UJNR Aquaculture Panel
39th Scientific Symposium
October 25th-26th, 2010

養殖産業の現在と将来
The Present and Future of the Aquaculture Industry

Place: Kagoshima University, Inamori Hall
（鹿児島大学稲盛会館）
Tel: 099-285-7701
Organized by: Fisheries Research Agency (FRA), Japan
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), USA
Kagoshima Univ. (under application)

The 39th Scientific Symposium of UJNR Aquaculture Panel
October 25th – 26th, 2010
Kagoshima University Inamori Hall, Kagoshima

The Present and Future of the Aquaculture Industry
Aim of the symposium
Based on the goals of the third five-year-plan of FRA that will begin in 2011 and the NOAA and
USDA strategic plans for aquaculture, the focus for this meeting will be to present and discuss issues
concerning the history and role of aquaculture as well as future production systems and strategies usedby each nation to promote aquaculture production, both from the standpoint of the farmer and theconsuming public.

The primary focus will be on problems faced by the aquaculture industries of thetwo nations and strategies and solutions to create competitive new and existing aquaculture industries.
We will explore current aquaculture systems that are expanding and aquaculture systems that have thepotential to expand in the future. We will consider the research needs to maximize the future potentialof these industries by examining aquaculture production systems. Aquaculture systems include thewhole process from spawning of a certain species to consuming the product including
broodstock/hatchery, cultivation, harvest, processing and distribution as a commodity.

From thisexchange we expect to highlight key bottlenecks that need to be addressed in future meetings.

In

particular, we will propose a direction for our aquaculture industries and aquaculture research areasthat are useful and necessary to promote effective consumer friendly industries that support our
seafood culture and consumption. We will present and discuss issues about the history, role, andprocesses from producing to consuming, process of making a profit and how aquaculture can meet
consumer needs.

ProgramMonday, October 25th, 2010
Registration

11:30-14:00

Opening remarks (Takaji Iida, Japan Panel Chair) ・・・・・・・・・・・・ 13:00-13:10
Welcome greeting (Tadahide Noro, Dean of the Faculty of Fisheries)・・・・・ 13:10-13:20
Aim of the symposium (Makoto Yamasaki, Deputy Secretary General) ・・・ 13:20-13:25
Session Ⅰ. Overview of Aquaculture Research Policy(Moderators: Walton Dickhoff, Hisashi Yokoyama )1. Course of the Research for Sustainable Aquaculture in Japan1

Fuminari Itoh (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA) ・・・・13:30-13:48
2. Aquaculture Research Priorities and Opportunities 2010-2015 and beyond: a USDA andInteragency Perspective
Jeffrey Silverstein (USDA, Agricultural Research Service)・・・・・・・・13:48-14:06
3. Current Policy of Aquaculture Industry and Research
Mitsuyuki Hirai (Fisheries Agency, MAFF) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・14:06-14:24
4. Aquaculture Policy and Research Priorities from the NOAA Perspective
Robert N. Iwamoto (NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center) ・・・・14:24-14:42
Break・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・14:42-15:02
Session Ⅱ. Aquaculture Industry Overview and Research Planning(Moderators: Marty Riche, Takashi Iwasaki)
5. Aquaculture in North America: Present Status and Future Opportunities
Paul G. Olin (UCSD, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) ・・・・・・・・15:02-15:20
6. Overcoming Technical Barriers to the Sustainable Development of Competitive
Marine Aquaculture in the United States
John A. Hargreaves (Aquaculture Assessments LLC) ・・・・・・・・・・15:20-15:38
Session Ⅲ. Techniques of Aquaculture Production(Moderators: James Sullivan, Susumu Uji)
7. A Challenge to Technology Development of the Year Round Egg Production in
Kan-pachi Amberjack Seriola dumerili：Advanced Spawning TechniqueKazuhisa Hamada (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA)
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・15:38-15:56
8. Spawning and Larval Rearing of Yellowtail Amberjack (Seriola lalandi) in Southern
California
Kevin Stuart (Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute) ・・・・・・・・・・15:56-16:14
Break・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16:14-16:34(Moderators: Bob Iwamoto, Akiyuki Ozaki)
9. The Development of Aquaculture Techniques for Greater Amberjack (Seriola
dumerili) Using Artificially Produced Seed：Technological Advancement of the Seed2

Production
Hiroshi Hashimoto (Shibushi Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement,
FRA) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16:34-16:52
10. Success of Artificial Completion of the Japanese Eel (Anguilla japonica) Life Cycle
Hitoshi Imaizumi (Shibushi Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement,
FRA) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16:52-17:10
11. Offshore Mussel Farming in Southern New England; Recent Results
Scott Lindell (Marine Biological Laboratory, Marine Resources Center)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・17:10-17:28
Announcement・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・17:28
Tuesday, October 26th, 2010

Registration

9:00-9:30

Session Ⅳ. Management, Social and Economic Issues of the Aquaculture Industry(Moderators: Paul Olin, Fuminari Itoh)
12. Structural Problems of Fish Farming Industry in Japan
Masaaki Sano (Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University)

・・・・・・ 9:20-9:38

13. The Political Economics of United States Aquaculture
Gunnar Knapp (Institute of Social Economic Research, University of Alaska)
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9:38-9:56
Session Ⅲ. Techniques of Aquaculture Production; continued(Moderators: Jeff Silverstein, Mitsuyuki Hirai)
14. Fish Nutrition and Fish Health－Recent Progress in Japan－
Shunsuke Koshio (Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University) ・・・・・ 9:56-10:14
15. The Future of Aquaculture Feeds in the United States
Michael B. Rust (NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center) ・・・・・10:14-10:32
Break・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・10:32-10:52(Moderators: Cheng-Sheng Lee, Tetsuro Shibuno)
16. Progress of DNA Marker-Assisted Breeding in Mariculture Finfish
Akiyuki Ozaki (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA) ・・10:52-11:10
17. Biotechnology for Competitive Aquaculture3Walton W. Dickhoff (NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center) ・・・11:10-11:28
18. Development and Evaluation of Real-time Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Methods for the Rapid Detection of Penaeid Viruses
Tohru Mekata (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA) ・・・・11:28-11:46
Lunch Break―――――――

・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・11:50-14:00
PosterSession ―――――――

Session Ⅴ. Supporting Techniques of Aquaculture(Moderators: Scott Lindel, Shusaku Kadowaki)
19. Bioindicator and biofilter function of ULVA spp. in fish farm environments
Hisashi Yokoyama (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA) ・・・14:15-14:33
20. Inland Marine Fish Culture in Low-Salinity Recirculating Aquaculture System
Marty A. Riche (USDA, Agricultural Research Service)・・・・・・・・・14:33-14:51
21. Landbased Poly-Eco-Aquaculture of Abalone and Seaweed in the Small Scale
Recirculating System Using the Recycled Frozen Container
Mohammad M. Rahman (Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University) ・・・14:51-15:09
Break・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・15:09-15:24(Moderators: Kevin Stuart, Makoto Yamasaki)
22. Techniques for current control in tank; lessons learned from rearing larvae of red
spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara
Takashi Iwasaki (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA) ・・・15:24-15:42
23. Pond-to-Plate Analysis of the US Farm-Raised Catfish Industry
Terrill R. Hanson (Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn
University) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・15:42-16:00
24. Beneficial Meat Quality Induced by Diets in Yellowtail
Itaru Shioya (Nippon Suisan Kaisha Ltd.)・・・・・・・・・・・・16:00-16:18

Break・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16:18-16:33(Moderators: Gunnar Knapp, Tohru Mekata)4

Session Ⅵ. Stock Enhancement
25. A Multi-Year Collaborative Effort to Evaluate the Impact of Acclimation Cage
Conditioning for Stocking Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, in Wakasa Bay,Japan
Michelle L. Walsh (University of New Hampshire) ・・・・・・・・・・16:33-16:51
26. Acoustic Conditioning and Ranching of Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata
Scott Lindell (Marine Biological Laboratory, Marine Resources Center)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・16:51-17:09
Closing remarks (Michael B. Rust, U.S.A. Panel Chair)・・・・・・・・・・・17:09Announcement
・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・-17:20

5

Satellite Symposium in Shibushi
29th October 10:30At a meeting room in Hotel Volver A Daguri
Hatchery, the Present State and Issues
1. Artificial Completion of the Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica, Life Cycle: Challenge to
Mass Production
Yoshitsugu Masuda (Shibushi Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, FRA)
2. Spawning and Larval Rearing of Yellowtail Amberjack (Seriola Ialandi) in Southern
California 2
Kevin Stuart (Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute)
3. A Challenge to Technology Development of the Year Round Egg Production in
Kan-pachi Amberjack Seriola dumerili：Proposal of New Systematized Aquaculture
Kazuhisa Hamada (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA)
4. Sablefish Hatchery Methods. An Overview of Hatchery Design, Brood Stock Spawning,and Egg and Yolk Sac Larvae Incubation Procedures at the Manchester Research Station
Michael B. Rust (NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center)
5. Development of A Visualizing Method for Physical Injury to Fish Larvae
Susumu Uji (National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA)

6

Presentation 1
COURSE OF THE RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE IN JAPANFuminari Ito
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, FRA
Nakatsuhamaura, Minamiise, Mie 516-0193, Japan
Email: fuminari at affrc.go.jp
World aquaculture has grown dramatically in the last 50 years mainly in Asia, and is expected
to increase further. On the other hand, aquaculture production of Japan has changed almost stably,and occupies an important position in the entire fishery, but the affaires of that are in very severe.
It is due to such as increased production costs of fuel oil and fish meal for raw material of feed,
restraint purchasing of high grade fish and sluggish of fish price by economic recession, anddamage of red tide and outbreak of disease. From such a situation, aquaculture industry of Japan
has fallen into the production structure of high cost and low price.
To improve the management of aquaculture, it is necessary to shift to a sustainable andprofitable structure by a review of the entire production process. We organized an overview ofaquaculture (aquaculture production system) as shown below, and have discussed research
problems and directions of solutions in each category. For sustainable aquaculture, industry must
reduce the environmental impact, as well as needs to be profitable. For the low impact onenvironment, research and technological innovation are needed on artificial seed production thatis independent on natural resources, improvement of culture methods and feed quality unaffected
to water quality and so on. To increase revenue, it is necessary to practice continual cost savings
by analysis each process of aquaculture production and to develop a way to add high value to
products. Thus, it is important that aquaculture is regarded as an integrated production system forconsidering the future research.

Aquaculture Production System（Illustration of Fish Aquaculture）
Policy ・ Management

Support Sector

Production○ Facility○ Nursery○ ProcessManagement

Production○ Cultivation○ Environment

Management

Post Harvest

Consumption

7【Aquaculture Proc.】
・Parents Management
・Breeding・Larval Rearing
・Feeds Management
・Health Management
・Load Management

・Freshness
・Processing
・Distribution

Presentation 2
AQUACULTURE RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES 2010-2015 AND
BEYOND: A USDA AND INTERAGENCY PERSPECTIVE
Jeffrey Silverstein
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Office of National Programs 5601
Sunnyside Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
Email: jeff.silverstein at ars.usda.gov

The three federal departments primarily concerned with aquaculture in the United States are
Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior and Department of Commerce. The US
Department of Agriculture (USDA) applies expertise in agriculture to support efforts to increase
production efficiency and consumer value. Within the Department of Interior, the Fish andWildlife Service (FWS) creates recreational opportunities and protects freshwater biodiversity.
Within the Department of Commerce, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) enhances commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing opportunities,
develops and supports aquaculture for commercial and enhancement goals and protects marine
species. The growth of aquaculture in the US was gradual but reliable over the 20 years from1980 to 2000. Industry growth and stakeholder involvement justified growing budgets foraquaculture research in USDA (ARS and NIFA) and the other agencies to a lesser extent.
Nevertheless, over the last decade aquaculture production in the United States has not expanded.
The catfish industry, the largest single component of commercial US aquaculture has gone
through a sharp decline of approximately 30% over the past 3 years, due to competition fromimports, and high production costs. Trout production, the second largest commercial finfish
sector has been stable but without growth for the past 3 decades. Other products are seeing somefluctuations; some bright spots include growing salmon production, and increased markets formolluscan shellfish. Within the USDA (Agriculture Research Service, ARS, in particular)
research is focused on four major themes: genetic improvement, development of alternative
ingredients and improved nutrition, improved health through vaccine and therapeutics
development and improving production systems (ponds, raceways and recirculating systems).
Several of these priorities are indeed multiagency, for example there is a joint NOAA-USDA
alternative feeds initiative, and work on therapeutic and vaccine development is done incoordination with FWS, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and Food andDrug Administration (FDA).
Two clear themes emerging for stimulating growth of aquaculture in the US arestrengthening connections along the value chain from hatchery to consumer; and incorporating
best new technologies to achieve sustainable production, of high quality, affordable products.
The Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture is a federal government coordinating body where
issues that cross multiple government agencies can be discussed and addressed. Past
achievements include development of effluent guidelines for aquaculture in conjunction withEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA), and development of a National Aquatic Animal HealthPlan. Currently, an aquaculture Research and Technology strategic plan for the federal
government is under development.

8

Presentation 3
CURRENT POLICY OF AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY AND RESEARCH
Mitsuyuki Hirai
Fisheries Agency, 1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8907, Japan
Email: mithirai at affrc.go.jp

The Fisheries Agency (FA) , based on the basic fisheries plan developed in March 2007 and thebasic plan for agriculture, forestry and fisheries research developed in March 2010, works toestablish sustainable production of fisheries resources and robust fisheries industrial structure bypromoting the restoration and management of fishery resources, the preservation of coastal
environment including seaweed beds and mud flats, and the prevention of damage to the fisheries
industry from harmful organisms such as large jellyfish. Also FA promotes to stabilize thefisheries management through easing of fluctuation in material costs such as fuel oil and decreaseof income, and through fostering and securing fisheries employments.
Aquaculture production of Japan is 1.19 million tons (479 billion yen), and accounts for
21% (29%) of total production in 2008. In order to strengthen steadiness and competitiveness of
the aquaculture management, FA develops and diffuses new aquaculture technologies suitable forfield needs, preserves environment in aquaculture grounds, and secures the safety and reliabilityof the products by controlling fish disease and introducing the good aquaculture practice (GAP).
In particular, as it is recently concerned that the captures of natural juvenile fishes as seeds foraquaculture influence upon the reproduction of fishery resources and also large-scale red tides
extensively damage the aquaculture production, FA is especially advancing to develop newtechnologies for artificial seeds production, e.g., eel or bluefin tuna, and for prevention ofdamages by red tides.

9

Presentation 4
AQUALCULTURE POLICY AND RESEARCH PRIORITIES FROM THE NOAAPERSPECTIVE
Robert N. Iwamoto
NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA
Email: bob.iwamoto at noaa.gov

After 2 years of formulation, a Department of Commerce (DOC)/National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) aquaculture policy was signed by the Secretary of the U.S.
Department of Commerce in 1999. This policy was instrumental in establishing a framework thatoutlined the DOC vision for U.S. Aquaculture and DOC's Aquaculture Mission to establish abusiness climate and technological base for industry to develop environmentally soundaquaculture. A significant component of the DOC policy was the declaration of six specifictargets or objectives to be accomplished by the year 2025:
A. Increase the value of domestic aquaculture production from the present $900 million
annually to $5 billion, which will help offset the $6-billion annual U.S. trade deficit inseafood.
B. Increase the number of jobs in aquaculture from the present estimate of 180,000 to
600,000.
C. Develop aquaculture technologies and methods both to improve production andsafeguard the environment, emphasizing where possible those technologies that
employ pollution prevention rather than pollution control techniques.
D. Develop a code of conduct for responsible aquaculture by the year 2002 and have
100% compliance with the code in Federal waters.
E. Double the value of non-food products and services produced by aquaculture in order
to increase industry diversification.
F. Enhance depleted wild fish stocks through aquaculture, thereby increasing the value ofboth commercial and recreational landings and improving the health of our aquatic
resources.
NOAA, as the nation’s ocean agency with its attendant stewardship responsibilities, has a majorrole in the national strategy to attain those objectives. To provide guidance and a framework forthe agency’s approach, the NOAA Aquaculture Program developed a 10-year plan in 2007. The
plan, while outlining the approaches the agency would take in promoting and achieving thenational aquaculture objectives, also identified the many challenges facing commercial
aquaculture expansion in the United States within the context of the agency’s legislative andregulatory mandates and constraints with budgetary and staffing uncertainties and stakeholder
support. Furthermore, in 2009 NOAA announced its intent to develop a new and comprehensive
national policy for sustainable marine aquaculture in federal waters. Relying heavily on
stakeholder input, the national policy posed seven questions to the public:10

1. What opportunities exist for developing sustainable marine aquaculture nationwide? What
are the major impediments?
2. What are the most important environmental considerations, and how can these be
addressed?
3. Which social and economic consequences or outcomes will be the most important in thenext 5 years or in the next 20 years?
4. How can NOAA best support essential research and innovation? What should be the goalsof NOAA-funded research related to aquaculture?
5. How can NOAA best communicate with the industry and public on aquaculture issues?
What are the opportunities for partnerships?
6. What role should NOAA play with respect to aquaculture issues and initiatives at theinternational level?
7. What other considerations need to be addressed in NOAA's aquaculture policy?
NOAA has analyzed the public input and is in the process of developing a draft national policy
for review and public comment. Once that process is complete, the agency will issue a new
NOAA Aquaculture Policy.
This presentation will review the DOC aquaculture policy, NOAA’s 10-year research plan, andpresent salient points regarding the draft NOAA aquaculture policy to provide a perspective of
NOAA’s aquaculture research priorities as well as the drivers that influence them.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
U.S. Department of Commerce Aquaculture Policy. 1999.
http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/pdf/18_docaqpolicy.pdf
NOAA 10-Year Plan for Marine Aquaculture. 2007.
http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/about/tenyear.html
NOAA Draft Aquaculture Policy. 2010.
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/policy1/#discussion

11

Presentation 5
AQUACULTURE IN NORTHA AMERICA: PRESENT STATUS AND FUTUREOPPORTUNITIESPaul G. Olin
University of California Sea Grant Extension Program, U.C. San Diego, Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, San Diego, CA 92093
Email: polin at ucsd.edu

This represents a review of the status and trends in aquaculture development in North America.
The paper covers current levels of Canadian and American production and species diversity,
production trends over the last decade, available resources and governmental support, andprojections for future industry growth and development.
The aquaculture industry in North America produced 644,213 metric tonnes of product in2008 with an estimated value of US$1,622,460 (FAO 2009). This represents an annual
percentage increase over the previous decade of 1.8 percent by volume and 4.5 percent in value.
The finfish industry is at the forefront of the aquaculture sector led by production of Atlantic
salmon in Canada and channel catfish in the United States. Over the decade from 1997 to 2007,
Canadian production increased 54 percent resulting primarily from expansion of Atlantic salmon
net pen culture on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Canada produced 104,070 metric tonnes ofAtlantic salmon in 2008 worth US$ 663 million (Statistics Canada 2010). This represents 88
percent of total aquaculture revenue. The U.S. experienced a 17 percent increase in theaquaculture sector primarily through increased production of Pacific and Eastern oysters, hardclams, manila clams and red swamp crayfish. The U.S. channel catfish industry has experienced
strong competition as a result of significant increases in imports of basa and tra from Southeast
Asia and has declined in recent years. In 2008 American catfish growers produced 201,000
metric tonnes of fish valued at US$389 million. (USDA – NASS 2010)
FAO has projected the need for an additional 40 million metric tonnes of seafood by 2030 tomeet anticipated increases in global demand (FAO 2009). There is potential for significant
increases in production in North America and both the Canadian and American governments
have projections for expansion of their aquaculture industries. Canada estimates that by 2020
production could exceed 308,000 tonnes with farm-gate value of US$1.6 billion. The UnitedStates Department of Commerce estimates that domestic aquaculture production has the potential
to increase in value from US$1 billion to more than US$3 billion by 2025. In the United States
this additional production would be comprised of 760,000 tons of finfish, of which 590,000 tons
would be marine finfish, 47,000 tons of crustaceans, and a 245,000 ton increase in mollusc
production.
Future significant growth in the North American aquaculture industry will likely follow thesuccessful model demonstrated by the Atlantic salmon industry in Canada and new technologies
enabling net-pen culture to move further offshore. Both Canada and the United States have ample
areas for this expansion and the Canadian salmon example and pilot projects in the U.S.
demonstrate the viability of this approach. However, in some regions there is considerable
opposition and whether a significant industry sector develops will depend on the establishment of12

a regulatory regime that insures environmental protection while enabling the economic viabilityof aquaculture ventures.
References
FAO. 2009. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy
FAO FishStat Plus. 2010. http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/en
Statistics Canada. 2010. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/23-222-x/23-222-x2008000-eng.pdf
USDA – NASS. 2010.
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1016

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
FAO. 2008. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 2009This is a comprehensive look at world aquaculture and factors influencing aquaculture production.
The publication features some of the aspects of fisheries and aquaculture that may receive
increasing attention in the future. Examples include climate change, the use of marine genetic
resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the proliferation of private standards andcertification schemes in the international fish trade. The publication also highlights a few of
FAO’s special studies. This edition includes the use of wild-fishery resources as seed and feed inaquaculture, reviews he world’s shrimp fisheries and the management of marine capture fisheries
in the Pacific Ocean.
FAO FishStat Plus. 2010. http://www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/en
This is a comprehensive database that contains global fishery and aquaculture production
statistics by species and country. It is a program that is open domain software, created andmaintained by FAO which can be downloaded from the FAO website.
Statistics Canada. 2010. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/23-222-x/23-222-x2008000-eng.pdf
This is the aquaculture production database for Canada, created and maintained by the Statistics
Canada.
USDA – NASS. 2010.
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1016
This is the aquaculture production database for the United States, created and maintained by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)

13

Presentation 6
OVERCOMING TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF COMPETITIVE MARINE AQUACULTURE IN THE UNITED STATESJohn A. Hargreaves
Aquaculture Assessments LLC, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Email: jhargreaves01 at yahoo.com

Technological innovation drives economic growth and development and is a key component ofcompetitive advantage in a global economy, but innovation can be impeded by unresolved
measurement barriers. Overcoming measurement barriers requires the development of methods,
standards, instruments, and capabilities to evaluate the performance and advancement oftechnologies. A workshop was held to identify the priority research needs, and where appropriate,
the measurement barriers that impede innovation in U.S. marine aquaculture. The workshop
focused on the critical technology gaps that affect the sustainable development of a commercial
marine aquaculture sector emphasizing four types of production systems: shellfish aquaculture,
cage culture of marine finfish, land-based culture of marine finfish, and biofloc-based culture ofmarine shrimp.
The main subject areas with identifiable technology gaps include: genetic improvement,
nutrition, health management, control of reproduction, production of larvae and juveniles, foodsafety and product quality, environmental performance and impact, system engineering and lifesupport systems, and economics and marketing.
Technical barriers to innovation can be addressed by strategic investment in high priority
areas, particularly those with potential benefits that extend across technology platforms, andthose that integrate research among subject areas. Also, cost-effective investments in research toaddress high-priority information and technology needs, combined with a stable regulatoryenvironment, a streamlined permitting process, and public-private partnerships in demonstration
systems can accelerate private-sector investment in the development of a sustainable andcompetitive marine aquaculture sector in the U.S. economy.
Research needs are summarized and prioritized. Specific measurement gaps are also
described. Important non-technical barriers to sector development are also identified. Roadmap
implementation focuses on the next steps to promote the advancement of US marine aquaculture.

