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239

The polio vaccine: a critical assessment of its arcane history, efficacy,
and long-term health-related consequences
Neil Z. Miller
Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute
P.O. Box 9638
Santa Fe, NM 87504 USA
Website: www.thinktwice.com

Abstract
Polio (poliomyelitis) is a potentially dangerous viral ailment. To combat this disease, researchers developed two polio vaccines (inactivated and live)
grown in cultures made from monkey kidneys. Beginning in the 1950s, these vaccines were administered to millions of people in the United States andthroughout the world. Officially, the polio vaccine is considered safe and effective, and has been credited with singularly reducing the incidence of thisdisease. These tenets are not supported by the data.
A cancer-causing monkey virus–SV-40–was discovered in polio vaccines administered to millions of people. SV-40 has been found in brain tumors,bone cancers, lung cancers and leukemia. SV-40 is transmitted through sexual intercourse, and from mother to child in the womb. Monkeys that were used
to make polio vaccines were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a virus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), theinfectious agent associated with AIDS. Some researchers question whether HIVs may simply be SIVs “residing in and adapting to a human host.” Polio
vaccines also contain calf serum, glycerol and other parts of the cow that may have been infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or madcow disease, a fatal brain-wasting ailment that some researchers link to Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), its human equivalent.
Current disease reduction techniques that emphasize short-term gains over long-term health consequences need to be reevaluated and discontinued
while new and safer health paradigms are researched and implemented.
©Copyright 2004, Neil Z. Miller. All rights reserved.
Keywords: polio, aseptic meningitis, simian virus, SV-40, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE, vCJD

Polio is a contagious disease caused by an intestinal virus that
may attack nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms
include fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting. Some victims
develop neurological complications, including stiffness of the neckand back, weak muscles, pain in the joints, and paralysis of one ormore limbs or respiratory muscles. In severe cases it may be fatal,
due to respiratory paralysis.
2. How is polio contracted?
Polio can be spread through contact with contaminated feces(for example, by changing an infected baby’s diapers) or throughairborne droplets, in food, or in water. The virus enters the bodyby nose or mouth, then travels to the intestines where it incubates.
Next, it enters the bloodstream where Aanti-polio@ antibodies areproduced. In most cases, this stops the progression of the virus andthe individual gains permanent immunity against the disease [1].
Many people mistakenly believe that anyone who contracts
polio will become paralyzed or die. However, in most infections
caused by polio there are few distinctive symptoms [2]. In fact, 95
percent of everyone who is exposed to the natural polio virus
won’t exhibit any symptoms, even under epidemic conditions[3,4]. About 5 percent of infected people will experience mild
symptoms, such as a sore throat, stiff neck, headache, and fever—often diagnosed as a cold or flu [3,5]. Muscular paralysis has been
estimated to occur in about one of every 1,000 people who contract the disease [3,6]. This has lead some scientific researchers toconclude that the small percentage of people who do develop paralytic polio may be anatomically susceptible to the disease. The
vast remainder of the population may be naturally immune to thepolio virus [7].

Injections: Several studies have shown that injections (for antibiotics or other vaccines) increase susceptibility to polio. In fact,
researchers have known since the early 1900s that paralytic poliomyelitis often started at the site of an injection [8,9]. When diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, casesof paralytic poliomyelitis skyrocketed (Figure 1) [10]. This was
documented in Lancet and other medical journals [11-13]. In 1949,
the Medical Research Council in Great Britain set up a committee
to investigate the matter and ultimately concluded that individuals
are at increased risk of paralysis for 30 days following injections;injections alter the distribution of paralysis; and it did not matter
whether the injections were subcutaneous or intramuscular[14,15].
Figure 1. Polio cases skyrocketed after diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced
Average Cases per 100,000

1. What is polio?

30

Diphtheria and Pertussis
Vaccines Introduced

25

24.8

20
16.8

15
10
5

8.4
5.8

0
1935-39

1940-44

1945-49

1950-54

Several studies show that injections increase susceptibility to polio. When diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, cases of paralytic poliomyelitis skyrocketed. This chart shows the average number of polio cases per
100,000 people during five year periods before and after the vaccines were introduced. Source: National Morbidity Reports taken from U.S. Public Health surveillance reports; Lancet (April 18, 1950), pp. 659-63.

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A 1992 study, published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases,
validated earlier findings. Children who received DPT (diphtheria,
tetanus, and pertussis) injections were significantly more likely
than controls to suffer paralytic poliomyelitis within the next 30
days [16]. According to the authors, “this study confirms that injections are an important cause of provocative poliomyelitis[16:444].”
In 1995, the New England Journal of Medicine published astudy showing that children who received a single injection within
one month after receiving a polio vaccine were 8 times more likely
to contract polio than children who received no injections. The risk
jumped 27-fold when children received up to nine injections
within one month after receiving the polio vaccine. And with ten
or more injections, the likelihood of developing polio was 182
times greater than expected [17].
Why injections increase the risk of polio is unclear [18]. Nevertheless, these studies and others [19-24] indicate that “injections
must be avoided in countries with endemic poliomyelitis [18].”
Health authorities believe that all “unnecessary” injections should
be avoided as well [18:1006;24].
Nutritional deficiencies: A poor diet has also been shown toincrease susceptibility to polio [25]. In 1948, during the height ofthe polio epidemics, Dr. Benjamin Sandler, a nutritional expert at
the Oteen Veterans’ Hospital, documented a relationship between
polio and an excessive use of sugars and starches. He compiled
records showing that countries with the highest per capita consumption of sugar, such as the United States, Britain, Australia,
Canada, and Sweden (with over 100 pounds per person per year)
had the greatest incidence of polio [26]. In contrast, polio waspractically unheard of in China (with its sugar use of only 3
pounds per person per year) [26].
Dr. Sandler claimed that sugars and starches lower blood sugar
levels causing hypoglycemia, and that phosphoric acid in softdrinks strips the nerves of proper nourishment. Such foods dehydrate the cells and leech calcium from the body. A serious calcium
deficiency precedes polio [26-29]. Weakened nerve trunks are thenmore likely to malfunction and the victim loses the use of one ormore limbs [26:146].
Researchers have always known that polio strikes with its
greatest intensity during the hot summer months. Dr. Sandler observed that children consume greater amounts of ice cream, softdrinks, and artificially sweetened products in hot weather. In 1949,
before the polio season began, he warned the residents of North
Carolina, through the newspapers and radio, to decrease their consumption of these products. That summer, North Carolinians reduced their intake of sugar by 90 percentCand polio decreased by
the same amount! The North Carolina State Health Department
reported 2,498 cases of polio in 1948, and 229 cases in 1949 (datataken from North Carolina State Health Department figures)[26:146;29].
One manufacturer shipped one million less gallons of ice creamduring the first week alone following the publication of Dr.
Sandler’s anti-polio diet. Soft drink sales were down as well. But
the powerful Rockefeller Milk Trust, which sold frozen products
to North Carolinians, combined forces with soft drink businessleaders and convinced the people that Sandler’s findings were amyth and the polio figures a fluke. By the summer of 1950 sales

