greatly puzzled by
the word “ m ud.”
P resen tly also m aterial from the satellite’s m ineral bodybegan to descend in blazing showers, especially in the thentropical zone.
This fiery hail, these “ stars falling fromheaven,” these m ountains falling on the E a rth from above
blazing as they were lamps, as the Book of R evelation has it,
are fe atu red in m any deluge myths. The descent of all thism aterial, probably sta rte d slowly bu t th en came down rapidly,
and in huge quantities, w asted the grav itatio n al pull of therin g of satellitic m aterial swinging round the E a rth — andeventually the w aters of the girdle tide wMch had been slowly
spreading n o rth and south, sta rte d to flow off.
The w'atery chaos which ensued is indescribable and alm ost
unim aginable. The unchained w aters rushed n o rth and south
w ith unexam pled vehemence. I t was as if the dam of a w ater
reservoir more th a n two miles deep and m ay be tw o thousand
miles wide, had given way. They rushed, surged, careered,sw irled over the whole E a rth in a series of gigantic rin g waves,which became the more dangerous the more they approachedth e higher latitudes. But, luckily, no one lived there, as they
were covered w ith thick layers of ice. The Avaters oscillated
to and fro between th e equator and the poles m any times,
m ajestically and alm ost calmly where they were not_ ag itatedby obstacles, in dangerous cross cu rren ts and chaotic turbulance w here they were held up and diverted by transversem ountain ranges. E ventually the w aters ceased ebbing andflowing violently to and fro between th e poles and the tropics,
and began to find th eir n atu ra l level, and became the oceans
and seas of the E arth of today, w ith certain modifications.
The seismic agitation of the seas, however, contiiuied probably
for quite a tim e a fte r this.
In the biblical deluge m yth Ave find a passage which as­
serts th a t “the rain was upon the E a rth fo rty days and fo rtyn ig h ts,” while a few verses later we are told th a t “the w atersof th e flood prevailed upon the earth a hundred and fiftydays.”
These two statem ents are derived from the tw o dis­tin c tly different m aterials of which the biblical deluge mythis m ade up. They are not really contradictory, they only

describe different aspects. B ut if I m ay suggest, the red acto rof th e m yth who dovetailed the two trad itio n s together, madea slight “ clerical” e rro r here. If we say th a t the delug& lasted
fo rty days, and th e ra in for 150 days, we are probably muchn earer to the tru th , especially if Ave reg ard all these num erals
as_“ indefinite” ones. W e m ay in fer from the passage. Genesis
vii, 10, th a t the deluge started , th a t is, th a t th e girdle tid ebegan to flow off, “ seven day s” a fte r the beginning of thedisintegration, which is v e iy likely correct, though, of course,
we have no real m eans of checking up on th is; and tliat it
lasted, in its w orst aspects, fo r some “ th irty ” days. A t theend of this period the g reat swing of the w aters between theequator and th e poles had p ractically subsided and the newlevel of th e oceans had become ra th e r stable. The descent ofcosmic m aterial, chiefly of th e rain, m ay have tak en som ething
like th e tim e m entioned, about five m onths, b u t again th is isa m ere guess. A ccording to the passage, Gen. vii. 4, th e firstg reat rainfalls m ay actu ally have happened some “ seven” days
a fte r the beginning of th e disintegration.
I t will have been noticed th a t the biblical deluge m yth, as
do also other flood reports, actually m entions the threefold
catastrophe which our cosmological th eo ry p o stu lates: theG reat W ind, th e G reat Rain, and th e G reat Flood. The G reat
W ind was p a rtly caused by the atm osphere, which had also
been piled up in the tro p ical zone into a sort of air girdle
tid e flowing off' n o rth and south, b u t chiefly th e G reat W ind
was caused by th e blocks of satellitic w reckage, either ice,or m etallo-m ineral m aterial, plunging into th e E a r th ’s aircoat and pushing it forw ard in a terrific w esterly gale, the“ m ighty strong west w ind,” as th e Book of the Exodus has it.
A t last the deluge was over. I t closed the aeon of thesatellite Avhich preceded our present Moon. An asatellitic age
had started , full of m anifold opportunities for th e recuperationof w hat had survived, plan t, animal, and man.
M an experienced all these developm ents as an intelligent
observer, and indeed recorded all the various aspects in thosew onder tales, the m yths. Man was not caught u n p rep ared —let us say, he was not less p repared for the im pending disasterth a n we are ourselves prepared, as individuals, for such calam i­ties as a war, or an economic slump.
The overwhelm ing
m ajo rity are engulfed and perish, or suffer at least unspeak­
ably, but some are able to ride out th e storm , and to saveth e ir souls and th eir substance. M an was Homo sapiens al­re ad y at th a t time, undism ayed, intelligent, resourceful. Them yths tell m agnificently how man p itte d his intelligence andcraft against th e great, blind, clumsy, forces of n a tu re —andthough the odds were fearfu l, he won in m any instances, whenchance smiled upon him, and his luck was kind, or when, touse more poetical parlance, he was helped by th e guiding handsof th e gods.
The m yths give us a complete and detailed picti;re of th a t

