Does dark matter interact
with more than gravity?

Andrew J. Long!
Rice University!
@ Cosmic Con!
Oct 7, 2019!

PHYSICAL REVIEW D, VOLUME 59, 023501

Superheavy dark matter

WIMPZILLAS!

1998

Conference Proceedings. Dark ’98. 20 - 25 Jul 1998. Heidelberg, Germany

Daniel J. H. Chung*

Edward W. Kolb†‡1 ,Daniel J. H. Chung§2 ,Antonio Riotto¶3

Edward W. Kolb†
NASA/Fermilab Astrophysics Center, Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510-0500
and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics and Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago,
Chicago, Illinois 60637-1433

Antonio Riotto‡
Theory Division, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland~Received 6 February 1998; published 25 November 1998!

arXiv:hep-ph/9810361v1 14 Oct 1998

Department of Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1433
and NASA/Fermilab Astrophysics Center, Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510-0500† Theoretical Astrophysics
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Batavia, Illinois 60510‡ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Enrico Fermi Institute
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois 60637

We show that in large-field inflationary scenarios, superheavy ~many orders of magnitude larger than the
weak scale! dark matter will be produced in cosmologically interesting quantities if superheavy stable particles
exist in the mass spectrum. We show that these particles may be produced naturally during the transition fromPHYSICAL REVIEW D, VOLUME 59, 123006
the inflationary phase to either a matter-dominated or radiation-dominated phase as a result of the expansion of
the background spacetime acting on vacuum quantum fluctuations of the dark matter field. We find that as longMatter creation via vacuum
fluctuations in the early Universeas there are stable particles whose mass is of the order of the inflaton mass ~presumably around 1013 GeV!,
and observed
ultrahighcosmic ray eventsof anydetails of energy
thethey will be produced in sufficient abundance to give V 0 51, quite independently
nongravitational interactions of the dark-matter field.
Vadim Kuzmin*@S0556-2821~98!03124-5#
Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prosp. 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
PACS number~s!: 98.80.Cq, 04.62.1v, 95.35.1d

Igor Tkachev†§ Department of Physics
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109¶ Theory Division
CERN
CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

Abstract. There are many reasons to believe the present massdensity of the universe is dominated by a weakly interacting
massive particle (wimp), a fossil relic of the early universe. Theoretical ideas and experimental eﬀorts have focused mostly on
production and detection of thermal relics, with mass typicallyin the range a few GeV to a hundred GeV. Here, I will review
scenarios for production of nonthermal dark matter. Since themasses of the nonthermal wimps arein the range 1012Springer
to 1016
Published for SISSA by
GeV, much larger than the mass of thermal wimpy
wimps, they
Received: December 8, 2018
Accepted:
January 16,
2019
may be referred to as wimpzillas. In searches
for dark
matterPublished: January 24, 2019it may be well to remember that “size does matter.”Institute for Nuclear Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prosp. 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia
and Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907~Received 29 September 1998; published 19 May 1999!

I. INTRODUCTION

1998

Cosmic rays of the highest energy, above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff of the spectrum, may origiBecause the assumption of relatively low-mass DM seems
nate in decays of superheavy long-living X particles.
These particles may be produced in the early Universe
quite natural, it is rarely questioned.1 The goal of this paper
from vacuum fluctuations during or after inflation and may constitute a considerable fraction of cold darkistothat the
Universe
be madeof superheavy
matter.show
We calculate
numericallytheirmightabundance
for a wide
range of models. X particles are considered to be
WIMPs~weor willreferParticles
to themparticles!,with thanmasseitherbosonsfermions.
that asare X
severaltimes heavier
the inflaton, m inflaton'1013 GeV, andlargerthan theweakscale bycan
severalmany!
orderswere
producedby thismechanism,account~perhaps
for the criticalmassin the Universe naturally. In some cases
inducedisocurvaturedensityfluctuations
leave an imprint
thehapanisotropy of cosmic microwave backof magnitude.
Two
conditions
arecannecessaryfor thisin togroundpen: radiation.
~a! the X@S0556-2821~99!07010-1#
particles must be cosmologically stable and

1998

2018

2018

arXiv:1808.08236v3 [astro-ph.CO] 23 Apr 20192016

The standard model could be self-consistent up to the Planck scale according to the present
Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
Similarly, a scalar field whose mass is less than the Hubble
2
Laboratory of High Energy and Computational Physics,
measurementsof the in
Higgs
mass and
top quark Yukawa coupling. It is therefore possible thatthat can explain the originof structure
theboson
Universe[3].
scale during inflation will generically be coherently
popuNational Institute of Chemical Physics©1999
and Biophysics,
Rävala pst.Physical10, Tallinn,
10143, Estonia
59 3123006-1
The American
Societyphysics is only coupled to the standard 0556-2821/99/59~12!/123006~8!/$15.00
These inhomogeneities new
are imprinted
on the cosmic micro-model through Planck suppressed higher dimensional
Departmentof Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
latedmiracle[3]is awith
could
operators. In this case the weakly interacting massive particle
mirage,aandscale-invariant
instead minimality asspectrum. This
4
Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
wave background (CMB),
and
where
probed,their
specdictated by Occam’s razor would indicate that dark matteris relatedan
to thePlanck scale,whereequal
quantumto that of cosmic dark
produceenergydensityanyway expected
manifest itself.
within this framework that dark matter is atrum matches with thosegravityof theis predictionsof toinflation.
ThisAssuming(Received 12 November 2018; published 28 December 2018)
matter for a sufficiently light scalar (such as an axion).
particle,show that the most natural mass larger than 0.01M p is alreadyremarkable agreement isPlanckian
often interacting
regardedmassive
as thebestweobserThe observed dark matter abundance in the Universe can be fully accounted for by a minimally coupled
However,the power
spectrumof such a field would containruled out by the absence of tensor modes in the cosmic microwave
background(CMB).
This also indicates
scalar field that was light during inflation and has sufficiently strong self-coupling. In thisvational evidence for thethatinflationary
we expect tensorparadigm.
modes in the CMB to be observedisocurvaturesoon for this typeperturbationsof minimal dark matterthat model.
do not match CMBspectator
obserscenario, dark matter was produced during inflation by amplification of quantum fluctuations of the
Cosmological measurements
show
thatKaluza-Klein
the observed
Finally, we touchupon thegraviton mode as a possible realization of this scenario within UV
vations. This rules out this production mechanism forthese
spectator
field. The self-interaction of the field suppresses its fluctuations on large scales and, therefore,
completemodels, aswell as further
signatures and peculiar properties of this type of dark matter
growth of structure in our
Universe
requiresthe potential
existence
Open isocurvature
Access, ⃝The
Authors.
avoidsconstraints.
The scenario does not requirehttps://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2018)135
any fine-tuning of parameters. In the simplest
dark-matterto constraints
on byc SCOAP
3candidate. This paradigm therefore leads to a subtle connection
between candidates,
quantum gravity,instead
the physicsleadingof
Article. the mass of the dark matter particle is in the range 1 GeV ≲ m ≲ 108 GeV,
caseof afundedsingle real scalar field,of a new particle, namely,
dark
matter.
Conventionally,itisprimordial inflation, and the nature of dark matter. such scenarios in simple models [9].
depending on the scale of inflation, and the lower bound for the quartic self-coupling is λ ≳ 0.45.