were back to previous levels and polio cases returned to “normal”[26:146;29].
3. Can polio be treated?
Paralytic polio is rarely permanent. Usually there is a full recovery [30-34]. Muscle power begins to return after several days
and continues to improve during the next 12-24 months [30-34]. A
small percentage of cases will experience residual paralysis. In
rare cases, paralysis of the muscles used to breathe can lead todeath [5:108;30-34].
Treatment mainly consists of putting the patient to bed andallowing the affected limbs to be completely relaxed. If breathingis affected, a respirator or iron lung can be used. Physical therapy
may be required.
4. Does a polio vaccine exist?
In 1947, Jonas Salk, an American physician and microbiologist,
became head of the Virus Research Laboratory at the University ofPittsburgh. He was interested in developing a polio vaccine. In
1952, Salk combined three types of polio virus grown in cultures
made from monkey kidneys. Using formaldehyde, he was able to“kill” or inactivate the viral matter so that it would trigger an antibody response without causing the disease. That year he began his
initial experiments on human subjects. In 1953, his findings were
published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
And in April of 1954 the nation’s first polio immunization campaign, directed at school children, was launched [35]. However,shortly thereafter hundreds of people contracted polio from Salk’s
vaccine; many died. Apparently, his “killed-virus” vaccine was notcompletely inactivated [1]. The vaccine was redeveloped, and by
August 1955 over 4 million doses were administered in the UnitedStates. By 1959, nearly 100 other countries were using Salk’s vaccine [1,35].
In 1957, Albert Sabin, another American physician and microbiologist, developed a live-virus (oral) vaccine against polio. He
didn’t think Salk’s killed-virus vaccine would be effective in preventing epidemics. He wanted his vaccine to simulate a real-life
infection. This meant using an attenuated or weakened form of thelive virus. He experimented with thousands of monkeys and chimpanzees before isolating a rare type of polio virus that would reproduce in the intestinal tract without penetrating the central nervous system. The initial human trials were conducted in foreigncountries. In 1958, it was tested in the United States. And in 1963
Sabin’s oral “sugar-cube” vaccine became available for generaluse [1,35].
5. Which vaccine is in use today?
In 1963, Sabin’s oral vaccine quickly replaced Salk’s injectable
shot. It is cheaper to make, easier to take, and appears to provide
greater protection, including “herd immunity” in unvaccinatedpeople. However, it cannot be given to people with compromised
immune systems [1,35]. Plus, it is capable of causing polio insome recipients of the vaccine, and in individuals with compromised immune systems who come into close contact with recently
vaccinated children [1,35-38]. As a result, in January 2000, the
CDC “updated” its polio vaccine recommendations, reverting backto policies first implemented during the 1950s: Children should

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N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251

only be given the killed-virus shot. The oral polio vaccine should
only be used in “special circumstances [39-41].”
6. Are polio vaccines safe?
When national immunization campaigns were initiated in the
1950s, the number of reported cases of polio following mass inoculations with the killed-virus vaccine was significantly greaterthan before mass inoculations, and may have more than doubled in
the U.S. as a whole. For example, Vermont reported 15 cases ofpolio during the one-year report period ending August 30, 1954
(before mass inoculations), compared to 55 cases of polio during
the one-year period ending August 30, 1955 (after mass inoculations)Ca 266% increase. Rhode Island reported 22 cases during
the before inoculations period as compared to 122 cases during theafter inoculations periodCa 454% increase. In New Hampshire thefigures increased from 38 to 129; in Connecticut they rose from
144 to 276; and in Massachusetts they swelled from 273 to
2027Ca whopping 642% increase (Figure 2) [26:140;29:146;42].

clusively in the U.S. from the early 1960s to 2000) was the “principal if not sole cause” of all reported polio cases in the U.S. since
1961 [44]. (The virus remains in the throat for one to two weeks
and in the feces for up to two months. Thus, vaccine recipients are
at risk, and can potentially spread the disease, as long as fecal excretion of the virus continues [45].) In 1992, the Federal Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published an admissionthat the live-virus vaccine had become the dominant cause of polio
in the United States [36]. In fact, according to CDC figures, every
case of polio in the U.S. since 1979 was caused by the oral polio
vaccine [36]. Authorities claim the vaccine was responsible forabout eight cases of polio every year [46]. However, an independent study that analyzed the government’s own vaccine databaseduring a recent period of less than five years uncovered 13,641
reports of adverse events following use of the oral polio vaccine.
These reports included 6,364 emergency room visits and 540
deaths (Figure 3) [47,48]. Public outrage at these tragedies became
the impetus for removing the oral polio vaccine from immunization schedules [36:568;37;38].
Figure 3. Polio vaccine: adverse and serious adverse reactions
14000

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

After

BeforeNumber of Cases

Cases of Polio

Figure 2. Cases of polio increased in the U.S. after mass inoculations

CT

NH

RI

VT

StatesWhen national immunization campaigns were initiated in the 1950s, thenumber of reported cases of polio following mass inoculations with thekilled-virus vaccine was significantly greater than before mass inoculations, and may have more than doubled in the U.S. as a whole. Source:
U.S. Government statistics.

