Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Effects of Surface and Molecular Shape on Liquid Crystalline
Ordering and Phase Transition
Toshikuni Miyazaki*

Keywords: Liquid crystal, Molecular dynamics, Phase transition, Gay-Berne model,
Surface stabilised ordering, Molecular bend

1. Introduction
An appearance of liquid crystalline phase is due to an anisotropic interaction, which comes from elongatedshape of constituent molecules.
interesting problem.

So, the relation between the molecular shape and liquid crystalline order is an

On the other hand, the ordering in the confined system is quite important problem,

because in the application of liquid crystal to the display liquid crystalline materials are put between parallelwalls, where the ordering is affected strongly by the boundary walls due to a softness of the order.

In this work

the effects of surface together with the molecular shape on liquid crystalline ordering and phase transition arestudied by molecular dynamics simulation.
In the first half of the paper, the system composed of Gay-Berne molecules in the sandwiched cell is tested,
where various types of wall conditions are tested. We have elucidated that a new type of smectic phase appears
because of the effect of walls on both direction and smectic layer. In the latter half, two types of molecules are
introduced to clarify the relation of molecular shape to the ordering and phase transition; one is composed ofrealistic molecules based on the molecular orbital calculation (MO) and the other is of bend Gay-Bernemolecules.

2. Effect of walls on liquid crystalline ordering and phase transition in the thin systems
Constant temperature, constant volume molecular dynamics simulation (NTV-MD) at the system of
Gay-Berne model is carried out to study the effects of walls on the orientational order and positional smectic
one. The walls in the top and bottom of the simulation box are replaced by imaged particles which interact
with Gay-Berne molecules showing various anchoring forces.

The system exhibits several phases successively,

an isotropic, nematic, smectic and crystalline phases as the temperature is decreased, in which the clearing
temperature is higher than that at bulk system.

In the case of homogeneous anchoring condition,

surface-stabilised smectic phase (SmAII) is shown to appear in the lower temperature side of the usual smectic A
phase (SmAI) and phase transition between them is certified. Degrees of the positional and orientational ordersAbstracts Of Doctor's Thesesof the former are higher than those of the latter. These results indicate that the wall works not only as the field* Toyotatechnoservice Corporation
to enhance the orientational order but also as a symmetry breaking field inducing the smectic layer order in casethe thickness of the system is smaller than a healing length. The appearance of two kinds smectic phases isanalysed by generalising McMillan theory and it is confirmed that the effect of wall works as the symmetry
breaking field applied to molecules neighbouring to the walls.
As an analogue of the Freedericksz transition at nematic phase, a response to the transverse electric field at
SmAII is studied by NTV-MD to certify a stability of SmAII. At a threshold value of the field strength, thesystem changes to SmAI with layer normal parallel to the electric field via an intermediate phase like a smectic
C phase. By reducing the field strength, again SmAII appears directly, showing a hysteresis characteristic to a
discontinuous transition. The dipole-dipole interaction is proved to stabilise the layer structure of smectics,
while SmAI changes to smectic C phase in the electric field.

3. Effects of molecular shape on liquid crystalline ordering and phase transition
In two types of model systems, MD simulations are carried out to study the effect of molecular shape on theordering and phase transition of liquid crystals.

In one case, a realistic molecule is constructed by MO in

vacuum, and the system is composed of about 100 molecules in the simulation box. Inter-atomic interactions
between different molecules are given by a type of Lennard-Jones potential, while molecular deformations inshape are described in terms of harmonic springs. This system is studied by the constant temperature pressure
molecular dynamics (NTP-MD) to elucidate ordering and switching of antiferroelectric smectic phase. The
bending angle of the chiral chain as well as the angle of achiral one is shown to be enhanced compared withthose at isolated state. Tilt angle agrees well with the experimental one. A response at an anticlinic alignment
to the transverse electric field is also tested.
In the other case, NTV-MD of polar bend molecules is carried out to study the relation between themolecular shape and dipole moment to the ordering and polarisation of liquid crystal. The molecule of thissystem is a dimer of Gay-Berne particles coupled by a harmonic spring at each end making bend angle, and apermanent dipole is attached to it.

The appearance of the polarisation together with biaxiality is tested forvarious combinations of position and direction of the dipole. A decrease of clearing temperature with anincrease of the bend angle is depicted. By changing hardness of the spring, the clearing temperature shows
sigmoidal curve and nematic phase is hardly observed in the soft limit.

The electric polarisation is observed

exclusively in the system of molecules where the dipole is attached in a direction perpendicular to the molecularlong axis at the connecting point. Biaxiality occurs accompanying the polarisation.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

A Study of New Polymerization Suppressors
for Common Monomers
Jun-ichi Nakajima†(Organic Chemistry for Material, Division of Material Science)
Keywords:, Polymerization suppressor, Polymerization inhibitor, Polymerization retarder,
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, Triplet carbenes, Laser Flash Photolysis

It is well known that unsaturated monomers undesirably polymerize at various stages of their manufacture,processing, handling, storage, and use. The polymerization during their purification results in the loss of themonomer and a loss in production efficiency owing to the deposition of polymer in or on the equipmentused in the purification. A wide variety of compounds have been proposed and used for inhibiting undesiredpolymerization of monomers. For styrene, which is one of the most important monomer, dinitrophenols havebeen commercially used as in-process retarder. However dinitrophenols are extremely toxic and highly
reactive and hence special precaution is required for their use. The present study was undertaken to elucidate
the mechanism of inhibition and retardation of thermal polymerization of styrene by dinitrophenols and also
to develop a new retarder which can be used as an alternative to dinitrophenols.
The previous reports concerning inhibition of the polymerization and commercial styrene manufacturing
process are first outlined. Several features of dinitropnenols are also mentioned.
In order to elucidate mechanism of dinitrophenols retardation against thermal radical polymerization ofstyrene, the effects of nitrophenols structure on the rate of nitorophenols consumption in the thermal
polymerization of styrene and on the molecular weights of polystyrene formed were examined. The result
suggested that the efficiency of the retardation depended on structure of phenolic hydroxyl group anddiscussed in terms of the relationship between stability of nitrophenolic radicals generated by hydrogen
abstraction during propagation radical and the retardation performance of nitrophenols.
It was found that dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBS) reduced the initial rate of thermal radical
polymerization of styrene. In order to know the origin of DBS retardation, product analysis and molecularweight of polystyrene were conducted. The results showed that, unlike most of inhibitors and retarders, DBS
did not act as a hydrogen donor but behaved as an acid catalyst for the isomerization of initial Diels-Alderdimmer of styrene, which is known to act as a radical precursor for polymerization, to 1-phenyltetralin. The
efficiency of DBS on retardation of thermal polymerization was found to be lower compared with that ofdinitrophenols but it can be used to reduce the amount of dinitrophenols required in the styrene distillation
process. The field test in commercial styrene manufacturing plant were also performed.
Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyls (TEMPOs) are excellent trapping regents for carbon centered radicals andare known as a useful inhibitor for several kinds of monomers. However, for auto-polymerization ofstyrene, TEMPOs were found to show unique behavior. For example TEMPOs were consumed not only byquenching styrenic radical but also by attacking styrene monomer or the radical precursor. The mechanism for
TEMPOs consumption in styrene polymerization was discussed.
To estimate TEMPOs performance as polymerization inhibitor, TEMPOs reactivity towards triplet carbenes
was studied. The absolute rate constants for the quenching reaction were measured by means of a laser flash
photolysis technique. The result showed that the reactivity of TEMPOs towards triplet carbenes was lower
than that of oxygen but higher than that of 1,4-cyclohexadiene. TEMPOs are shown to be very convenient
regents to estimate the reactivity of triplet carbenes.

†Hakuto Co., Ltd

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

A Study on Environmental Education Facility Planningfor Promoting Environmental Conservation Bodies
Hiroki Ogawa(Architecture and Planning, Division of System Engineering)
Keywords: Environmental Education Facility, Learning Program, Environmental Conservation Body

1. The Purpose
The purpose of this study is to clarify a condition of learning programs (software) and environmental education
facilities (hardware) for promoting environmental conservation bodies. In other words I clarify the present
conditions of learning programs and environmental education facilities corresponding from personal upbringing toorganization upbringing. And, through analysis of the structure promoting them continually, I clarify
environmental education facility planning.
2. The Present Conditions of Learning Programs and Environmental Education Facilities
Environmental education should be carried out step by step: first is Awareness, second is Understanding, and third
is Participation. This paper analyzes the effects of the phased environmental education programs, by carrying out aquestionnaire to investigate the education programs of 213 environmental education facilities. Findings are as
follows: Less than half of the environmental education facilities implement a continuous phased environmental
education programs. However, the programs can promote class members to participate in projects or programs ofthese facilities, and to form new organizations to manage local environments.
3. Characteristics of the Learning Room from the Viewpoint of Aim Stage on Learning Programs
This clarifies the relation between learning rooms and learning programs of environmental education facilities.
Main results are as follow: There are many learning programs of interest or knowledge stage, and a few one ofaction or understanding stage. Many facilities carry out programs of the only interest stage. But more than half
execute learning programs that have a combination of some aim stages. From the equipments of learning room, theuse form of learning room is classified in lecture, training, teaching materials, and exhibition. Learning programsof using the plural room are able to achieve a higher stage than ones of the single room use.
4. The Planning and the Evaluation of Talented People Raising Program
In environmental learning, talented people training programs are important to assure an action to treat
environmental problems, and the follow-up programs are too. The Mie environmental education seminar isplanned and evaluated program from viewpoint of PDCA cycle as an example. We comprehended the achievement
degree of this seminar's aim by investigation of students who attended this program, and let follow-up programsreflect it. As a result, it led to improvement of environmental consciousness and action of students. Learning
continued by giving an opportunity of follow-up programs. And a change more was seen in environmental
consciousness and action of students. To stimulate such a change, the follow-up programs to become a leader or toutilize knowledge or skill that they learned was effective.
5. Support Demand of Environmental Conservation Bodies and Facility Correspondence for it
Though many supports for citizen organizations concerned with the environment preservation are provided, there
is a gap between support programs and the needs of citizen organizations. To make a cause of the gap clear, aAbstracts Of Doctor's Theses
questionnaire of 250-citizen organizations in Mie prefecture was carried out. The results are as follows; citizenorganizations are classified 4 types, and each type has different support needs. Therefore the support programs
should be necessary to be produced according to the needs of citizen organizations. And intermediate support
organizations should meet needs of citizen organizations and support programs.
6. Conclusions
From this study, I got the following conclusion. :1) The conditions of learning programa. Structure corresponding from personal upbringing to organization upbringing
b. Carry out the learning programs combined a theory and practice on personal upbringing
c. Carry out the follow-up programs on organization upbringing
d. Participate in making learning programs with an early organization
2) The conditions of environmental education Facility
a. Make the special facilities
b. Get the room ready to learning programs with aim stagec. Get the room ready to use organization activity
Furthermore, as a future problem, I want to clarify about cooperation of specialized facilities and associated ones.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Flash Welding Control by Use of PWM Inverter Power Supply
Yukihiko Sato
( Power Electronics, Division of System Engineering )Keywords: Flash welding, Inverter control, PWM inverter power supply, Flashing control