assumed that the origins of dark matter are decoupled from
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.101302
the mechanics of inflation—candidates
such as weaklyinteracting massive particles (WIMPs) are assumed to arise
from thermal processes
that occur
after
inflation reheats
theIntroduction.—The
recentmeasurementsof the Higgs
Universe [4] while
ultralightsuch coupling,
as axionsacquireboson massand top scalars
quark Yukawa
togetherwith
an absenceof newasphysics
beyondstandard
model (SM)a cosmologicalabundancea virtueoftheinitialconditionsin the experiments at LHC, leave open the possibility that
[5,6]. While new
it isphysics
reasonable
that
these
two
sectorsarewill not have to manifest itself below thedecoupled, it Planckis tempting
to askif inflation,a theorysoscale [1].
Withinthe traditional
mindsetthatof naturalness inthe
theorigins’t Hooft sense[2], this would
problematic
beautifully explainsof structurein thebeUniverse,

2016

Given these known results for scalars and tensors, we
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.98.123532
consider the inflationary production of ultralight vectorbosons, i.e. vector bosons with a small (≪ 100 GeV), but
forcedto giveup theweaklyinteracting
massivenonzeromass.
Suchvectorbosonsmayparticle
arise naturallyin
I. INTRODUCTION(WIMP)[7] paradigm
for DM.beyond
In this case,
we do not Model [10].
frameworksof physics
the ifStandard
want to introduce any new energy scale specificallyThefor existence of a significant dark matter (DM) comFurther, much like axions, their interactions
withtheseems indisputable [1,2]. However,ponent in the
Universe
explaining DM, the only required scale for new physics todueto the increasingly tight constraints on conventional
19StandardModel
be Mnaturally
very
small,
appearis thePlanckcan
scale
GeV,
or preventing
p ¼ 1.2 × 10
particle
DM models [3], fresh ideas are needed to explain−3
perhapsthe grand unifiedwith
theoryscale, Model
10the
Mproperties.
their thermalization
the(GUT)
Standard
inthe
theobserved abundance of DM, as wellp plasmaandWe
are Universe
therefore ledandto thepossibilitythem
that intoa minimal
early
allowing
makeup themechanism
dark in the early Universe. Instead ofas its formation

