‫ོ͙ࣺ͈͛ࢊם‬୯͂༞໲ດে That‫ོ͙ࣺ͈͛ࢊם‬୯͂༞໲ດে Thatࣞȁհȁგȁঊ੝͛ͅȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̦ that ̞̠͂༞໲ດে̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ໲̦ంह̳̦ͥȄ೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̦༞໲ດে̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́໲͜ంह̳ͥȃ໲͈ಎͅ෇͛ͣͦͥ೰
ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̦໲͈ಎ́୸͛ͥպ౾͂೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͬ൵ව̳ͥ༞໲ດে that ͈ခྫ͈‫۾‬߸̞̾̀ͅࣉख़̳̭̦ͥ͂Ȅུࣂ͈࿒എ̜́ͥȃˍȅ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯ˍȅˍȅ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐ (complement) ͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯Ȫembedded clauseȫ̦Ȅ༞໲ດে (complementizer) ͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ໹੪໲ (declarative sentence) ̦ంह̳ͥȃȪĲȫHe knows [that she is right]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:949))
ȪĳȫHe thinks [that she is here]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:950))
ȪĴȫHe insists [that she be here]. (ibidem)ȁ
ȪĵȫYou know [that I wanted that]. (ibidem)ȪĶȫHe says [that they are in Paris]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:951))
ȪķȫOne of them mentioned to me [that your secretary might be leaving]. (Huddleston & Pullum(2002:953)) ȁȪĸȫShe said [that because of the new regulations they had to lay off ten more staff]. (ibidem)ȪĹȫEveryone expected that he would resign. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:958))ȪĺȫThey told us WKDWWKHEDWWHU\ZDVÀDW. (ibidem)ȪĲıȫShe suggested to me that he was ill. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:959))
ȪĲĲȫI gather from Kim that you are going to Paris. (ibidem)ȪĲĳȫI conclude from your silence that you have no objections. (ibidem)ȪĲĴȫI had organized with the secretary that the meeting should be postponed. (ibidem)ȪĲĵȫYou told me that you would help. (ibidem)ȪĲĶȫI hope that this book you will read. (Doherty (1997:200))− 235 −

ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါȪĲķȫShe claims that Guinness he likes but that whisky he hates. (ibidem)ȪĲĸȫThis proves that Joyce he’d read but that Yeats he hadn’t. (ibidem)ȪĲĹȫShe prayed that next Wednesday the check would arrive. (Doherty (1997:202))ȪĲĺȫWe concluded that in the future he should be closely watched. (ibidem)
Ȫĳıȫ:HPDLQWDLQWKDWLQ/RQGRQDQLFHÀDWLVKDUGWR¿QG LELGHP
ȪĳĲȫJohn claims that during the party John threw a punch at Fred. (ibidem)ȪĳĳȫShe says that when we get home things will be different. (Doherty (1997:203))
ȪĳĴȫ,EHOLHYHWKDWQH[W\HDUVKH¶OOEH¿QH LELGHP
ȪĳĵȫI suppose that ordinarily you would go somewhere else. (ibidem)ȪĳĶȫHe thinks that in some circumstances things would be better. (ibidem)ȪĳķȫI said to Mary that he was in error. (Doherty (1997:210))ȪĳĸȫThe reason he resigned was that he didn’t get on with the boss.
(Huddleston & Pullum (2002:959))ȁ
ȪĳĹȫWhat she said was that she’d be contacting us later in the day. (ibidem)ȪĳĺȫWhat is even more disturbing is that the neighbours hadn’t noticed his absence. (Huddleston &Pullum (2002:958))ȪĴıȫWhat the students believe is [CP that [IP they will pass the exam]] %RãNRYLü /DVQLN 
໹੪໲̜́ͥ (Ĳ) ͈໲̤̞̀ͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত knows ͈༞໐͈պ౾ོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘ͅ୯̜́ͥ
that she is right ͉Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ(ĳ) ̥ͣ (Ĵı) ͈໹੪໲̤ͅ
̞̀͜Ȅ൳အͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃȁ໹੪໲͈৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໲ດে that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ༞໐୯̦Ȅ̷͈൲তͅࢃ௽̳͈͉̩ͥ́̈́Ȅდఴ‫( ا‬topicalization) ͈ഐဥ̽̀͢ͅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ͈ஜȪ໲൮ȫ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ
ȁ(ĴĲ) [CP That [IP John likes Mary] Jane didn’t believe. (%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003:529))(ĴĲ) ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত believe ͈༞໐୯ That John likes Mary ̦Ȅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ͈ Jane ͈ஜ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃˍȅˎįȁ৽ࢊ͈պ౾ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ৽ࢊ͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ໹੪໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȪĴĳȫ[That they were lying] is now quite obvious. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:952))
ȪĴĴȫThat the work might be a forgery simply hadn’t occurred to us.