1. Introduction
Flash welding has several advantages in spite of open air welding. One is materials with heavy crosssection can be welded in a short time. Other is easy to obtain high quality of weld joints. It is well known that
it is important to keep flashing continuous for high quality of weld joints. To achieve continuous flashing,mechanical control combined with electro hydraulic valve and hydraulic cylinder has been applied. However,as mechanical flashing control has a limit of response for more precise control, an application of powerelectronics, especially, PWM inverter is discussed for flash welding control.
2. Purpose
Flashing phenomena control strategy for flash welding is proposed by use of PWM inverter power
supply in this paper.
3. Results
Since no study has been reported regarding flashing phenomena using square wave alternating current,
flashing phenomena in 100Hz square wave alternating current using PWM inverter power supply are
analyzed for flashing control. The analyzed results give a suggestion that PWM inverter has possibility tocontrol flashing phenomena such as number of flashing pulses or degree of resistance heating by changing
the modulation factor of PWM inverter. Based on the analyzed results, an inverter control method named“ full power control method ” is proposed for continuous flashing. The concept of the proposed inverter
control method is different from a conventional feedback PI control. In the control system, the inverter
supplies the maximum output by changing modulation factor of PWM inverter when detecting current is over
the reference value. When the current is under the reference value, inverter supplies the original output. The
test results show that the proposed inverter control method makes it possible to get the reqired number offlashing pulses in half a cycle, and the control is useful for continuous flashing. The results also show that thecontrol method enables to control degree of resistance heating. The resistance heating method with a few
flashing is proposed for resistance heating. Finally, PWM inverter control method for flash process in flash
welding is proposed using the “ full power control method ”. In the control system, welding starts with a few
flashing pulses and finally the number of flashing pulses are increased up to maximum. The feature of thiscontrol is that local contact bridges are maintained during flash process, and the number of flashing pulses
are controlled by changing modulation factor of PWM inverter up to maximum.
4 Conclusion
It has been known that it is impossible to control flashing phenomena, especially, the number of flashingpulses at any time. This paper has shown that an application of PWM inverter makes it possible to control
flashing phenomena.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Study on Optical Properties and Application of Nano-Sized Silver
Particles Prepared by the Evaporation-Condensation Method
Noritsugu HASHIMOTO†
Key words: Nano-Sized Silver Particle, Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance, Optical Nonlinearity,
Optical Sensor, Evaporation-Condensation Method, Sol-Gel Method
1. Introduction
Nano-sized silver particles are expected to be applied to nonlinear optics devices because of their large nonlinear
susceptibility and fast response time. In addition, it is well known that silver nanoparticles exhibit a unique opticalabsorption in the visible light region due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), which may be applicable tooptical sensors. In this thesis, the formation process of nanoparticles, and nonlinear and/or linear optical properties ofnano-sized silver particles prepared by the evaporation-condensation method were concerned, and their applicability to
optical sensor based on LSPR, so-called SPR sensor, was examined.
2. Bipolar charging and neutralization of nano-sized aerosol particles
The formation of silver particles through the evaporation-condensation process, and charging and neutralization
probabilities for the particle size fractioning were discussed. The charging probability by Am-241 for aerosol particles oflarger than 3 nm was in good agreement with one theoretically predicted by Fuchs, while in the case of those smaller than 3
nm such an agreement was not achieved.
3. Preparation of silver films consisting of nano-sized silver particles by the evaporation-condensation method, andtheir linear and nonlinear optical properties
The preparation of films consisting of nano-sized silver particles on the silica glass substrate, and their linear andnonlinear optical properties were examined. Film samples were prepared by depositing silver particles generated by theevaporation-condensation method on the silica glass substrates.
Silver particles deposited on the silica glass substrate exhibited an optical absorption peak due to LSPR, which shifted
toward longer wavelength side with increasing the particle
generation temperature, or with the increase of the particle diameter.
On the contrary, when annealed at 170 °C, the absorption peak was
shifted drastically to shorter wavelength as 410 nm, independentlyof the particle generation temperature. Nonlinear optical properties(nonlinear refractive index, γ, and nonlinear absorption coefficient,β) were determined by Z-scan technique. Figure 1 shows the size
dependence of γ for silver particles deposited on the silica glass
substrate. It was found that γ and β of silver nanoparticles were
negative, and the absolute value of γ was increased with inverse ofd 3 as has been theoretically predicted.
The changes of surface morphology and optical properties ofsilver particles deposited on the silica glass substrate or sol-gel†Ceramics Laboratory, Industrial Research Division, Mie Science and Technology Promotion Center

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
derived silica film upon annealing at temperatures from 100 to 500 °C were examined. When the silver film was annealed
at above 200 °C, the dense packing of silver particles was disrupted and the surface morphology of the film turned to beisland-like, accompanying with the absorption peak shift toward shorter wavelength.
4. Application of nano-sized silver particles to optical sensor based on LSPR
The new type of SPR sensor was proposed as an application of nano-sized silver particles. The silica glass dispersedwith silver particles was prepared by the sol-gel method (film (a)).
The sensor films were also prepared by depositing silver particles on
the silica glass substrates (film (b)) or on sol-gel derived silica films(film (c)). For evaluating the sensor characteristics, the LSPR
absorption peak wavelength was measured in various liquids having
different refractive indices, n. The sensitivity was defined as theabsorption peak shift with the change of n, i.e., dλ/dn. Figure 2 shows
the relationship between LSPR absorption peak wavelength andrefractive index of immersion liquid. The LSPR absorption peakwavelength for the film (a) showed scarce change with n of the liquid.
While, that of Films (b) and (c) changed linearly with n. This factindicates that latter films are applicable to the SPR sensor. The
sensitivity was largest as 111.8 nm for film (c), which may be
attributable to the fact that silver particles was stuck in the soft film
and their growth was suppressed during the deposition.
In order to avoid the deterioration of the absorbance of the silver
particle/silica film sensor during repeated applications, silver particles
were overcoated with thin silica film prepared by sonogel method,and cycle performance was examined. Cycle performance wasdefined as the change of absorbance, A, with the cycle number, N, i.e.,
dA/dN. The relationship between absorbance at peak position andcycle number for silver particles-deposited silica glass with theovercoating is shown in Fig. 3. The dA/dN was decreased withincreasing the thickness of overcoated film, while the sensitivity was
still high as 59.4 nm. This fact means that the sono-silica overcoatingof the composite sensor film is useful to improve cycle performance.
5. Concluding remarks
The silver film consisting of nano-sized silver particles was successfully prepared by the evaporation-condensation
method, and their nonlinear optical properties were determined. It was found that the γ and β of silver film were negative,
and the size dependence of γ on the particle diameter as has theoretically predicted was experimentally observed. In
addition, the applicability of nano-sized silver particles to SPR sensor was examined. As a result, the sensitivity of silver
particles deposited on sol-gel derived silica glass substrate was high as 111.8 nm. In addition, the deposition of thin silica
film on silver particles as the overcoating improved cycle performance of SPR sensor successfully.
Author's Publications[1] M. Alonso, Y. Kousaka, T. Nomura, N. Hashimoto and T. Hashimoto, J. Aerosol Sci., 28 (1997) 1479−1490.
[2] N. Hashimoto, T. Hashimoto, H. Nasu and K. Kamiya, J. Ceram. Soc. Japan, 112 (2004) 204−209.
[3] N. Hashimoto, T. Hashimoto, K. Mori, H. Nasu and K. Kamiya, J. Ceram. Soc. Japan, 112 (2004) S576−S578.
[4] N. Hashimoto, T. Hashimoto, T. Teranishi, H. Nasu and K. Kamiya, Sens. Actuators, B, in press.
[5] N. Hashimoto, Y. Yamamoto and S. Niijima, e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotech., 3 (2005) 120−124.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Development research of the novel methotrexate derivatives fortreatment of an antirheumatic agent
NoriakiMaruyama†(Materials Chemistry, Division of Materials Science)

Keywords: Antirheumatic Agent, Methotrexate, MX-68, Original route, Imprved route, large-scale
preparation.

1. Introduction
MX-68, which is a novel methotrexate (MTX) derivative, has exhibited potent antirheumatic activity
both in vitro and in vivo tests. Therefore, to supply sufficient quantities required for both the toxicity
test and the clinical study, it was imperative to develop a large-scale preparation route.
H2N

N
N

H2N

N

N

N

N

N

N
H
N

NH2
O

S
N

N

H
N

NH2

COOH

O

COOH

MTX (1)COOH
COOH

MX-68 (2)An original route for structure-activity relationship studies is presented in Scheme 1. This route, designed
based on the standard synthesis of MTX derivatives, involved several problems for a large-scale preparation.
For example, use of corrosive reagents, low yield at the deprotection step, purification by column
chromatography using CHCl3, and major impurity formation at the final step.
Herein, we would like to report a new route, which has been accomplished by improving the original process,specifically for a large-scale preparation of MX-68.
H2N

3

Ts

O

N

7.2% yield
H2N

N
N
NH2

4
COOH

COOH
H2N

S

7 StepsOH1) SOCl2, DMF

S

S

HBr

N

HN
H
N

Ts
3)K2CO3
CH3COOH
H
N
anisoleOH H2N
COOMe
2)
COOMe
HCl
O
7 O COOMe
45% yield
COOMe 692% yield
Chromatography with CHCl3/MeOH (10/1)
HCl / MeOH

8

O

COOMe
COOMe

5

N

HBr/i-PrOH

N

H2N N
CH2Br
9
N

NH2
DMA
53% yield
Chromatography with CHCl3/MeOH (10/1)

N
N

S
H
N
10

H2N

NaOH

N

O

EtOH
COOMe
COOMe

MX-68 +

N

N

N

N

S
N
H
N

OH

76% yield
11
The major impurity

O

COOH
COOH

Scheme 1. Original route
2. Results and Discussion
We chose an improvement of the original route because the problems for the large-scale preparation wereclear. Therefore, we focused on the solution of the problems by the following methods: change of the corrosive
reagents to other reagents, replacement of the protected amine 4 to the unprotected amine 12, change of the†Synthetic Technology Research Dep., Pharmaceutical Technology Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
chromatographic purification to crystallization, and improvement of the reaction condition at the final step tominimize the major impurity formation. Furthermore, these improvements were expected to lead to an increasein the total yield and provide a more environmentally friendly synthesis.
2-1. Alternative Preparation of the Amide 8.
In the original route, the amide 8 was obtained from the N-protected amine 7 by removing thep-toluenesulfonyl group but in low yield. The reason for the low yield was inferred from the simultaneoushydrolysis of the methyl ester groups in 7, where the reaction was conducted under strong acidic conditions.
Therefore, we carried out the coupling of the unprotected amine 12 with the diester 6 using several coupling
reagents. As a result, using HOBt and WSC, 8 was obtained in the best yield.
Furthermore, in order to avoid use of saturated HCl, the corrosive reagent, was replaced with 2 equivalentsof MsOH in the esterification of L-homoglutamic acid 5. After the esterification was followed by neutralization
with 2 equivalents of Et3N, the reaction mixture was directly used in the subsequent coupling reaction. This
new esterification process could avoid the use of the corrosive reagent, and at the same time shorten theoperation time by eliminating the isolation process of the diester 6.
2-2. Optimization of preparation of the diester 10.
In the original route, the amide 8 reacted with 2,4-diaminopteridine 9 in 16 times volume of DMA for 3 days
at 70°C, extracted with CHCl3, and the product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography using
CHCl3/MeOH (10/1) to give the diester 10 in 53% yield. In order to scale up this process, we tried to shorten
the reaction time and to eliminate the chromatographic purification using CHCl3, which was not suitable froman environmental standpoint. First, the amount of the solvent was examined, where the amount of DMA waschanged from 16 times volume into 5 times. As a result, the reaction could complete within 4 hours. Next, thework-up procedure was examined in order to avoid using CHCl3 and the chromatographic purification, As aresult, the 3 times of recrystallization from MeOH/water to give 10 in 56 % yield in pure form.
2-3. Improvement of the reaction condition at the final step.
The major impurity obtained from this reaction was the by-product 11, which had a hydroxyl group insteadof the 4-amino group on 2,4-diaminopteridine moiety. 11 was difficult to remove from MX-68. In order tominimize the formation of 11, several reaction conditions were studied using LiOH as a base. As a result, thereaction conducted at 0°C in acetonitrile / H2O (10/15) was found to be the best way relative to both the
impurities and the reaction time.
S
HN
S
OH
H2N

COOH
COOH
5
H2N

N

MsOH

H2N

MeOH

MsOH

N

HBr/i-PrOH

N

CH2Br
9

12
COOMe

NH2
DMA
56% yield

N
N

H
N

O

HOBt, WSC

COOMe
6

H2N

N

HN

8

O

COOMe
COOMe

79% yield in 2 steps
N
N

S
N

1) LiOH, acetonitrile/H2O
H
N

NH2
10

O

2) 1N HCl
COOMe
COOMe

MX-68

3) NaOH
80% yield

Scheme 2. Improved route of MX-68 for large-scale preparation
3. Conclusions
We have developed a large-scale preparation route of MX-68, presented in scheme 2, by improving theoriginal route. Because the N-protected amine 4, used in the original route as a starting material, was replacedwith the unprotected amine 12, the deprotection step using HBr/AcOH, a corrosive reagent, was eliminated.
Therefore, the new route is suitable for a large-scale preparation. As a result of optimizing the reaction
conditions and improving the isolation method of the compound 10, no chromatographic purification was
required for the coupling reaction of the amine 8 with the 2,4-diaminopteridine 9. Furthermore, minimizing theformation of the major by-product 11 contaminating the final product of MX-68 was achieved by optimizing
the hydrolysis conditions of the diester 10. Thus, the present improved process provided us with MX-68 in
overall yield of 37% from the unprotected amino acid 12, and was able to supply sufficient quantities requiredfor both the toxicity test and the clinical study of MX-68.
Auther’s Publication[1] Maruyama, Noriaki; Shimizu, Hirohito, Sugiyama, Takashi; Watanabe, Masashi; Makino, Masashi;
Kato, Masahiro; Shimizu, Makoto, An Improved Process for the Large-scale Preparation of
Antirheumatic Agent, MX-68. Org. Process Research and Development. 2004, 8, 883-888.
[2] Maruyama, Noriaki; Shimizu, Hirohito, Sugiyama, Takashi; Watanabe, Masashi; Makino, Masashi;
Kato, Masahiro, Process Development of MX-68: Anti Rheumatoid Arthritis Agent. The JapaneseSociety for Process Chemistry 2004 Summer Symposium abstracts 84-85.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Experimental Research on Mechanical Evaluationof Spinal Instability.
Takaya Katoh(Bio System Engineering of Material Science)
Keywords : Biomechanics, Spinal instability, Mechanical evaluation, Experimental Research