2018

JHEP09(2018)135

a,c
the Universe.
will allowing
call theseit progenitorsof the cosmicYohei Relevant
Ema,a,b Kazunori
Nakayama
Yong
Tanga by Chung, Kolb,
1
the usual adiabatic, nearly scale-invariant perturbationsof the We
inflaton,to bea goodcalculations
were anddone
already
Of course,
superheavy
darkmatterdarkparticles have been
consideredrays X precisely
particles. from
The themassof theXtheparticles
has
verya
of Physics,of Science,
The Universityof Tokyo,and Riotto@6#. Faculty
However,
to describe
the endof inflation andmatter candidate. The final abundance can be calculatedmassand
Hubblescaletoofbe
beforeto a certain
extent.
In particular,
there is Department
an extensive
litera13large,
m
*10
GeV,
for
them
to
be
responsibleforcosmicBunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-0033,
Japan
−5
X
the
transition
totheFriedmann
universe,they match the*Email address:
inflation, djchung@yukawa.uchicago.edu
H I . Saturating the dark-matter abundance we find ature
prediction
for observational
the mass m ≈constraints
10 eV× on unusually heavy dark
regardingCenter, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK),
rays events in the energy range E*1011 GeV. It was noticedb Theory
†
4
fixed
de Sitter background to the subsequent radiation or
Email address:
rocky@rigoletto.fnal.gov
in thecandidates
cosmic microwave
background,ð1014 GeV=H~for example,
see Refs. @3,4,5#,
andIbaraki
references
I Þ . High-scale inflation, potentially observablematter
Tsukuba,
305-0801, Japan
@5,6# that such heavy particles are produced in the early Uni-cmatter-dominatedexpansion either as an instantaneous junc‡
an exciting
range forrecently
proposedofdirect-detection
experiments
fordo
hiddenphoton our scenario;
Kavli IPMUUTIAS, The University of Tokyo,
On leavemotivatesfrom Departmentof mass
Theoretical
Physics,
University
therein!. However,they
not restrict
nor(WPI),do theyverse from vacuum fluctuations and their abundance can be Kashiwa,
tionChiba
or withthe help
277-8583,
Japan of a smoothing function. The result isdarkmatter.
Such experiments
may be able to reconstruct the distinctive,
peakedpower spectrum,
verifyingconsiderproduction
mechanism.
Oxford, UK.
Emailaddress:
riotto@nxth04.cern.chcorrect naturally,
if theour
standard
Friedmannepoch in the evo- E-mail:especiallysensitive tothe details of the junction procedure in
ema@post.kek.jp,
kazunori@hep-th.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp,
that the dark matter was produced by quantum fluctuations during inflation and providing a direct
lution of the Universe was preceded by an inflationary stage. ytang@hep-th.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
the case of large m which is of interest for us here. Further,measurement of the scale of inflation. Thus a detection
not only beprocess
the discoveryof dark
matter,itAmerican Physical Society X
0556-2821/98/59~2!/023501~8!/$15.00
023501-1©1998
TheunavoidThis 59
iswould
a fundamentalof particle
creation
the range of models considered in Ref. @6# was restricted towould also provide an unexpected probe of inflation
In thedark matter
scenario,the darktomatterable itself.
in the time varying background ~space-time metric inAbstract:the case
ofpurelyscalargravitational
particles with
conformal
coupling
grav-particle does
the present situation! and it requires no interactions. Thenot haveity.any interaction except for gravitational one. We study the gravitational particle
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.103520
of dark
matterofparticle
in such apaper
minimaland showthe
thatprocorrect amounttemporal change of the metric is the single week
cause
of particleproductionThepurposethe present
is setup
to calculate
endingmatter can be produced depending on the inflation model and the dark matter
P H Y S I C A L Rproduction.
E V I E W LBasically,
E T T E R S it is the same process
11 MARCH
2016 duringof dark
PRL 116, 101302 (2016)which
ductionof superheavy particles from the vacuum in the inmass. In particular, we carefully evaluate the particle production rate from the transition
inflation had generated primordial large scale density perturflationary Universe for a wide range of models, and to give aepoch to the inflaton oscillation epoch in a realistic inflation model and point out that thebations and seeded
thetheformationof galaxies anddetailed
andPHYSICAL
extended
discussion
of98,
our
other
results
already
fromearly inflationary
era galaxy
to thelater
I. INTRODUCTION
D
123532(2018)
gravitational
particle
production isREVIEW
eﬃcient even
if dark
mattermass is much larger than
Planckian Interacting Massivetransition
Particles as
Dark
Matterclusters.
However,
is a difference. era
An inflationary
stagethereported in Ref. @5#. When considering particle creation, weradiationor there
matter-dominatedpopulates fieldmodes
Hubble scale during inflation as long as it is smaller than the inflaton mass.
1,*
2,†
2,‡
Inflation [1,2] is a compelling Mathias
model Garny,of the McCullen
earliestisSandora,
not required
to produce
superheavy particles from the
do not make any approximations. To this end we find nuand Martin
S. Sloththat
wereinitiallyinthevacuumstate[7,8].
For
example,1
CERN
TheoryDivision, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
moments of the Universe. It addresses
many
theoreticalmerically
the exact
evolutionofCosmology
the scale offactorin themodel
Keywords:
Classical
Theoriesof Gravity,
Theories
beyondthe SM2
is expected
to produce a nearly scale-invariant
CP3-Origins, Center for Cosmology andinflation
Particle Physics
Phenomenology,
Spectatorof the ‘‘chaotic’’ inflation@11#.dark
Ourmatterbasic formalism relies
puzzles such as the observed large-scalehomogeneity andUniversity of Southern Denmark, Campusvej
55, 5230 ofOdenseM, Denmark waves [3], whose discovery
spectrumgravitational*Emailthe methodof Bogolyubovtransformations,which for3,4,‡
theaddress:
kuzmin@ms2.inr.ac.ru
isotropy of the Universe. Simultaneously,(Received
through
ArXivonePrint:
1804.07471
1,2,*
1,†
20 quantum
November 2015;
published
10 March
2016)
Tommi Markkanen,
Arttu Rajantie, and Tommi Tenkanen†
would
be tkachev@physics.purdue.edu
regarded as proof of the inflationary paradigm.
caseofparticlecreationbynonstationary
gravitational
field
Email
address:1
mechanical perturbations, it seeds density inhomogeneities

Abstract: Through a mechanism similar to perturbative particle scattering, particles
IMPERIAL/TP/2018/TM/04
of mass mχ larger than the Hubble expansion rate Hinf during
inflation can be gravitaKCL/PH-TH-2018-56
tionally produced at the end of inflation without the exponential suppression
powers ofexp(−mχ /Hinf ). Here we develop an analytic formalism for computing particle production for such massive particles. We apply our formalism to specific models that have beenpreviously been studied only numerically, and we find that our analytical approximations
reproduce those numerical estimates well.