14

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Browdy, C.L. and J.A. Hargreaves (editors). 2009. Overcoming Technical Barriers to the
Sustainable Development of Competitive Marine Aquaculture in the United States. U.S.
Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD USA. NOAA Technical Memo NMFS F/SPO-100.
114pp.
This publication summarizes the outcome of a workshop convened to identify the barriers totechnological development in marine aquaculture in the United States. Specifically measurement
barriers related to the lack of technology standards, instrumentation, and methodologies toevaluate system performance are identified. Four marine aquaculture technology platforms are
considered: shellfish aquaculture, cage culture of marine finfish, land-based culture of marine
finfish, and biofloc-based culture of marine shrimp. Specific research needs are identified andprioritized.

NOAA. 1998. NOAA’s Aquaculture Policy. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration.
This represents the guiding document for marine aquaculture policy in the United States asarticulated by the lead agency (NOAA). The policy focuses on the roles of: 1) research,development, and technology transfer; 2) financial assistance to businesses; 3) environmental
safeguards including regulatory and permit procedures; and, 4) coordination. The research,development, and technology transfer component considers: 1) environmental impacts andstandards; 2) systems development; 3) growth and production of marine species; 4)biotechnology; 5) technology transfer; and, 6) coastal management.

NOAA. 2007. NOAA 10-Year Plan for Marine Aquaculture. U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The plan was adopted by NOAA as an agency-wide policy document intended to guide a broad,national initiative for marine aquaculture based on four distinct goals: 1) a comprehensive
regulatory program for environmentally sustainable marine aquaculture; 2) development ofcommercial marine aquaculture and replenishment of wild stocks; 3) public understanding ofmarine aquaculture; and, 4) increased collaboration and cooperation with international partners.
The plan also provides an assessment of the challenges NOAA will face in its effort to reachthese goals, such as the need for congressional and Executive Branch actions to provide
additional legislative and budget support.

15

NOAA. 2008. Offshore Aquaculture in the United States: Economic Considerations,
Implications & Opportunities.
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration.
This report explores the economic benefits and challenges associated with offshore aquaculture.
This report considers the broad, long-term implications of an established domestic offshore
aquaculture industry in the United States. Among the key findings, the report suggests that, overtime, the economic potential for offshore aquaculture is likely to grow because seafood demandand prices will increase, there will be more competition for sites closer to shore, and costs will belower due to improved technology, experience, and economies of scale.

Pacific Shellfish Institute. 2009. West Coast Shellfish Research and Education 2015 Goals andPriorities. Pacific Shellfish Institute, Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association, National
Shellfisheries Association / Pacific Coast Section. Olympia, WA.
This report summarizes the goals and research priorities of shellfish producers on the Pacificcoast of the United States. The main areas include: 1) domestication of established species; 2)shellfish health, disease prevention and management; 3) shellfish ecology; 4) aquaculture,enhancement, and restoration of native shellfish; 5) management and research of pests andinvasive flora and fauna; 6) human health and shellfish; 7) protection, enhancement, andrestoration of water quality in shellfish growing areas; 8) aquaculture training, education, andoutreach; 9) farming, harvesting, and processing; 10) marketing and promotion; and, 11) policy
and regulation.

U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. 2004. Setting a Course for Sustainable Marine Aquaculture.
Pages 330-336 in An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century. U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy,
Washington, DC.
The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy’s Final Report to Congress called on the Secretary ofCommerce to: 1) design and implement national policies for environmentally and economicallysustainable marine aquaculture; 2) develop a comprehensive, environmentally, sound permitting,leasing, and regulatory program for marine aquaculture, 3) expand marine aquaculture research,development, training, extension, and technology transfer, including a socioeconomic
component; 4) set priorities for research and technology, in close collaboration with the National
Sea Grant College Program, states, tribes, academia, industry, and other stakeholders; 5) workwith the FAO to encourage and facilitate worldwide adherence to the aquaculture provisions of
the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

16Presentation 7
A CHALLENGE TO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF THE YEAR ROUND EGG
PRODUCTION IN KAN-PACHI AMBERJACK Seriola dumerili : ADVANCEDSPAWNING TECHNIQUES
Kazuhisa Hamada,*1 Kiyoshi Soyano,2 Keiichi Mushiake1 and Takuro Hotta3
1

National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency
Nagasaki University Institute for East China Sea Research
3
Goto Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency
2*Email: kazhama at affrc.go.jp

Amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Kan-Pachi in Japanese) is one of the most important species inmarine fishery resources in Japan, having recently become a major target of aquaculture
production. As aquaculture process, the stable production and distribution of quality eggs areneeded to obtain healthy larvae/fry. However, spawning and quality egg production techniques
were not yet established.
In Kan-pachi amberjack, spawning season of the wild brood fish is from November to Marcharound the waters of China Kainan islands and Vietnam (the South Chaina Sea). Juveniles growto about 10- 15 cm in total length with body weights of about 25- 50 g in April in the waters ofChina, and then they are exported to Japan as aquaculture seeds. On the other hand, in Japan the
spawning season of greater amberjack reared in net cages under the natural conditions ranges
from May to June. Thus, there is a lag of about six months in the spawning season compared toChinese wild fish. The delay in the spawning season appears a drawback that it affects directly
the initial size of fry at the beginning of the grow-out culture. Consequently, the difference in theinitial size would reflect on feed and labor costs and then commodity price. To solve the present
issues, therefore, we have developed maturity control techniques by the environmental control
based on the technologies with spawning induction in December (winter) of yellowtail (Fisheries
Research Agency (FRA), Japan).
We first succeeded in egg production of Kan-pachi amberjack in December (2006) in theworld. We have subsequently achieved the early egg production for the last four years. The sizeof our artificial seeds from the eggs in December reached finally to about 25 cm in the total
length and about 250 g in body weight at the end of May in the next year, which is almost equal
or superior to imported seeds from China. Furthermore, considering production cost, our artificial
seeds from the eggs in December cost 289 to 324 yen for a juvenile, while 350 to 600 yen for a
Chinese seed with an annual fluctuation. From the viewpoint of cost in the seed production, we
can claim that our seeds produced by the advanced spawning technologies are more effective.
We conclude that the present environmental control technologies in maturity and early
spawning established in Kan-pachi amberjack would not only contribute to the establishment ofwell-planned production and stable supply of quality seeds of Kan-pachi amberjack, but also be
applied to the wide-range temperate/tropical marine species.

17

Presentation 8
SPAWNING AND LARVAL REARING OF YELLOWTAIL AMBERJACK (Seriolalaland) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Kevin Stuart* and Mark Drawbridge
Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute 2595 Ingraham St. San Diego, CA 92109, USA*Email: kstuart at hswri.org

Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI) has been rearing yellowtail amberjack (Seriolalalandi), known locally as California yellowtail, at its laboratory in San Diego since 2003. The
broodstock have been spawning naturally in a 140 m3 maturation pool since 2002. The sex ratio
has been close to 1:1 and spawning typically occurs between 16.5 and 22.0°C (April thru August).
The number of adults has ranged from 21 to 35 and associated individual weights from 8.2 to20.8 kg. Our primary egg quality measures have shown inconsistent spawn quality within aspawning season, with hatch rates ranging from 10 – 90% and survival to first feeding ranging
from 5 – 80%. Typically the highest quality spawns are seen early in the season. The numbersof spawning events and eggs per spawn have increased in recent years due to increasing female
biomass and improvements to the broodstock feeding regime.
Recent research results on yellowtail have shown no significant differences in growth or
survival at 10 dph among egg stocking densities of 50, 100, and 200 eggs per L. Greenwater wasdemonstrated to be beneficial to larvae up to 16 dph as was 24hr light and high light intensity of
5,000 to 13,000 lux. There were no significant differences in growth or survival when yellowtail
larvae were fed at rotifer densities of 15, 30, and 45 rotifers per ml. Larvae were able to consume
1st instar Artemia (Artemia franciscana) as early as 6 dph. Finally, we determined thatgreenwater rearing conditions created using either SanoLife ALG (INVE), algae paste, or live
algae all produced similar results.
Our current culture protocols for production include 1) stocking eggs at a density of 100 perL; 2) maintaining water temperature at 21.0 – 22.0 °C; 3) providing rotifers (Brachionus
rotundiformis) from 2 to 9 dph at 20 per ml; 4) moving larvae from tall, narrow 1600L egg
incubators to shallow, wide 8,000L tanks at 10 dph; 5) providing 1st instar Artemia (Artemia
franciscana) from 6 to 10 dph and 2nd instar Artemia from 10 to 35 dph; 6) providing 24hr lightat 5,000 to 13,000 lux above each tank; and 7) greening the water using SanoLife ALG from 2 to17 dph.
These procedures yielded survival rates from egg to juvenile of up to 5% with a relatively
high degree of variability. High larval mortality, from unidentified causes at around 17 - 20 dph
and deformity rates as high as 40% are focal areas for improvement through future research.

18

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Benetti, D. 1997. Spawning and larval husbandry of flounder (Paralichthys woolmani) and
Pacific yellowtail (Seriola mazatlana), new candidate species for aquaculture. Aquaculture 155,
307-318.
This paper describes the spawning and larval rearing of two new species for aquaculture in
Ecuador. Experimental production of these species has been conducted for the first time fromeggs in captivity. Survival of Seriola throughout larval rearing ranged from 0 – 70%, howeverhigh mortalities caused by diseases, cannibalism, and weaning onto artificial diets during andafter metamorphosis reduced average survival rates through the juvenile stage to less than 1%.
The basic broodstock and larval rearing information provided by the author is a good starting
point for the culture of either Paralichthys or Seriola culture.
Moran, D., C.K. Smith, B. Gara, C.W. Poortenaar. 2007. Reproductive behaviour andearly development in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi Valenciennes 1833). Aquaculture 262,
95-104.
The authors describe the spawning behaviour of wild caught brood stock as well as early egg andlarval development of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Spawning occurred naturally whenwater temperature was above 17 C. Courtship behaviour involved one male and female, andconsisted of a high-speed pursuit punctuated by stalling, nipping and touching. This lasted forapproximately 0.5 – 1.5 h until, immediately prior to spawning, the male would nip at the female
gonoduct, presumably to induce spawning. Spawning occurred in the early daylight hours at thestart of the spawning season, but shifted to around dusck in the latter part. Spawned eggs werepositively buoyant, had a high fertilization rate (>99%), ranged 1.33 – 1.50 mm in diameter witha single oil droplet 0.30 – 0.33 mm diameter. Information given in this paper is indicative of ahealthy spawning population of S. lalandi and can be used as a reference or baseline for culture ofthis species.
Papandroulakis, N., C.C. Mylona, E. Maingot, P. Divanach. 2005. First results of greateramberjack (Seriola dumerili) larval rearing in mesocosm. Aquaculture 250, 155-161.
The authors apply the mesocosm method for larval rearing to the greater amberjack (Seriola
dumerili). This paper gives a good description of larval rearing for Seriola in terms of weaningschedule, turbidity levels, and live feed levels.
Along with the description of the rearing
protocols, growth information is provided which is a good template for most Seriola species.
Sakakura, Y. and K. Tsukamoto. 1999. Ontogeny of aggressive behaviour in schools ofyellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Environmental Biology of Fishes 56, 231-242
The authors studies ontogenetic changes in social interactions, especially in aggressive behaviourof the yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, and compared these to morphological andphysiological changes. No agonistic interactions were observed during the larva period until 10
mm in total length (TL) at approximately 20 days after hatching. Typical shivering behaviour
with ‘J-posture’ was observed during metamorphosis, when fin rays and calcification of vertebra
were completed and there was an increase of tissue thyroid hormone. The onset of aggressive
behaviour was just after metamorphosis to the juvenile period, and coincided with a significant
19increase in tissue cortisol levels. The onset of schooling behaviour was at 12 mm TL, slightly
after the onset of aggressive behaviour. The authors provided a good basis for determining
aggressive behaviour in Seriola quinqueradiata which can be used as a model for other Seriola
species. This paper also presents possible solutions to aggressive interactions found in theculture environment.
Yoseda K., K. Yamamoto, K. Asami, M. Chimuea, K. Hashimoto, S. Kosaka. 2008. Influence oflight intensity on feeding, growth, and early survival of leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus
leopardus) larvae under mass-scale rearing conditions. Aquaculture 279, 55-62.
This study investigated the effect of different light intensities on feeding, growth, and survival ofearly stage leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus larvae. Four different light intensities(0, 500, 1000, and 3000 lx) were used and larvae were kept under constant light conditions from0 day after hatching (DAH) to 5 DAH. The results indicate that coral grouper larvae are visualfeeders and their food intake increases with increasing light intensity and that light intensity is thefactor affecting larval feeding, growth, and survival. The authors provide a sound experimental
design and interesting results which can translate to any species whose larvae are visual predators.
The comprehension of optimization of environmental rearing conditions such as light intensity as
it relates to first feeding larvae is necessary in establishing stable mass-scale rearing technology
for any species.

20

Presentation 9
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR GREATERAMBERJACK (Seriola dumerili) USING ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED SEED ：TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT OF THE SEED PRODUCTION
Hiroshi Hashimoto＊1, Kentaro Oda1, Yoshitsugu Masuda1, Hitoshi Imaizumi1, Hironori Usuki1,
Takashi Iwasaki2, Takeshi Yamamoto2, Kazuhisa Hamada2, Kazuhisa Teruya3, Katsuyuki
Hamasaki4, and Keiichi Mushiake2
1

Shibushi Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency
3
Ishigaki Tropical Station, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research
Agency4
Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
2*Email: hhiroshi at affrc.go.jp
Survival rate in greater amberjack seed production in Japan has been low at 0 to 5%. One reason
suggested for this low survival rate is that appropriate feeding schedule and environmental
conditions for rearing larvae and juvenile of the greater amberjack have not been clearly defined.
In particular, sinking of larvae occurring in an earlier stage up to 20 days post hatching andthrusting behavior resulting from growth heterogeneity between 20 and 25 days post hatching,
are the major causes of mass mortality. Overcoming these problems is important for establishingtechniques for artificial greater amberjack seed production.
To identify the factors causing mass mortality in the larval stage and to develop techniques
for improving the survival rate, we first optimized prey size1),fish density2), photoperiod andwater temperature3), using small tanks (500 L). Next, we found that actively removing the oilfilms from the water surface,increased the swim bladder inflation rate of larvae, resulting inprevention of the sinking death. Furthermore, we showed that accommodating the start ofArtemia feeding to the smallest individuals could effectively harmonized larval growth, which
prevented the mortality due to the thrusting behavior. We then applied these optimum rearing
conditions determined in the small tanks to a mass production (80 kL tanks). As the results, we
succeeded in producing 110,000 artificial seeds with an average total length of 28 mm in midJuly using fertilized eggs obtained during the regular spawning season (June), and 15,000
artificial seeds with an average total length of 23 mm at the end of January using fertilized eggs
obtained in the non-spawning season of December through the environmental control forbroodstock rearing.
The seed obtained from the broodstock spawned in December (winter offspring) grew to an
average total length of 20 cm and average weight of 100 g by the end of March (3 months post
hatching), 2.4 kg by the end of December (1 year post hatching), and reached to a market size of
3.1 kg by the end of next March (1 year and 3 months post hatching). Using the winter offspring,
3-9 months can be reduced for greater amberjack culture relative to the present commercial
operation using the summer offspring (the imported seeds obtained from natural waters), whichleads to save the aquafarming costs.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
211 ） Hamasaki, K., Tsuruoka, K. Teruya, K. Hashimoto, H. Hamada, K., Hotta, T., and K.
Mushiake. 2009. Feeding habits of hatchery-reared larvae of greater amberjack Seriola dumerili.
Aquaculture, Vol:288. Pp 216-225.
Authors reared greater amberjack larvae to investigate their feeding habits during the early phaseof seed production. Larvae were fed on three types of rotifers with different body sizes, and thesurvival, growth rate and gut contents of the larvae were examined. As the results of this research,authors suggest an appropriate feeding schedule for greater amberjack larvae during the earlyphase of seed production.
2）Teruya, K., Hamasaki, K., Hashimoto, H., Katayama, T., Tsuruoka, K., Hayashi, T., and K.
Mushiake. 2009. Ontogenetic changes of body density and vertical distribution in rearing tanks ingreater amberjack Seriola dumerili larvae. NipponSuisanGakkaishi,Vol:75. Pp54-63.
To obtain basic knowledge on sinking death syndrome which has been considered to be one of
the causes of early mortality during the seedling production of greater amberjack, ontogenetic
changes of larval body density were examined. A rearing experiment was conducted toinvestigate the effects of aeration rate (0.1-2.0L/min) on the vertical distribution, feeding,survival, growth and initial swim bladder inflation of larvae reared in 500-L tanks for 10 days
post hatching. Greater amberjack larvae showed negative buoyancy. In tanks with aeration of 0.11.0L/min, larvae were distributed in the upper layer in the daytime and on the tank bottom in thenighttime after 3 days post hatching. Excessive aeration (2.0L/min) caused larvae to disperse intanks. However, feeding amounts, and rates of survival, growth and initial swim bladder inflationof larvae were low in those tanks with rearing seawater of high turbulence. To prevent the larvae
from sinking to the tank bottom, rearing techniques with less physical stress on larvae should be
developed.
3）Hirata, Y., Hamasaki, K., Imai, A., Teruya., K. Iwasaki., T. Hamada, K., and K. Mushiake.
2009. Effects of different photoperiods and water temperatures on survival, growth, feeding andinitial swim bladder inflation of greater amberjack Seriola dumerili larvae.
NipponSuisanGakkaishi,Vol:75. Pp995-1003.
To determine the appropriate rearing conditions for early stage larvae of greater amberjack
Seriola dumerili, we investigated the survival, growth, feeding and initial swim bladder inflationof larvae reared in two or three replicates in 500 L tanks under different photoperiods (0L: 24D,
12L: 12D, 18L: 6D, 24L: 0D) and water temperatures (22, 24, 26, 28°C). In the 0L: 24D group,
few larvae showed feeding incidence and growth, and total mortality occurred 8 days after
hatching. Photoperiod (12-24 hours light condition) and temperature did not affect the larval
feeding and swim bladder inflation, whereas larval survival and growth were improved in the
18L: 6D group and larval survival was the best at 22°C.

22Presentation 10
SUCCESS OF ARTIFICIAL COMPLETION OF THE JAPANESE EEL (Anguillajaponica) LIFE CYCLE
Hitoshi Imaizumi* 1, Yoshitsugu Masuda1, Hiroshi Hashimoto 1, Kentaro Oda1, Junichi Adachi2,
Syunji Kaji3, Kazuhisa Teruya4 and Hideki Tanaka51

Sibushi Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency
Public Relations Section, Headquarters, Fisheries Research Agency
3
Minamiizu Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency
4
Yaeyama Station, Stock Enhancement Technology Section, Seikai National Fisheries ResearchInstitute, Fisheries Research Agency
5
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries
Research Agency
2*Email: imaizumi at affrc.go.jp
Eel farming is dependent on the natural resources of glass eels. The catches have recently
declined, destabilizing the business of eel farming. For that reason, there is an urgent need toachieve the production of juveniles in a hatchery, eliminating dependence on natural resources.
However, most of the life cycle of eels has remained unknown. Consequently, there is little
knowledge related to the course of maturing and spawning or to the habitat and food in the larvae
period, making it necessary to use the process of trial and error in various studies. First, becauseeels do not mature or spawn under culture conditions, artificial maturation using hormone
administration has been developed, which has made fertilized eggs available; the development oftechniques for the culture of larvae was started. However, that development was extremely
difficult because the culture was not possible merely by the application of existing culture
methods other fish. About 30 years after the first hatchlings were obtained; culture up to the stageof glass eels was finally achieved via the discovery of a feed composition available for hatchlings
and the development of a feeding method that uses the behavior characteristics of hatchlings.
National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency, has been engaged in themass production of glass eels through improvement of artificial maturing and culture methods,
aiming at complete life cycle culture by checking the fertility of hatchery-reared eels with an eye
to technical development of breeding that engenders the rearing of parent eels and mass
production without depending on wild eels. Shibushi Station prepared 26 hatchery-reared eels inall, including 10 females (313 g mean body weight) and 16 males and sex-unknown individuals(384 g mean body weight), which were artificially hatched hatchlings obtained in 2004–2006.
They developed to glass eels and were reared for an additional 4–6 years after being subjected toartificial maturing. Results show that 2,150,000 eggs in all were collected from 9 of 10 females.
The fertilized eggs were obtained through artificial insemination. The mean fertility was 65.9%,
the mean hatchability was 37.0%, and the mean survival rate at 6 days after hatching was 34.8%.
These results of maturing and egg yield were better than those for wild eels in captivity. This
study proved that hatchery-born eels can produce artificially hatched larvae of a second
generation, achieving complete life cycle culture for the first time in the world. We hope thatfurther research will engender the development of breeding techniques that provide mass
production of glass eels as well as development of maturation and egg collection methods
without dependence on natural resources.
23

Presentation 11
OFFSHORE MUSSEL FARMING IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND; RECENTRESULTS
Scott Lindell*, Greg Mataronas, Mike Marchetti, Rick Karney, Bill Silkes, Dan Ward,
Kara Maloney, Janice Simmons, Alec Gale, Tim Broderick and Richard Langan
Marine Biological Laboratory, Marine Resources Center, 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA
02543*Email: slindell at mbl.edu

Based on results from a 2008/2009 investigation of mussel growth and pea crab surveys at
twelve offshore sites in RI and MA, we installed four subsurface longlines for suspended
mussel culture in the fall of 2009. Two long lines were deployed in RI in water depths of 70
feet (off Newport) and 110 feet (off Block Island). Two long lines were deployed in MA inwater depths of 100 feet (N. Chilmark) and 120 feet (S. Chilmark). These 500-footlonglines each support 200 ten-foot long mesh socks filled with mussel seed at densities
ranging from 100 to 160 seed per foot. The average length of the seed was 24mm when
deployed for grow-out in October and November. Growth rates averaged 3 to 3.5 mm permonth when calculated at harvest in August 2010. No pea crabs were found in 2 of the 3sites harvested. One of the sites had a failure of the anchoring system. The net yield ofprocessed and marketable mussels from the gross weight of the harvested socks was 75%.
The steamed meat yield of the mussels was 20% in late August versus 30% in early July.
The longlines were deployed and are managed by active local fishermen from their lobster
and scallop boats. To facilitate the deployment from small boats we used plow anchors(250 kg) instead of more traditional block anchors that weigh 2,000 kg or more. Lessons
from our experience in permitting, engineering, socking seed, and managing the lines will
be shared.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Acoustic Ranching
Brown, C., and K. Laland. 2001. Social learning and life skills training for hatchery reared
fish. Journal of Fish Biology 59: 471–493
Bjornsson, B. 2002. Effects of anthropogenic feeding on the growth rate, nutritional status
and migratory behaviour of free-ranging cod in an Icelandic fjord. ICES Journal of Marine
Science (59): 1248-1255.
Midling, K., V. Oeiestad, D.S. Danielssen, and E. Moksness. 1993. Fjord ranching withconditioned cod. In: International Symposium: Sea Ranching of Cod and Other Marine
Species, Arendal (Norway), 15-18 June 1993. Bergen, Norway: IMR.
Popper, A. and T. Carlson. 1998. Application of Sound and Other Stimuli to Control Fish
Behavior. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 127:673-707.
24

Tlusty, M., J. Andrew, K. Baldwin, and T. M. Bradley. 2008. Acoustic conditioning forrecall/recapture of escaped Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Aquaculture 274: 57–64.
Zion, B., A. Barki, J. Grinshpon, L. Rosenfeld, and I. Karplus. 2007. Social facilitation of
acoustic training in the common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.). Behaviour 144: 611-630.
These are some influential Japanese works I know on this topic, too.