1. Introduction
The role of the spine in the human body is supporting of trunk, transmission of movement through joint andmuscle, and protection of spinal cord. These roles cannot be played due to the tissue destruction, breakdown ofstructural balance are caused by injury and congenital anomaly and tumor. Therefore it is very interesting toanalyze the spine dynamically and to clarify the transforming behavior. It is thought that to investigate them
becomes a help of the medical about the evaluation of the treatment policy, the surgical technique, and even thedevelopment of spinal instrumentation.
In the treatment of lumbar spinal diseases, the degree of lumbar spinal instability largely affects selection oftreatment strategy and surgical technique. However, quantitative judge of lumbar spinal instability is very
difficult, because the evaluation of lumbar spinal instability depends on surgeon’s experience and feeling. In
other words, evaluation of the lumbar spinal instability in the clinical spot is not performed objective andquantitative.
Currently, there are a few reports on the measuring instrument that can evaluate lumbar spinal instability
during surgery. But, most of them are complicated and large-scale instrument. So they need motor, displacement
measurement instrument and personal computer and more. Therefore, unfit for the clinical application, because
they need long measuring time, installation space and cost.
2. Purpose
Purpose of this study is to seek easy method for measuring lumbar spinal instability, and to develop a practicalintraoperative lumbar spinal instability measuring instrument. We performed basic experiment and clinicalapplication for the development of instrument. Basic experiment was performed for to examine about relation of
the degree of lumbar spinal instability and displacement between spinous processes about the cephalocaudal
direction by using the human cadaveric lumbar spine.
3. Results and discussion of basic experiment
In the basic experiment, the relation of the force and displacement which are produced between spinous
processes was investigated. The experiment method gave dilating force (20[N]) to the cephalocaudal direction
using the machine of exclusive use and measured the displacement between spinous processes. Result of basic
experiment is shown in Fig. 1. In the Fig. 1, horizontal axis is displacement between spinous processes andvertical axis is damage level (degree of lumbar spinal instability). As for these damage models, damage becomeslarge from [damage 1] to [damage 9]. It was found that the value of displacement of spinous processes
stepwisely increased as severity of injury is increased in this graph. From this result, lumbar spinal instability
was evaluated simply by displacement between spinous processes.
From result of basic experiment, we produced instrument that can generate dilating force and can measuredisplacement on cephalocaudal direction between spinous processes. The body of measuring instrument ishemostatic forceps with the push spring and the strain gauge (Fig. 2). Push spring is to generate dilating force.
Furthermore strain gauge is to measure deformation of hemostatic forceps. The value of strain is reflect thebalance of dilating force and displacement of spinous process. Next, we examined the relation of the degree oflumbar spinal instability and strain value of our instrument using human cadaveric lumbar spinal damage model.
This model is the same as the above-mentioned model. The result is shown in Fig. 3. In the fig. 3, horizontal isstrain value of instrument and vertical axis is damage level. It was found that the strain value of instrument
stepwise decreased as severity of injury is increased. From this result, we considered that strain value of our
instrument could evaluate spinal instability very easy. Therefore, it was thought that our measuring instrument
was a tool suitable for clinical.
4. Result and discussion of clinical application
Clinical application examined the relation between intervertebral range of motion (preoperatiove) and strain of
our instrument (intraoperative) in the lumbarvertebrae. Result of clinical application is shown in Fig. 4,
horizontal axis is intervertebral ROM (ROM : Range of Motion) and vertical axis is strain of our instrument.
With regard to the relation between ROM and strain, correlation coefficient was –0.75 (p<0.001). Therefore wethink that significant negative correlation was observed between them. Next, with regard to five dots enclosed by

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
dotted line, the angle of ROM showed normal value. However, strain value of our instrument showed low(instability) value. Actually, there were instability in these intervertebrae at the time of intraoperative diagnosis
by surgeon. Therefore it was suggested that ROM could not be measured accurately by the pain in patients at thetime of preoperative radiography. Furthermore, measuring time of our instrument was about 5 seconds for one
session. From this result, it’s just conceivable that procedure of our instrument is extremely easy. Therefore, it
was thought that our instrument was suitable for the clinical application.
normaldamage 1
damage 2
damage 3

strain gauge

springdamage 4
damage 5
damage 6
damage 7
damage 8
damage 9hemostatic forceps
0

5

10

15

distance [ mm ]Fig.1 Relationship between damage and distanceFig. 2 Measuring instrument

5. Summary
Development of the measuring instrument that can evaluate lumbar spinal instability during an operation whichaims at practicality was tackled in this research. Consequently, the following things were understood.
・ Lumbar spinal instability was simply evaluated by relationship between force and displacement on only one
direction between spinous processes.
・ The strain value of our measuring instrument was stepwise decreased as severity of injury is increased.
・ Significant negative correlation was observed between intervertebral ROM and strain value of our
instrument.
・ Our instrument could be an aid for selection of treatment strategy and surgical technique, because it had
extremely easy method and simple structure.
normal

1400

damage 1

1200
strain [×10 -6]

damage 2
damage 3
damage 4
damage 5
damage 6

1000
800
600
400

damage 7200

damage 800damage 9

5

10

15

ROM [de g.]
0

200

400

600

strain [×10-6]

Fig. 3 Relationship between damage and strain

Fig. 4 Relationship between strain andintervertebral ROM

Author’s publications[1] Takaya KATOH, Yuichi KASAI, Tadashi INABA, Atsumasa UCHIDA and Masataka TOKUDA,
Development of intraoperative measurement device for intervertebral instability [in Japanese], Journal of theJapanese Society for Clinical Biomechanics, Vol.24, pp.99-103, 2003
[2] Takaya KATOH, Yuichi KASAI, Tadashi INABA, Atsumasa UCHIDA and Masataka TOKUDA, Influence ofrod diameter given to the internal pressure on the intervertebral disc and the screw in the thoracolumbar
anterior spinal instrumentation [in Japanese], Journal of the Japanese Society for Clinical Biomechanics, Vol.25,
pp.129-132, 2004
[3] Takaya KATOH, Yuichi KASAI, Tadashi INABA and Masataka TOKUDA, Development of Simple
Measuring Instrument for Lumbar Spinal Instability [in Japanese], Trans. of the JSME, Series A, Vol.71, No.703,
pp.494-499, 2005.

20

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Gene Engineering Studies on Host Range Expansion of Viruses
Kenichi Maegawa(Materials Science, Division of Materials Science)
Keywords: Host Range Expansion, Baculovirus, AnPe, AcNPVIn the animal kingdom, the host range of viruses is generally determined by interactions between defense
mechanisms of host and escape mechanisms of pathogen and thus restricted as defined as host specificity.
Host range expansion is to overcome the restriction of host range, which naturally occurs with evolutions andmutations of viruses. Virus-infectious diseases expanded to human from other animals such as measles,
influenza, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are typical examples of the host range expansion.
The efforts to understand the mechanisms governing host range determination and factors involved in it would
provide important implications to developments of vaccines and antiviral agents.
Control of the host range
could be achieved by artificial recombination of genes involved in the host range, and effective techniques forgene transfer into mammalian cells might also be developed. In other words, host range expansion is a naturaland artificial technique for breakdown of a barrier of host specificity and available for a counter-plan forvirus-infectious diseases.
Host range expansion is also available for a large scale-production of proteins in gene expression systems,
for instance, in baculovirus expression vector (BEV) systems.
The BEV system using the combination of
AnpeNPV with AnPe cells and A. pernyi diapausing pupae has several advantageous characteristics forexpression of large amounts of heterologous genes. In addition, the structure of some N-glycans added to therecombinant glycoprotein in AnPe cells is a bianntenary complex type, which is not detected in Sf9 insect cells.
On the other hands, although AcNPV is most extensively used as a BEV, it does not infect successfully to AnPecells and A. peryni diapausing pupae.
Thus, AcNPV vectors cannot be utilized in AnPe cells and diapausingpupae of giant wild silkmoths as options for the recombinant protein production unless productive infection of
AcNPV in A. pernyi cells is achieved by gene engineering.
Host range determinants of baculoviruses are poorly understood. Among them, p143 gene product,
putative DNA helicase, has been identified by comparing host ranges determinant between AcNPV and BmNPV,
and replacement of the AcNPV p143 gene with the homologous region from BmNPV p143 gene enables AcNPV
to replicate in nonpermissive BmN cells. Recently, a comparative genome map of AnpeNPV aligned with the
fully sequenced OpMNPV genome was constructed, and cathepsin and chitinase genes of AnpeNPV has been
identified in the genome by using this map.
This genome map can also be used for identifying the p143 genewhich encodes putative DNA helicase. In the present thesis, thus, to understand the mechanisms governing
host range between baculoviruses, the effect of the AnpeNPV p143 gene on the host range expansion and the
medium-dependent susceptibility to AcNPV infection in AnPe cells were investigated based on geneengineering.
In chapter 1, to investigate an accuracy of the genome map of AnpeNPV and to improve the BEV systemusing the combination of AnpeNPV with AnPe cell line and A. pernyi diapausing pupae, the p10 gene, which is avery late gene with a strong promoter suitable for heterologous gene expression, was identified, and two transfer
vector plasmids to generate recombinant AnpeNPV expressing heterologous genes were constructed. The p10

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
gene was found to exist within PstI I fragment based on the comparative genome map between AnpeNPV andOpMNPV, and then, the 1873 bp nucleotide sequence within PstI I fragment was determined, indicating that theAnpeNPV p10 gene consist of the promoter sequence (55 bp) and coding sequence (264 bp) encoding 87 aminoacids.
The predicted amino acids sequence of the AnpeNPV p10 gene product showed the highest identity(93%) to that of Choristoneura fumiferana NPV (CfNPV). The two transfer vector plasmids, pApp10 and
pApCH3, were constructed, in which pApp10 was p10 locus-based transfer vector plasmid containing p10 genepromoter, and pApCH3 was a dual expression vector containing a copy of p10 gene promoter inserted in thedownstream of the polyhedrin promoter at tandem but opposite orientation.
Results are attributable todevelopment of recombinant AnpeNPV for mass production of foreign proteins and also demonstrated an
accuracy of the genome map of AnpeNPV, suggesting that based on this genome map, certain genes involved inhost range determination such as p143 gene could be identified.
In chapter 2, to develop the host range expanded virus, the p143 gene, one of the host range determinants,
was identified from AnpeNPV genome based on the comparative genome map, and the effect on the host range
expansion of the recombinant AcNPV, in which intact p143 gene of AnpeNPV was introduced, was evaluated.
The p143 gene of AnpeNPV was sequenced and found to consist of coding sequence (3639 bp) encoding 1212
amino acids. Homology search for predicted amino acid sequence of the AnpeNPV p143 gene was performed
and found to have high identity (58%) and similarity (76%) to that of AcNPV. The recombinant AcNPV
carrying the intact p143 gene of AnpeNPV expressed the gene in AnPe cells, but BV production andheterologous gene expression were not enhanced, suggesting that the introduction of AnpeNPV p143 gene into
AcNPV genome did not affect the host range of AcNPV in semipermissive AnPe cells.
In chapter 3, medium-dependent AcNPV susceptibility in AnPe cells was investigated. First, BV titers
and accumulations of polyhedrin in AcNPV-infected AnPe cells were analyzed by real-time PCR andSDS-PAGE, using AnPe cells adapted from both Sf-900II medium and TC-100 medium containing 10% FBS totheir mixture of equal volumes and from Sf-900II alone to Sf-900II containing 10% FBS, and were found to bealtered depending on culture media, indicating that host range of AcNPV could be controlled by culture media.
Second, cellular transcripts expressed differentially by culture media have been examined using the differential
display and the real-time RT-PCR methods, and five transcripts exhibited obvious differences in expression level(more than two-fold) between the two media have been identified. Homology search analysis has revealed thatthree transcripts of the five, which are abundantly expressed in the Sf-900II-maintained cells, show homologies
to sequences of the genes involved in insect immunity.
Third, comparative analyses of BV titers, polyhedrin
production and expression level of 5 medium-responsive genes in the AcNPV-infected AnPe cells under different
medium conditions has indicated that both AcNPV susceptibility and expression of medium-responsive genes areaffected mainly by the balance of components contained in FBS and Sf-900II. It has been also suggested thatgene products involved in insect immunity plays an important role for the host range determination.
Overall, the present study demonstrates that the improvement of a novel BEV system using combinationof AnpeNPV with AnPe cell line was successful, and by supplementation of FBS to culture medium, the hostrange of AcNPV can be expanded, suggesting a possibility that the host range of baculoviruses can be controlled
by medium components. This must contribute to improvements and developments of novel BEV system toenable mass production of various useful proteins.
Recently, innate immune systems were found to play an important role against virus infection as well asbacterial infection. Thus, the present study also suggests that activation of the innate immune system might
suppress the diseases by emerging virus infection such as SARS, AIDS and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, andunderstanding the innate immune system could facilitate development of novel gene transfer vector into
mammalian cells and insect cells.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Synthesis of Poly(methacrylate)s with Semipolar Structures on theSide Chains, and Their Solution and Film Properties
Tomoaki Hiwatashi†

Key Words: Charged polymer, Polyelectrolyte, Polyzwitterion, Anti-polyelectrolyte Behavior,
Viscosity Behavior, Composite, Mechanical Property, Surface Property

1.