JHEP01(2019)189

It is now commonly accepted that most of the mass ingalactic halos as well as in the Universe as a whole is composed of dark matter ~DM!. There are many indications thatthe DM consists of some new, and yet undiscovered, weaklyinteracting massive particles ~WIMPs!.
~b! their
interaction
rate95.35.1d,must be98.80.Cq
sufficiently weak such that
PACS
number~s!:
98.70.Sa,
Despite the fact that the nature of the DM is still
thermal equilibrium with the primordial plasma was neverunknown, it is usually thought that DM particles cannot be
obtained. This second condition is easy to satisfy as long as
I. INTRODUCTION
too heavy. If the WIMP is a thermalPHYSICAL
relic, thenREVIEW
it was once
unlike the case of the generation of longthe particle
is extremely massive ~of the order vacuum,of the Hubble
D 93, 103520(2016)
1 E-mail: rocky@rigoletto.fnal.gov
wavelength perturbations. Rather, inflation provides a cutoff
in local thermodynamic equilibrium ~LTE! in the earlyparameter at the end of inflation!.
2 E-mail: djchung@feynman.physics.lsa.umich.edu
Gravitational production of super-Hubble-mass
Vectordark
matterfrominflationary
fluctuations
inexcessiveproduction of heavy particles which would hapAccording
totheGreisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin
@1#
~GZK!
obUniverse, and its present abundance is determined by its
We point out that superheavy dark matter may be created
3 E-mail: riotto@nxth04.cern.ch
Published
for
SISSA
by
Springerpen in the Friedmann universe if it would start from an initialservation,energythe
spectrumof ultrahighenergy ~UHE!
particles: an analytic approachself-annihilation cross section. From unitarity
arguments@1#, 1 theduring
evolution
2 of the Universe in a number of ways. If
singularity @5#. Note that we consider sterile or almostReceived:
sterile May 3, 2018
1
Peter W. Graham,1 Jeremy cosmic
Mardon,rays
andSurjeet atRajendranproduced
extragalactic
distances
shouldexit is produced during the processof reheating X
after
inflation,
one expects the 1 mass of a thermal relic to be less thanAccepted: September 16, 201810
particles,
so that their production in usual plasmainterachibit
an exponential
cutoff Stanford
at energyUniversity,
GeV. HowStanford Institute for Theoretical Physics,
Departmentof Physics,
Published: September 24, 2018
then
the
upper
boundE;5310
on its mass
M X can be as
large
as
the
about 500 TeV. The present abundance of non-thermal relics
tions and decays can be neglected. Thermal production of
Stanford, California
ever, a 94305,
numberUSAof cosmic ray events with energies well be2
temperature
T RH . The latter shouldheavy
be less
than was discussed in Refs. @3,4# and production
is not determinedby theircross Department
sectionX particles
Berkeley
Centerself-annihilation
for Theoretical Physics,
ofreheating
Physics,
Universityof California,
yond
the predicted
GZK
9 cutoff were recently observed by
Daniel J.H. Chung,a Edward W. Kolbb and Andrew J. Longc
about
order
avoid
overproducing
dangerous
duringreheating was considered recently in @7#.
since they need not have been ever inBerkeley,
LTE inCalifornia
the94720,
USA 10 GeV
theearly
variousexperimentalgroupsin@2#.
This tois in
obviouscona
Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Particle
production from vacuum fluctuations in the Friedrelics
such
as cosmologicalquasistable gravitinos
supergravity
inspired(Received 27
January
2016;
published
18
2016)
Universe. An example of a non-thermal
relicis theaxion,
tradiction
withtheMaystandard
and particlein
physMadison, WI 53706, U.S.A.
mann
universe
duringmatterorradiation-dominatedstagesscenarios.
The mass
upperboundThiscan bethepushed higher thanand the present
axion theabundance
is adeterminedbybosonthe byandb
ics
modelsclearlyfluctuations
requiressomenewinflation.
physics
beyondKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago,
We calculate
production ofmassive vector
quantumduringwas toconsideredlong agogravitational@8,9,10# and this gavethematterbasis for
Productionofpurelydark
thereheatingtemperatureifoneallowstheDM
be
proChicago, IL 60637, U.S.A.
dynamics givesof thea novel
phasedark-mattertransitionproduction
associatedwithsymmetry
standard
model.
mechanism quite distinct from misalignment or thermal production.
simpleestimatesof
X-particle
abundance
@5#,
which
have
the
c
Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan,
throughthe@3,4#
decayofinflaton field. In thatbreaking. While
Non-thermal
are typically
typically
verywithlight;
Conceptually,
the directly
simplestspectrum,
explanation
could
be thatscalars and relics
tensors areproduceda nearly duced
scale-invariant
surprisingly
thethemass of order or smaller than the Hubble constant at the end
Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A.
thehighestenergycosmicrays
areproducedinthedecaysofe.g., the vector
axionis massis
expected
to
be
in
the
range
produced with a power spectrum peaked at intermediate wavelengths. Thus dangerous, longof inflation, m X &H i . However, the more interesting case of
E-mail: danielchung@wisc.edu, Rocky.Kolb@uchicago.edu,
25
22
heavy long-living
particles
in a cosmologically
local part of
10 – 10 wavelength,eV @2#. isocurvature perturbations are suppressed.
Further, at longwavelengths
the vector inherits
ajlongx@umich.edu
heavier X particles, m X .H i , requires detailed calculations.

2019

Keywords: Cosmology of Theories beyond the SM, Space-Time Symmetries

Despicable Dark Relics: generated bygravity with unconstrained masses

ArXiv ePrint: 1812.00211

2019

Malcolm Fairbairna Kimmo Kainulainenb,d Tommi Markkanenc andSami Nurmib,da Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UKb Departmentof Physics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University ofhttps://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP01(2019)189
Department of Physics, Imperial College London,
Blackett Laboratory, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdomd Helsinki Institute of Physics and Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box
64, FI-00014, Finland

cFinlandOpen
Access, ⃝The Authors.
Jyväskylä,
Articlefunded by SCOAP3 .
c

E-mail: malcolm.fairbairn@kcl.ac.uk, kimmo.kainulainen@jyu.fi,t.markkanen@imperial.ac.uk, sami.t.nurmi@jyu.fi

Abstract. We demonstrate the existence of a generic, efficient and purely gravitational channel producing a significant abundance of dark relics during reheating after the end of inflation.
The mechanism is present for any inert scalar with the non-minimal curvature coupling ⇠R 2
and the relic production is efficient for modest values ⇠ = O(1). The observed dark matter
abundance can be reached for a broad range of relic masses extending from m ⇠ 1keV tom ⇠ 108 GeV, depending on the scale of inflation and the dark sector couplings. Frustratingly,
such relics escape direct, indirect and collider searches since no non-gravitational couplings
to visible matter are needed.

isocurvature density perturbations at large scales [27], andany dark matter model dealing with inflation has to satisfy
these constraints. Indeed, an example of this is the axion
dark matter model, where the isocurvature constraints
suggest a specific connection between the energy scaleof inflation and the axion decay constant [28] (see also
[23,29]). In the current scenario, it has been shown

Matter Creation by Expansion of the Early Universe(review article)

Rocky & Andrew
October 3, 2019

Abstract
Add abstract last.