Open Ocean Mussel Farming
Cheney, D., R. Langan, K. Heasman, B. Friedman, and J.Davis. 2010. Shellfish Culture in
the Open Ocean: Lessons Learned for Offshore Expansion. Marine Technology Society
Journal 44 (3): 55-67.
Hoagland, P., H. L. Kite-Powell, and D. Jin. 2003. Business Planning Handbook for
the Ocean Aquaculture of Blue Mussels. Final Report to the Cooperative Institute for
New England Mariculture and Fisheries (CINEMAR). http://amac.unh.edu
Langan, R., and C.F. Horton. 2003 Design, Operation and Economics of Submerged
Longline Mussel Culture in the Open Ocean. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Associationof Canada. Vol. 103-3, December 2003, pp 11-20.
Steven, C., D. Plew, N. Hartstein, and D. Fredriksson. 2008. The physics of open watershellfish aquaculture. Aquaculture Engineering 38 (3): 145-160.

25

Presentation 12
STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS OF FISH FARMING INDUSTRY IN JAPANMasaaki Sano
Kagoshima University, Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
Email: sano at fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jp

The economical situation of Japanese fish farming industry is now very serious. Behind thisserious situation, there are some fated structural problems. The first one is the inevitable conflict
between the logic of individual fish farming enterprise and the logic of environment. The second
one is also the inevitable conflict between the logic of individual fish farming enterprise and thelogic of market (price making mechanism). Both are brought from rigid utilization system offishing ground. This is not valid on these modern days in Japan. But it is very difficult tochange this old system. It has been inevitably developed through the long history of fishingvillages. The trial to change it without good understandings might break down the wholeindustry. Furthermore, third structural problem exists behind these two. The products from fish
farming must lose their scarcity value through its progress, and must become cheaper. Then the
profitability also must decrease inevitably. The serious situation of fish farming industry inJapan has been brought from these structural problems.

26

Presentation 13
THE POLITICAL ECONOMICS OF UNITED STATES AQUACULTURE
Gunnar Knapp
Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence
Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508 USA
Email: gunnar.knapp at uaa.alaska.edu

Government leasing, regulatory and other policies are critically important for developing andmaintaining competitive aquaculture industries. In much of the United States, local, state or
national policies constrain the development of marine aquaculture to a scale far below its
economic potential. Two extreme examples are the State of Alaska’s ban on all finfish farming,and the absence of an enabling regulatory framework for aquaculture in offshore federal waters.
This paper examines how government policies affect the development and scale of United Statesaquaculture, and the political factors that affect the extent to which policies are favorable orunfavorable towards aquaculture. Aquaculture can best develop with leasing and regulatory
policies which are clear, predictable, stable and timely and which provide opportunities andincentives to efficiently take advantage of potential development opportunities. Key politicalfactors affecting aquaculture policies include how many different agencies are involved in
making policies which affect aquaculture; whether these agencies are part of local, state or
national governments; the agency missions and internal cultures; the extent to which agencies are
influenced by different stakeholder groups, and how different stakeholder groups perceive thatthey are or would be affected by aquaculture.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Knapp, G. 2008. Economic Potential for U.S. Offshore Aquaculture: An Analytical Approach.
In NOAA Aquaculture Program, Offshore Aquaculture in the United States: Economic
Considerations, Implications & Opportunities (Pre-Publication Copy).
http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/news/econ.html
Knapp, G. 2010. The Future of Aquaculture: Insights from Economic Theory. In Le Francois,
Nathalie, Malcolm Jobling, Chris Carter, & Pierre Blier, eds. Finfish Aquaculture: Species
Selection for Diversification. CAB International.
OECD. 2010. Advancing the Aquaculture Agenda: Workshop Proceedings. Proceedings of aWorkshop on Advancing the Aquaculture Agenda: Policies to Ensure a Sustainable Aquaculture
Sector, 15-16 April, 2010, Paris, France.

27

Presentation 14
FISH NUTRITION AND FISH HEALTH -RECENT PROGRESS IN JAPANShunsuke Koshio
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
Email: koshio@fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jp

Nutrition is very important to maintain health and recover from illness and to improve theresistance against disease and stress in aquatic animals like other animals. Optimal feeds canprovide animals with healthy conditions and greater stress resistance, and optimal nutrients canchange immune responses in a positive way.
Since several micronutrients such as vitamins are not synthesized or synthesized less thanrequired in the aquatic animal body to grow normally and maintain or promote health, thoseshould be provided from the feeds. Although recommended dietary levels of many nutrients foravoiding deficiency signs and the maximum growth have been shown in several aquatic species,
there are very limited data available on the requirements and/or recommended values in terms ofimproving health and quality of cultured species. Recently, several studies have demonstrated
that over-dosed vitamin intake or administration of some extracts from natural organisms
improved the stress tolerance, immunological response, and disease resistance of cultured species.
This paper introduces recent work conducted in Japan on nutritional factors affecting aquatic
animal health together with growth parameters, immunological responses, disease resistance andso on. The focuses are as follows: Utilization of By-product Effects of Micronutrients and Functional Compounds
 Reduction of Oxidative Stress
It can be possible to enhance stress and disease resistance, and therefore aquatic animal health,by taking vitamin concentrations which are higher than those of the requirement, useful bacteria,
and functional compounds such as immunostimulants from natural organisms and plants. On theother hand, the universal validity on determining the optimal level of those will depend on thecondition such as nutrient types, dosage, period, timing, health status, and genetic history ofanimals, etc.

28

Presentation 15
THE FUTURE OF AQUACULTURE FEEDS IN THE UNITED STATESMichael B. Rust
NOAA, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Resource Enhancement and Utilization
Technologies Division, Aquaculture Research Program, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA,
98112, USA
Email: mike.rust at noaa.gov

The development and expansion of farming of carnivorous fish species will be constrained by alimited supply of fish meal and oil for feeds. Fortunately, there is no dietary requirement for
specific amounts of fish meal or fish oil for fish, so feeds that lessen the reliance on these limited
feedstuffs—such as alternative protein and oil resources—can, and must, be developed. For thisreason, the U.S. Department of Commerce (NOAA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) are jointly sponsoring an aquaculture feeds initiative to address those issues. The
initiative used expert and public consultations to identify and discuss the future of fish feeds andthe benefits to the U.S. by the development of such alternative feeds. The resulting report fromthese meetings will be released in draft form for comment by the end of 2010 and will beavailable at http://aquaculture.noaa.gov The report calls for feeds to be evaluated not only for
nutritional and economic performance as is done today, but also for environmental and humanhealth performance by taking into account the environmental footprint of feed production and use,
and the resulting quality of the product for human consumption. This “triple bottom line
approach” – economics, environment and human health – is supported by 20 specificrecommendations. The opportunity exists for the international community to comment on thedraft before the final report is published by following the process outlined at the web site above.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Mozaffarian, D., and E. Rimm. 2006. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: Evaluating
the risks and benefits. JAMA, Vol:296:15. Pp 1885-1899.
The authors for the first time present a comprehensive human health model based on
concentrations of mercury, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and long chain n-3 fatty acids forfish and project the impact of increased seafood consumption in the US on the population’s
health.
This model accounts for the increased risks associated with consumption ofcontaminated seafood along with the benefits from increased consumption of long chain n-3 fatty
acids. Overall the authors predict that increasing the per capita consumption of seafood in the
United States from 16 to 26 lbs/person (1-2 servings per week of species high in n-3 fatty acids)
would result in a decrease in coronary death by 36% and an overall decrease in total mortality of
17%. Further the authors provide the amounts to consume of various species and the cost to
provide the benefits associated with seafood consumption. Implications for target nutrient and29contaminate levels in aquacultured fish can be derived from the information presented in thispaper.
Rust, M. B., F. T. Barrows, R. W. Hardy, A. Lazur, K. Naughton and J. Silverstein. (In press.)
Draft NOAA/USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative: The future of Aquafeeds. Agency Technical
Report available at http://aquaculture.noaa.gov
This report is the subject of this presentation. More details and recommendations are found on
the US approach to future development of diets for aquaculture.
Tacon, A.G.J., and M. Metian. 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil inindustrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285:146-148.
This paper provides a peer-reviewed source of information on aquaculture use of fish meal andfish oil up to the mid 2000’s with projections in to the future. Environmental implications to theover use of stocks of industrial fish are discussed.

30

Presentation 16
PROGRESS OF DNA MARKER-ASSISTED BREEDING IN MARICULTURE FINFISH
Akiyuki Ozaki*1, Kazuo Araki1, Hiroyuki Okamoto1, Masanori Okauchi1, Keiichi Mushiake1,
Kazunori Yoshida2, Tatsuo Tuzaki2, Kanako Fuji3, Takashi Sakamoto3, Nobuaki Okamoto3
1

National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minamiise, Mie, Japan
National Center for Stock Enhancement, Goto, Nagasaki, Japan
3
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science, Minato,
Tokyo, Japan2*E-mail: aozaki at affrc.go.jp

The marine products industry has developed based on direct catch from natural resources.
However, because of the depletion and gradual restriction of aquatic resources, only recently has
breeding been considered as an important research area. With the depletion of aquatic resources,
the expectation regarding aquaculture research is increasing. Also genetic improvement of traits
for improved culture leading to superior varieties, because we can improve the phenotype to suitaquaculture conditions by domestication of artificially produced fish with each generation.
The essential conditions for DNA marker-assisted selection “MAS” is development of useful
resource families to evaluate phenotypes and information about genetic linkage and physicalmaps, and a large number of polymorphic genetic markers. At the beginning of the study, we
mainly aimed to use improved technologies on salmonid fish. But now this research anddevelopment are being applied to other kinds of mariculture fish. Some of the cases have alreadyreached a practical stage, and have been used as genetic improvement productions. Two cases of
MAS programs have succeeded in developing Japanese flounder resistant to lymphocystis
disease (Fuji et al., 2007) and Atlantic salmon resistant to infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN)(Moen et al., 2009). These cases indicate the validity of the methodology.
MAS breeding is applicable to other target species. However there still remain problems andpotential to further improve the methodology. One is markers-assisted introgression (MAI) or
QTL pyramiding. Markers-assisted introgression is the next phase of marker-assisted selection.
This method uses DNA markers of the responsible region for specific traits, and introgression
hybrid to obtain several economic traits on one strain. We are carrying out research anddevelopment about MAI using Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) as a target species.
The other is effective utilization of natural genetic resources. At this point, aquatic resources havemore advantages compared with plant and animals, because wild species are not selected and still
maintain high genetic diversity. Individuals have high potential for genetic breeding regarding
phenotypic characters. Aquaculture species have available those genetic resources in breeding
material. We are researching practical applications about selection of economic important traits
from natural genetic resources using Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) as a target
species.
Here I would like to introduce our research on genetic improvement breeding program using
DNA marker-assisted selection in mariculture finfish.

31

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Ozaki, A., Okamoto, H., Yamada, T., Matuyama, T., Sakai, T., Fuji, K., Sakamoto, T., Okamoto,N., Yoshida, K., Hatori, K., Araki, K., Okauchi, M., 2010. Linkage analysis of resistance toStreptococcus iniae infection in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture, Article
in press.
Streptococcal disease (streptococcosis) caused by Streptococcus iniae is a serious bacterial
disease in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Developing streptococcosis-resistantJapanese flounder will reduce the number of outbreaks of this disease as well as reduce the needfor medicines and vaccines. Genetic linkage analysis is an effective method for identifying
quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to a disease. In this study, 159
microsatellite markers selected from genetic linkage maps of Japanese flounder and F1 progeny
from crosses between disease-resistant and disease-susceptible parents were used for detection of
QTL associated with resistance to this disease. Some loci associated with disease resistance were
found in the JF-7, JF-10, JF-11 and JF-17 linkage groups. These QTL regions are candidates fordisease resistance against streptococcal infection.
Fuji, K., Hasegawa, O., Honda, K., Kumasaka, K., Sakamoto, T., Okamoto, N., 2007. Markerassisted breeding of a lymphocystis disease-resistant Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).
Aquaculture 272, 291-295.
An allele of a microsatellite, Poli9-8TUF, has a dominant effect at a single major locus and is
responsible for resistance to lymphocystis disease (LD-R) in Japanese flounder. We developed a
new population of Japanese flounder produced by marker assisted breeding using this allele. A
female that originated from the KP-B inbred line with LD-R that was homozygous for thefavorable allele (B-favorable) and a male from a commercial stock bred for higher growth rate
and good body shape were selected as parents. A female was selected as the LD-R-bearing parent
because the recombination rate of females is lower in the region where the LD-R locus is located.
As expected, the B-favorable allele was transmitted as a heterozygote to the progeny (LD-R+
population). The LD-R+ population, when tested at two commercial fish farms that had LD
outbreaks, showed no incidence of LD at either farm, while a control population without Bfavorable alleles (LD-R−) had incidences of 4.5% and 6.3% at the two farms. These results showthat marker-assisted breeding using molecular markers linked to an economically important trait
is an efficient strategy for breeding.
Moen, T., Baranski, M., Sonesson, A.K., Kjøglum, S., 2009. Confirmation and fine-mapping of amajor QTL for resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar):population-level associations between markers and trait. BMC Genomics 10:368.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is one of the most prevalent and economically devastating
diseases in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming worldwide. The disease causes large
mortalities at both the fry- and post-smolt stages. Family selection for increased IPN resistance isperformed through the use of controlled challenge tests, where survival rates of sib-groups arerecorded. However, since challenge-tested animals cannot be used as breeding candidates, withinfamily selection is not performed and only half of the genetic variation for IPN resistance is being
exploited. DNA markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting IPN resistance would
therefore be a powerful selection tool. The aim of this study was to identify and fine-map QTL
32

for IPN-resistance in Atlantic salmon, for use in marker-assisted selection to increase the rate ofgenetic improvement for this trait.
The QTL confirmed in this study represents a case of a major gene explaining the bulk ofgenetic variation for a presumed complex trait. QTL genotypes were deduced within most parentsof the 2005 generation of a major breeding company, providing a solid framework for linkagebased MAS within the whole population in subsequent generations. Since haplotype-trait
associations valid at the population level were found, there is also a potential for MAS based on
linkage disequilibrium (LD). However, in order to use MAS across many generations without
reassessment of linkage phases between markers and the underlying polymorphism, the QTL
needs to be positioned with even greater accuracy. This will require higher marker densities thanare currently available.
Rothschild, M. F., Ruvinsky, A., 2007. Marker-Assisted Selection for Aquaculture Species. In:
Liu, Z.J. (Ed.), Aquaculture Genome Technologies. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, Chapter
12. pp.199-214.
The authors reviewed some background and theory related to MAS and information as it pertains
to some other species essential for food production and to present information on recent progressin the field of aquaculture, and introduced recent progression in construction of genetic maps inaquaculture species, also introduced studies of quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of complex
traits, such as disease-resistance, growth and fecundity, which are important in fish breeding.

33

Presentation 17
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR COMPETITIVE AQUACULTURE
Walton W. Dickhoff
Resource Enhancement and Utilization Technologies Division, Northwest Fisheries Science
Center, NOAA-Fisheries, Seattle Washington USA
Email: Walton.W.Dickhoff at noaa.gov

Application of biotechnology is critical in developing new species for aquaculture, improving
fish culture techniques, and making domestic industries competitive in the global marketplace.
Biotechnology tools and approaches in the genome sciences and their applications are advancing
rapidly. Next generation sequencing methods are fast, relatively inexpensive and have made it
possible to sequence genes, develop DNA markers and obtain sequence reads of thousands tomillions from a single sample. Gene expression data can then be used in studies to assess thestatus of animals in culture, and refine husbandry techniques to improve survival, development,
growth and reproduction. Gene information can also be used to assist selective breeding and as
diagnostic tools, among other applications. Examples will be given of biotechnologicalapproaches in research on growth, sex control and reproduction of finfish.

34

Presentation 18
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF REAL-TIME LOOP-MEDIATED
ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION METHODS FOR THE RAPID DETECTION OF
PENAEID VIRUSES
Tohru Mekata*1, Raja Sudhakaran2, Toshiaki Itami2
1

National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tsuiura, Kamiura, Saiki,
Oita, 879-2602, Japan
2
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, 889-2192
Miyazaki, Japan*E-mail: mekata at affrc.go.jp

Shrimp viral diseases are a major impediment to commercial shrimp farming. The diseases
affecting shrimp culture are white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellow head virus (YHV),
infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and Taura syndrome virus(TSV). Viral diseases are particularly difficult to control after the onset of infection; therefore,
prophylaxes to prevent or reduce the losses through vertical and horizontal transmission are mostimportant.
Various diagnostic methods have been developed to detect shrimp viral diseases, including
bioassays, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and quantitative real-time PCR.
Although the PCR based methods are sensitive and highly specific, they require expensive
equipment, costly reagents, and are time consuming. Therefore, a simple, quick and sensitive
detection method is urgently needed to prevent the invasion of shrimp viral diseases into Japan
from other countries.
The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is a novel approach to amplify
the nucleic acid with high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity under isothermal conditions,
thereby obviating the need for a thermal cycler. Further, during the LAMP reaction, an insoluble
by-product, magnesium pyrophosphate, is produced in proportion to the large amounts of thetarget DNA amplified. Hence, real-time quantification can be achieved by measuring theturbidity of the magnesium pyrophosphate using an inexpensive photometer. This real-time
LAMP method allows quantitative analysis of nucleic acids templates (real-time LAMP). In thepresent study, a comparatively less expensive quantitative real-time LAMP assay was
successfully applied for detection of shrimp viral diseases and proven to have high sensitivity andspecificity.

35

Presentation 19
BIOINDICATOR AND BIOFILTER FUNCTION OF Ulva spp. IN FISH FARMENVIRONMENTS
Hisashi Yokoyama*, Yuka Ishihi
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minamiise, Mie 516-0193, Japan*

Email: hyoko at fra.affrc.go.jp

In order to examine the efficiency of Ulva spp. (Chlorophyta) as a bioindicator and biofilter for
dissolved inorganic nitrogen discharged from coastal fish farms, field surveys and field
cultivation experiments were conducted in Gokasho Bay, central Japan. Naturally occurringgreen algae Ulva spp. were collected in and around a fish farm in February, May and July, andtheir δ15N and tissue N contents were analyzed. Values of these parameters obtained in May andJuly decreased with the distance from the fish cages, suggesting that Ulva spp. occurring in close
vicinity to the fish farm assimilated the fish-excreted N. To evaluate this uptake, we housed
round cut pieces of thalli of Ulva ohnoi in transparent chambers and cultured them beside a fish
cage and at a control station for 2 wks in May, July and September. The thalli cultivated besidethe fish cage showed significantly higher specific growth rates (15.8–20.9%) and higher N
assimilation rates (4.2–13.9 mg N g dry wt–1 d–1), which are among the highest levels known forseaweed biofilters. The high growth rates during the warm season and easy cultivation indicate
the suitability of Ulva ohnoi as a biofilter.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Hirata, H., S. Yamasaki, H. Maenosono, T. Nakazono, T. Yamauchi, and M. Matsuda. 1994.
Relative budgets of pO2 and pCO2 in cage polycultured red sea bream, Pagrus major and sterile
Ulva sp. Suisanzoshoku, Vol:42. Pp 377–381.
Polyculture of fish and seaweeds is a beneficial system in aquaculture. In spite of its importancefrom the ecological point of view. Little attention has been given in polyculture system. This may
be due to the fact that fish and seaweeds have different growth seasons: fish grow in summer andautumn while seaweeds propagate in winter and spring. Previously, culture methods for sterile
Ulva sp., which grow in summer as do fish was reported. Following those methods, in the present
study interrelation between pO2 and pCO2 in polyculture cages of red sea bream, Pagrus majorand Ulva sp. at the fish culture farm of Azuma-cho Fish Seedling Center was investigated. Twocages, 7 m X 7 m X 7 m, each containing 1750 three years old fish weighting about 654 g wereused in this experiment. pO2 and pCO2 were measured by Radiometer ABL-330. Considering thevalue of pO2 in the control cage as 100%, pO2 in the experimental cage stand 109.1%. On theother hand, average pCO2 in the control cage as 100%, pCO2 in the experiment cage stands
96.1%. From the results mentioned above, it may concluded that the pCO2 in the experimental
cage decreased to 4% while pO2 augmented up to 9% compared to those in the control cage.

36

Kitadai, Y., and S. Kadowaki. 2004. The growth and N, P uptake rates of Ulva pertusa cultured
in coastal fish farms. Suisanzoshoku, Vol:52. Pp 65–72. (in Japanese with English abstract)
Biological water purification by culturing Ulva pertusa in coastal fish farms was estimated as afunction of light intensity, dissolved inorganic nutrient and water temperature. Ulva pertusa wascultured from 0.5 m to 8 m depths in coastal fish farms from August to November, 2002. The
maximum growth of thallus area, wet weight and thickness were recorded at 0.5 m depth. The
maximum growth of thallus area reached to 640 cm2 on August. The maximum growth of thallus
thickness reached to 0.11 mm on November. Average contents of total nitrogen (N) and total
phosphorus (P) in Ulva pertusa reached to 35 mg N/g dry and 2.1 mg P/g dry in October,
respectively. The maximum N, P uptake rates of Ulva pertusa were 3.6 mg N/m2/day and 0.19
mg P/m2/day at 0.5 m depth, respectively. Michaelis-Menten’s constants of N, P uptake rates
were 26 μg N/l and 8.6 μg P/l, respectively. Downward irradiance of 730 μmol/m2/s resulted in
the maximum N, P uptake rates. N, P uptake rates of Ulva pertusa at 25°C were 2.5 mg N2/day
and 0.13 mg P/m2/day, respectively. Water temperature coefficients of N, P uptake rates were1.076 and 1.084, respectively. The N and P uptake rates of cultured Ulva pertusa were
formulated from dissolved inorganic nutrients, light intensity and water temperature
characteristics found in coastal fish farms, and the calculated values corresponded well with theobserved values.

