ANNUAL 2009
OF THE CROATIAN ACADEMYOF ENGINEERING

CROATIAN ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING
Annu. Croat. Acad. Eng.

ISSN 1332-3482

ANNUAL 2009
OF THE CROATIAN ACADEMYOF ENGINEERING
Editor-in-Chief
Stanko Tonkoviæ

Zagreb, 2009

Published by
Croatian Academy of Engineering,
28 Kaèiæ St., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Editor-in-ChiefProf. Stanko Tonkoviæ, Ph.D.,
President of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
Editorial Board
Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, Ph.D.
Prof. Miljenko Lapaine, Ph.D.
Prof. Vilko Žiljak, Ph.D.
Prof. emer. Zlatko Kniewald, Ph.D.
Goran Graniæ, Ph.D.
Cover Design
Ivana Žiljak

ISSN 1332-3482
Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
Annu. Croat. Acad. Eng.

Prepress
Vladimir Pavliæ, GRAPA, Zagreb
Printed by
Denona, Zagreb
Circullation
300

Table of contents
Stanko Tonkoviæ
Annual Report on the Activities of the Croatian Academy of Engineeringin 2009.......................................................................................................................7
Editorial...................................................................................................................11

Part I
PapersVišnja Gaurina-Srèek, Kristina Radoševiæ, Zlatko Kniewald
Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia –Education and the Role of the Croatian Academy of Engineering....................15
Ratko Magjareviæ, Stanko Tonkoviæ
Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the 50th Anniversaryof the IFMBE..........................................................................................................35
Miljenko Lapaine, Tomislav Malviæ
Geomathematics Between Mathematics and Geosciences...................................51
Tomislav Malviæ
Geostatistics as a Group of Methods for Advanced Mappingof Geological Variables in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs.............................................69
Ratko Cimerman
Physical Planning Information System of the Republic of Croatia
and National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) ..............................................85
Ulrich Boes
Development of Spatial Data Infrastructures in South East Europe................99
Nikolina Staniæ Loknar, Klaudio Pap, Dijana Posavec, Tajana Koren
Mutational Typography in Security Printing ....................................................119
Darko Agiæ, Ivana Žiljak-Stanimiroviæ, Tajana Koren
Designer’s Custom Screening Elements Development ......................................133
Darko Babiæ, Petar Miljkoviæ, Denis Jureèiæ
Process and Structure of JDF Protocol in Production of Hardcover Books .....151

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Branko Salopek, Ivan Sobota, Gordan Bedekoviæ, Anamarija Kutliæ
Mechanical Method of Soil Cleaning ..................................................................159
Martin Žagar, Josip Knezoviæ, Hrvoje Mlinariæ
4D Data Compression Methods for Modelling Virtual Medical Reality ..........177
Dinko Mikuliæ, Vjekoslav Majetiæ
Development of Electric Automobile in Croatia ................................................191
Ksenija Durgo, Jasna Franekiæ
Detection of environmental contaminants by in vitro biological systems.......205

Part IIInternational Cooperation
Agreement signed between HATZ and Austrian Academy of Sciences...........221

CAETS

CAETS: “Our Heritage of Natural Resources – Management andSustainability” ........................................................................................226
CAETS: Issues of Concern – 2009 ......................................................................227
CAETS: International Council of Academies of Engineeringand Technological Sciences ...................................................................249

Euro-CASE
Euro-CASE 2009...................................................................................................255
Euro-CASE Vision 2020: 2nd draft ......................................................................259
2nd Euro-CASE Annual Conference 2009..........................................................261

Part IIIWho is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering .....................................265

Annual Report on the Activities of the
Croatian Academy of Engineering in 2009
In the year 2009 a number of important events
for the Academy occurred. More details aboutsome of them can be found on our web site(http://www.hatz.hr ). I will start with the factthat in recent years a lot has been made in creating the conditions for a quality work and increasing activities of the Academy. We have acquired new premises in Kaèiæeva 28. Excellent
relations with CAETS and Euro-CASE havebeen established, as well as with Croatian Government institutions and representatives, the University of Zagreb, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, a lot of vocational academies athome and abroad and a number of firms. That is the reason more for a
responsible work and management of the Academy in the next period.
Founded in 1993 at the time of the establishment of the Republic of
Croatia, the Croatian Academy of Engineering celebrated 15 years of successful activities in 2008. It has been founded as a non-governmental, independent, non-party and non-profit organization of notable, experienced
and established scientists of engineering and biotechnological professions(an excellent short overview of the Croatian Academy of Engineering history and activities can be found in the Annual Report of Annual 2008
written by Prof. Emer. Zlatko Kniewald, Ph. D.).
Up to now four Presidents of the Academy have been elected, i.e. Academician Josip Božiæeviæ (1993 – 1997), Prof. Juraj Božiæeviæ, Ph. D. (1997 –
2003), Prof. emer. Zlatko Kniewald, Ph. D. (2003 – 2009) and Prof. Stanko
Tonkoviæ, Ph. D. (July 1st, 2009 – 2013). Having sacrificed numerous obligations and own free time, each of the first three Presidents has given his
immeasurable contribution in establishing the status and reputation of
the Academy in the Republic of Croatia and throughout the world.
Basic activities of the Academy include research and development in engineering and technological sciences, technological test and analysis, promotion and organization of scientific work, drawing up of scientific studies, expertise, reports and projects, opening discussions and expressing
opinions about current issues in science and economy, organization of scientific conferences, publishing, cooperation with academies at home andabroad, as well as the transfer of knowledge.

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

In October 2000 the Academy became member of the CAETS – International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Scienceswith headquarters in Washington, USA and in January 2005 associate
member of Euro-CASE – European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering with headquarters in Paris, France.

Important Events in 2009
On March 14th, 2009 Croatian Academy of Engineering held its 24th Annual Elective Assembly. Apart from the members of the Academy, the Assembly was attended by several eminent representatives from the field of
science, as well as high government officials. President of the Academy,Prof. emer. Zlatko Kniewald, Ph. D. submitted a report with special review on his mandate from 2003 to 2009. Thereby the mandate of Prof.
emer. Zlatko Kniewald, Ph. D. as the head of this eminent and honorable
Croatian institution ended. By a spontaneous applause the participantsof the Assembly rewarded his successful management.
For the new mandate period from 2009 to 2013 (beginning with July 1st,2009) Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, Ph. D. has been elected President, Prof.
Miljenko Lapaine, Ph. D. and Prof. Vilko Žiljak, Ph. D. Vice-Presidents
and Goran Graniæ, Ph. D. Secretary-General.
According to proposals of the Departments of the Academy, elections forthe promotion or admission of new Collaborating Members of the Academy have been made. 31 members of the Academy have been unanimously voted for the promotion into Full or Associate Members, and22 new Collaborating Members, as well as 2 Correspondent Members
elected. The new membership list – WHO is WHO – is included in thisAnnual.
On September 11th, 2009 Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of
the Republic of Croatia awarded the status of scientific organization
to the Academy, a great recognition to the work of the Academy in thepast mandate and a large commitment for the new Governing Board.
At the Euro-CASE Board Meeting in Paris in May 2009 the Academy became Full Member of Euro-CASE. We consider it a special recognition
to the work of the Academy since Croatia is the first non-member

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

9

country of the EU admitted into Euro-CASE on account of which even an
article of the Euro-CASE Statute has had to be altered.
Signing of the third international agreement on cooperation (the two previous ones with the Academies of China and Hungary) with Austrian
Academy of Sciences is also considered an important accomplishment.
As the President of the Academy I have participated (as well as former
Presidents every two years) in the largest annual international conference of the academies of engineering – 18th Convocation of CAETS 2009
Calgary (more details in this Annual).
The Academy has to remain the first “technologically oriented” scientificand professional organization in Croatia. I accentuate scientific and professional because in a small country like Croatia progress could only bemade by synergy and collective efforts. And our mission is making progress in engineering and biotechnological sciences. Recognition of the status of scientific organization is the major event in the history of the
Academy. We should bear in mind that the Academy is composed today ofover two hundred members who are all first-rate experts with experiencefrom almost every field of technical and biotechnical sciences. It is anenormous asset for such a small country as Croatia. We, engineers withexperience, are deemed accountable for and have to take important partin the adoption, growth and breakthrough of the new technologies thecoming of which we witness every day. Cooperation with all interested
parties on the design of vision, objectives and strategies of the development of Croatia should be the duty and obligation of every member of the
Academy. Not only deliberation, but also proposals of activities and workon joint, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary projects should be thegoals of the Academy and its members in the future. In Croatia we areconfronted with a serious lack of proposals and work on development projects, especially complex projects, in the moment of “knocking on thedoor” of the European Union and its access funds. Changes in themethod of education should also be considered starting with a serious
and thorough analysis of the efficiency of the Bologna Process up to theneed for a life-long education, vocational retraining etc. Being thewitnesses of striking and rapid changes in all branches of our lives, anddue to our professional consciousness, we may not stay behind.
Everything that has been achieved in last couple of years has to be preserved, but also improved. Croatian Academy of Engineering has to become partner to government institutions and economy. It is the obligation and duty of the new Governing Board, Presidency, all other10

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineeringorganizational units of the Academy, but also of all its members. Members have to become aware that membership in the Academy is not only
an item in their CV, but that they have to be active participants in theactivities of the Academy. It is the duty of the Academy (Governing
Board and Presidency) to serve its members. Informing “from up downwards” and “from down upwards” plays an important role here. I myself
have a great confidence in team work. As President of the Academy I will
try to be only “the first among equals”. With Governing Board and Presidency I will share deliberations about all important decisions, but ofcourse take greatest responsibility for their implementation.
In the end I would like to personally thank all members of the Governing
Board, secretaries of Departments, chairpersons of the Standing Committees, heads of the Centers, business secretary and all friends of the Academy that, besides all their obligations and in these hard times, they haveagreed to continue the work of their precursors.
President of the Academy
Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, Ph. D.

Editorial
Dear readers,
As you can see, the Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineeringhas been actually divided into three parts.
Part I. Papers
As one of the differences or changes from the past Annuals, the authorsof the Part I. – Papers in the Annual 2009 are the members of the Croatian Academy of Engineering, participants of several conferences sponsored by our Academy, or members of some of the sponsor organizations.
The arrangement of papers has been done following the contributions
and contents of the papers, i.e. the first two of them are of the general interest, the next four are from the field of geoinformation, the next threedeal with the issues from the scientific field of graphical engineering, andthe last four papers are from different scientific fields.
Part II. International Cooperation
In this part we have presented the main news related to the international
cooperation of the Academy, concerning the agreements and the news
from the CAETS and the Euro-CASE.
Part III. WHO IS WHO in the Croatian Academy of Engineering
This part is issued regularly when some changes in the Academy’s membership occur. The latest one is related to the 24th Annual (Elective) Assembly held on March 14th, 2009. According to proposals of the Departments of the Academy, the elections for the promotion of the existing
Members, or the admission of new Collaborating Members of the Academy, have taken place. The new list of members and their status is presented herein.

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

At the end, I am very pleased to have the opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to all sponsors and to all who had contributed, by investing
their time and efforts, in publishing of this Annual that we have in frontof us.
All papers have been reviewed, but not English language edited.
Each author has provided for her or his paper’s proof-reading.
Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, PhD.
Editor-in-Chief

Part I
PapersVišnja Gaurina-Srèek
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology
6 Pierotti St., Zagreb
gaurina@pbf.hr
Kristina Radoševiæ
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology
6 Pierotti St., Zagreb
Zlatko Kniewald
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology
6 Pierotti St., Zagreb

Importance of Intellectual Property Rights
Protection in Croatia – Education and the Roleof the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Abstract
A modern world history of productive forces belongs to the mutual promotion of scientific discoveries, technical innovations and industrial revolution as a result of their implementation. Engineering sciences and technology are the bridge linking science and the industry supporting development and production. Croatia’s intellectual capital is an asset thatneeds to be better valorized to develop the country’s economy and industry. A crucial part of this process is development of a strong national
R&D infrastructure. This necessitates the forging of working links between public administration, research institutes and indigenous industries to facilitate the commercialization of intellectual property from theresearch sector to the industrial sector. Addressing this process, series ofprojects were facilitated awareness of IP issues by targeting scientists

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Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

and researchers, students in law, business engineering and other disciplines as well as Croatian industries. It is important to develop curriculum for IP teaching at the universities and present a balanced view tostudents which could equally apply to the intellectual property. The roleof engineering academies and Croatian Academy of Engineering as theirpart in the collaboration on the development and usage in IPPR is ofgreat importance as well as its role in IP education in continuing professional development and lifelong learning.
Key words: CAETS, intellectual property (IP), life long learning, university, WIPO

Introduction
After the transition to a market economy, as in other transitional countries, economic growth of the Croatian economy depends on the successful transformation of research results and knowledge to commercially exploitable products or innovation. Innovation is a driving force for a new
economy and the key factor of a country’s ability to enter international
markets and technology competition. Competition rules and Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) play a fundamental role in these new economic
processes.
Standard science and higher education policy largely dominate over the
innovation policy that is focused on incentive measures for economic exploitation of research, capitalization of knowledge and science-industry
cooperation. Universities, public administration and the society as awhole do not seem to be highly aware of the importance and the role that
IPR plays in modern industrialized and knowledge-based societies. The
Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia(MSES), has made significant efforts in modernizing the Research andDevelopment (R&D) Sector and the higher education system in the past.
A number of new regulations and acts produced to improve the researchsystem in Croatia have been introduced. However, intellectual property
issues have never been included as a part of these regulations nor havethey been outlined or formulated separately. It is estimated that Croatia
is losing significant economic gains that could have been reached if many
excellent technically and scientifically advanced ideas being generated
within the country have been exploited in a proper commercial way.

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

17

The R&D Sector is characterized by weak linkages between research, education and industrial institutes with much of the research undertaken
without having clear relations to the needs of the economy. Research institutes also have little motivation or interest in commercialization of research results, whilst individual Croatian researchers and scientists lackstrategic and legal support to market their inventions.
The scientific community is much more focused on publishing their research results in peer-reviewed journals than on exploiting them commercially. Since it has long been acknowledged that the primary functions of universities are education, research and public service, the problem of protecting research results by IPR has often been neglected. If academic researchers commercialize their inventions, it is usually done
through secrecy, not through IPR. While this method seems to save costsin the first place, it has considerable disadvantage: neither the invention
nor the product is safe from reinvention by a third party.
Subsequently, the strategic policy and management of IPR are now recognized as strategic tools for accelerating innovations and adjustment of
the research system to the challenges of the new economy.

Intellectual Property (IP)A modern world history of productive forces belongs to the mutual promotion of scientific discoveries, technical innovations and industrial revolution as a result of their implementation. Engineering sciences and technology are the bridge linking science and the industry. The developmentof engineering sciences and technology has penetrated into every aspectof human life deeper than at any period in history.
The scientists and engineers worldwide are a very important force in theworld’s engineering science and technology development and implementation. Today a rapid development of nanotechnology brings together entrepreneurial start-ups and innovative corporations, world-class scienceand representatives from government and funding bodies to advancesuch development. This opportunity has opened a dialogue between organizations and across industry boundaries, directing public and private
sector investments to support innovation and management of complex industry needs.

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Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

Intellectual property (IP) refers to the creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. IP is divided into two categories: industrial property, which includes
inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs and geographic indications of source; and copyright, which includes literary and artistic works.
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something,or offers a new technical solution to a problem. It provides protection for
the invention to the owner of the patent and protection is granted for alimited period, generally 20 years. Patented inventions have, in fact, influenced every aspect of human life, from electric lighting, plastic materials to ballpoint pens, new drugs or microprocessors.
The innovations and creative expressions of indigenous and local communities are also IP, yet because they are “traditional” they may not be fully
protected by existing IP systems. Access to, and equitable benefit-sharing in, genetic resources also raise IP questions. Normative and capacity-building programs are underway at WIPO to develop balanced and appropriate legal and practical responses to these issues.

Protection of Intellectual Property
At present, no “world patents” or “international patents” exist. In general, an application for a patent must be filed, and a patent shall be
granted and enforced, in each country in which someone seek patent protection for his invention, in accordance with the law of that country. In
some regions, a regional patent office, for example the European Patent
Office (EPO) or the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization(ARIPO), accepts regional patent applications, or grants patents, whichhave the same effect as applications filed, or patents granted, in themember states of that region.
Procedural and substantive requirements for the grant of patents as wellas the amount of fees required are different from one country/region tothe other. It is therefore recommend consulting a practicing lawyer who
is specialized in intellectual property or the intellectual property officesof those countries in which you are interested to get protection.
Intellectual property protection in the Republic of Croatia is in theauthority of the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO). In 1991

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19

Croatia has become a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as well as a member (contracting state) of the PCT International Patent Convention in July 1998. Since April 1, 2004 Croatia canbe designated in a European patent Office application as one of the extension states and it will be a full member in the near future. Thanks tosignificant efforts of SIPO and the assistance provided by CARDS 2001
project “Support the Croatian IP System” legislation (harmonization
with EU legislation), institutional arrangements are now largely in place.
This forms an excellent basis for developing and improving the seriously
neglected IPR system related to exploitation of research and new technologies. Another CARDS 2002 IPR Regional Project of Support provided assistance to the countries of the region (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia & Montenegro). The objectives of this project have been the improvement of IPR institutions in beneficiary countries, regional cooperation among the institutions, adaptation of national
legislation in line with the TRIPS agreement and creating general awareness of IPR. CARDS 2003 project “Strengthening the System of IP Protection” was about improving internal capacities of SIPO on granting industrial property rights and processing industrial property applications.
Croatia is characterized by a high degree of publicly funded R&D andhigh percentage of scientists employed by the public academic and R&D
institutions. An important part of further development of the national
R&D infrastructure is to implement processes and methods for exploiting
its vast potential for development of IP such as patents, trade marks,
copyrights and trade secrets.

Organizational Prerequisites within Croatia
Within the national technological network the following institutions havebeen established so far:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Business Innovation Centre of Croatia – BICRO Ltd.
Croatian Institute of Technology – HIT Ltd.
Centre for Karst
Technology and Innovation Centre Osijek Ltd.
Centre for Innovative Technology Rijeka Ltd.
Technology Centre Split
Centre for Technology Transfer
Research and Development Centre for Mariculture (1).

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Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

In April 1998, within the incentive measures, the Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted the Program for Increasing and Starting Production Based on New Technologies, proposal for which had been madeby the Ministry of Science and Technology (1). In 1998 the Business andInnovation Centre of Croatia (BICRO) was set up as a state agency to act
as an umbrella organization in the creation of an overall Croatian technology infrastructure. The real need for establishing an IPR system in
the R&D Sector and respective management policy was initiated by the
Croatian Program for Innovative Technological Development created by
the Ministry and approved by the Croatian Government in April 2001.
HITRA was the first innovation program in Croatia that paved the wayfor establishing a national innovation system and clearly pointed out thelack of a systematic approach to develop an IPR management policy related to R&D and technology. HITRA was especially targeted to encourage cooperation between the field of science and industry and provided aframework for direct cooperation between entrepreneurs/industry andCroatian universities and research institutes and was implemented
through two complementary programs:
1. Program TEST – Technology Projects aimed at pre-commercial development of new technologies;
2. Program RAZUM – Development of Knowledge-Based Companies
aimed at commercial entrepreneurial projects (set-up, development
and expansion of a company) based on new technologies, i.e. productswith higher added value.
On September 1, 2006 MSES completed the acceptance of technology project proposals (the TEST sub-program) within the Croatian Program for
Innovative Technological Development (HITRA). The new Croatian Government Decree as of July 12, 2006 and Guidelines for Fostering Innovative Technological Development as of July 17, 2006 announced the transfer of the TEST program – technology R&D projects from the MSES to
the Croatian Institute of Technology (HIT Ltd.). In March 2006 the Government of the Republic of Croatia established the Croatian Institute ofTechnology – HIT Ltd., with the aim to make it the central institution of
the Croatian technological network (1). The HIT supports and guides
Croatian researches aimed at development and technology, monitors andanticipates global technological movements, provides advice and support
in matters such as intellectual property and technology transfer, gives
support and promotes participation in European research and development projects, as well as promotes Croatian technological production, research and development potential worldwide. Integrating contributions

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

21of various participants in the area of education, research and innovations, the Croatian Institute of Technology will provide the basis for theso called “knowledge triangle”, which will form a unique structure –“knowledge community”. Considering this, the HIT activities include:• supporting and guiding Croatian researches aimed at development andtechnology• monitoring, analyzing and anticipating the effect of global technologicalmovements in the Republic of Croatia• giving advice and support in the area of intellectual property and technology transfer• promoting participation in European research and development
projects• promoting Croatian technological production and research and development potential in the EU and other countries.
In January 2008, the Technology Transfer Office (TTO) of the Universityof Zagreb was established with a mission to ensure the implementationand functioning of an effective infrastructure for technology transfer
within the University of Zagreb in order to successfully transfer technologies to the market so as to generate benefits for the inventor, the Faculty, the University and the Croatian economy.
These aims are accomplished through three main types of activities:• Commercialization of research results• Management of intellectual property in research projects• Awareness raising and training on intellectual property and technology
transfer.
Technology Transfer Office (TTO) supports the researchers by evaluating the technical and commercial potentials of innovations. The TTO determines the appropriate way to protect the intellectual property andidentifies the route to the market for the innovation. It is our goal to successfully connect researchers and their research results with partners
from industry and to ultimately capitalize the commercial potential of research. In order to ensure that researchers have necessary knowledge
about intellectual property in research and commercialization the TTO isregularly organizing workshops and seminars. Subjects such as intellectual property basics, management of intellectual property in research
projects, technology transfer and commercialization of innovations arecovered by our training sessions (2).

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Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

Education for IP – Developing the Curriculum
Recent progress in technology and engineering has been accelerated byhigh-tech solutions such as Information Technology and Internet. The
acceleration would be increased in the 21st century, since theinformatization of society has been progressing. The role of universities
should change in the information era. Since the knowledge obtained at
the university becomes outdated very rapidly especially in the field of engineering, engineers are required to obtain new knowledge and to keep
the quality and productivity throughout their lifetime. Some engineers
would like to learn just for updating their knowledge day by day. Other
engineers might want to obtain higher degrees in engineering, such as
M.Sc. and Ph.D. and some would like to obtain professional qualifications. In these situations, some engineers are returning to the university
with these objectives to obtain new knowledge continuously after joining
the high-tech enterprises.
Students would benefit from the awareness of intellectual property concepts, combined with basic competences in recognizing, protecting, exploiting and enforcing intellectual property rights. In addition, professional bodies, governmental and international institutions have recognized the importance of developing intellectual property learning opportunities in the work place, as a part of lifelong learning and continuous
professional development. The university’s role is to present a balanced
view to students which could equally apply to the intellectual property(3).
Contents of the graduate engineers’ curriculum for IP protection:• Broad, rather than deep, understanding of intellectual property• Awareness of implications surrounding disclosure and confidentiality• Linkages between IP, innovation and business development• Where to find and how to use patent information• What goes into a patent application and why• Time scale and costs of patent protection• Implications of steps to be taken, or avoided, in the patent process• Relevance of patents• IP is more than just patents-trade marks, copyright, design• Intellectual property ownership• Non disclosure agreements

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

23• National and international intellectual property issues• IP valuation• IP commercialization and exploitation.
Intellectual property studies should involve students in a critical evaluation of intellectual property and an appraisal of the stages of intellectual
property management:• how intellectual property rights are first recognized• how they can be protected in law• how they are commercially exploited• how they are legally enforced (4).

University and the Role of Intellectual Property Rights Protection –Education in the Past and at the Bologna Curriculum
Development of information technology opened also a broader insight at
different patent databases. Translation of the International Patent Classification (6th Edition with the participation of more than 260 Croatianscientists out of which more than 60 from the Croatian Academy of Engineering) performed under the leadership of the SIPO from English to
Croatian gave the students, experts and employed engineers the opportunity for searching enormous databases with more scientific information
than in the scientific journals. After analyzing literature citations presented at diploma, M.Sc. and Ph.D. works at the University of Zagreb fortechnical disciplines, we have concluded that the students and their professors are still not being oriented to use available data from the patentsources, because during the study, environment within the technicalcourses is organized more on the reproduction of existing knowledge andknow-how, without enough implementation of personal creativity. Itmeans that we have to educate students how to apply already publishedand available information from patents and how to find out which discovery can be later on protected by the patent.
The Faculty of Science (FS) and Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology (FTBT) within the University of Zagreb already started with thecourse Introduction to Scientific Work at the academic year 1980/81. During that time the curriculum was of course mostly oriented on what wasscientific research work and how to prepare and publish scientific work.

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Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

After the formation of SIPO at Zagreb (Director N. Kopèiæ), collaboration
was established between the Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology and SIPO for several years where the SIPO was the education place
for undergraduate and postgraduate students from the Faculty of Mining
and FTBT (Head of courses J. Kniewald). The first project was supportedby the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Croatia at
1997 (P.N. 058409) and was granted to the FTBT – “Intellectual and Industrial Property in Croatian Science” (Project leader Z. Kniewald). Research team consisted of the scientists from the FTBT, but also from the
SIPO. At the time the first young researcher was also employed on the
project and got her M.Sc. (A. Jelièiæ). In order to achieve a broader support for this important field the paper “Intellectual Property and theRole of University” (5) was published. After the introduction of the new
Bologna Curriculum from the academic year 2008/2009 at the FTBT, thecourse “Methodology of Scientific Work and Intellectual Property Protection” was introduced for diploma students in all studies: Bioprocess Engineering, Molecular Biotechnology, Food Technology, Nutrition and Food
Safety Management. The course “Methodology of Project Planning andIntellectual Property Protection” has been held in the doctoral study“Biotechnology – Bioprocess Engineering” since the academic year
2006/2007 as a continuation from the previous master study “Biotechnology – Bioprocess Engineering”.

The projects aimed at Strengthening IPR in Croatia
CARDS/WIPO University Research and Development Initiative
In order to develop a greater awareness of IP matters at the university
level, WIPO has launched a program entitled the “WIPO University Initiative,” aimed at encouraging universities in developing countries andcountries in transition to establish “University IP Coordinators,” thecontact person or unit, where management, researchers, academic staff
and students can inquire and receive information and advice on IP matters and have access to technological information contained in IP documents, in support of their R&D or teaching activities. Three institutions
and persons nominated as IP Coordinators from Croatia have been included in this project: Brodarski Institute (M. Drakuliæ), Faculty of Food
Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb (V. Gaurina Srèek)
and Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute (V. Kotarski) supported by focal point fromSIPO (Lj. Kuterovac).