2020

Controversial
CosmicConjectures
Does dark matter interact
with more than gravity?

Dark matter pulls on things
Dark matter pulls on stars in galaxies(galactic rotation curves)

Dark matter pulls on light(gravitational lensing)

Dark matter pulled on e-p+ plasma(CMB & large scale structure)We haven’t yet seen dark matter bump into things

Does dark matter interact with more than gravity?

?

?

?

Does dark matter interact…
… with the Standard Model?
… with itself?
… with other dark particles?
For today: let’s assume not.

Menu du models!
What is its mass?
10 22 eV < mDM < Mpl

viable window:<latexit sha1_base64="0269ZkiyAcP+D2/4DobwwwMJ9Qk=">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</latexit>(no PBH / chunks / nuggets in this talk)

What is its spin?
popular options:~ = 0,
|S|

1/2 ,

1,

3/2

<latexit sha1_base64="NSUCGjciLMPDXmI9He9Afe9mLxQ=">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</latexit>

How does it couple to gravity?
minimally:S=<latexit sha1_base64="bhxmbB+xfIkHtznPJKbBfjgTY+k=">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</latexit>

non-minimally :<latexit sha1_base64="8+iFbVi19XYPrjv4EnfxEm2pIRQ=">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</latexit>

Z

4

d x

Lnon minpg Lmatter2

R , ¯ R , Aµ A⌫ Rµ⌫ , · · ·dark matter that onlyinteracts with gravity
clean, minimalist, simple

WIMP, neutralino, SIMP, axion,
dark photon, fuzzy scalar …
rich, detailed, ornate

Open questions
How do we make dark matter that only interacts with gravity?
“before“
inflation

duringinflation

the endof inflationafter
inflation

big bang

image credit: Munster, Philipsen, & Heitger

How do we test dark matter that only interacts with gravity?

afterinflation

big bang

Graviton-mediated freeze in
PIDM: [Garny, Sandora, & Sloth (2015, 2018)]
see also [Tang & Wu (2017)]

Gravity is a universal mediator:

SM plasma@ T ~ TRH

<latexit sha1_base64="mARHVEuhP3ufIf6aGyIiuhZZuIY=">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</latexit>

Lint = Mpl 1 hµ⌫ T µ⌫dark sector
is populated

graviton
Mpl1

Mpl1

<latexit sha1_base64="hJilppsSKSYUHGlvOhn/Cxddp2o=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="hJilppsSKSYUHGlvOhn/Cxddp2o=">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</latexit>

This is an example of UV-dominated freeze-in (like the gravitino)[Ellis, Kim, & Nanopoulos (1984);

Hall, Jedamzik, March-Russel, & West (2010)]

4⇠ T 5 /Mpl
H ⇠ T 2 /Mpl
VERSUS01✓◆3⇣⌘h vi AmDM
TRH
2@⌦DM h ' 0.1
T21010 GeV
1014 GeV
100 64⇡M 4<latexit sha1_base64="RWxCg9ulNSLQNg5A111hmGBmJbM=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="oiglwhEkXJ8eEsK2Q1Ubp8LPw2M=">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</latexit>

pl<latexit sha1_base64="IdHiFEv3NLf6pwgei3OdPYb3be4=">AAADMniclVFNb9NAEF2brxK+0nLksiJCKpfETiPoqaoACS4VRUrSStkkWm/G9qq7a3d3XRpZ/lf8GRAXxJUfwTo1UpPCgZFGenrz3szuTJQLbmwQfPX8W7fv3L23db/14OGjx0/a2ztjkxWawYhlItOnETUguIKR5VbAaa6BykjASXT2tq6fXIA2PFNDu8xhKmmieMwZtY6at7+TjxISOicWLm1JDMMLWeF01sfEcAnnOOiGmAiI7S4msaasJIKqREBdTyTFF5joFVGVYRA0muGsX5WvBpjkHJOjXMwGVeV0PEnty/Vucn1y3WTm0qnfw/gfnuE1j07/eAYbntkenrc7QTdYBb4JwgZ0UBPH823vgCwyVkhQlglqzCQMcjstqbacuS+2SGEgp+yMJjBxUFEJZlquzlDhF45Z4DjTLpXFK/a6o6TSmKWMnFJSm5rNWk3+rTYpbLw/LbnKCwuKXQ2KC4Fthuub4gXXwKxYOkCZ5u6tmKXUrcq6y69N6Y2Mo3pULTR8FplKeu90lkfZZe+IG9aTy0Zoqv+zuUHSeVpu4+Hmfm+Ccb8b7nX7nwadw/1m91voGXqOdlGIXqND9AEdoxFi3hsv9c497X/xv/k//J9XUt9rPE/RWvi/fgN72wUN</latexit>(assumes: instant rehea@ng & mDM << TRH)see

DM from black hole evaporation
DM from PBH: [Hooper, Krnjaic, & McDermott (2019)]

primordial
black holegraviton
Mpl1<latexit sha1_base64="hJilppsSKSYUHGlvOhn/Cxddp2o=">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</latexit>

Stick around for Sam’s talk after the break!