Doctors and scientists on the staff of the National Institutes of
Health during the 1950s were well aware that the Salk vaccine wascausing polio. Some frankly stated that it was “worthless as a preventive and dangerous to take [26:142].” They refused to vaccinate their own children [26:142]. Health departments banned the
inoculations [26:140]. The Idaho State Health Director angrily
declared: “I hold the Salk vaccine and its manufacturers responsible” for a polio outbreak that killed several Idahoans and hospitalized dozens more [26:140]. Even Salk himself was quoted as saying: “When you inoculate children with a polio vaccine you don’t
sleep well for two or three weeks [26:144;43].” But the National
Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, and drug companies with large
investments in the vaccine coerced the U.S. Public Health Service
into falsely proclaiming the vaccine was safe and effective[26:142-5].
In 1976, Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the killed-virus vaccine usedin the 1950s, testified that the live-virus vaccine (used almost ex-

13641

12000

Adverse Reactions

10000
8000
6000

Serious Adverse
Reactions

6364

Deaths

4000
2000
0

MA

241

540

In the mid-1990s, during a period of less than five years, there were
13,641 documented adverse reactions to the oral polio vaccine. 6,364 ofthese were serious enough to require hospital emergency room visits. 540
people died. Source: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System(VAERS); OPV Vaccine Report: Doc. #14.

The following story is typical of the damage associated withoral polio vaccines: “Four months ago my son was taken to a local
clinic for his polio vaccine. I wasn’t aware that he was going tohave one, and would have prevented it if I had known. Unfortunately, he changed from that dayChigh-pitched screaming, smellystools, non-stop crying, difficulty in breathing, high temperature,and lethargy. He also lost weight. Weeks of sleepless nights for allof us followed. His development ceased. He had been able to standand move around, but he went back to remaining in basicallywhatever position we left him in.
“My wife was six months pregnant at the time, and about aweek after our son’s polio vaccine, she began to have headaches,
loss of balance, muscular weakness, and frequent tiredness. I panicked because everything seemed to be pointing to polio infection.
Then, a week after her continuous headaches began, she had to go
to the hospital because there was something wrong with the pregnancy; she lost our daughter.
“I tried to get a polio test, and to find the cause of this tragic
series of events, but the medical profession was extremely unhelpful. They laughed at me. I will never know why our son suddenly
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know why we lost our daughter. The only thing I am sure about isthat the precursor to these events was the polio vaccine.” [From anunsolicited e-mail received by the Thinktwice Global Vaccine
Institute—www.thinktwice.com]
Today, fact sheets on polio published by the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, warn parents that the inactivatedpolio vaccine (IPV) can cause “serious problems or even death...
[49]” The company that manufactures the current inactivated polio vaccine warns that Guillain-Barré Syndrome, a debilitating
ailment characterized by muscular incapacitation and nervous system damage, “has been temporally related to administration ofanother inactivated poliovirus vaccine [3:780].” And although thiscompany makes the claim that “no causal relationship has been
established,” it also admits that “deaths have occurred” after vaccination of infants with IPV [3:780]. Yet, like the days of old, despite these “danger alerts,” medical authorities continue to assure
parents that the currently available inactivated polio vaccine isboth safe and effective.

The standards for defining polio were changed when the polio
vaccine was introduced. The new definition of a polio epidemic
required more cases to be reported. Paralytic polio was redefined
as well, making it more difficult to confirm, and therefore tally,
cases. Prior to the introduction of the vaccine the patient only had
to exhibit paralytic symptoms for 24 hours. Laboratory confirmation and tests to determine residual paralysis were not required.
The new definition required the patient to exhibit paralytic symptoms for at least 60 days, and residual paralysis had to be confirmed twice during the course of the disease. Also, after the vaccine was introduced cases of aseptic meningitis (an infectious
disease often difficult to distinguish from polio) and coxsackie
virus infections were more often reported as separate diseases
from polio. But such cases were counted as polio before the vaccine was introduced. The vaccine’s reported effectiveness wastherefore skewed (Table 1 and Figure 5) [52,53].
Table 1. Polio or aseptic meningitis?

7. How effective are polio vaccines?
Polio is virtually nonexistent in the United States today. However, according to Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, medical investigatorand pediatrician, there is no credible scientific evidence that thevaccine caused polio to disappear [50]. From 1923 to 1953, before
the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced, the polio death ratein the United States and England had already declined on its own
by 47 percent and 55 percent, respectively (Figure 4) [51]. Statistics show a similar decline in other European countries as well[51]. And when the vaccine did become available, many European
countries questioned its effectiveness and refused to systematicallyinoculate their citizens. Yet, polio epidemics also ended in thesecountries [50].
Figure 4. The polio death rate was decreasing on its own before the vaccine was introduced

Sample Months
July 1955(Before the newpolio definition was
introduced.)
July 1961(After the new polio
definition was introduced.)

Reported Casesof Polio

Reported Cases of
Aseptic Meningitis

273

50

65

161

September 1966
(After the new polio
5256
definition was introduced)
Cases of polio were more often reported as aseptic meningitis after thevaccine was introduced, skewing efficacy rates. Source: The Los Angeles
County Health Index: Morbidity and Mortality, Reportable Diseases.

Figure 5. Polio cases were predetermined to decrease when the
medical definition of polio was changed

From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced,
the polio death rate in the United States and England had already declined
on its own by 47 percent and 55 percent, respectively. Source: International Mortality Statistics (1981) by Michael Alderson.

Source: Congressional Hearings, May 1962; and National Morbidity
Reports taken from U.S. Public Health surveillance reports.

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The fact that dubious tactics were used to fabricate efficacy
rates was corroborated by Dr. Bernard Greenberg, chairman of theCommittee on Evaluation and Standards of the American Public
Health Association during the 1950s. His expert testimony wasused as evidence during Congressional hearings in 1962. He credited the “decline” of polio cases not to the vaccine, but rather to achange in the way doctors were required to report cases: “Prior to1954 any physician who reported paralytic poliomyelitis was doing his patient a service by way of subsidizing the cost of hospitalization... two examinations at least 24 hours apart was all thatwas required... In 1955 the criteria were changed... residual paralysis was determined 10 to 20 days after onset of illness andagain 50 to 70 days after onset... This change in definition meantthat in 1955 we started reporting a new disease... Furthermore,diagnostic procedures have continued to be refined. Coxsackie
virus infections and aseptic meningitis have been distinguishedfrom poliomyelitis... Thus, simply by changes in diagnostic criteria, the number of paralytic cases was predetermined to decrease...
[52:96,97]”