− 236 −

‫ོ͙ࣺ͈͛ࢊם‬୯͂༞໲ດে That(Huddleston & Pullum (2002:957))
ȪĴĵȫThat she did everything in her power to help cannot be doubted. (ibidem)ȪĴĶȫThat they haven’t replied doesn’t worry her. (ibidem)ȪĴķȫThat the project has not been properly costed and that the manager is quite inexperienced are
just two objections to your proposal. (ibidem)
ȪĴĸȫ[ CP That [IP he liked linguistics]]ZDVZLGHO\EHOLHYHG %RãNRYLü /DVQLN (Ĵĳ) ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯ That they were lying ̦Ȅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃ(ĴĴ) ̥ͣ (Ĵĸ) ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ൳အͅȄ༞໲ດে that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯͉Ȅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃˍȅˏȅ‫ٸ‬౾̯̹ͦ৽ࢊ͈պ౾ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ‫ٸ‬౾̯̹ͦ৽ࢊ (extraposed subject) ͈պ౾ͅ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯̦ంह̳ͥ໲̦෇͛ͣͦͥȃȪĴĹȫIt is hardly surprising that he tried to retract his statement. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:960))
ȁȪĴĺȫIt cannot be doubted that she did everything in her power to help. (ibidem)ȪĵıȫIt simply hadn’t occurred to us that the work might be a forgery. (ibidem)ȁȪĵĲȫIt is clear [that he made a mistake]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:949))(ĴĹ) ̤̞̀ͅȄ‫ئ‬஌̦̥̞֨ͦ̀ͥ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯͉Ȅ৽୯͈ྎ๶͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ‫ٸ‬౾̯̹ͦ৽ࢊ̜́ͥȃHuddleston & Pullum (2002) ͉Ȅ༞໲ດে͈
that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ͈պ౾Ȅ࡞̢̞۟ͥ͂ȄIt ̦୸͛ͥպ౾ͅంह̳ͥ໲ͤ͢͜Ȅ৽୯͈৽ࢊ̱͂̀൱̩୯̦৽୯͈ྎ๶͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ (ĴĹ) ̥ͣ (ĵĲ)͈̠́̈́͘͢໲͈༷̦Ȅ͉̥̩ͥ͢ͅঀဥ̯ͦͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃĲ)ˍȅːȅྴত͈༞໐͈պ౾
ȁ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯͉Ȅྴত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸̭̦͛ͥ͂́
̧ͥȃȪĵĳȫ,KHDUGDERXWWKHSURRIWKDW0DU\GLGLW %RãNRYLü /DVQLN 
ȪĵĴȫI heard about the fact that Mary did it. (ibidem)
Ȫĵĵȫ[The thought that we might need him] had simply never occurred to him.