Introduction
Currently ion-containing water-soluble resins can be broadly categorized as an anionic, cationic, nonionic or
amphoteric resin. These polymers are utilized as basic materials for water remediation, reagents, thickeners, andformulation of pharmaceuticals, coating, and cosmetics. One of the required behaviors of the polymers is e.g. tothat they do not lower their viscosity with the addition of electrolytes. Therefore, studies are focused on finding
methods for synthesizing water-soluble polymers that will not lower viscosity with the addition of electrolytes.
Recently, polyampholytes containing cationic and anionic functionality on different mer units and polyzwitterions
having both charges on a single mer unit were synthesized and their solution properties have been investigated. Since
common polyelectrolytes have ionizable functional groups that are either cationic or anionic and the charges arebalanced by small gegenions or counterions, the polymer chain tends to extend due to the charge-charge repulsions,
resulting from counterion mobility, in water at low polymer concentration. When common polyelectrolytes
encounter small electrolytes such as inorganic salts, they tend to shrink by the “shield effect” . In contrast,
charge-balanced polyzwitterions having both positive and negative charges tend to expand due to reduced
intramolecular attractions, when the polymer encounters small electrolytes (Scheme 1). This latter polyzwitterion
behavior is termed the “anti-polyelectrolyte effect”. The addition effect of small electrolytes on the solution viscosity
behavior of polyzwitterion using sulfobetaine as a typical “anti-polyelectrolyte” with both positive and negative
charges on a single mer unit has been aggressively studied.
Recently, zwitterions having a carboxybetaine group, an＋
Charge Repulsion
Charge Attraction
amine N-oxide group and a sulfoxide group are in the spotlight
＋
＋
-＋
＋
＋
＋
- ＋
in the surfactant area, because they have proved to improve the＋＋＋＋performance of surfactant, emulsion or dispersion. In＋
Inorganic Salt
particular, it is reported that the behavior of a zwitterion＋
Inorganic Salt
surfactant (i.e. carboxybetaine surfactant) bearing both positive＋ ＋
and negative groups (for example: ammonium, carboxyl group)＋＋＋ ＋- - on a single mer unit is similar to a nonionic surfactant with
＋
＋
＋
＋ ＋
respect to micelle formation. It is also reported that the-＋ - ＋- ＋ ＋＋＋＋
property of electrolytes having a semipolar bonding group like＋N-alkylaminoalkane imide or sulfoimide are similar to that ofCommon Polyelectrolyte（A）
Anti-polyelectrolyte（B）
nonionic surfactant with respect to micelle formation and toother factors because positive and negative groups in the
Scheme 1
molecule are fixed by a covalent bond.
Charge Screening

Charge Screening

Polymer chain shrinkage†Coating Material Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation

Polymer chain expansion

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
In this work, a N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)amine N-oxide polymer (poly(DMANO)), which
is classified as an amine N-oxide type semipolar resin, was prepared and its solution property as a polyzwitterion wasinvestigated on the base of the viscosity behavior in aqueous solutions, pH dependence, and the change in viscosity
behavior by the addition of inorganic salt. And, we prepared three series terpolymers composed of 1)
N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxehyl)amine N-oxide, methyl methacrylate (MMA) and IBMA (DMANO-series),
asnovel
semi-polar
resinsbelonging
to
amine
oxide
type,
2)
N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxy)ethylammonioacetate, MMA and IBMA (DMEAA-series), and 3)
N-(ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium ethylsulfonate, MMA and IBMA (EDMES-series),
and we investigated the surface properties and mechanical properties of their anti-polyelectrolyte films.
2. Experimental and results
2.1. Synthesis and Solution Properties of Poly(methacrylate)s with Semipolar Structure on the Side Chain
Three charged polymers, poly(DMANO), poly(EDMES) and poly(DMEAA), were prepared by the reaction ofpoly(DMMA) with hydrogen peroxide, chloroacetic acid and diethyl sulfate, respectively. The solution properties
were investigated on the basis of viscosity behaviors. The solution viscosity behavior of the poly(EDMES) proved
to be that of a common polyelectrolyte and the behaviors of the other two polymers to be those ofanti-polyelectrolytes. It was found that the poly(DMANO) is a unique charged polymer that is different from thepoly(DMEAA) with respect to the viscosity in aqueous solutions, because it behaves differently with a change in pH.
i.e., it behaves like a cationic polyelectrolyte under acidic condition and like a polyzwitterions (anti-electrolyte) as a
N-oxide polymer under neutral to alkaline conditions.
2.2. Terpolymer films having semipolar structure: Preparation, Wettability, and Mechanical Property
A terpolymer, obtained by the terpolymerization of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMMA),
methyl methacrylate(MMA)and isobutyl methacrylate(IBMA), was allowed to react with hydrogen peroxide,
chloroacetic acid and diethyl sulfate to form corresponding modified terpolymers, 1) N,N-dimethyl-N(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)amine
N-oxide,
MMA
and
IBMA
(DMANO-series),
2)
N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methacryloyloxy)ethylammonioacetate, MMA and IBMA (DMEAA-series), and 3)
N-(ethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N- (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium ethyl sulfonate, MMA and IBMA (EDMES-series),
respectively. Using 13C-NMR analysis, terpolymer composition was confirmed to have the same composition formonomers (starting materials) reacted. Based on the observation of the surface free energies of the terpolymers,
which were obtained from the data of watercontact angle and methylene iodide on the
(
) (
) (
)z
films, it was found that the upper surface ofthe films for the DMANO- andDMEAA-series are more hydrophobic thanthat for the EDMES-series.
The
(
) (
) (
)z
(
) (
) (
)z
comparison of mechanical properties bymeasuring stress-strain test between two
specimen clarified that DMANO-series was
(
) (
) (
)z
a unique polymer having larger elongation tobreak (smaller Young’s modulus) thanDMEAA-series due to the existence of
Scheme2hydrated water in DMANO-series.
X

Y

O

O

O

O

N

CH3

DMMA

MMA

O

CH3

O

CH3

IBMA

Y

O

O

O

N

O

CH3

Y

O

O

O

O

1) ClCH2COOH
2) IER

CH3

CH3

O

N+

O

CH3
COO -

CH3

DMMA/MMA/IBMA Copolymer

O

CH3

DMANO-series

X

X

O

O

O

CH3

N+
O-

H2O2

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

DMEAA-series（C2H5）2SO4

X

Y

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3

N+

C2H5SO4-EDMES-series

Auther’s Publications[1] Hiwatashi, T. ; Hayama, K.; Sawada, Y.; Itoh, T. J. Polym. Sci.: Part A: Polym. Chem. 2005, 43, 129.
[2] Hiwatashi, T. ; Hayama, K.; Sawada, Y.; Itoh, T. J. Applied Polym. Sci , in press.

CH3

CH3

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Abstracts of Doctor’s Thesis

Study on the Sol-gel preparation, properties and structure of titanophosphateglasses with high titanium dioxide contents
Anjiang Tang*
Keywords: Glasses; Sol-gel chemistry; Optical properties; Coordination number; 6-fold coordination
1. Introduction
Based on nonlinear optical effects of materials, e.g., changes in the refractive index and/or
absorption coefficient caused by an intense optical beam (laser-beam), photonic or optical devices aredesigned to switch and process light signals without converting them to the electronic form. For
applications such as the optical switching by using laser light, the third order nonlinear susceptibility
χ(3) is needed to be of the order of larger than 10-8~10-9 esu. In addition, based on the semi-empiricalrules which predict the χ(3) as a function of the refractive index and/or the optical band gap, thetitanium oxide (TiO2) is a promising nonlinear optical material due to its large refractive index (>2.5).
The glass is one of attractive and useful materials in the field of optical applications. Glasses
containing a large amount of titania are expected to have high refractive index and considered to bepromising nonlinear optical materials. However, the solubility of titania in silica is not high enough toattain the refractive index as high as 2.0. We know that only P2O5 can dissolve titania up to about 70
mol%. Unfortunately, up to now, the maximum TiO2 content which allows glass formation by
melt-quenching method is 74 mol%. This thesis presents the results of study on the sol-gel preparation,
fundamental optical properties and structure of TiO2-P2O5 glasses with higher TiO2 content.
2. Research Methods
This method uses themetal alkoxide as raw material,
alcohols as solvents, acids as
the catalyst (seen fig.1). The
sol-gel chemistry consists ofhydrolysis and condensation
reactions to form gel, thenheat-treating the gel to prepare
the glass, or by dip-coating to

P O (O C 2 H 5 )3

T IP

1h

N ,N - d im e t h y lf o r m a m id e

2 - M e th o x y e t h a n o l1hs t ir r i n g

2 - M e th o x y e t h a n o l
H 2O
H C l
so l

r o o m te m p e r a t u r e
24h
w et ge l
6 0 º C fo r 3 w e e k s , a n d 8 0 º C
w e e k s fo r d r y i n g

fo r 2d r ie d g e lprepare the glass film.
3. Results and Discussion

Fig. 1. Folw chart for preparation of the TiO2-P2O5 bulk gels.

These bulk glasses are highly transparent and colorless as shown in fig.2. Densities, refractive

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

indices and other of these bulk glasses are listed in Table 1, which was higher than that of thecorresponding melt-derived glass. The coordination number of Ti4+ ions was evaluated to be almost 6
in the sol-gel glasses, while 4-5 in the melt-glass, from X-ray atomic distribution function analysis andIR, Raman spectroscopy.

Fig. 2. Photographs of the sol-gel bulk glasses.
Table 1. Compositions (mol%) and some properties of xTiO2·(100-x)P2O5 bulk glasses prepared by
the sol-gel method.
BatchedNo.