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25

The main goals of this project would lead to greater use of the IP systemand contribute to the transfer of technology and innovation to industry
from the universities and R&D organizations and, eventually, help to:• improve access to the wealth of technological information contained inpatent documents; improve the capacity of the users (researchers andinventors at R&D organizations, universities, etc.) to analyze and use
such information;• encourage the establishment of IP policies by the universities;• develop the capacity of extracting, analyzing and summarizing technological, legal and business information from IP documentation;• assist universities/organizations in identifying their IP assets with aview to generating more benefits and income;• improve the IP protection of research results and inventions generated
by the universities and R&D organizations, as a first step towards successful commercialization;• establish contacts with other specialists working in the field of IP both,national and international, from the universities, national IP offices or
private sector professionals with a view to exchanging experience, information and related IP material.
In the initial phase, the main function of the IP Coordinator was to provide reference services and information on IP-related matters to the university management, R&D staff and students. Furthermore, the IP Coordinator established contacts and links with the national IP office andcopyright administrations and IP professionals. The IP Coordinatorshould acquire basic knowledge of the IP system (in his/her country andsome information on the international IP system) but, more importantly,
know where to find the necessary information. To begin with, it is desirable, but not obligatory, that the IP Coordinator be knowledgeable in thefield of IP; however, as the project develops, he/she will acquire the necessary knowledge to ensure a fully informative service. Each Coordinatorshould maintain a set of national IP-related documents, such as national
IP laws (i.e. patents, trademarks, geographical indications, copyright andrelated rights, etc.) that can be obtained from the national IP office. A
close link should be maintained with the national IP office. One of recommendations was that IP coordinator should follow the WIPO Academy
Distance Learning Program (website: http://academy.wipo.int). WIPO
provided the necessary information for registration. Initially, the Coordinator should publicize the service, among staff and students and organize
at least two information sessions (1/2-day seminar, workshop) per semester. These information sessions should comprise a general presentation of

26

Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

the IP system, a presentation of the national IP system and services of
the IP office, and either a presentation on IP information and its benefits
for the universities and R&D organizations or a presentation on copyright and neighboring rights. This should be undertaken in close cooperation with the national IP office and IP specialists or professionals fromthe private sector who should also be invited to give presentations.
WIPO organized trainings, in due course, for the IP Coordinators. The
first Regional Workshop on “Searching of IP information for University
IP Coordinators” organized by CARDS Regional Program Industrial andIntellectual Property Rights in cooperation with the WIPO and State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) of the Republic of Croatia was held in
Zagreb, December 1-2, 2005. The second Regional Workshop on “Searching of IP Information for University IP Coordinators” organized by
CARDS Regional Program Industrial and Intellectual Property Rights
funded by the European Commission (EC) and implemented by the European Patent Office (EPO) and the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM) was organized in cooperation with World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO), the State Office of Intellectual Property
in Skopje (SOIP) and Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ss. Cyril andMethodius University Skopje in Skopje, June 7 – 9, 2006. IP Coordinatorsfrom Croatia (M. Drakuliæ, V. Gaurina Srèek and V. Kotarski) participatedin this workshop and established links with IP Coordinators from othercountries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). The main workshop’s topics included Electronic
and Online IP resources, Electronic and Online IP resources (follow up),Role of National Offices, IP documentation network and Universities, IP
management in Universities. Workshop “Intellectual Property Protection
at the Higher Education”, organized by State Office for Inventions andTrademarks Romania, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol
Davila” in cooperation with WIPO and Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, USA was held in Bucharest, Romania, March 2-3, 2007 in orderto promote IP teaching at the Universities. IP Coordinator from FTBT V.
Gaurina Srèek attended this workshop and continued her education andnetworking with other IP Coordinators.
CARDS 2003 Intellectual Property Rights Infrastructure for the Researchand Development Sector in Croatia
The project is aimed at increasing the commercial exploitation of the Croatian Research and Development sector, by developing an intellectual
property system in line with the EU acquis and EU models, by supporting

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

27

the institutions responsible for intellectual property issues, as well as bycarrying-out trainings and awareness-raising activities. Croatia’s intellectual capital is clearly an asset that needs to be better valorized to develop
the country’s economy and industry. A crucial part of this process is development of a strong national R&D infrastructure. This necessitates theforging of working links between public administration, research institutes and indigenous industries to facilitate the commercialization of intellectual property from the research sector to the industrial sector. Addressing this process, this CARDS IP rights program facilitated awareness of IP issues by targeting scientists and researchers as well as students in law, business engineering and other disciplines as well as Croatian industries and potential investors in the IP that result from thework of the Croatian R&D sector. Expected longer-term economic impact
should be realized by many stakeholders. Some of the measurable economic impacts included the following:• improved efficiency of the research process by being more market-driven• enhanced scientific capabilities by more closely correlating research activities to market opportunities, thus fostering new collaborative funding relationships between academia, R&D institutes and industry• by focusing more on market opportunities, the R&D sector will be making more contributions to regional and global science and technology
initiatives, thereby making it more credible and competitive• these accomplishments and motivations will provide more opportunities
for students and researchers of high calibers to target careers in scienceand technology, thus strengthening Croatia’s overall base of human andintellectual capital• above conditions make for a higher quality of life and living standards,
which in turn will make Croatia a more attractive location in which tolive and invest.
The CARDS Program “Intellectual Property Rights Infrastructure for
the Research and Development Sector in Croatia” was comprised of threemain components:• Component 1 – Institutional and legal framework• generic procedures for IP protection, valuation of commercial potential prior to publication and technology transfer options are developed;• the specialized-central support unit on IP rights and R&D sector operates efficiently;

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Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

• the established network between government bodies and R&D institutions actively supports functional links between stakeholders national/local level• Component 2 – Targeted training and public awareness• critical mass of key actors improved their knowledge, skills and attitudes to effectively enforce and foster innovative capacities in thefield of IP protection and commercialization;• strategic elements for extensive application of new IPR concepts
among the wider public are reinforced• Component 3 – Implementation in the R&D institutions-pilot
project• the basis for a sustainable and self supporting system of IP protection and exploitations established

General structure of project

In order to facilitate this comprehensive technical assistance program, aseries of six 3-day workshops was held around Croatia on the subject ofIP rights, the first of which was held from September 26-28, 2006. These
workshops focused on the business aspects of IP rights. Overall of 142 attendees were from academia, the R&D sector of industry, research institutes, government offices and other sources. 36 attendees continued theireducation on to a much more intensive Train the Trainers event that washeld over a total 9-day period (three training modules of three days eachAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

29

spread over November 2006, February 2007 and March 2007). The graduates from that event returned to their workplaces to facilitate additional
training amongst colleagues and to implement technology commercialization and IP protection activities to valorize any valuable existing and future IP from their respective organizations. Among the key R&D institutes that have been identified to be involved in CARDS pilot project
were the Brodarski Institute, The Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute and the Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology of the University of Zagreb.
During the project, 9 pilot locations have received a practical tailor-madeassistance in establishing and maintaining their IPR issues:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute/ Rudjer Innovations (www.irb.hr)
Faculty for Food Technology and Biotechnology (www.pbf.hr)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, FER, (www.fer.hr)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Center
for Technology Transfer (www.ctt.hr)
Brodarski Institute (www.hrbi.hr)
University of Split + TEMPUS CREATE (www.create-project.info)
University of Rijeka + STeP (www.uniri.hr/step-ri)
Technology Development Center University of Osijek TERA
(www.tera.hr)
The University of Zagreb (http://www.unizg.hr)

Manual “A Practical Guide to the Models, Processes and Procedures ofTechnology and Knowledge Transfer from Universities and Public Research Institutes” has been published and distributed to pilot locations
for the further use (6).
PHARE 2006 CROATIA “Capacity Building in Technology Transfer Institutions
in Order to Enhance Research Commercialization Activities”
The PHARE 2006 Croatia Project “Capacity Building in Technology
Transfer Institutions in Order to Enhance Research Commercialization
Activities” was established with the wider objective of strengthening thecooperation between science and industry and fostering commercialization of research results. This objective was to be achieved by building thecapacity of technological development institutions and technology transfer centers which are part of the institutional framework of the Croatian
innovation system. Specifically, it was envisaged to support emerging
technology transfer activities across Croatia by providing assistance to30

Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

the process of Continuing professional development (CPD) for some 20
Technology Professionals (TP) who were developing a career in the technology transfer area in Croatia and who could demonstrate that intellectual property or technology transfer would form part of their main job description. Capacity building can take many forms and typically includes
workshops, lectures, individual consulting sessions and study tours. This
project encompassed all these formats over an eight month period.
During the course of this PHARE project the 3 person expert team (Lisa
Cowey, MBA-Team Leader, Lidija Stopfer from Rudjer Innovations Ltd.
and Sarah McNaughton from ISIS Innovation, Oxford University)
worked with participants to monitor their development against a needanalysis and a personal learning plan. This Plan was specifically designed
to help participants to measure the results of their commitment to
the Continuing Professional Development course. To capture theresults of this project, a series of Case Studies have been developed as followed:• Intellectual property rights curriculum• Intellectual property policy development• Piloting processes-disclosure/due diligence/evaluation• Marketing your innovations• Engaging with potential licensees• Adding value-leveraging new skills• Study tour-transferring good practice and fostering networking (7).

The Role of Croatian Academy of Engineering as a Memberof CAETS and EuroCASE in IPR Promotion
To meet the need of the times, the Croatian Academy of Engineering wasestablished in 1993. The Academy is a national, independent non-profit
research organization composed of elected members with the highest
honor in the community of engineering and technological sciences of thenation. Its missions are to initiate and conduct strategic studies, provide
consultancy services for decision-making of nation’s key issues in engineering and technological sciences promoting the development of intellectual property rights protection of foreign and of course own new technological knowledge in Croatia. As the prestigious advisory institution in
Croatia’s engineering science and technology, the academy also boasts

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

31with groups of members with outstanding international references andcontributions to engineering and technological sciences including biosciences, which can also serve within other academies making an enormous
team of experts with over 11,000 participants. Members of the Academy
will strengthen ties with international organizations such as the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences(CAETS) and EuroCASE to carry out exchanges and cooperation with engineering science and technology teams of all countries in the world, butalso through the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe(UNECE) which was set up in 1947. It is one of five regional commissionsof the United Nations. Its major aim is to promote pan-European economic integration. To do so, UNECE brings together 56 countries (including Croatia from 22 May 1992, represented by Mirjana Mladineo) located in the European Union, non-EU Western and Eastern Europe,
South-East Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) andNorth America. All these countries dialogue and cooperate under theaegis of the UNECE on economic and sectoral issues. It provides analysis,policy advice and assistance to governments, it gives focus to the United
Nations global mandates in the economic field, in cooperation with otherglobal players and key stakeholders, notably the business community.
The UNECE also sets out norms, standards and conventions to facilitate
international cooperation within and outside the region.
In 2007 UNECE was hosting in Geneva an International Conference on“Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Transforming Research andDevelopment Outputs into Intangible Assets in Economies in Transition”, followed by the annual meeting of the UNECE Team of Specialists
on Intellectual Property.
Experts from national IP offices and ministries, international organizations, research institutions and the business community will meet to discuss good practices and policies in intellectual property commercialization, and protection and rights enforcement in the UNECE region, with a
special focus on countries with economies in transition.
A well-designed intellectual property regime increases national wealthand benefits consumers by stimulating research and investment into newtechnologies and innovative products, and by enabling the transfer oftechnology between countries at different stages of economic development. Innovative industries are key drivers of economic growth and key
providers of well-paying jobs, thus contributing to the achievement ofbroad development objectives.

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Gaurina-Srèek, V., et al., Importance of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Croatia…

However, these benefits are not automatic. Inadequate legal, regulatory
and policy frameworks underpinning IP can hold back economic development. They can undermine the incentives to invest in research and development, impede the diffusion of technology, contribute to economic losses
from IP-related crime, and add to public health and safety hazards fromunsafe counterfeit goods.
The role of engineering academies in the international collaboration on
the development and usage of Internet-based communication for thetransfer of knowledge and experience in IPPR is very important. The collaboration academies from Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, and Hungary
might be a good base of the international collaboration since these four
countries have a long history of collaboration with similar cultures andcloser location.

IP Education in Continuing Professional Development
and Lifelong Learning
Once at work, the student (engineer or scientist) is more likely to be
drawn more towards “vocational” or “pragmatic” training outcomes
rather than “academic” consideration of the subject. Nevertheless, therange of intellectual property education topics in the work context can be
wide. Interests will include the practical aspects of recognition, protection, exploitation and enforcement of rights: human resource issues; strategic issues; national and international issues. There have been responses from industry to the needs of people already in work wanting tounderstand more about intellectual property. This activity is under thescope of the Center of Lifelong Learning of the Croatian Academy of Engineering.

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

33

References
1. http://public.mzos.hr (accessed on April 23, 2010)
2. http://technology.unizg.hr/tt/english (accessed on April 26, 2010)
3. Soetendorp Ruth (2006) Developing the curriculum for collaborative intellectual
property education. Journal of Information, Law & Technology 1 (Special Issue): 1-18
4. Teaching of Intellectual Property – Principles and Methods (2008) (Y. Takagi, L.
Allman and M.A. Sinjela Eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York
5. Kniewald, Zlatko (1998) Intelektualno vlasništvo i uloga Sveuèilišta. Državnost(publ. Zaklada hrvatskog državnog zavjeta ISSN 1331-3037) 2 (2): 289-298
6. Manual “A Practical Guide to the Models, Processes and Procedures of Technology
and Knowledge Transfer from Universities and Public Research Institutes” (2007)
EU/AEA Technology PLC/Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, Croatia
7. PHARE 2006 Croatia Capacity Building in Technology Transfer Institutions inOrder To Enhance Research Commercialization Activities. Case Studies (2009)
EU/AGMIN (Italy)/ Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, Croatia

Ratko Magjareviæ
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb,
Unska 3, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: ratko.magjarevic@fer.hr
Stanko Tonkoviæ
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb,
Unska 3, Zagreb, Croatia

Biomedical Engineering Worldwide –Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the IFMBE
Abstract
In the past few decades, medicine and health care have changed dramatically and became dependent on high technology in prevention, diagnosis
and treatment of diseases as well as in patient rehabilitation. Modern
biomedical research and health care depend on multidisciplinary teams
in which biomedical engineers equally contribute to the advancement ofknowledge. Biomedical engineering research and development represent(in addition to sustainable power sources) the most rapidly growing
branch of industry in the developed world. The new knowledge won
through the research in basic biomedical engineering (at gene, molecular,
cellular, organ and system level) influences applied research and boosts
new industries, including small and medium size enterprises which bringto the market new products and services for health care delivery. Healthis the major theme of the specific Programme on Cooperation under
the European Seventh Framework Programme, with a total budgetof € 6.1 billion over the duration of FP7. The objective of health researchunder FP7 is to improve the health of European citizens and stir up thecompetitiveness of health-related industries and businesses, while addressing global health issues. Growing technological participation in36

Magjareviæ, R. and Tonkoviæ, S., Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the …

health services has also pointed out the need of hospitals and other medical institutions for support of technologically specialized personnel
trained specially for use of all kinds of high technology devices including
the hospital information systems, networks and their safety and security.
These professionals are trained clinical engineers. Therefore, in Europe
and worldwide the educational system has not only adopted the curricula
for biomedical engineering as well as for clinical engineering but is alsobuilding certification system for biomedical and clinical engineers andthe continuous education (life long learning) structures. The development of biomedical engineering and its affirmation has mainly appearedin the latest 50 years, first as a result of development in electronic industry while later it started developing at its own pace. The first part of thispaper is devoted to the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE), the largest organization of biomedical
engineers in the world. The IFMBE celebrated its 50th anniversary
in 2009. In the second part we would like to review the backgroundand the state of art of biomedical engineering research and education in
Croatia.
Key words: Biomedical engineering, International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, Croatian Medical and Biological Engineering Society, Health Care

Introduction
Biomedical Engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering which
integrates physical, chemical, mathematical, and computational sciencesand engineering principles with the study of biology, medicine, behavior
and health. The fundamentals of biomedical engineering lie in engineering, biology and medicine, and its aim is to improve human health andquality of life. It is important to notice that biomedical engineering advances fundamental concepts and creates knowledge from molecular andcellular level to the level of organs and the body as a system. Research inbiomedical engineering brought new devices, materials, processes and implants as well as new algorithms in signal and information processing
and contributed significantly to the transformation of biology into a numerical science. New technologies are implemented in prevention, prediction, diagnostics and treatment of disease, patient care and rehabilitationand in improving health care and medical practice (Tonkovic, 2004).

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

37

Though evidence of engineering efforts to improve human health can befound very early in human history (like limb prostheses, canes, crutches,
wooden teeth) in this paper the emphasis is given to the development of
biomedical engineering during the last half century, the social impact ofbiomedical engineering worldwide with a look forward into the futureand into human expectations.
This modern history of biomedical engineering is mainly founded on theinvention of the silicon transistor in 1947. The transistor, a small and reliable device as compared to the electronic tubes, enabled development ofa large number of electronic medical devices for hospitals and outdoor
medical facilities. First medical electronic devices were perhaps simple,
but with years they have turned into a complicated equipment like dialysis machines, different equipment for medical imaging, artificial organs
and active implants. An example of fast growing complexity of medical
devices are implantable cardiac pacemakers. Pacemakers were the firstelectronic device ever implanted into a human body and are considered
the most successful therapeutic device ever invented for saving humanlife and improving the quality of life of patients. When the first cardiac
pacemaker was implanted in October 1958, it was a hockey puck size device, it had only one silicon transistor and it was powered by two rechargeable batteries. Though the first model of pacemaker failed after
only a few hours (the patient survived and lived for another 43 years after a series of pacemaker re-implantations), already in 1960, serial production of pacemakers started. During the last 50 years, the implantablecardiac pacemakers have dramatically changed its design and became
sophisticated, automated machines consisting of a computer with computational power of a contemporary personal computer; sensors foracquisition of signals from the patient body and its surrounding; communication circuits that enable exchange of information between the pacemaker and the physician, and finally, an output amplifier that generates
pulses to stimulate the heart. Implantable pacemakers developed in thelast decade enable the adopting of the rate of generated heart stimuli tothe needs of the activity of the patient, i.e. device controlled, but physiological paced heart rate. Furthermore, the batteries developed in the last
decade have the capacity to work properly without recharging for nearly
20 years, implanted in a hermetically sealed casing together with theelectronic circuits into the human body (Magjarevic and Ferek-Petric,2010).
Pacemakers can also serve as an example how biomedical engineeringand other engineering fields supplement each other (Fig. 1).

38

Magjareviæ, R. and Tonkoviæ, S., Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the …

Figure 1. Implantable cardiac pacemakers. A replica of an implantable pacemakerfrom the early generation, Siemens-Elema, (1960) (left) and a modern
implantable pacemaker, Medtronic Kappa KSR 906, (2002) (right).

The titanium technology used today for hermetic encapsulation of
the electronic parts of the pacemaker and of the battery came from theNASA space program, while the lithium battery technology developed forpacemakers is the best candidate for powering electrical cars of the future.
It is however difficult to enumerate all the successful implementations ofbiomedical engineering achievements for health care in such a short article, but the technologies will continue to develop and change due to theexchanged needs of the health care (Andrade, 1994), (Madhavan et al,2008). With the aging society, the health care will transit to patients
home, patients will use e-health and m-health services more (Istepanianand Pattichis, 2006), and it is expected that e-health will empower
the patients due to information present in the Internet. However,
the idea of enhanced use of e-health raises also the questions of safetyof the patients and security of the data (Higson, 2002). A new typeof technologies is being developed, in order to support extended life
expectancy and extended expectancy for prolonged life quality (Dorf,
2006). In such a constantly and rapidly changing environment, it is obvious that an international support and collaboration platform for biomedical engineers and other scientists and professionals in health care is amust.

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering39

1. International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering
The International Federation for Medical
andBiologicalEngineering(IFMBE)(www.ifmbe.org), is primarily a federationof national and transnational organizations(Fig 2.). These organizations represent national interests in medical and biological engineering: building up biomedical engineering and health research and professional networks, exchange of knowledge, fostering international mobility of researchers and students, making medical and engineering
Figure 2. IFMBE logoknowledge and health care available to all.
The objectives of the IFMBE are scientific,
technological, literary, and educational. Within the field of medical, biological and clinical engineering, the aims of IFMBE are to encourage
research and the application of knowledge, to disseminate informationand to promote collaboration.
1.1. 50th Anniversary of the IFMBEThe International Federation was founded in 1959 in Paris in the
UNESCO building during the 2nd International Meeting of engineers, physicians and physicists who were mainly researching and developing in thefield of Medical Electronics, therefore also the initial name International
Federation for Medical Electronics and Biological Engineering. At thattime there were few national biomedical engineering societies. For this reason researchers and professionals in the discipline joined the Federation as
Associates. Later, as national societies were formed, these societies became
affiliates of the Federation. In the mid-sixties, the name was then changed
to International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering.
As the Federation grew, its constituency and objectives changed. In the earlydays of the Federation, clinical engineering already developed as a sub-discipline, and their number in membership became significant. Therefore also
the aims of the IFMBE had to be adopting and besides research and development, clinical engineering was included (David et al, 2003).
In April 2010, the Federation has an estimated number of 120,000 members in 60 affiliated national or transnational BME organizations.

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Magjareviæ, R. and Tonkoviæ, S., Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the …

1.2. International Liaisons
The IFMBE has also achieved a close association with the International
Organization of Medical Physics (IOMP) (www.iomp.org). Since 1976, thetwo organisations have been jointly organizing international conferences
every three years. The two international bodies have established the International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine(IUPESM) (www.iupesm.org) and they act together on international
scene in matters related to health and patients. IUPESM is recognized by
the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) (www.icsu.org),
representing a global membership that includes both national scientificbodies (106 members and associates) and international scientific unions(30 members). The membership of IUPESM in the ICSU is important because it gives visibility and legitimacy to the profession of biomedical engineers and medical physicists. The ICSU starts global projects such as
the inter-union initiative on Science for Health and Well Being which indifferent time periods deal with specific topics, e.g. Science and Technology in the Care of Patients and Persons with Disabilities or The Impact ofTechnology on Hypercommunicable Disease Processes.
During the last decade the IFMBE has successfully promoted biomedical
engineering at conferences and meetings, visited not only by scientists,
but also by political decision makers, representatives of the health caresystems and the medical device industry. Active cooperation of IFMBE
with the World Health Organization (WHO), where IFMBE acst as the
only accredited non-governmental organization (NGO) from the field ofbiomedical engineering, enabled the Federation to present several resolutions which are important for biomedical engineering as a profession andfor technology in medicine in general (WHA, 2007). IFMBE is involved ina number of global initiatives that promote health: the World Alliance forPatient Safety, the Global Health Workforce Alliance, the Health Actions
in Crises Initiative and the Global Health Professions Network. It ispresent in the World Standards Cooperation as the representative of theusers – patients in matters of medical equipment and technology safety
and security matters.
1.3. Research and Publications
IFMBE is primarily a learned society and its aim is to encourage BME research and application of knowledge for the benefit of science and patients. However, it does not fund scientific research projects. In order tocontribute to the exchange of knowledge, the Federation has beenAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

41

publishing since 1962 the peer reviewed journal Medical and BiologicalEngineering and Computing (MBEC), and the electronic version of the
Journal is available on-line (MBEC, 2010). Though MBEC is a “general”
biomedical engineering journal, the editors foster publishing of special
thematic issues, e.g. on Simulation and Modelling (Magjarevic, 2004),
Microbubbles (Cosgrove and Harvey, 2009), Shoulder Biomechanics(Giovanni Cutti and Veeger, 2009) or Arterial Hemodynamics (Avolio etal, 2009). On yearly basis, the Journal awards the best paper published in
MBEC the Nightingale Prize (Spaan, 2007), (Huang et al, 2008). Since
2006, the IFMBE Proceedings Series which covers publication of papers
from IFMBE sponsored conferences and some of the IFMBE endorsed
conferences is also available at the same web site.

2. Biomedical Engineering in Croatia
2.1. Croatian Medical and Biological Engineering Society – a Short History
The Croatian Medical and Biological Engineering Society (CROMBES)(CROMBES, 2010) was founded in 1992, continuing the tradition of the
Croatian Section of the former Yugoslav BME Society (founded in 1984).
The pioneer of biomedical engineering in Croatia is Prof. Ante Šantiæ.
Prof. Šantiæ received his D.Sc. degree in 1966 in electrical engineeringfrom the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering. The application of the parametric amplifiers that Prof. Šantiæ elaborated in histhesis was in recording of bioelectric potentials, in particular in recordingof the potentials of the brain (EEG) (Šantiæ, 1974). As the head of Electronics Laboratory at the Institute of Electrical Engineering in Zagreb,
he worked on the research and development of special electronic instrumentation and started developing medical electronic instrumentation,
particularly electroencephalographs (EEG), in which the Institute became the leading manufacturer in Central Europe. In 1970, he joined theFaculty of Electrical Engineering University of Zagreb as a Professor.
From 1971, he started a new course in Biomedical Electronics andfounded the Biomedical Electronics Laboratory. His research activities
were in the field of special measurement instrumentation and biomedical
electronics and in the latest years of his activity in infrared biotelemetry,non-invasive measurements (blood pressure measurement), gait analysis
and pulse plethysmography (Šantiæ and Neuman, 1977), (Šantiæ, 1991),(Šantiæ et al, 2002). He is the author of two textbooks: “Electronic instrumentation” and “Biomedical Electronics” (Šantiæ, 1995). For his research,42

Magjareviæ, R. and Tonkoviæ, S., Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the …

Prof. Šantiæ was recognized internationally and at the national level. He
was the first European BME researcher to receive the IEEE EMBS Career Achievement Award for his “fundamental and pioneering contributions to the development and construction of EEG, EMG and ENG Instrumentation and for his leadership in creating biomedical engineeringcourses in Europe” in 2003. The EMBS Career Achievement Award ispresented annually to an individual who has made significant contributions through a distinguished career of twenty years or more in the fieldof Biomedical Engineering, as an educator, researcher, developer oradministrator.
2.2. Croatian Medical and Biological Engineering
Society – today
CROMBES has over 100 members – scientists
and experts involved in different scientific fieldsof biomedical engineering and medical physics(Fig 3.). This is rather unusual for most European countries, but it is not an exception (for example, Institute of Physics and Engineering in
Medicine in UK). The successful development of
biomedical engineering in Croatia in the first decade of the 21st century was continued under theleadership of Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ (Fig 4. ). At
the international scene, the key role in develop-

Figure 3. The logo of
the Croatian Medical
and BiologicalEngineering Society

Figure 4. Prof. Tonkoviæ awarded Honorary President of the Croatian Medical
and Biological Engineering Society (Zagreb, February 2010)

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

43

Figure 5. New members of the Administrative Council of the IFMBE(Munich, September 2009)

ing collaboration and research has been played by Prof. Ratko Magjareviæ
who held the office of the Secretary General of the IFMBE from2003-2009 and was elected IFMBE President-Elect in 2009 (Fig. 5).
Dr. Velimir Išgum, Mr. Petar Milièiæ and Dr. Mario Medvedec have made amajor contribution to the development of Clinical Engineering in Croatia
and started building up the conditions for recognizing the profession ofclinical engineer in Croatia. Dr. Medvedec serves also in the Clinical Engineering Division of the IFMBE. Dr. Igor Lackoviæ has joined the Young
Professionals and Career Development Committee of the IFMBE in orderto enable the affirmation of young Croatian experts in the field also internationally. In medical physics, Prof. Mladen Vrtar, Mr. Nenad Kovaèeviæ
and Mr. Tomislav Viculin built the foundations of the profession, which
resulted in the recognition of specialist postgraduate studies in medical
physics and inclusion of Croatian language in the EMITEL Dictionary ofMedical Physics, published on Internet (EMITEL, 2010) and to be
published from Wiley as well.
CROMBES is active in promoting clinical engineering and in cooperation
with IFMBE it has been working on projects for registering and certifying
clinical engineers as well as on preparing a program for their continuous44

Magjareviæ, R. and Tonkoviæ, S., Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the …

education. Within CROMBES, there are three professional sections: Clinical Engineering, Medical Physics, and Biomechanics Section, respectively. They are especially active within the clinical environment. The Society collaborates very closely with the State Office for Standardisationand Metrology, particularly with the Technical Committee TC-62, on theharmonisation of Croatian Standards relevant for medical equipmentwith European and International Standards. Since 2002, CROMBES hasannually presented award for the best diploma paper in the interdisciplinary field of biomedical engineering to students of the University ofZagreb.
2.3. International Liaisons
Since 1993, the Society has been a full member of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) and the European Federation for Medical Physics (EFOMP, 2010). Later the Society affiliated also to the International Organisation for Medical Physics (IOMP,
2010) and the European Alliance for Biomedical Engineering and Science(EAMBES, 2010). CROMBES has been the platform for interdisciplinary
cooperation in biomedical engineering in Croatia and internationally. In
the previous decade, CROMBES has significantly improved international
cooperation with foreign universities through research projects. We havealso organized several international scientific meetings like: 8th International IMEKO Conference on Measurement in Clinical Medicine,
Dubrovnik 1998; 9th Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing-MEDICON 2001, Pula 2001; 1st International Summer School: Applications of ICT in Biomedicine, Dubrovnik
2002; and in cooperation with medical physicists 2nd Austrian, Italian,
Slovenian and Croatian Medical Physics Meeting-AISCMP, in Opatija
2006. In 2010, we supported the 17th International Conference on
Biomagnetism organized in Dubrovnik.
2.4. BME Research in Croatia
Members of CROMBES participate in various Croatian and international
research projects and programs. Among these different projects, we especially emphasize national scientific research projects “Non invasive measurements and methods in biomedicine” and “Intelligent Image Processing and Analysis Methods” endorsed by the Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports of the Republic of Croatia. The projects are based onmodern technologies and have the potential not just for further research

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering45

and development but for the implementation of achievements in clinicalpractice and by industry.
The main research activities in biomedical engineering in Croatia are carried out at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. Research of the Electronic and Biomedical Instrumentation
Group is devoted to biosignal measurement and processing methods (Aliæet al. 2006), in particular of the heart (surface and esophageal ECG)
(Sovilj et al. 2009), muscle (Cifrek et al. 2009), (Medved and Tonkoviæ,2004) and the brain, as well as bioimpedance measurement methods(Lackoviæ and Stare, 2007), (Tonkoviæ, 2001) and instrumentation including characterization of bioelectrodes (Paæelat et al., 2000). The researchof computational modelling of electric (Pavlin et al., 2005) and thermal
effects in tissue during electroporation-based treatments (Lackoviæ et al.,2009) is aimed to develop devices for minimally invasive therapeutic procedures in cancer treatment and for heart therapy (Ferek et al, 1984)(Fig. 6).