(Huddleston & Pullum (2002:964))ȪĵĶȫHe expressed [the opinion that we should advertize the position overseas]. (ibidem)(ĵĳ) ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯ that Mary did it ̦Ȅྴত
proof ͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃ(ĵĴ) ̥ͣ (ĵĶ) ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ൳အͅȄ༞໲ດে that ̽̀͢ͅ− 237 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯͉Ȅ̷̸ͦͦȄྴত͈ factȄthoughtȄopinion ͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸̞͛̀ͥȃˍȅˑȅwh ݃࿚໲ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯
̞ͦ̀ͥ wh ݃࿚໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȪĵķȫWhat did you confess that you had done? (Matthews (1981: 192))ȪĵĸȫWhom i do you think [CP that [IP Lord Emsworth will invite ti]]? (Haegeman (1991: 362))
ȪĵĹȫWhat i do you believe [that Mary painted t i] (Manzini (1992: 56))
ȪĵĺȫWho do you think [that [John saw t ]] (Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988: 94))(ĵķ) ͉Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত̜́ͥ confess ͈༞໐̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̱̞̀ͥ༞໲ດে͈ that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯
͈൲ত done ͈࿒എࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ wh ݃࿚໲̜́ͥȃ(ĵĸ) ̥ͣ (ĵĺ) ͈໲͜Ȅ(ĵķ) ͂൳အͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໲ດে that ฺ̠ͬ༞໐୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈৽୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃˎȅ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯ˎȅˍȅ༞໲ດে that ͈හփ͈જၞȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́໹੪໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ̭̞ͦ̾̀ͅȄ
Huddleston & Pullum (ĳııĳ) ͉Ȅέ΁ȜζσȆΑΗͼσͤ͢͜ͼϋέ΁ȜζσȆΑΗͼσ̤̞̀ͅ༞໲ດে͈ that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́୯̦ঀဥ̯ͦͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ̷͈ఈ͈ါ
֦̱͂̀Ȅ৽୯͈ࢹ௮͂ඤယ୯ (content clause) ོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯͈ࢹ௮̦Ȅ༞໲ດে that ͈හփ͈જၞ͈‫خ‬ෝ଻ͅ‫̞̱͂ͥ̀߸۾‬୰ྶ̱̞̀ͥȃĳ)ȪĶıȫHe knows [(that) she is right]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:949))
ȪĶĲȫHe thinks [(that) Max is the ringleader]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:953))
ȪĶĳȫHe says [(that) they are in Paris]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:951))
ȪĶĴȫIt’s a good job [we left early]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:953))(Ķı) ̤̞̀ͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত knows ͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ‫ئ‬஌̦̥̞֨ͦ̀ͥ೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯
ͬ൵ව̳ͥ༞໲ດে͈ that ͬȄજၞ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ(ĶĲ) ͂ (Ķĳ) ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ൳အͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐୯ͬ൵ව̳ͥ༞໲ດে͈ that ͬȄજၞ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃ(ĶĴ) ͉Ȅ৽୯͈ྎ๶͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ‫ٸ‬౾̯̹ͦ৽ࢊོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯ͅȄ༞໲ດে͈ that ̦ంह̱̞̈́႕̜́ͥȃ̭͈‫ٸ‬౾̯̹ͦ৽ࢊོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯͈༞໲ດে that ̞̾̀ͅȄDoherty(Ĳĺĺĸ) ͉Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত
ͅࢃ௽̳ͥպ౾́༞໲ດে͈ that ͬજၞ̧̞̳́̈́͂ͥ႕ͬ‫̞̬ͥ̀ݷ‬ȃĴ)− 238 −‫ོ͙ࣺ͈͛ࢊם‬୯͂༞໲ດে ThatȪĶĵȫIt bothers me ɖ (that) it’s so mild in November. (Doherty (1997:205))̭͈໲͈๱໲༹଻͉ȄHuddleston & Pullum (2002) ̦༞໲ດে that ͈જၞ͈‫خ‬ෝ଻͉ͅ৽୯͈ࢹ
௮̦‫̳̞ͥ͂ͥ̀̽ͩ۾‬໦ଢ଼̽̀͢ͅȄ୰ྶ̧̳̭̦ͥ͂́ͥȃȪĶĶȫIt distresses me [that he is trying to lay the blame for the accident on us].