TiO2 P2O5

Analysed
TiO2

mol%

Tｇ

Tｐ

P 2O 5mol%ρρ(measured)(calculated)°C°C

g·cm-3g·cm-3n632.8

1

70

30

73

28

622

779

3.26

3.26

2.099

2

80

20

78

19

631

804

3.39

3.42

2.121

3

90

10

86

13

650

828

3.20

3.63

2.204

4

95

5

93

10

670

868

3.13

3.75

2.264

4. Conclusions(1) Ti3+-free, transparent and colorless monolithic bulk-shaped TiO2-P2O5 glasses containing very large
amount of TiO2 (up to 95 mol%) were successfully prepared by sol-gel method.
(2) Glasses of TiO2 content of larger than 80 mol% possessed very high refractive index as 2.1-2.3.
(3) It was found that 6-fold coordinated Ti4+ ions were abundant in the sol-gel-derived glasses. Larger
density and higher refractive index of the sol-gel-derived glasses were ascribed to more abundance of
6-fold coordinated Ti4+ ions.
(4) Glass coating films of xTiO2·(100-x)P2O5 (x = 70 and 80 mol%) compositions of high refractive
index were also prepared by the sol-gel method.
Author’ publications[1] A. Tang, T. Hashimoto, H. Nasu and K. Kamiya, “Sol-gel preparation and properties of TiO2-P2O5
bulk glasses”, Mat. Res. Bull., 40 (1) (2005) 55-56.
[2] A. Tang, T. Hashimoto, T. Nishida, H. Nasu and K. Kamiya, “Structure study of binarytitanophosphate glasses prepared by sol-gel and melting methods”, J. Ceram. Soc. Japan, 112 (9)(2004) 467-472.
[3] A. Tang, T. Hashimoto, H. Nasu and K. Kamiya, “Structure study of TiO2-P2O5 glasses prepared bysol-gel method”, Proceedings of 20th International Congress on Glass, Kyoto, 2004, CDROM(O-10-021), pp.1-6.
[4] A. Tang, “Sol-gel preparation and properties of TiO2-P2O5 glass films”, to be published.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Life Cycle Analysis and Assessment of Vending Machines,
and their Eco-Improvement
Yukio Kimura( Division of Systems Engineering )Keywords: Vending Machine, LCA, LCA-NETS, LCC, ECP, reuse
Objective:
Vending machines are required to support solutions to various environmental-related problems
and to comply with applicable legal statutes and regulations. Meanwhile, industrial andengineering considerations have led to requests for the establishment of “ECP design tools” thatwill enable innovative environmental technology. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an engineering
method for quantitatively measuring and assessing the impact that an industrial product imposeson the global environment during that product’s lifecycle. LCA is a powerful method for finding
solutions to the abovementioned problems. This paper describes the environmental technology
processes and eco-improvements (ecological and economical improvements) achieved through thesuccessful application of LCA to vending machines.
Contents:
Chapter 1: The history of LCA and the process for establishing relevant ISO and JIS standards
are described. Activities in Japan by the LCA Japan Forum and throughout the world by the
Global Alliance for Life Cycle Assessment Centers (GALAC) toward practical application of LCA
are discussed. Additionally, trends in life cycle costing (LCC)—a cost oriented assessment—and in
CO2 emissions trading according to the Kyoto Protocol are discussed.
Additionally, environmental technology-related problems in order to achieve greater use of ECPs are
identified through the situation that vending machine use becomes widespread, and the importance of
LCA-based designs to resolve those problems by reducing the impact on the environment and the value andsignificance of our research are described.
Chapter 2: Because the causal relationships concerning environmental impacts are often
ambiguous, assessments from only one viewpoint are meaningless. Particularly in the case ofindustrial products that are distributed widely throughout the world, it is generally necessary to
introduce an integrated methodology that employs universal and objective measures. The
integrated LCA scheme “LCA-NETS,” developed independently at the authors’ research laboratory,
and its theory (L-R Tolerant Balance Theory) are described.
Chapter 3: A vending machine model that typically sells 20 types of canned beverages was
selected, dismantled, and the mass of each category of materials was measured and then input asan ID into the analysis software MieLCA in order to analyze and assess that vending machine.
The results revealed a large environmental impact on global warming and fossil fuel depletion due
to CO2 emission associated with the consumption of power at the operating stage over the courseof a 5-year service life. This suggests that energy savings measures are important for vending
machines. Moreover, the materials procurement stage also exhibited a large impact on theenvironment arising from the depletion of natural resources, and this demonstrated theimportance of reducing the quantity of, and reusing and recycling of the materials used. In
reviewing the history of development and model changes from 1993 through 2000, it can be seenthat a dramatic 41% reduction in total environmental impact had been achieved by 2000. This
result reflects the successful adoption of LCA-based eco-improvement measures to conserve energy
at the operating state and to reduce the quantities of materials used at the procurement stage.
Chapter 4: After examining the potential for realizing eco-improvement, we returned to thebeneficial concept of reusable parts. Specifically, the reduction in environmental impact achieved
through reuse of the main 4 blocks (that previously had been replaced every 5 years) was analyzed
and assessed. The results revealed that, if used for 10 years, the total environmental impact could

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
be reduced by 24%. Particularly, the impact due to the problems of natural resource depletion andwaste materials could be reduced by 25% and 31%, respectively. However, in order to achieve
actual reuse that is significant in terms of both LCA and LCC, the product design stage must be
considered, and the ease of installation/removal and the quality control (parts manifest) of thereusable parts are important factors. Additionally, as a part of the lease management of vending
machines, the necessity for establishing an ECP control system that covers the entire life cycle
until final disposal is also supported by the findings of the LCA-based assessment.
Chapter 5: This chapter presents the conclusions of the paper. A summary of each of theabovementioned chapters is provided, and in consideration of the environmental elemental
technologies that were successful in reducing the environmental impact of vending machines,
technical measures for furthering the use of ECP industrial products are proposed.
Materials composing a vending machine.

Loading door

Main door

Material
Iron
CopperAluminum
Zinc
Plastics
RubberOther(paper, etc.)
Oil for refrigeratingmachineCFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HFC-407C（for refrigerant）
HCFC-141b（for insulation）
Total

Rack

Inner door

Structure of a typical can vending machine.

Material Extraction
Manufacturing
Usage

4.7

2.2

3.0

3.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.7
0.3
-

0.3

0.2

-

-

-

-

0.2

-

0.9

0.9

0.9

320.7

257.0

235.3

227.9

'00 yearmachine'00 machine'99 machine'98 machine'93 machineTransportation

Weight [kg / unit]'93 machine '98 machine '99 machine '00 machine
279.0
223.8
198.6
191.3
8.9
7.6
7.3
7.3
2.7
2.3
1.3
1.3
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
23.2
18.8
22.8
22.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2

Material procurement
T ransportation
Manufacturing
Usage
Waste disposal
Recyling'99 yearmachine'98 yearmachineWaste Processing
Land-filled'93 yearmachineTotal
0.00E+00 5.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.50E+04 2.00E+04
CO2 emission [kg/unit-5years]-5.00E+01

0.00E+00

5.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.50E+02

Eco-load [ NET S / unit ]CO2 emission from machines (5 years).
Integrated environmental impacts by can vending
machines at each life cycle stage.
Use of’10 machine

10 yearsusage

15 yearsusage

1.6E+02
1.2E+02

Production of’05 machine

8.0E+01

Use of’00 machine

Waste Processing
Air Pollutio n

Use of’05 m achine

Water Pollutio n
Rain Acidification
Ozon layer Depletion
Natural Resources Depletio n

Waste disposal of’00 machine

4.0E+01

Production of’00 machine

Fossil Fuel Depletio n

N on-reuse model

Global Warming

Reuse model
without reuse’0 0 machin e (base),510
15’0 5 and ’10 machines without reuse
Time [Year]’00 machine (base),’00 machine (base),’00 machin e (base), ’05 and ’10 machines with reuse’05 machine with reuse ’05 machin e without reuse),n e with reus e0e)without reuse

0.0E+00

b ase )
n e wit h reuse

Environmental load [NETS]

2.0E+02

Remarkable reduction of integrated environmental load with the aid of 4 blocks reuse.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Study on Improvement Mechanism of Quality of Vacuum Processed
Concrete Based on Consolidation Theory
Hiroki Hattori*(Department of Architecture, Division of Systems Engineering)
Keywords: Vacuum processing method, Consolidation theory, Pore water pressure distribution,
Ingredient analysis, Density distribution, Strength distribution

1. Contents of thesis
This thesis is composed of Chapters 1 to 7. Table 1 shows contents of this thesis.
Table 1 Contents of thesis
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of this study
1.2 Purpose of this study
1.3 Composition of this thesis
2. Study in the past
2.1 Outline
2.2 Study on quality improvement of vacuum
processing method
2.3 Study on compaction mechanism
2.4 Summary
3. Application of consolidation theory to fresh
mortar
3.1 Outline
3.2 Analytical model by consolidation theory
3.3 Experiment in mortar dewatered by pressure
3.4 Summary
4. Examination on density distribution in mortar andconcrete
4.1 Outline
4.2 Experiment on density distribution in mortar
4.3 Experiment on density distribution in concrete

4.4 Summary
5. Examination on pore water pressure distribution
in mortar and concrete
5.1 Outline
5.2 Verification of propriety of pore waterpressure measuring system
5.3 Experiment on pore water pressure in mortar
and concrete
5.4 Summary
6. Prediction flow of strength distribution in mortar
and concrete
6.1 Outline
6.2 Consideration on application of consolidation
theory6.3 Experiment on distribution of ingredients
6.4 Application of density distribution andstrength distribution
6.5 Summary
7. Conclusions and future studies
7.1 Conclusions
7.2 Future studies

2. Abstract
The strength and hardness of concrete slab surface is considered significantly affected by bleeding of concrete. It has beenreported that dewatering by vacuum processing is quite effective to make concrete high density and high strength. The method,
however, has not been successfully used for the concrete works in the field of building construction, compared with that of civilengineering works in Japan.
In the earlier report, the authors have already pointed out that there is a strong relationship between the strength distribution
and density distribution in the vacuum processed concrete, both gradually decreasing from the top surface to about 15 cm depthof concrete. Main purpose of the present study is to discuss the mechanism of the occurrence of such distribution of strengthand density, based on consolidation theory. In the experiment, pore water pressure distribution in concrete has been measured* Tokyu Construction Co., LTD.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
Upper layer

Pore water pressure

Processed ends
Time transition

Upper
layer

Lower layer

Divide into layers
Start（Time: t = 0）

depthn-th layer

Vacuum leveln-th layer

Lower
layer

(b) Pore water pressure
distribution

Time t = t + ∆ t

Pore water pressure distribution

Final amountof compression

using the original measuring system. As a result, it has
been confirmed that the consolidation theory is quite
effective to explain the internal properties of vacuum
processed concrete as well as those of press-dewateredconcrete. Also, this thesis reports the results of theinvestigation on the distribution of ingredients in bothmortar and concrete. Further, a prediction method forthe strength improvement of concrete by vacuum
processing is discussed. Figure 1 shows prediction flowof the density distribution and strength distribution.

Amount ofcompression

3. Papers list
(Constant regardless of t. )n-th layer(1) Papers in reviewed journals
Pore water pressure (Logarithm)
1) H. Hattori, S. Hatanaka, N. Mishima and H. Wato:
Calculation of amount of(c) Relation between final
dehydration of each layer
amount of compression
Fundamental Study on Compaction Mechanism ofand pore water pressure
Mortar Based on the Consolidation Theory,
Calculation
Proceedings of JCI, Vol.25, No.1, pp.881-886,
Time (Logarithm)
of C/Wt
2003.7.
Calculation of2) H. Hattori, S. Hatanaka, E. Sakamoto and N.
amount of air
Mishima: Fundamental Study on Compaction
n-th layer
Density
Strength
Mechanism Based on the Consolidation Theory,
distribution
distribution(d) Relation between amount
Proceedings of JCI, Vol.26, No.1, pp.1227-1232,
of compression and time
2004.7.
in n-th layer(a) Prediction flow3) H. Hattori, E. Sakamoto, N. Mishima and S.
Figure1 Prediction flow of density distribution and
Hatanaka: Experimental Study on Compaction
strength distribution
Mechanism of Vacuum Processing Method Basedon the Consolidation Theory, Proceeding of JCI Symposium on Quality Improvement of Concrete by Drainage andDewatering, pp.299-306, 2004.9.
4) H. Hattori, S. Hatanaka, N. Mishima and E. Sakamoto: Fundamental Study on Compaction Mechanism of Vacuum
Processing Method Based on the Consolidation Theory, Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, AIJ, No.585,
pp.7-13, 2004.11.
5) S. Hatanaka, H. Hattori, E. Sakamoto and N. Mishima: Study on Mechanism of Strength Distribution in Vacuum
Processed Concrete Based on the Consolidation Theory, Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, AIJ, (in press)(2) Oral announcement papers
1) H. Hattori, N. Mishima, H. Wato and S. Hatanaka: Study on Compaction Mechanism of Vacuum Processing Method
Based on the Consolidation Theory, Research reports of Tokai branch, AIJ, No.40, pp.17-20, 2002.2.
2) H. Hattori, N. Mishima, H. Wato and S. Hatanaka: Experimental Study on Compaction Mechanism of Mortar Based on
the Consolidation Theory, Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, AIJ, A-1, pp.471-472, 2002.8.
3) H. Hattori, N. Mishima, H. Wato and S. Hatanaka: Prediction of Density Distribution in Mortar Dewatered by Pressure
Based on the Consolidation Theory, Research reports of Tokai branch, AIJ, No.41, pp.25-28, 2003.2.
4) H. Hattori, E. Sakamoto, N. Mishima and S. Hatanaka: Experimental Study on Compaction Mechanism Based on theConsolidation Theory, Research reports of Tokai branch, AIJ, No.42, pp.129-132, 2004.2.
5) H. Hattori, N. Mishima, H. Wato and S. Hatanaka: Experimental Study on Pore Water Pressure Distribution in Mortar andConcrete during Vacuum Processing (Part1. Outline of Experiment), Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting,
AIJ, A-1, pp.245-246, 2004.8.
6) H. Hattori, N. Mishima, H. Wato and S. Hatanaka: Experimental Study on Pore Water Pressure Distribution in Mortar andConcrete during Vacuum Processing (Part2. Experimental Results and Discussion), Summaries of Technical Papers ofAnnual Meeting, AIJ, A-1, pp.247-248, 2004.8.
7) H. Hattori, E. Sakamoto, N. Mishima and S. Hatanaka: Fundamental Study on Mechanism of Strength Distribution in
Vacuum Processed Concrete (Part 1. Purpose and Outline of Experiment), Research reports of Tokai branch, AIJ, No.43,
pp.85-88, 2005.2.
8) E. Sakamoto, H. Hattori, N. Mishima and S. Hatanaka: Fundamental Study on Mechanism of Strength Distribution in
Vacuum Processed Concrete (Part 2. Experimental Results and Discussion), Research reports of Tokai branch, AIJ, No.43,
pp.89-92, 2005.2.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Study of e-Learning System to Encourage
Spontaneous Learning from Mistakes
TABATA Shinobu(Educational Technology, Division of Systems Engineering)
Keywords: e-Learning, review of incorrect answer, confidence in answer