243

blood streams as well. Apparently, SV-40 survived the formaldehyde Salk used to kill microbes that defiled his injectable vaccine[58,59]. Experts estimate that between 1954 and 1963, 30 million
to 100 million Americans and perhaps another 100 million or more
people throughout the world were exposed to SV-40 through illconceived polio eradication campaigns (Figure 6) [58-60].
Studies published in eminent journals throughout the world
appear to confirm that SV-40 is a catalyst for many types of cancer[61-80]. It has been found in brain tumors and leukemia [69-80].
More recently, in 1996, Michele Carbone, a molecular pathologist
at Chicago’s Loyola University Medical Center, was able to detect
SV-40 in 38 percent of patients with bone cancer and in 58 percentof those with mesothelioma, a deadly type of lung cancer [81-83].
Carbone’s research indicates that SV-40 blocks an important protein that normally protects cells from becoming malignant [83].
Figure 6. Polio vaccines and simian virus #40

8. Polio vaccines and cancer
In 1959, Bernice Eddy, a brilliant government
scientist working in Biologics at the National Institutesof Health, discovered that polio vaccines being
administered throughout the world contained an infectious agent capable of causing cancer. When Eddy
attempted to report her findings and halt production ofthese contaminated polio vaccines, her government
superiors barred her from publicly revealing the
problem. Instead, her lab and equipment were taken
away and she was demoted [54,55].
In 1960, Drs. Ben Sweet and M.R. Hilleman, pharmaceutical researchers for the Merck Institute for
Therapeutic Research, were credited with discovering
this infectious agentCSV-40, a monkey virus that
infected nearly all rhesus monkeys, whose kidneys
were used to produce polio vaccines. Hilleman andSweet found SV-40 in all three types of Albert Sabin’slive oral polio vaccine, and noted the possibility that it
might cause cancer, “especially when administered tohuman babies [55,56].” According to Sweet, “It was afrightening discovery because, back then, it was notpossible to detect the virus with the testing procedures
we had... We had no idea of what this virus would
do...” Sweet elaborated: “First, we knew that SV-40
had oncogenic (cancer-causing) properties in hamsters,
which was bad news. Secondly, we found out that it
hybridized with certain DNA viruses... such that [they]would then have SV-40 genes attached [to them]...
When we started growing the vaccines, we justcouldn’t get rid of the SV-40 contaminated virus. We
tried to neutralize it, but couldn’t... Now, with thetheoretical links to HIV and cancer, it just blows mymind [57].”
Further research into SV-40 uncovered even moredisturbing information. This cancer-causing virus was
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In 1998, a national cancer database was analyzed: 17 percent
more bone cancers, 20 percent more brain cancers, and 178 percent more mesotheliomas were found in people who were exposed
to SV-40-tainted polio vaccines [84]. The National Institutes of
Health created a map showing the geographic distribution of contaminated stock [85]. Using this map, researchers found osteosarcoma bone tumor rates to be 10 times higher than normal in someregions where this tainted vaccine was used (Figure 7) [86,87].
Figure 7. SV-40-tainted polio vaccines: zones of contamination

Between 1954 and 1963, up to 100 million Americans were inoculatedwith SV-40-contaminated polio vaccines. This chart shows areas of thecountry in 1955 where 10 million people received polio vaccines witheither no, low, or high amounts of SV-40 in them. Source: National Institutes of Health.

Perhaps the most alarming aspect of this ongoing simian virus
debacle can be found in other studies suggesting that SV-40, introduced to humans through the polio vaccine, can be passed fromhuman to human and from mother to child. A study of nearly
59,000 women found that children of mothers who received the
Salk vaccine between 1959 and 1965 had brain tumors at a rate 13
times greater than mothers who did not receive those polio shots[59:58;88;89].
Another study published in the U.S. medical journal Cancer
Research found SV-40 present in 23 percent of blood samples and45 percent of semen taken from healthy subjects [83:163;90]. Apparently, the virus is being spread sexually and from mother tochild in the womb. According to biology and genetics professor
Mauro Tognon, one of the study’s authors, this would explain why
brain, bone, and lung cancers are on the riseCa 30 percent increasein U.S. brain tumors alone over the past 25 years [83:163;90]Cand
why SV-40 was detected in brain tumors of children born after
1965 who presumably did not receive polio vaccines containing
the virus [83:163;90].
Despite official denials of any correlation between polio vaccines, SV-40, and increased cancer rates [91], by April 2001, 62
papers from 30 laboratories around the world had reported SV-40
in human tissues and tumors [84:10]. The virus was also discovered in pituitary and thyroid tumors, and in patients with kidneydisease [84:10,13]. Even the National Cancer Institute issued astatement that SV-40 “may be associated with human cancer[84:11;92].”
Studies yet to be conducted may provide additional clues about
the link between contaminated polio vaccines, SV-40, and new
diseases. But scientists have their hands full. The latest research

has uncovered correlations between polio vaccines, another monkey virus, and AIDS.
9. Polio vaccines and AIDS
SV-40, the cancer-causing monkey virus found in polio vaccines and administered to millions of unsuspecting people
throughout the world, was just one of numerous simian viruses
known to have contaminated polio vaccines [38:57,58;93;94]. “Asmonkey kidney culture is host to innumerable simian viruses, thenumber found varying in relation to the amount of work expended
to find them, the problem presented to the manufacturer is considerable, if not insuperable,” one early vaccine researcher wrote to acongressional panel studying the safety of growing live polio-virus
vaccine in monkey kidneys [95]. “As our technical methods improve we may find fewer and fewer lots of vaccine which can becalled free from simian virus [95].”
According to Harvard Medical School professor Ronald Desrosier, the practice of growing polio vaccines in monkey kidneys is“a ticking time bomb [83:159].” Evidently, some viruses can live
inside monkeys without causing harm. But if these viruses were tosomehow cross species and enter the human population, new diseases could occur. Desrosier continued: “The danger in using
monkey tissue to produce human vaccines is that some viruses
produced by monkeys may be transferred to humans in the vaccine, with very bad health consequences [83:159].” Desrosier also
warns that testing can only be done for known viruses, and that ourknowledge is limited to about “2 percent of existing monkey viruses [83:159].” Craig Engesser, a spokesman for Lederle Laboratories, a large vaccine manufacturing company, acknowledged that“you can’t test for something if you don’t know it’s there [96].”
Virus detection techniques were crude and unreliable during the1950s, 60s, and 70s when polio vaccines were initially produced
and dispensed. It wasn’t until the mid 1980s that new and moresophisticated testing procedures were developed [84:5;96]. That
was when researchers discovered that about 50 percent of all African green monkeysCthe primate of choice for making polio vaccinesCwere infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a
virus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), theinfectious agent thought to precede AIDS [97-100]. This caused
some researchers to wonder whether HIVs may simply be SIVs
“residing in and adapting to a human host [101].” It caused others
to suspect that SIV may have mutated into HIV once it was introduced into the human population by way of contaminated polio
vaccines [59:54+;96-100;102-104].
Vaccine authorities were so concerned about the possibility that
SIV was a precursor to HIV, and that polio vaccines were themeans of transmission from monkey to human, that The World
Health Organization (WHO) convened two meetings of experts in1985 to explore the data and consider their options [100,105]. After all, SIV was very similar to HIV and occurred naturally in themonkey species predominantly used by vaccine manufacturers[98,100]. Nevertheless, WHO concluded that the vaccines were
safe and insisted that vaccination campaigns should continue unabated [100,105].
Shortly thereafter, Japanese researchers conducted their own
investigation and found that African green monkeys used to produce polio vaccines had antibodies against SIV [106]. The implication was clear: monkeys used to produce polio vaccines were