Hiraoka, M., S. Shimada, M. Uenosono, and M. Masuda. 2004. A new green-tide-forming alga,
Ulva ohnoi Hiraoka et Shimada sp. nov. (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) from Japan. PhycologicalResearch, Vol:52. Pp 17–29.
Ulva ohnoi Hiraoka et Shimada sp. nov. (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) is described from southern andwestern Japan and is characterized by the following combination of features: (i) the large, fragile,easily torn thalli, which are 30-55 μm thick in the upper and middle regions and often havemicroscopic marginal teeth; (ii) the production of zoids in the upper marginal region; (iii) a
regular alternation of dioecious gametophytes and a sporophyte; (iv) the production of freefloating thalli from torn-off attached thalli, which reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation andform green tides in summer to autumn; (V) disorderly arranged cells that are polygonal or
quadrangular in the upper and middle regions; and (vi) the chloroplast covering the outer face ofcell, with 1-3 pyrenoids. Ulva ohnoi differs from U. armoricana Dion et al., U. fasciata Delile, U.
reticulata Forsskål, U. scandinavica Bliding and U. spinulosa Okamura et Segawa, which all
possess microscopic marginal serrations, in thallus shape, cell shape or life history pattern. It isalso distinguished from morphologically similar species by sequences of the nuclear encodedinternal transcribed spacers and the 5.85 ribosomal RNA gene and the plastid encoded large
subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxgenase gene. Furthermore, crossing tests
demonstrate that there is a reproductive boundary between U. ohnoi and the most closely related
species, U. fasciata and U. reticulata.

Yokoyama, H. 2010. Monitoring, assessment and management of fish farm environments inJapan. Reviews in Aquaculture, Vol:2. Pp 1–12.
In Japan, coastal fish farming has become a well-established industry. Intensive cultivation of
finfish, however, generates large amounts of organic waste and nutrients, resulting in37

environmental deterioration in and around aquaculture facilities. Such negative effects havebecome increasingly conspicuous since the commencement of fish farming in the mid 1960s andits subsequent rapid development during the 1970s and 1980s. Various studies have attempted tomeasure the material fluxes in fish farms, to assess the potential environmental impacts, todetermine criteria the optimization of the location of farms and production levels, and to establish
methods for improvement of aquaculture environments. In this review, research conducted during
the last five decades in Japan concerning the flux of feed, environmental impacts of fish farming,
factors controlling the degree of impacts, the upper limit of production and methods for
improvement of environments is reviewed and current concerns for aquaculture environments
discussed.

38

Presentation 20
INLAND MARINE FISH
AQUACULTURE SYSTEMCULTUREIN

LOW-SALINITY

RECICULATING

Marty A. Riche*1, Timothy J. Pfeiffer1, Paul S. Wills2, Jon J. Amberg3 and Maria S. Sepulveda4
1

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sustainable Marine
Aquaculture Systems 5600 US Highway 1, North, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
2
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Center for Aquaculture andStock Enhancement, 5600 US Highway 1, North, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
3
United States Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, 2630 Fanta
Reed Road, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603, USA
4
Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, 715 West State Street, West
Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA*Email: marty.riche at ars.usda.gov

A growing and increasingly health-conscious population, coupled with declining capture fisheries
is driving an increased global demand for farm-raised seafood that can only be met throughexpansion of aquaculture. In 2007, aquaculture represented 33% of total global seafood
production and is projected to increase to as much as 71% by 2030. The U.S. aquacultureindustry represents a $1.0 billion/year industry, but is principally based on production of
freshwater finfish. In contrast, on a global scale marine aquaculture comprises one-third of
farmed production, and cultivation of marine aquatic animals represents the fastest growing
segment within aquaculture. This suggests tremendous potential for growth of a developing U.S.
marine aquaculture industry. However, development and expansion of marine aquaculture ischallenged by the high cost and limited availability of coastal land and water resources, effluent
concerns, high production costs, restricted growing seasons, lack of quality seedstock, andinadequate regulatory and permitting processes. Many of these constraints can be addressedusing inland marine fish culture in low-salinity recirculating aquaculture systems as a production
model. We describe recent and ongoing development of technologies in four principal areas: 1)
engineering and system design; 2) year-round production of seedstock; 3) diet development; and4) physiological adaptation of marine fish to low-salinity environments using genomic
approaches. It is anticipated these technologies could find application for rearing euryhalinemarine fish throughout approximately 2/3 of the U.S. where lightly saline groundwater isavailable. Development of technologies for rearing marine species that can be adapted to lowsalinity or freshwater environments in recirculating systems will reduce the need to be locatednear coastal land, reduce saltwater effluent, and reduce the carbon footprint of marine finfish
production.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS

39

Weirich, C.R., P.S. Wills, R.M. Baptiste, P.N. Woodward and M.A. Riche. 2009. Production
characteristics and body composition of Florida pompano reared to market size at two different
densities in low-salinity recirculating aquaculture systems. North American Journal of
Aquaculture 71:165-173. doi:10.1577/A08-016.1
The effect of culture density on production characteristics and body composition of Florida
pompano Trachinotus carolinus reared to market size using recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs) maintained at a salinity of 5% was evaluated in a 110-d growth trial (water temperature =27.0–28.5 oC). Juvenile Florida pompano (mean weight = 259.0 6 ± 3.0 g) were stocked into twotanks from each of four separate RASs at an initial nominal density of 6.5 (low density) or 13.0kg/m3 (high density), equivalent to 200 and 400 fish/tank, respectively. After stocking, fish were
fed a 4.7-mm, floating pelleted diet (50% protein, 14% lipid) twice daily at a targeted daily feed
rate of 3% body weight per day. At stocking and at 3-week intervals thereafter, 10% of the fish
population of each tank was sampled to determine production characteristics, including mean
weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, absolute growth rate (AGR), feed conversion efficiency(FCE), biomass, and survival. At termination, fish in all tanks were harvested to determine
production characteristics and samples were obtained to determine whole-body composition,energy retention, protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), hepatosomatic
index, gonadosomatic index, and fillet yield. Results indicated that final weight (570.0 g), weightgain (312.7 g), AGR (2.8 g/d), FCE (25.5%), PER (0.54), and PPV (11.5%) of fish reared at highdensity were significantly lower than those of fish reared at low density. No differences wereobserved between density treatments with respect to other measured variables. Additional studies
must focus on the development of finishing diets for final stages of Florida pompano production
to increase FCE and to determine optimal rearing densities. In addition, research to evaluate thepotential of rearing pompano in RASs at salinities lower than 5%, perhaps through environmental
or dietary enhancement of critical ions, is warranted.
Riche, M. and T.N. Williams. 2010. Apparent digestible protein, energy and amino acidavailability of three plant proteins in Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus L. in sea water andlow-salinity water. Aquaculture Nutrition 16:223-230. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00654.x
Two experiments were conducted with Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus L. at 3 and 28 g
L-1 salinity to determine apparent crude protein digestibility (ACPD), energy digestibility (AED)
and amino acid availability (AAAA) from soybean meal (SBM), soy protein isolate (SPI), andcorn gluten meal (CGM). Mean AAAA was similar to ACPD. In fish adapted to 3 g L-1 salinity,
they were 81.2 and 81.9% (CGM), 93.6 and 92.2% (SBM), 93.8 and 93.1% (SPI) for AAAA and
ACPD, respectively. In fish adapted to 28 g L-1, they were 84.5 and 83.4% (CGM), 86.5 and87.1% (SBM), and 83.4 and 85.0% (SPI) for AAAA and ACPD, respectively. The AED washighest for SPI and lowest for SBM and inversely related to carbohydrate. The ACPD, AED, and
AAAA of soy products appeared to be lower in high salinity, whereas CGM was unaffected. The
data suggests SBM, SPI, and CGM should be further evaluated as partial fishmeal replacements in
Florida pompano diets. Application of the generated coefficients can be used to develop wellbalanced, low-cost diets for Florida pompano reared in low salinity or seawater.
Pfeiffer, T.J. and M. Riche. (In press). Evaluation of a low-head recirculating system used forrearing Florida pompano to market size. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.

40A low-head recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for the production of Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus, from juvenile to market size was evaluated. The 32.4 m3 RAS consistedof three dual-drain, 3-m diameter culture tanks of 7.8 m3 volume each, two 0.71-m3 moving bed
bioreactors filled with media (67% fill with K1 Kaldness media) for biofiltration, two degassing
towers for CO2 removal and aeration, a drum filter with a 40 micron screen for solids removal,
and a 1 hp low-head propeller pump for water circulation. Supplemental oxygenation wasprovided in each tank by ultrafine ceramic diffusers and system salinity was maintained at 7.0
g/L. Juvenile pompano (43 g mean weight) were stocked into each of the three tanks at an initial
density of 1.7 kg/m3 (300 fish/tank). After 306 days of culture the mean weight of the fish
harvested from each tank ranged from 589 to 655 g with survival ranging from 57.7 to 81.7%.
During the culture period the average water use per kg fish was 3.26 m3 or 1.82 m3 per harvested
fish. Energy consumption per kg fish was 47.2 kwh or 22.4 kwh per harvested fish. The mean
volumetric TAN removal rate of the bioreactors was 127.6 ± 58.3 g TAN removed per m3
media/day with an average of 33.0% removal per pass. Results of this evaluation suggest thatthe system modifications are warranted to enhance production to commercial levels (>60 kg/m3).
Riley, K.L., C.R. Weirich and D. Cerino. 2009. Development and growth of hatchery-reared
larval Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). Fishery Bulletin 107:318-328.
Although the Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) is a prime candidate for aquaculture, theproblematic production of juveniles remains a major impediment to commercial culture of thisspecies. In order to improve the understanding of larval development and to refine hatcheryproduction techniques, this study was conducted to characterize development and growth of
Florida pompano from hatching through metamorphosis by using digital photography and image
analysis. Newly hatched larvae were transparent and had a large, elongate yolk sac and single oil
globule. The lower and upper jaws as well as the digestive tract were not fully developed athatching. Rotifers were observed in the stomach of larvae at three days after hatching (DAH),
and Artemia spp. were observed in the stomach of larvae at 14 DAH. Growth rates calculated
from total length measurements were 0.22 ±0.04, 0.23 ±0.12, and 0.35 ±0.09 mm/d for each of
the larval rearing trials. The mouth gape of larvae was 0.266 ±0.075 mm at first feeding andincreased with a growth rate of 0.13 ± 0.04 mm/d. Predicted values for optimal prey sizes
ranged from 80 to 130 μm at 3 DAH, 160 to 267 μm at 5 DAH, and 454 to 757 μm at 10 DAH.
Based on the findings of this study, a refined feeding regime was developed to provide stageand size specific guidelines for feeding Florida pompano larvae reared under hatchery conditions.
Cossins, A.R. and D.L. Crawford. 2005. Fish as models for environmental genomics. Nature
Reviews: Genetics 6(4):324-333. doi:10.1038/nrg1590.
Genomic approaches using fish promise increased investigative power, and have alreadyprovided insights into the mechanisms that underlie short-term and long-term environmental
adaptations. Environmental genomics explores how the genome interacts with and integrates
cues from the environment to produce both the effects of environmental stress and adaptive
responses to this stress. This approach can provide a description of genes involved in metabolicand osmoregulatory functions important for adaptation of Florida pompano and other euryhalinemarine species to low-salinity culture conditions. These responses can then be correlated withphenotypic responses at the whole animal level; thus, providing greater insight into the ability ofmarine fishes in general, and Florida pompano in particular, to adapt to low salinity culture.

41

Presentation 21
LANDBASED POLY-ECO-AQUACULTURE OF ABALONE AND SEAWEED IN THE
SMALL SCALE RECIRCULATING SYSTEM USING THE RECYCLED FROZENCONTAINER
Mohammad Mustafizur Rahman, Kadowaki Shusaku*, Saw Mya Linn and Yamada Yohei
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890–0056, Japan*Email: kadowaki at fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
To minimize environmental impacts, we wanted to develop a poly-eco-aquaculture of abalone
and seaweed in the small scale recirculating aquaculture system housed in the recycled frozen
container. The main objective was to develop a low cost, environment friendly and land-based
integrated aquaculture with hybrid abalone (Haliotis discus hannai × H. sieboldii) and seaweed(Ulva sp.).
We conducted two experiments in two small-scale recirculating systems housed in a
recycled frozen container (4.3×1.9×1.9 m). Each system consisted of two biofilters (100 and 200
L) and two abalone culture tanks (each 200 L). Each abalone culture tank contained three plastic
baskets (each 50 × 34 × 6 cm, with 12 mm mesh). One of these systems also incorporated aprotein skimmer (PS: 100 L).
An air-conditioner (2.8 kw/h) was used to maintain the desired water temperature (19.2 ±0.8℃). Water circulation was maintained at 43 L per minute. Artificial salt water was usedinstead of natural seawater. Salinity of water was 32 ppt. The stocking density of abalone was 20
individuals per basket. Pelleted artificial feed was supplied six days per week at 2.3% of abalone
body weight per day. Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, NO2–N,
NO3–N, PO4-P and bacterial abundance were regularly monitored.
In the first experiment, 3.5 ± 0.8 cm (shell length) abalone were cultured to investigate theeffects of protein skimming on water quality, abundance of bacteria and FCR and growth of
abalone. Over an experimental period of 87 days, protein skimming resulted in significantly
better water quality (lower total ammonia nitrogen, NO2–N, NO3–N and bacterial abundance) andabalone growth.
In the second experiment, a seaweed culture tank (100 L) of round and transparent withconical bottom was connected with the system with PS to observe the combined effects of protein
skimming and seaweed (PSS) on water quality and abalone growth. In this experiment, 4.0 ± 0.2
cm (shell length) abalone were cultured for 72 days. Seaweed (Ulva sp.) was stocked (20 g) in theseaweed culture tank at the beginning of the experiment and harvested 63~95 g per week. We
observed significantly higher pH and lower TIN and TIP concentrations in system with PSS than
the system without PSS. Bacterial abundance was significantly lower in system with PSS(4.1×105 CFU/mL) than the system without PSS (6.4×105 CFU/mL). Bacterial abundance inprotein skimmer waste was 2.2×107 CFU/mL. Growth rate of abalone in both length (60.0 ± 8.0µm/day) and weight (63.6 ± 15.5 mg/day) was better in system with PSS than the system without
PSS (length 40.0 ± 11.0 µm/day and weight 33.8±7.3 mg/day). FCR was observed better insystem with PSS (1.45 ± 0.45) than the system without PSS (2.40 ± 0.26). The survival of
abalone was similar between the system with PSS (96.3 ± 2.5 %) and without PSS (97.5 ± 2.5 %).
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS

42

Sugawara K., and S. Kadowaki. 2006. Landbased aquaculture system of abalone using therecycled frozen ship container. Aquaculture Magazine 555, 70-73.
The authors proposed landbased polyculture of abalone and seaweed using the recycled frozen
ship container. They compared the complex poly-eco-aquaculture of abalone, seaweed andbacteria with conventional landbased aquaculture. In the new system, they maintained best
abalone growth temperature (18 ± 1.5 ℃) using low cost home air-conditioner. They mentionedthat using seaweed to purify water for abalone is a new farming system for future. They achived
faster growth of hybride (ezo abalone and megai abalone) abalone by supplying artificial feed.
This type of aquaculture can supply safe seafood for consumers. They suggested this poly-ecoaquaculture for sustainable production of abalone.
Harris J.O., G.B. Maguire, S. Edwards, and S.M. Hindrum. 1998. Effect of ammonia on thegrowth rate and oxygen consumption of juvenile greenlip abalone, Haliotis laeÍigata Donovan.
Aquaculture 160, 259–272.
The authors assessed the chronic toxicity of unionised ammonia in terms of growth rate, foodconsumption rate and oxygen consumption rate for juvenile greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata.
They found that Juvenile greenlip abalone were sensitive to ammonia as indicated by depressed
growth rate and food consumption. They observed that free ammonia nitrogen (FAN)
concentrations exceeding 0.031 mg L–1 supressed abalone (Haliotis laevigata) growth rates, and
FAN concentrations of 0.041 and 0.158 mg L-1 reduced abalone growth (whole weight basis) 5(EC5) and 50% (EC50) respectively. Oxygen consumption rate increased to a maximum of 188%of control values at 0.235 mg FAN L-1 and decreased slightly at the highest concentration of
0.418 mg FAN L-1.
Neori A., M.D. Krom, S.P. Ellner, C.E. Boyd, D. Popper, R. Rabinovitch, P.J. Davison, O. Dvir,
D. Zuber, M. Ucko, D. Angel, and H. Gordin. 1996. Seaweed biofilters as regulators of water
quality in integrated fish-seaweed culture units. Aquaculture 141: 183- 199.
In this article, Neori et al. examined the integrated culture of fish and seaweed on water quality inlandbased mariculture system. They recirculated seawater between intensive fishponds andseaweed ponds. They observed that seaweed removed most of the ammonia excreted by the fish.
Water-quality parameters (DO, NH4-N, pH and phosphate) remained stable and within safe limits
for the fish during experimental period. Therefore, they concluded that their results provided apractical solution to major management and environmental problems of land-based mariculture.

43

Presentation 22
TECHNIQUES FOR CURRENT CONTROL IN TANK; LESSONS LEARNED FROMREARING LARVAE OF RED SPOTTED GROUPER Epinephelus akaara
Takashi Iwasaki*1, Masatsugu Takano2, Kazuhisa Teruya3
1

Stock Enhancement Technology Development Center, National Research Institute of
Aquaculture, FRA, Saiki, Oita 879-2602, Japan
2
Research Management Department, Headquarters, FRA, Minato-Mirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama
220-6115, Japan
3
Stock Enhancement Technology Section, Ishigaki Tropical Station, Seikai National Fisheries
Research Institute, FRA, Fukai-Ohta, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0451, Japan*

Email: tak0829 at affrc.go.jp

Mass mortality of the early larval-stage (from hatch to about 10 days after hatching) has been oneof the big constraints during the process of mass fry production in groupers (Epinephelus bruneus,
E. septemfasciatus), bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) or amberjacks (Seriola dumerili, S.
quinqueradiata). A phenomenon associated with the mass mortality is observed that early stage
larvae sink to and pile onto tank bottom, and the phenomenon, so called “sinking death
syndrome”, has been supposed to be one of the causes of the mass mortality. Many marine fish
appear to show ontogenetic change of larval body density, and it is speculated that body density
and swimming activity of larvae and current condition of rearing tank mutually influence on theincidence of sinking death. It is indicated that proper current condition is important to prevent thesinking death syndrome, and aeration, submersible pump and/or wave-making device have beenpractically examined to make the current proper.
In the present study, rearing experiments were conducted in 60 m3 tanks to investigate theeffects of current control by aeration volumes for preventing the sinking death syndrome of red
spotted grouper larvae. The aeration was done through four porous air hoses (1.5 m in length, 25
mm in diameter) that were set on the tank bottom along the lower edge of each wall. Larvae werereared different aeration rates (0.25-1.50 L/min/tube), and the distribution, feeding amount,survival and growth of larvae were determined. Larvae in the tank with aeration rate of 0.25
L/min/tube showed clearly the sinking performance to tank bottom. Larvae with aeration rate of
1.50 L/min/tube were not remarkably distributed in the lower layer, showing the best survival
without any differences in growth and feeding amounts from larvae in the other treatments. Thus,
the present results clearly show that physical environments such as water current inside tanks are
crucial factors to the improvement of survival and consequently the establishment of stable/mass
fry production technologies in groupers.

44

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Miyashita, S. 2006. Surfacing and bottoming death in seedling production. Nippon Suisan
Gakkaisi, Vol: 72:5. Pp 947-948.
Surfacing death and bottoming death has been considered to the two big causes of early larvalmortality in fry production of bluefin tuna. Surfacing death has been thought that due to the stressof aeration or surface tension, and the hypersecretion of mucus causes the loss of respiration
and/or motor function of larvae. In order to prevent the surfacing death, surface of the rearing
water is covered with feed oil. However, oil slick blocks the initial swim bladder inflation oflarvae. On the other hand, bottoming death has been assumed that caused the death by injury at
the bottom friction or invasion of bacillus. As the countermeasure to the bottoming death,improving the aeration method, water injection to the tank bottom or development of wavemaking device has been trying to make proper water current.
Sakakura, Y., Shiotani, S., Chuda, H., and A. Hagiwara. 2006. Improvement of the survival in theseven-band grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus larvae by optimizing aeration and water inlet in
the mass-scale rearing tank. Fisheries Science, Vol: 72:5. Pp 939-947.
The water flow in rearing tanks has been indicated to cause mass mortality of the seven-band
grouper larvae. Therefore, authors tried a new aerating method in the 100 m3 volume rearing tank,in which an aerator was placed at the center of the tank surrounding cylindrical drain to generate
the flow field. The survival rate at 10 days after hatching with the new aeration method (61.5 %)was approximately three times higher than the previous methods, in which several aerators werelocated in the tank (21.2%). The flow environment of tanks was also investigated by quantifying
the flow field, and the relationship between the flow field in the rearing tank, behavior of larvaeand survival discussed.
Hirata, Y., Hamasaki, K., Teruya, K., and K. Mushiake. 2009. Ontogenetic changes of bodydensity of larvae and juveniles in seven-band grouper Epinephelus septemfasciatus and kelp
grouper Epinephelus bruneus. Nippon Suisan Gakkaisi, Vol: 75:4. Pp 652-660.
Authors investigated the body density of larvae and juveniles of seven-band grouper and kelp
grouper to figure out the period when the larvae and juveniles sinking the rearing tank bottom
during the fry production. As the results, larvae of both species keep the nearly neutral buoyancy
from hatching to growing 3.5-3.9 mm in TL when the buds of the second dorsal and pelvic fin
spines appeared. However, body density of both species greatly increased with increasing thelength of fin spines and reached plateau at 1.060-1.070 g/cm3 after the size of around 11 mm TL.
Therefore, authors concluded that larvae of both groupers tend to sink to easily bottom of therearing tank at the initiation of great increase in body density when fin spines begin to elongate.

45

Presentation 23
POND-TO-PLATE ANALYSIS OF THE US FARM-RAISED CATFISH INDUSTRY
Terrill R. Hanson
Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849,
USA
Email: hansontr at auburn.edu

US produced catfish and sales in the US have been declining from 662 million pound ofprocessed catfish in 2003 to 466 million pounds in 2009, while during the same period imports oftilapia, basa, tra and channel catfish were increasing. Several reasons have an impact on thissituation, including lower import fish prices, increasing domestic feed/fuel prices, inefficiencies
in US catfish production, and quality inconsistencies in domestically produced products. It has
been recognized by many US catfish industry representatives that reactive policies and actions of
the past have failed to revive the industry and a pro-active focus on industry improvement at alllevels is needed. Thus, the Pond-to-Plate project was initiated, with the goals of improving thecompetitiveness of the US farm-raised catfish industry and evolving it into a modern livestockindustry. Auburn University’s Fisheries Department has brought in LEAN trainers from the AU
College of Business to assist in conducting Pond-to-Plate meetings in West Alabama.
This project uses the LEAN manufacturing and continuous improvement concept, and has
been introduced at Pond-to-Plate meetings held in West Alabama. Each meeting includes
participant representatives of the value chain, i.e., catfish producers, harvesters, transporters,
processors, distributor and consumers. The LEAN enterprise produces more with existing
resources by eliminating non-value-added activities. Manufacturers are facing increased
worldwide competition and the stakes are high. The winners in this competition work toeliminate overproduction caused by traditional scheduling systems and to only make whatcustomers want when they want it. Lean establishes a systematic approach to eliminate thesewastes and create a flow throughout the whole company. It also helps companies develop andimplement a long-term plan to streamline their operations for success. Training uses a hands-on
approach involving a mixture of company’s management and staff members. This approach was
modified to address the fact that the US catfish industry is not one company but comprised ofindependent US catfish producers with few formal ties to processing plants.
Catfish Pond-to-Plate meetings have used Lean principals to address key issues of industry
efficiency at each level of the value chain, increasing demand for catfish products, lack of
product/value informational flow, final customer/consumer needs/desires, and non- or misaligned objectives, product quality needs, and incentives/rewards among value chain members to
produce consistently high quality products. Meetings have resulted in articulated visionstatements addressing the key issues identified and have focused on activities to reach their statedgoals of increasing per capita consumption of US farm-raised catfish.