Figure 6. New drug delivery technology based on electropermeabilisation. The figure
shows a computer simulation of the increase of temperature around a needle
electrode used for electrochemotherapy (ECT) during the standard ECT protocol.
Mesh generation (left), temperature distribution (right).

Networked sensor systems for physiological parameters monitoring andprocessing of extracted information in order to build up personalised intelligent mobile health systems for health care support represent a new
field of research and development. Research in the Sensors and Electronic Instrumentation Group includes a number of biomedical topics
such as mathematical modeling for extraction of 3-D content from images(Pribaniæ et al. 2010) and methods, algorithms, and software packages
that best implement these models, camera (self) calibration, 3D structured

46

Magjareviæ, R. and Tonkoviæ, S., Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the …

Figure 7. Three dimensional reconstruction using structured light constitutes anactive topic in computer vision, having different applications such as range sensing,biometrics, object recognition, industrial inspection, reverse engineering, 3D map
building and others.

light scanning, image feature extraction, marker tracking, surface registration, computer vision theory and methods for human motion analysis(Fig. 7).
Image Processing Group conducts research in theory and applications forintelligent image processing, pattern recognition and computer vision
methods with applications in medical image analysis and biomedical imaging (Lonèariæ, 2005), (Subašiæ et al, 2005). The main research problems
include image feature extraction, image segmentation, image registration, and motion analysis. Research has been conducted for real-time
intravascular catheter tracking from X-ray image sequences and 3-DAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

47

reconstruction of catheter tip, and in cardiac applications, methods foratlas-based image analysis of aortic outflow velocity profile from ultrasound Doppler images have been developed (Èikeš et al, 2009). Methods
for 3D CT image analysis of abdominal aortic aneurysm have been investigated, as well as segmentation methods for nuclear medicine image
analysis, and methodology for quantitative analysis of intracerebral brain
hemorrhage from CT images (Lonèariæ and Dhawan, 1995).
2.5. BME Education in Croatia
Education in the field of biomedical engineering started in Croatia in theearly 1970s, as a part of biomedical electronics teaching at the Universityof Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing. Today,
courses in biomedical engineering are offered by two Croatian universities. At the University of Zagreb, biomedical engineering is taught at several constituent institutions, while at the University of Split, BME
courses are offered at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, MechanicalEngineering and Naval Architecture. Within higher education reform in
Croatia, we plan to establish a biomedical engineering programme at amaster level in such a way that teaching of different courses is performedat different constituent university institutions and also at other universities from the region. One of our objectives is also to increase the mobilityof teachers and students. These efforts are also supported by the international Tempus project “Curricula Reformation and Harmonization in thefield of Biomedical Engineering” in which 23 higher education or
research institutions are partners.

Conclusion
Biomedical engineers, as all other engineers, have the ability to design
and produce, in their case medical products, devices and systems. BME issmall compared to the traditional engineering fields, like electrical or mechanical engineering, but the number of BM engineers working in research and development is rapidly growing. Most of the BM industry still
relays on electrical and electronic engineering including the currently
fastest developing industries of active implants and mobile health services. New opportunities open in engineering the organisation of large
datasets from biology combining computer based approaches. On thisedge between engineering sciences and biology, an opportunity for new

48

Magjareviæ, R. and Tonkoviæ, S., Biomedical Engineering Worldwide – Celebrating the …

studies and applications open. Research in general is so complex todaythat hardly any research institution can cover all knowledge and skills
necessary for successful outcome of the research goals alone. After 50
years of well institutionalized development of biomedical engineering at
international level, and a little bit shorter development in Croatia, theCroatian engineers and scientists in the field contribute to the growing
knowledge in the field of biomedical engineering.

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and wave analysis in the frequency and time domains: an evaluation of the paradigms. Med Biol Eng Comp. 47, 107-110.
4. Cifrek, M., Medved, V., Tonkoviæ, S., et al. (2009) Surface EMG based muscle fatigue
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Sutherland, G., Bijnens, B. (2009) The shape of the aortic outflow velocity profile revisited. Is there a relation between its asymmetry and ventricular function in coronary artery disease? European journal of echocardiography. 10, 847-857.
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14. Huang, H.H., Lee, Y.H., Chan, H.L., Wang, Y.P., Huang, C.H., Fan, S.Z. (2008) Usinga short-term parameter of heart rate variability to distinguish awake from isoflurane
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17. Istepanian, R.S.H. and Pattichis, C.S. (2006) M-health: emerging mobile health systems, Springer 2006.
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19. Lackoviæ, I., Magjareviæ, R., Miklavèiè, D. (2009) Three-dimensional Finite-element
Analysis of Joule Heating in Electrochemotherapy and in vivo Gene Electrotransfer.
IEEE Trans Diel El Insul. 16, 1338-1347
20. Lackoviæ, I., Stare, Z. (2007) Low-frequency dielectric properties of the oral mucosa.
IFMBE
21. Lonèariæ, S. and Dhawan, A. (1995) 3-D Image Analysis of Intra-cerebral Brain
Hemorrhage from Digitized CT films. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 46, 207-216.
22. Lonèariæ, S. (2005) Virtual Reality in Medicine. Telemedicine Association, Zagreb
2005.
23. Madhavan, G. Oakley, B. and Kun, L. (2008) Career development in bioengineeringand biotechnology, Springer 2008.
24. Magjareviæ, R. (2004) Modelling and simulation in biomedicine. Med Biol Eng Comp.
42, 145.
25. Magjarevicæ, R., Ferek-Petriæ, B. (2010) Implantable Cardiac Pacemakers-50 Yearsfrom the First Implantation. Zdrav ves Slo Med J. 79, 55-67.
26. MBEC (2010) Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing,< www.springer.com/ifmbe > (accessed March 10, 2010).
27. Medved, V., Tonkoviæ, S. (1991) Method to evaluate the skill level in fast locomotion
through myoelectric and kinetic signal analysis. Med Biol Eng Comp. 29, 406-412
28. Paæelat, E., Magjareviæ, R., Išgum, V. (2000) Measurement of electrode-tissue interface characteristics during high current transcranial pulse electrical stimulation.
Measurement, 27, 133-143.
29. Pavlin M., Kanduser M., Reberšek M., Pucihar G., Hart FX., Magjareviæ R.,
Miklavèiè D., (2005) Effect of cell electroporation on the conductivity of a cell suspension, Biophysical Journal. 88, 4378-90.
30. Pribaniæ, T., Džapo, H., Salvi, J. (2010) Efficient and Low-Cost 3D Structured Light
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31. Šantiæ, A . (1974) Input admittance of low-frequency parametric amplifiers. Med Biol
Eng. 12, 549-553
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Biomed Eng. 18, 289-309.
33. Šantiæ, A., Bilas, V., Lackoviæ, I. (2002) A system for force measurements in feet andcrutches during normal and pathological gait. Per Biol. 104, 305-310.
34. Šantiæ, A., Neuman M. R. (1977) Low input voltage DC-DC converter for implanted
electronic circuits. J Bioeng. 1, 357-367
35. Šantiæ, A., (1995) Biomedicinska elektronika. Školska knjiga. Zagreb 1995.
36. Sovilj, S., Van Oosterom, A., Rajsman, G., Magjareviæ, R. (2010) ECG Based Prediction of Atrial Fibrillation Development Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.
Phys. Meas. 31, 663-677.
37. Spaan, J.A. (2007) The Nightingale Prize for the best scientific paper published in
MBEC 2006. Med Biol Eng Comp. 45, 1161–1162.
38. Subašiæ, M., Lonèariæ, S., Sorantin, E. (2005) Model-based quantitative AAA image
analysis using a priori knowledge. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine.
80, 103-114.
39. Tonkoviæ, S. (2001) Diagnostic efficiency of bioimpedance measurements. IFMBE
Proceedings, 1, 66-69.
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Acad. Eng. 2004, 109-116
41. World Health Assembly, Resolution WHA 60.29. Health Technologies, 2007.

Miljenko Lapaine
Faculty of Geodesy at the University of Zagreb,Kaèiæeva 26, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: mlapaine@geof.hr
Tomislav Malviæ
INA-Industry of Oil, E&P of Oil and Gas, Sector for geology and reservoir management,Šubiæeva 29, Zagreb, Croatia
andFaculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia

Geomathematics Between Mathematics
and Geosciences

Abstract
The term geomathematics is nowadays often recognized in manygeosciences and even in titles of societies, books and journals. Althoughmost engineers and scientists know the term’s root and fields in which it
can be applied, there is an issue of whether it is a group of mathematicalmethods mostly applied in geosciences or an individual geoscience. Several
texts about geomathematics are already published in Croatian scientific
literature, and one thematic paper was published in “Vijesti” of the Croatian Geological Society in 2007. Geomathematics has since then been extensively applied in Croatian geosciences and a significant number of papers and books have also been published in individual fields belonging togeomathematics. We wish to determine the term in Croatian scientific terminology through extensive description and discussion.
Key words: mathematics, geomathematics, geosciences, Earth sciences

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Lapaine, M. and Malviæ, T.: Geomathematics between Mathematics and Geosciences

1. Geosciences or Earth Sciences
When we say the word geosciences, apparently everybody know what weare talking about, but defining the term is not easy.
Geosciences are also known as geoscience, Earth science or Earth sciences. It is a term for all sciences related to the planet Earth. Geosciences
study atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere, land and planet structure.
Geosciences, using knowledge from physics, chemistry, geology, biology
and mathematics, try to understand how the Earth system works andhow it has evolved. Generally, following scientific fields are included ingeosciences (mostly according to URL 1):• Geology describes rocky parts of the Earth lithosphere and their (geological) history, but also interaction with astenosphere and core. Main
disciplines of geology are: geochemistry, geology of mineral ore deposits,
geomorphology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, mathematical geology, mineralogy, palaeontology, petrology, stratigraphy, structural geology, sedimentology, and tectonics.

• Geophysics and geodesy explore the shape of the Earth, its relation todifferent physical forces, magnetic and gravitational fields. Geophysicists explore Earth’s structure (from lithosphere to inner core), as wellas tectonic and seismic activities.

• Pedology (soil science) studies Earth’s surface, where soil is formed.
• Oceanography and hydrography (including limnology) describe Earth’s
parts covered with water (or hydrosphere). Main subdisciplines are
physical, chemical and biological oceanography.

• Glaciology includes studying icy parts of the Earth or cryosphere.
• Atmosphere sciences include research of gaseous parts of the Earth oratmosphere between the Earth’s surface and the exosphere (about 1000
km). Main subdisciplines are meteorology, climatology, atmosphericchemistry and atmospheric physics.

• A very important connecting sphere is biosphere, which is the subject of
biological research. Biosphere is composed of all life forms, fromone-cell organisms, plants to humans. Interactions with other Earth’s
spheres create conditions which make life possible.
The above list (URL 1) is obviously incomplete, because it is missing
geotechnics, geomechanics, geography, etc. In addition, it is very interesting how sciences are classified (areas, fields, branches) in Croatia. In accordance with the Regulation on Scientific and Artistic Areas, Fields andAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

53

Branches (National Council for Science, 2008), field 1.03. Geoscienceswere in the area of natural sciences and were divided into following
branches:
1.03.01 Geography
1.03.02 Geophysics
1.03.03 Geology
1.03.04 Mineralogy
1.03.05 Science about sea
1.03.06 Science about environment
It is interesting geodesy was not classified as a geoscience, but as a special field in area of technical sciences. Geography was only partially described as a geoscience, because social geography with demography was aspecial field in the area of interdisciplinary sciences. Geophysics, as anapplied part of physics, was not in the field of physics, but in the field ofgeosciences. At the same time, physics was described as a special field in
the area of natural sciences. According to the new Regulation about Scientific and Artistic Areas, Fields and Branches (National Council for Science, 2009), the field of geosciences do not exist any more. New fields ofgeology and geophysics were formed. The field 1.03 Geology is divided
into two branches:
1.03.0. Geology and Palaeontology
1.03.02 Mineralogy and Petrology
The new field 1.06 Geophysics has four branches:
1.06.01 Meteorology with Climatology
1.06.02 Physical oceanography
1.06.03 Seismology and physics of the Earth interior
1.06.04 Other geophysical disciplines
Thus, geophysics is not a part of physics but a special field, like physics.
Geography was previously divided between geosciences (physical geography) and social geography plus demography (which was a field in the areaof interdisciplinary sciences). According to the new Regulation, geography is a special field in the area of interdisciplinary sciences. The last article of the Regulation reads: “… these Regulations can be changed or extended depending on needs in particular scientific areas, fields andbranches.” It seems reasonable, regarding all mentioned, for informal
events and occasions, to accept the definition of the term geosciences
which includes all scientific disciplines about the Earth, regardless offields and branches in the official classification of sciences in Croatia.

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Lapaine, M. and Malviæ, T.: Geomathematics between Mathematics and Geosciences

2. What is Geomathematics?
If we accept that geophysics is a scientificdiscipline which studies physical phenomena on the Earth and that geochemistry isa scientific discipline which studies thechemical composition of the Earth, thequestion is – what is geomathematics?
The Croatian Geological Society has recently published the Geomathematical Dictionary in Croatian (MALVIÆ et al. 2008).
The term geomathematics is not explicitly
defined in the dictionary. However, thefirst author also published a special paper
about geomathematics in the “Vijesti” of
the Croatian Geological Society (MALVIÆ,2007). According to the paper, geomathematics is a set of mathematical methods applied in geology, and can be divided in three subdisciplines: “classical” statistics, geostatistics and neural networks.
Similar thoughts can be read in the paper titled Geomathematics in Hungarian geology written by Academician György Bárdossy of the Hungarian Academic of Sciences (URL 2):“The application of mathematical methods has a long tradition in Hungary. The main bases of geomathematics are the universities of the country, more closely the departments related to geology, such as general geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, structural geology, mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, hydrogeology and applied geology. The Hungarian
Geological Survey, the Geological Institute of Hungary and the Geochemical Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences are institutions where geomathematical methods found broad applications. Finally, some mining and exploration companies, like the Hungarian Oil
Company (MOL), the Bakony Bauxite Mining Company and others are
regularly using geomathematical methods, mainly for the evaluation of
exploration results, for deposit and reservoir modelling and for the estimation of resources.”
In dictionaries, including Internet sources, it is quite difficult to find theterm geomathematics. According to URL 3, geomathematics is theAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

55

application of mathematics and computer techniques in geology, and is alternatively named mathematical geology. Some questions logically arise,such as:a) Can geomathematics be considered a geoscience?
b) Is geomathematics a part of mathematics?
c) Is it valid to relate the term geomathematics exclusively to geology?
We are going to try to answer these questions in following chapters.

3. Geophysics and Geomathematics
Geophysics belongs to geosciences and physics at the same time. Mathematical geophysics is the development and application of mathematicalmethods and techniques in solving geophysical problems (URL 4). The
term is analogous to, for example, mathematical geology. However, one
may ask why these fields are not named geophysical mathematics andgeological mathematics?
The paper titled Geophysics and Geomathematics in Hungary by Laszlo
Cserepes from the Geophysical Department of the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest (URL 5) states:“Geomathematics, a special application of mathematical statistics toEarth science problems, aims in general at the extraction of geologicalobjects from “noisy” data sets (data including random errors). In a
broad sense, this is also the basic goal of field geophysics, and this factsuggests a very close relationship between geophysics and geomathematics.
Geophysicists have long been using various mathematical methods basedon probability theory, information theory and mathematical statistics inorder to evaluate their field measurements. Traditionally they use theterm “geophysical data processing” for this collection of data evaluation
methods, but it would not be a big mistake to say “geomathematics” instead.
Notwithstanding, geophysical data processing has its own specialities,
and not just because the objects of geophysical prospecting are different
from, say, those of mineralogy or petrology. There are some specialities

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Lapaine, M. and Malviæ, T.: Geomathematics between Mathematics and Geosciences

related to the methodological approach. In most geophysical data processing problems, the physical field of the geological object, which is investigated by a particular kind of geophysical measurements, is calculated
from a deterministic physical theory, and these deterministically obtained
theoretical values are contrasted with the stochastic data obtained in thefield measurement. In this way, geophysical data processing mostly aims
at an explicit physical model fitting, and the mathematical methods usedin this process are selected according to this basic goal.
Data processing in the above sense is now an everyday routine in most
Hungarian institutions where geophysics is pursued, including university
departments, reserach institutes, industrial laboratories and private geophysical companies.”.
The paper continues with brief descriptions of application areas ofmathematics in geophysics in Hungary. They include the modelling theory, i.e. fitting models to measurements and modelling error distributions, estimation of statistical parameters, filtering and processing
images.
According to the presented material, it can be concluded that geophysics
is a scientific discipline which studies physical phenomena on the Earth.
Mathematical geophysics is a (science) scientific discipline which connects mathematics and geophysics. It is the application of mathematics ingeophysical problems and development of mathematical methods appropriate for such applications and defining geophysical theories.
By analogy, it can be concluded that geology is a scientific discipline
which studies rocky parts of the Earth lithosphere and their geologicalhistory, but also their interaction with astenosphere and core. Mathematical geology is a (science) scientific discipline engaged in connecting
mathematics and geology. It is the application of mathematics in geological problems and development of mathematical methods appropriate forsuch applications and defining geological theories.
Geodesy is a technique and science engaged in measuring and mapping
the Earth surface, determination of the Earth shape and its gravitational
field. Mathematical geodesy is a (science) scientific discipline applied inconnecting mathematics and geodesy. It is the application of mathematics
in geodetic problems and development of mathematical methods appropriate for such application and formulating geodetic theories.

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering57

We could continue using analogies for pairs geography – mathematical
geography, cartography – mathematical cartography, etc.
In short, this means that geomathematics for geologists represents theapplication of mathematics in geology, for geophysicists it is the application of mathematics in geophysics, etc. (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Relation between geomathematics and mathematical geodisciplines

4. Geomathematics and Geomathematicians in Societies and Groups
Following subchapters present some societies involved with the application of geomathematical methods, their popularization, organization ofthematic congresses and publishing. All of them can be found on theInternet easily. Most of them had influence on Croatian geomathematics.
4.1. International Association for Mathematical Geosciences
International Association for Mathematical Geosciences (IAMG) is a professional, multidisciplinary society with about 600 members from morethan 40 countries. Its mission is to promote development in mathematics,
statistics and informatics in geosciences in the world. In order to reachthe goal, IAMG has following activities:

58

Lapaine, M. and Malviæ, T.: Geomathematics between Mathematics and Geosciences• Organizing meetings with brief seminars, field trips and other activities• Publishing books and journals about application of mathematics in geology (emphasis on geology was significantly greater in the past, when
the Society was mostly oriented toward geology)• Cooperating with other professional societies involved with the application of mathematics and statistics in science and engineering.
IAMG was established at the 23rd International
Geological Congress in Prague in 1968. Its first title
was the International Association for Mathematical
Geology. IAMG publishes a newsletter twice a year
and organizes annual conferences. The society website is http://www.iamg.org (URL 6). The next international IAMG conference is going to be held from
August 29 to September 2, 2010 in the facilities of
Eötvös Lóránd University in Budapest (URL 7). The
Society publishes three international journals:“Mathematical Geosciences” (previously “Mathematical Geology”), “Computers & Geosciences” and “Natural Resources
Research”. All journals are cited in the Current Contents database.
It is interesting to analyse the Society’s name. Translated to Croatian,the term “mathematical geosciences” is very interesting. What are mathematical geosciences?
4.2. Working Group for Geomathematics in Kaiserslautern, Germany
The Working Group for Geomathematics (in German “Die Arbeitsgruppe
Geomathematik der Technischen Universität Kaiserslautern”, abbr. “TU
Kaiserslautern – AG Geomathematik”) was established in response to
many applications caused by the technological progress. It resulted inchanges of observational and measurement methods in all areas of engineering in geosciences. Contemporary computers and satellite techniques
have had an increasing significance in geosciences. Accuracy of observations is greater, which means processing requires appropriate mathematical models, approximation techniques, analytical and numerical methods.
This gives greater significance to geomathematics, i.e. application ofmathematics in geosciences. The work group for geomathematics set
themselves a task of building a bridge between mathematical theories
and geotechnical applications. Special emphasis was put on exchange ofthoughts between mathematicians involved in mathematics applications

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering59

and more interested in modelling, theory and approximations, i.e. numerical problems on one side and on the other, engineers more involved
in measurement techniques, data processing methods and applicationof methods and software. Research of the work group is presented in
Figure 2.

Figure 2. Schematic review of geomathematical tools and problems(taken from URL 7)

According to Figure 2, geomathematics encompasses mathematical approach to problems of geophysics and geodesy. The work group researches following areas in particular:• Special function of mathematical physics• Partial differential equations• Constructive approximations• Regularization of inversion problems• Numerical method (development and application)• Scientific computing
The Working Group for Geomathematics also organizes workshops at the
University of Kaiserslautern. For example, a workshop in celebration of
the 60th birthday of Prof. Dr. Willi Freeden was held from July 2 to 4,
2008. More information about the Group’s activities can be found at
URL 7.

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Lapaine, M. and Malviæ, T.: Geomathematics between Mathematics and Geosciences

4.3. Geomathematical Section of the Hungarian Geological Society
The Geomathematical Section of the Hungarian Geological Society has along tradition and very strong international activities. Its membership isinternational, and one member of the Managing Board is from Croatia.
Activities of the section, as well efforts of the Section’s chairman, Prof.
Dr. János Geiger initiated the establishment of the Croatian Geomathematical Section in 2007.
Probably greatest activities of the Hungarian Geomathematical Section
are related to organization of congresses of Hungarian geomathematics
traditionally held as activities of the Geological Department of the University of Szeged in the town of Mórahalom. The 13th congress of Hungarian geomathematics was already held in 2009, as well as the 2nd Croatian-Hungarian Geomathematical Congress.
Activities of the Society are the best illustrated with congress subjects,
including: (1) applied geomathematics, geostatistics and integrated geoscience models, (2) geophysical applications, (3) theoretical approaches ofgeomathematics and geostatistics, (4) hydrological and hydrogeologicalapplications, (5) environmental protection and nuclear waste disposal, (6)petrology, (7) meteorological, climatologic and landscape ecological models, (8) stratigraphical applications, basin analysis and correlation, (9) hydrocarbon geology and engineering, (10) GIS applications.
4.4. Geomathematical Section of the Croatian Geological Society
The Geomathematical Section was established within
the Croatian Geological Society (CGS) in the 2007.
This was institutionalization of activities stimulated bydevelopment of geomathematics within Croatian geology. In addition, it was a result of several years of cooperation with the Geomathematical Section of the Hungarian Geological Society. Geology was considered adominantly natural science, and geomathematics canconnect it to “the queen” of natural sciences – mathematics, making thegeological view of the world and events in subsurface more exact (URL 8). It
was the main incentive for geologists to establish the mentioned Section,
who wished to practice mathematical methods in their work more. They
also issued three books about geomathematics (two of them were publishedby the Section) and organized two Croatian-Hungarian geomathematicalcongresses in the town of Mórahalom in the south of Hungary.

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The Geomathematical Section also gives two types of awards. One ofthem is the Annual Award (in the form of a diploma) for the best paper,
thesis or book published by section member(s) in the last year. The second is the Section Medal, which is given for extraordinary achievement in
Croatian geomathematics.

5. Geomathematical Publications
Geomathematical literature is very comprehensive if we count publications published in one of its disciplines such as geostatistics or neuralnetworks. Publications with the word “geomathematics” in the title areless frequent, and here are publications more popular or read in Croatia.
5.1. International Journal on Geomathematics
The International Journal on Geomathematics (GEM) is published by
Springer, ISSN 1869-2672 (printed version) and ISSN 1869-2680 (electronic
version). Willi Freeden is the Editor-in-Chief. The journal presents papers related to mathematics applied in geoscience problems, i.e. field ofgeomathematics, which is becoming increasingly important. Two reasons canbe outlined. The first is contemporary fast computers and satellite techniques,
becoming increasingly incorporated into all geosciences. The second is the increasing public interest for the future of the Earth, its climate, environment
and lack of natural resources. Efficient strategies for planet protection change
the way new data are received from land masses, oceans, atmosphere and theSpace. It also explains the need for new mathematical tools, methods and approaches. Generally, the GEM journal publishes mathematical papers about:• Modelling of the Earth’s system (geosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere, biosphere),• Analytical, algebraic and operator-theoretical methods and• Calculation methods and numerical analysis necessary for mathematical processing of geoscience problems.
5.2. Journal of Hungarian Geomathematics
The Journal of Hungarian Geomathematics (abbr. JHG) is dedicated togathering researchers in geosciences using geomathematical tools. JHG
is available on the Internet with free access. The main idea is a journal
with flexible and simple access and quick publishing possibilities.

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Lapaine, M. and Malviæ, T.: Geomathematics between Mathematics and Geosciences

The term “geosciences” is used in the broadest sense, including everything focused at Earth processes. According to this, published papers
come from fields of geology, geophysics, geomorphology, hydrology,
pedology, remote sensing and GIS. The term “geomathematics” suggested authors that only application of mathematics and/or geostatistics
was expected. Prof. Dr. János Geiger was Editor-in-Chief (URL 10), andsince 2009, the journal has been associated with another Hungarian journal named “Central European Geology” published by Akadémiai Kiadó,
while it was known as “Acta Geologica Hungarica” before January 1,
2007. Papers in “Central European Geology” are published in English
and bibliographic signs are ISSN 1788-2281 (printed version) and ISSN
1789-3348 (electronic version). Prof. Dr. János Haas is Editor-in-Chief.
5.3. Monograph “Progress in Geomathematics”
The monograph “Progress in Geomathematics” was published by
Springer (Springer News, 2008), and it includes 28 papers dedicated to
the 50th anniversary of publishing in geomathematics by Prof. Dr. Frits
Agterberg. Prof. Agterberg published his first paper in 1958, and continuously works and publishes papers in a wide range of subjects particularly
important to practitioners in geomathematics. He was the president of
IAMG between 2004 and 2008. The following fields are included in themonograph: (1) spatial analysis in estimation of mineral ores, (2) quantitative stratigraphy, (3) non-linear multi-fractal models, (4) complex data
analyses, (5) time-series analyses, (6) image analyses and (7) geostatistics.
5.4. “Handbook of Geomathematics”
The “Handbook of Geomathematics” was announced to be published in August 2010. It is edited
by W. Freeden, M. Z. Nashed and Th. Sonar. The
publication intends to fulfil emptiness in the area ofbasic literature in this field, putting together contemporary geomathematical knowledge and giving areview of concepts and theories, term definitions,biographical reminders and a general review of
geomathematics.
The handbook was created as an answer to events from the last three decades, when geosciences were influenced by two important scenarios.

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First, the technological progress completely changed techniques of observation and measurement. Contemporary, very fast computers and techniques based on satellite data are being increasingly incorporated. Second, public concern for the planet’s future, climate, environment and expected lack of natural resources has increased. Obviously, both aspects
ask for efficient strategies of protection against the Earth’s changes.
Also, obtaining better data from the Earth’s land, oceans, atmosphereand the Space explains needs for new mathematical structures, tools andmethods. Mathematics applied in geoscience problems, i.e. geomathematics, has become increasingly important. The “Handbook of Geomathematics” is going to be one of the central publications in that fieldand encompass 1000 pages in following chapters: (1) main techniques forobserving and measurements, (2) modelling of the Earth system(geosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere), (3) analytical, algebraic and operator-theoretical methods, (4) statistical and stochastic methods, (5) methods of calculation and numerical analysis and(6) historical base and future perspectives. This book is intended formathematicians and geoscientists (URL 11).