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N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas 1 (2004) 239–251

natural carriers of a virus that looked and acted like HIV, the infectious agent linked to AIDS. In 1989, they recommended thatmonkeys infected with SIV not be used to make polio vaccines[106].
In 1990, wild chimpanzees in Africa were found to be infectedwith a strain of SIV that was nearly identical to HIV [107]. Some
researchers called it “the missing link” to the origins of humanimmunodeficiency virus [108]. And since chimpanzees were used
to test viruses for potential use in vaccines, and were kept in captivity by research laboratories, they could have been a source ofvaccine contamination [109,110]. Scientific concerns were alsoheightened when researchers found some West Africans who were
infected with an SIV-like virus that was a fundamental twin toHIV. They called it HIV-2, and like the initial HIV subtype, it was
implicated in the development of AIDS [111]. According toRobert Gallo, an expert on the AIDS virus, some versions of the
SIV monkey virus are virtually indistinguishable from some human variants of HIV: “The monkey virus is the human virus.
There are monkey viruses as close to isolates of HIV-2 as HIV-2
isolates are to each other [59:106+].” In May 1991, virus-detection
techniques were improved once again, and researchers found SIV
DNA in the kidneys of infected monkeys [112]. Minced monkey
kidneys were (and still are) used to produce the live polio vaccine[3;59:60]. SIV was also found in the cancer cells of an AIDS victim, and in other people as well [113-115]. To many researchers,
this trail of evidence had become too persuasive to deny. Apparently, millions of people were infected with monkey viruses capable of causing AIDS [101], and this cross-species transfer most
likely occurred by way of SIV-contaminated polio vaccines[59;84;96-100;102-104;116-119].
10. Didn’t AIDS originate in Africa?
Most historians agree that AIDS originated in Africa [120]. But
Salk tested his vaccine in the U.S., and Sabin’s trials were conducted in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union [100]. If
tainted polio vaccines were responsible for introducing SIV andHIV into humans, why did the initial cases of AIDS show up on
this remote continent?
In March 1951, several years before Drs. Jonas Salk and Albert
Sabin would scuffle over whose vaccine was the true prophylactic,
Dr. Hilary Koprowski announced at a medical conference that hehad become the first doctor in history to test a polio vaccine on
humans. His “volunteers” included several institutionalized children with mental handicaps. They drank the vaccine in chocolate
milk [121].
From 1957 to 1960, after years of tinkering with monkey kidneys and polio germs, Koprowski tested his own experimental
polio vaccine on 325,000 equatorial Africans, including 75,000
citizens of Leopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Zaire)[59:59;121]. Called by drums, rural natives traveled to local villages where they had a liquid vaccine squirted into their mouths[122]. Ninety-eight percent of the vaccine recipients were infants
and toddlers [121]. The youngest children received 15 times theadult dosage [103:98]. Though Koprowski claimed he had thebacking of the World Health Organization, WHO denied sanctioning the large-scale trials [123].
In 1959, Dr. Albert Sabin reported in the British Medical Journal that Koprowski’s polio vaccine used in the African trials con-245

tained an “unidentified” cell-killing virus [124]. It was never identified. However, in 1986 the earliest known blood sample containing antibodies against HIV was traced back to 1959. The serum
came from a patient visiting a clinic in Leopoldville [125]. Thereis no evidence that HIV infected humans before 1959 [126,127].
Gerald Myers, a genetic sequencing expert with Los Alamos National Laboratories in New Mexico, tracked the evolution of HIV
and confirmed that today’s major subtypes of the AIDS virus inhumans appear to have arisen as recently as 1960 [128].
Koprowski’s vaccine was not approved for human use, so it
was discontinued in 1960 following the African trials [100]. Thus,
it was only administered to inhabitants of the Belgian Congo,
Rwanda and Burundi [104,121]Cthe precise area where high levels of HIV infection were identified by researchers 30 years later[129]. Furthermore, the AIDS virus is known to infect mucous
cells, prevalent in the mouth [59:60]. The African vaccines weresquirted into people’s mouths. Could squirting an HIVcontaminated polio vaccine into people’s mouths cause AIDS?
According to Tom Folks, chief retrovirologist at the CDC, “Anytime a person has a lesion in his mouth, then there could be transmission” of the virus [59:60]. Dr. Robert Bohannon of Baylor College of Medicine maintains that the process of squirting the polio
vaccine into people’s mouths would tend to aerosolize some of theliquid. Tiny drops could then go directly into the lungs, and fromthere to the blood cells susceptible to infection [59:60]. This would
have been an efficient mode of HIV transmission [100].
Disease experts believe that the average time between HIV
infection and the development of AIDS is 8-10 years [100]. If theAfrican polio vaccine was indeed contaminated with SIV/HIV,
initial outbreaks of AIDS would have occurred from the mid1960s to early 1970s. This period accurately coincides with the
emergence of AIDS in equatorial Africa [130].
11. Test the polio vaccines
Authorities are reluctant to acknowledge the possibility that
medical scientists, preoccupied with growing polio vaccines invirus-laden monkey kidneys, may have been responsible for bringing about the AIDS pandemic. For example, Dr. David Heymann,
who heads the World Health Organization’s Global Program on
AIDS, flatly stated that “the origin of the AIDS virus is of no importance to science today [59:106+].” William Haseltine, a Harvard pathology professor and AIDS researcher also believes thatany discussion about the origin of AIDS is distracting and nonproductive. “It’s not relevant,” and “I’m not interested in discussing it[59:106+].” Jonas Salk won’t discuss the subject either. He is now
working on an AIDS vaccine [59:55]. Albert Sabin believes “youcan’t hang Koprowski with that [59:60].” And Koprowski dismissed the idea with a laugh, then later claimed “this is a highly
theoretical situation [59:106+].” However, samples of the polio
vaccines used in Africa are kept in freezers at the Wistar Institutewhere Koprowski did much of his research. They could be tested[59:106+].
Tom Folks of the CDC thinks it’s a good idea to test the seedstocks of polio because “any time we can learn more about thenatural history [of AIDS], it helps us understand the pathogenesis
and…the transmission [59:106+].” Robert Gallo also thinks it’s
important to determine whether a monkey virus sparked AIDS.
Questions like this “are of more than academic interest because