(Huddleston & Pullum (2002:953))

ˎȅˎȅ༞໲ດে that ͈જၞ͈޺গȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬༞໲ດে that ͈જၞͬ‫̞̯̈́ݺ‬೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͬ‫͚܄‬໲̦ంह̳ͥȃDoherty(1997)͉Ȅ༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́೰ࠁ୯͉໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̧̭̦̞̞̠͛ͥ͂́̈́͂۷ख़ͬা̱̀ĵ)̞ͥȃȪĶķȫɖ (That) Clinton will be re-elected is very likely. (Doherty(1997:205))
ȪĶĸȫɖ (That) he would never do that again, Bill promised. (ibidem)(Ķķ) ͂ (Ķĸ) ̤̞̀ͅȄ໲൮ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯ͬ൵ව̳ͥ༞໲ດে that ͬજၞ̧̳̭͉̞ͥ͂́̈́ȃȁDoherty ͉Ȅდఴ (topic) ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥນ࡛̦৽୯͈ಎོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘ͅ೰ࠁ୯ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫̞ͣͦ̀ͥાࣣ͉Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̦ంह̱̞̈́໲͉ယ෇̯̞ͦ̈́͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃĶ)ȪĶĹȫɖ I hope this book you will read. (Doherty(1997:201))ȪĶĺȫɖ She claims Guinness he likes but whisky he hates. (ibidem)Ȫķıȫɖ This proves Joyce he’d read but Yeats he hadn’t. (ibidem)ȁBoškoviü & Lasnik (ĳııĴ) ͉Ȅ ݀ য ໦ Ⴈ ໲ (pseudoclefting)Ȅ ֲ খ ୯ ത ߫ ͤ ષ ̬ (right noderaising)Ȅߗਫ਼‫( ا‬gapping) ̦ഐဥ̯̹ͦ໲̤̞̀ͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐ོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯ͬ൵
ව̳ͥ༞໲ດে that ͬજၞ̧̳̭͉̞ͥ͂́̈́͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃķ)ȁȪķĲȫɖ What the students believe is [CP C [IP they will pass the exam]]. (%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003:529))
ȁȪķĳȫɖ They suspected and we believed [CP C [IP Peter would visit the hospital]]. (ibidem)ȁȪķĴȫɖ Mary believed Peter ¿nished school and Bill [CP C [IP Peter got a job]]. (ibidem)݀য໦Ⴈ໲Ȅֲখ୯ത߫ͤષ̬Ȅߗਫ਼‫̸̷̦ͦͦا‬ഐဥ̯̹ͦ (ķĲ) ̥ͣ (ķĴ) ̤̞̀ͅȄ༞໲
ດে C ̦୸͛ͥպ౾͈༞໲ດে that ͬજၞ̧̳̭͉̞̞̠̭̜ͥ͂́̈́͂͂́ͥȃȁBoškoviü & Lasnik ͉Ȅ̹͘Ȅ༞໲ດে that ͬજၞ̧̳̭̦̞ͥ͂́̈́պ౾̱͂̀ྴত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ‫̞̬ͥ̀ݷ‬ȃȪķĵȫɖ I heard about the proof C Mary did it. (%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003:534))ȪķĶ ȫɖ I heard about the fact C Mary did it. (ibidem)(ķĵ) ̤̞̀ͅȄྴত proof ͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯͈ಎ͈༞໲ດে C ͈պ౾́Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ͬજၞ̧̳̭͉̞ͥ͂́̈́ȃ(ķĶ) ̤̞̀͜ͅȄ൳အͅȄྴত fact ͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯͈ಎ͈༞໲ດে C ͈պ౾́Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ͬજၞ̧̳̭͉̞ͥ͂́̈́ȃĸ)− 239 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါˎȅˏȅwh ݃࿚໲ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́ wh݃࿚໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȁȪķķȫWhat did he think had happened? (Huddleston (1984: 370))
ȁȪķĸȫWho did you say was waiting for me? (McCawley (1988: 474))
ȁȪķĹȫWhat do you think Lee bought? (Browning (1996: 237))(ķķ) ͉Ȅ൲ত think ͈༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́༞໐୯͈৽ࢊ what ̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯ͦ̀
̞ͥ wh ݃࿚໲̜́ͥȃ(ķĸ) ̤̞͉̀ͅȄ൲ত say ͈༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́༞໐୯͈৽ࢊ who̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ(ķĹ) ͉Ȅ൲ত think ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ that ฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত bought ͈࿒എࢊ͈ what ̦Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ wh ݃࿚໲̜́ͥȃ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯͈ಎͅంह̳ͥ൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̦Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ͂໦ଢ଼̯ͦͥ໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȁ̭͈࡞ࢊম৘ͅచ̱̀Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ͉Ȅ̷ོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞̞̠͂́̈́͂࡞ࢊম৘̦ంह̳ͥȃȁȪķĺȫɖ Who do you think [that [t saw Bill]] (Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988: 94))ȁȪĸıȫɖ Who did you say that was waiting for me? (McCawley (1988: 474))
ȁȪĸĲȫɖ Whoi do you believe [that ti is a painter] (Manzini (1992: 13))(ķĺ) ͈൲ত think ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ who ͉Ȅउ୥ t ̦୸͛ͥպ౾̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́ȃ(ĸı) ͈൲ত say ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ who ͉Ȅષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́ȃ(ĸĲ) ͈൲ত believe ͈༞໐୯̜́ͥ༞໲ດে that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯͈৽ࢊ who ͉Ȅउ୥ t ̦୸͛ͥպ౾̥ͣષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̧̳̭̦̞͂́̈́ȃˏȅ༞໐̱͂̀൱̩೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈ࢹ௮ȁ̭ͦ́͘ͅ‫͈ࢊם‬໲ͅ‫ͥͦ͘܄‬೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈պ౾͂໲༹ષ͈‫ܥ‬ෝ͂༞໲ດে͈ that ͈ခྫ̞̾̀ͅࡉ̧̹̀ȃȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ໹੪໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȁȪĸĳȫHe knows [that she is right]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:949))
̭͈༞໲ດে͈ that ̦ంह̳ͥ໲ͅచ؊̳ͥ೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵
ව̯̞̞ͦ̀̈́໹੪໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ− 240 −

‫ོ͙ࣺ͈͛ࢊם‬୯͂༞໲ດে ThatȁȪĸĴȫHe knows [(that) she is right]. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:949))
ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ৽ࢊ͈պ౾ͬ୸ོࣺ͙͛ͥ͛୯̦Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵ව̯̞ͦ̀ͥ໹੪໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȁȪĸĵȫ[That they were lying] is now quite obvious. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:952))
৽ࢊ͈պ౾͉Ȅ೒ુȄ໲൮͈պ౾̜̦́ͥȄდఴ͜໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸͛ͥȃ༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́೰ࠁ୯͉Ȅ৽ࢊ͂დఴ͈‫ܥ‬ෝͬ‫̳̹ض‬ါள̦୸͛ͥպ౾̜́ͥ໲൮͈պ౾ͬ୸̭̦͛ͥ͂
̧̞́̈́ȃȁȪĸĶȫɖ (That) Clinton will be re-elected is very likely. (Doherty(1997:205))ȁȪĸķȫɖ (That) he would never do that again, Bill promised. (ibidem)ࢵͅȄდఴ̱͂̀‫ܥ‬ෝ̳ͥນ࡛̦Ȅ৽୯͈ಎོࣺ̞͛ͦ̀ͥ͘ͅ೰ࠁ୯ͅ‫۾‬Ⴒັ̫̞ͣͦ̀ͥ