46

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Brown, T.W., J. A. Chappell and T.R. Hanson. 2010. Commercial Production of Channel
Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and Hybrid Catfish Ictalurus punctatus x Ictalurus furcatus Utilizing
an In-pond Raceway System in West Alabama. Abstract printed in the Book of Abstracts of theWorld Aquaculture Society 2010 meeting, March 1-5, San Diego, CA, USA: p. 142.
ABSTRACT: The aim of this project was to improve profitability by demonstrating methods toachieve high levels of feed performance, survival, and efficiency in a commercial farm setting. A
commercial-scale modified In-Pond Raceway System (IPRS) was deployed in 2007 on acommercial fish farm in west Alabama. The IPRS was developed and installed in a 6-acre earthen
pond with an average depth of about 5.5 feet. Six production cells (raceways) were constructed ofconcrete blocks on a reinforced concrete pad. Raceway dimensions are 16 feet wide by 37 feetlong by 4 feet deep. They are arranged side by side and share common walls. Each cell isequipped with a ½ HP water mover (paddlewheel) at its upstream end which rotates at 1.2 RPM
and allows for the exchange of water in each raceway as frequently as once every 4.9 minutes.
Each raceway was originally stocked with 12,000 to 30,000 advanced stockers that weighted
between 0.13 and 0.92 pounds to simulate a staggered stocking and harvest production method.
Results from the 2008 production season had an 84.3% mean survival across all raceways. The
average feed conversion ratio (FCR) for channel catfish and hybrid catfish was 1.78 and 1.36
respectively (range from 1.16 - 2.11 to 1.0) and total catfish harvested was 109,808 lbs (18,301
lbs per acre). An additional 14,003 lbs of tilapia and paddlefish were harvested as co-cultured
species (Table 1). IPRS improvements in survival, feed efficiency, disease management andoverall production have increased yields, reduced unit production costs, and improved enterpriseprofitability over traditional multiple-batch pond production systems for catfish.
This paper is important as in-pond raceways increase the amount of control the aquaculturist hasover catfish production compared to present open pond production. This can lead to efficiency
improvement including lowering of the cost of production, and providing processors with the size
fish consumer prefer, that is a market pull rather than a market push approach.

47

TABLE 1. In-Pond Raceway System - production and economic data for catfish, tilapia, andpaddlefish.
Species
Total
Total Produc Survi FCR1 Receipt COP Estimat
weight weighttionvals ($/lb) ($/lb) ed Net
stocke harves (lbs/acr (%)
Returns2d (lbs)tede)($/lb)(lbs)
Channel & Hybrid 40,713 109,80 11,516
84.3 1.50$ 0.74 $ 0.
$ 0.03
catfish8
71
Tilapia
30
8,710
1,447 100.0$ 3.00 $ 0.
$ 2.9505
Paddlefish
505
5,293
798
85.9
$ 2.50 $ 0.
$ 2.3020
Subtotal (co535 14,003
2,245
cultured fish)
Grand Total (all 41248 123,81 13,761$ 0.98 $0.63$ 0.35fish)
1
Projected models
All Channel catfish
w/ co-cultured fish
All Hybrid catfish
w/ co-cultured fish1
2

14,562

94,255

13,28278.7

1.78$ 1.07$0.66$ 0.41

22,187

153,36
7

21,86389.7

1.36$ 0.96$0.53$ 0.43

FCR cannot be calculated for tilapia and paddlefish as no direct feed was fed.
Production, lb/acre, is based on the 8.0 acre pond area, not the raceway catfish production area.

Li, M.H., E.H. Robinson, D.F. Oberle, P.V. Zimba. 2007. Effects of Various Dietary Carotenoid
Pigments on Fillet Appearance and Pigment Absorption in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, Dec., v. 38, no. 4. Pp. 557-563.
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate effects of various carotenoids on skin and fillet
coloration and fillet carotenoid concentration in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. For 12 wk,
juvenile catfish were fed one of six experimental diets containing no supplemental carotenoid or
100 mg/kg of one of following carotenoid additions: β-carotene (BCA), lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin(ZEA), canthaxanthin (CAN), and astaxanthin (AST). Visual yellow color intensity score washighest for fish fed LUT, followed by ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and
BCA diets. Skin and tissue Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage yellowness value was thehighest in fish fed LUT, followed by fish fed ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal
and BCA diets. Fish accumulated the supplemental carotenoids in muscle tissues, butconcentrations of different carotenoids in the tissue varied greatly. Approximately 30% of the
LUT added was converted to echineone; no conversion was observed among other supplemental
carotenoids. Results from the present study indicate that channel catfish can accumulate yellow
pigments LUT and ZEA and red or pink pigments CAN and AST in the flesh, resulting in yellow
coloration. The yellow pigment BCA does not appear to deposit in skin or flesh at levels
sufficient to alter the coloration.
48

This paper is important to our work as it addresses one of the key fillet quality issues, that isyellow pigmentation of fillets, which is considered a negative in is some retail (grocery store)
outlets. This paper identifies important carotenoids found in fish feed and pond algae that impartyellow coloration to fillets. An understanding of this may allow us to develop pond production
practices or feed formulations that reduce the yellow coloration in catfish fillets.
Misimi, E., J.R. Mathiassen and U. Erikson. 2007. Computer Vision-Based Sorting of Atlantic
Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets According to Their Color Level. Journal of Food Science, Vol:
72:1. Pp S030–S035, Jan/Feb.
Keywords: Atlantic salmon; color; computer vision; processing line; quality control
ABSTRACT: Computer vision method was used to evaluate the color of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar) fillets. Computer vision-based sorting of fillets according to their color was studied
on 2 separate groups of salmon fillets. The images of fillets were captured using a digital cameraof high resolution. Images of salmon fillets were then segmented in the regions of interest andanalyzed in red, green, and blue (RGB) and CIE Lightness, redness, and yellowness (Lab) color
spaces, and classified according to the Roche color card industrial standard. Comparisons of fillet
color between visual evaluations were made by a panel of human inspectors, according to the
Roche SalmoFan™ lineal standard, and the color scores generated from computer visionalgorithm showed that there were no significant differences between the methods. Overall,computer vision can be used as a powerful tool to sort fillets by color in a fast and nondestructive
manner. The low cost of implementing computer vision solutions creates the potential to replace
manual labor in fish processing plants with automation.
This paper is important because of its highlighting how automatic sorting of fish fillets by color
can be achieved and may be instrumental to catfish processing plants sorting their fillets by color
to meet the different color needs/desires of their clients.

49

Presentation 24
BENEFICIAL MEAT QUALITY INDUCED BY DIETS IN YELLOWTAIL
Itaru Shioya
Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, LTD., Kitano Hachioji Tokyo 192-0906,
Japan
Email: i-shio at nissui.co.jp

Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata is about 216,000 t for the amount of domestic products, and an
important species with a large market scale in Japan. The cultivation production is 160,000 t andwild fish is 56,000 t. Thus, it is features that the proportion of the cultivation production is highin the yellowtail.
The hardness is important to many kinds of fish including yellowtail when eating with raw
fish meat such as “sashimi”. The hardness of sashimi decreases contrary to progress of rigor
mortis after slaughter. The color change of the red muscle of the yellowtail is caused
comparatively fast. The discoloring red muscle remarkably ruins economic merit of the yellowtail.
Therefore, maintenance of muscular hardness and delay of color change of the red muscle areimportant to raise commercial value of the yellowtail.
The meat quality of farmed yellowtail that was fed EP containing red pepper (experimentalgroup) was compared with the same age yellowtail that was fed EP (control group). The hardnessof ordinary muscle of the experimental group was significantly large compared with the control
group. The color difference (⊿E*ab) of red muscle was lower in the experimental than thecontrol group. In the yellowtail that fed on red pepper EP, many items were high score in thesensory evaluation compared with the wild yellowtail. These results describe that dietary red
pepper is able to raise muscular hardness and to slow down the color change in red muscle of theyellowtail.

50

Presentation 25
A MULTI-YEAR COLLABORATIVE EFFORT TO EVALUATE AND IMPACT OF
ACCLIMATION CAAGE CONDIONING FOR STOCKING JAPANESE FLOUNDER,
Paralichthys olivaceus, IN WAKASA BAY, JAPAN
Michelle L. Walsh*1, Hiroshi Fujimoto2, Takeo Yamamoto3, Tatsuya Yamada3,
Youiti Takahashi3 and Yoh Yamashita2
1

University of New Hampshire, Department of Biological Sciences, Durham, NH, USA
Kyoto University, Graduate School of Agriculture, Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Maizuru,
Kyoto, JPN
3National Center for Stock Enhancement (NCSE), Fisheries Research Agency, Obama Station,
Fukui, JPN
2*Email: michelle.walsh at unh.edu

Japan is the most active country worldwide with respect to flatfish stock enhancement both in therange of species and number of fish released1. In Japan, Japanese flounder, or hirame
Paralichthys olivaceus, is the primary species represented in annual flatfish catch1 ; thus, hirame
has been a paramount choice for both aquaculture and stock enhancement for decades, and is, infact, the most important stocked marine finfish in Japan2. A total of approximately 25 million
Japanese flounder are released yearly2 from federal, prefectural (state), local and private
hatcheries throughout the country.
Conditioning flatfish to the natural environment before release may increase successful
recruitment to the fishery, as fish trained for "wild" conditions may transition more easily andsuccessfully upon release3. Since 2008, Obama Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement,
has conducted pre-release, experimental acclimation cage conditioning for Japanese flounder (N= 10,000-40,000) in both the Takahama and Obama portions of Wakasa Bay, Japan. Fish werereared via the "Hottoke shi-iku" method, a simplified rearing process that boosts cultivation
efficiency of seedlings by reducing rearing time and manpower4. Recaptured fish were acquired
through a cooperative effort between researchers and local fishermen (both commercial andrecreational). To date, more conditioned fish have been recaptured via fishermen's catch than
unconditioned fish. Initial observations suggest that non-feeding individuals recollected near the
release sites may be weaker and more likely to be caught by small boat beam trawl (towing speed
1-1.5 knots) than actively feeding, translocating fish. Thus, higher speed shrimp trawlers deeper
in the bay (towing speed 3-3.5 knots) and set/fyke nets set kilometers away from the release sites
may be better, non-biased indicators of fitness and intermediate stocking success.

51

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Howell BR, Yamashita Y (2005) Aquaculture and stock enhancement. In: Gibson RN (ed) Fishand aquatic resources series 9. Flatfishes: biology and exploitation. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford,
p 347–371.
A vital resource - as it summarizes a considerable amount of Japanese literature that is only
available in Japanese, especially federal and prefectural documents.
Yamashita Y, Aritaki M (2010) Stock enhancement of Japanese flounder in Japan. In: Daniels
HV, Watanabe WO (eds.) Practical Flatfish Culture and Stock Enhancement. Blackwell
Publishing, p 237-255.
This review takes a step back and regards the overall impact of stocking Japanese flounder inJapan. The authors compile data from many individual Japan-wide releases and compose "bigpicture" analyses of statistics such as market return rate and annual catch change rate.
Sparrevohn, C.R. Støttrup, J.G. 2007. Post release survival and feeding in reared turbot. Journalof Sea Research 57, 151-161.
The authors found that conditioning flatfish in predator free enclosures (i.e. acclimation cages) at
the release site six days prior to release increased survival, burying behavior, and the ability to
feed.
Takahashi Y (1998) Seed Production in Japanese Flounder by the Hottoke Method. Momoshima
Station of the Japan Sea-Farming Assocation. Momoshima. Onomichi, Hiroshima 722-0061,
Japan. 55 pp.
The author details "The Hottoke Method" – a low labor/high efficiency rearing strategy forculturing flounder juveniles. Steps to conduct the method are detailed and troubleshooting tips
are provided.

52

Presentation 26
ACOUSTIC CONDITIONING AND RANCHING OF BLACK SEA BASS
Centropritis striata
Scott Lindell*, Simon Miner, Clifford Goudey and Steve Page
Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL St. Woods Hole, MA 02543*Email: slindell at mbl.edu

Acoustic ranching consists of training fish to school to an area via a sound stimulus that iscoupled with a food reward (classical Pavlovian conditioning). It may present an opportunity toraise fish with less environmental impact and at less expense than typical open-ocean fish farms.
Some advantages include (i) low capital and operating costs to construct, install, and maintain afeeding and recapture station, (ii) low feed costs because fish have opportunities to forage on
wild food as well as formulated diets, (iii) low impact on the environment due to naturaldispersion of fish and their wastes, and (iv) the technology could aid stock replenishment efforts
by weaning hatchery-raised fish from pelletted diets to fending for themselves in the wild.
This project represents the first attempt to farm marine fish with acoustic ranching in North
America. In June 2008 we erected and installed an AquaDomeTM, a 10 m wide by 5 m highgeodesic dome in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The AquaDome was fitted with a feeding tube,
an underwater speaker and underwater cameras to monitor and record fish behavior.
Approximately 5,000 tagged black sea bass (50 to 80g) were stocked into the AquaDome. The
fish were trained in the cage by feeding them twice a day in tandem with a sound cue. Once thetraining was completed, some mesh on the AquaDome was replaced with 4-inch mesh so that thefish could swim out and set up residency on the nearby rocks.
We present results of laboratory and field trials including efforts to recapture these fish,
evaluate their growth and measure the economics of this method of fish production.

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY WORKS
Jacobs, J.M., S. Lindell, W. Van Heukelem, E.M. Hallerman, R.M. Harrell. 1999. Strain
evaluation of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) under controlled conditions. Aquaculture 173(1999) 171-177.
Goldman, J., R. Perham, and S. Lindell, 2000. Methods and apparatus for aquaculture and for
waste treatment related thereto. United States Patent Number 6,117,313. 13pp.
Mebane, B., S. Roberts, S. Lindell, F. Goetz. 2003. Researchers develop low-tech recirculating
culture systems for quahog clams. Global Aquaculture Advocate Vol. 6, No. 6, 35 -36.
Lindell, S.R., B. Delbos, R. Perham, J. Goldman, E.M. Hallerman, T. O. Brenden. 2004.
Performance of backcross hybrid striped bass in recirculation aquaculture systems. International
Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture Vol. 5, 43-54.

53

Satellite symposium 1
ARTIFITIAL COMPLETION OF THE JAPANESE EEL, ANGUILLA JAPONICA,
LIFE CYCLE: CHALLENGE TO MASS PRODUCTION
Yoshitsugu Masuda1*, Hitoshi Imaizumi1, Kentaro Oda1, Hiroshi Hashimoto1, Hironori
Usuki1, and Kazuhisa Teruya2
1

Shibushi Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency,
Shibushi, Kagoshima 899-7101, Japan
2
Stock Enhancement Technology Section, Ishigaki Tropical Station, Seikai National Fisheries
Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0451, Japan*
Email: masuday at affrc.go.jp
Development and modification of slurry type diets made from shark-egg powder have enabled
glass eel production in captivity by the group of Dr. Tanaka in National Research Institute of
Aquaculture1-3). Based on this success, recent investigations have specifically examined
establishment of techniques for consistent mass production of glass eels. Now, there are many
problems to settle in rearing eel larva, leptocephalus. The current procedures of feeding andmaintenance are too troublesome for application to mass rearing. In addition, rearing period is
too long and can not be correctly estimated. Moreover, limited supply of diet material,
shark-egg, cannot meet mass production of glass eels. To overcome these problems, wesuggested colloid-type diet and try to develop automatic system of rearing procedures. We
also try to develop the diets made from new materials besides shark-egg. Then we succeeded
shortening the rearing period from egg to glass eels. In our presentation, we would introduce
these challenges to achieve mass production.
Annotated Bibliography of Key Works
1) Tanaka, H., H. Kagawa, and H. Ohta. 2001. Production of leptocephali of Japasese eel,Anguilla japonica, in captivity. Aquaculture 201. 51-60.

Despite intensive research on wild and captive eels, no resource has so far provided access to
all life cycle stages of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. The transition from thepreleptocephalus, newly hatched larva, to the leptocephalus stage, typical leaf-like eel larva,
has, therefore, remained the missing link in the eel life cycle. We recently found that aslurry-type dit made from shark egg powder is suitable feed for captive-bred eel larvae. The
larvae were successfully reared with this diet in aquaria for 100 days and raised to 22.8 mm intotal length, TL. Age, RL, and body proportions of the reared specimens overlapped withthose of wild leptocephali. We revealed for the first time the transition from thepreleptocephalus to the leptocephalus stage of the eel.
2) Tanaka, H., H. Kagawa, H. Ohta, T Unuma, and K. Nomura. 2003. The first production of54

glass eel in captivity: fish reproductive physiology facilitates great progress in aquaculture.
Fish Physiology and Biochemisty 28, 493-497.
Weekly injections of salmon pituitary extracts (SPE) were administered to female Japaneseeel, Anguilla japonica at a dose of 20mg/fish. This induced vitellogenesis and caused oocytes
to reach the migratory nucleus stage. Later, a majority of the females that received an
injection of SPE at a priming dose, followed 24h later by 17,20β-dihydroy-4-pregnen-3-one(DHP), ovulated 15 to 18h after the final injection. In cultivated males, repeated injections ofhuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)at a dose of 1 IU/g BW/week induced spermatogenesis
and spermiation. Since potassium ions were revealed to be an essential constituent for the
maintenance of motility in the eel spermatozoa, artificial seminal plasma containing KCl was
designed as a diluent of milt, and enabled the preservation of milt for several weeks inrefrigeration. As a result, artificial fertilization performed immediately after ovulation withpre-diluted and stocked milt consistently resulted in the production of high-quality gametes.
Recently, a slurry-type diet made from shark egg yolk has been found to be a suitable feed for
captive-bred eel larvae. Although preleptocephalus larvae can be reared with this diet beyond
the depletion of their yolk and oil droplet stores, it remains inadequate because larvae reared
under this way cannot be raised to the following stage. Therefore, the diet was improved bysupplements of krill hydrolysate, soybean peptide, vitamins and minerals. Larvae fed on thisnew diet have grown to 50 to 60 mm in total length (TL), and have begun to metamorphose
into glass eels approximately 250 days after hatching.
3) Kagawa, H., H. Tanaka, H. Ohta, T. Unuma, and K. Nomura. 2005. The first success ofglass eel production in the world: basic biology on fish reproduction advances new applied
technology in aquaculture. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 31, 193-199.
The eel has long been esteemed as an important food fish in the world, especially in Japan,
and has been used as an experimental fish for many fields of fish physiology. However, thedecreases in eel resources have been a serious concern in recent years. The catches of glass
eels as seedlings for aquaculture have shown a long-term decrease in both Europe andEast-Asia. To increase eel resources, the development of techniques for artificial induction of
maturation and spawning and rearing their larvae have been eagerly desired. Recent progressof reproductive physiology of fish, especially mechanisms of oocyte maturation and ovulationin female and of spermatozoa maturation in male, facilitate to establish techniques forhormonal induction of maturation and spawning in sexually immature eels. With persistenteffort to development of rearing techniques of larvae, we have first succeeded to produce
glass eel. These applied techniques are may contribute to understand the basic reproductive
physiology of the eel.

55

Satellite symposium 2
SPAWNING AND LARVAL REARING OF YELLOWTAIL AMBERJACK (SERIOLALALANDI) IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Kevin Stuart* and Mark Drawbridge
1*

Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute 2595 Ingraham St. San Diego, CA 92109, USA
Email: kstuart at hswri.org

Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (HSWRI) has been rearing yellowtail amberjack (Seriolalalandi), known locally as California yellowtail, at its laboratory in San Diego since 2003.
The broodstock have been spawning naturally in a 140 m3 maturation pool since 2002. The
sex ratio has been close to 1:1 and spawning typically occurs between 16.5 and 22.0°C (April
thru August). The number of adults has ranged from 21 to 35 and associated individual
weights from 8.2 to 20.8 kg. Our primary egg quality measures have shown inconsistent
spawn quality within a spawning season, with hatch rates ranging from 10 – 90% and survival
to first feeding ranging from 5 – 80%. Typically the highest quality spawns are seen early inthe season. The numbers of spawning events and eggs per spawn have increased in recent
years due to increasing female biomass and improvements to the broodstock feeding regime.
Recent research results on yellowtail have shown no significant differences in growth or
survival at 10 dph among egg stocking densities of 50, 100, and 200 eggs per L. Greenwater
was demonstrated to be beneficial to larvae up to 16 dph as was 24hr light and high lightintensity of 5,000 to 13,000 lux. There were no significant differences in growth or survival
when yellowtail larvae were fed at rotifer densities of 15, 30, and 45 rotifers per ml. Larvae
were able to consume 1st instar Artemia (Artemia franciscana) as early as 6 dph. Finally, we
determined that greenwater rearing conditions created using either SanoLife ALG (INVE),
algae paste, or live algae all produced similar results.
Our current culture protocols for production include 1) stocking eggs at a density of 100 perL; 2) maintaining water temperature at 21.0 – 22.0 °C; 3) providing rotifers (Brachionus
rotundiformis) from 2 to 9 dph at 20 per ml; 4) moving larvae from tall, narrow 1600L egg
incubators to shallow, wide 8,000L tanks at 10 dph; 5) providing 1st instar Artemia (Artemia
franciscana) from 6 to 10 dph and 2nd instar Artemia from 10 to 35 dph; 6) providing 24hr
light at 5,000 to 13,000 lux above each tank; and 7) greening the water using SanoLife ALG
from 2 to 17 dph.
These procedures yielded survival rates from egg to juvenile of up to 5% with a relatively
high degree of variability. High larval mortality, from unidentified causes at around 17 - 20
dph and deformity rates as high as 40% are focal areas for improvement through future
research.