6. Geomathematics in the Teaching Process
Particular parts of geomathematics, e.g. geostatistics, are instructed inseveral faculties in Croatia, as well as abroad. Our intention is to give a
brief review, so only subjects named exactly Geomathematics are mentioned.
The course GG/OCN 312 Geomathematics is registered (URL 12) at the
University of Hawai’i at Manoa. In the autumn of 2009, the course
included: introduction and review, regular differential equations, linear
algebra and vector analysis. The goal was introduction of several mathematical subjects important in science and engineering with application
to the Earth science and oceanography. Students were expected tohave mathematical knowledge necessary for making scientific researchin the areas of fluid dynamics, ecosystems, computer modelling, etc. In
addition, the course included learning skills of numerical program packages such as Matlab(TM). The course is taught in 13 weeks, 3 hours per
week.
The Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb has the course
Geomathematics at the master level study. It is optional, i.e. a student

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Lapaine, M. and Malviæ, T.: Geomathematics between Mathematics and Geosciences

can decide whether to enrol the course. The course includes: mathematics and GPS, networks, random variables and covariance’s matrices,non-linear problems, linear algebra and least-square methods, problems
with explicit solutions, GPS, data collection and GPS, Kalman filters.
Students need to learn how to connect mathematical theory, geodesy andGPS. The entire course is presented in 15 weeks, including 2 hours of lectures and 2 hours of exercises per week.
The Department of Geography of the University of Zadar planned tostart the course Geomathematics at the master study with the content:
mathematical logic, probability, statistics, random variable, laws of distribution, planning of statistical research, collecting and processing statistical data, data distribution in classes and thematic cartography, frequency
and relative frequency, arithmetic and other types of mean, standard deviation, review of statistical documentation, statistical information on
the Internet, statistical software, statistical analysis of geospatial data,
geostatistics, variogram, kriging, regularization of spatial variable applied to a digital relief model, analysis of trend, method of moving average, approximation with a polynomial, trigonometric functions andsplines, correlation, regression analysis and linear regression. The course
was planned to start in the academic year 2009/2010, but the educational
plan was changed and it was not included in the graduate program of the
Department for Geography any more.

7. Conclusion
Based on presented material, the following definition is proposed:
Geomathematics or mathematical geoscience is a (science) scientificdiscipline that connects mathematics and geosciences (Figure 3). It is theapplication of mathematics in geoscientific problems and development ofmathematical methods appropriate for such applications and defining
geoscientific theories. The scientific discipline studies the mathematicalnature of events and processes on, in and around the Earth.
Maybe the statement that geomathematics is a geoscience can be
unusual, but the fact is that geomathematics is not applied only bymathematicians, already mostly by geoscientists, i.e. professionals who do
not use mathematics as the basic field of activities. Moreover, if geophysics and geochemistry can be separated as particular geosciences, theAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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Figure 3. Relation between mathematics, geomathematics and geosciencessame rule can be also applied to geomathematics without a problem. It
is probably not necessary to describe the fact that geomathematics is
a part of mathematics. On the other side, mathematical geodesy, mathematical geology, mathematical cartography, mathematical geophysics,
mathematical geography and other mathematical geosciences are a partof geomathematics. However, these disciplines emphasize the applicationof mathematical methods in geosciences, while geomathematics emphasizes application in addition to theoretical development of mathematicalmethods and techniques which can subsequently be applied in geosciences.
Finally, it bears repeating that geomathematics does not need to be connected only to geology or considered a synonym for mathematical geology.
Many fields in mathematics are successfully applied in geosciences, e.g.
geodesy, geophysics, oceanography, geography, geochemistry and others,
making possible the acceptance of the term geomathematics in officialclassifications and nomenclatures.

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References
1. MALVIÆ, T. (2007): Geomathematics (in Croatian). Herald of the Croatian Geological Society, 44, 1, Zagreb.
2. MALVIÆ, T., CVETKOVIÆ, M. and BALIÆ, D. (2008): Geomathematical Dictionary(in Croatian). Croatian Geological Society, Geomathematical section, 74 p., Zagreb.
3. National council for science (2008): Regulations about scientific and artistic areas,
fields and branches (in Croatian). Narodne novine, 78, 8, Zagreb.
4. National council for science (2009): Regulations about scientific and artistic areas,
fields and branches (in Croatian). Narodne novine, 118, Zagreb.
5. Springer News (2008): Bonham-Carter, G., Cheng, Q. (eds.): Progress inGeomathematics, Springer News 9/2008, Earth Sciences / Geography, 103.

Internet sources
1. URL 1: Earth Science, Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science (29. 12. 2009.)
2. URL 2: Bárdossy, G.: Geomathematics in Hungarian Geology, Journal of Hungarian
Geomathematics, Vol. 1, 1-4.
http://ttkde4.sci.u-szeged.hu/foldtan/geomatematikai_szakosztaly/JHG/default.htm(29. 12. 2009.)
3. URL 3: Dictionary.com’s 21st Century Lexicon
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geomathematics (29. 12. 2009.)
4. URL 4: Geophysics, Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics (29. 12. 2009.)
5. URL 5: Cserepes, L.: Geophysics and Geomathematics in Hungary, Journal of Hungarian Geomathematics, Vol. 1, 5-6
http://ttkde4.sci.u-szeged.hu/foldtan/geomatematikai_szakosztaly/JHG/default.htm(29. 12. 2009.)
6. URL 6: International Association for Mathematical Geosciences – IAMG
http://www.iamg.org (29. 12. 2009.)
7. URL 7: AG Geomathematik, TU Kaiserslautern
http://www.mathematik.uni-kl.de/~wwwgeo/research_ger.html (29. 12. 2009.)
8. URL 8: Geomathematical section of the Croatian Geological Society
http://www.geologija.hr/geomat.php (29. 12. 2009.)
9. ULR 9: GEM – The International Journal on Geomathematics
http://www.springer.com/math/applications/journal/13137 (29. 12. 2009.)
10. URL 10: Journal of Hungarian Geomathematics
http://ttkde4.sci.u-szeged.hu/foldtan/geomatematikai_szakosztaly/JHG/default.htm(29. 12. 2009.)

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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11. URL 11: Handbook of Geomathematics
http://www.springer.com/math/applications/book/978-3-642-01547-2 (29. 12. 2009.)
12. URL 12: Geomathematics at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses/OCN312/syllabusFall2009.pdf(29. 12. 2009.)

Note
A similar text in Croatian was submitted to the “Vijesti” of the Croatian
Geological Society. It is going to be published in the June 2010 issue. This
text is a partially different work, intended for a different type of journal
and reader audience.

Tomislav Malviæ
INA – Oil Industry Plc., Oil and Gas E&P, Geology and Reservoir Management,Šubiæeva 29, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: tomislav.malvic@ina.hr
andUniversity of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering,
Department for Geology and Geological Engineering,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia

Geostatistics as a Group of Methods
for Advanced Mapping of Geological Variables
in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Abstract
Geostatistics is a well-known and advanced mapping tool in geology of hydrocarbon reservoirs as well as in geosciences in general. It offers a lot ofdifferent methods and techniques for mapping of all geological variables
that could define a subsurface volume with oil and gas reserves. Thesevariables can be obtained from all types of measurements in petroleum industry, like seismic, well cores or well logs. In the last decade, many reservoirs of different lithologies (clastics, carbonate, metamorphic) had been
mapped by kriging and cokriging (as deterministic methods) as well as by
Sequential Gaussian Simulations (as a stochastic method) in the Croatianpart of the Pannonian Basin System. The results gave more detailed insight in reservoir space, i.e. more precisely outlined petrophysical parameters of reservoirs, the role of faults and the borders of the field structures.
It emphasised the recommendation for using geostatistics in reservoir
analysis, especially in the development phase when more data are70

Malviæ, T.: Geostatistics as a Group of Methods for Advanced Mapping of …

available, for all types of lithologies, but especially in sandstone andbreccia-conglomerate reservoirs with dominant primary porosity. This setof mapping methods can be considered as an advanced mapping tool.
Key words: hydrocarbon reservoirs, geostatistics, kriging, stochastic
simulations

1. Short Review of Geostatistics Hystory
In the world petroleum companies and in most of prominent universities
with chairs for oil and gas, geostatistics is a standard tool implemented inhydrocarbon reservoir characterisation, i.e. for estimation and mappingof geological variables in the subsurface. Most geostatisticians use the basic division of geostatistical methods into the three groups: (a) methods
for spatial analysis (with variogram as the most often such method), (b)interpolation methods (kriging and cokriging) and (c) stochastic simulations (conditional and unconditional, and sequential and indicator).
Moreover, contemporary terminology distinguishes the terms “method”
and “technique”, e.g. kriging is a method, but Simple Kriging is a technique. Also, the word “tool” often can be used as a synonym for method,stressing the fact that each geostatistical method is also an engineering
tool for mapping.
Historically, the term “geostatistics” had been established by Prof. Georges Mathéron and his colleagues from the high school in Fontainebleau,
France, describing methods developed for estimations of gold concentration in mines, and later for other ores. Such idea had been developed
mostly independently from dominant works and papers in the field of
spatial statistics in that time, using own, original terminology and style.
Mathéron published the first results of his research in the doctoral thesis
and several papers from the 1960s (Mathéron, 1962, 1963, 1965). These
works are still considered as the milestones in geostatistics and are often
cited. It was the first time that kriging was described as a mathematicalmethod, which is still considered as the best tool for deterministic estimation of a variable in space. As it was mentioned, kriging (then still an unnamed method) had first been applied in mapping of gold ore in South African mines, for the problem of ore dispersed in nuggets. It had been
done by Krige (1951), and in his honour the method had been called“kriging”. Mathéron was the first who showed kriging theory as anequivalent of the least squares method applied to a linear Gaussian

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model, which was later well explained in many books like Journel &Huijbregts (1978), because Journel was a Mathéron student and later thefounder of geostatistics at Stanford University. Somewhat earlier, Davis& Sampson (1973) published one of the most famous works in the field of
application of statistics and data analysis in geology. Authors presented
most of statistical tools that geologists usually use, describing not only
advanced analytical methods like multivariate analysis or time-series
analysis, but also geostatistical tools like kriging. Furthermore, Brian
Ripley in his first book about geostatistics (Ripley, 1981) explicitly
showed a connection between the least squares method and the linear
Gaussian model. Years later, Noël Cressie (Cressie, 1991) describedgeostatistics as one of the three main fields of spatial statistics. Other
two are discrete spatial variation and spatial point processes. Here wealso need to mention first geostatistical books in Croatia, as well as thefirst dissertation on the theory and application of variogram analysis in
Croatian hydrocarbon reservoirs. In 2003 (Malviæ, 2003) published his
PhD thesis presenting one-dimensional variogram analysis of porosityand permeability data from cores taken from the sandstone reservoirs of
Miocene age in the Bjelovar Subdepression.
It was followed by Andrièeviæ et al. (2007), which published a book at theFaculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture in Split titled “Geostatistics: skill of spatial analysis”. They described the history of geostatistics
as well as deterministic and stochastic modelling methods. The book includes a lot of nice examples, mostly calculated and interpolated from different measured data of parameters mostly for underground waters andaquifers. Very soon, it was followed by the book (Malviæ, 2008) “Application of geostatistics in geological data analysis” where author gave reviews of the most often applied geostatistical theory in the analysis of oil
and gas reservoirs as well as many examples. They included variograms,
maps interpolated by kriging and cokriging methods and Sequential
Gaussian Simulations. Results are given for different reservoir lithologies
in the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System.

2. Geostatistics in Hydrocarbon Reservoir Characterisation
The beginning of the use of (geo)statistics is linked to the period of ‘contemporary reservoir characterisation’, which started in the early 1980s.
Moreover, use of geostatistics and statistics in the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs is closely connected, which is normal

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because geostatistics is based on some basic statistical values and procedures of application of statistics in data processing for exploration andproduction of hydrocarbons (e.g. Jensen et al., 2000).
The need for new and improved characterisation methods arose as a result of very simplified figures of subsurface used in petroleum industry. It
is very strange, because the field of hydrocarbon exploration and production attracted the high-level experts and huge financial funds. Disadvantages had been especially noticeable in describing reservoir characteristics in inter-well area. There interpolated values often were not confirmed, in acceptable ranges, with new wells, injected chemical fluids orwater rose in unexpected locations or too early, and recovery was often
less than expected. It is why geologists and petroleum engineers started
to study some other scientific disciplines, primarily geostatistics and statistics, as tools for models improving, introducing uncertainties that
could be described.
Furthermore, natural laws are mostly described purely deterministically,
but then there exist huge limitations in their application in subsurface
conditions, because engineer knowledge about reservoirs includes moreor less unknown variables with stochastic properties. It is especially valid
for clastic rocks as lithologies with the majority of reservoirs. Clastic sedimentation is the result of numerous processes that lasted for long periods
and are responsible for the texture and structure of reservoir sediments(e.g. granulometry and sorting of clastics) as well as petrophysical properties. It was just this complexity of natural processes and their results in
subsurface that pointed out geostatistics and statistics as disciplines that‘make order’ in different measurements and datasets. Eventually suchapproach led to rules and regularities expressed through the values ofvariance, mean value, variograms etc. Using geostatistics, geologicalmodel can be upgraded in a detailed object-based model, describing reservoir architecture and/or distribution of reservoir variables. In fact, reservoir geostatistics had been developed in three directions, depending on
the school and the country where it was studied. The first emphasised
the importance of object modelling for describing reservoir facies, and themain work had been done in Norway. American school (Stanford) mainly
worked at the development and application of different techniques of indicator and sequential simulations. The third initiative came from
French Institute for Petroleum, abbr. IFP-a (in French Institut françaisdu pétrole), where methods based on truncated random functions had
been used. Through decades all three approaches have evolved to havevery much in common, often representing alternatives for the same input
dataset (from seismic, cores, logs, indicator transformed measurements

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering73etc.), with mutual goal, i.e. defining 3D geological model of a heterogeneous reservoir. Regarding modelling, two large, partially different,
phases can be distinguished – exploration and developing. They are different by number, kind and quality of data, and consequently the way ofusing geostatistics.

Figure 1. Use of geostatistics regarding the phases of explorationand development of hydrocarbon reservoirs

Figure 1 outlines two categories for reservoir variable prediction – determinism and stochastics. Any system is deterministic if for the same input
it always gives the same output. For example, the porosity map interpolated for the same input dataset, using the same interpolation method,always results in the equal map. On the contrary, a completely random
system would for the same input always give a different output. But creation of such geological model is completely meaningless, because there isno parameter for prediction. Stochastic system is a so called hybrid model
somewhere between determinism and randomness, because in one part
including uncertainties of reservoir variables, but also enough data for
useful model creation. Stochastic models are very applicable in reservoir
characterisation, also showing areas with higher or lesser uncertainties
in reservoir prediction. Using such approach reservoirs can be classified
into three categories (after Jensen et al., 2000):

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1. Completely deterministic reservoirs where inter-well area is ambiguously determined, correlated in details, with well-known structural
framework and lithologies. Such reservoirs are very rare and represented by small structures or mature fields at the end of production
with large number of wells and there is no need for new drilling (oronly control wells). Also, several sequential geological models aremodelled and the last and most reliable one is set as the geologicalframework of the field.
2. Stochastical reservoirs are those where there are some uncertainties
in our knowledge about the geological variables, but generally geological framework is well known and correlated. However, there are stillsome unknowns, especially in the inter-well area. Majority of reservoirs is just of such kind, and they are the main target for applicationof geostatistics.
3. Reservoirs of mostly unpredictable parameters are generally rare.
Some prospects with assumed hydrocarbon reservoirs can beclassified into this group. Such reservoirs are geologically modelledin the exploration phase when the field area includes few or nowells. This category also includes possible reserves described inregional studies, or reserves of P10 probability. Unfortunately, insuch cases geostatistics, and even statistics, can not be applied due
to lack of analytical data. Analogy is the most often used modelling
method.

The critical moment in modelling of any reservoir is defining a typicalreservoir, as a base for production prognosis with several scenarios. The
reservoirs that are longer in production can be an easier target for revision or improving of the geological model. Deterministic modelling methods are more easily interpretable than stochastic, because theoreticallyresults do not include uncertainties. But in reality, just a few geologicalvariables are really deterministic. Sometimes these properties can be
added for “classical” variables like porosity and reservoir thickness, withlarge number of data (wells), and can be considered as deterministic, i.e.
variables appropriate for deterministic estimation (like regression,
kriging etc.). If a secondary variable like seismic data is also available, deterministic estimation of the primary variable is even easier with anotherset of methods (like Kriging with External Drift, cokriging etc.). It is especially useful in the development phase when accuracy of the model at
the small scale is particularly important.

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But, most often the number of input data or the type of a variable favours application of stochastics, i.e. involving some kind of uncertainties
in the model, defining ranges for variable values. Also, pure measurements can be weighted by systematic errors due to resolution of measuring tools or influence of surrounding rocks. It means that the analysis ofobservable uncertainties favours the use of geostatistical mapping
methods.

Figure 2: Application of geostatistics in different phasesof geological model creation

Geostatistics has many desirable properties for the creation and improvingof geological models in most hydrocarbon reservoirs. It is an extremely
flexible tool, simple for using with different computer packages, which canbe applied in the phases of exploration and development of reservoirs. It
also gives some degree of quantification in reservoir geology, which is extremely important when geological models are input for calculation of hydrocarbon reserves of all kinds (proved, probable and possible). Eventually,

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a quantified geological model with geological variables expressed mostly
numerically is a very good basis for dynamic reservoir models created bypetroleum engineers, as a base for production prognosis.

3. Basic Geostatistical Methods (Tools)
There are many geostatistical methods, and even more techniques, fordifferent purposes of mapping of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Many of them
are used in very specific tasks, when some particular geological variables
need to be outlined in reservoir space. Also, each of these methods includes more or less uncertainties in modelling, minimizing them as thenumber of data increases.
3.1. VariogramThis is the basic method for spatial analysis, often called semivariogram(because function can be displayed as ‘2g’ or ‘g’). Variogram summarizes
all differences between estimation and measured points inside searching ellipsoid
(1).
N(h)

2 g( h) =1× å [z (u n ) - z (u n + h)] 2
N( h) n=1

(1)

Where:N(h)– number of data pairs compared at distance ‘h’z(un)– values at location ‘un’z(un + h) – values at location ‘un + h’
The first result of variogram analysis is an experimental variogram curve
where five variables can be read: nugget (C0), sill or variance (C), range(a), distance (h) and lag. Also, a variogram is characterised by several
properties. Anisotropy is the most important and describes changes in
the above-mentioned variables due to the variogram direction. Anisotropy in reservoirs is most often the result of the direction of structure
and changes in reservoir lithology and stratigraphy. Eventually,variograms in anisotropic (heterogeneous) reservoirs are defined by twoaxes, i.e. axis of maximum continuity and of minimum continuity.

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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Moreover, if reservoir variograms have the same sill and different range
it is geometric anisotropy. But if both variables change values with direction it is zonal anisotropy which is harder for modelling. The so called
outliners, or extreme values have the greatest influence on the variogram
curve. Sometimes, they can be removed from dataset if they represent
untypical and rare measurements.
Almost all experimental models can be mathematically extrapolated by
five theoretical models: spherical, exponential, Gaussian, linear and logarithmic (Hohn, 1988). The first three models are most often used for interpretation of geological variables, and, on the other hand, models
without sill are very rare.
Approximation of experimental curves can be done by making also a complex model that is a summation of two or more theoretical models withdifferent ranges and sills. It is nested model (2).
g ( h) = g 1 ( h) + g 2 ( h) + g 3 ( h) + ¼(2)

Variogram analysis is not limited by the scale of data sampling. It meansthat an experimental variogram can be calculated for, e.g. porosity values, averaged for wells distances in kilometres, but also for data on distances in meters or centimetres.
3.2. Kriging and cokriging
Kriging (and all extrapolated methods – cokriging and stochastic simulations) is considered as a statistical method for estimation. All techniques,
except of Simple Kriging, are defined as best linear unbiased estimators(acronym BLUE). Best means that weighting coefficient calculated foreach point included in estimation is calculated in the process of minimizing kriging variance. Linear means that estimation is done by linear combination of hard data. Unbiased indicates that the expectation of estimation is equal to the true expectation of the entire (possible) population.
Estimator is a term for methodology.
Linearity of estimation makes all calculation significantly simpler (3).
The values of a regionalized variable at a selected location (Zk) are estimated based on surrounding hard-data (Zi) to which the relevant weighting coefficient (li) is added. Also, estimation assumes that Zi values havenormal (Gaussian) distribution, using the assumption of the Central
Limit Theorem, i.e. distribution of a variable with assumed large number

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of measurements (without regarding probability distribution function ofsuch events).
n

Zk = å li ×Zi

(3)

i=1

Weighting coefficients are calculated from the system of kriging linear
equations (e.g. Journel & Huijbregts, 1978; Hohn, 1988; Liebhold et al.,1993 etc.). Kriging very well interpolated data grouped in clusters also allows that some coefficients are negative. Moreover, it is a method where
values of weighting coefficients depend only on distances among control
points (hard-data), not on their values, what emphasises kriging as a‘spatial’ estimator based on the so called ‘statistical distances’, i.e. autocorrelation of a mapped variable.
There are many kriging techniques developed for different purposes andvariables in geology and geosciences in general. Those are Simple
Kriging, Ordinary Kriging (Figure 3), Indicator Kriging, Universal
Kriging, Disjunctive Kriging etc. The first two techniques are the mostapplied techniques in the mapping of hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Figure 3: Porosity map interpolated by Ordinary Kriging in a clastic (breccia)
oil reservoir. The age is Badenian and location is the eastern part of the Drava
Depression. The porosity scale is in colour (blue is 4%, red is 10%).

Cokriging, like kriging, comprises similar techniques (Simple Cokriging,
Ordinary Cokriging etc.). The necessary condition is introduction of asecondary variable that is: (a) in logical physical connection with the

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primary variable, (b) much dense sampled, (c) significantly correlated by
the primary variable.
Special variant of cokriging is the so called Collocated Cokriging, wherefor each point there is the right equal number of the primary and secondary variable data. Then estimation is based on calculation of two sets ofequal (in size) matrix equations. But, generally cokriging estimation canbe shown as (4):nmz C = å li ×z i + å c j ×s j
i=1

(4)

j=1

Where:nå l ×zi– identical to kriging equation

i

i=1
m

å c ×sj– identical to kriging matrices, but applied for secondary variablejj=1

3.3. Stochastic simulations
Stochastic simulations are a special set of geostatistical methods, serving
a different purpose than interpolation methods. Sequential Gaussian
Simulation (e.g. in Dubrule, 1998; Isaaks & Srivastava, 1989 and Kelkar& Perez, 2002) is one of the most used modelling tools in hydrocarbon
reservoir modelling, which can be applied to reservoir data with normal
distribution, originally or after transformation. Such data have known
expectance and standard deviation (m,s2).
In simulation, existing measurements (well hard-data) keep constant values in each realization, and this kind of simulation is called conditional
simulation. Another type is unconditional simulation where also input
hard-data can be changed in each realization. But, each type of simulation uses variogram and kriging as necessary inputs, where kriging iscalled zero-realization that is deterministic and gives information about(a) average value (expectance) for data (m), (b) kriging variance (sK), (c)ranges for simulated values, most often as ±3s around m, covering 99% of all
possible results.

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In all other ‘empty’ cells values are simulated; very often using Sequential Gaussian Simulation method. This procedure requires that data haveproperties of normal distribution originally or after transformation. Estimation is done in all ‘empty’ cells selected in random order (1st introduction of randomness). The value is estimated by kriging or cokriging fromspatial ellipsoid, taking also into account earlier simulated values that
could be in such ellipsoid. Each such point also has a defined uncertainty
interval ±3s, where variance (s) is calculated in zero-realization. Then any values
from this interval could be selected as the final value (2nd introduction of randomness). When it is repeated for all cells on the map one realization is finished.
Entire simulation includes so many realizations as it is defined in the calculation,and there are different methods how to select one or several which are the mostappropriate for the geological model (Figure 4). Very often, the number ofrealizations done is 100, due to the statistical rule that such set comprises 95% of all possible realizations. But, selection of several realizations is again often done using statistics, selecting e.g. realization P10(90% of all realizations have higher values of all summed cells for the
mapped variable), P50 (50% realization is higher) or P90 (10% realization
is higher).

Figure 4: Porosity P50 realization estimated by Sequential Gaussian
Simulations in a clastic (breccia) gas reservoir. The age is Badenian
and location is the western part of the Drava Depression. The porosity
scale is in colour (red is close to 0%, green to 2.5% and blue to 5%).

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering81

4. Conclusion
Geostatistics is one of standard geological tools that is applied in the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. It is a part of applied statistics, which allows introducing mathematical exactness in geological maps and easier interpretation. There are also some other interpolation methods that are, with geostatistical ones, most often used in geological mapping of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Those are methods of linear
regression, inverse distance weighting and, of course, previously
mentioned kriging, cokriging and simulations.
Linearity is in the base of regression as well as of kriging. In simple linear regression equation Y=bx+c the parameter ‘c’ is the value of intersection at axis Y, and ‘b’ is slope of line. Moreover, regression is a method
for point estimation (not spatial) because all hard-data have the same importance (they are not weighted according to spatial location). It meansthat estimation is strictly linear, which means that estimated values at
one margin (of map or regression line) are underestimated and at
another overestimated.
In kriging and cokriging the parameter ‘b’ from regression equation ischanged by kriging matrices (of variograms or covariances) where
distances from control points (hard-data) to estimated cell are counted.
In this way, geostatistical methods are unbiased for data clustering, and,in addition, varying of weighting coefficient can minimize estimation
variance. Geostatistical simulations are based on geostatistical deterministic method, but also incorporate uncertainties linked with each estimated cell. Uncertainties are always connected with the number of datafrom which we assume true behaviour and statistical parameters for theoretical (infinity) population. These properties make possible that one
simulation contains many possible and mathematically equally probablerealizations, which is a unique mapping property of this set of simulations.
Disadvantages of geomathematical methods (as mathematically advanced
tools) are mostly connected with lack of data, due to the fact thatall datasets need to be approximated with normal distribution andsome statistical properties. It is almost a rule that in datasets smaller
than 10 values geostatistics use is not recommended. Firstly, experimental variograms then can be modelled only with extremely numerous
assumptions, and deterministic maps are characterised with ‘bull-eyes’
effect in almost the entire area. It is why 20 hard-data is considered82

Malviæ, T.: Geostatistics as a Group of Methods for Advanced Mapping of …

as some kind of minimum for mapping of geological variables ofhydrocarbon reservoirs in the Croatian part of the Pannonian Basin System. In strongly anisotropic reservoirs this limit can be even higher(25-30 hard-data). However, if some reliable, strongly correlated
secondary variable like seismic attributes is available, this number
can also be decreased to 15 values. In any case, each geostatisticalresults can be validated visually compared with geological maps interpolated with other types of methods or with numerical results ofcross-validation.
References
1. Andrièeviæ, R., Gotovac, H., Ljubenkov, I. (2007) Geostatistika: umijeæe prostorne
analize, Sveuèilište u Splitu, Graðevinsko-arhitektonski fakultet, Split, 170 p.
2. Cressie, N. (1991) Statistics for Spatial Data, Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York,928 p.
3. Davis, J.C., Sampson, R.J. (1973) Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology. John Wiley& Sons Inc., New York, 564 p.
4. Dubrule, O. (1998) Geostatistics in Petroleum Geology, AAPG Education
Course Note, Series #38, AAPG and Geological Society Publishing House, Tulsa,
210 p.
5. Hohn, M. E. (1988) Geostatistics and Petroleum Geology, Van Nostrand Reinhold,
New York, 400 p.
6. Isaaks, E., Srivastava, R. (1989) An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics, Oxford
University Press Inc., New York, 580 p.
7. Jensen, J. L., Lake, L. W., Crobett, P. W. M., Goggin, D. J. (2000) Statistics for Petroleum Engineers and Geoscientists, Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, 390 p.
8. Journel, A. G., Huijbregts, C. J. (1978) Mining Geostatistics, Academic Press, London, 600 p.
9. Kelkar, M., Perez, G. (2002) Applied Geostatistics for Reservoir Characterization,
Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, 264 p.
10. Krige, D. G. (1951) A Statistical Approach to Some Basic Mine Valuation Problemson the Witwatersrand. J. of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South
Africa, 52, 119–139.
11. Liebhold, A. M., Rossi, R. E., Kemp, W. P. (1993) Geostatistics and Geographic Information System in Applied Insect Ecology. Annual Review of Entomology, 38,
303–327.
12. Malviæ, T. (2003) Vjerojatnost pronalaska novih zaliha ugljikovodika u bjelovarskoj
uleknini (Probability of new hydrocarbon reserves in the Bjelovar Subdepression),
Doctoral thesis, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum
Engineering, Zagreb, 123 p.