ાࣣ͉Ȅ༞໲ດে͈ that ̦ంह̱̞̈́໲͉ယ෇̯̞ͦ̈́ȃȁȪĸĸȫɖ I hope this book you will read. (Doherty(1997:201))‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ‫ٸ‬౾̯̹ͦ৽ࢊ͈պ౾ͅ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯̦ంह̳ͥ໲̦෇
͛ͣͦͥȃȁȪĸĹȫIt is hardly surprising that he tried to retract his statement. (Huddleston & Pullum (2002:960))
ȁ༞໲ດে͈ that ̽̀͢ͅ൵වོ̯̞ࣺ͙ͦ̀ͥ͛୯͉Ȅྴত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͬ୸̭̦͛ͥ͂́
̧ͥȃȁȪĸĺȫI heard about the proof that Mary did it. (%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003:534))̭͈ྴত͈༞໐͈պ౾́༞໲ດে that ͬજၞ̧̳̭͉̞ͥ͂́̈́ȃȁȪĹıȫɖ I heard about the proof C Mary did it. (%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003:534))
ȁ‫͉ͅࢊם‬Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͅ༞໲ດে͈ that ฺོ̠ࣺ͙ͬ͛୯̦ంह̱Ȅ̷͈୯͈൲ত͈࿒എࢊ̦ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ wh ݃࿚໲̦ంह̳ͥȃȁȪĹĲȫWhat did you confess that you had done? (Matthews (1981: 192))̭ͦͅచ̱̀Ȅ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐͈պ౾ͅ༞໲ດে͈ that ฺོ̞ࣺ͙ͬͩ̈́͛୯̦ంह̱Ȅ̷͈୯͈৽ࢊ̦ષպ͈୯ͅา̧੄̯̞ͦ̀ͥ wh ݃࿚໲̦ంह̳ͥȃ̭͈ાࣣȄོࣺ͙͛୯̦༞
໲ດে that ฺ̠ͬ͂๱໲༹എ̈́໲͂̈́ͥȃȁȪĹĳȫWhat did he think had happened? (Huddleston (1984: 370))
ȁȪĹĴȫɖ Who do you think [that [t saw Bill]] (Lasnik and Uriagereka (1988: 94))ȁ݀য໦Ⴈ໲ (pseudoclefting)Ȅֲখ୯ത߫ͤષ̬ (right node raising)Ȅߗਫ਼‫( ا‬gapping) ̦ഐဥ̯̹ͦ໲̤̞̀ͅȄ৽୯͈൲ত͈༞໐ོ̜ࣺ͙́ͥ͛୯ͬ൵ව̳ͥ༞໲ດে that ͬજၞ̧̳̭͉̞ͥ͂́̈́ȃȁȪĹĵȫɖ What the students believe is [CP C [IP they will pass the exam]]. (Boškoviü & Lasnik (2003:529))
ȁȪĹĶȫɖ They suspected and we believed [CP C [IP Peter would visit the hospital]]. (ibidem)− 241 −ີ५ఱ‫૽ڠ‬໲‫ڠ‬໐‫ܮ‬ါȁȪĹķȫɖ Mary believed Peter ¿nished school and Bill [CP C [IP Peter got a job]]. (ibidem)
Doherty (1997) ͉Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬༞໲ດেฺ̞ͬͩ̈́೰ࠁ͈ਲ௺୯͉ȄCP ͉̩́̈́ IP ̜̞̠́ͥ͂ IPĹ)‫ب‬୰ (IP-hypothesis) ͬ৽ಫ̱̞ͬ̀ͥȃȁȪĹĸȫJohn says [IP the key opens the chest]. (Doherty (1997:198))
Doherty (1997) ͉Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬༞໲ດে that ฺ̠ͬ೰ࠁ͈ਲ௺୯ฺ̞͂ͩ̈́೰ࠁ͈ਲ௺୯͈‫ܥ‬ෝ͈֑̞ͬ୆̲ͥါ֦͉Ȅ༞໲ດে that ฺ̠ͬ೰ࠁ͈ਲ௺୯͉༞໲ດে߉ (CP) ̜̞̠̭́ͥ͂͂͂Ȅ༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́೰ࠁ͈ਲ௺୯͉ߠ୬߉ (IP) ̜̞̠̭̜́ͥ͂͂́ͥ͂੆͓̞̀ͥȃ%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003) ͉ Doherty (1997) ͂։̈́ͥ໦ଢ଼࣐̞ͬ̽̀ͥȃ%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003)͉Ȅ‫ߗ͈ࢊם‬༞໲ດে (null complementizer) ͈໦ື͈୰ྶ࣐̞ͬ̽̀ͥȃ༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́೰ࠁ͈ਲ௺୯͈๱໲༹଻ͬȄ༞໲ດে that ̦ంह̱̞̈́պ౾ͅߗ༞໲ດেͬ୭೰̳̭ͥ͂ͤ͢ͅ୰ྶ̱̞̀ͥȃȁȪĹĹȫ[CP C [IP He liked linguistics]] was widely believed. (Boškoviü & Lasnik (2003:527))
Ĳ. ͂ˎ. ́۷ख़̱̹̠͢ͅȄ‫͈ࢊם‬༞໲ດে that ͈੄࡛͈ခྫ̞͉̾̀ͅအș̈́ଷ࿩̦‫۾‬ဓ̱̞̀ͥȃ̹͘Ȅ‫͈ࢊם‬༞໲ດে that ฺ̞ͬͩ̈́೰ࠁོ͈ࣺ͙͛୯͈ࢹ௮̞͉̾̀ͅȄ༞໲ດে߉̜̞̠́ͥ͂ၛા͂ߠ୬߉̜̞̠́ͥ͂ၛા̦̜̦ͥḘ͈̏ത̞͉̾̀ͅȄ୆଼໲༹͈ηΣζςΒθ͈۷ത̥ͣࢵͅ࠿൦̧̳͓̜́ͥȃ− 242 −‫ོ͙ࣺ͈͛ࢊם‬୯͂༞໲ດে ThatಕˍȅHuddleston & Pullum (2002:960)
ˎȅHuddleston & Pullum (2002:953)
ˏȅDoherty(1997:204-205)
ːȅDoherty(1997:204-205)
ˑȅDoherty(1997:200-201)˒ȅ%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003:529)˓ȅ%RãNRYLü & Lasnik (2003:534)
˔ȅDoherty (1997:198)

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