Annotated Bibliography of Key Works
Benetti, D. 1997. Spawning and larval husbandry of flounder (Paralichthys woolmani)
and Pacific yellowtail (Seriola mazatlana), new candidate species for aquaculture.
Aquaculture 155, 307-318.
56

This paper describes the spawning and larval rearing of two new species for aquaculture in
Ecuador. Experimental production of these species has been conducted for the first timefrom eggs in captivity. Survival of Seriola throughout larval rearing ranged from 0 – 70%,
however high mortalities caused by diseases, cannibalism, and weaning onto artificial diets
during and after metamorphosis reduced average survival rates through the juvenile stage toless than 1%. The basic broodstock and larval rearing information provided by the author isa good starting point for the culture of either Paralichthys or Seriola culture.
Moran, D., C.K. Smith, B. Gara, C.W. Poortenaar. 2007. Reproductive behaviour andearly development in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi Valenciennes 1833). Aquaculture
262, 95-104.
The authors describe the spawning behaviour of wild caught brood stock as well as early egg
and larval development of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Spawning occurred
naturally when water temperature was above 17 C. Courtship behaviour involved one maleand female, and consisted of a high-speed pursuit punctuated by stalling, nipping andtouching. This lasted for approximately 0.5 – 1.5 h until, immediately prior to spawning, themale would nip at the female gonoduct, presumably to induce spawning. Spawning
occurred in the early daylight hours at the start of the spawning season, but shifted to arounddusck in the latter part. Spawned eggs were positively buoyant, had a high fertilization rate(>99%), ranged 1.33 – 1.50 mm in diameter with a single oil droplet 0.30 – 0.33 mm diameter.
Information given in this paper is indicative of a healthy spawning population of S. lalandi
and can be used as a reference or baseline for culture of this species.
Papandroulakis, N., C.C. Mylona, E. Maingot, P. Divanach. 2005. First results of greateramberjack (Seriola dumerili) larval rearing in mesocosm. Aquaculture 250, 155-161.
The authors apply the mesocosm method for larval rearing to the greater amberjack (Seriola
dumerili). This paper gives a good description of larval rearing for Seriola in terms of
weaning schedule, turbidity levels, and live feed levels.
Along with the description of therearing protocols, growth information is provided which is a good template for most Seriola
species.
Sakakura, Y. and K. Tsukamoto. 1999. Ontogeny of aggressive behaviour in schools ofyellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Environmental Biology of Fishes 56, 231-242
The authors studies ontogenetic changes in social interactions, especially in aggressive
behaviour of the yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, and compared these to morphologicaland physiological changes. No agonistic interactions were observed during the larva period
until 10 mm in total length (TL) at approximately 20 days after hatching. Typical shivering
behaviour with ‘J-posture’ was observed during metamorphosis, when fin rays andcalcification of vertebra were completed and there was an increase of tissue thyroid hormone.
The onset of aggressive behaviour was just after metamorphosis to the juvenile period, andcoincided with a significant increase in tissue cortisol levels. The onset of schoolingbehaviour was at 12 mm TL, slightly after the onset of aggressive behaviour. The authors
provided a good basis for determining aggressive behaviour in Seriola quinqueradiata which
can be used as a model for other Seriola species. This paper also presents possible solutions
to aggressive interactions found in the culture environment.

57

Yoseda K., K. Yamamoto, K. Asami, M. Chimuea, K. Hashimoto, S. Kosaka. 2008.
Influence of light intensity on feeding, growth, and early survival of leopard coral grouper(Plectropomus leopardus) larvae under mass-scale rearing conditions. Aquaculture 279,
55-62.
This study investigated the effect of different light intensities on feeding, growth, and survivalof early stage leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus larvae. Four different lightintensities (0, 500, 1000, and 3000 lx) were used and larvae were kept under constant light
conditions from 0 day after hatching (DAH) to 5 DAH. The results indicate that coralgrouper larvae are visual feeders and their food intake increases with increasing light intensity
and that light intensity is the factor affecting larval feeding, growth, and survival. The
authors provide a sound experimental design and interesting results which can translate to any
species whose larvae are visual predators. The comprehension of optimization ofenvironmental rearing conditions such as light intensity as it relates to first feeding larvae isnecessary in establishing stable mass-scale rearing technology for any species.

58Satellite symposium 3
A CHALLENGE TO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF THE YEAR ROUND
EGG PRODUCTION IN KAN-PACHI AMBERJACK SERIOLA DUMERILI:PROPOSAL OF NEW SYSTEMATIZED AQUACULTURE
Kazuhisa Hamada1*, Kentaro Oda2, Hiroshi Hashimoto2, Kiyoshi Soyano3, andKeiichi Mushiake1
1

National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency
Shibushi Station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency
3
Nagasaki University Institute for East China Sea Research
2*

Email:kazhama at affrc.go.jp

Recently, the demand for marine products has rapidly increased due to consumption
expansion of marine products especially in developing countries in Southeast Asia andto global health-oriented request. However, the natural fishery resources show adecreasing tendency, and it is forecasted that marine food products will become greatly
shortage in the future. Under this situation, the role and development of aquaculture thatcan supply secure and reliable marine products to consumers are and will be more andmore essential for future.
For further development of aquaculture industry, both advanced seed production and,grow-out technologies (comprehensive systematized aquaculture) should becooperativeely established for meeting precisely and timely the needs from farmers totables.
In the present paper, we will introduce a series of our trials on the year round egg
production and so on in Kan-Pachi amberjack Seriola dumerili, an international species,
as a model of new systematized aquaculture that we have challenged.

59Satellite symposium 4
SABLEFISH HATCHERY METHODS. AN OVERVIEW OF HATCHERY DESIGN,BROOD STOCK SPAWNING, AND EGG AND YOLK SAC LARVAE INCUBATIONPROCEDURES AT THE MANCHESTER RESEARCH STATION
Kenneth C Massee1*, Tom Wade1, Mathew Cook1, Ken Webb1, and Michael Rust2.
1

NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Manchester Research Station, Port
Orchard, Washington USA.
2
NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle Washington USA*
Email: ken.massee at noaa.gov
The sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) is a deep-water finfish species native to the north Pacific.
They range from the Bering Sea, and adjacent waters from Hokkaido, Japan to Baja, California.
Due to its high value and culture potential it has generated great interest as an aquaculture species.
As with many marine fish the major bottleneck in culture is the production of juveniles.
Currently, there are only a couple of commercial hatcheries producing juveniles in the US andCanada.
In this presentation, an overview of our sablefish hatchery, brood stock spawning and egg andyolk sac incubation methods are described. The hatchery system utilizes recirculated seawaterand has precise temperature and salinity control. The water is filtered to 1 micron and UVsterilized before being introduced to the incubators or yolk sac silos.
Ultrasound technology is used to determine brood stock maturation status and timing of ovulation.
Hormone injections are needed to induce final maturation in most cases. Hormones areadministered at an oocyte diameter of 1.2 mm or greater. With the use of ultrasound technology
a biopsy is no longer needed to determine oocyte diameter.
Improvements in egg and yolk sac larval incubation techniques have significantly increased
survival during these stages. Key factors during incubation are maintaining hatchery watertemperatures at 6.0 ± 0.5 degrees Celsius and salinity at 33 ppt ± 0.5 ppt. Additional egg andyolk sac larval incubation methods are also discussed.

60

Satellite symposium 5
DEVELOPMENT OF A VISUALIZING METHOD FOR PHYSICAL INJURY TO
FISH LARVAE
Susumu Uji1*, Takashi Iwasaki2, and Kazuhisa Teruya3
1

Farming Biology Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture (NRIA), Fisheries
Research Agency, Watarai, Mie 516-0193, Japan
2
Stock Enhancement Technology Development Center, Fisheries Research Agency, NRIA,
Fisheries Research Agency, Saiki, Oita 879-2602, Japan
3
Stock Enhancement Technology Section, Ishigaki Tropical Station, Seikai National
Fisheries Research Institute, FRA, Taira-machi, Nagasaki-shi Nagasaki 851-2213 Japan*
Email: uji@affrc.go.jp
Groupers are new target species for aquaculture and stock enhancement in Japan because of
their high commercial value. Early mortality is, however, a critical problem in larviculture ofgroupers. Early mortality of fish larvae is potentially caused by various factors: for example
poor egg quality, problems related to first feeding success of larvae, quality of live feeds,
disease and surface tension related death. Furthermore, physical injury to larvae is believed to
be one of the critical factors causing early mortality. It is thought that physical injury occurs
through collision with the fine net over the drain outlet, wall of rearing tank and the bubbles
and turbulence due to aeration, and also through collisions within aggregations of larvae.
However there are no reports proving those, because there is no method to evaluate physicalinjury in larvae. Here, we attempted to develop a method for visualizing whether physicalinjury occurs during larviculture and its prevalence. As an approach to overcome this, wesearched for reagents that can be used to identify artificial physical injuries on the epidermis
of a variety of larvae including groupers caused by a sharp glass needle used in microinjection.
We checked about thirty kinds of reagents and antibodies for visualizing factors related to
apoptosis, necrosis, wound healing, and change in cell membrane permeability: for example,
acridine orange, DAPI, propidium iodide, Evans blue, TIMP, MMP, c-Jun, DiI, and DiO. As aresult, we found five reagents for detecting artificial physical injury. To detect physical injury,
considering the reagent’s sensitivity, toxicity to larvae and ease of handling, of five reagents
which were determined as suitable, one was found to be optimal. In addition, we could
quantify the degree of physical injury using the reagent. In conclusion, we could develop amethod to visualize and quantify physical injuries in larvae. We think that this method cananswer the question of whether physical injury is a key cause of mortality in larviculture ornot. Further, this method has potential to contribute greatly to maintaining a preferable
environment for larvae in larviculture of not only groupers but other kind of fishes.

61

Program of Poster Presentations
The 39th Scientific Symposium of UJNR Aquaculture Panel
Kagoshima University Inamori Hall, Kagoshima
11:30-14:00 October 26th, 2010
1. Source and Suitability of Adult Jack Mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) for Induction of
Maturation and Spawning
Mitsuo Nyuji (Kyushu University)
2. Captive Reproduction of Chub Mackerel：Experimental System and Analysis of
Neuroendocrine Hormones
Sethu Selvaraj (Kyushu University)
3. Characterization of a Newly Identified Anti-lipopolysaccharide Factor (ALF2) Gene in
Kuruma Shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus
Shogo Okugawa (University of Miyazaki)
4. Characterization of Class B Scavenger Receptor from Kuruma Shrimp Marsupenaeus
japonicus
Raja Sudhakaran (University of Miyazaki)
5. Identification and Characterization of Dicer2 Gene in Kuruma Shrimp, Marsupenaeus
japonicus
Jun-ichi Nishi (University of Miyazaki)
6. Myxosporean Parasites of Four Economic Grouper Species; Wild Life and Culture, fromThailandKittichon U-taynapun (Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, Univ. Miyazaki)
7. Astakine, an Ancient Cytokine, in Kuruma Shrimp: RNA Expression and Sequence
Analysis of Mjastakine Gene
Mari Inada (University of Miyazaki)
8. Sequence and Expression Analyses of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) Gene in Kuruma
Shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus
Maki Yoshimine (University of Miyazaki)
9. Community Structure, Seasonal Changes and Temperature Tolerance of Four SargassumSpecies (Fucales) at the Boundary Zone between Temperate and Subtropical Region ofJapan, in Relation to Climate Changes
Yutaro Tsuchiya (Kagoshima University)
10. Community Structure, Seasonal Changes and Temperature Tolerance of Edible Seaweed,
Sargassum fusiforme (Fucales), at the Boundary Zone between Temperate andSubtropical Region of Japan, in Relation to Climate Changes
Yuhei Amano (Kagoshima University)6211. Assessment of Effects of Starvation on Freshwater Carp by 1H-NMR Metabolomics
Approach
Emiko Kokushi (Kagoshima University)
12. Molecular Identification of Anisakis simplex from Fishes Caught along the Coast ofKagoshima and Human Gastric Anisakiasis
Hiroshi Kita (Kagoshima University)
13. Immune Response against Edwardsiella tarda in Ginbuna Crucian Carp (Carassius
auratus langdorfii)
Masatoshi Yamasaki (Kagoshima University)
14. Effect of Soy Peptide Replacement Level on Growth Performance and Digestive Enzyme
Activity in Juvenile Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Roger E.P. Mamauag (Kagoshima University)
15. Effects of Polychaete Extracts on Reproductive Performance and Tissue Lipid
Compositions of Kuruma Shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate
Binh Thanh Nguyen (Kagoshima University)
16. Effect of Complete Replacement of Fishmeal with a Composite Mixtures of Soybean
Meal and Sea Food Processing By–products on the Performances of Red Sea Bream,
Pagrus major
Md. Abdul Kader (Kagoshima University)
17. Effects of Different Supplementation Levels of Extracted Soy Peptide on Growth
Performance and Tolerance to High Temperature Stress in Juvenile Japanese
Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Janice A. Ragaza (Kagoshima University)
18. Effect of Dietary Oxidized Fish Oil with Vitamin E Supplementation on Growth
Performance and Reduction of Oxidative Stress in Red Sea Bream (Pagrus major)
Jian Gao (Kagoshima University)
19. Sediment Characterization and Remediation of Shiraishi Lake Oyster Farm
Sheila Mae Santander (Kagoshima University)
20. Effect of ATP and IMP on the Quality of Fish and Fish Products
Yuko Murata (National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, FRA)
21. How Do We Reduce the Impact of Global Warming on Aquaculture?
－An Introduction to Projects to Develop Methods to Counter the Impacts of Global
Warming－
Tadashi Andoh (Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, FRA)

63

Poster presentation 1
SOURCE AND SUITABILITY OF ADULT JACK MACKEREL (TRACHURUS
JAPONICUS) FOR INDUCTION OF MATURATION AND SPAWNING
Mitsuo Nyuji1, Kazuki Fujisawa1, Hajime Kitano1, Mari Yoda2, Michio Yoneda3, Akio Shimizu3,
Akihiko Yamaguchi1, and Michiya Matsuyama1*
1Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Taira, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
3
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8684, Japan*
E-mail: rinya_m at agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp
2

The jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus, is one of the most important commercially exploited fish. In
response to increasing demand for this species, aquaculture of jack mackerel has recently commenced insouthwestern regions of Japan. To stabilize its supply, it is necessary to develop techniques for theaquaculture of jack mackerel including seed production. The captive maintained adult jack mackerel donot spawn spontaneously. Our research group has examined the techniques for inducing final oocyte
maturation (FOM), ovulation and spawning by hormone treatment in order to obtain high-quality eggs.
In this presentation, we have compiled the information about how to obtain adult female jack mackerel
for inducing FOM and spawning.
Generally, adult female fish possessing fully grown vitellogenic oocytes are selected for hormonal
induction of FOM and spawning. In our study, using gonadal biopsy, we measured oocyte diameter, andobserved the position of germinal vesicle. The jack mackerel possessing oocytes of over 500 µm
diameter were determined to be suitable females as it indicated the completion of vitellogenesis. Further,to observe the position of nucleus using light microscopy, oocytes were cleared by Sera solution. Whenthe nucleus was not clearly observed, including fish showing oocytes of over 500 µm diameter, thosefish were not selected as it raised the possibility of start of atresia in the oocytes.
All adult jack mackerel used in this study were over 2 year old and caught from the wild. They wereused for induced maturation experiment with the following set up in captive conditions: jack mackerel 1)
reared for 2-3 months in sea pens, 2) reared for over a year in 3-ton tanks, 3) used soon after caught bypurse seining and 4) used soon after caught by hook and line fishing. The results obtained from theabove set up were as follows: 1) only 20 suitable females were obtained among 125 fish (about 50% foreach sex), 2) a total of 285 adult fish were sampled regularly from rearing tanks. However, vitellogenic
ovaries were observed in only four fish in June and July, and there were no fish with oocyte of over 500µm diameter∗, 3) the majority of females showed atretic oocytes∗∗, 4) all fish were suitable and therefore,
4 females and 5 males were used for GnRHa (des-Gly10-[D-Ala6] LH-RH ethylamide, 400 μg/kg BW)
injection. GnRHa-injected fish spawned for 18 consecutive days in a 3-ton tank. The number of eggs
collected after each spawning was 145,000 on the 1st night, 92,000 on the 2nd night and 4,000-33,000
on the other days.
In conclusion, the results revealed that stress during fishing and captive rearing conditions can influence
the progression of vitellogenesis in female jack mackerel. Further, it indicates that adult fish caught by
low-stress fishing method, such as hook and line, can be effectively used for inducing FOM andspawning.
References
Nyuji M., Shiraishi T., Irie S., Nii S., Kitano H., Yamaguchi A., Matsuyama M. 2008. Annual changes
in the gonadal histology of captive reared jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus. Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr.,
Kyushu Univ. 63: 115-123 (in Japanese with English abstract).
∗∗
Yoda M., Mizuta K., Matsuyama M. 2006. Induction of ovarian maturation and ovulation in jackmackerel Trachurus japonicus by human chorionic gonadotropin. Bull. Fish. Res. Agen. 16: 15-18(in Japanese with English abstract).
64∗

Poster presentation 2
CAPTIVE REPRODUCTION OF CHUB MACKEREL: EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM
AND ANALYSIS OF NEUROENDOCRINE HORMONES
Sethu Selvaraj1, Tetsuro Shiraishi1, Hajime Kitano1, Masafumi Amano2, Mitsuo Nyuji1, Hirofumi
Ohga1, Akihiko Yamaguchi1, Michio Yoneda3, Akio Shimizu3, and Michiya Matsuyama1*
1Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Iwate, Japan
3
Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Japan*
E-mail: rinya_m at agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp
2

The chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) belongs to the family Scombridae and is a key multiple
batch-spawning pelagic fish contributing to global marine fish production. Due to unreliable andunpredictable wild catches, aquaculture of this species commenced recently in southwesternJapan. Young or adult fish are caught from the wild using purse-seine and reared for an
appropriate duration in sea pens. This captive maintained male fish undergo normal
spermatogenesis but female fish after the completion of vitellogenesis fails to undergo final
oocyte maturation (FOM) and ovulation during spawning season (April-June).
The brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis is a key neuroendocrine system involved in the
reproductive processes, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) represents a key upstream
signaling molecule in this system. Brain GnRH stimulates the synthesis and release of thepituitary gonadotropins (GtHs), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH), which regulate the synthesis of sex steroids that are responsible for gonadal growth andmaturation. In recent years, kisspeptins, encoded by the Kiss1 gene have emerged as novel
upstream regulator of GnRH secretion. Reproductive studies in chub mackerel is focused onunderstanding the role of different components of the BPG axis.
Our previous studies revealed the role of pituitary GtHs in reproductive cycle and steroidogenic
pathways in the ovarian follicles of chub mackerel. However, the role of other upstream
regulators such as brain kisspeptins and GnRHs has not yet been elucidated. As a first step, we
isolated cDNAs encoding Kiss and GnRH forms and studied their quantitative changes in theexpression of Kiss and GnRH mRNA in the brain and corresponding GnRH peptides in the brain
and pituitary of females during different ovarian stages. Chub mackerel express two Kiss (Kiss1,
Kiss2) and three GnRH forms (seabream GnRH, sbGnRH; chicken GnRH-II, cGnRH-II; salmon
GnRH, sGnRH). Kiss1 levels in brain did not vary significantly among the different ovarianstages. However, Kiss2 expression declined from the immature stage (November) to thepost-spawning (PS) season (August). Brain sbGnRH mRNA and corresponding peptide levels
showed significant changes only during PS season; however, pituitary peptide levels increased
gradually from the immature stage onward, peaking during late vitellogenesis (April) and the PS
season. No significant differences in cGnRH-II mRNA or corresponding peptide levels were
found. Likewise, brain sGnRH mRNA levels did not show significant changes; however,corresponding peptide levels in the brain and pituitary rose significantly during late vitellogenesis
and the PS season, respectively. In conclusion, expression profiles of Kiss2 mRNA in the brain
and sbGnRH peptide in the pituitary suggest their possible involvement in the seasonal ovariandevelopment of chub mackerel in captivity.
65

Annotated Bibliography of Key Works
1. Selvaraj S., H. Kitano, Y. Fujinaga, H. Ohga, M. Yoneda, A. Yamaguchi, A. Shimizu, and M.
Matsuyama. 2010. Molecular characterization, tissue distribution, and mRNA expression
profiles of two Kiss genes in the adult male and female chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)
during different gonadal stages. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. DOI:10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.011.
The full-length cDNAs of Kiss1 and Kiss2 in the chub mackerel were cloned and sequenced.
Chub mackerel K iss1 and Kiss2 cDNAs encode 105 and 123 amino acids, respectively. A
comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of chub mackerel Kiss1 and Kiss2 with those ofother vertebrate species showed a high degree of conservation only in the kisspeptin-10 region(Kp-10). The Kp-10 of chub mackerel Kiss1 (YNFNSFGLRY) and Kiss2 (FNFNPFGLRF)
showed variations at three amino acids. The mRNA expression profiles of Kiss1 and Kiss2 in thebrain, pituitary, and gonads at different gonadal stages suggested the possible involvement of two
Kiss genes in the brain and Kiss1 in the gonads of chub mackerel during seasonal gonadal
development.
2. Selvaraj S., H. Kitano, Y. Fujinaga, M. Amano, A. Takahashi, A. Shimizu, M. Yoneda, A.
Yamaguchi, and M. Matsuyama. 2009. Immunological characterization and distribution of
three GnRH forms in the brain and pituitary gland of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus).
Zool. Sci. 26: 828-839.
This study reports on the presence of three GnRH forms in the brain of the chub mackerel,
Scomber japonicus, namely, salmon GnRH (sGnRH), chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II), andseabream GnRH (sbGnRH), as confirmed by combined high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA). Immunocytochemical localization of
the three GnRH forms in the brain was investigated by using specific antisera, to elucidate
possible roles of each GnRH form in reproduction in this species, and double immunolabelingwas used to localize GnRH-ir (immunoreactive) fibers innervating the pituitary. The results of thestudy indicated that multiple GnRH forms serve different functions, with sbGnRH having asignificant role in reproduction in stimulating FSH- and LH-producing cells, and sGnRH andcGnRH-II serving as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators.
3. Shiraishi T., S.D. Ketkar, H. Kitano, M. Nyuji, A. Yamaguchi, and M. Matsuyama. 2008. Timecourse of final oocyte maturation and ovulation in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus inducedby hCG and GnRHa. Fish. Sci. 74: 764-769.
The question of whether the ovulation and spawning time in chub mackerel Scomber
japonicus is entrained by a circadian rhythm was tested by administering human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) at two ‘opposite’times, 14:00 and 02:00 hours, and the time courses of FOM and ovulation were compared. WhenhCG was injected, ovulation occurred 33 h post-injection in both groups. Similarly, ovulation
began at 36 h post-injection of GnRHa, regardless of the timing of injection. These results
indicated that timing of ovulation in chub mackerel depends on the timing of luteinizing hormone(LH) stimulation.
4. The following are published reports of our reproductive studies in chub mackerel:66

Matsuyama M., T. Shiraishi, J.K. Sundaray, M.A. Rahman, K. Ohta, and A. Yamaguchi. 2005.
Steroidogenesis in ovarian follicles of chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus. Zool. Sci. 22:
101-110.
Shiraishi T., K. Ohta, A. Yamaguchi, M. Yoda, H. Chuda, and M. Matsuyama. 2005.
Reproductive parameters of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus estimated from humanchorionic gonadotropin induced final oocyte maturation and ovulation in captivity. Fish. Sci.
71: 531-542.
Shiraishi T., K. Okamoto, M. Yoneda, T. Sakai, S. Ohshimo, S. Onoe, A. Yamaguchi, and M.
Matsuyama. 2008. Age validation, growth and annual reproductive cycle of chub Scomber
japonicus off the waters of northern Kyushu and in the East China Sea. Fish. Sci. 74: 947-954.
Shiraishi T., S.D. Ketkar, Y. Katoh, M. Nyuji, A. Yamaguchi, and M. Matsuyama. 2008. Spawning
frequency of the Tsushima Current subpopulation of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus off
Kyushu, Japan. Fish. Sci. 75: 649-655.