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering83

13. Malviæ, T. (2008) Primjena geostatistike u analizi geoloških podataka, INA-Industryof Oil Plc., Zagreb, 101 p.
14. Mathéron, G. (1962) Traité de géostatistique appliquée, Tome 1, Editions Technip,
Paris, 334 p.
15. Mathéron, G. (1963) Principles of geostatistics. Econ. Geol., 58, 1246–1266.
16. Mathéron, G. (1965) Les Variables Régionalisées et leur Estimation, Masson & Cie,
Paris, 306 p.
17. Ripley, B. D. (1981) Spatial Statistics, Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York, 272 p.

Ratko Cimerman
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction –Institute for Physical Planning
Ulica Republike Austrije 25, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: ratko.cimerman@mzopu.hr

Physical Planning Information Systemof the Republic of Croatia and National
Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)

Abstract
The preconditions necessary for the development of the Physical Plan
Geoinformation System (GIS) as an important part of a more complex
Physical Planning Information System of Croatia were created in 1998
with the adoption of the Physical Planning Act and the Ordinance on theContent, Scales of Cartographic Presentations, Mandatory Spatial Indicators and Standards of Physical Plan Studies. These regulations haveobliged physical plan purchasers and suppliers to develop the plans indigital format through GIS computer program packages. This is how, interms of both technology and content, the process of developing a completely new generation of physical planning documents started from regional to local and urban levels. On the basis of thus created digital physical planning documentation, in 2004 the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction (MEPPPC) started developing the GIS of physical plans of Adriatic Croatia. This system contains,among other parts, the adopted physical and urban development plans,
mapping and other data sets, photo documentation, statistical data, etc.
Since 2008, MEPPPC has also been developing the GIS of physical plansof Pannonian Croatia with a content structure similar to that of the GISof Adriatic Croatia. Both systems are based on a single database of

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geopositioned spatial, planning and statistical data, which are going tobecome essential components of the GIS of physical plans of the Republicof Croatia during the course of 2010. The new Physical Planning andBuilding Act (2007) defines in detail the Physical Planning Information
System of Croatia (PPIS). The development, maintenance and management of the PPIS from the national level to levels of counties and local
self-government units, i.e., cities/municipalities, is conducted according to
the PPIS Development Programme proposed by MEPPPC and passed by
the Government of the Republic of Croatia. Through continuous development of the PPIS of the Republic of Croatia, MEPPPC is going to createa high quality base of physical-planning georeferenced data with which it
is going to be significantly involved in the exchange, access and use of
spatial data among numerous entities of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in the Republic of Croatia.
Key words: physical plan GIS, physical planning information system,
physical planning documents, Adriatic and Pannonian Croatia, physical-planning data

In the Republic of Croatia, the crucial moment when the necessary preconditions were created for the development of the Physical Planning
Geoinformation System as an important part of a more complex PhysicalPlanning Information System was the passing of the Physical Planning
Act (NN no. 30/1994, 68/1998) and Rules and Regulations on the Contents, Mapping Scales, Compulsory Spatial Indicators and Physical Plan
Report Standards (NN no. 106/1998). These regulations have obliged thephysical plan purchasers and suppliers to develop plans in digital format
through GIS computer program packages.
Physical planning is a system which includes:• Monitoring the situation and processes in space (reports)• Preparation of physical planning document development (plans)• Physical planning document development (plans)• Implementation of physical plans (location permit)• Supervision (inspections)Box 1. Physical planning system

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This is how the process of developing a completely new generation ofphysical planning documents started (technologically and content-wise)
more than ten years ago, from regional to local and urban level. Morethan 1600 documents have been produced so far. 21 Physical Plans ofCounties have been passed, many of which have already been amended
several times.
About 550 Physical Plans of Development (PPD) for Local Governmental
Units (LGU) like cities and municipalities were produced (for almost all
LGU; many of them were amended several times), development or passing of Physical Plans for the Areas with Special Features (for 8 National
Parks and 11 Parks of Nature) is underway. Several hundreds of all typesof Urban Plans were developed (General Urban Plans, Urban Plans ofDevelopment and Detailed Plans of Development) in cities and larger settlements.
On the basis of thus created digital spatial plan documentation of the
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction (MEPPPC), in 2004 the development of GIS of the Adriatic Croatia
Physical Plans started in cooperation with the Adriatic County Institutes
for Physical Planning and the geoinformation company GISDATA Ltd.
Zagreb. The area of Adriatic Croatia made up of 7 Adriatic Counties was
selected, because it is undoubtedly the most valuable potential of the Republic of Croatia (particularly the protected coastal area of the sea). Thisis already the most interesting entrepreneurial and construction area inthe country, and will continue to be so in the upcoming decades. The
value of this area will particularly grow after Croatia joins the European
Union. A large part of spatial data and information in the stated GIS is
crucial for an efficient and accountable management of this valuablearea, and its basic purpose was to create a high-quality database for thedevelopment of the Physical Plan of Areas with Special Features for the
Croatian Adriatic.

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System of physical planning documents
Strategic documents:
1. Physical planning documents at the national level are the following:
1.1. Physical development strategy of the Republic of
Croatia1.2. Physical planning program of the Republic of Croatia
1.3. Physical plans of areas with specific features (nationalparks, parks of nature and other specified by the Strategy)
2. Physical planning documents at the regional level are the following:
2.1. Physical plan of the County and the City of Zagreb
2.2. Physical plan of areas with specific features (specified
by PPC)
3. Physical planning documents at the local level are the following:
3.1. Physical plan of LGU (large city, town or municipality)
Implementation documents:
3.2. Urban plan of development
3.3. Detailed plan of development
Box 2. System of physical planning documents (NN 2007, 2009)

GIS of the Adriatic Croatia Physical Plans (ACPP) has been establishedgradually during the 2004 – 2009 period, therefore the content system
structure has mostly been completed. Via a specially designed user interface, the system is internally available to MEPPPC employees who use it
on a daily basis. ACPP GIS has particularly improved the work of threestructural units so far: Administration for Physical Planning, Administration for Inspection Works and Institute for Physical Planning. The following planning documentation is incorporated in ACPP GIS: databaseon physical plans, county physical plans, development physical plans of
LGU (cities and municipalities), physical plans of national parks andparks of nature, urban plans of development (and GUPs) of larger cities,
mapping and other data sets, photo documentation, census statistics,
apartment statistics, etc. By 2010, the system will be available to anumber of other users (ministries, public and scientific institutions andpublic companies).

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GIS Spatial plans Adriatic Croatia(GIS Spatial plans Panonian Croatia – local community spatial plans)
Module 1: General information on Spatial plans of GIS
Spatial plans decision process
Spatial plans GIS make overSpatial plans integrated
Module 2: Counties spatial plans
Vectors – selected topics (about 110)
Map 1 – Land use; Map 2 – Infrastructure; Map 3 – Protection
Raster – geopositioned
Map 1 – Land use; Map 3 – Protection
Spatial plans integrated – text and maps
Module 3: Local community spatial plans (town/municipality)
Vectors – selected topics (about 110)
Map 1 – Land use; Map 2 – Infrastructure; Map 3 – Protection
Raster – geopositioned
Map 1 – Land use; Map 3 – Protection
Spatial plans integrated – text and maps
Module 4: Spatial plans for areas with special features (national parks, nature parks)
Raster – geopositioned
Spatial plans integrated – text and maps
Module 5: Urban plans (general urban plan, urban development plan of larger
settlements)
Raster – geopositioned
Spatial plans integrated – text and maps

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Module 6: Spatial layout – vectors
Administrative and territorial constitution
ZOP – Protected coast area sea
Maps and undercoat
Roads
Module 7: Maps and backgrounds – raster geopositioned
Maps – TK200, TK100, TK25-new, and TK25-old, HOK5
Digital orthophoto
CORINE – Land cover (using) 2000 and 2006 years
Digital relief model (altitude zones)
Satellite images
Module 8: Population census 2001 and statistical data
Population (information-indicators)
Dwellings (information-indicators)
Tourism (information-indicators)
Module 9: Multimedia – raster, pictures, tables, etc.
Aerophotogrammetry images
Spatial statistical of physical plans (table)
Construction area of larger settlements from PPD LUG
Tourist zones – in Physical plan of the County (study)
Exploitation coast area in old Physical plans (1980-1990. year)
Project – Brijuni Riviera
Exploitation stones in Physical plans
Internet links – MEPPPC and Counties Institutes for Spatial Planning
Box 3. The content structure of the GIS physical plans (ZPP 2004-2009)

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Cimerman, R., Physical Planning Information System of the Republic of Croatia and …

Scheme 2. Organisational scheme of current GIS of Croatian Physical Plans

Figure 1. Urban and cultural areas in the Physical Plans of Developmentfor LGU Cities and Municipalities

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Figure 2. Natural and Architectural Heritage from the Physical Plans of Counties

Figure 3. Geoinformation system of the Pannonian Croatia Physical Plans(integral element of the Physical Planning Information Systemof the Republic of Croatia)

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Cimerman, R., Physical Planning Information System of the Republic of Croatia and …

With the passing of the Physical Planning and Construction Act (NN no.
76/2007 and 38/2008), new relations have been established between many
partners from the physical planning and development domain. For the
first time, the Act precisely stipulates what the physical planning information system is, its contents, steps of establishment, management andmaintenance, the obligations related to the data and information delivery
and the public access to that system. The Act clearly stipulates the responsibilities between the Physical Planning Institute (the future Croatian Institute for Physical Planning) which established the information
system at the national level and the local government units which are

Figure 4. General Urban Plan of the City of Dubrovnik

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obliged to develop the information system for their area and the determined level of data. The development, maintenance and management of
the Physical Planning Information System (PPIS), from the national
level to county and LGU cities/municipalities is conducted according to
the PPIS Development Program proposed by MEPPPC (the Institute)and passed by the Republic of Croatia Government. The PPIS Development Program is in the process of being developed through cooperation
between MEPPPC (the Institute) and geoinformation companies andinformation experts.
PPIS is being established in order to enable permanent monitoring of thesituation in the area of physical planning and in order to develop reportson the situation in space, with the purpose of having comprehensive
management of space protection, as well as to develop and monitor the
implementation of the Physical Development Strategy, Physical Planning
Program and other documents related to physical planning. Furthermore, PPIS contains spatial data registers, as well as other data registers
related to physical planning. Particularly, it contains data and information on: (1) actual land use and a list of physical indicators, (2) basic use

Figure 5. Implementations of the Physical Planning Information Systemof the Republic of Croatia (ZPP 2004-2009)

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Cimerman, R., Physical Planning Information System of the Republic of Croatia and …

of space/surfaces defined in physical planning documents, (3) conditions
and limitation of land use determined by physical plans, (4) public,
communal and other infrastructure, (5) administrative and other acts
passed by responsible bodies for the purpose of physical planningdocument implementation, (6) plans and programs in the development
process or developed with the objective to protect space. PPIS is
managed as a distribution information system made up of a numberof remote but harmonized and linked information systems of various
topics and sub-domains for which responsible reference centres are
established.

Figure 6. System of Central Settlements (from the Physical Planning Planof the Republic of Croatia)

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All of the above mentioned is going to influence the new method of work
employed by the MEPPP which is gradually going to transfer, among otherthings, the harmonized development of GIS of the Republic of Croatia
Physical Plans to counties, cities and municipalities, and is going to retain,
through the work of the Croatian Institute for Physical Development, thecollection and processing of geoinformation physical planning data at thelevel of nation or region (Adriatic Croatia, Pannonian Croatia and other).
Through the work of the future Croatian Institute for Physical Development and permanent development of the Physical Planning Information
System Republic of Croatia, MEPPPC is going to create a quality databaseof physical planning georeferenced data for complete participation in theexchange, access and use of physical data between various subjects of the
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in the Republic of Croatia.

1. Geoinformation system of the Adriatic and Pannonian Croatia
Physical Plans
2. Physical Planning Information System of the Republic of Croatia
3. NSDI – National Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Republic of
Croatia
4. INSPIRE – infrastructure for the spatial information system inEuropeBox 4. Physical Planning Information System of the Republic of Croatia
in relation to the GIS environment (ZPP 2004-2009)

To conclude, the specific quality and uniqueness of physical planning
data developed and maintained by MEPPPC in their Physical Planning
Information System (PPIS) need to be pointed out, as compared to otherparties involved in the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (DGU 2008).
Physical (regional) and urban planning (NN 2007, 2009) as interdisciplinary activities are an institutional and technical form for managing
space, by which designation of space/areas is determined on the basis ofassessed development potentials while maintaining the distinctiveness ofspace, of requirements with regard to space preservation and conservation of environmental quality. Also determined are requirements for thedevelopment of activities and their distribution in space, requirements
for improvement and urban renewal of constructed areas, andrequirements for realisation of planned projects in space.

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Only in physical planning documents at the strategic level, areas for future settlement development and for other activities in space outside ofsettlements are determined, as well as planned facilities and networks ofvarious infrastructure systems (by choosing between variant or alternative study or plan solutions and by social verification through the adoption process), the spatial distribution of administrative and public functions in central settlements is proposed (including services, supply, education, social and health-care activities and sports and recreational areas),and cultivated landscapes generated through human activity in space areprotected.
The indicated set of geolocated physical planning data, along with othergeoinformation and indicators constituting the physical planning system(monitoring of the situation and processes in space, implementation ofphysical plans and inspectional supervision) will be an essential contribution to NSDI development by MEPPPC (DGU 2008) as well as to the exchange of harmonised data with neighbouring EU Member States.
References
1. NN (2007, 2009): Physical Planning and Construction Act (NN – Official Gazette).
2. DGU (2008): National Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Republic of Croatia, State
Geodetic Administration, Zagreb, 2008.
3. ZPP (2004-2009): Geoinformation system of the Adriatic and Pannonian Croatia
Physical Plans, Reports developmental phases 2004-2009. Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction, Institute for Physical Planning,
Zagreb.
4. ZPP (1997, 1999): Physical Planning Strategy and Programme of the Republic of
Croatia, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction,
Institute for Physical Planning Zagreb, 1997 and 1999.

Ulrich Boes
Association of Geospatial Information in South-East Europe (AGISEE), Bulgaria,
and URSIT Ltd., Bulgariae-mail: ulrich.boes@ursit.com

Development of Spatial Data Infrastructures
in South East Europe
Abstract
This paper deals with capacity building for the implementation of Spatial
Data Infrastructures (SDI) in South-East Europe. It provides some insight into the status of SDIs in the region and underlines problems andchallenges for their further implementation. SDI projects are presented,
along with examples of SDI development and good practice to show understanding the status of SDI implementation in the region. Several activities are described that aim at networking of stakeholders, at capacity
building and training.
Two important current projects are expected to stimulate the development of SDIs in the region. First, the European project eSDI-NET+builds a network of users and key European SDI stakeholders in Europe
in order to share experiences and best practices. Second, in the area of
nature conservation and protected areas, the project Nature-SDI+ builds
a thematic SDI according to INSPIRE standards and guidelines. There
are plans to extend the project to other countries in the region ofSouth-East Europe. Last but not least, the paper points to the SDI conference in Skopje in September 2010 with the ambition to strongly influence SDI development in the region.

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Boes, U., Development of Spatial Data Infrastructures in South East Europe

Introduction
The concept of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) emerged in the earlyeighties of the twentieth century as a consequence of the use of geographic information systems and of spatial information in digital format
in order to achieve interoperability and wide accessibility of digital spatial data. A Spatial Data Infrastructure supports ready access to geographic information and encompasses the policies, organizational remits,
data, technologies, standards, delivery mechanisms, and financial andhuman resources necessary to ensure that those working at the nationaland regional scale are not impeded in meeting their objectives [Masser, I.,2005]. The World-Wide-Web had a major influence on the implementationof SDIs, data are now normally distributed via the Internet and accessible by Geo-Portals.
Much progress has been achieved in industrialized countries in developing SDIs on national, regional and local level. A major step forward was
the definition of the European SDI, in the form of the INSPIRE directivethat provides a legal framework for the implementation of SDIs in theEuropean Union.

Figure 1. Components of an SDI: the users are in the centre;
figure © S. Hennig, 2009.

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The South-East European countries however lack behind in the development of SDIs, although they demonstrate strong interest in the area.
This applies to the European member states Bulgaria and Romania as
well as to the candidate countries Croatia, Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and to the remaining countries in the region. The importance of spatial data for the economic and social development makes it however essential to rapidly proceed in the area of geospatial data, being a processthat is also important for the foreseen membership to the European Union.
This is linked to the need for more information and knowledge about spatial data infrastructures, about the use of GIS and about the European
directive INSPIRE. Various activities are being carried out to transfer information and contribute to capacity building including learning from examples and bringing interested stakeholder together. This paper wants tocontribute to such capacity building and networking in describing several
actions that are relevant to the region including links and suggestions forfurther work in order to convince stakeholders of the necessity of spatial
data infrastructures and to enable them to initiate and implement suchinfrastructures.

Spatial Data Infrastructures in Europe
Spatial Data Infrastructures have been implemented in many European
countries. Further development is now driven by INSPIRE, the legal
framework for SDIs in the European Union. INSPIRE, the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community, is definedby the Directive 2007/2/EC of the Council and the European Parliament.
It entered into force on the 15th May 2007 and is a legal framework for setting up and operating Infrastructures for Spatial Information. A key milestone was 15th May 2009 when all Member Statesshould have passed national legislation transposing the INSPIRE
Directive.
INSPIRE intends to overcome barriers that inhibit the widespread use of
spatial information, which are both technical and organizational. Thesebarriers comprise lack of spatial data availability, lack of interoperabilityof data, lack of documentation and metadata, and issues of cost and distribution of data. INSPIRE is designed primarily for environmental policies, including those policies and activities that have an impact on the102

Boes, U., Development of Spatial Data Infrastructures in South East Europe

environment. INSPIRE is thus part of the environmental acquis, although INSPIRE would also support other policies in Europe (Annoni
and Craglia, 2005; European Commission, 2002).
INSPIRE lays down general rules to establish an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe and should be based on the infrastructures for
spatial information established and operated by the Member States.
Therefore, INSPIRE is implemented as a distributed infrastructure. Also,
it does not require collection of new spatial data and does not affect existing Intellectual Property Rights. INSPIRE obliges the member states of
the European Union to make their data available and to implement the
infrastructure necessary to access these data. The scope is spatial data
held by or on behalf of a public authority operating down to the lowest
level of government when laws or regulations require their collection ordissemination.
Data are an essential element of spatial data infrastructures. INSPIRE
defines 33 data themes in 3 annexes to the directive. The three annexes
correspond to different time scales for the transposition of these data
themes into INSPIRE conformant formats and for the definition of meta
data.
Table 1. Data themes of INSPIRE
Annex I data
themesCoordinate reference
systems
Geographical grid
systems
Geographical names
Administrative units
Addresses
Cadastral parcels
Transport networks
Hydrography
Protected sites

Annex II data
themesElevation
Land cover
Ortho-imagery
GeologyAnnex III data themes
Statistical units; Buildings; Soil
Land use; Human health andsafety; Utility and governmental
services; Environmental monitoring
facilities; Production and industrial
facilities; Agricultural andaquaculture facilities; Population
distribution – demography; Area
management/restriction/regulation
zones & reporting units; Naturalrisk zones; Atmospheric conditions;
Meteorological geographicalfeatures; Oceanographic
geographical features; Sea regions;Bio-geographical regions; Habitats
and biotopes; Species distribution;
Energy Resources; Mineral
resources

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Since INSPIRE is based on existing infrastructures for access to data, it
is important to understand the status of such infrastructures in Europe.
Therefore, the European Union had launched the “State of Play” study,
which resulted in the description of the status of SDI implementation in
Europe.
The study monitored and analyzed activities related to national spatial
data infrastructures in 32 European countries. These included the member
states of the European Union, and also those that at the launch of thestudy were candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey. In addition,
the SDIs of the EFTA countries Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland were analysed and documented. The last version of the reports dates
from 2007 and are available on the web site of the European Union on
INSPIRE, http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.cfm/pageid/6/list/4.
32 indicators were used to assess SDIs, structured around seven main
components: organisational issues, legal framework and funding, reference
data and core thematic data, metadata, access and other services, standards, and thematic environmental data [Vandenbroucke, D., e.a., 2007].
The study showed that most countries have to a certain extent a coordinated SDI approach, and territorial coverage at the national level, andhave also one or more of the SDI components operational: metadata, network services, and standards are very well developed particularly in theWestern part of the European Union. Legal issues and funding are much
more diverse across the European Union, because either no clear information is available or the legal basis for the national SDI has yet to beconsolidated together with a sustainable funding regime. Discover andview services, and to a certain extent also download services are relatively well developed, but much progress has still to be made to set up
services for transformation, and above all services chaining.
According to this survey, the SDIs of Germany, Belgium/Flanders andSpain are fully operational but not led by the national data provider. In
contrast, both Hungary and Denmark are examples of well working SDIs
with also users involved where the major initiative is done by the national data providers. Regional SDIs in Europe are particularly well developed, and could serve as example for building new SDIs.
The study also concludes that INSPIRE has stimulated the further development of SDIs: particular work has been done in the field of metadataand service development. Data harmonisation efforts or creation of new
data sets seem to continue at a lower pace. More stakeholders, especially104

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users, for example Ministries, are involved and take active part in the coordination. Data sharing as a concept is not yet daily practice; free services
for discovery and viewing data are emerging everywhere, other types ofservices are still rare and the integration of the components of the infrastructures in the day-to-day work of the public actors is still weak.
There is not one single ‘best approach’ for developing a NSDI. Several organisational approaches are possible, but a good coordination and intensecooperation between the different stakeholders is a key element to success. In particular, the involvement of the private sector is very important. A need for awareness, education and training has been identified.
Meanwhile, a new study has been launched with the title “INSPIRE and
NSDI implementation state of play”. This study includes now 34 countries with Croatia and FYROM as new candidate countries to the European Union.

Developments in South-East Europe
Those countries in South-East Europe that are not yet European Union
members states expect their integration into the European Union in thelong term and as such, they will also be obliged to develop their spatial
data infrastructures according to the rules of INSPIRE. However, so far,they have not been included in the INSPIRE state of play study and information about the status of their spatial data infrastructure development is difficult to obtain.
An early study to understand the status of the development in thesecountries has been carried out in 2002 by the project GISEE, “GIS Technology and Market in South-East Europe – a market study”. The project
was financed by the fifth RTD Framework Programme of the European
Commission and coordinated by the Technical University of Sofia, in cooperation by EuroGeographics, the association of National Data Providers in Europe and the company URSIT Ltd., further with the support ofexperts in all countries considered. Using extensive questionnaires, thespatial data infrastructures were investigated in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, FY Republic of Macedonia, Romania,
Serbia-Montenegro1. and Turkey. The reports of Bulgaria, Romania and1

They study was carried out in 2002, before the independence of Montenegro

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Figure 2. First South-East European SDI Conference 2003 in Sofia, Bulgaria

Turkey were then integrated into the INSPIRE state of play reports ofthese countries.
The project ended with the South-East European SDI Conference in Sofia, Bulgaria, on 23 and 24 October 2003 and its results were summarizedat several occasions [Boes, Pavlova, 2004]. The study identified several
problems: although spatial data exist throughout the region, they are notcompatible and access to these data is difficult, data owners are often not
known and access conditions are not made available. There is a lack ofcollaboration between data owners and providers, along with unclear procedures and planning and a lack of financing.
As one way forward to address and remedy these problems, the originators of the study created the association AGISEE, Association for
Geospatial Information in South-East Europe in order to contributeto realizing the vision of enabling sharing of geospatial data for the
benefit of the economic development of the region and with thegoals to:• Unite the GI community and interested parties in South-East Europe;• Promote the use of GI and to contribute to building SDI in the region;• Support and provide relevant information to its members;• Act as enabler for new opportunities to members, and• Represent the GI sector in South-East Europe and outside.
Interested stakeholders were and are still invited to become members of
this association and membership registration can be done on its web site
http://www.agisee.org.

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Much has happened in the countries of South-East Europe since thisstudy. In order to update the information, AGISEE had the opportunity
to hold a “South-East European SDI Workshop” which was organized incollaboration with the South-East European Research Centre and took
place in Thessaloniki, Greece on 5 – 6 February 2009. The goal of theworkshop was to exchange, communicate and document the achievements of Spatial Data Infrastructures in South-East Europe, on national,
regional and local level, with the further goal to select best practice casesof sub-national SDIs in the region.
Representatives from 12 countries from South-East Europe participatedin this workshop and presented the status of SDIs on national and local
level in their countries [Boes, Dimopoulos, 2009]. Some spatial data infrastructures were proposed as best practice cases for the region. The selection was based on Questionnaires collected from national and sub-national SDIs. Amongst the selected best practice cases are the Municipality of Tirana in Albania, the Municipality of Burgas in Bulgaria, the Municipalities of Zagreb, Rijeka, Varazdin in Croatia and the City of Skopje
in the FY Republic of Macedonia. Slovenia contributed with thematic
SDIs: a farm registry, used for farming subventions and all processes related to agriculture; and the web site geopedia.si, a web-based atlas ofSlovenia, which can be edited and extended by its users. The selected bestpractice cases served as input to a European SDI best practice award
conference that took place in November 2009 in Turin, Italy.
The workshop demonstrated, not surprisingly, that SDIs are not completely realized in these countries, only some of their elements exist.
Data sharing is widely not realized. Many differences in the developmentof SDIs exist between the countries. It was said that problems are often
influenced by the general political situation. Quoted was a lack of willingness of decision makers, the lack of a clear mandate and the lack of cooperation. Existing initiatives and projects are not coordinated, and thedata are old and scattered. Further there is a lack of understanding andtraining.
There is however a good legislative basis for the development of SDIs,
and users and applications act often as driving force for data sharing. Important are cadastre with land registration, and agriculture. Participants
to the workshop defined the need for a clear mandate and vision for SDI
development, as it had been done in an exemplary way in Croatia. Thereis a need for awareness creation, training, education and learning fromothers, and it would be necessary to be open to other approaches, as it isfor example shown in Slovenia by the examples mentioned above. AnAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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independent civic committee or organization could be of great help tostimulate developments, and all countries should start implementing
INSPIRE now.
The presentations given at this workshop are available from the workshop web site http://www.city.academic.gr/special/academix/events/gis/index.html; the final concluding report is made available by AGISEE on its
web site [Boes, Dimopoulos, 2009].

Networking and Awareness Building
One of the needs as formulated at the Thessaloniki workshop is the needfor awareness creation, training, education and learning from others.
This requires stronger collaboration between actors and networking combined with actions that would eventually lead to creation of awarenessfor the understanding of the framework of INSPIRE and its components.
To address this well-known need, the European Union had organized
INSPIRE information days in the EU members states and candidate
countries, and funds projects for collecting and disseminating information about European SDI development and of bringing stakeholders
together.
One of these projects is ESDIN, European Spatial Data Infrastructure
Network (http://www.esdin.eu/), which is coordinated by EuroGeographics and supported by the European Commission’s eContent+
programme. Its goal is to help member states, candidate countries and
EFTA States prepare their data for some of the data themes of the
INSPIRE Annex I.
Another important project is eSDInet+, a Network for the promotion of aEuropean wide dialogue and exchange of best practices on Spatial Data
Infrastructures throughout Europe (http://www.esdinetplus.eu/). The
project started on 1st of September 2007 for a duration of 3 Years. The objectives of eSDInet+ are to target users and key European SDI stakeholders, and to bring them together through a Thematic Network, which
is built as a platform for communication and knowledge exchange. The
project emphasizes in particular SDIs on sub-national level and collectsfrom them lessons to be learnt for building up new SDIs. Through intensive dissemination campaigns, the network raises awareness of the important role SDIs play in the enrichment and reuse of spatial data.