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answering them may help avoid future zoonotic catastrophesCthatis, transmission of disease from lower animals to humans [131].”
Responding to these concerns, some AIDS researchers formallyrequested samples of the original polio vaccine seed stocks. But
the government will neither release nor test them because there are“only a small number of vials” of the material, and tests “mightuse it all up [59:108].”
12. AIDS within the Gay community
If AIDS originated in Africa via contaminated polio vaccines,
how did this disease spread to male homosexuals in America? In
1974, clinics in New York and California began experimental
treatments for gay men afflicted with herpes. Therapy consisted ofmultiple doses of the live polio vaccine [132]. As noted earlier,this vaccine was produced in the kidneys of the African Green
monkey, a known reservoir for simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV), a likely precursor to HIV [59;84;97-104]. Beginning in theearly 1980s, simultaneous outbreaks of Kaposi sarcoma and serious opportunistic infections (later associated with AIDS) werereported among homosexual men, especially in New York City,San Francisco, and Los Angeles [99]. This time span coincides
with the average incubation period between HIV infection and thedevelopment of AIDS [100].
In 1982, the CDC concluded that such outbreaks “strongly suggests the occurrence of a single epidemic of underlying immunosuppression... [133]” The following year, HIV was identified as
the causative agent [99]. And in 1992, Lancet published the firstscientific explanation showing how repeated doses of SIVcontaminated polio vaccines may have seeded HIV among American homosexual men [99].
13. AIDS with no identified risk factor (NIR)
Another unusual event occurred in the 1980s. Hundreds of people diagnosed with AIDS had no identified risk factor (NIR) [134].
They did not engage in risky behaviors related to AIDS infection.
The CDC also listed numerous children as NIR [134]. Some parents believe HIV-contaminated polio vaccines infected their loved
ones [135].
On February 12, 1994, Bruce Williams filed a civil suit against
the American Cyanamid Company, claiming its polio vaccine
caused his daughter’s illness. The suit alleges that “the live oral
poliovirus vaccine was produced, tested, and approved by theUnited States Food and Drug Administration pursuant to measuresinconsistent with accepted standards of medical practice.” Thelawsuit also asserts that “the product was FDA approved despite
the known presence of contaminants, including retroviruses suchas HIV [136].”
Walter Kyle, the Williams’ lawyer, identified the specific lotsof vaccine the child received, but the CDC and federal health officials have refused to test them [134:106]. Kyle believes “The CDC
could disprove my entire hypothesis by testing the vaccines they
have in their possession. The fact that they haven’t done so is evidence there’s something wrong with the vaccine [134:106].”
Some researchers believe the true number of NIR cases could
be in the thousands [134,137]. When health officials examine people with AIDS, they try to identify a risk factor. If a patient admits
he once had unprotected sex, that becomes his factor, even though
there’s no proof that is how he was infected [134].

The evidence implicating polio vaccines grown in monkey kidneys with our current epidemics of cancer and AIDS continues togrow. But what if polio vaccines were produced in cow serum?
Would that make a difference?
14. Polio vaccines and Mad Cow disease
Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle. Infected cows lose
weight, drool, arch their backs, wave their heads, teeter back andforth, threaten other cows, act crazy, and eventually die. The firstcase of the disease was observed in 1984. Since then, BSE has
killed more than 200,000 cows [138].
Mad cow disease is related to scrapie, a similar disease afflicting sheep [139]. In fact, authorities believe it spread to cows fromsheep when they were fed scrapie-infected bone meal [139].
Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and vCJD (a newly discovered
variant) are the human equivalents of mad cow disease [139].
They cause a comparable wasting of the brain leading to muscle
incoordination, sensory loss, and mental confusion [139]. It is always fatal. There is no known cure [138:54].
There is very strong evidence that mad cow disease and the
newly discovered variant of Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease are causedby the same infectious agent. For example, a 1996 study showedthat monkeys injected with BSE developed symptoms remarkably
similar to vCJD [140]. Another study showed that BSE and vCJD
had similar molecular characteristicsCunlike “classical” CJD[141]. Two later studies, one published in 1997, the other in 1999,
appear to confirm that BSE from cattle causes vCruetzfeldt-Jakob
disease in humans [142,143]. Researchers think that mad cow disease can be passed from cows to humans if they ingest BSEinfected beef [138:56;144;145], or if they receive vaccines contaminated with BSE [145-148].
BSE associated infectious agents are capable of contaminating
polio vaccines because they are not only grown in monkey kidneys, but in calf serum as well [3]. In fact, many parts of the cow
are used in vaccine production. Glycerol is derived from cow fat;gelatin and amino acids come from cow bones; and the growth
medium for viruses and other microorganisms may require cow
skeletal muscle, enzymes, and blood [139].
Authorities knew that vaccines could be infected with BSE
associated transmissible agents as early as 1988. Yet, in England,vaccine manufacturers waited months before switching to cows
less likely to be infected, and refused to remove current stock off
the shelves and out of doctor’s offices until it was all sold, or expired five years later towards the end of 1993 [146]. One outraged
legislator declared that “the Department of Health was potentiallycriminally negligent in not requiring the immediate withdrawal orcessation of use of vaccines from potentially contaminated sources[146].” Despite nationwide apprehension, manufacturers continued
to disregard European guidelines [150]. Finally, in October 2000,
the Department of Health became so concerned about the likelihood of children being infected with BSE-contaminated vaccinesand falling prey to vCruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (dozens of people,
including children, had already contracted it) [151] that they issued a recall of hundreds of thousands of polio vaccines madeusing fetal bovine serum extracted from British cows
[139,148,152].