67

Poster presentation 3
CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEWLY IDENTIFIED
ANTI-LIPOPOLYSAHHARIDE FACTOR (ALF2) GENE IN KURUMA SHRIMP,
MARSUPENAEUS JAPONICUS
Shogo Okugawa1*, Mari Inada1, Junichi Nishi1, Maki Yoshimine1, Raja Sudhakaran2,
Terutoyo Yoshida2, Tohru Mekata3, Yoshihiro Suzuki4, Tomoya Kono5, Masahiro Sakai2 andToshiaki Itami2
1

Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Japan
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Japan
3
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan
4
Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Japan
5
Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, Japan
2*

Email: agg905u at student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp

Innate immunity is the important defense mechanism of invertebrates against harmful agents.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play significant role in innate immunity of shrimp in theforms of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs), crustins, penaeidins and lysozymes. AMPs
have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities such as killing or neutralizing bacteria, fungi,
parasites and viruses.
So far, ALF genes have been found in different species of shrimp includes Penaeus monodon(PmALF), Fenneropenaeus chinensis, Litopenaeus setiferus, L. vannamei, L. stylirostris andMarsupenaeus japonicus (MjALF1). More than one isoform have been identified in P.
monodon, and representation of MjALF1 was up-regulated upon stimulation with LPS invitro.
In this study, we have identified a new ALF isoform from kuruma shrimp M. japonicus(MjALF2). The full-length MjALF2 gene consists of 558 bp with a 363 bp open reading frame,
encoding 121 amino acids, which contains a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acids. The
deduced amino acid sequence of MjALF2 showed 83.3% identity with sequences of PmALF2.
Phylogenetic analysis revealed MjALF2 had been placed in the group closer to PmALF1 andPmALF2. Expression analysis revealed that MjALF2 had been constitutively expressed inbrain, gill, heart, hemocytes, hepatopancreas, intestine, lymphoid organ, muscle, nerve,
stomach. This study was supported by Research and Development Program for New
Bio-industry Initiatives and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

68

Poster presentation 4
CHARACTERIAZATION OF CLASS B SCAVENGER RECEPTOR FROM KURUMASHRIMP MARSUPENAEUS JAPONICUS
Raja Sudhakaran1*, Tohru Mekata2, Shogo Okugawa3, Mari Inada3, Maki Yoshimine3, Junichi
Nishi3, Tomoya Kono4, Masahiro Sakai1 and Toshiaki Itami1
1

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, 889-2192
Miyazaki, Japan
2
Aquatic Animal Health Division, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries
Research Agency, Saiki, 879-2602 Oita, Japan
3
Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, 8892192 Miyazaki, Japan
4
Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi,
889-2192 Miyazaki, Japan*
Email: sudha at cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp

The scavenger receptor, Croquemort is a member of the CD36 superfamily comprisingtransmembrane proteins involved in the recognition of polyanionic ligands. It has been provedby various researchers that member of CD36 superfamily are involved in immunity anddevelopmental processes.
In the present study, we report a cDNA encoding the kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus
Croquemort scavenger receptor (MjSCRBQ) obtained from the cDNA library of lymphoid organ
and RACE amplification. The full length cDNA of 2098 bp contains an open reading frame of
1596 nucleotides that translates into a 532-amino acid putative peptide putative peptide, with a 5’
untranslated region of 323 bp and 3’ UTR of 153 bp.
The MjSCRBQ is constitutively expressed in gills, heart, hemolymph, hepatopancreas, intestine,
lymphoid organ, muscle, nerve, stomach and in the brain with high value. Expression analysis inlymphoid organs of WSSV post infection revealed the high levels of MjSCRBQ in 72 and 120
hrs durations. The MjSCRBQ contains putative functional domains including transmembrane
domains and CD36 domain.
Multiple alignments of MjSCRBQ amino acid sequences showed significant identity with
DmSCRBQ (31%), SsSCRBQ (29%), HsSCRBQ (28%) and RnSCRBQ (30%). In thephylogenetic analysis, MjSCRBQ is identified in the invertebrate scavenger receptor region.
This is the first report in crustacean sector on identification and characterization of Croquemort
scavenging receptor, MjSCRBQ which may lead to better understanding of the molecular events
unexplored in shrimp system.

69

Poster presentation 5
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DICER2 GENE IN KURUMASHRIMP, MARSUPENAEUS JAPONICUS
Junichi Nishi1*, Shogo Okugawa1, Mari Inada1 , Maki Yoshimine1, Tomoya Kono2, Tohru
Mekata3, Terutoyo Yoshida4, Masahiro Sakai4, and Toshiaki Itami4
1

Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki889-2192, Japan
2
Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi
889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
3
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tsuiura, Kamiura,
Saiki, Oita 879-2602, Japan
4
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 8892192, Japan*
Email: sam9122 at student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp
RNA silencing is a common antiviral defense mechanism in many eukaryotes from plants toanimals. Generation of microRNA or small interfering RNA is dependent on the RNase Ⅲ
enzyme called Dicer. Dicer, which plays an important role in the RNA silencing, has beenreported that there are two types of Dicer genes in insects. However, only one type of Dicer gene
was reported in Penaeus monodon and p. vannamei. In the present study, we report the anothertype of Dicer gene (MjDicer2) in kuruma shrimp. This is the first report of presence of two typesof Dicer gene in crustaceans.
The full length of MjDicer2 cDNA was 4,967 bp in length, including an open reading frame of
4,527 bp encoding a polypeptide of 1,509 amino acids and molecular mass of about 172 kDa.
Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the mature peptide showed thehighest similarity to Dicer like protein of black cottonwoods (Populus trichocarpa) with amaximum identity of 28.7% containing all the six recognized functional domains.
Quantitative analyses of MjDicer2 in different organs of healthy kuruma shrimp revealed highlevel expression in gills, whereas in all other organs are comparatively low. MjDicer2 is found tobe highly expressed in hemocytes at 2hours post stimulation with white spot syndrome virus.
This study was supported by Research and Development Program for New Bio-industry
Initiatives and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

70

Poster presentation 6
MYXOSPOREAN PARASITES OF FOUR ECONOMIC GROUPER SPECIES; WILD
LIFE AND CULTURE, FROM THAILAND
Kittichon U-taynapun1,2, Nion Chirapongsatonkul3 , Kidchakan Supamattaya1,
Toshiaki Itami4 and Chutima Tantikitti1*
1

Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Natural
Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand,
2
Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok,
Thailand3
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla,
90112 Thailand and4
Department of Biological Production and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Miyazaki University, Japan*
Email: chutima.t at psu.ac.th
The phylum Myxozoa Grasse, 1970 are important parasites of cavities and tissues of fresh
water and marine fish, however, they are uncommon in amphibians, reptiles and mammals.
More than 2,180 species of these parasites have been reported, 2,160 of which have beenfound in fish. The worldwide knowledge on myxosporidia in fish is a fast developing field in
biodiversity. Although there are numerous detailed descriptions of myxosporidian species
from important fishery areas, in South East Asia the studies in Thai marine economic fish
species have been scarce. During a survey on the high economic value of four grouper species,
Epinephelus coioides,
E. malabaricus, E. fuscoguttatus and E. Bleekeri from southern
Thailand including the Gulf of Thailand, Songkhla Lake and Andaman Sea, the occurrence offour myxosporea species were found. The urinary parasite, Spherospora epinepheli was foundin kidney of E. malabaricus, while unidentified Ceratomyxa sp. was presented from gallbladder E. coioides. Plasmodia and spore of Myxidium sp. and myxobolus sp. were detected ingill filament of E. fuscoguttatus and E. Bleekeri, respectively. Morphometry and lightmicroscopy (DIC) of mature spores of each species and some parts of histopathology arepresented.

71

Poster presentation 7
ASTAKINE, AN ANCIENT CYTOKINE, IN KURUMA SHRIMP:
EXPRESSION AND SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF MJASTAKINE GENERNA

Mari Inada1*, Shogo Okugawa1, Junichi Nishi1, Maki Yoshimine1, Raja Sudhakaran2, Tomoya
Kono3, Thoru Mekata4, Terutoyo Yoshida2, Masahiro Sakai2 and Toshiaki Itami2
1

Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi,
Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
2
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki,
889-2192 Japan
3
Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi,
Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
4
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tsuiura, Kamiura,
Saiki, Oita Pref. 879-2602, Japan*

Email：agg902u at student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp

Cytokines have been known to regulate hematopoiesis and immune responses in vertebrates.
However, information about cytokines or cytokine-like factors concerning the hematopoiesis
was very few in invertebrates, although the importance of the hemocytes has been well known
in crustacean immune responses. Astakine was found to induce the shrimp hematopoietic
stem cell differentiation as the first cytokine-like factor in crustacean. We present here theentire cDNA sequence (1,589 bp) of the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus astakine(Mjastakine).
The open reading frame of Mjastakine encoded a protein of 124 amino acids with anestimated mass of 13.3 kDa. Amino acid sequence homology of Mjastakine were 79.8% and52.4% to these of the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus
leniusculus. In the prokineticin domain of crustaceans, 11 cysteines were highly conserved.
Mjastakine mRNA was highly expressed in the brain and hemocytes in healthy shrimp. On
the other hand, Mjastakine mRNA was low level expression in hepatopancreas and ovary. In
the hemocytes, Mjastakine expression reached its peak one day and decreased to its normal
level 5 days after the virus injection when white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was injected
into the kuruma shrimp. This study was supported, in-part, by the University of Miyazaki's
Program for the Support of Women in the Sciences and the Research and Development
Program for New Bio-industry Initiatives and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

72

Poster presentation 8
SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE(JNK) GENE IN KURUMA SHRIMP MARSUPENAEUS JAPONICUS
Maki Yoshimine1*, Shogo Okugawa1, Mari Inada1, Junichi Nishi1, Terutoyo Yoshida2,
Yoshihiro Suzuki3, Tomoya Kono4, Tohru Mekata5, Masahiro Sakai2, and Toshiaki Itami2
1

Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi,
Miyazaki Pref. 889-2192, Japan
2
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki Pref.
889-2192, Japan
3
Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki Pref.
889-2192, Japan
4
Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuenkibanadai-nishi
889-2192, Miyazaki, Japan
5

National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tsuiura, Kamiura,
Saiki, Oita Pref. 879-2602, Japan*

Email：suz1283 at student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp

Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is known as a defense mechanism against virus infection
in animals, but the apoptosis mechanisms of shrimp are not well understood. In mammals,c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by various stresses, such as osmotic shock, heatshock and ultraviolet (UV). In this study, we cloned JNK gene from kuruma shrimp
Marsupenaeus japonicus (MjJNK) and this is the first report about JNK gene in crustacean.
The full length cDNA of MjJNK consists of 2,388 bp with a 94 bp 5’-untranslated region(UTR), a 884 bp 3’-UTR and a 1,410 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 458 amino acids.
The deduced amino acid sequence of MjJNK showed 87.5 % and 79.2 % identity withsequences of fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) JNK and human (Homo sapiens) JNK.
MjJNK has S_TKc domain (Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain), that has an
ATP binding activity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MjJNK is included in group of
insects. Expression of MjJNK in the healthy kuruma shrimp was confirmed in muscle,
hematopoietic tissue, intestine, nerve and lymphoid organ. The highest gene expression was
found in a muscle and it was 30-hold higher than that in the ovary. This study was supported,
in-part, by Research and Development Program for New Bio-industry Initiatives, theUniversity of Miyazaki’s Program for the Support of Women in the Sciences and Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science.

73

Poster presentation 9
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, SEASONAL CHANGES AND TEMPERATURETOLERANCE OF FOUR SARGASSUM SPECIES (FUCALES) AT THE BOUNDARYZONE BETWEEN TEMPERATE AND SUBTROPICAL REGION OF JAPAN, IN
RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Yutaro Tsuchiya1, Gregory N. Nishihara2, and Ryuta Terada1*,
1

Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata,
Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
2
Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, Taira, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan*
Email: terada at fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
Kyushu Island, which lies between Honshu and Okinawa Islands, Japan, is regarded as theboundary zone where temperate and subtropical seaweeds coexist. Moreover, the increase in
the number of subtropical species has been suggested to be related to the effects of climatechange. Mixed seaweed communities of temperate and subtropical species of Sargassum(Phaeophyceae) can be found distributed around Kagoshima Bay of southern Kyushu Is. The
purpose of this study is to reveal the seasonal changes and photosynthetic characteristics oftemperate species (S. piluliferum and S. patens) and subtropical species (S. crispifolium and S.
alternato-pinnatum) at Kagoshima Bay.
Field surveys were conducted by SCUBA and skin diving from May 2009 to April 2010. The
seasonal changes in plant size for four species were examined during the study period;
additionally, line-transects were used to reveal their community structure in May 2010.
Photosynthetic activity was determined at various temperatures (10 - 36 ºC) by Imaging-PAM(Heinz Walz GmbH) and dissolved oxygen meter (YSI BOD5905).
Each species was found on rocky shores between the intertidal and sublittoral zones (0.0 m to
4.9 m in depth). Typically, the seaweed community was composed of these four species,
however subtropical species dominated in the sublittoral zone below 2 m depth. Maximum
dry weights of temperate species were observed in May or June, and was 30.0 g for S.
piluliferum (May) and 17.0 g for S. patens (June). Meanwhile, for subtropical species
maximum dry weights occurred in July and was 24.6 g for S. crispifolium and 3.7 g for S.
alternato-pinnatum. After they matured, the two subtropical species disappeared from thesubstrata by September. Temperate species also decreased in the number of branches bySeptember, however, holdfast, stem and regenerated shoots of the plants survived during thesummer season, to grow for the next year.
The relative Electron Transport Rate (ETR) of the Photosystem II (water/plastoquinone
oxido-reductase) of each species was highest from 28 ºC to 30 ºC. However, it decreased from
32 ºC to 36 ºC. Meanwhile, net photosynthetic rate of each species was highest at 20 ºC. An
ANOVA analysis indicated that there was no significant differences from 16 to 24 ºC for all
species, suggesting that the optimum temperatures of each species are related to thetemperatures of growing season of each species.
74

Post er present at ion 10
COMMUNITYSTRUCTURE,
SEASONAL
CHANGESANDTEMPERATURE TOLERANCE OF EDIBLE SEAWEED, SARGASSUM
FUSIFORME (FUCALES), AT THE BOUNDARY ZONE BETWEENTEMPERATE AND SUBTROPICAL REGION OF JAPAN, IN RELATION
TO CLIMATE CHANGES
Yuhei Amano 1 , Yutaro Tsuchiya 1 , Gregor y N. Nishihara 2 , and Ryut a Terada 1 *1

Depart ment o f Fisher ies, Facu lt y o f Fisheries, Kagoshima Universit y,
Shimo arat a, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
2
Inst it ude for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki Universit y, Taira, Nagasaki
851-2213, Japan*E mail: terada at fish.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
The ed ible macro alga, Sargassum f usif orme (Fucales), is known as an importantlo cal fisher ies resource in Kyushu and Okinawa Is., Japan. However, t here isco ncern t hat t his resource is decreasing as a result o f climat e and ot her
environment al changes. Furt her more, knowledge of it s eco logical andphysio log ical characterist ics is required to establish t he consist ent cult ivat ion o f
this seaweed in t his regio n. The focus of t his study was to reveal t he phenolog yand temperature to lerance o f S. fusiforme in Kagoshima and Okinawa Prefect ures,
where t he communit y is close to it s so ut hern distr ibut io nal limit .
A phenological st udy was co nduct ed by skin diving at four sites around
Nagashima Is. (Sasue, Karaku ma, Shio mi and Sho ura) and at a site at Sakurajima
Island, which are bot h in Kago shima Prefecture, from April 2009 t hrough June
2010. Populat ion densit y, maturat io n, lengt h and weig ht were recorded, as well as
appropr iat e enviro nment al factors (e.g., temperature, salinit y, disso lved
inorganic nitro gen and pho sphat e). A physio logical study, which examinedphotosynt het ic act ivit y at var ious t emperatures was conduct ed using an
Imag ing-PAM Fluoro met er（Heinz Walz GmbH）and Dissolved Oxygen met er(YSI Model 58). Mat erials were co llected fro m t he sit es in Kagoshima as well
fro m Ok inawa Is. ( i.e., Uken Beach). Aft er collect ion, mat erials were cult ured
wit h aerat io n in an aquacu lt ure tank wit hin a few days, at t emperatures similar totho se during t he collect ion date, and were prepared for t he photo synt hesis
exper iment s.
Dr y weig ht and lengt h of S. fusiforme increased in spring at each sit e, and showeda peak around June. Furt hermore, released egg and ger mlings were observed on
the receptacles in June. It is relevant to note that lo cal fisher man harvest ed S.
fusiforme in May, suggest ing t hat harvest ing o ccurs before mat urat io n. Aft er
mat urat io n, plant s including ho ld fast s disappeared fro m t he substrata by
September. Young shoots were confir med in around October. According toreport s fro m ot her areas o f Japan, ho ldfast s of t his species appear to be able tosurvive o ver t he summer season, and maint ain a perennial co mmu nit y for up to afew years. However, o ur result suggest s t hat this species in Kagoshima generally
cannot survive o ver t he summer, and can be regarded as an annual communit y.
Net photosynt het ic rate was highest ˚C.
at 24
The relat ive E lect ron Transport Rate
(ETR) o f t he Photosyst em II (water/plastoquinone oxido-reductase) was highest
as 30˚C, and quick ly decreased at higher temperat ures, suggest ing t hat project ed
increases in summer seawater temperature might influence t heir communit y
structure and t he availabilit y o f t his resource.
75

Poster presentation 11
ASSESMENT OF EFFECTS OF STARVATION ON FRESHWATER CARP BY
1
H-NMR METABOLOMICS APPROACH
Emiko Kokushi1*, Seiichi Uno2 and Jiro Koyama2
1

The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University

2

Education and Research Center for Marine Resources and Environment, Faculty of Fisheries,
Kagoshima University*

Email: k6517195 at kadai.jp

1

H-NMR metabolomics of biofluids produces clear and comprehensive biochemical profilesof low molecular weight metabolites that reflect the health and physiological condition of anorganism. Hence, the application of this technique to various fields has grown rapidly. In thepresent study, the effects of starvation on the freshwater carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were
examined using 1H-NMR metabolomics. Carp was starved for 14 days and the variations of
the metabolites in the blood plasma of the control and starved groups were compared.
Statistical analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA) of the NMR
spectrum-derived data. PCA score plot showed that the starved group was significantly
different to the control after 14 days of starvation although no significant difference wasobserved yet on the 7th day. The differences observed between control and starved groups at
14 days were the following: 1) glucose and several amino acid metabolites were significantly
reduced in the starved group, and 2) ketone bodies of 3-D-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate
were significantly elevated also in the starved group. These results suggest that starvation
promotes fatty acid degradation in C. carpio.

76

Poster presentation 12
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF ANISAKIS SIMPLEX FROM FISHESCAUGHT ALONG THE COAST OF KAGOSHIMA AND HUMAN GASTRICANISAKIASIS
Hiroshi Kita1*, Kyosuke Araki2, Erlinda R. Cruz-Lacierda2, and Atsushi Yamamoto2
1

Graduate school of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata, Kagoshima, Kagoshima,890-0056, Japan
2
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0056,
Japan*
Email: loupsgarouseye at yahoo.co.jp
Anisakis simplex is known as a parasitic nematode of human gastric anisakiasis. There havebeen 2000～3000 infection reports every year in Japan. Morphological identification using
the third stage larvae (L3 larvae) can only determine type groupings ; Anisakis Type Ⅰ larvaeor Anisakis Type Ⅱ larvae. Anisakis Type Ⅰ has longer ventriculus and has mucro while
Anisakis Type Ⅱ has short ventriculus and has no mucro. On the other hand, recent
molecular studies of Anisakis, which launched from a series of studies using allozyme andmitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) cox2 gene analyses, revealed that the Anisakis species
consisted of 8 valid species, 5 species [A. ziphidarum, A. typica and three sibling species of A.
simplex complex, namely A. simplex (sence stricto, s.s.), A. pegreffii, and A. simplex C] and3species [A. paggiae, A. brevispiculate and A. physeteris] of which are in the Anisakis TypeⅠ and Anisakis Type Ⅱ groupings, respectively.
Recent study showed A. simplex identified from fish caught along the coast of Japan consistedof A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreff, the former is dominant in fishes caught along the Pacificcoast of Japan, the latter is dominant in fishes caught in the Japan Sea. The aim of this study is
examined the species composition of A. simplex collected from fishes caught along the coastof Kagoshima and from patients with gastric anisakiasis. L3 larvae were collected from thevisceral of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), bluefin tuna(Thunnus thynnus) caught along the coast of Kagoshima in 2010. Anisakis larvae agent ofanisakiasis were collected from patients in Kagoshima, Miyazaki and Kumamoto from 2009
to 2010.All Anisakis Type Ⅰ larvae were examined by PCR-RFLP of the ITS region(ITS1-5.8-ITS2) of ribosomal DNA.
As a result, 38 individuals of Anisakis Type Ⅰ larvae were collected from those fishes, 10were identified as A. simplex (s.s.), 27 identified as A. pegreffii, and 1 identified as A. typica.
12 individuals of collected from anisakiasis patients and all were identified as A. simplex(s.s.).

77

Poster presentation 13
IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST EDWARDSIELLA TARDA IN GINBUNACRUCIAN CARP (CARASSIUS AURATUS LANGDORFII)
Masatoshi Yamasaki1 * , Kyosuke Araki2 , Mitsuru Ototake 3 , and Atsushi Yamamoto 2 ,1Graduate study of Fisheries, Kagoshima Universit y, Shimoarata, Kagoshima,
Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
2
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Shimoarata, Kagoshima, Kagoshima,890-0056, Japan
3
National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minamiise,
Mie 516-0193, Japan*
E-mail: goodspeed04013 at yahoo.co.jp
Edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogen with a broad host range and causes
Edwardsiellosis in fish. Although there is no direct evidence, previous studies havesuggested that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) has a major role in the protection fromintracellular bacterial infection in fish, as in mammals. In order to verify the inductionof CMI, immune response was evaluated in fish after infection with E. tarda.
Ginbuna crucian carp (Caraccius auratus langsdrfii) were infected with E. tarda at
3.4*10 4 CFU/fish by intraperitoneal injection (control; PBS). Kidney leukocytes (KLs)were isolated after experimental infection and examined expression level ofinterferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene, perforin gene, CD8alpha gene and TCR-betagene for monitoring CMI.
Results of the gene expression analysis, the expression level of all isotypes of
IFN-gamma in KLs showed increase at 2 days post-experimental infection. In additio n
the expression level of IFN-gamma1-1 had decreased at 4days was up-regulated from8days to 16days as compared to control. Expression of perforin-1 and perforin-3 were
suppressed by infection with E. tarda. In contrast expression of perforin-2, CD8alphaand TCR-beta were up-regulated from 8 days to 16 days as compared to control. These
results suggest that CMI was induced in the protection from infection with E. tarda.