1.The purpose
The purpose of practice is to provide feedback to learners in order to improve their comprehension. To
improve the comprehension, the learners should review the questions that they could not make correct answers
according to teachers' advice. However, only a few learners conduct reviews on their own initiative. I propose apractice system of e-Learning in order to promote learners’ incorrect answers.
2.IdeaLearners want to find how to solve the questions and they revise their answers, if they have confidence intheir answers but it is incorrect. Meanwhile, if they do not have confidence and their answers are incorrect, theytend to accept it as a matter of course and they do not review the answers. In the traditional practice systems,
learners are forced to answer to questions whether they have confidence or not, and they sometimes answer
without confidence.
I propose a practice system of e-Learning based on the idea that learners should not be forced to makeany answers without confidence. Using the system, it is expected that learners revise their incorrect answers.
3. Proposed system
The practice system of e-Learning has four components –calculation question’s component (Fig.1),
multiple-choice question’s component (Fig.2), discription question’s component (Fig.3), problem-posing
component (Fig.4,5). Calcuation question’s component displays part of answer stepwise according to students
requests. Multiple-choice question’s component displays explanations of each alternative if students cannot
answer with confidence. Discription question’s component displays keywords and explanations. Prpblem-posing
component added the following two phases to the traditional one. (1) Students describe the explanation of theFig.1 Calculation question’s component

Fig.2 Multiple-choice question’s component

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
solving methods when they create problems. (2) Students check over the created problems and explanations toeach other. These two phases make the students confirm the solving methods of the problems and improve theirunderstanding.

Fig.3 Description question’s component

Fig.4 Problem-posing component(Create explanation)

Fig.5 Problem-posing component(Check over the explanations to each other)

4.Experimental Use and Results
I experimentally used the system in math classes, history classes and science calsses of junior high school
and cramming school. The results of the experiment show the effectiveness of the system.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Statistical Approaches to Detecting Article Errors in the
Writing of Japanese Learners of English
Ryo Nagata(Artificial Intelligence, Division of Systems Engineering)
Keywords: Article, Learners of English, Corpus, Mass Count Distinction, Error detection

One of the big problems Japanese learners of English have in English writing is theusage of the articles. It is difficult for them to use the articles properly, perhaps because
the Japanese language does not have an article system similar to that of English.
Consequently they often make article errors in English writing (e.g., an information).
Correlated with this is the usage of mass and count nouns. The Japanese language also
has no or little conception of mass and count nouns. Because of the reason, mass nouns
are often used improperly as count nouns in the writing of Japanese learners of English
and vice versa (e.g., informations).
In view of this fact, this thesis describes several novel approaches to detecting errors
concerning the articles and the mass/count usage. All approaches are based on statistics
derived from a set of texts called corpus. They also exploit linguistic knowledge.
Before taking any approach to detecting article errors, it is important to know what
type of errors appears in what proportion in the writing of Japanese learners of English.
Chapter 2 describes taxonomy of the errors. For example, this chapter shows that amajority of the errors are missing articles in it, which suggests that algorithms for
detecting the errors should be designed focusing on missing articles.
Taking the taxonomy into consideration, Chapter 3 introduces a simple statisticalmodel for detecting the errors. The model exploits uneven distribution of the usages of
the articles and singular/plural. For example, the noun ``information’’ is rarely modified
by the indefinite article nor is in plural form, which suggests ``an information’’ and``informations’’ might be errors on the assumption that they do not know the rare usage
and therefore mistakenly use it. Statistics derived from a corpus indicate which case israre and how rare it is. For instance, ``information’’ appears 701 times in the EDR
corpus, and of those 13 (2%) and 0 (0%) are ``an information’’ and ``informations’’,
respectively. This idea is formalized by conditional probabilities. Conditional
probabilities that nouns are modified by the articles and are in singular/plural form are
estimated based on statistics derived from a corpus. The conditional probabilities areused for generating rules for detecting the errors. Experiments show that performanceof the model on essays written by Japanese learners of English is fairly well: Recall =0.58, Precision = 0.76. It also turns out that the simple statistical model works well onsome nouns and not on others. Possible reasons are discussed in the end.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Chapter 4 describes a more sophisticated model. In this model, statistics are
combined with syntactic information. Linguists have shown that syntax has influenceon the usage of the articles. For example, prepositional phrases have influence on theusage of the articles that modifies nouns in them (e.g., ``on the contrary’’). So do verbs(e.g., ``take care’’). In order to combine statistics with syntactic information, conditional
probabilities are estimated looking at the three head words − the VP (Verb Phrase)head, the preposition, and the NP (Noun Phrase head) − instead of looking at just the
NP head, which is adopted in the simple statistical model. Unfortunately, it requires avery large corpus to estimate conditional probabilities simply looking at the three headwords. To abate the problem, this chapter also describes a method for estimating theconditional probabilities with a small corpus. Experiments show that the performanceof the sophisticated model is Recall = 0.64 and Precision = 0.77, an improvement of 0.06
in Recall and 0.01 in Precision over the simple statistical model.
Chapter 5 describes a method for distinguishing mass and count nouns in context as
an alternative approach. Many types of the errors can be easily detected given whether
a noun in context is mass or count. For example, given that the ``chicken’’ in ``I havechicken.’’ is count, an error can be detected because a singular noun without any article
is an error. Unlike the previous two, this approach works on nouns whose distribution of
the usages of the articles and singular/plural is not uneven. In this approach, mass andcount nouns are distinguished via contextual information. Here, contextual informationrefers to words surrounding the target noun in question. The surrounding words aregood indicators of the target noun being mass or count. For example, the ``ate’’ in ``Sheate chicken.’’ is a good indicator of ``chicken’’ being mass because ``chicken’’ in the senseof food is a mass noun. To exploit contextual information, words surrounding the target
noun are corrected from a corpus using NLP (Natural Language Processing) tools andweighted based on their frequencies in the corpus. The weighted words are used for
distinguishing mass and count nouns in novel context. Experiments show that themethod correctly distinguishes mass and count nouns 83.9% of the time and that it isapplicable to detecting the errors.
Chapter 6 presents closing discussions. As shown in the previous chapters, statistical
approaches are effective to detecting the errors. Although the models are rather simple,
they work as well as rules made manually or even better. In addition to its effectiveness,practicality is one of the distinctive features of the approaches. Statistics can be derived
from a corpus using NLP tools and rules are automatically generated from the statistics.
In other words, once a corpus is given and algorithms presented in this thesis are
implemented, it takes no human intervention to generate rules and detect the errors.
This is a big advantage of the approaches considering that it is costly andtime-consuming to make rules manually. Other distinctive features are also described inthis chapter.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

3-D FEM Progressive Failure Analysis on Compressive Concrete
Members with Strength Variation Due to Bleeding
Yukio YOSHIDA*(Division of System Engineering)
Keywords: Confined Concrete, Bleeding, Strength Variation, 3-D FEM analysis, DIANA

1. Contents of thesis
This thesis is composed of Chapters 1 to 6. Table 1 shows contents of the thesis.
Table 1 Contents of thesis
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of this study
1.2 Purpose of this study
1.3 Significance of this study
1.4 Composition of this study
2. Study in the past
2.1 Outline
2.2 Compressive state of confined concrete
2.3 Strength and failure state due to bleeding
2.4 Concrete constitutive models of past study
2.5 Summary
3. Verification analysis by single concrete element
subjected to several kinds of loading
3.1 Outline
3.2 Drucker-Prager constitutive model
3.3 Tensile failure criteria
3.4 Uniaxial compression subjected to uniformly lateralpressure
3.5 Uniaxial tension
3.6 Shear
3.7 Bending
3.8 Loading rotated principle axis
3.9 Summary

4. Uniaxial compression FEM analysis of circular concrete
specimen
4.1 Outline
4.2 Uniaxial compression FEM analysis of circular concretewith non-bleeding layers
4.3 Uniaxial compression FEM analysis of circular concretewith bleeding layers
4.4 Summary
5. Uniaxial compression FEM analysis of circular confinedconcrete specimen
5.1 Outline
5.2 Uniaxial compression FEM analysis of circularconfined concrete with non-bleeding layers
5.3 Uniaxial compression FEM analysis of circularconfined concrete with bleeding layers
5.4 Summary
6. Conclusion
Appendix

2. Abstract of papers
2.1 Compressive failure of circular confined concrete considering effect of interface element (Ref. 1), 3))
Two series of FEM analyses have been carried out. Firstly, the optimum values of internal friction angle φand dilatancy angle ψ, used in the Drucker-Prager type of plasticity model with the strain softening effect, have been
discussed for a single concrete element subjected to uniformly distributed lateral pressure. As a result, following values
have been obtained, internal friction angle φ: 53 degrees, dilatancy angle ψ: e.g. 40 degrees for uniform lateral pressure of
1 MPa, and 30 degrees for 2 MPa. Secondly, simulation analyses have been carried out for the compressive behavior of
circular concrete specimens confined by steel tubes or reinforcing bars, introducing interface element. As a result, it has
been pointed out that the distribution of equivalent confining pressure σc along the longitudinal direction of a specimen andthe progress of the degree of damage β in horizontal sections differ by element types applied to the confining steel andinterface elements.
2.2 Compressive failure of circular confined concrete with Drucker-Prager model (Ref. 2), 5))Main purpose of this study is to discuss the effect of parameters (e.g. internal friction angle φ and dilatancy* Ai TECNICA Co.,Ltd.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
angle ψ) of the constitutive law of Drucker–Prager type on the result of simulation analysis of confined concrete undercompression. Two series of 3-D FEM analyses have been carried out. Firstly, the optimum values of the internal friction
angle φ and dilatancy angle ψ, used in the Drucker-Prager type plasticity model with the strain softening effect, have been
discussed for a set of compressive strength data of concrete specimens with different shapes. As a result, reasonable value
as the internal friction angle φ has been found to be approximately 30 degrees for a condition of rather high equivalentlateral pressure σc. Secondly, simulation analyses have been carried out for the compressive behavior of circular concrete
specimens confined by steel tubes or reinforcing bars, introducing interface element and different values of the internal
friction angle φ. As a result, it has been pointed out that the distribution of equivalent confining pressure σc along thelongitudinal direction of a specimen (see Figure 1) and the progress of the degree of damage β in horizontal sections differ
to a large extent by the value of internal friction angle φ applied.
2.3 Compressive failure of circular concrete with strength variation due to bleeding (Ref. 4))
Purpose of this study is to discuss the compressive failure state and the effectiveness of internal friction angle
used in the Drucker-Prager model, based on the uniaxial compression 3-D FEM analysis of plain concrete with the strengthvariation due to bleeding. As a result of analyses which introduced the different values of internal friction angle φ (30and 53 degrees), it has been pointed out that 1) the failure zone Lp along the longitudinal direction of specimen shows
tendency of proportional reduction with the increase in the size of a specimen, and 2) the distribution of equivalent strain
inside a specimen obtained from the analysis with internal friction angle φ= 53 degrees can represent the ordinary failure
pattern (see Figure 2).