“before”
inflation

big bang

after
inflation

Misalignment of bosonic fields
axion: [Preskill, Wise, & Wilczek (1983); Abbott & Sikivie (1983); Dine & Fischler (1983)]
dark photon: [Nelson & Scholtz (2011); Arias, et. al.(2012); Nakayama (2019)]

V ( ) = m22/2

<latexit sha1_base64="HtKl8Gis1wCIValxaNGgzP866JI=">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</latexit>

During inflation, lightbosonic fields can be“frozen” by Hubble dragAfter inflation, the field begins
to oscillate when H(t*) = mφ
è afterward behaving like CDM

è stores potential energy &avoids > e-60 dilution factorm ⌧ Hinf ⌧<latexit sha1_base64="ecwVBKHt2S61oUdQqw/cSbDSmis=">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</latexit>

i

8⇣
⌘2
>
TRH
i
<
2⇥1013 GeV
5 GeV
2
⌘2
⌦ h ' 0.1 ⇥ ⇣1/2
m>: 2⇥1013i GeV
0.1 µeV<latexit sha1_base64="RbXti4Z7ND0T8ZTm6zZ6Nsnkk4o=">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</latexit>,t⇤ < tRH,

t⇤ > tRH(assumes: spectator’s energy is negligible; minimally-coupled scalar; non-minimally coupled vector)

“before”
inflation

big bangduringinflation

after
inflation

Quantum fluctuations of bosonic spectators
V ( ) = m22/2

<latexit sha1_base64="HtKl8Gis1wCIValxaNGgzP866JI=">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</latexit>

Fields experience quantum fluct.’s in dS spaceè fluctuations unsuppressed for light bosonsm ⌧ Hinf<latexit sha1_base64="7+BT1AL22v8edvo/YVAjEXm/AR4=">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</latexit>

è then field amplitude is selected at random<latexit sha1_base64="i5FdyPKsmTRPNPhu5ml6zGASThI=">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</latexit>⇡ Hinf /2⇡

è CMB limit on tensor-to-scalar impliesm ⌧<latexit sha1_base64="/3TG3uIqghPQ1pTPQAJcRnXu0zY=">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</latexit>i ⌧ Hinf

Hinf . 1014 GeV<latexit sha1_base64="oO7VlgeCSJPga7Iis3lV4iLkIGA=">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</latexit>

8⇣
⌘2
>
Hinf
TRH
<
14
10 GeV
5 GeV⌘2⌦ h2 ' 0.1 ⇥ ⇣
1/2
m
>
Hinf
: 1014GeV
0.1 µeV<latexit sha1_base64="UPhuIqIh5npFnSOl+Q3/btlhPKg=">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</latexit>,t⇤ < tRH,

t⇤ > tRH

This is a familiar story …
[Turner & Widrow (1998)](am) 1 non-relativistic(aeq Heq ) 1

(aH)

1

1/

⇠a

relativistic

⇢⇠a 2

2

⇢⇠a 3

⇠a n ⇠a 3

⇢⇠a 2
a1

⇢⇠a 3
⇢⇠a 3

⇢⇠a 4

2

k⇤ 1
k > k⇤⇠⇠aa1k = Hinf /2⇡

1<latexit sha1_base64="ULY38cwI660+etC67z7GsvkzNr4=">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</latexit>

1/a(ae He ) 1⇠(aRH HRH ) 1

⇠

⇢⇠a 2

k < k⇤a(t)aexitk⇤ = aexit HI

ae

aRH

a⇤
H(a⇤ ) = m

aeq

This is a familiar story … with a couple new twists
self-interaction saves scalar spectator: [Markkanen, Rajantie, & Tenkanen (2018); Tenkanen (2019)]m ⌧ i ⌧ Hinf
spin-1 spectator: [Dimopoulos (2006); Graham, Mardon, & Rajendran (2016)]
lightish-but-clumpy: [Alonso-Alvarez & Jaeckel (2018), + Hugel (2019)]<latexit sha1_base64="/3TG3uIqghPQ1pTPQAJcRnXu0zY=">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</latexit>

Large isocurvature problem!

WIMPzilla101
è WIMPzilla solution: consider mφ >~ Hinf.
è new solutions: allow additional interactions. 100

m/He = 0.1;

⇠=0

10 1

non-minimal
grav. interaction

m/He = 2; ⇠ = 0
10 2

lima!1 nk

self-interactiond⇢/d ln k<latexit sha1_base64="+i7kBzKLuBlsYQX/cLyC1euLYuw=">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</latexit>

10 3
10 4
10 5

scalar field2⇠ m2 Hinf

10

=
m/H e

6

<latexit sha1_base64="hZuQm4ndgOUu+gzNsQwgfrKGMew=">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</latexit>

power spectrum:<latexit sha1_base64="ke96P8sXKsgnVI8jFxicDDQL6/c=">AAAEL3iclZNLbxMxEMfdLo8SHk3hhLgYIiROSTYgwbGPIEVClQoiTaVsGnm9TmLFj63tNI1WFp+GK4hPg7ggrnwJhDcJZONwwdq1Zuf3n53xyBOnjGpTr3/b2g6uXb9xc+dW6fadu/d2y3v3T7WcKEzaWDKpzmKkCaOCtA01jJyliiAeM9KJx0c571wSpakU780sJT2OhoIOKEbGufrlh5GmHPLzBmz1I47MSPGMioE9b/TLlXq1Pl9w0wiXRgUs10l/b/tXlEg84UQYzJDW3bCeml6GlKGYEVuKJpqkCI/RkHSdKRAnupfNz2DhU+dJ4EAq9woD595iRIa41jMeO2VepvZZ7vwX607M4FXPnSmdGCLwItFgwqCRMG8ITKgi2LCZMxBW1NUK8QgphI1r21qWWls7Vw2JRJEpk2JYayqZxvKqdkw1rvHZUqjt/4W5RNzFlCJBplhy7pRZdHBJsM2yKObwwNp1NkaxzpnicOyzi1Xchc/UiimfJSsWCRQztJF0hIzNIrc7Oxd7vPPm0GFDrhzXGE7Hsa84ah4XFTjhvuKwWRTEic/ftfIS/wrUyPqK163iH8jI51K7U/656PmH44oUFfntz4qj4DeKMNsNe9miS/0segzdUwmtdRMT+vOxaZw2quHzauPti8p+Yzk7O+AReAKegRC8BPugBU5AG2DwAXwEn8Dn4EvwNfge/FhIt7eWMQ/A2gp+/gZzOnM1</latexit>

4; ⇠ =

0⇠ = 1/6
m/He = 0.1

10 7 710
10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1
k

⇠ k2

100

101

see the posters by Tommi & Gonzalo<latexit sha1_base64="+2bbk4ojnX3P5G239lkiveg7okc=">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</latexit>⇠k 1