78

Poster presentation 14
EFFECT OF SOY PEPTIDE REPLACEMENT LEVEL ON GROWTHPERFORMANCE AND DIGESTIVE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN JUVENILE
JAPANESE FLOUNDER, PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS
Roger E.P. Mamauag1*, Saichiro Yokoyama1, Manbabu Ishikawa1, and Shunsuke Koshio1
1

Science of Marine Resources, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,
Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan*

Email: edwardmamauag at yahoo.com

The incorporation in aqua feed of a hydrolysate processed from a high quality protein source
and containing a high proportion of peptide may be beneficial. To determine whether theincorporation of extracted soy peptide can improve the growth performance of juvenile
Japanese flounder, Paralichtys olivaceus, a growth experiment was conducted for 45 days.
Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets in which extracted soy peptide was substituted with 0,
5, 10, 15, 20% of the fish meal protein and the sixth diet serving as the negative control(soybean meal) were formulated and fed to the flounders. Twenty five juvenile Japaneseflounder (0.517±0.016 g, mean ± SD) were stocked in a 100-L tanks and were fed ad libitum
twice a day. Result showed that fish fed the diet containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% of protein fromsoy peptide did not significantly differ (P>0.05) in terms of final body weight, weight gain
and specific growth rate. However, diets with an inclusion level of 20% soy peptide showed asignificantly (P<0.05) marked decrease in body weight gain and specific growth rate. Fish fed
diets with soybean meal as the main source of protein has the lowest observed growth
performance parameters among diets. Survival and total feed intake were not significantly
different (P>0.05) among diets.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity from the pancreas of the fish fed the diets with 0, 5, 10
and 15% extracted soy peptide showed similar levels (P>0.05) compared to a lower trypsin
and chymotrypsin activity to fish fed 20% inclusion level extracted soy peptide and dietcontaining soy bean meal as the main source of protein.
The study showed that processing soybean ingredient can improve growth performanceparameters of the fish and can be used to replace (30% inclusion ) fish meal as the main
source of protein.

79

Poster presentation 15
EFFECTS OF POLYCHAETE EXTRACTS ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCEAND TISSUE LIPID COMPOSITIONS OF KURUMA SHIMP, MARSUPENAEUS
JAPONICUS, BATE

Binh Thanh Nguyen1*, Shogo Harakawa2, Saichio Yokoyama1,2, Manabu Ishikawa1,2,
Shunsuke Koshio1,2, and Kazutaka Sakiyama3
1

The United Graduate of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima,890-0065, Japan
2
Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University,
Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan3
Momoshima Station, National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of InlandSea, Fisheries Research Agency, Onomichi, Hiroshima, 722-0061, Japan*
Email: binh2912 at yahoo.com
A series of 3 experiments were set up to examine effects of marine polychaete extracts on
reproductive performance and body tissue lipids of Marsupenaeus japonicus. In experiment 1,
three polychaete extracts including trichloroacetic- soluble, neutral and polar lipids as
supplements (0.5% of DM) to a basal diet given to unilaterally ablated wild caught female M.
japonicus. Effects of polychaete extracts on M. japonicus ovarian maturation were observedand compared. Polychaete neutral lipid (PNL) extract probably containing some steroid
hormonal substances was the most effective on M. japonicus ovarian maturation and followed
by TCA-soluble extract. In experiment 2, four levels of PNL extract (0, 0.2%, 0.4% and0.8%) incorporated with a basal diet were given to female M. japonicus for a 15-day period.
The results showed that the sufficient supplemental PNL extract level in maturation diet togive positive effects on ovarian maturity of M. japonicus is from 0.4%. In experiment 3, a
combination of polychaete TCA-soluble and PNL extracts was tested as supplements to abasal diet with comparison to fresh polychaetes and non-feeding. Synergetic effects ofcombined polychaete extracts in maturation diet on reproductive performance of M. japonicus
were observed as significant higher hatching percentage and number of nauplii per spawn.
Polychaete extracts affected shrimp hepatopancreatic and ovarian lipid tissues throughinfluences on sexual maturation process. Effects of polychaete extracts on total lipids, lipid
class and fatty acid compositions of hepatopancreas and ovaries were discussed.

80

Poster presentation 16
EFFECT OF COMPLETE REPLACEMENT OF FISHMEAL WITH MIXTURES OF
SOYBEAN MEAL AND SEA FOOD PROCESSING BY-PRODUCTS ON THE
PERFORMANCES OF RED SEA BREAM, PAGRUS MAJOR
Md. Abdul Kader1*, Mahbuba Bulbul1, Mizuta Takahiro2, Saichiro Yokoyama1,2, Manabu
Ishikawa1,2, and Shunsuke Koshio1,2
1

The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto,Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
2
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan*
Email: abdulkader_fc at yahoo.com
An eight week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of animal and plant protein ratio
for the development of non fishmeal (FM) practical diet of red sea bream, Pagrus major. Four
diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein), isolipidic (15% total lipid) andisocaloric (20 KJ g-1). The control diet was the FM based diet (FM100). The remaining three
diets were prepared by replacing 60 (FM40), 80 (FM20) and 100% (FM0) FM protein withdifferent proportions of sea food processing by-products and plant proteins. A commercial diet(19.3 KJ g-1 gross energy) was used as the reference diet (COM). Fifteen fish with a mean initial
weight of approximately 1.35g per fish were stocked in triplicate in each of 15 100-l
polycarbonate circular tanks. The fish were fed to satiation by hand twice daily.
Results of the study indicated that weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (% day) of fish did
not differ significantly (P>0.05) with up to 80% FM protein replacement. In this level, growth
was also comparable (P>0.05) with the commercial diet (COM). Feed intake and utilization weresignificantly (P<0.05) depressed in 100% FM replacement group (FM0). However, no difference
was found among the rest. Similar trends were also found for protein gain and retention. Wholebody composition was directly influenced by the nutritional composition of the diets. Wholebody protein was comparatively higher and total lipid was significantly lower in COM group. On
the other hand, fish fed FM0 showed significantly lower ash content. No difference was found in
condition factor and hepatosomatic index among treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matterand lipid had no significant differences compared to the control whereas apparent protein
digestibility was significantly decreased in FM0 group. There was no abnormal signs observed inhematological parameters and oxidative stress conditions of fish and it was assumed that all thefish were in good physiological state.
It was concluded that 80% of the FM protein in a typical commercial diet could be replaced witha combination of sea food processing by-products and soybean proteins.

81

Poster presentation 17
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SUPPLEMENTATION LEVELS OF EXTRACTED SOYPEPTIDE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND TOLERANCE TO HIGHTEMPERATURE STRESS IN JUVENILE JAPANESE FLOUNDER, PARALICHTHYSOLIVACEUS
Janice A. Ragaza1*, Roger Edward Mamauag1, Yoshinori Sotoyama2, Saichiro Yokoyama2,
Manabu Ishikawa2, and Shunsuke Koshio2
1

United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 8900056, Japan
2
Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University,
Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan*
Email: janice_a_ragaza at yahoo.com
The experiment was designed to examine whether different supplementation levels of
extracted soy peptide (SPEP) to soy protein concentrate (SPC) diet could improve growth
performance, amino acid body composition, and tolerance to high temperature stress injuvenile Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic SPC
diets and one fishmeal (FM) diet (positive control D1) were prepared with increasing SPEP
supplementation levels of 0% (D2), 2% (D3), 5% (D4), and 10% (D5), respectively. Triplicate
groups of twenty juveniles (1.29±0.01 g, mean ± SD) were stocked in 100-L polypropylenetanks and were fed twice a day to apparent satiation level for 42 days.
The present study demonstrated that fish fed D5 grew faster than those fed diets 2, 3, and 4,
respectively, although growth was significantly lower in fish fed D5 than that in fish fed D1.
The feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio showed the same trend as that of growth
performance, but feed intake was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among diets. Except
for some amino acids, whole body total and free amino acid compositions of flounder were
not altered by SPEP supplementation in the diets.
In the lethal heat stress test, fish fed D5 demonstrated the highest value of LT50, which wassignificantly (P < 0.05) longer than that of fish fed other diets. Furthermore, LT50 values offish fed diets D3 and D4 were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than fish fed D1. Heat shockprotein 70 family (HSP70s) was highest in the gill, liver, and skin of fish fed D5, which wassignificantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of fish fed other diets after sub-lethal stress exposure.
Moreover, HSP70s values of fish fed D3 and D4 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than fish
fed basal and control diets. Time-course sub-lethal heat shock exposure results demonstrated
that level of HSP70s significantly (P < 0.05) decreased among all groups during recovery
period, but did not return to normal and initial state after 24 hours.
Based on the overall performance of the fish, SPEP can be efficiently absorbed and utilized byflounders, but more than 10% supplementation might be needed to catch up the performanceof fishmeal based diet in the condition applied in this study.

82

`Poster presentation 18
EFFECT OF DIETARY OXIDIZED OIL WITH VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATIONON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN
RED SEA BREAM (PAGRUS MAJOR)
Jian Gao1*, Shunsuke Koshio2, Manabu Ishikawa2, and Saichiro Yokoyama2
1

Science of Marine Resources, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, 1-21-24,
Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
2
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarta, Kagoshima 890-0056,
Japan*
Email: gaojian0106 at hotmail.com
Due to fish oil contains large amount of essential n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids is used in
the formulation of commercial aquafeeds. However, it is susceptible to lipid peroxidation
which is highly deleterious, resulting in damage to biomembranes and it is implicated inseveral pathological conditions in fish. On the other hand, vitamin E, especially theɑ-tocopherol, is fat-soluble antioxidant, due to its free radical quenching, lipid protection role.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of dietary oxidized lipid
with vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, oxidative stress in juvenile red sea
bream.
A 8-week feeding trial on juvenile red sea bream (average weight 1.8g) was conducted intriplicate groups with seven test diets containing two degrees of oxidized fish oil (peroxidie
values of 83.8 and 159meq/kg) with different level of vitamin E (0, 100 and 200ppm)
supplementation, respectively. Fresh fish oil (13.5meq/kg) with 100ppm vitamin E wasemployed as control group. Growth performance such as body weight gain (BWG), specificgrowth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS), reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP)in plasma and blood chemical composition (T-Cho and TG) were taken at the end of trial.
No significant difference were observed on growth performance of fish fed diets containing
two degrees of oxidized lipid with 100 and 200ppm vitamin E supplementation, TBARS intissue and blood chemical composition showed same values compared to those in control
group. Increased dietary vitamin E level led to decreased TBARS value, d-ROMs value, TG
and T-Cho, and increased BAP value and BWG in both oxidized lipid group. However whenfish fed diets containing oxidized fish oil without vitamin E supplementation indicatedsignificantly lower growth performance and increase of TBARS value in tissues. In
conclusion, oxidized lipid effect negatively on growth but 200ppm vitamin E supplementation
improves dietary value for red sea bream.

83

Poster presentation 19

SEDIMENT CHARACTERIZATION AND REMEDIATION OF SHIRAISHI LAKEOYSTER FARM
Sheila Mae S. Santander – De Leon1*, Takumi Ide1 , Takeshi Yoshikawa1, and Hiroto Maeda2
1

Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 50-20 Shimoarata 4-Chome, Kagoshima 8900056, Japan
2
Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie 514-8507
Japan*
Email: sheila.santander at yahoo.com
Environmental deterioration such as eutrophication and harmful algal blooms has been
coupled with aquaculture to cause massive mortality of cultured organisms. Rapid
developments in aquaculture have been observed for the past decades in Japan; however,increasing the production with sustainable aquaculture environment remains to be a challenge.
Recently, sediments in Shiraishi Lake, located in Owase, Mie, Japan, have been shown to beaffected by oyster aquaculture. The present study aims to characterize the condition of thesediments in Shiraishi Lake and suggest a possible measure to remediate the contaminatedenvironments.
Sediment core samples were collected from three stations around the oyster farm of Shiraishi
Lake in October and November 2009; and January 2010. Grain size, moisture contents, andacid volatile sulfide-sulfur (AVS-S) were measured. The surface 0-1 cm layer of the sediment
was characterized by a black color, 93% of silt, and 69.94±4.54% of moisture content.
Averaged AVS-S from three sampling months was 1.44±0.29 mg g-1 dry weight. In themonths of October and January, however, AVS-S concentrations in some sampling points
reached 2.0-2.5 mg g-1 dry weight, a threshold concentration based on the Japaneseenvironmental criterion on the Law to Ensure Sustainable Aquaculture Production. The AVSS also showed an increase in concentration from 10 cm layer depth to surface layer, an
indication of accumulation of organic matter in the area. These results and the precedingmassive oyster mortality in the area suggest that the sediment of Shiraishi Lake has beenhighly affected by organic pollutants. At present, a remediation experiment of the Shiraishi
Lake sediment by potential chemical remediation agents including titanium oxide andmagnesium hydroxide is being conducted.

84

Poster presentation 20
EFFECT OF ATP AND IMP ON THE QUALITY OF FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS
Yuko Murata
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
Email: betty at affrc.go.jp
ATP and its related compounds, that is ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR and Hx are the main
nucleotides in fish muscle. The composition of nucleotide related compounds (Nu-ATP) infish muscle can be considered as an indicator of freshness. The components of Nu-ATP in fishmuscle dramatically change after death. In live fish muscle, most Nu-ATP is ATP and justafter death, more than 90% of Nu-ATP in the muscle is ATP. After death however, ATP isdegraded to ADP, AMP, and then to IMP. ATP has a suppressive effect on denaturation of themyofibrillar protein of muscle. Therefore, micro-sized meat with a high content of ATP fromfishes immediately after instant killing has a good gel forming ability by addition of only a
low concentration of salt and shows good freeze tolerance. These facts suggest that forprocessing, especially, for surimi processing and freezing, using fishes with a high content ofATP, i.e. using fishes immediately after killing, enables to keep a high quality of the products.
However ATP is tasteless and the taste of such fishes with a high ATP content is negligible.
On the other hand, IMP contributes to an umami taste and has a synergistic effect on sweet
and/or umami tastes of various amino acids. IMP content is negligible just after death andaccumulates depending on the degradation of ATP. Thus, according to the accumulation ofIMP, the umami taste of fish muscle increases. Up to 7~10hr after death, more than 80% of
Nu-ATP is IMP, and the umami taste of fish muscle is enriched. These results suggest that thebest time to eat, that is fish when it is most delicious, is 7~10hr after death.

Annotated Bibliography of Key Works
Kawai, M., Okiyama, A., Ueda, Y. 2002. Taste Enhancements Between Various Amino Acids
and IMP. Chem. Senses, Vol.27, Pp 739-745.
It is well known that a strong synergistic interaction of umami occurs between L-α-aminoacids with an acidic side chain, such as L-Glu or L-Asp, and 5’-mononucleotides, such as
inosine 5’-monohosphate (IMP). The authors tested taste interactions between various
L-α-amino acids and IMP by the psychophysical method and found that taste enhancement
occurred when IMP was added to several sweet amino acids, such as L-Ala, L-Ser, and Gly.
The enhanced quality of taste was recognized as umami, and was not blocked by thesweetness inhibitor ±2-(p-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid. The total taste intensities ofvarious concentrations of the amino acid and IMP mixtures were measured using magnitude
estimation. The results showed that the potentiation ratios were lager than 1 in the cases of
L-Ala, L-Ser and Gly. However, the ratio was ~1 in the case of D-Ala, which had an enhanced
taste of sweetness. Thus the umami taste enhancement of several sweet L-α-amino acids by85

IMP was synergistic rather than additive as that of acidic amino acids.

Murata, Y., Beauchamp, G.K., Bachmanov, A.A. 2009. Taste perception of monosodium
glutamate and inosine monophosphate by129P3/J and C57BL/6ByJ mice. Physiol. and Behav.
Vol. 98, Pp 481-488.
The author’s previous studies have shown that in long-term two-bottle preference tests, micefrom the C57BL/6ByJ(B6) inbred strain drink more monosodium glutamate (MSG) andinosine monophosphate (IMP) than mice from the 129P3/J (129) inbred strain. The goal ofthis study was to examine whether this variation in consumption could be attributed to strain
differences in perception of the taste quality of MSG and IMP. The authors developed a
conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in B6 and 129 mice to 100 mM MSG or 10 mM IMP and
used a brief-access taste assay to examine CTA generalization. B6 and 129 mice did not differ
in the generalization patterns following CTA to MSG: mice from both strains generalized
CTA from MSG to NaCl. In contrast, strain differences in the generalization patterns were
evident following the CTA to IMP: while mice from both strains generalized CTA from IMP
to MSG, 129 mice tended to have stronger CTA generalization to saccharin and D-tryptophan,both of which are perceived as sweet by humans. These data suggest that the strain differencesin MSG consumption are not due to variation in perception of the taste quality of MSG.
Instead, the differential intake of IMP likely reflects strain differences in the way the taste
quality of IMP is perceived. The author’s data suggest that mice perceive MSG and IMP ascomplex taste stimuli: some taste components are shared between these two substances, but
their relative intensity seems to be different for MSG and IMP. The amiloride-sensitive salt
taste component is more prevalent in MSG than in IMP taste, and in B6 compared with 129
mice.

Murata, Y., Bachmanov, A.A., Beauchamp, G.K. 2008. Behavioral analysis of the taste ofvaline in C57BL/6J mice and distribution of valine in sea urchin gonads. Jpn. J. Taste Smell
Res. Vol.15, Pp 463-446. (Japanese)
Valine (Val) has bitter and slightly sweet taste in human and contributes to taste of sea urchin(Komata, 1964). However, there are many unclear points in its taste quality. While, Val
evoke only negligible activation of the mouse T1R1+T1R3 receptor, but activation of thisreceptor increases considerably when Val are mixed with IMP (Nelson et. al., 2002). Thissuggests that addition of IMP changes the taste quality of Val. The authors tested taste qualityof Val and this hypothesis using a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) technique. Separate
groups of C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 50 mM Val with or without 2.5 mM IMP, or towater (control) and injected with LiCl to form CTA. Conditioned mice were presented withfive basic taste solutions, Met, Val, Lys and Arg with and without IMP, and their lick
responses were recorded. An aversion to Val generalized to Val, Lys, Arg with and without
IMP and quinine. An aversion to Val+IMP generalize to a mixture of 50 mM monosodium
glutamate (MSG) and 30 μM amiloride (Ami; added to block sodium taste) with and without
2.5 mM IMP, but not quinine. This suggests that, as predicted by the in vitro study, addition of86IMP changes the taste quality of Val in vivo. In addition the content of Val in mature andimmature gonads (which are edible part) of sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were
examined. Val was 60-100mg/100g and its content was only 3-5% of total amino acids in the
gonads. Thus there is no difference between mature and immature, also ovary and testis.

Murata, Y. and Unuma, T. 2009. Concentration of Val, Met and IMP in gonads of seven edible
species of sea urchin in Japan. Jpn. J. Taste Smell Res. Vol.16, Pp 445-446.
(Japanese)
Valine (Val) and Methionine (Met) have a bitter and slightly sweet taste for humans andcontribute to the taste of sea urchins (Komata, 1964). In a previous CTA experiment with
C57BL/6J mice, the results suggested that the taste quality of Val and Met changed to haveumami after mixing with IMP. Also the concentration of Val in Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus
gonads was examined. In Japan, there are 7 species of sea urchins that are mainly eaten. The
taste of gonads differs among these species, however there are no scientific data to prove it. In
order to clarify the cause of this difference we investigated the concentration of Val, Met andIMP in gonads from these 7 species of sea urchin. The content of Val and Met ranged
7~70mg/100g and 2~26mg/100g, respectively, and accounted for under 5% of total aminoacids in the gonads of each species. The content of IMP was the same level as Met, ranging
1.2~26mg/100g. These data suggest that the small content of Val and Met may contribute to apleasant bitterness and small content of IMP may change the taste quality of amino acids inthe gonads of each species of edible sea urchin.

Murata, Y., Okazaki, E., Kimura, M., Imamura, S., Hiraoka, Y., Kimura, I. 2010. Gel forming
ability and freeze tolerance of ground fish meat with a high content of ATP. Journal of
Fisheries Technology. Vol.2, Pp 105-110. (Japanese)
Muscle from horse mackerel was ground with a cutter mill immediately after instant killing toprepare ground meat with high contents of ATP. The ATP level was kept high about 70% until
90 seconds after the grinding started. For comparison, the meat with high ATP was stored at
5℃ for 6 hours to prepare one with a low content of ATP. The ground meat with high ATP wasable to form a strong gel by addition of 3% or lower concentrations of NaCl. After storage at-20 and -80˚C for 2.5 months, it formed a smooth gel by addition of NaCl and solubility ofmyofibrilar proteins was higher than that of the ground meat with low ATP. A gel forming
ability of the ground meat with low ATP recovered to the same level of that with high ATP
after addition of ATP. These results suggest that it is important to keep the level of ATP inground fish meat at certain level for its gel forming ability and freeze tolerance.

87Poster presentation 21
HOW DO WE REDUCE THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON
AQUACULTURE?
－An introduction to projects to develop methods to counter the impacts of global warming－
Tadashi, Andoh1*, Hiromi Oku2, Naoto Murakami1, Norio Shirafuji1, Yoshitomo Nagakura3,
Hiroyuki Okouchi4, Yoshinori Sotoyama5, Saichiro Yokoyama5, Shunsuke Koshio5, Masafumi
Amano6, Hiroshi, Hashimoto7, Kentaro Oda7, Yoshitsugu Masuda7, Hitoshi Imaizumi7, andHironori Usuki7
1

Akkeshi station, Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency,Japan
2
Nikko station, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency,Japan
3
Miyako station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan
4
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries, Japan
5
Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Japan
6
School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Japan
7
Shibushi station, National Center for Stock Enhancement, Fisheries Research Agency, Japan*
E-mail: andoh at fra.affc.go.jp
Global warming will have a big impact on aquaculture. A rise in water temperature could
result in a variety of negative effects, such as: reduced food conversion efficiency due to a risein catabolic activity, asphyxia due to low dissolved oxygen, and an increased risk of infectious
diseases due to high temperature stress. Techniques to reduce the impact of global warming
on aquaculture of marine fish are underway. An initial step has been clarification of therelationship between growth and temperature in each species. The second step has been
quantitative and qualitative analyses of bodily and organ functions at high temperature. The
third step has been estimations of individual variations in physiological status and growth athigh temperature. The physiological characters for four marine fishes (flounder, sea bream,
yellowtail and herring) at high temperatures have been analyzed to date. The results indicatethat the temperature for maximum growth in each species is higher than that of the area where
the species occurs naturally and that the variation in individual growth rate at hightemperature is wider than at each species natural temperature. Notably, some individuals wereeven recorded showing growth close to the survival temperature limit. Selection and breedingof individuals for the ability to grow sufficiently at high temperature will be an importantmeasure to counter the effects of global warming on aquaculture.

88