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A main task of the project was the study and evaluation of sub-national
SDIs. The project has developed a comprehensive methodology and criteria in order to assess existing SDIs, which includes issues such as:
1. Level of technology and innovation and originality of the project;
2. Implementation and/or readiness for INSPIRE principles;
3. Level of fostering cooperation between different users (proof of visibility and/or user feedback);
4. Possibility of extension or transfer to other countries and regions.
Twelve national and regional SDI Best Practice workshops were held,
where existing SDI solutions at the sub-national level were identified andanalysed. These workshops also addressed promotion of the best practiceand knowledge exchange between stakeholders involved in the creation
and use of SDIs. One of these workshops is the one in Thessaloniki thatwas described before. In all these workshops and through thorough investigation throughout Europe, 135 SDIs from 26 countries in Europe
could be collected and described.

Figure 3. Award Winners at the SDI Best Practice Award 2009

The project culminated in the International Conference “SDI Best Practice Award 2009” that took place on 26th and 27th November 2009 in Turin, Italy. The aim of the event was to highlight promising SDI solutions
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conference, twelve best practice SDIs had been selected and awarded as
example SDIs in Europe. The selection had been done by an Award Jury
consisting of 6 GI experts. The main message of the Award Jury was that“each Spatial Data Infrastructure is a special case” and the diversity ofexperiences made was a fundamental challenge for the selection. Next
steps in the project will be to feed back the lessons learnt in the award
procedure to all SDIs that have participated in the project, and to a wider
audience as well.
SDI development needs the link to existing initiatives, needs collaboration and clustering with existing actors, locally and in other regions. One
example of such an initiative that started locally and has now become international is the GIS cluster in the Municipality of Gävle, Sweden[Östman e.a., 2009]. The main organization of this cluster is thenon-profit organization Future Position X (FPX – http://www.fpx.se/en),
which is in fact a membership organization. The cluster was formed in
2004 by public and private actors; most of them are based in the Gävle
region and work with Geodata and GIS. Goal is to build a closer cooperation in research, development, internationalization and marketing in order to promote growth and development within the GIS-field. In offeringa service infrastructure as displayed in figure 4, the cluster is able totransfer research directly into products and bring thus research andbusiness together.
The cluster enabled the creation of many new companies and new products and services partially with the support of seed financing and venture
capital. The establishment of three foreign companies in the Gävle area
within the GIS-field is now in progress. A GIS-Development lab has been
set up that offers opportunities to test, develop and evaluate systems/services in a realistic multi-user environment, using the lab’s GIS-competence as well as access to a test population where companies can test
their products on the market. The lab also functions as a technical basefor test, development, validation and demonstration of GIS-related applications and services. FPX is in fact approved by the Swedish government
as the national geo-test centre for data quality and harmonization with
the INSPIRE directive.
FPX has now moved into a next phase and extends the activities getting
more participation regionally, nationally and also internationally. FPX
has established businesses in Norway, Estonia and Finland and works todevelop the Gävle region into an international GIS-centre. This GIS cluster is an example for network building that starts from one place and110

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Figure 4. FPX: from Infrastructure to services and applications [Bang, J., 2009]

extends internationally. Further collaboration with other countries is a
declared goal of this cluster.
Networking and clustering bring stakeholders together, may createawareness but do not necessarily lead to the right knowledge which isneeded to implement GIS or spatial data infrastructures. There is a demand for training and training courses, possibly alongside or outside ofnormal university education. Many training and educational courses areavailable, but we may have difficulties to locate them. This problem is addressed by the project Vesta-GIS (http://www.vesta-gis.eu/), which is abroker of GIS and SDI training. Vesta-GIS is a Leonardo-da-Vinci network and funded by the Life Long Learning Programme of the European
Commission. The project creates a framework or “clearing house” for theaccess to training courses, often throughout distant learning facilities
and organizations.
The Training Course Catalogue on the web site includes information
about relevant courses and other training content delivered by the network partners and accessible through an on-line searchable database.
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courses themselves, only references to them. The VESTA-GIS course catalogue represents a possibility for educational institutions to reuse specialized tailored courses, and make them visible to a pan-European
GI-public. Users who search for vocational GI-education might find specialized offers that match their needs even better than they would expect.
An eLearning Platform is in development that allows the direct delivery
of some courses of the catalogue in a customised and interactive way. The
training framework can be used after registration to VESTA-GIS and it isthen completely free. Workshops in the partner countries inform about
the project and the training courses published on the web site and offersome of the courses as best practice examples. Courses about INSPIRE
are part of the course programme published on the web site.
Training and participation in courses very often has to be complemented
by certification. Certification is provided by the ECDL foundation which
has endorsed a GIS certification [Salvemini, 2009]. The GIS certification(http://www.ecdlgis.com) aims at supporting capacity building for SDIs.
Three different levels of certification are offered, which are for the basic
user, the professional, and the specialized user. The course schedule includes examination questions for the certification. The ECDL GIS certification exists in a few countries only, and should be transferred to other
European countries.
The GIS certificate has a EU perspective as well since it can be considered a facilitator for INSPIRE implementation and the distribution of its
data and principles. VESTA-GIS endorses the ECDL-GIS Certification asa specific facilitator for INSPIRE data handling and sharing.

Thematic SDIs – Example Protected Areas
Spatial data infrastructures are normally provided by authorities andprovide access to all kinds of public data. They can however also exist for
certain themes such as nature conservation, disaster management, e-government or others. INSPIRE in fact allows for such thematic SDIs tohappen. For instance, protection of our environment becomes more andmore important and sustainable development is a keyword for preserving
our nature for our descendants. Protected areas constitute an importantelement for human values and general public awareness will help topreserve these values. A thematic SDI can contribute much to the112

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fulfillment of the goals of nature conservation and protection of theenvironment.
Public Administrations and Park Authorities in Europe have plenty ofdata and databases created for management needs at local, regional or
national level that should be made available and re-usable at EU level
through the use of common standards and interoperable services. For example, Environmental Assessment procedures imply the management of
seamless geo-information in different application fields. The Habitats Directive requires in its Art. 6 that environmental impact assessments arecarried out for projects that are related to protected areas as for example
building a railway track. Such studies need a comparison of different
datasets such as protected sites boundaries, habitats, species distribution,water bodies and the project data such as the designed railway track.
INSPIRE provides the right framework for data accessibility and data
sharing.
These issues are addressed by the project NATURE-SDI+,
http://www.nature-sdi.eu/, a European Best Practice Network that focuses on nature conservation and protection and will end in 2011 [Boes,
U., Pavlova, R., 2009]. The project contributes to the implementation of
INSPIRE with the data themes for nature conservation, which are:

• Protected sites (INSPIRE Annex I);• Biogeographical regions, Habitats and biotopes, Species distribution(INSPIRE Annex III).
The project develops a European metadata profile for the data sets of protected areas based on ISO and CEN standards (ISO 19115/119 and
CEN/TC 287 Geographic information). The datasets are provided by thedata providers participating in the project; they will be harmonized andconverted to the INSPIRE specifications in order to make them better accessible and exploitable. The project will thus deliver interoperable andharmonized datasets for nature conservation all over Europe, with their
metadata profile, a data model and thesaurus. All this will be accessible
via the NATURE-SDI+ Geoportal.
Testing of datasets follows the INSPIRE Methodology that consists ofseven steps or tasks:
Task 1. User requirements and use cases analysis;
Task 2. Analysis of the relevant reference materials;

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Task 3. “As-is” analysis according to the methodology defined in
INSPIRE document D2.6, Methodology for the Development ofdata Specifications;Task 4. Gap analysis according to the methodology of D2.6;
Task 5. Drafting data specification of the data themes of the INSPIRE
Annexes;
Task 6. Testing of draft data specifications for themes;
Task 7. Preparation and adoption of Implementing Rules for theinteroperability and harmonisation of spatial data sets and services for the INSPIRE spatial data themes.

Figure 5. INSPIRE Data Specification Development Process

These seven tasks are inter-dependent and allow many interactions as it
is depicted in the following figure.
Having identified and described the data sets available, they are checked
for compliance. A matching table is used that is based on the attributes
defined in the INSPIRE data specification. For each attribute and114

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identified data sets, compliance, differences, gaps and critical points aredefined. The matching table compares the INSPIRE attributes withthose existing in the datasets of the protected areas, as shown in Figure
6. The NATURE-SDI+ data specification outcomes are then submitted to
the INSPIRE drafting teams. The last step in data testing is evaluationof feasibility and costs, which is in progress.

Figure 6. Example of a Matching Table

An important aspect of the project is networking to involve new stakeholders beyond the existing partnership of data providers, data users andservice providers. Extension of this network is part of the project and networking activities and consensus building are considered a continuous process aimed at recruiting network members and at involving them in the project activities and their validation. A wider network creates more opportunities for sharing of data and best practices towards improving and stimulating exploitation and the re-use of information about nature conservation.
Two nature park directorates from Bulgaria participate in the project asdata providers; these are Vitosha Park Directorate and Strandja Park Directorate, with the company URSIT Ltd (http://www.ursit.com) as the
Bulgarian coordinator. They have held a Bulgarian Nature SDIplus

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workshop (http://www.ursit.com/all/nasdi/initiative.html) on 1st and 2nd of
December 2009 with the goal to inform protected areas and other interested people about spatial data infrastructures, about related European
legislation and about the use of open source software in this area. This
workshop turned out to be very successful and demonstrated that there
is a strong demand in this area for information about spatial data infrastructures and their implementation.
The organizers see the need for more such events, both in form of informing about INSPIRE and spatial data and in form of training in open
source software and GIS. Another important conclusion is the requirement by the participants to work more closely with state organizations
on issues related to INSPIRE, their wish to be better informed and toalso contribute to the definition and implementation of INSPIRE in Bulgaria. Possibly, one or more working groups could be formed in certain
areas such as nature conservation.

Conclusion: Challenges for the Future
The countries in South-East Europe are growing closer to the European
Union. Some are already member states, others are candidate countries
or are just waiting to become candidates to European Union membership.
It is mostly the European Union that finances and supports adhesion to
the European Union. Whereas member states receives financing nearlyexclusively from the Union, for example via the structural funds, thosecountries that are not yet member countries, benefit from many international and bilateral donors. This has important consequences also in the
sector of GI and SDI. There are opportunities that should be seized in order to create strategies, programmes and action plans to drive forward
implementation of spatial data infrastructures and use of data.
Many SDI/GI organizations look today more closely at South-East Europe. Among them are EUROGI, EuroGeographics, the Open Geospatial
Consortium (OGC), the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), theInternational Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS)
and many others. Collaboration with such organizations also creates opportunities that cannot be neglected and can be used for the transfer ofknowledge, for creation of awareness and for the development ofprogrammes for SDI implementation. In Bulgaria, for example, theauthor works together with the Open Geospatial Consortium and has

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created an OGC interest group to inform interested organizations about
the advantages of standardization and to encourage private and public
sector to formulate their requirements to international standardizationand have them included in current and forthcoming OGC standards.
Beyond the creation of national SDIs, it will be important to bring thestakeholders of one entire region together, as it is done by the GSDI association on world level. This is the goal of the International Conference on
SDI 2010 that will take place from 15th to 17th September 2010 in
Skopje, Republic of Macedonia (http://sdi2010.agisee.org). Its ambition is
to become the major SDI conference in the region and be influential for
SDI development. The main theme is the development and use of Spatial
Data Infrastructures and all their aspects – technology, criteria and standards for organizing and sharing spatial data, with an emphasis on therealization of the European INSPIRE directive in South East Europe.
Deadline for abstracts is the 15th of February 2010.
Many supplementary activities are necessary for the implementation of
SDIs and INSPIRE. Such activities comprise awareness creation, training, networking, and furthermore business related activities such as market creation and business planning. They should be included in the strategies and action plans of government authorities or NGOs for the realization of SDIs, for the use of GIS and for sharing of data.

References
1. Annoni, A. and M. Craglia (2005). “Towards a Directive Establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE)”, Proceedings From the Pharaohs
to Geoinformatics, FIG Working Week 2005 and 8th International Conference on
Global Spatial Data Infrastructure, April 2005, Egypt, Cairo.
o
2. Bang,
J.P.: Future Position, FPX presentation, September 2009.
3. Boes, U., Dimopoulos, K: South-East European SDI workshop – SEESDI 2009, Spatial Data Infrastructures in South East Europe, Report about the Workshop
Thessaloniki, 5 and 6 February 2009, Published in November 2009, available at
http://www.agisee.org
4. Boes, U., Pavlova, R.: NATURE-SDI+: A Best Practice Case for INSPIRE Implementation in European Protected Areas, International Scientific Conference “Importance of developing National Spatial Data Infrastructure of the Republic of Macedonia based on INSIPRE directions”, 27th of March 2009, Skopje, Republic ofMacedonia.

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5. Boes, U., Pavlova, R. (2004) Geographic Information Systems Technology and Market in South East Europe, February 2004, Intergeo-East Belgrade, available fromhttp://www.agisee.org.
6. Masser, I. (2005) “The Future of Spatial Data Infrastructures”, ISPRS Workshop on
Service and Application of Spatial Data Infrastructure, XXXVI (4/W6), Oct.14-16,
Hangzhou, China, Proceedings, 7-15.
7. Östman, A., Abugessaisa, I., Tanzilli, S., He, X., El-Mekawy, M.: GeoTest (2009)
A Testing Environment for Swedish Geodata, GSDI 11 conference: Spatial Data
Infrastructure Convergence: Building SDI Bridges to Address Global Challenges,
15 – 19 June 2009.
8. Salvemini, M.: “The GIS certification endorsed by the ECDL Foundation : how to
support the capacity building for SDIs”, South-East European SDI Workshop,
Thessaloniki, Greece, 5 – 6 February 2009, available at:
http://www.city.academic.gr/special/academix/events/gis/index.html
9. Vandenbroucke, D., Janssen, K., and Van Orshoven, J., (2007): INSPIRE State ofPlay, Development of the NSDI in 32 European countries between 2002 and 2007

Nikolina Staniæ Loknar
Faculty of Graphic Art, University of Zagreb,
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: nikolina.stanic@grf.hr
Klaudio Pap
Faculty of Graphic Art, University of Zagreb,
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia
Dijana Posavec
Smart Vision d.o.o.,Karloviæ Vinka 14a, Nedelišæe
Tajana Koren
Faculty of Graphic Art, University of Zagreb,
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia

Mutational Typography
in Security Printing
Abstract
New digital digital letters are produced with the help of computer
graphics. They set the basis for introducing mutational typography
with emphasized use in designing documents and securities. This
paper presents methods and commands for transforming letter shapethat conventional graphic programs fail to provide. Deformation may
be a stochastic one as well, but also a strictly defined one and subject
to designer requirements. Mutation is achieved by transformation of
texts through a program made in advance on basis of primitive postscript
commands controlling memory stack addressing. This paper elaborates
and explains the motivations for activating individualized mutant

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fonts as a routine in tool design. There is more interest in creating such
typography if it is planned in advance to be used in the area of graphic
product security. The same font used in producing one security
document, but carried out in different transformations creates new
designer solutions and contributes to greater protection in security
printing.
Key words: mutational typography, security printing, stochastic transformation

1. Introduction
When designing securities, the choice of typography plays a significant
role in the group of security elements that must be included as part ofthe document design. Typographic designs have a double role. Besides a
document’s graphic design, the typography itself must include a security
function. Tools for designing font letters for PostScript systems are already successfully used in the past twenty years. The iterative phases ofthe process were: hand made collection of all letters on paper, determination of geometric system in typographic scale, scaning of letters, visual
control of comforming letter face and generating the font for the computer use [1].
In the non-English areas, those tools were the main part of massive exploitation of new applications that had their superb original, but protected fonts [2]. Designers of individual letters were motivated differently
to create their personal handwriting letter designs with extreme deviations from the typographic rules [3].
In order to determine shape of the graphical letter PostScript language isused to define “path” or route [11]. Letters are formed inside letterbounding bob. It is an imaginary square, containing a picture of a letter(glyph). Letter shape is most commonly presented as filled space framed
by inner and outer path [4].
New fonts are made for each design. Digital handwriting fonts arepresented and program codes have been applied for mutating letter
shapes. Four new digital handwriting fonts have been designed (Fig. 1).
Tools based on random sequences have been used for producing the
fonts.

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Figure 1. Digital handwriting fonts from GF database:
ZAG 456, Kist 15, Pero 12, Efekt 36

2. Random number generators
Letter shape mutations can be carried out in different ways [5]. The mostcomplex and the most effective solutions are achieved by introducing random numbers [6]. Such generators determine the letter’s deformation
form depending on the seed set in the random number congruency. Eachletter can have a different deformation independent of the neighboring
letter.
Random sequences have been used as an artistic expression in typography [7, 9], to making individual works of art. As they contain an artist’s
individuality, such works are personal creations and as such they havebeen entered into museums of contemporary art. These graphics are
unique and non-replicable.
They were made as unique pieces of art and this is something that is not
typical in the field of graphics. Many of their algorithms cannot be repeated because there is no language or computer technique that could
make such reproduction. Nowadays there are many experiments carriedout with colors in the invisible part of the spectrum. Random choice of
UV and IR intensities [8, 12] with precise algorithms has expanded typography into the security graphics area, as well as into a new manner ofcreating artistic canvases. Recently some individual raster elements havebeen developed [10] that can be placed quite freely into letter signs. Digital screening expands the area of security graphics because the parameters in screen equations are set as a separate information outside thetask described by typographic values.

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By using number congruency mutations in securities typography are determined stochastically [7] and this makes a product unique and impossible to repeat. This method provides strict control of sequence and repetition.
New ways to protect typographical elements in security graphics are introduced and proposed on basis of the executed examples. The proposed
methods of protection are based on the uniqueness of the derived solutions by which mutational typography is made possible.
Through Postscript programming personal random numbers generators
have been produced that create number sequences by using set values
and they are given set functions in further programming. Random
numbers generated in this manner may take over the values of many
parameters belonging to program commands such as: color value, line
thickness, font size, and especially accentuated here – the shape of certain letters.
The original Postscript generator is presented:
x srand/m { 2 31 exp 1 sub } def % (1)/rn { rand m div } def % (2)The srand function sets the initial value for the random number generator that is implemented in the rand function. This initiator may have apositive value up to 231-1 and this is also the range of the module’s width
in congruency. Srand is set at random before the sequential loop, whereas
the values of random numbers m are generated according to the relation(2). Division by the width module m provides the random number in therange from zero to one. The relation (1) represents the highest numberin small computers and that is also the highest number with which thenumber of pseudo repetitions is achieved.
The algorithm for the rand function has never been openly published by
Adobe, creator of Postscript, so it cannot be controlled in full. Anotherfaulty characteristic of the random number generator is the necessity tointroduce two or more generators within one and the same program inorder for the produced typography’s protection to be fully efficient. These
are the very reasons for making personal random number generators.
The manner of defining sequency is used by generating pseudo random
numbers with the congruency method without the additional member.

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The congruency has parameter (a) the multiplier, and the operator
module.
ri = a*ri-1 mod mwhere the random number ri is calculated as the module (m) resulting after multiplying the constant a and the preceding random number ri-1
from the same sequence. We set r0 as the first number in the sequenceand called it the seed.

3. Experimental work
The program solutions used in the presented experiments have been carried out following the listed routines:/sjeme S0 def/m M def/a A def/k {sjeme a mul m mod dup /sjeme exch def } def/rn { k m div } def % random number 0. to 1.
Standard Postscript RAND (random number) routines are not used in
the experiments for generating a random sequence because we plan two
or more sources that are in parallel operation with the intention to control the stochastic graphic repetition. The manner of setting the algorithm in the experiments that have been carried out is by generating
pseudo random numbers using the congruency method with its own parameters. Letter shape deformations have been achieved on basis of thefollowing procedure:[f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6] makefontin which the horizontal deformation of the foursome is defined by parameter f1, and the vertical deformation with parameter f4:/f4 {rn v1 mul v2 add} def/f1 {rn s1 mul s2 add} def.
Parameters f2,f3,f5 and f6 have value zero in this experiment (Fig. 2).

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Figure 2. Experiment 1; RD=rn; GR=rn; BL=0.1; A0=715; M=12345;
S0=1405; N=5, za v1=40: i v2=10, za s1=120 i s2= 10

The random values used in the experiment have been set on basis of own
routine. The random number generator was used. The text “Zagreb” iswritten an N number of times, and this is set with the repeat loop. The
color change is set according to the relation
RD GR BL setrgbcolor
where the red and green color values are random numbers derived fromthe relations/rn { k m div } def
where the k random number was derived form the relation/k {sjeme a mul n mod dup /sjeme exch def } def.
This experiment was carried out in order to show the possibilities of letter shape deformation with the help of program tools.
Second experiment (Fig. 3.) is much more complex as to the program procedure. This is also why its security is more efficient and it is impossible
to repeat the procedure and produce the same product.
It uses two independent random number generators:/a A def % množitelj u kongruencijskom generatoru/m M def/Sjeme1 S1 def % generator br.1
/Sjeme2 S2 def % generator br.2

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Figure 3. Experiment 2; A=123; M=1503951; S2=1405977; S1=3108978;
RD=0,3; GR=bo; BL=bo; Min=0; Max=50; D1=10/S11 {a Sjeme1 mul Modul mod dup/Sjeme1 exch def Modul div } def/S12 {a Sjeme2 mul Modul mod dup/Sjeme2 exch def Modul div } def
Parameters f1 and f4 that set the foursome deformation according to the x
and y axis from the matrix[f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6] makefontchange their value according to generator no 2. The role of generator no
1 is to carry out stochastic change of blue and green colors. Such generators that are completely independent generate totally different number
sequences and enable double protection. Color change is independent inrespect to the letter boundingbox change. Additional deformation isachieved by also introducing variable values for parameter f3 from thetransformational matrix. It is set by the “FOR loop” having a value inthe range from Min to Max with the D1 step. For this experiment parameters f2, f5 and f6 have zero value.

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Experiments No 3,4,5 and 6 (Fig. 4, 5, 6) show the capital letter “L” andseveral of its deformations. The letter used is not taken from some existing font, but was formed with the help of commands for lines and curves.
In this manner each line and curve is independent and may be alteredseparately. Controlled letter mutants are produced by such programmingof typography. The design is carried out with constant horizontal and vertical shifting of the whole letter.
The letter mutation, i.e. the letter L altering in respect to one of its lines
only has been carried out by generating random numbers for the line
length values.

Figure 4. Experiment 3; N=10;

Figure 5. Experiment 4; A=715; M=12345; S0=1405; x=504; l1=300; l2=70

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Figure 6. Experiments with mutations along the horizontal and vertical lines

By the relation/y {rn l1 mul l2 add} def%sluèajni broj izmeðu
l2 i l2+l1

the value of y is set that is used in the place of axis y value in the relationx y lineto
for making one of the letter L lines. As y is variable, its value depends on
the initiator value and varies throughout the program execution according to the relations set. Color change and line thickness are also used in
the same example and they are also randomly set on basis of known relations and initiator values.
In experiments No 5 and No 6 the letter L is mutated along the horizontal and vertical lines. Shift values equal to the ones in experiment No 4,
except that in experiment No 5 the values in the y relation are also introduced in the x axis value in the relationx y lineto.
Experiment No 6 has a vertical line deformation to the right. This wasachieved by introducing a new relation/n {rn 400 mul 625 add} def%sluèajni broj izmeðu
l4 i l3+l4

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in the place ofn y L
when defining the line’s image.
Experiments No. 7 and No. 8 (Fig. 7, 8) have been carried out applying
the same program procedure. Also, a third random number generator
was introduced. Two completely different image designs were the result.
Such designs were carried out in order to stress the importance of knowing the initial parameters and their influence in carrying out program

Figure 7. Eksperiment 7; A=123; M=1503951; S1=3108978; S2=1405977;
S3=2304978; RD=rn; GR=0.5; BL=rn; l1=70; l2=30;l3=90;l4=30;l5=270;
l6=10;h=6; N=12; h=6

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Figure 8. Eksperiment 8; A=71155; M=4659; S1=4782; S2=9257;
S3=7803; RD=rn ;GR=0.5 ;BL=rn; l1=70; l2=30;l3=90;l4=30;l5=270;
l6=10; N=12; h=6

procedures in case it is planned to repeat the experiment. Completely different solutions have resulted by changing the parameter values within
the same program procedure. All of the parameters are given at the bottom of the pictures for each experiment. Seven different fonts were usedamong them Helvetica, the well-known font from the Windows fonts,
whereas the other fonts come from our database and have been designed
for the needs of this paper.
Set fonts are placed within the array relation, and all of the random
numbers from 0 to 6 have been set with the help of:/Jr rn h mul def /j Jr round cvi def.

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In order to enable repetition of the experiment, the complete program
procedure is attached to this paper. Random choices of FN fonts areshown set by the following relations:/FN1 {/BRUSH21_.PFB} def/FN2 {/Helvetica} def/FN3 {/NEW_____} def/FN4 {/BRUSH38_.PFB} def/FN5 {/MAKISUPA.PFB} def/FN6 {/BRUSH45_.PFB } def/FN7 {/BRUSH49_.PFB} def/s { mark pstack pop } def/a A def %/m M def/Sjeme1 S1 def % generator br.1
/Sjeme2 S2 def % generator br.2
/Sjeme3 S3 def % generator br.3
/S11 {a Sjeme1 mul m mod dup/Sjeme1 exch def Modul div } def/S12 {a Sjeme2 mul m mod dup/Sjeme2 exch def Modul div } def/S13 {a Sjeme3 mul m mod dup/Sjeme3 exch def Modul div } def/p {S12 l1 mul l2 add} def%sluèajni broj izmeðu
l2 i l2+l1/v {S12 l3 mul l4 add} def %sluèajni broj izmeðu
l3 i l4+l3/rot {S13 l5 mul l6 add} def %sluèajni broj izmeðu
l6 i l6+l5/rn {p 100 div} def %sluèajni broj izmeðu 0 i 1
0.4 0.4 scale
400 400 translate
N {v 10 moveto
RD GR BL setrgbcolor/Jr rn 6 mul def /j Jr round cvi def[FN1 FN2 FN3 FN4 FN5 FN6 FN7] j get findfont
v scalefont setfont(ZNAK)show rot rotate} repeat
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The font to be displayed in the individual program printouts is chosenstochastically. In order for the overall experiment to have better security
characteristics, random values of red and blue are used in the same manner as in the previously described cases. The vertical shift is constant,whereas the horizontal shift value is set with v variable. The font size inindividual printouts is set with the same relation. It is set in the program
and the word “Znak” is repeated N times. Three different generators
were used in different parameters.
Generator No 1 is used for generating random numbers in the range fromzero to one. The stochastic change of red and blue colors is set in this manner. The same generator is used for choosing the font types in individual
printouts. Generator No 2 determines the horizontal shift of each printout
and the font size. Generator No 3 sets the text rotation angle in eachprintout. The generators are independent of each other and each one ofthem provides a different sequence of random numbers. Owing to this it is
impossible to repeat the designs without knowing the initial parameters.
The importance of knowing certain parameters is stressed because it is essential to know them in order to repeat the described security typographical designs. This is best seen in experiments No 7 and No 8. The introduction of the second and third random number generators and their application to various parameters in the program designs makes it impossible torepeat the experiment. These solutions are applied in making documentswith security elements such as all types of security papers, diplomas, entrance tickets for all kinds of events, transportation tickets, etc. Besides
the CMYK and RGB systems, the typographical solutions offered may also
be carried out as UV colors or infrared colors [6]. With such application security elements become even more efficient. The security elements are observed only under devices that have the possibility of selecting wavelengths so that the graphic design of a document can also be carried out asa double design. One design is visible in the visible specter and the otherdesign in the specter area invisible to the human eye [8].