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In the United States, authorities waited until December 1993
before issuing a “recommendation” that U.S. manufacturers notuse bovine material from countries reporting BSE [153]. The FDA
issued a second warning to manufacturers in 1996 informing them
to “take whatever steps are necessary to reduce potential risk oftransmission of BSE agent [139,147].” But in March 2000, the
FDA discovered that its “recommendations” were ignored. Vaccines were still being made in bovine materials obtained fromcountries reporting BSE [147].
Americans have something else to be concerned about as well.
Although U.S. cows do not exhibit “mad cow symptoms,” every
year in the United States tens of thousands of cattle are severely
incapacitated; they cannot stand and walk on their own. Farm
Sanctuary, a national non-profit organization dedicated to halting
irresponsible agricultural practices, believes that these “downed”
animals may harbor a new variant of BSE, and is critical of theFood and Drug Administration’s BSE surveillance efforts [154].
Despite early warning signs, downed cows are not examined for a
new variant of BSE, and have not been ruled out of vaccine production [154].
Dr. Richard Marsh of the Department of Animal Health andBiomedical Sciences at the University of Wisconsin, Madison,
conducted research providing evidence that downed cattle in the
U.S. may harbor a new variant of mad cow disease. He inoculated
cows with TME, a variant of BSE. They became “downed” insteadof “mad” [155]. Other scientists inoculated cows with scrapie from
U.S. sheep. They, too, became “downed” instead of “mad” [156].
Responding to the FDA’s apparent indifference, Farm Sanctuary
issued the following statement: “We are distressed that economic
priorities have tended to take precedence over the health of consumers. We are also concerned that, like in Britain, a powerful
economic incentive exists to ignore evidence that BSE, or a variantof BSE, exists in the U.S. We urge the FDA to examine the scientific evidence regarding BSE carefully and to act in the interest of
American consumers [154].” Regardless, the FDA did not modify
its BSE surveillance policies, and vaccines made in bovine material obtained from countries reporting BSE were not going to be
removed from the market for at least another year, until
2002Cafter all existing stock had been purchased and consumed[139,147].
15. More animal viruses
Thousands of viruses and other potentially infectious microorganisms thrive in monkeys and cows, the preferred animals formaking polio vaccines [83:159]. SV-40, SIV, and BSE associatedtransmissible agents are just three of the disease-causing agents
researchers have isolated. For example, scientists have known
since 1955 that monkeys host the “B” virus, foamy agent virus,
haemadsorption viruses, the LCM virus, arboviruses, and more[157]. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), similar in genetic
structure to HIV, was recently found in some cows [103:100].
In 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was discovered in
chimpanzees [158]. According to Dr. Viera Scheibner, who studied more than 30,000 pages of medical papers dealing with vaccination, RSV viruses “formed prominent contaminants in polio
vaccines, and were soon detected in children [159].” They caused
serious cold-like symptoms in small infants and babies who received the polio vaccine [159]. In 1961, the Journal of the Ameri-247

can Medical Association published two studies confirming a
causal relationship between RSV and “relatively severe lower
respiratory tract illness [160].” The virus was found in 57 percent
of infants with bronchiolitis or pneumonia, and in 12 percent ofbabies with a milder febrile respiratory disease [161]. Infectedbabies remained ill for three to five months [161]. RSV was also
found to be contagious, and soon spread to adults where it has
been linked to the common cold [162].
Today, RSV infects virtually all infants by the age of two years,
and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia
among infants and children under one year of age [163]. It also
causes severe respiratory disease in the elderly [164]. RSV remains highly contagious and results in thousands of hospitalizations every year; many people die from it [165]. Ironically, scientists are developing a vaccine to combat RSV [166]Cthe infectious
agent that very likely entered the human population by way of a
vaccine [159].
Dr. John Martin, a professor of pathology at the University ofSouthern California, has been warning authorities since 1978 that
other dangerous monkey viruses could be contaminating polio
vaccines. In particular, Martin sought to investigate simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV), a “stealth virus” capable of causing neurological disorders in the human brain. The virus was found in monkeys used for making polio vaccines. The government rebuffed his
efforts to study the risks [83:159–61]. However, in 1995, Martin
published his findings implicating the African green monkey as
the probable source of SCMV isolated from a patient with chronic
fatigue syndrome [167].
In 1996, Dr. Howard B. Urnovitz, a microbiologist, founderand chief science officer of Calypte Biomedical in Berkeley, California spoke at a national AIDS conference where he revealed thatup to 26 monkey viruses may have been in the original Salk vaccines. These included the simian equivalents of human echo virus,
coxsackie, herpes (HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8), adenoviruses,
Epstein-Barr, and cytomegalovirus [168-170]. Urnovitz believes
that contaminated Salk vaccines given to U.S. children between
1955 and 1961 may have set this generation up for immune systemdamage and neurological disorders. He sees correlations between
early polio vaccine campaigns and the sudden emergence of human T-cell leukemia, epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, herpes, Epstein-Barr and chronic fatigue syndrome[168:1].
Urnovitz also discussed “jumping genes”—normal genes that
may recombine with viral fragments to form new hybrid viruses
called chimeras. He believes that this is exactly what happened
when monkey viruses and human genes were brought together
during early polio vaccine campaigns. And because the chimera“has the envelope of a normal human gene,” typical cures won’t
work. How do you develop a vaccine or other antidote against the
body’s own DNA [168:1-4;171]?
16. Mutated polio strains
Several years ago, the World Health Organization launched the
Global Polio Eradication Initiative, with 2000 as its target date for
eliminating the disease. However, by 2000 it became clear that not
only was polio still around, but new strains of the disease—derived from the vaccine itself—were emerging [172]. Researchers first noticed something unusual in 1983. Outbreaks of polio in

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Egypt were being caused by a “vaccine-derived” polio virus [173].
In 1993, Dr. Radu Crainic of the Pasteur Institute, discovered thatstrains of the polio virus have the ability to spontaneously recombine with themselves and create new strains. Crainic showed that
if you vaccinate a child with polio strains 1, 2, and 3, you can produce a new strain, strain 4, out of the child’s stool. Crainic concluded that the polio vaccine creates favorable conditions contributing to the evolution of viral “recombinations” [174].
In October 2000, virologist Hiromu Yoshida of Japan’s National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo reported finding a
new infectious polio virus in Japanese rivers and sewage. Genetic
sequencing confirmed that the virus had mutated from the polio
vaccine and regained much of its original virulence [175]. According to Yoshida, it poses a “persistent environmental threat [172].”
In December 2000, researchers reported on a polio outbreak in
Haiti and the Dominican Republic that resulted in numerous casesof flaccid paralysis [173]. Laboratory examinations confirmed
health authorities’ worst suspicions: the disease was caused by “anunusual viral derivative” of the polio vaccine. The virus demonstrates genetic similarity to the parent vaccine strain, “but it has
assumed the neurovirulence and transmissibility” of the wild polio
virus [173]. Health officials are obviously concerned, “because awild poliovirus has not circulated in the Western Hemisphere since1991,” and if the newly mutated polio virus spreads, it could cause
new epidemics of the disease (Figure 8) [173].
Figure 8. Polio eradication with vaccines: a vicious cycle?