time, but they are more oi’ less of the nature of a jig-saw
ljuzzle. It is now for the first time that we can gauge theactual content of truth in those wonderful tales. Up till now
they have been regarded with suspicion, with derision, with
contempt—while now they reveal their real worth. As we
can see the myths are not contradictory: when they do notagree it is because they do not describe the same aspects of
the reported happenings, and at times not even the same event.
So if one myth tells, with a considerable amount of surprise,that after the great cataclysm “there was a new heaven anda new Earth, and there was no more sea,” we can clearly seethat the reporter of the myth describes the experiences of
those who lived through the catastrophe in tropical districts,
where instead of a Great Flood, there was actually a Great
Ebb. Such myths frequently tell also of the fall of blazingcosmic material, to escape from which men sought refuge incaves. Then there are the myths which tell of comparatively
slowly rising Avaters from which the survivors escaped bysealing high mountains. The reporters of these events evi­
dently came from islands situated near the shores of the great
girdle tide. Many of these myths tell that the islands thenstarted moving through the waters like ships—an optical illus­
ion caused by the waters flowing past with a strong northerly
or southern current.
And if other myths insist that the deluge was not such afearful convulsion after all, and especially if they tell that
there appeared in the heaven another bright body, as qviite
a few myths do then the reference is not to the remote cataclysm
caused by the former satellite at all, but to the infinitely more
recent events caused by the capture of the planet Luna as
the companion of our Earth.
For the pull of the new satellite suddenly drew into thetropical girdle, and held there permanently, great quantitiesof the waters of the terrestrial oceans. It was this flood whichcaused the end of Atlantis, far-famed in fable, which
apocalyphic myth calls the “Great Babylon sitting upon many
waters.” That “ city,” or, rather, maritime empire, was lostin the waves, amid seismic and volcanic phenomena, when amighty angel threw into the sea an object like unto a greatmillstone, which made the waters rise with sudden violence ina mighty flood.
Though such a way of looking at things rationalizes thegreat deluge myths, it does not divest them of glamour. It
rather invests them with a new glory. It humanizes the great
event. It allows a new scientific approach to a great mine ofinteresting and most valuable material. The various stories
can be fitted into a vast world-spanning picture. We our­selves must be descendants of hitherto unknown distant fore­
fathers who lived through the great cataclysm, either hiddenin caves, or crowding on mountains, or tossing to safety infrail arks. And that consideration makes the great adventureof life so much more exciting and real still.

A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO THE STUDYOF ATLANTIS.
X

Father P. N. ZAMMIT O.P.
Father Zammit, who is Professor of Social Sciences at the“Angelicum” College at Rome, and who has always been deeplyinterested in prehistory, felt that a strict definition of some of
the aspects of study would assist research.