4. Conclusion
The produced digital letters provide the foundation for introducing
mutational typographies into the field of security graphics. The introduction of typography into program procedures results in creating uniquedesigns such as presented in this paper. The stochastic approach enables

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the emerging of typographic transformations that are fully individual
and unrepeatable without possessing known set parameters. It is not possible to carry out such deformation of letters by using conventionalgraphic programs. The purpose in carrying out the presented experiments is primarily to provide graphic product security and create interesting typographical solutions in documents and securities.
References
1. J. Žiljak, I. Marin (1993) Computer caligraphy and individual font forms, Acta
Graphica 3-93, pp. 149-155, G. Maroševiæ (ed.), UDK: 655(05), ISSN: 0353-4707,
Zagreb
2. K. Pap, V. Žiljak, J. Žiljak (1998) Forming a personal handwriting for Unicode, 5thInternational Design Conference, Product Design/Development & Design Education,
Dubrovnik, D. Marjanoviæ (ed.)pp. 396-400, UDK 7.05 (063), ISBN 953-6313-20-0
3. N. Staniæ, I. Žiljak, K. Pap (2006) Systematic approach to script letter individualization, Proceedings of the Design 2006 9th International design conference, pp.
1619-1628 / Žiljak, Vilko (ed.). Dubrovnik, ISBN: 953-6313-78-2, Glasgow : The Design Society
4. Adobe Systems Incorporate (1999) PostScript Language Reference third edition,
Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-37922-8
5. K. Pap, V. Žiljak (2007) Development of PostScript Procedures for Transformationsof Digital Typography, 3rd international conference on typography and visual communication: from verbal to graphic, Thessaloniki, Greece
6. V. Žiljak (1982) Simulacija raèunalom, Školska knjiga, U-364/1 30663, 245 str, Zagreb
7. Kunsthalle Bremen, Ex Machina – Fruhe Computergrafik (2007) Die SammlungenFranke und weitere Stiftungen in der Kunsthalle Bremen. pp: 291, 482, 483.
Deutscher Kunstverlag, ISBN 978-3-422-06689-2
8. V. Žiljak, K. Pap, I. Žiljak (2009) CMYKIR security graphics separation in the infrared area, // Infrared Physics and Technology Vol. 52. No. 2-3, ISSN 1350-4495,
Elsevier B.V. DOI:10.1016/j.infrared.2009.01.001, p: 62-69
9. Karlsruhe Media Museum, (1961/1973) DE, Zentrum fur Kunst und Medientechnologie, Bit Interrnational, Computer und visualle Forschung, http://www.zkm.de/,
http://on1.zkm.de/zkm/stories/storyReader$6066
10. Pap, Klaudio, Žiljak, Ivana, Žiljak-Vujiæ, Jana (2007) Design of Digital Screening,
monografija, FotoSoft Zagreb, ISBN: 978-953-7064-10-5
11. V. Žiljak, K. Pap, (1999) PostScript, (en, 146 str.), College of Telecommunication andMedia, Wien – St. Pelten, Austrija
12. Žiljak, Ivana, Pap, Klaudio, Žiljak, Vilko (2009) Double Separation Method forTranslation of the Infrared Information into a Visible Area. // Journal of Information and Organizational Sciences. 33, 1; 219-225

Darko Agiæ,University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: darko.agic@ grf.hr
Ivana Žiljak-Stanimiroviæ,University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia
Tajana Koren,
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia

Designer’s Custom Screening Elements
Development
Abstract
Screening in one of essentials procedures in graphic arts reproduction.
Screening elements made possible to reproduce various tints, shades andcolors on the printed image.
Standard elements shapes were associated with basic screening system,
but informatics technology allows to achieve special purpose, custom
designed elements for standard, but also wide range of elements
and screening systems for various tasks and dedicated reproduction purposes.
Key words: Graphic reproduction, screening systems, programmed elements, designers applications

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The timeline
We could say that the necessity to repeat or reproduce some sign or image
goes far back into history. As long ago as in the Babylonian empire times
cylinder seals existed and served as proof of certain documents’ authenticity in those times.

Figure 1. Babylonian seal

As there was no other way to do it, reproducing any document or record
was done by hand copying. The method of replicating certain drawings orsigns with the help of xylography was taken over from Far East (T’ang
Dynasty, Diamond Sutra; Yi Munsun, Korea’s Koryo Dynasty) sources inmore recent times (in the 11th century was introduced in Europe), andthis means the carving of certain protruding forms in wood and theirprinting onto a suitable surface, the result of which were prints. (fig. 1,
2, 3)

Figure 2. Printing plate (Worin ch’on-gang chi ko, Korea)

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Figure 3. Frontispiece of the earliest dated printed book, the Diamond Sutra, 868.

The medieval incunabula were sometimes a combination of texts andadded images and this was used in the printed documents of those times.
After a certain period of time instead of wood plate (fig. 4), a metal plate
was introduced and used as the media for producing image informationin the documents of the period in the form of a copperplate engraving
and etching with concave elements (and this would correspond to today’s intaglio).
Gutenberg’s movable types invention was suitable for promulgating a “written word” (fig. 5),
but all possible changes application of the printing system allowed more extensive production
and distribution of such printed
images or drawings done by various masters.

Figure 4. Woodcut print (XVI century)

Such images (reproductions)were in fact drawings, and thepossibility of shades (tones) was
achieved by closer or further

136Agiæ, D. et al.: Designer’s custom screening elements development

Figure 5. Letterpress types

setting of elements that displayed a lighter or darker shade. This type of
reproduction actually required as obligatory the craft and skill of an artist involved in making it, and also knowledge on the materials and technique used.
Lithography as a reproduction procedure became known of at the end of
the 18th century (Alois Senefelder 1796). It was a reproduction technique using plates with crayon drawings, where the main principle overtaking of dyes from then plate to substrate was the effect of hydrophilic
and hydrophobic properties, and in case of a multi-color reproduction(chromolithography, 1837), a special (extra) form had to be achieved foreach printed color.
Corresponding photo systems were developed with the development ofphotography (Daguerre, Talbot), as well as photo material suitable for
producing photographic images, that also rendered reprographic possibilities. The works of Newton (Seven Primary of Simple Colors, Opticks1704) open the area of knowledge about light and colors, and this is continued by many, especially Maxwell (Experiments on Color 1855, on the
Theory of Compound Colors, 1860), H. Von Helmholz (Manual of Psychological Optics Vol II 1860) where fresh knowledge is accepted allowing
thereby the development of the manner of producing photographic color
images based on the additive as well as subtractive color mixing principle.
As technology was able to make black and white reproductions (prints),
desire for colored reproduction grew, so subtractive principles of achieving such reproductions had started to be used in graphic reproduction as
well. Photographs were able to reproduce various tones , after colorsalso), but that due to the photographic system (silver halides, emulsion,
exposition, etc). General printing systems can not show different shades(lightness), some have tried to overcome the problem of reproducing
shades in the graphic systems (F. Talbot, M. Jaffe, C. Angerer, G.
Meisenbach) by using nets and line systems trying to achieve various
tones (shades) with various printing areas. Only after a screen system

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had been produced on basis of a glass screen (fig. 6) (Louis brothers at
the same time as M. Levi in 1890), and by using the corresponding photomaterials as well as printing form systems, it was made possible to havesuccessful graphic reproduction and single multi-shade images as well as
multi-color ones, with the principle on differing printing elements (dots)
and their coverage, meaning a part covered with screening elements in aelementary screening cell. (Willkom, 1978)

Figure 6. Principle of glass screen, elementary cell (left),position in camera back (right)

Due to the simplicity in photographic as well as film procedures, the dual
tone manner of showing colors (Hernandez, around 1912) was used inprinting for a certain period of time, before standard separation technique and subtractive colors plus black were widely used (fig 7.)
Glass screens were rather limited as to the possibilities of various screen
rulings as well as screen element shapes, and their production was quite
complicated. The possibilities of manipulating with shades (tints and colors) were quite modest taking into account that the process was generally
non-direct and leaned upon the characteristics of the optical system, photographic material and the screen itself.
Certain adjusting of reproduction parameters (screen element form) was
enabled by possible overlapping of (glass) screen lines at some other angle (different in respect to 90°) whereby the element form altered partly,138

Agiæ, D. et al.: Designer’s custom screening elements development

Figure 7. Separations (cyan, magenta, yellow, black, left),standard separation angles (right)

or with the use of special lens shades fig. 8, (Kraus) and this required additional attention. Contact screens (gray and magenta) are introduced in
the twentieth century’s Fifties (fig. 9) and they offer a somewhat wider
choice of screen rulings and screen element forms, as well as the so-calledscreens for special effects. They allowed better quality reproduction, but
any further altering of any parameter required physical altering of thescreen system, i.e. the altering of the screen itself. That shortage of various element shapes and their missing in today’s screening and reproduction possibilities of their development for various purposes and appliancebecomes possible with the aim of information technology and programming. (Agiæ 2002, Žiljak, 2002)

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Figure 9. Contact screen (function) left, enlarged “dot” in the contact screens (right)

Scanners, the electronic reproduction devices, first appeared as analoguesystems-analogue computers (fig. 10) with generally basic possibilities
for color and tones correction, magnification and some other basic correction options for simultaneous (corrected) printout to film as a semi
continuous image. They mostly were designed as drum scanners (Burden,
1980), afterward as flat bet devices. Later screening possibilities wereadded.

Figure 10. Schematic layout of a (simultaneous working) scanner

Recent accomplishment
Digital systems with program aimed control of reproduction are
introduced in the twentieth century’s Seventies, and they take over theleading role in respect to analogue and indirect reproduction systems.
They introduced a wider choice of various correction options, and wereable to produce a “digital dot” as subcell (supercell) matrix (fig: 12),

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Figure 11. Some standard screen element shapes: a) square, b) chain, c) elliptic,d) lines, e) square lines, f) double dot, g) brick, h) roundFigure 12. Forming supercell and “digital dot “ (Screening Technology 05-2002,
Freyer 2006)

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and screening systems with means of screening computer using tables. Separating functions in such system “scanner” overtook thefunction of a “input device”, producing a digital image build of pixel
matrix, recorder as a output device, and implementing screening
functions, and after PS programming into a RIP, (raster image processor) first as hardware, later as software managed devices, thepossibilities widened not only as AM also as FM screening systems
producing “digital dot”, meaning screening element. Producers ofscreening systems (RIPs and recorders) their products applied tovarious printing capabilities, but in applying various screening element
shapes mostly used standard, conventional or well known ones, suchas round, square, elliptical (chain), line, or similar ones. (Morgenstern,
1985)
All of them support parameters such as accurate of coverage, system
structure (AM or FM), exact separation angles or any angle, shape of element in any combination, dot gain, dithering possibility RIPs are rather
closed systems, but to days informatics support allows creating various
shapes of elements using a PC and export it to establish a film or plate
for reproduction.

Programmed shapes
This opens a practically unlimited possibilities of creating screening
models and screening shapes that can be fixed on the image, but
simultaneous variations of various parameters are possible. As in suchcombinations picture element becomes similar to screening elementin function, this opens a wide range of possibilities and improvements
in reproducing colors and tones on various printing systems. (Pap et al.,2008)
Such implementations lead to an interesting situation of creating
custom designed screening elements and systems for dedicated reproduction purposes. This implies special (custom) shapes of elements,
applications in valuables, very high individualization, control ofvarious cmyk parameters such as dot gain, (Žiljak et al., 2009) special effects, special designers applications etc. (Žiljak et al., 2005, Datevernier,
2008)

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Figure 13. Layout of r52 and r53 elements shape (0 deg. screening angle)

Figure 14. r 52 3D view

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Figure 15. r52 topographic view

In this paper two new screening elements r52 and r53 are introduced.
For each of them a detailed testing in whole range of coverages is made.
Such detailed testing must be applied cause (Žiljak et al., 2003)
determining its decesion its decision algorithn, what is an lasting processthat can discontinue craftsmanship of the printing form without declaration of the cause of suspense of the process.
Z= Abs[(Abs[x^4]-Abs[y^2]) ]PS code:/r52 {dup mul dup mul abs exch dup mul abs sub abs} bind def
Pixel lightness is given with the vector lightness
5 2 8 [1 1 div 0 0 1 1 div neg 0 0 ]{<80cc77ee44aa22cc06f0>}

144Agiæ, D. et al.: Designer’s custom screening elements development

Trigonometric individualisation for r53:

Figure 16. r 53 3D view

Figure 17. r 53 topographic view

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

z=1-Abs[ Sqrt[Abs[Sin[x]-y^2]]-Sqrt[Abs[Cos[y]+x^2]] ]z = 1 - Abs [- Abs [x 2 + Cos [y]] +Abs [-y 2 + Sin [x]]]PS code:/r53 {dup sin 2 index dup mul sub abs sqrt 3 1 rollexch cos exch dup mul add abs sqrt sub abs 1 exchsub } bind def/r54 {dup 2 index div abs 3 1 roll
mul add 20 div } bind def
Numerous programs (applications) are in integer range of parameter definitions and is possible to false determine and arrest the plotting of the
CTP printing form for large formats, as for newspaper printing screening
continuous values overall screening parameters. Caused of that (dis) continuous process, huge disservices in production are possible, so imminentand close collaboration between designer and programming engineer ofdedicated screens and the printing plant that facilitates, numerous testing and experiments on production printing plates have to be performed.
In this work two new algorithm for screening shapes are proposed in respect that they can be processed and realized in current CTP systems.
Permissions for maximal enlarging of the level of density definitions areallowed. The best example for such definition is for the element shaper52 where in analytical expression is appended a diminution of the function as proceeded in PS function to 20 DIV. Such adjusted value of the expression ensures access through the CTP system, although for visual
screening it can be at the value of 10. For smaller values this screening

Figure 18. Screening element “ring” as reproduced (layout)

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Agiæ, D. et al.: Designer’s custom screening elements development

Figure 19. Element “ring” as 3D view

Figure 20. Element “ring” as topographic view

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element shape suspends the procedure of bitmapping procedure, but that
depends of the definition of certain pixel density. A very interesting element “ring “containing very extended characteristics was already introduced (Vujiæ et al., 2009.)
Ring:z = 1 - Abs [Sin [4 x 2 + y 2 * 16 ]]z=1-Abs[Sin[Sqrt[(x^2+y^2)*16]]]
PS code:/rP { dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt 160 mul sin abs} bind def % prsten
Similar behavior with screens in the series of examined r95 and r73
shapes were found (Pap et al., 2009.)
As contemporary graphic arts activities are incorporated with color management and workflow , so all mentioned shapes and modifications of elements can be used and applied within that systems and support predictedconditions. Extended assignments with systems of non visible part ofspectrum colors can be accessed too.

Conclusion
A continuous overview about rise and development of approach the reproduction possibilities is presented. It was a long way from first written
ideograph, character, cave painting, seal as a clue of authority, to woodcut
and metallic stencils, and possibilities of integrated script and picture reproduction. To days technology, informational supported widens limits ofpossibilities of all topics wanted to be reproduced or printed on various
substrates or media. Reproducing facilities comprehend whole surrounding from materials, processing possibilities, ordering, belief supported bytechnical, programming, and all possible demands. For various reproduction and printing purposes where screening is used and special demands
have to be implemented, including special inks and colors for dedicatedpurposes, (Žiljak-Vujic et al., 2008.) close coordination between reproduction and printing technologist, designer and programming developer is anecessity. Special shapes and functions by screening technology are not148Agiæ, D. et al.: Designer’s custom screening elements development

only designers ways of expression, they are present in numerous graphic
arts products, as custom designed effects, valuables, personalization, etc.
(Pap et al. 2009, Žiljak-Vujic et al., 2006.)
Custom designed and programmed screens as r95, r73 already foundtheir place in screening techniques. Introduced realized ,proved screening
elements attribute further arrangements as visual and technical way out
for further wide gamut of realizations.
References
1. Burden, J. W. (1980) Graphic Reproduction Photography, Ch. Electronic Reproduction 403, Focal Press, London
2. Datevernier B. (2008) Concentric Screening in the Spotlight, IC International Colorof Graphic Education and Research, The International Circle of Educationa Industries of Graphic Arts, 1-2008, 18-21, ISSN 1868-0712
3. “DIGITALNI SUSTAVI U TISKARSTVU”, Ministarstvo znanosti Republike Hrvatske, br. 0128003 (2001) i br. 0128009 (2002.- 2006.), voditelj: V. Žiljak
4. “METODA PROJEKTIRANJA HIBRIDNIH TEHNKA TISKARSKIH TEHNOLOGIJA, Mnistarstvo znanosti Republike Hrvatske br: 02.0128-10 (2002-2004), Voditelj: D. Agiæ5. Freyer, K-D., Princet Hybrid Screening, Hibridraster von Heidelberg<www.Heidelberg.com/support> (accessed 10. 2006 )6. Heidelberger Druchmaschinen: Expert Guide: Screening Technology, 05-2002,;<www.Heidelberg.com/support> (accessed 5. 2006)
7. Kraus, H. (1971) Einfuhrung in die Reproduktionsphotographie, kap. IX, Eggen
Fachbuchlehre, zweite Aufgabe, Berlin-Hannover,
8. Morgenstern, D. (1985) Rasterungstechnik, Fotomechanical und Electronisch, Kap.
III Kennzeichen der Raster und ihre Bedeutung, Polygraph Verlag, Frankfurt-M
9. Pap K., Žiljak, I.. Žiljak-Vujic J. (2008) “Design of Digital Screening” Fotosoft,
Zagreb, ISBN 978-953-7064-10-5
10. Pap, K., Žiljak, I., Žiljak-Vujic, J. (2010) IMAGE REPRODUCTION FOR NEARINFRARED SPECTRUM AND THE INFRAREDESIGN METHOD. // J. of Imaging
Science and Technology, ISSN 1062 3701 vol 1, 2010, 1 010502-1-9
11. Vujic, J., Stanic-Loknar, N., Žiljak, I., Rudolf, M., Koren, T. (2009) NEW MUTATIONSCREEN ELEMENT “ SOFT RHOMB” // International J. Advanced Engineering /B. Obsieger (ed.). Rijeka, pp. 255-263
12. Willkom, H. (1973) Grundlagen der Reproduktions Technik, kap. 2.3: Rasterphotographie 76, Polygraph Verlag, Frankfurt-M, ISBN 3-87641-170-x, pp. 75-89

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13. Žiljak, V., Pap, K., Žiljak, I. (2009) “CMYKIR SECURITY GRAPHICS SEPARATION
IN THE INFRARED AREA”, Infrared Physics and Technology Vol.52.No.2-3, ISSN
1350-4495, Elsevier B.V. DOI:10.1016/j.infrared.2009.01.001, p: 62.69,
14. Žiljak I., Pap, K., Agic, D. (2005) “BEHAVIOUR OF SOME CUSTOM PROGRAMMED SCREENING ELEMENTS IN VARIOUS PRINTING SYSTEMS”, Proceedings of the 32nd International Research Conference IARIGAI, Porvoo, (2005),
175-179.
15. Pap, K., Vujic Ziljak,J., Ziljak, I. & Agic, D. (2009) SCREEN ELEMENT SHAPE “
R73” MUTATION WITH METHOD OF GROWTH FUNCTION PARAMETERIZATION // in DAAAM International Scientific Book 2009, B. Katalinic (ed), Published by DAAAM International, 2009, Vienna
16. Žiljak, V., Kropar-Vancina, V., Agic D., Žiljak I., Pap K. (2003) “NEW SCREENING
ELEMENTS IN MULTI-COLOUR PRINTING FOR SCECIAL PURPOSES” Proceedings of the 30th International Research Conference IARIGAI 2003 Cavtat, 2003,
143-150 (PIRA)
17. Žiljak-Vujic, J., Pap, K., Žiljak, I. (2008) DESIGN WITH MUTANT MODULATIONSCREEN ELEMENTS. // International Circular of Graphic Education and Research.
IC Journal 1, The International Circle of Educational Institutes for Graphic Arts:
Technology and Management,W.Faigle (ur.), Moscow State University of Printing
Arts, Moscow, (2008); pp. 22-28
18. Žiljak-Vujic J., Žiljak, I., Pap, K. (2006) “INDIVIDUAL RASTER FORMS IN SECURITY PRINTING APPLICATION”, Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing CADAM 2006., (ed. B.
Obsieger). Supetar, (2006), 105-106.

Darko Babiæ
Faculty of Graphic Art, University of Zagreb,
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: babic@grf.hr
Petar Miljkoviæ
Faculty of Graphic Art, University of Zagreb,
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia
Denis Jureèiæ
Faculty of Graphic Art, University of Zagreb,
Getaldiæeva 2, Zagreb, Croatia

Process and Structure of JDF Protocol
in Production of Hardcover Books
Abstract
The primary purpose of the integration of digital printing process is theuninterrupted exchange of information about a given product within different production departments installed at various control platforms.
Production parameters with the proposed workflows and information
flow about the product are integrated into the JDF (Job Definition Format) protocol that provides remote control of production with emphasison the optimization of the processes. Using the installed resources. XML(Extensibile Markup Language) independent markup language supports
JDF records and introduces a new way of communication and control ofgraphical processes.
Key words: Integration, JDF, automation, MIS, XML152Babiæ, D. et al.: Process and Structure of JDF Protocol in Production of Hardcover Books

1. Introduction
Graphic processing industry on the market today integrates mostly heterogeneous working structure with an emphasis on an intermittent (ornon-existent) transmission of digital information. Non-conformity andnon-uniformity of such records and performing procedures forced the
management to numerous discussions and seminars focusing on the issueof leadership and management of graphic production. Accordingly, a consortium of the world’s most prestigious firms (MAN Roland, Heidelberg,
Agfa, Adobe) was created with the purpose of setting a common standardof communication because each individual attempt was a failure andnone of the proposed standards was measured as an ISO standard. The
main common goal was solving the current situation and creating presumptions for the introduction of a new uniform code format that could
integrate a complete video production, including management of production processes.
Although the JDF Protocol represents the prospective and safe future of
production and managing, its complete implementation will be possible
when all the elements of the system are networked. This means that themachines will with their memory and managing systems be able to correspond to the above stated programming languages, the operators whowill be trained and master the programs and the standardisation which
will certainly have to be defined according to the ISO Standard.
The ability to achieve results would be visible in the proposed integration of:• automated production units,• the production (prepress – press – postpress) and• subsequent analysis with elements of corrections

2. JDF Protocol as Standard of Graphic Communication
The JDF graphic communication protocol describes the workflows thatare based on the XML programming language and CIP3/PPF (International Cooperation for Integration of Prepress,
Press, and Postpress/Print Production Format) technology and represents the customization of the given industry standard. A transparent
form of production integrates all the workflows, from the ideas of theAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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authors presented in digital form, to the final appearance of the product,
including the surrounding parameters with different inputs.
The main characteristic of the JDF communication is designing the system into a unique flowchart of the working phases, which are divided
into groups: preparation (prepress), print (press) and finishing(postpress). The proposed JDF provides a progress in the description of
automation of production processes with an emphasis on increased efficiency through the optimization of time and materials. The control andmonitoring of workflows improves, and all the data are stored, and thus adatabase for further development is designed. The links are created todigital graphic system into a single entity using JDF records whose architecture allows the installation of control program through work tools.
The JDF job specification describes the syntax and structure of the JDF
job orders JTF (Job Tickets Format). JMF (Job Messaging Format) with
its syntax is also implemented in the protocol and provides valid information on management of information to the management of printing office.
The mechanisms are provided for communicating through the construction of hierarchical platforms, which are divided into command categories
with the accompanying networking. JDF installation is available for all
the installed operating systems that are networked and connected to theserver where the database is located. In addition to networking of production departments, it is necessary to link departments with resource
stocks that are automated in the consumption by each work order. The
mechanisms are created for control and monitoring of production andsubsequent changes can be entered in the production process according
to the commands sent by the MIS (Management Information Systems).
The JDF record is not an application or system of graphic communication, but it integrates reference sources on the given graphic product.
The JDF and JMF file formats which are directed towards the verticalcommunication from management to production ensure the coherence ofthe records on the equipment of different manufacturers, which was not
feasible before, and thus overcomes the obstacle in non-adjusted management systems.
With such a design JDF has the following benefits:• the ability to record a unique code which describes the working phaseand distributes them to all departments where necessary. These documents describe all the elements of the product as well as all CIP3 procedures up to delivery of the finished product;

154Babiæ, D. et al.: Process and Structure of JDF Protocol in Production of Hardcover Books• the ability of distributing information between the management of production (MIS) and all production departments by bi-directional communication. JDF provides an insight into the basic calculation lists andsubsequent calculation after execution of the production;• the ability to inspect the finished product by customer ideas, i.e. to harmonize product ideas according to the installed capacity of the printing
office using optimum solutions;• the ability to inspect work in graphic display on the screen and thedefinition of detailed manufacturing processes with selection of final
production models. Each new production workflow complements the
database of workflows that can be corrected in the production process.
The first beta JDF specification were presented in 2000, and the next
version 1.0 a year later. The development of CIP4 standards is followedby the development of JDF, and the final version 1.3 was released at theend of the year 2005.

3. Exchange of Information within Structure of JDF Protocols
The structure of JDF protocols is presented as a delta flowchart with all
the elements necessary for its execution. The work flow should be an automated manufacturing process which, as a whole or in segments, transmits information about the product and tasks to all the participants inthe execution process. JDF provides three main features of the communication within the graphic industry and the integration of production systems:• the first feature – JDF as an XML encoding mechanism for the exchange of information which are associated with different IT systems
and integration of different productive resources,• the next feature is the flow of information by sub-system that provides
communication within the whole system of work for each computer station where an individual control is executed,• the last feature is the ability to implement documentation that describes
each resource required for the completion of all phases of printing work.
The set-up job assignments are set at key job nodes such as the technicalcharacteristics of the hardcover book, MIS information on a particular
product, information on a client, deadlines, delivery and more. The architecture in the exchange of information was constructed in the shape of aAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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Figure 1. Flow of information through control node

pyramid, which is divided into three levels of management. The distribution is according to the management functions in the manufacturing process. The transfer of information about the product with all the elements
and the network integration are managed according to individual
workplaces. The flow within the pyramid itself is carried out using“nodes” to form a hierarchical pyramid of control.

Figure 2. Control pyramid with JDF nodes and hierarchical information(JDF Specification)

The base of the pyramid consists of a specific information on the work
product that describes every single working step made by the executor.
The next step in the pyramid describes the graphic product with all production processes that should be executed i.e. it describes the workflows.
The top of the pyramid belongs to the management department, whichcontacts the client, where all the basic information on all the ordered jobtasks are entered. The JDF nodes contain attributes and elements, while156Babiæ, D. et al.: Process and Structure of JDF Protocol in Production of Hardcover Books

elements contain their attributes and sub-elements, and they again theirvarious elements. The distribution of tasks creates pre-conditions for optimization of the entire work process, with the description of each working node separately.
Adjusting the distribution of information to the description of the commands in the executive operating points (nodes) provides a complete reviewof the final tasks. The working documents applicable to printing and finishing machines that support it and can be connected to MIS departments,
must be adjusted to their level of computerization. Recording of all work
places should describe each phase of work (node) and through the digital record in the JDF determine its validity or the need for change in the organizational chart. In cases of economic non-rentability it is necessary to exclude
such a position, and distribute the information about the product to thenext node. The distribution points that describe the production flowchart,
describe each phase or the process to be performed separately.

Figure 3. Exchange of information within process and installed resources(JDF Specification)

There are three types of nodes according to their descriptive function:• Product nodes (transmit information about the intentions of the job),• Process Group nodes (transmit information about the phases of the job,i.e. workflow of the production) and• Process nodes (which describe an individual approach to individual
work phases).
The nodes also support other information related to the product and they
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subsequently executed. The relations between the nodes are positioned in
two categories: in a hierarchical (vertical) or laterar (horizontal) direction.
The combination of horizontal and vertical nodes forms a complex network
environment and describes the entire production process. The output information of a node is usually input into the next node, where the exchange ofprocess and resource files takes place. In simpler situations JDF document
is shown as a node, which describes the function holder of a certain segmentof the production (manufacturing, printing, finishing). The nodes from theperspective of separation of individual work phases represent distinct
phases that include the data on imposition, time of printing, the information
on finishing stages and the information on the final result.

Figure 4. Tree diagram – processes in job ticket

4. Conclusion
Today there are more than hundred different versions which are presented on the market as ready-made solutions for printing which will be
installed using the plug and play system and have their integration
solved. Subsequently, however, the deficiencies and inefficiencies of suchready-made solutions are recognized. Many such projects have neverbeen activated in a real graphic production, and the reasons for failure
are in their unsystematic approach and in not recognizing the whole complexity of production. The concrete solutions are not presented and theindividual production model that will suit the respective printer are notsuggested. Only the solutions derived from the real production that were
tested in concrete situations in the form of digital models and stochastic
simulations can confirm the validity of the proposed model.