Height (mm)3. Papers list
1) Y. YOSHIDA, E. MIZUNO and S. HATANAKA : FEM Analysis on Compressive Failure of Circular Confined Concrete Considering
Effect of Interface Element, Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering, AIJ, No.563, pp.169-176, 2003.1 (in Japanese)
2) Y. YOSHIDA, S. HATANAKA and E.
Object
解析対象
MIZUNO : Compressive Failure 3-D FEM
ε= 0.08%
ε= 0.08%
Y
Analysis of Cylindrical Confined Concrete
εp= 0.44%
εp= 0.28%
with the Drucker-Prager Model, Journal of
ε= 1.00%
ε= 1.00%
ε= 2.00%
ε= 2.00%
Structural and Construction Engineering,
50
50
Reinforced
Reinforced D
AIJ, No.587, pp.155-162, 2005.1 (in
帯筋位置
帯筋位置
bar
bar
40
40
X
Japanese)Z30303) Y. YOSHIDA, E. MIZUNO and S.
表示
HATANAKA : FEM Analysis on Stress and2020
断面 D = 100 mm
Damage States inside Confined Concrete
Y

10

10

Specimen
Cylinders, Proceedings of JCI, Vol.24, No.2,
00pp.97-102, 2002.6 (in Japanese)-1 0 1 2 3 4-1 0 1 2 3 44) Y. YOSHIDA, S. HATANAKA and E.
Xσc / σLY
σc / σLYZ
B-2
MIZUNO: Size Effect FEM Analysis of(a) Friction angle = 53° (b) Friction angle = 30°
Plain Concrete Cylinders with Bleeding Figure 1 Distribution of equivalent lateral pressure σ ( r = 49 mm,c
Layers, Proceedings of JCI, Vol.25, No.2,
Reinforced bar : beam element, σLY =1.67 MPa)
pp.55-60, 2003.7 (in Japanese)5) Y. YOSHIDA, S. HATANAKA and E.
Equivalent
MIZUNO: Uniaxial Compression 3-D FEM
0.005
0.00
strainAnalysisof
Cylindrical
Concrete
Object
解析対象
Specimens with Different Shape Ratios,
0.00
0.007
Y
Proceedings of JCI, Vol.26, No.2, pp.19-24,
2004.7 (in Japanese)
0.01
0.03
H

X
Z
D

Specimen( H=200, D100 mm)

Meshingεp = 0.32%
ε= 0.44%
Figure 2 Distribution and progression of equivalent strain along height ofcolumn（φ= 53 deg.）Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Mechanical Behavior of un-embedded Column Bases in Steel,
CFT and SRC Structures
Haruyoshi Kadoya(Building Structural System, Division of Systems Engineering)
Keywords: un-embedded column base, CFT, SRC, ultimate strength, rotational rigidity,
elastic-plastic behavior
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
A survey report for damaged steel structures due to the great earthquake in the southern part of the Hyogo
prefecture in 1995”, made by the Society of Architecture in Japan, presents many cases of damaged
un-embedded type column bases in steel structures including details of the damage on base plates, anchor bolts
and foundation-concrete blocks that are components of un-embedded type column bases. The report states thatthose column bases must have been seriously damaged under action of extraordinary large axial forces in tension
as well as in compression generated during the earthquake motion. This study aims to clarify the stress transfer
mechanism on the un-embedded type column base, particularly when it undergoes large axial forces in tension,and proposes practical solutions to enhance the earthquake-resisting performance of the column base as to becapable for avoiding the rupture mode which leads to collapse of building structures as a whole.
1.2 Review to research works ever made in this concern
Research works ever made to evaluate the bearing strength of bare type steel column bases, CFT columnbases, SRC column bases, and other concrete supports are reviewed as many as available and sorted out
accordingly. However, it must be mentioned that very few of these studies addressed the load bearing mechanism
and the reinforcing method for the column bases, particularly in case of the fixed type column bases under actionof axial tensile forces.
2. Study on mechanical behavior of un-embedded and fixed type steel column base undergoing bending
moments
Focusing attention to the out-of-plane bending deformation of the base plate and the behavior of thefoundation concrete block undergoing compressive loads via the bottom surface of the base plate, the rigidity
and ultimate resistance force of the column base are studied. For the above-mentioned study, experiments arecarried out on the captioned column base. Applied experimental factor is the ratio of the resistance forces
between the anchor bolts and the base plate. The results are compared with the structural behaviors of thecolumn base obtained from FEM analysis. Various behaviors such as out-of-plane bending deformation of thebase plate, elongation in the anchor bolts, and the foundation concrete block undergoing compressive loads via
the bottom surface of the base plate are examined in detail. Consequently, the stress transfer mechanism in thecolumn base can be made clear. Based on these findings, a set of design formula is proposed for evaluatingrotational rigidity, yield strength load, and ultimate resistance force in the elastic region.
3. Study on mechanical behavior of un-embedded and fixed type column base undergoing bending moments
coupled with constant axial forces (in tension/compression)
The structural behaviors of the un-embedded type column base are studied by carrying out a series ofexperiments and FEM analysis with use of full-scale test models of the column base under action of bending
moments coupled with constant axial forces (in tension/compression). Under action of large axial forces intension, elongations in the anchor bolts may cause pulling off the base plate. It is assumed accordingly that theeffective area for the resultant compressive forces underlying the bottom surface of the base plate would
decrease to result rupture in the concrete block. On the other hand, under action of large axial forces incompression, it can be assumed that the resultant compressive forces may cause bearing failure as the rupturemode of the foundation concrete block.
The test scheme is established to carry out for finding the resistance force of the column base using

Okabe Co., Ltd

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
full-scale test models of the column base with identical shapes and dimensions. Applied experimental factor isapplying constant axial forces in tension or in compression. Another test scheme is established to carry out forbearing tests with local loading on the concrete block model to simulate bearing failure of the foundation
concrete block in the column base. Based on these test results, a set of design formula is proposed for evaluating
the resistance force of the column base.
4. Study on mechanical behavior of un-embedded type CFT column base
A new construction method is proposed to enhance the total integrity of all components in the un-embedded
type CFT column base.
(1) An appropriate opening is made in the center of the base plate.
(2) The central reinforcing bars, embedded in the foundation concrete block in advance, are extended upwards
into the steel column passing through the opening in the base plate.
(3) On completion of binding the base plate to the anchor bolts and erection of the column base, the space inside
the steel column is filled with concrete to form a CFT column.
(4) Thus all the components in the CFT column and the foundation concrete block are tightly connected to form
an integrated CFT column base.
The test scheme is established to carry out using full-scale test models of the CFT column of either a squareor circular section steel tube with an RC structure base. Applied experimental factors in this case are (1) with orwithout the central reinforcing bars, (2) assigning different strength of the central reinforcing bars, and (3)applying constant or changing axial forces in tension or in compression. Based on both of the experimental
results and the results from FEM analysis, the stress transfer mechanism and the characteristics of the hysteresis
loops in the column base derived by incorporating the central reinforcing bars are examined. As a consequence, a
set of design formula is proposed for evaluating rotational rigidity, yield strength load, and ultimate resistanceforce.
5. Study on mechanical behavior of un-embedded type SCR column bases
A new construction method is proposed to enhance the total integrity of all components in the un-embedded
type SRC column base.
(1) An appropriate opening is made in the center of the base plate.
(2) The central reinforcing bars, embedded in the foundation concrete in advance, are extended upwards into thesteel column passing through the opening in the base plate.
(3) On completion of binding the base plate to the anchor bolts and erection of the column base, surrounding RC
structure is fabricated to form SRC column.
(4) Thus the SRC column base is formed as a fully integrated structure.
The test scheme is established to carry out using full-scale test models of the SRC column base. The amountof the main reinforcement bars in the surrounding RC fabrication is kept constant for all cases. Appliedexperimental factor in this case is assigning different quantity of the steel material (anchor bolts + central
reinforcing bars) along the axial direction of the column base. The loading scheme is defined as bending
moments coupled with the axial tensile forces applied to the column
base. The design method of the SRC column base fabricated with themethod proposed here, resultant yield strength load, and ultimate
resistance force are examined. As a consequence, a set of design
formula is proposed for evaluating rigidity, yield strength load, andultimate resistance force of the SRC column base.
6. Conclusions
All the findings and consequences derived from this study aresummarized. Finally, some remarks are made about the task ahead
for further improvement to the un-embedded type column base.

fig. Column Base Configuration

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Studies on Surface Fusing, Globular Forming of Fine Solid Particles bya High Temperature Air Jet Flow
Hirokazu Nakamura†(Fluid Engineering, Division of System Engineering)
Keywords : High temperature air jet flow, Flow and heat transfer, Fine solid particles, Gas-solid flow, Surface
fusing, Globular forming
1. Introduction
High temperature air jets are used widely in the various fields of industry, such as heating, drying, powder
treatment and others, but the heat transfer characteristics from high temperature air jet to fine particles have notbeen sufficiently understood yet.
In general, in order to produce powder/ particles of a few micro-meter the jet grinding method is used.
Particle laden jet is made impinged on target plate, and then the particle is pulverized. The shape of grinded fineparticle is not spherical nor uniform. In order to improve the efficiency of the powder, surface fusing or globular
forming is required. Especially, the globular-formed color toner for copy machine will improve transcript
efficiency and picture quality since electrification is uniform, durability and fluidity are improved.
The main purpose of this study is to improve the performance of surface fusing, or globular forming system offine thermoplastic fine particles. First, the velocity and thermal characteristic of high temperature air jet from thearound-nozzle and the new three-concentric-nozzle has been investigated experimentally, and the relation between
the heat transfer from high temperature air jet to fine particles. Next, a globular forming characteristics has been
investigated. The effect of nozzle shape on the performance of globular forming were also examined. As the result,in case of the globular forming performance, it shows that the new globular forming system has higher
performance for toner I: approximately 5.4 times greater energy efficiency compared with the former one.
2. Experiment and Results
Figure 1 shows the former and new globular forming systems, called the around-nozzle (a) and thethree-concentric-nozzle (b), respectively. For the three-concentric-nozzle, in order to create the flow andtemperature fields in which all particles pass through the high temperature region, the raw material is injected by
the sub nozzle which is placed at the center of the main nozzle. The relation between the heat transfer rate to fineparticle and globular forming characteristics isinvestigated experimentally. The flow and heattransfer characteristics is investigated by flow
visualization with a thermograph. The evaluation ofenergy efficiency for globular forming with the newthree-concentric-nozzle is understood by forming
globular for a few materials.
Figure 2 shows the relation between the meanroundness and heat transfer rate to a fine particle of
dp=8.8µm. The mean roundness is improved byincreasing heat transfer rate to fine particle.

Fig.1 Globular forming systems†Nippon Pneumatic MFG. CO., LTD

Fig.2 Roundness and heat transfer rate to fine particle

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses
Figure 3 and 4 show the temperature profiles of high temperature air jet flow for the around-nozzle and thethree-concentric-nozzle, respectively. In Figures 3 and 4, the sketches of fine particle’s flying trajectories in thehigh temperature field are also shown. It is confirmed that the three-concentric- nozzle can introduce most of theparticles to the high temperature region of T >200°C, comparing with the around-nozzle. In case of the globular
forming performance, the energy efficiency ratio of the new globular forming system for toner I (dp50=8.8µm) andII (dp50=7.4µm) are considerably improved to about 5.4, 3.2 times, respectively, comparing with the former one
and the around-nozzle.