L-polarized
vector field<latexit sha1_base64="YKvaJ0n5dqMRqoMdKkWrHfmeXuw=">AAAEH3iclZNbb9MwFMe9hssol23wyIuhQuKFthlI7HGXIlVCkwai66SmVI7jtFZ9yWxnXWXlY/AK4tPwhnjdl0E4bUVblxesJDo+v//JOTnOiTNGtWk2b7Yqwa3bd+5u36vef/Dw0c7u3uNzLXOFSQdLJtVFjDRhVJCOoYaRi0wRxGNGuvH4pOTdK6I0leKTmWakz9FQ0JRiZJyrF2nK4fizfRUWg91as96cLbhphAujBhbrbLBX+R0lEuecCIMZ0roXNjPTt0gZihkpqlGuSYbwGA1Jz5kCcaL7dlZzAV84TwJTqdwtDJx5VyMs4lpPeeyUHJmR9lnp/Bfr5SY96FsqstwQgeeJ0pxBI2HZAJhQRbBhU2cgrKirFeIRUggb16a1LI2Odq4GEokiEybFsNFSMovldeOUatzg04VQF/8X5hJxF1ONBJlgyblT2ujoiuDC2ijm8Kgo1tkYxbpkyp2Vzy6XcZc+U0umfJYsWSRQzNBG0hEyhY3c09ml2OPd98cOG3LtuMZwMo59xUnrdFWBE+4rjlurgjjx+cd2WeJfgRoVvuJde/UNZORzqd1XRuVforgtN44rsqqgIl0qyo3fKMKKXti38y4NbPQMuqsWFuXEhP58bBrn+/XwdX3/w5va4cFidrbBU/AcvAQheAsOQRucgQ7AQIIv4Cv4FnwPfgQ/g19zaWVrEfMErK3g5g+jbW0v</latexit>

No isocurvature problem for spin-1

è low-k power is suppressed for non-rel modes
outside the horizon ⇢ ⇠ m2 Aµ A⌫ g µ⌫ ⇠ a 2

k⇤comoving wavenumber: k<latexit sha1_base64="PPVcgljrJn4M7gCKOE5683a3erY=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="/Rw6QMVudbGk7UQq6uFgo5oUGoU=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="cTFzChF81T+ncWWxKSGLhdCwO9o=">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</latexit>

“before”
inflation

big bangduringinflation

the endof inflationafter
inflationNon-adiabaticity @ the end of inflation
20

chaotic inflation: V = m2ϕ ϕ2 /2(aH)-1

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comoving Hubble radius[Schrodinger (1939); Parker (1969); Ford (1986)]

24Ne = ln[ a/ae ]ik·x

k (⌘) = 0

Fields “feel” the changing
cosmological expansion(conformal symmetry breaking)!k2 = k 2 + a2 m2
The “abrupt” transition from dS to M-dominationinduces a non-adiabatic mode evolution
ó “gravitational particle production”

An analogy with quantum mechanics

spring constantSpring constant is varied
slowly (adiabatically)
U
U
U

Spring constant is varied
abruptly (non-adiabatically)an excitedU
state!
ψ

ψ
ψ
ψ

U
x

x

DM from gravitational particle production
assumes chaotic inflation
V / 2 & minf ⇡ Hinf

WIMPzilla: [Chung, Kolb, & Riotto (1998);

Kuzmin & Tkachev (1998); Chung (2002)]
see also: [Kolb & AL (2017)]

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Hinf
1012 GeV◆2 ✓TRH
107 GeV

◆✓

◆✓ 3
◆
3 3
mDM
a n/ae He
Hinf
10 3

WIMPzillas in hilltop inflation
purely-gravitational DM: [Ema, Nakayama, & Tang (2018, 2019)]

V( )Hilltop inflation breaks therelation beween Hinf and minf

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2
3Mpl
H2

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end<latexit sha1_base64="kxPI+7EYTaKfcUHkXr9/IlimuR0=">AAACWHiclVDLSgMxFL0dH334auvSzWARXHVmRNCVFHThRqhgH9CWksmkbTCPIcmoZegvuNVf068xbWdhWzdeCBzOg3tzwphRbXz/K+dsbe/s5gvF0t7+weFRuVJta5koTFpYMqm6IdKEUUFahhpGurEiiIeMdMLn27neeSFKUymezDQmA47Ggo4oRmZO9eMJHZZrft1fjLsJggzUIJvmsJK76UcSJ5wIgxnSuhf4sRmkSBmKGZmV+okmMcLPaEx6FgrEiR6ki2Nn7pllIncklX3CuAv2dyJFXOspD62TIzPR69qc/EvrJWZ0PUipiBNDBF4uGiXMNdKd/9yNqCLYsKkFCCtqb3XxBCmEje1nZYvX0pbykIgUeWVSjL07JeNQvnkPVGOPTzOjnv0vZhdxmynZxoP1fjdB+6IeWPx4WWv4WfcFOIFTOIcArqAB99CEFmCYwDt8wGfu2wEn7xSXVieXZY5hZZzqDzA0tR4=</latexit>

inflatoncondensate

graviton

Mpl1<latexit sha1_base64="hJilppsSKSYUHGlvOhn/Cxddp2o=">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</latexit>

Mpl1

WIMPzilla production can be
described by annihilations

dark sector
is populated<latexit sha1_base64="hJilppsSKSYUHGlvOhn/Cxddp2o=">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</latexit>

High-mass exponential
suppression is softened
to a power law

✓

◆2
H
inf
⌦DM h2 ' 0.1
109 GeV
✓
◆⇣
TRH
mDM ⌘
⇥
1010 GeV
109 GeV<latexit sha1_base64="ywCz5OvBEr/lcTJEQ3SedmqpzgQ=">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</latexit>