By Atlantology is meant the science about Atlantis.
Science is a knowledge acquired by means of a strict demon­
stration, i.e., convincing proof. In this sense we can hardly
speak of science regarding Atlantis, because our knowledge
is as yet scanty and vague.
Moreover, no science deals with but presupposes the ex­istence of its own subject. Unfortunately we cannot say thatthe historical existence of Atlantis is a scientifically demon­
strated fact, and therefore it must remain as yet one of themain problems dealt with by Atlantology. We can therefore
call Atlantology a science not as an already acquired fact, but
only as an aim towards which scientific researches are being
directed.
If in all other important scientific researches co-ordinationand co-operation among specialists is essential, among Atlantologists co-ordination and co-operation is absolutely imperative,
both on account of the difficulty of the subject and of the re­latively small number of specialists. But there can be no co­ordination, and much less co-operation, without some sort ofsubordination to a method or plan previously agreed upon;otherwise efforts are scattered and researches wasted. Hencethe necessity for a Method in Atlantology.
In my opinion Atlantologists should first agree on a setof problems regarding Atlantis, on a method of research, andon t'he kind of proofs or arguments they are looking for in
the solution of these problems.
The following may perhaps serve as an outline of themain problems towards which researches should be directed:—
1.—The origin of the name of the Atlantic ocean.
2.—The historical existence of Atlantis.
3.—Its locality, geography and time of disappearance.
4.—Modality and causes of its disappearance.
5.—Effects of its disappearance (did it cause the ap­
pearance of new lands? since the quantity of thesea is unchanged)
6.—Civilization attained by its inhabitants.
7.—Influence of its civilization on the remaining con­tinents.
8.—Any possibility and means of a direct archeologi­
cal knowledge about Atlantis?
The word “Atlantic” is derived from the Latin Atlas,atlantis; and it is both historical or geographical and mytholo­
gical. Geographically it may be derived from Mount Atlas
in N.W. A frica: the Atlantic ocean is between Europe, Africa
and America. Mythologically it is the name of a Greek god
9called Atlas, tlic son of Ju p iter. A tlas was, as a punishm ent,changed by Perseus (to whom lie had refused hospitality) intoa m ountain; and because this m ountain was considered to bevery high m ythographcrs im agined th a t Atlas liad Ijeen con­demned to bear the world on his shoulders. The L atin word
A tlas is derived from a (ireek word m eaning to crush. The
daughters of god A tlas were supposed to have been changed
into stars called Pleiades.
W hat is th e relation between th e geographical and them ythological denom ination? W hich came first?
W hat wasthe origin of the first denom ination? W as it a souvenir nameof the lost continent? Supposing one said th a t under the
Pacific Ocean th ere is a subm erged continent, which was once
inhabited by “ peace-loving” people, whence the nam e Pacificis suppo_sed to be derived from “ Pacifici” or “ Pacifica” thename of the lost continent whose people form ed a kind of“ U nited S tates.”
In this case the nam e “Pacifica” would
originate from my legend, w ithout any historical foundationw hatever. How could we answ er a sim ilar objection re g ard ­ing the nam e of “A tla n tis.” Is the origin of this nam e liketh a t of Pacifica or th a t of U topia?
As reg ard s the existence of A tlantis, it was first m entioned
by P lato (429-347 B.C.) in his D ialogues Timaeus and Critias.
W hat is the historical value of P la to ’s statem ent? Obviously
he was not w-riting an historical essay. Is th ere any ground fora ttrib u tin g to this statem ent a g re ater historical value thanto his description of his Republic?
On this point I don’t agree w ith H. S. B ellam y’s statem ent,
viz., “ P la to ’s rep o rt on the culture and history of A tlantis isunimportant, while his other re p o rt on the way A tlantis waslost is of supreme im portance,” or th a t “ the chief d u ty of any
serious atlantologist m ust be to explain the sudden and u tte r(sic) disappearance of A tlan tis.” I th in k th a t before we could
attem p t to explain its disappearance, we have to prove theexistence in th e p ast of w hat has disappeared; otherw ise wewould be begging th e question.
“ There are num erous sim ilar myths (sic) telling of sudden
subm ergence both in the A tlantic and in the Pacific hem ispheresof the E a rth .” Are all these m yths historical? Is this coinci­
dence in favour or against a ttrib u tin g to P la to ’s re p o rt a his­
torical value?
W e are told th a t there are other R eports besides P la to ’s
regarding th e disappearance of A tlantis. W hat is the relation])etween these various reports? A re they dependent on P la to ’s,
dependent on one another? How m any different trad itio n s doth ey represent, and from which p a rt of the earth have tliey
tak en th eir origin?
“ 9,000 yeai’s before Solon.” W ho was he?—W as heSolon, one of the seven sages of A thens (640-558 B.C.) ? How
does this date of 9,000 years ago com pare w ith th e beginingof hiiman life on this earth? A ccording to science we know
more or less the age of the eai’th, and we also know m ore orless fo r how long hum an life has been possible on this earth.