Fig.3 Temperature distribution and particle
trajectories of around-nozzle
Fig.4 Temperature distribution and particle
trajectories of three-concentric-nozzle
3. Concluding remarks
A new globular forming system, the three-concentric- nozzle, was proposed, and the globular forming
performance was clarified by heat transfer characteristic to a fine particle, visualization of particle flying trajectoryand others.
i)

The most particle is introduced into the high temperature region of T > 200°C in the case of thethree-concentric-nozzle, comparing with the around-nozzle.
ii) The relations between the heat transfer rate to fine particle Q2 and mean roundness Rp were clarified, and Rp
increases with increaseing Q2. These relations can be expressed by
R p =(-4 .84×10 9 )Q 2 2 +36000Q 2 +0.91
iii) The mean roundness Rp and coupling ∆dp for the three-concentric-nozzle are considerably improved
comparing with that for the around-nozzle in the case of the same feed rate G .
iv) The energy efficiency ratio of the new globular forming system for toner I and II are considerably improved toabout 5.4, 3.2 times, respectively, comparing with the former one and the around-nozzle.
Author’s publications[1] Shakouchi, T., H. Nakamura, A. Kusuda, D. Sakamoto and M. Okumoto, Flow and Heat Characteristics ofHigh Temperature Round Jet, Proc. of JSME, No.033-1, pp.63-64, Mar.,2003[2] Shakouchi, T., Nakamura, H., Morimoto, H., Okumoto, M., Flow and Heat Transfer of High Temperature
Circular Jet and it’ Application, Proc. of JSME, No.03-30, pp.283-284,Nov.,2003[3] Nakamura, H., Shakouchi, T., Kusuda, A., High Temperature Air Jet Flow and Its Application to Globular
Forming of Fine Particles, Trans. of SCEJ, No.6, pp.836-841, Nov.,2003[4] Nakamura, H., Shakouchi, T., A New Surface Fusing, Globular Forming Method of Fine Particle, Trans. of
JSME, 70-699 B, pp.255-262,Nov.,2004[5] Hirokazu Nakamura, Toshihiko Shakouchi, Flow and Heat Control of High Temperature Air jet andApplication to Surface fusing of Fine Particle, Proc. of 5th Internatinal Conference on Multiphase Flow,
CD-ROM, Jun.,2004

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Study on sound insulation of absorptive louver
Toshio Matsumoto †(Information and communication systems, Division of Systems Engineering)
Keywords: Absorptive louver, Insertion loss, Sound reduction index, Road traffic noise, Semi-underground road, Noise barrier

1. Introduction
Absorptive louvers have been developed as facilities for road traffic noise control at semi-underground roads and roadtunnel entrances. So far, a total surface area of about 50,000 m2 of the absorptive louvers has been installed along express
ways. The noise reduction of the absorptive louvers greater than 10 dB has already been obtained for A-weighted road traffic
noise. However several problems have been remained in the determination of effectiveness as a sound insulation of theabsorptive louver. The sound insulation of the absorptive louvers has been examined by full-scale experiments and evaluatedby insertion loss. However, insertion loss is not an intrinsic quantity, and then measurement and evaluation methods are notstandardized. Furthermore, the prediction of the efficiency of the absorptive louvers has been important in the promotion ofurban planning and environmental impact assessment. Structure factors affecting sound insulation of absorptive louver are notinvestigated in detail. It shall be expected that the field of its application expands. Therefore measurement, rating andprediction methods of sound insulation of absorptive louvers are required. On the other hand, highway noise barriers are
required not only to reduce noise, but also to improve a view, taking account of recycling material and reduce costs in recent
years. In order to comply with the request, absorptive louver blades are applied to barriers.
In this study, measurement, rating and prediction methods of sound insulation of absorptive louvers are investigated.
Furthermore, new type highway barriers are developed, which are applied to functions of absorptive louvers.
2. Absorptive louvers
The absorptive louvers have been developed in Japan, in which three functions of noise reduction, lighting andventilation control are combined. The louver was originally designed as lighting control systems for entrances of highway
tunnels. In order to reduce noise, the louver blades are treated with absorptive material. The original louver consists ofpanels bent at angle of 120 degrees, and the panels are called louver blades. Each blade is made of glass wool with a thicknessof 100 mm, a thin film of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) for waterproofing and a stainless steel box with perforated facings. The
thickness of the blade is 105 mm and the width is 580 mm. The louver blades are arranged within a frame, with the blades
equally spaced apart, so that the direct incidence of sunlight into the roadway may be avoided. Figure 1 shows an example
and a cross sectional view of an absorptive louver.
absorptive material(G.W. 100 mm
with PVF film)
stainless steel withperforated facings120ﾟ

247 mm
3009 mmmm
1095

Fig. 1 An example and a cross sectional view of an absorptive louver.
† Kobayasi Institute of Physical Research

105 mmAbstracts Of Doctor's Theses
3. Measurement and rating of sound insulation of absorptive louvers
In order to measure and evaluate the sound insulation of the absorptive louvers, the insertion loss and sound reduction
index of the louver are studied. The relationship between the indices is formulated based on geometrical acoustics, in the casewhere the louver is set up at an opening between a diffuse sound field and a free sound field. In verifying the equation, trial
products of the louver are produced in full-scale, and then the experiments are carried out by setting up a louver at the openingof a reverberation room. Insertion loss IL is determined from the mean value of the level difference with and without thelouver. Sound reduction index RI was measured by sound intensity technique (ISO 15186-1). This result shows that thetheoretical expression of the relationship between insertion loss and sound reduction index is appropriate. Furthermore,
insertion loss of the absorptive louver for the semi-underground roads is calculated, and compared with the data of in-situ andlaboratory measurements. The calculated and measured results of insertion loss for A-weighted road traffic noise are in good
agreement. This result shows that insertion loss of the calculated data and the measured data can be evaluated for the soundinsulation of the absorptive louvers.
4. Prediction of sound insulation of absorptive louvers
The prediction of the insertion loss of the absorptive louvers has been investigated by using full-scale model experimentand two-dimensional boundary element method (BEM). Structure factors affecting sound insulation of the absorptive louvers,
which are considered in the experiment and numerical analysis, are as the following: the total absorptive area per unit area ofthe louver, absorptive coefficient and the spacing of the blade.
Expressions of the relationship between these factors and insertion loss for A-weighted road traffic noise are obtained
from the test results. In the numerical simulation, the calculated value is greater than the measured value in all frequencies.
The frequency characteristics of the calculated data, however, are the same as that of the measured data in shape. This resultshows that the numerical simulation by BEM can apply to relative evaluation of insertion loss of the absorptive louver.
5. Development of highway noise barrier with horizontal louver
A type of highway noise barrier is designed to possess both acoustical and non acoustical benefits such as amenity forresidents and drivers. In the design, absorptive louver blades are applied to barriers so that the acoustical performance of thebarrier can be improved. The barrier, i.e., horizontal louver, looks like sun shading blinds.
The acoustical performance of this type is examined by 1/5 scale model experiments and calculated by two-dimensional
BEM. Trial products of horizontal louver are made in full scale and the efficiency of barriers to the highway noise isinvestigated at a place where an elevated road is simulated. Test results show that noise reduction of 2 dB over conventional
barrier is obtained.
Furthermore, in the case of miniaturization of the absorptive louver blades, the efficiency of noise barrier with horizontal
louver has been studied by using BEM. Sound pressure levels at the area behind the barrier are greater than the reference wall.
This increase is caused by the sound leakage through the apertures of the barrier, so that the absorptive coefficient of thesmall-sized blades is lower than that of the normal-sized one. It becomes clear that applying high absorptive material to theblade surface is favorable to the improvement of the efficiency of the barrier with horizontal louver.
6. Conclusions
The measurement and the rating of the sound insulation of the absorptive louvers are investigated. This result showsthat insertion loss can be measured and evaluated for the sound insulation of the absorptive louvers. The insertion loss of theabsorptive louvers can be predicted by combining full-scale model experiment and two-dimensional boundary element method(BEM). Furthermore, highway noise barrier with horizontal louver are developed, in which absorptive louver blades areapplied to barriers. The test results show that the additional attenuation greater than 2 dB can be obtained.
The application of the absorptive louver and the highway noise barrier with horizontal louver may help to solve thevarious environmental problems.
Author’s publications[1] T. Matsumoto, R. Hotta and K. Yamamoto, “Efficiency of highway noise barrier with horizontal louver”, The Journal of the
INCE of Japan, Vol.26, No.2, pp.129-137, 2002. [in Japanese][2] T. Matsumoto, K. Yamamoto and K. Kuno, “Measurement and rating of sound insulation of absorptive louver”, The Journalof the Acoustical Society of Japan, Vol.60, No.11, pp.646-654, 2004. [in Japanese]Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Improvement of machinability of Aramid fiber reinforced plastics
and clarification of the behaviors of fibers during machining
Eitoku NAKANISHI
Keywords: Aramid fiber, Composite materials, In-situ observation, Ultrasonic vibration,
Oblique cutting, Fiber orientation, Beam theory,

1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the composite materials are used very widely. However, the machining of composite materials isvery difficult due to the much differences of mechanical properties between the reinforcing materials and matrix
materials. Especially the machining of an Aramid fiber reinforcing plastics (A-FRP) causes the rough machined
surfaces. And we chose Aramid fiber as reinforcing material and unsaturated polyester (UP) as matrix material. The
surface integrities are much affected by orientation of fibers and machining conditions. Therefore, we try to establish
the optimum method for machining the A-FRP. To clarify the effect of fiber orientation on the surface appearances, we
carried out in-situ observation of deformation and fractural phenomena of Aramid fiber during machining A-FRP. And
we proposed simple models to evaluate the deformation of Aramid fiber bundle and fracture point of Aramid fiber
during machining. Furthermore, we proposed some unique and effective methods for machining the A-FRP in highsurface quality.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
To observe the behaviors of Aramid fiber bundle
during machining, we carried out in-situ observation asshown in Fig.1. The Aramid fibers are situated inside of thematrix material, so the fibers are observed transparently
through the matrix material by using optical microscope.
When fiber angle θ is 45 degree, cutting tool lifts up theAramid fiber and bends the Aramid fibers towards the cutting
direction. With advances of the cutting tool, the large
delamitation between Aramid fiber and matrix can beobserved inside of the matrix. And after the tool passed, large
fluffs appear on machined surface. In this case, the machining
surface integrities become very poor. On the other hand,when fiber angle θ is 135 degree, only the Aramid fibers,
which exist near the cutting tool edge, are deformed along the
cutting tool edge radius. And after the tool passed, no fluffs
and no delamination appeared on machined surface and theFig.1 Deformation of Aramid fiber bundle
surface integrities becomes well. Further to clarify the relationships
between the radius of cutting tool edge and fracture behavior of Aramid fiber, we cut Aramid fibers in SEM chamberby using special equipment. When the tool edge is dull, Aramid fibers are cut with fibrillating and hang together.
3. SIMULATIONS
We proposed two types of simulation models. The first model is based on the beam theory, in which thebeams are regarded as Aramid fiber bundle and the elastic foundation is regarded as matrix material to depict fiber
bundle deformation in each fiber orientations. The second model is to describe the stress distribution for evaluating thefiber fracturing point to consider the fluff length that appears on machined surface. For more accurately describing, thebonding strength and frictional coefficient between the Aramid fiber and UP in experimentally, and these values are
introduced into the present model.

Abstracts Of Doctor's Theses

Fig.2 Model based on the beam theory

Fig.3 Stress distribution

4. PROPOSED MACHINING METHOD
We proposed two types of machining method. One is cutting with ultrasonic vibration and the other is
oblique cutting. When the frequency is 20KHz and amplitude is 15 µ m, the critical cutting speed becomes 84
m/min during cutting with ultrasonic vibration. If the cutting speed is slower than critical cutting speed, it may
become very effective because of interrupted cutting and the change of cutting velocity in continuously. When
applying the cutting with ultrasonic vibration to machining the A-FRP, the tool wear progress was reduced thannormal type of cutting and the tool edge radius was kept sharp in long cutting distance. And the machined surface
integrities kept high quality in long cutting distance. Surface roughness becomes very small and very smoothmachined surface can be obtained during oblique cutting.
5. CONCLUSONSIn the present thesis, the fracture phenomena of Aramid fiber can be observed clearly by in-situ observation.
And our simulations show a good coincident with observation result. Further, the proposed machining method
shows high performance for applying to A-FRP. These results show possibilities of machining the A-FRP materials
in higher quality and contribution to spreading field of use the A-FRP materials.
Author’s publications
z A.K.M. MASUD, Eitoku NAKANISHI, Jippei SUZUKI and Kiyoshi ISOGIMI, Cutting phenomena of
Aramid-glass Hybrid FRP with Ultrasonic Vibration, Post Conf. Proc. of the 8th International Congress on
Experimental Mechanics (SEM), pp.111-116 (1996).
z Eitoku NAKANISHI, Jippei SUZUKI and Kiyoshi ISOGIMI, Effect of Vibrations on Fracture Phenomena in
Machining Aramid-Glass Fiber Hybrid Composites, Engineering Transactions, Vol.47, No.2, pp.145-154 (1999).
z Eitoku NAKANISHI and Kiyoshi ISOGIMI, Fracture Phenomena of Aramid Fiber during Oblique Cutting, Proc.
of 10th International Conference on Precision Engineering (ICPE), pp.259-263 (2001).
z Eitoku NAKANISHI, Yutaka SAWAKI and Kiyoshi ISOGIMI, Microscopic Observation of Fiber Deformation
and Fracture During Machining A-FRP, FACTA UNIVERSITATIS, Series: Mechanics, Automatic Control andRobotics, Vol.3, No.13, pp.739 –744 (2003).
z E. NAKANISHI, Y. SAWAKI and K. ISOGIMI, Modeling of Deformation of Aramid Fiber Bundle During
Machining Aramid FRP (in Japanese), Journal of Japan Society of Advanced Production Technology, Vol.22,
No.1, 67-74 (2004).