Proceedings of the Thirty-second (2022) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
Shanghai, China, June 5–10, 2022
Copyright © 2022 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)
ISBN 978-1-880653-81-4; ISSN 1098-6189

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Effects of Specimen Cross-sectional Shape on Results of Freezing-and-Thawing Tests
Haruka Ikadatsu1, Yu Tominaga2, Masahiro Hyodo2, Hidehiko Ogata3
2

1
Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
3
The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japanaffected by specimen size (both the specified 100 × 100 × 400 mm
prismatic specimen and the φ100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimen),fundamental frequency (both transverse and longitudinal), washingtreatment of specimens, and vertical reversal of specimens.

ABSTRACTIn this study, freezing and thawing tests were conducted in accordancewith standard JIS A 1148 (method A), and it was found that the specimen
cross-sectional shape has little effect on the results. The ultrasonic transit
time can be used to evaluate the freezing and thawing resistance up to60% of the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity. The center
temperatures of concrete specimens were measured, and the changes ofthermal distribution were simulated. Then, the center temperatures andthermal distribution differed slightly between φ100 × 200 mm
cylindrical specimens and the specified 100 × 100 × 400 mm prismatic
specimens.

In particular, the φ100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimen has many
advantages for conducting freezing and thawing tests. First, its mass isabout 4 kg, which is less than half of that of the specified prismatic
specimen. Second, the φ100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimen is used inother tests, such as those for compressive strength and splitting tensilestrength; in Japan, standard JIS A 1132 specifies a method for placing
φ100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimens, for which disposable molds madeof materials such as paper, plastic, and tinplate are available. Third, Kato,Kato, and Kawai (1999) and Ikadatsu, Arai, Otsuka, and Ogata (2021)
confirmed that compared with the specified 100 × 100 × 400 mm
prismatic specimen, the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of theφ100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimen decreases faster, and the cycles atthe end of the tests become shorter. Therefore, freezing and thawing tests
with the φ100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimen tend to finish earlier.
Previous studies have reported how specimen size and shape affect theresults of freezing and thawing tests. For example, Nakamura and Hama(2013) measured the center temperatures of specimens with different
sizes and shapes during freezing and thawing tests. Some recent studies
reported the results of non-uniform heat transfer due to changes in thesurface area and the volume depending on the cross-sectional dimensions.
For example, Ahn, Lee, Kim, and Shin (2021) carried out FEM thermal
analysis of concrete to evaluate the performance on induction heating(IH) system: a kind of curing technology. That study showed that thebigger specimen dimensions caused uneven heat transfer. Karimi,Jahanbakhsh, and Hejad (2021) revealed that asphalt concrete tended todiffer in the electromagnetic field and thermal energy inside of theasphalt concrete from different specimen dimensions. However, theliterature concerning temperature changes inside concrete specimens islimited. From the above, when freezing and thawing tests are conductedwith φ100 × 200 mm cylindrical specimens, it is necessary to clarify how
the temperature changes inside test specimens with different sizes andshapes.

KEY WORDS: Freezing and thawing resistance; Fundamental
frequency; RILEM CIF; Ultrasonic transit time; Center temperature;
Thermal analysis

INTRODUCTION
The Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 1148:2010 (Method of test forresistance of concrete to freezing and thawing) is the only standard inJapan that specifies a test method for comparing the freezing and thawing
resistance of concrete. The specified test specimens are prismatic
specimens with dimensions of 100 × 100 × 400 mm, but they each havea mass of about 10 kg, making it difficult to move them in and out of thetest chamber and set them on the apparatus. In addition, only steel molds
are available to make such specimens, and there are no disposable molds
made of paper, plastic, or tinplate. Moreover, the curing age of such test
specimens is usually 28 days, while the freezing and thawing tests takemore than 2 months from start to finish, so overall the test period of suchtests is often longer than 3 months. For these reasons, freezing andthawing tests of concrete are burdensome for experimenters, andimproved test methods are needed.
In previous studies, researchers have proposed using a smaller specimen
than the specified 100 × 100 × 400 mm prismatic specimens. Koh andHasegawa (1981) suggested using concrete specimens with smaller crosssections to reduce the freezing time. Ito, Izumo, and Sakamoto (2006)
developed an apparatus that allows the ultrasonic transit speed to bemeasured automatically, and they proposed a freezing and thawing test
method with this apparatus and cylindrical specimens with dimensionsof φ100 × 200 mm. Furthermore, Chikamatsu and Sogo (2006)
investigated how the test results for freezing and thawing resistance are

In JIS A 1148, the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity is used toevaluate freezing and thawing resistance. The former is usuallycalculated from the fundamental transverse frequency (and hereinafter isreferred to as REDT). However, when the fundamental transverse
frequency is measured, false peaks may occur in the form of waveformpeaks in the amplitude spectrum that are not related to the fundamental

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