In th a t v ery in terestin g book, “ The Iv o ry C oast” w ritten
about tw en ty years ago by Aloysius H orn, th e au th o r states
th a t “ the p a st has scarcely stopped b re ath in g ” as fa r as A frica
is concerned, and th a t natives of th e central W est A frica trib eof the M ’pangwes, whose te rrito ry stretches from the coast,and follows the n o rth bank of Ogowe River into C entral E q u a­
to rial A frica, have an in terestin g fable. “ Long ago, th ey lived
at the base of a chain of m ountains, which suddenly began toemit fire and ashes and deadly smoke and, by the order of th eir
g reat Chief, they w ere told to separate and flee at once. Thenpointing N orth, South, E ast and W est, he bade them adieu;
w arning them never to re tu rn , b u t to conquer all whom they
met. He gave them each a tobacco p lan t grown from one
which grew from his own head when he was a boy.”In this ancestral history, we are given a rem arkable link

10

11

S hortly l)efore the last w ar th ere was an international Congressorganized by Pope Pius X I at the V atican to discuss th e ageof the earth, in order to get a b etter u n d e rs ta n d in g 'o f the
Cenesis.
H. S. Bellam y applies H o erb ig er’s Theory to explain the dis­appearance of A tlantis. H ere two questions a r is e :(a) WHmt is th e scientific value of H oerbiger’s Theory?
(1)) W hat is th e scientific vah^e of B ellam y’s appli­
cation?
(a) H o erb ig er’s Theoiy is unorthodox, it is not commonly
accepted l)y scientists, because it contradicts the main points
commonly held by m odern scientists. W e cannot prove some­th in g d o ubtful by th e use of som ething equally doubtful. If
Ave w ant to m ake any serious progress in A tlantology we haveto s ta rt from som ething scientifically ascertained.
(b) H o erb ig er’s Theory is equally applicable to any of
those “ num erous sim ilar m yths telling of sudden subm ergences
eith er in the A tlan tic or in the Pacific.” Bellam y considers
th a t only th is sort of cataclysm would be able to swallow up
whole continents suddenly and w ithout trace. A re we willingto adm it this of A tlan tis? How does this fit in w ith his sta te ­m ent th a t th e g reat catastrophe had not been quite unforeseen.
An expeditionary force of A tlanteans was fighting somewherein E urope and in Asia fo r a living space, but th e great b attle
was not decided by v icto ry of arms, b u t brought to an end
by the outbreak of th e great cataclysm , which engulfed botharm ies? It we are to accept th is description m ade by Plato,
it should fit in with the rest of the theory.

DID TOBACCO ORIGINATE IN AFRICA?
M. BRENDON FRANCKLYN, M.M.

with the Mayan tradition of Central Ameriea, for, on the headof one of the High Priests, or Gods standing before the Altarof the Temple of the Foliated Cross of Palenque, is seen grow­ing a Tobacco Plant. I have noticed this decoration on morethan one figure of Priest or God in the Mexican Codices, andwhen we realise that their ancestors maintain that, many
thousands of years prior to their recorded history, they landedon the coast of what is now Florida, fleeing from some landin the East.
According to Aloysius Horn, the name of the Tobacco
Priest or God was Talaque. This bears a distinct resemblance
to the Mayan Tlaloc, with the C pronounced hard whereas,
the musical tongue of the M’pangwe had made the sound liquid.
Tlaloc was the ancient Central American rain God, and in thewriter’s opinion there is a possible connection between therain, which was necessary to the plant to form the juices
supplying the hidden fire yielding the fragrant smoke and therain, which was necessary to the plant to form the juices
supplying the hidden fire yielding the fragrant smoke and therain God, Tlaloc. Furthermore, it may be, that tobacco wasused with other spices to burn before the Altar of the God
Himself.