Grav. particle production from rapid a(t) oscillations[Chung, Kolb, & AL (2018)]

spectrum<latexit sha1_base64="3bdOzpGOT+WLvg1lu5DtLkq3Oyo=">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</latexit>

decaying H(t)+ rapid oscillations

100

k 3 dln k
1
2
dn =
lim
|
|
k
2⇡ 2 t!1 a3

H/He
10 1

dispersion relation!k =<latexit sha1_base64="igoEg4w+RUtP8+2BatE3yyaA18w=">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</latexit>r<latexit sha1_base64="rc67CYUabBXIi6so9FpDGXApxm4=">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</latexit>

12

analytic

1
k 2 + a2 m2 + (16mode function
k =chaotic

Z t
tP

dt0

6⇠)a2 R

(acts like a Fourier transform)8< H(t0 )m2 + 16 (1
:

6⇠)

h

1
0
0
0
2 Ṙ(t ) + H(t )R(t )0 2[!k (t0 )/a(t )]

10 2

0

i9
=
;

1

exp

2

"

⌘

2i

3

Z t0
t1

4

dt00

5

00

!k (t )a(t00 )

If this varies slowly then this gives an exponential suppression.
If this contains a rapidly-oscillating piece, then no suppression!

#

The effect of a large non-minimal coupling
despicable dark relics: [Markkanen & Nurmi (2016); Rairbairn, Kainulainen, Markkanen, & Nurmi (2019)]

Ricci scalar oscillates+ & - during reheating

Efficient particle
production via
tachyonic resonance
���

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��������� ����� η = �� �� (η-η� )�������� �������� �� �/��� �������� �������

� / ���

�������/�� = ����

���

/e

p
2 ⇠

osc /Mpl<latexit sha1_base64="ZFKxURs7d0453QVb5QpGTuJwGIU=">AAAClniclZBdSxtBFIYn2w819iPWG6E3g0HwKrsbC3olASvtjZBCo0I2htnJSTI4X87MqmHYv9Nf462F/pvOxr2o2hsPDLy857xzDk+uObMuSf40olev37xdWV1rrr97/+Fja+PTqVWFoTCgiitznhMLnEkYOOY4nGsDROQczvLLo6p/dg3GMiV/uoWGkSAzyaaMEhescavns+UnPucFlDjTRmmnMFz4Ls7slXE+u2WVP2fjTBA3N8IrS0sc4+xE87Ict9pJJ1kWfi7SWrRRXf3xRuMwmyhaCJCOcmLtME20G3liHKMcymZWWNCEXpIZDIOURIAd+eWVJd4JzgRPlQlPOrx0/014IqxdiDxMVtfap73K/F9vWLjpwcgzqQsHkj4smhYcBxgVNzxhBqjjiyAINSzciumcGEJdoPtoSzywwYqJnBi44UrO4q8Baq5u4xNmaSwW9aAtXxYLi0TINAPx9Cnf5+K020n3Ot0fX9q9g5r9KvqMttEuStE+6qHvqI8GiKJf6A7do9/RVnQYHUffHkajRp3ZRI8q6v8Fxj/OBA==</latexit>

���
���
���
��-�
��-�
��-�
��-�

⇠ = 1/6

��-�
��-�
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<latexit sha1_base64="pz5LaoXCYcuJAS0A4PnwWLL1Nik=">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</latexit>

�����

�����

�

��

���

���-������� ��������� ξ

Scalar WIMPzilla with large
non-minimal coupling to gravity

1 2
Lnon minimal = ⇠' R
2
<latexit sha1_base64="OKFaERI8HUy70ha2T/qpNGyhMuI=">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</latexit>[Kolb & AL (in prep)](caveat: raising ξ lowers the cutoﬀ Mpl / ξ1/2)

Does dark
Closingcomments
matter interact& questions
with more than gravity?
You can’t turn off gravity!
è Particle production occurs whether you want it to or not.
è Gravitational production might be relevant for your model.
è Multiple production processes operator together in general.

Non-gravitational interactions can be okay tooè Opens channels for detection without disrupting production.

What are the testable predictions?
èèèèPredictions for (in)direct detection:
Favors large Hinf & r (tensor-to-scalar ratio)
Predicts blue isocurvature(& PBH?)2
Favors super-heavy particles– can they be probed in the lab?
[Carney, Ghosh, Krnjaic, & Taylor (2019)]: Kinematics of the DM-detector scattering event, viewed from above
epicting our backaction-evading velocity measurement. An optical pulseia (10), with opposite phase and a time delay td , leading to a velocity
urement of the impulse I. Right: Schematics of the detector array, with

Does dark matter interact with more than gravity?

Does dark matter interact
with more than gravity?

While it’s important to continue hunting for dark matter experimentally
through all of its potential points of contact with the Standard Model,
it is also sobering to remember thatthe dark matter may not interact with anything more than gravity.
Don’t feel bad!

Making & testing dark matter through gravity alone
requires some clever thinking,and this exciting field of researchis actively being investigated.

Take comfort
in WIMPzilla& his cousins!

BACKUP SLIDESMode evolution becomes non-adiabatic
Quantify non-adiabaticity(e.g., for a conformally-coupled field)

Ak = !˙ k /!k2<latexit sha1_base64="LhgmDuergfK74E1bAN/6VShmzTM=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="bNxay5BhEvkERNn6RH1eOHBQprI=">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</latexit>!k (t)2 = k 2 + a(t)2 m2

When are modes maximally non-adiabatic?

è for m << He – modes go non-adiabatic @ mode crossing
è for m >~ He – modes are adiabatic except @ end of inflation
1

0. 0

100

3

0.

1

Ak ⇥ (m/He )

0. 0

k/

ae

m

0. 3

10 1

!k ⇥ (He /m)

101
100

10 1

3. 0

1. 0

=

10 2

10

10
3.0
1.0 = k/ae m
0.3
0.1
0.03

10 2 2
10

0. 0

1
10 1

100
scale factor a/ae

101102