The wild polio virus brought about the development of polio vaccines,
which spawned mutations of the polio virus, resulting in new “vaccinederived” wild polio viruses. Source: Virology 1993; 196:199-208; Lancet(October 28, 2000); Reuters Medical News (December 4, 2000)

17. How is today’s polio vaccine produced?
Despite the polio vaccine’s long history of causing polio, andthe manufacturer’s inability to protect the public from dangerous
microorganisms that perpetually contaminate their ever growing
repertoire of “new and improved” products, the currently available inactivated, or “killed-virus” polio vaccine continues to be
manufactured in much the same way as earlier versions. Animal
matter and questionable drugs are still used. In the United States,
today’s polio vaccine is a sterile suspension of three types of poliovirus. “The viruses are grown in cultures of a continuous line ofmonkey kidney cells...supplemented with newborn calf serum...”The vaccine also contains two antibiotics (neomycin and streptomycin), in addition to formaldehyde as a preservative [3].

In Canada, the inactivated polio vaccine is produced in “human
diploid cells” instead of monkey kidneys [83:163]. Some researchers believe this is a safer alternative. According to Barbara Loe
Fisher, president of the National Vaccine Information Center in
Vienna, Virginia, “With mounting evidence that cross-species
transfer of viruses can occur, the United States should no longer beusing animal tissues to produce vaccines [91].” However, Dr. Arthur Levine of the National Institutes of Health believes that making polio vaccines using human cells isn’t risk-free either, “because they must be tested for human infections [176].”
18. Are positive changes possible?
Government officials worry that even debating the issue willfrighten parents. Levine probably speaks for many people within
the vaccine industry when he declares: “We do a grave disservice
to the public if we were now to question the safety of the current
polio vaccines... [176]” But Barbara Loe Fisher would like to seechanges in the way vaccine safety is governed. She believes thatagencies like the FDA have an inherent conflict of interest becauseof their mandate to promote universal vaccination on the one hand
and regulate vaccine safety on the other. “Who’s minding the store
when the FDA has allowed drug companies to produce vaccinesgrown on contaminated monkey kidneys?” Fisher asks. “Whathappened to protecting the public health [60]?” Dr. John Martin
agrees. He believes that we need to immediately determine theprevalence of stealth viruses of simian origin in the United States,
and whether they may be contributing to chronic immune systemand brain disorders in children and adults [177]. Dr. Urnovitz iseven more resolute in his convictions. He thinks that an extensive
study of human exposure to simian microbes is long overdue.
“Half of the people in this country are baby boomers who wereborn between 1941 and 1961 and are at high risk for having been
exposed to polio vaccines contaminated with monkey viruses. Are
we just a time bomb waiting to happen, waiting to develop lupus,
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease [168:4,5;169]?” Urnovitz
also challenged medical science to prove him wrong. “What weare saying here is that there is a strong probability that no humanretroviruses existed before the polio vaccines... You have to realize that if you mess around with nature, you’re going to pay theprice... The objective here is a better, healthier world...
[168:4,5;169;171]”
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About the Author
Neil Z. Miller is a medical research journalist and natural health advocate. He is the author of numerous articles and books on vaccines,
including Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective? (updated andrevised 2004); Vaccines, Autism and Childhood Disorders (2003); Immunizations: The People Speak (1996); and Immunization Theory Versus
Reality (1995). He is a frequent guest on radio and TV talk shows, including Donahue and Montel Williams, where he is often seen and heard
debating doctors and other health officials. Mr. Miller has a degree in
psychology, is the director of the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute(www.thinktwice.com), and is a member of Mensa, the international
high-IQ society. He lives in Northern New Mexico with his family.
Mr. Miller began his crusade against mandatory vaccines when his
son was born. Very little data could be found on this topic. His search forthe truth led him to scientific journals. There he discovered numerous
studies warning medical practitioners that vaccines are often unsafe andineffective. His shock and anger at the suppression of this information
culminated in his passionate advocacy of health freedom and informed
parenting options.
Neil Miller is a health pioneer who presented documentation about
vaccine safety and efficacy problems long before these concerns weremade public. For example, several years ago he complained about toxic
mercury being put into childhood vaccines and provided evidence linking
vaccines and autism. During the past decade, cases of autism skyrocketedby more than 500 percent in countries that use the MMR vaccine. In
some parts of the United States, one of every 150 children is autistic.
Recently, Congress commanded the FDA to remove mercury from vaccines, and new studies by several world-renowned scientists confirmed
an MMR-autism link.
Despite the many problems uncovered in Mr. Miller’s research, hedoes not tell parents to reject the shots:
Every year, more than 12,000 people in the United States filevaccine-damage reports with the FDA documenting serious adverse reactions to mandated immunizations (children are mainly
affected). The FDA estimates that this represents just 10 percentof the true rate. Yet, even these figures pale in comparison to thenumber of cases of new diseases scientifically linked to inoculations: MMR and autism, polio vaccines and cancer, the hepatitis
B vaccine and multiple sclerosis, the Hib vaccine and diabetes,
to name just a few. For these reasons, among others, I am opposed to mandatory vaccines. I do not recommend for or against
the shots. I want everyone to think through this enigmatic andcontroversial subject on their own. I believe that parents are capable of obtaining the facts and making knowledgeable choices
regarding the care and welfare of their children.
Mr. Miller has publicly debated the pros and cons of mandatory vaccines with several pediatricians and other health practitioners, including
the chief medical epidemiologist for the National Immunization Programat the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He conducts
lectures throughout the United States and is available to discuss his research on vaccines.

doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027