the noted mountaineer, trapper and guide, famous for his
adventures in the Rocky Mountains. It appears that' Capt.
Walker, who had been working on the newly opened quarry
near the mouth of the New York Canyon, brought to the officeof the journal a slab of sandstone, about 20 inches long, 14
inches wide and some three inches thick, on the surface of
which was imprinted a gigantic footprint, perfect except for
the lack of a little toe, measuring 14| inches from the end of
the heel to the tip of the great toe, and six inches wide on
the ball of the foot.
The impression was half an inch deep.
Captain Walker claimed to have taken the slab from the topof the sandstone formation, from under about two feet of sand.
On the Walker river, so named by Governor Freemont,near the Big Bend, the hard rocks are covered with incised
forms and characters, similar to those found in Arizona, New
Mexico, Old Mexico, and Central America. The Indians ofthat part of the country have no knowledge, not even a legendof them.
Eureka is a name that is frequently cropping up in connec­
tion with these Nevada Giants, which has served to enhance
its fame as a rich mining city.
(1) Angel Myron.

H istory of Nevada.
California, 1881.

Thompson & West,CALIFORNIA GIANTS.
PRINCESS DARIA TROUBETSKOI.

ATLANTEAN TRACES IN THE CAP VERDEISLANDS

Princess Troubetskoi, wlio has lived in California since
the Russian Revolution, is an authority on the folk lore of theWest Coast.

CAPT. H. P. C. ANDERSEN.

According to the oldest work on the Sierra Nevada (1)evidence of the former existence of a race of people is foundat various places betAveen the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada.
Prehistoric inferences are based upon the legacies inheritedfrom the Spanish . . . fading records, old landmarks and scoresof other sources. However, although extensive research work
was done on historical events, few observations were madeabout the evidences of prehistory which were left to future
generations of archaeologists.
It was the intention of the editor, Myron Angel, to mould
the archives, records, and mass of other evidence from Cali­
fornia and the Sierra Nevada into an authentic and consistenthistory. Angel, who was born in New York in 1827, settled
near Sacrement in 1851. He was a pioneer, a writer and acorrespondent for newspapers, and editor-in-chief of the
Pacific Coast Business Publications. Unfortunately no record
is available of the fate of his projected history.
In 1879 the Eureka “ Daily Leader” published on February
the 14th, a note of a discovery made by Captain Joseph Walker,

Captain Andersen is connected with a large marine salvage
organisation in Copenhagen, and has full practical knowledgeof the subject.

In 1929 our divers brought up from the bottom of thepnall harbour on the Northwestern side of Boavista Islandin the Cap Verde Groiip, a piece of concrete about a squareyard in size, and told us that the whole bottom of the harbour
was covered with sheets of this and was as flat as a pancake
and looked more like a market place than a harbour, whichcaused us to think that this might be a remnant of the Lost
Continent of Atlantis.
There was only some 24 feet of water where the ship
which we were salving was resting so that it should be quite
easy to look into the matter. The name of the diver is S.
Lou, Kattegatsuej, Frederikshaven, Denmark.
Note by Editor.—This certainly seems to show a marked
change in the water level and the matter is certainly worthyof further investigation.

121

D uring the epoch of the B ull (4500— 2350 B.C.) which
symbolises agriculture, — ag ricu ltu ral peoples headed evolu­tion, and created a series of well organised states, as E gypt,
Summer, V edic-India, and China. In the next epoch — th a tof the Bam (2350—200 B.C.) which symbolises p asto ra l life,
the Shepherd peoples came to th e fo re: the H yxos subdued
E gypt, the Accadians, Sum m erian M esopotamia, the A ryans
conquered Vedic-India, th e Turanians, China, and finally, thelonians and the Dorian Hellenes subdued Pelasgic Greece andCrete.
In the last epoch, th a t of the Pishes (200 B.C. to 1950
A.D.), which symbolises w ater, the states, which based th eir
power on w ater, became preponderant, nam ely Rome — afte r
its victory over C arthage, then the n o rth ern Vikings, fu rth e r— Spain, P ortugal, E ngland, the U nited S tates of America
and finally — Japan .
In the coming epoch of A quarius (1950 A.D. to 4100 A.D.),
v.hich symbolises the air, the states, having a superiority inthe air, will tak e the first place, as m ay be seen no\vadays.
The A uthor is of the opinion, th a t the above system of
succession of th e zodiacal signs ought have been know n inancient E gypt, from where — according to his conjectures •—the Zodiac and the oldest A stronom y originated. W hilst
exam ining th e sources, he takes into consideration the fudam ental w ork of Ch. Dupuis (6). In Vol. V I of this w ork, inthe chapter entitled “ IMemoire sur I ’origine des constellations”(pp. 121— 122), he finds a very convincing dem onstration, th a t
th e Zodiac is of E gyptian origin.
Namely, its symbolicalfigures when th ey are considered in the direction of th e annual
motion of the Sun (when we start from the Balance),—corres­
pond quite exactly and exclusively to the clim atic and econo­
mical conditions of E gypt. There exists bu t one land in thew orld, w here the inundation of a riv er m ay last 3—4 m onths
and occur ju st in th e sitmmer season.
B ut the reckoning of the Zodiac from the B alance in the
direction of the annual m otion of the Sun begins identicallyfrom the same point as th a t from the V irgin, going in the
direction of the processional motion.
Such a coincidence,
which gives logical and well-founded results in both directions,exclude any contingency and confirms eo ipso the justness of
the assum ptions made by B alcer and Dupuis. Now, it m ust be
established, w hether the ancients knew this m ystery.
Th^ A uthor finds it in H ebrew books, which contain m anyof the m ysteries brought out from E gypt. In the Bible, in thebook of Job, there is the follow ing passage: “ There is Behe­moth, whom I created before th ee; from it is th e beginning ofGod’s ways . . . ” On th e D enderah Zodiac a Behemoth w ith aknife is represented.
I t stands over th e constellations ofth e B alance and th a t of the V irg in ; its muzzle is tu rn ed in
the direction of the precesssional motion.
W ith the knife,w hich it held in his paw, it indicates as it w ere th a t p oint
betw een B alance and th e Virgin, w here th e Zodiacal cycle
m ust be cut, i.e. the point w’here is “ th e beginning of God’s
w ays.”The A uthor em phasises fu rth e r, th a t — according to the
C abbala and the T aroth, th e Hebrew alphabet, containing 22
letters, is divided into 3 g ro u p s: 3 m other-letters, which cor­
respond to 3 pro p erties of the Divine Being, 7 double-letters,
corresponding to th e 7 planets, and finally 12 single letters, towhich correspond th e 12 signs of the Zodiac. One of these 12
letters, the le tte r “ J o d ,” corresponds to the sign of th e Virgo,
and is called not only singular, but also initial.
M oreover, th e first m onth of the Jew ish calendar is Nisan,which begins, as in th e B abylonian calendar, on th e 21st of
M arch, i.e. at the m om ent of th e v ernal equinox, when the Sunenters in th e sign of Aries. On the o ther hand, th e end of ayear, as well as th e Day of Ju d g m en t (Yom K ip p u r), is cele­b rated in Septem ber, when th e Sun passes th ro u g h Balanceaccording to th e old E g y p tian trad itio n .
As the most im p o rtan t argum ent for his thesis, th e A uthortu rn s to th e G reat Sphinx.
A series of astronom ers andE gyptologists, as for instance E. P asto r (7), consider th e
Sphinx from th e astronom ical point of view as a figure of theLion — V irgin. The Polish E gyptologist P rof. K. M ichalowski(S) is of the same opinion. Though th e A uthor agrees withthese views, his in terp re tatio n is a little different. H e considers
th e Sphinx as a V irgin — Lion, as a key, which opens them ystery of the Zodiac. He shows, th a t the Zodiac begins withth e V irgin and proceeds tow ards th e Lion, i.e. in th e directionof the processional motion. The enormous dimensions of thism onum ent prove, how g re at an im portance was a ttrib u te d tothis m ystery. Really, a statem ent, th a t 15,000 years ago th ere
existed people, who knew the procession and knew how to
ad ju re th e m ystery of th e hum an life and its evolution into 12
symbols, — which a t th e same tim e fit m arvellously to theclim atic and the economical conditions of th e country, where
th is conception was born, — th is statem ent leads to far-reach ­ing conclusions. I t confirms th e m yth of A tlan tis and its highly
developed civilisation, it confirms those old E gyptian tra d i­tions handed down to us by H erodotus (*•) and P lato (10), th a t
E g y p t was a colony of A tlantis, and th a t some thousands ofyears ago th e horrible cataclysm of the Deluge swallowed up
for ever this flourishing m etropolis, A tlan tis — Poseidonia.
Besides, th e above conception throw s a new lig h t upon thefundam ental theses of A strology as well as upon the possibilityof prophecies, predictions and th e justness of th e theory of
predestination.

14

15

THE MYSTERY OF THE ZODIAC.— (Conclusion)
WITOLD BALCER.
I’rofcssoi- Kamieiiski lias askoil us to point out that thissmuiiiary of ISalcor’s last woik was by the author himself, andthat he merely corrected it for press.

REFERENCES.
(1) Diordorus S icilu s: Bihliotheke Historike.
(2) Strabo: Geography.
(3) Theodosius Maerobius; Saturnalia.
(4) Marcus M'anilius: Astronomica.
(5) V irgil: Aenid.
(6) Charles Dupuis : Origine de tons les Cultes, ou Religion VniverseUe,
Paris, 1822.
(7) E. Pastor : Das JJrlild der Sphinx, in Die Sterne, pt. 3, 1933.
(8) Prof. K. Michalowski.
(9) Herodotus. History.
(10) Plato : Timaeus and Critias.

LITERARY MONOLOGUES.
Tahles of the Sun for the period from 10000 B.C. to 4000
B.C., Cracow, 1947; A CycUc Method of Finding Positions ofPlanets for Very Remote Times, Craeo^\•, 1948, M. Kamienski.
These two pamphlets are invaluable for anybody trying
to calculate rapidly the positions of the Sun and Planets in the
periods of the final decline and fall of the Atlantean Civilisa­
tion, and for the period of the first dark ages which followed.
The author has made use of the tables of Leverrier for
the Solar and of Neugebaiier and Schoch for the Planetarycalculations, but his methods of applying these to the periods
concerned have obviously involved a multiplicity of highly
intricate calculations, for the completion of which Professor
Kamienski deserves the thanks of all astronomers, whether pro­fessional or amateur, who are interested in pre history.
Green Glory, Richard St. Barbe Baker. London, 1948. 15/-.
The author, who is well known for his efforts to save theworld from the hell of dessication by the replanting of theforests so ruthlessly cut down for commercial use—it is ofinterest to observe that one edition of a national Sunday news­
paper, consumes a small forest of trees—is a firm believer inthe Atlantean culture, and says: “I cannot resist the belief
that the prime cause of the Atlantean disaster was deforesta­
tion and erosion,” and “The best of their stock, reading thesigns of pending disaster, migrated, and many of them became
hill farmers in Britain, which M-as then on the fringe of theirempire.”The whole book is a passionate appeal for sanity in pre­venting the extinction of our present culture in a similarmanner, by the gradual denudation of the land and the con­sequent destruction of the means of existence. Truly a book
worth reading, while the excellent illustrations, of which there
are many, fiilly confirm the viewpoint of the author.
GI^ITIAS,
10

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