158Babiæ, D. et al.: Process and Structure of JDF Protocol in Production of Hardcover Books

References
1. Kipphan H. (2001.). Handbook of Print Media, Springer-Verlag, pp 923. – 936, ISBN
3-540-67326-1, Berlin- New York 2001.
2. Daun S., Koch R., Schönhut J. (2003.). Addendum to the Specification of the
CIP3 Print Production Format. FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER
GRAPHICS (2000).
http://www.cip4.org/documents/ppf_specifications/cip3_ppf_v3_0_addendum.pdf
3. Žiljak V. (2003.). Information System Transformation after Implementing XML
Technology, Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems, pp 17. – 22., ISBN953-6071-22-3, Varaždin 2003.
4. Žiljak V., Miljkoviæ P., Koren A. (2004.). Newspaper Production Process Integrationin the JDF Environment, FOI Varaždin, 15th. International Conference on Information and Intelligent Systems. ISBN 953-6071-23-1, 2004.
5. CIP4: JDF Specification 1.4
http://www.cip4.org/documents/jdf_specifications/intro.php (3 October 2005).

Branko Salopek
Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia
bsalopek@rgn.hr
Ivan Sobota
Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia
Gordan Bedekoviæ
Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia
Anamarija Kutliæ
Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, University of Zagreb,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia

Mechanical Methods of Soil Cleaning
Abstract
Soil cleaning technologies are becoming more and more important especially in industrialized countries. Application of soil washing i.e. physicalseparation results in cleaned soil which can be reused at the origin or theother location. Separated impurities (metals, hydrocarbons) are consideredas special waste and further processed and/or disposed on special landfills.
Technologies that were originally developed for mineral processing, due tosimilarity of operative goals – concentration/separation of certain matter
adhering to a certain class of grain collective – have a high potential foruse in soil cleaning. The purpose of this paper is to give a review of mineral processing methods which can be applied in soil washing technology,
and to present some of the processes successfully applied in practice.
Key words: soil cleaning, soil washing, mechanical methods

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1. Introduction
Soil cleaning (soil remediation) has been gaining more and more importance over the last decade, especially in industrial countries with considerable soil pollution due to intensive industrial activities. The sources ofsoil pollution are chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and graphic
industry, agriculture, metallurgy, mining, fossil power plants, transport,
landfills, waste recycling plants, etc. Croatia, as a country with low industrial activity, has a relatively clean soil. However, due to lack of soil protection strategy, the soil as a resource was neglected until recent time andits quality is yet to be determined. According to the available data, 1,056
potentially polluted sites were recorded in Croatia, 69 of which were confirmed as polluted sites, but the number of potentially polluted sites isvery likely higher (AZO, 2007)1. Also, 11 so called “black spots” were registered in 2005 (AZO, 2007)2. Two of them were remediated (power plant
Plomin and PVC factory “Ina Vinil”) and one is still in the process ofremediation (coke plant in Bakar). Other sites with critical soil pollution
due to industrial activities and improper disposal of hazardous technological waste are: asbestos-cement waste dumps of the asbestos products factory “Salonit” (Vranjic and Mravinaèka kava), ex alumina factory in
Obrovac, ex electrodes and ferro-alloy factory in Šibenik, Croatian Railroads station for washing and disinfection in Botovo, hazardous technicalwaste dump “Lemiæ brdo” near Karlovac, tar and waste oil dump in Jama
Sovjak, phosphorous-gypsum waste dump of “Petrokemija” in Kutina(Figure 1).
Not so long ago, depending on the area of contaminated site and level ofcontamination, the main methods of dealing with contaminated soil problems were: the isolation of contaminated area with restricted admittance,covering the contaminated area with clean soil and vegetation, or excavation and controlled disposal of contaminated soil.
Today, there is a wide range of soil cleaning methods. Soil washingis a method of soil cleaning in which the contaminant is removed
from the soil, and after that cleaned soil can be used again at thesame or different location with no threat to humans or environment.
Removed contaminants are further treated and/or disposed as a special
waste.

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2. Soil Contaminants
From the viewpoint of pedology, soil is an autonomous natural and historical creation as well as a capital good of agriculture and forestry(Martinoviæ, 1997). Key factors of soil genesis and development are soil
matrix, living organisms, climate, geomorphology, time and human activities. One of the essential properties of soil is its fertility which is closely
linked to the development of vegetation and living organisms in soil. Soil isa system consisting of four phases – solid particles, solutions, air and livingorganisms, structured by different levels of hierarchy: atoms, molecules,
particles, horizons, profiles, pedosystems, soil associations and pedosphere.
Contaminated soil is a soil that contains pollutant above a certain levelcausing a deterioration or loss of one or more soil functions (EC-JRC,
2010). The functions of soil are: production (food, biomass), biotopic function (biological habitat), environmental interaction (transformation, regulation, filtration, storage), source of raw materials, building platform(Martinoviæ, 1997). Anthropogenic contamination typically arises from

Figure 1. Black spots (AZO, 2007)

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the underground tanks leakages, extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, infiltration of contaminated surface water to the subsurface, landfill
and waste dumps leachate infiltration, industrial wastewater discharge,
spilling and industrial waste disposal directly on the ground, etc. Soilcontaminants can further contaminate a groundwater and air (EC-JRC,
2010; EPA, 2010).
Soil contaminants are usually divided into organics and inorganics. Further, organic contaminants are classified by volatility and presence of
halogens in their chemical structure (Reis et al, 2008; FRTR, 2010):
1. Organics– Nonhalogenated Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
a. Light Hydrocarbons
b. Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl benzene, Xylene (BTEX)
c. Oxygenated Hydrocarbons
d. Other compounds– Halogenated Volatile Organic Compounds (X-VOCs)
a. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
b. Other X-VOCs– Nonhalogenated Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
a. Heavy Hydrocarbons
b. Nonhalogenated Pesticides
c. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
d. Nitrogenated PAHs and Amines
e. Nonhalogenated Phenols– Halogenated Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (X-SVOCs)
a. Polychlorinated Byphenyls (PCBs)
b. Halogenated Pesticides
c. Other X-SVOCs– Dioxins i furans
2. Inorganics– Heavy metals
a. Volatile heavy metals and compunds
b. Nonvolatile heavy metals and compounds– Radionuclides– Other inorganic elements and compounds (azbestos, fluorine, cyanide, etc.)

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3. Soil cleaning methods
Soil cleaning can be applied at contaminated sites using mobile plants orin stationary plants after transportation of excavated contaminated soil.
Soil cleaning technologies are classified by main mechanism of cleaning
into: physical, chemical, biological and thermal treatments (Martin et al,2004). Since an operational goal of certain soil cleaning method can beseparation of contaminant, detoxication of soil by contaminant destruction or contaminant immobilization, treatments of contaminated soil areclassified into three groups: separation (physical and chemical methods),
detoxification/ destruction (chemical, biological and thermal methods)
and immobilization (chemical and thermal methods).
Physico-chemical methods based on physical and/or chemical propertiesof contaminant or contaminated medium are used for the separation orconcentration of contaminant, or for its destruction i.e. the change ofcontaminant chemical properties. Chemical treatments can be divided
into two groups: the group of separation methods used for improvementof physical separation (conditioning) and the group of destruction/detoxification methods. Chemical destruction/detoxification methods are basedon destruction of contaminant by changing its molecular and structuralproperties when reacting with certain reagents, resulting in less toxic or
non toxic compounds. Physico-chemical treatments are low in cost andenergy consumption, treatment duration is relatively short, equipment is
widely available and less demanding in terms of qualifications and number of personnel. Application of some treatments directly in the groundcan meet the difficulties due to variations of soil parameters (e.g. clay
and humus can cause the variations of soil horizontal and vertical hydraulic properties resulting in unevenly cleaned soil).
Biological methods, based on microbial activities, are used for degradation of organic contaminants products like CO2, H2O, fatty acids and biomass. Application is possible both on site and ex site in special reactor
tanks. Usually, treatment duration is long but after contaminant destruction soil remains bio-active. Bio-treatments are applicable to soil, sediments, sludge and water. The costs of implementation are low. Contaminant destruction is almost complete and additional treatments are rarely
required. Difficulty with these treatments is to determine when complete
contaminant is destroyed, and additional problem can be the sensitiveness of microorganisms to toxins and high concentrations of contaminants.

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Thermal methods are classified in the group of detoxification/destruction
methods, but some of them are used for separation too. Using the hightemperature in controlled environment, physical, chemical or biologicalproperties and composition of contaminated material (soil, waste) arechanged, i.e. contaminant is volatilized, incinerated, degraded, destroyed
or melted. Thermal treatments are used for cleaning of soil contaminatedwith organics like oil and oil derivatives (soil near underground tanks,
spilling). Destruction of contaminant is fast (depending on oven capacityand volume of contaminated soil), but energy consumption and equipment costs are high, as well as equipment maintaining and personnel requirements. In incineration devices, e.g. rotating ovens, at the temperature of 500-600 °C, organics are volatilized and oxidized, producing carbon-dioxide, water and toxic compounds like SO2, NOx, HCl, products ofincomplete incineration and ashes. After thermal treatment, the soil isbiologically dead. Heating the soil above 1600°C (vitrification) producesinert vitrified mass, i.e. slag. Because of high energy consumption, thesetreatments are used only if other treatments are not applicable or effective.
Immobilization (stabilization/solidification) is a group of treatments forimmobilization of toxic compounds by their binding to materials like soil,
sand or building materials. Toxic compounds are physically bonded or encapsulated in solid mass which has a high compressive strength and low
permeability (cement or silicate based solidification, thermoplastic solidification, polymer based encapsulation, vitrification) or they are immobilized by chemical reactions with stabilizers (stabilization). Immobilization methods are applied mainly for inorganic contaminations, but they
can be applied efficiently to volatile organics and pesticides.
Soil washing is a technological process of separation of highly contaminated soil particles from the remaining soil, based on difference in physical and physical-chemical parameters of soil and contaminant. The separation is conducted in water as a medium. After washing, clean soil issafe for environment and ready to transport to the original or other location. Soil washing is applicable to soil and sludge contaminated withheavy metals, oil derivatives, PAHs, cyanides, phenols etc. Soil washingrefers to the group of methods based on physical separation and/or chemical extraction. Physical separation is used for the concentration of contaminants into a smaller volume of soil, based on difference in physicalproperties (particle size, density, magnetic, electrostatic and surface properties) between contaminated soil particles (contaminant carrier) and soil
particles. The aim of chemical extraction process is to dissolve the contaminant using the water solution of reagents. If the soil contamination

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is in the form of particles, physical separation is applied, and if it is in adsorbed forms, then chemical extraction is applied. Definitions and use of
expressions “soil washing”, “physical separation” and “chemical extraction” can vary from author to author, however, the prevailing techniquein the process of cleaning has the main influence on choice of expression.
In the USA and Europe, the expression “soil washing” usually refers to
the soil contaminant removal by technologies commonly used in mineralprocessing (Dermont et al, 2008). The efficiency of separation methods insoil washing depends on soil characteristics: particle size distribution,
particle shape of soil matrix and contaminant, clay content, humus content, soil moisture, heterogeneity of soil matrix, difference in density between soil matrix and contaminant, magnetic and electrostatic properties
of soil and contaminant, surface properties of particles (wetting), etc. Soilwashing for heavy metal removal can be difficult, especially in the following cases:– Metal is firmly bonded to soil particle surface;– Soil matrix and metal carrier particles have similar densities;– Metal is present in wide variety of chemical forms;– Metal carrier particles are present in wide size range;– Contaminated soil contains more than 30-50% of clay, large amount ofhumus and/or very viscous organics.
Separation methods are applied primarily on urban and industrial soils
contaminated by human activities. They are not so efficient for cleaningof agricultural soil because it contains relatively low concentrations of adsorbed metals, high amounts of clays, fines and organic matter, althoughsome treatments like attrition scrubbing can be used for the improvement of chemical extraction of adsorbed metals. Some recent experiments
have shown high efficiency of separation methods for the removal of hydrocarbons too. Only by water washing, 24% of n-alkanes is removed
from the soil of particles size –0.8 mm, contaminated with diesel fuel atthe concentration of 7% by weight, and the use of surfactants in washingprocess results in 97% removal of the contaminant (Khalladi et al, 2009).
Attrition scrubbing experiments conducted on sand samples of particle
size 0.1-0.5 mm, contaminated with diesel fuel 5-15% by weight, resulted
in 96% contaminant removal (Bayley & Biggs, 2005). Flotation of sand(particle size 0.4-1.2 mm) also resulted in high percentage removal of diesel fuel (> 90%) (Couto, 2009). Mineral processing technologies can be efficiently applied not only for the removal of metal and organic contaminant, but also for radionuclide removal (Gavrilescu et al, 2009).

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4. Technological process of soil washing
In mixture of water and contaminated soil, mechanical energy is introduced via certain machine or device and, if necessary, a reagent is added
and/or mixture is heated. In that process, soil matrix is disintegrated, individual soil particles are liberated and contamination dissolved and redistributed. After classification, separation and dewatering, most of theprocessed material is “washed soil” that can be returned to the original
location. Small amount of separated material contains most of the contaminants in the form of sludge, light products (wood, coal, coke, porous
building material, etc.), flotation froth or water solution. Separated contaminated products are treated as special waste or further processed anddisposed.
4.1. Laboratory characterization of soil samples
Material that enters the soil washing cycle is not just a soil in thepedological sense, it is a complex mixture of soil forming minerals, organic matter and impurities such as small pieces of brick, concrete, wood,slag, etc. Because of the large number of possible impurities in the mixture, their different physical and chemical properties, types of intergrowth between impurities and soil components, and differences in soil
texture, it is not possible to define universal soil washing process. Eachcase must be thoroughly investigated and analyzed. Depending on determined specific values and technological indicators, decision about themost suitable process is made. Usual analyses of contaminated soil samples include (Salopek et al, 2004):– determination of density, particle size distribution, mineral and chemical composition,– determination of contamination content in each particle size class, masscontent of light and heavy components (light – less than 1800 kg/m3,
heavy – above 2800 kg/m3),– determination of the type of intergrowth between contaminant and soil
components,– determination of chemical composition and concentration of contaminant, the possibilities of attrition, deagglomeration, dispersion, emulgation and solubility,– determination of classification and/or separation cut (Tromp curve,
HR-diagram), recovery and contaminant concentration in washed products.

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4.2. Soil preparation
Contaminated soil can contain pebbles, rock, slag, concrete or brickpieces which, due to their size, are not appropriate for washing. Usually,grains larger than 30 (50) mm are separated on vibrating screens. If contaminant concentration in separated material is below a certain required
value, then the material is treated as clean. If not, then separated material is crushed, e.g. in impact crusher, and returned to the washing process with the rest of the soil.
4.3. Liberation
The purpose of grain liberation is to physically separate the mineral
grain from contaminant. It is a process of breaking the bonds between
soil matrix constituents and contaminant in the soil matrix. Only successful liberation of contaminant particles guaranties successful separation. Choice of liberation process depends on the type of intergrowth between mineral particle and contaminant. The three main type of intergrowth are presented in Figure 2. Type 1 is easily achieved by mixing

Figure 2. Main types of intergrowth between mineral particle andcontaminant: type 1 – contamination in the form of free grains (coal, coke,brick or concrete particles mixed with soil particles), type 2 – contaminationin the form of film on soil particle surface (particles enveloped with oil or oil
derivatives film), type 3 – contamination dispersed inside the mineralparticle (penetration of contaminant inside the grain).

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with water in washing drum. Type 2 is more complex and requires larger
input of mechanical energy. For film stripping attrition scrubber is used.
If deagglomeration is required, high-pressure jet washing is applied. Attrition scrubbing products are cleaned particles, oil-water emulsion andsludge.
Type 3 of intergrowth is the most complex and liberation can rarely beachieved only by mechanical methods. Chemical treatment such as leaching, possibly after grinding, is usually required to convert the type 3 into
type 2 or 1.
4.4. Classification
The purpose of classification is to separate the groups of particles of different size into classes. Separated particle classes can be the final productor input material for the next step of processing (separation). For example, after the first step of washing in washing drum, material is sieved onvibrating screen where the oversize (grains larger than 2 (4) mm) is a final product. Undersize (grains smaller than 2 (4) mm) is washed in thesecond step (attrition scrubbing) or further classified (in a hydrocyclone)and prepared for separation treatment (gravity concentration, flotation).
Different types of vibrating screens are usually used for the classificationof coarse material, and hydrocyclones or sometimes other types classifiers
for the classification of fine material.
4.5. Separation (concentration, sorting)After achieved liberation and separation of appropriate grain size class,the material is further processed by a certain separation method. The
choice of separation method depends on physical and chemical properties
of soil particles and soil contaminant. The properties are: density, magnetism, electrical conductivity and/or wetting.
In the case of type 1 intergrowth, with no firm physical bond between
contaminated soil particles, separation is easily achieved. After grain size
analysis of contaminated soil and determination of classes with the highest contaminant concentration, impurities could be removed by screening, providing they are present in the soil in the form of coarse particles.
If the contaminant is concentrated in finer grain size classes, it can be removed by classifying in a hydrocyclone or hydraulic classifier. Therefore,in simple cases of contamination, classifying equipment could be used forAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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contaminant separation. If there is a significant difference in density ofsoil particles and contaminant particles (wood, coal, coke, porous building
material), soil particles are separated as a “heavy” component andcontaminant particles as a “light” component using gravity concentration.
Separation of particles intergrown as type 2 or 3 is much more complex.
In such cases, contaminant is separated together with bonded soil particles because complete liberation is impossible to achieve. For successful
separation, most of the contaminant must be concentrated in a relatively
narrow soil particle size range. In the case of type 2 intergrowth, thecharacteristic property of contaminated particles is particle size. Due totheir large specific surface area and adsorption capacity, fine particles(e.g. clay particles in soil) adsorb a relatively larger quantity of contaminant than coarser particles. By separating fine particle size classes, mostof the contaminant can be removed. Hydrocyclones are commonly used
for that purpose. If contaminant is adsorbed on organic matter or has adistinct hydrophobic properties, separation of contaminated particles canbe achieved by gravity concentration or flotation. In the case of type 3intergrowth, where contaminant penetrates inside the soil particle, separation is only possible if there is a significant difference in one or more
physical properties between contaminant and soil particles. In such case,gravity concentration, magnetic separation or flotation is applied. To obtain more efficient separation, additional treatments such as attrition
scrubbing and/or comminution are usually required. If contaminant isconcentrated in coarser particles (e.g. heavy metals in concrete particles),separation on sieves could be applied. In special cases, contaminant is directly separated by leaching.
4.6. Dewatering
Soil washing process ends with dewatering. Coarse grain size classes(sand, gravel) are dewatered on dewatering screens, and fine classes(sludges) in thickeners, filters or centrifuges, depending on particle size
distribution and required final water content in product. Washed clean
products can be returned to the original location or used for municipal
landfill covering, road construction, concrete elements production, etc.
Separated sludge (concentrated contaminant) is further thermal or biologically treated, or immobilized and disposed as special waste.
Wastewater from washing process is cleaned as required, mixed withfresh water and returned to the process.

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4.7. Examples of soil washing flowsheets
Figure 3. shows the general flowsheet of soil washing process (Mann,
1999). Contaminated soil is washed and sieved on vibrating screen.
Screen oversize is the first clean soil product. Screen undersize enters thehydrocyclone for separation of fines. Hydrocyclone overflow is thickened
in lamella thickener. Thickener overflow returns to the process, and thesludge is further thickened in a filter press.
Filter cake contains the most of the contaminant. After attrition,hydrocyclone underflow is processed by flotation. Flotation overflow is

Figure 3. General soil washing flowsheet (Mann, 1999)

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thickened in a filter press together with lamella thickener sludge. Flotation underflow, after dewatering in a hydrocyclone and on a screen, is thesecond clean soil product.
Figure 4. shows technological process of washing soil (14,200 t) contaminated with pesticides and organic mercury (Bunge et al, 1995). Feed material (grain size class –150 mm) is wet screened on vibrating screen withmesh size of 2 mm. Screen oversize is introduced to the washing drumand screen undersize to the hydrocyclone. After washing in drum andadditional sieving on screen with mesh size of 2 mm, screen oversize isdisposed as a clean product (mixture of coarse sand and gravel), andscreen undersize together with the first screen undersize is classified in a

Figure 4. Soil washing flowsheet for the treatment of soil contaminatedwith pesticides and organic mercury (MBT Environmental Eng. Ltd.)172

Salopek, B. et al.: Mechanical Method of Soil Cleaninghydrocyclone. Hydrocyclone cut point is circa 0.064 mm. Hydrocyclone
overflow is contaminated sludge which is further treated after
dewatering. Hydrocyclone underflow is processed by attrition scrubbing
and then by flotation. Contaminated flotation sludge is separated in overflow, and the underflow is disposed, after dewatering, as clean sand.
Hydrocyclone and flotation overflows are treated with lime, sealed in barrels and disposed as special waste. Cleaned sand and gravel (screen oversize and flotation overflow) are returned to the original site. Water collected in dewatering process is, after fines removal, returned to the process. Total mass of clean products in presented soil washing process were:
7900 t (56% of input material) of material with grain size larger than 2
mm and 5400 t (38% of input material) of material with grain size from
0.064 mm to 2 mm. The mass of contaminated product (particle size
smaller than 0.064 mm) was 900 t, i.e. 6% of input material. At the end of
the washing process, 85% of contaminant is separated into 6% of totalmaterial mass. In addition, during process water treatment a part of contaminant is neutralized, therefore the amount of separated contaminant
was 95% of total contamination. Soil washing plant capacity was 10 t/h.
Figure 5. shows the Deconterra process developed by Lurgi Company andused for washing soils contaminated with oil and oil derivatives (Hankel
et al, 1992; Schneider, 1992).

Figure 5. Soil washing flowsheet (Lurgi-Deconterra process)Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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Material is screened on a vibrating grizzly with 100 mm openings. Grizzly oversize is comminuted in impact crusher, and undersize is washedtogether with comminuted material in attrition drum. In attrition drum,
material is deagglomerated and adhering contaminant is partiallyscrubbed from particle surface. After that, material is classified on double-deck vibrating screen with mesh sizes of 20 mm and 1 mm. Grain sizeclass +20mm is additionally comminuted in a crusher, size class 20/1 mm
concentrated in a jig, and size class –1 mm classified in spiral classifier.
Classifier overflow is classified in upward-current classifier. Upward-current classifier underflow together with sand from spiral classifier is additionally washed in attrition drum. Drum output material is introduced to
the flotation cell. After dewatering, flotation underflow is disposed as aclean product. Flotation and classifier overflows are dewatered and further treated. Heavy fraction separated in the jig is disposed as a clean
product, and the light fraction is further processed. The water separated
during dewatering is returned to the process. In the shown process,hydrocarbons concentration of 400-4000 mg/kg can be reduced to lessthan 50 mg/kg. More than 96% of the total contaminant is concentrated
in the flotation and upward-current classifier overflow and in the jig lightfraction. Heavy metal content are also partially removed during soil
washing.

5. Research work
In recent years, a number of experiments, which results can be directly
applied in studying and designing the soil washing processes, have been
conducted in the Laboratory for Mineral Processing and Environmental
Protection of the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering,
University of Zagreb, as part of projects financed by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sport of the Republic of Croatia.
In the field of gravity concentration, the separation of coal particles fromsand samples extracted from the Sava River was tested. Coal content in
input samples ranged from 1% to 6%. Samples of grain size class 4/1 mm
were treated in a jig, and samples of grain size class 4/0.5 mm on a shaking table and Humphreys spiral. The results of performed tests showed
reduction of coal content in sand down to between 0.03% and 1.37% withrecovery of 70-80% after concentration in a jig, between 0.06 and 1.05%
with recovery of 84-95% after concentration on a shaking table and174

Salopek, B. et al.: Mechanical Method of Soil Cleaning

between 0.16 and 1.25% with recovery of 95-98% after concentration in
the spiral.
Hard coal floatability was tested in flotation column. Flotation of coalsamples with 27-30% ash content, resulted in a concentrate with 8.9-9.5%
ash content and 63.6-64.8% recovery. Underflow ash content was
53.9-61.4%.
Attrition scrubbing of silica sand (solids concentration in the suspension:
77%, impeller speed: 560 min-1, attrition time: 20 min) resulted in the reduction of Fe2O3 content by 23% and Al2O3 content by 34%, while thecontent of SiO2 was increased by 2,44%.

6. Conclusion
Overview of the achieved results in soil washing technology implies theneed for further systematic fundamental research. Special attention
should be paid to the investigation of liberation mechanism and contaminant redistribution depending on the type of intergrowth between
contaminant and soil particles, as well as to the type and amount ofenergy needed for optimal liberation. Further research of physicalseparation processes should lead to finding more efficient flotation reagents and highly adsorptive minerals and organics for each type of contaminant.
The field of soil remediation is fast developing. The technologies are very
expensive and increasingly demanding, therefore there is a risk that
achieved results would not always justify the process costs. Each caseshould be thoroughly researched and analyzed in order to enable thechoice of optimal technology, reliable evaluation criteria and control of
the whole system based on scientific research.

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References
1. AZO (2007)1: The State of the Environment Report of the Republic of Croatia, 2007.
Croatian Environmental Agency (CEA), pp. 307.
URL: <http://www.azo.hr/Default.aspx?art=1437&sec=559>(accessed: March, 2010)
2. AZO (2007)2: The Environment in Your Pocket I – 2007. Croatian Environmental
Agency (CEA), Zagreb, pp. 35.
URL: <http://www.azo.hr/Default.aspx?art=1358&sec=527>(accessed: March, 2010)
3. Bayley, R. W., Biggs, C. A. (2005): Characterisation of an attrition scrubber for theremoval of high molecular weight contaminants in sand, Chemical Engineering
Journal 111, 71–79.
4. Bunge, R., Bachmann, A., Ngo, C. D. (1995): Soil-washing. Mineral processing technology in environmental engineering. In: Proceedings of the XIX Int. Min. Proc.
Congress, SME Colorado, USA, Vol. 4, pp. 125-129.
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Remediation of sandy soils using surfactant solutions and foams. Journal of Hazardous Materials 164, 1325–1334.
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Journal of Hazardous Materials 152, 1-31.
7. EC-JRC (2010): Soil Contamination. European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability,
URL: <http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/contamination>(accessed: March, 2010)
8. EPA (2010): Pollutants/Toxics – Soil Contaminants. United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA),
URL: <http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/pollsoilcontaminants.html>(accessed: March, 2010)
9. FRTR (2010): Remediation Technologies Screening Matrix And Reference Guide,
Section 2 Introduction: Contaminant Perspectives. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (FRTR),
URL: <http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section2/2_intro.html>(accessed: March, 2010)
10. Gavrilescu, M., Pavel, L. V., Cretescu, I. (2009): Characterization and remediation ofsoils contaminated with uranium. Journal of Hazardous Materials 163, 475-510.
11. Hankel, D., Rosenstock, F., Biehler, G. (1992): The Effect of Attrition in the Lurgi-Deconterra Process for Decontamination of Soil. Aufbereitungs-Technik 33, No. 5,257-266.
12. Khalladi, R., Benhabilesa, Q., Bentahara, F., Moulai-Mostefab, N. (2009): Surfactant
remediation of diesel fuel polluted soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 164,
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13. Mann, M. J. (1999): Full-scale and pilot-scale soil washing. Journal of Hazardous
Materials 66, 119-136.
14. Martin, E. J., Chawla, R. C., Swartzbaugh, J. T. (2004): Hazardous waste site remediation technology selection. Solid Waste: Assesment, Monitoring and Remediation,
Waste Management Series, Vol. 4, 1019-1066.
15. Martinoviæ, J. (1997): Tloznanstvo u zaštiti okoliša: priruènik za inženjere. Državna
uprava za zaštitu okoliša, Zagreb, str. 288.
16. Reis E., Lodolo, A., Miertus, S. (2008): Survey of Soil Remediation Technology. ICS
UNIDO, Trieste, pp. 157.
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book-soil-remediation-2008.aspx> (accessed: March, 2010)17. Salopek, B., Sobota, I., Bedekoviæ, G. (2004): Application of Mineral Processing Techniques in Soil Washing. Book of Abstracts Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineeringand Technology, University of Zagreb, pp. 50.
18. Schneider, F.U. (1992): Fundamentals and Practice of Soil Washing. Aufbereitungs-Technick 33, No. 9, 501-514.

Martin Žagar
Department of Control and Computer Engineering,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing,
Unska 3, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: martin.zagar@fer.hr
Josip Knezoviæ
Department of Control and Computer Engineering,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing,
Unska 3, Zagreb, Croatia
Hrvoje Mlinariæ
Department of Control and Computer Engineering,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing,
Unska 3, Zagreb, Croatia

4D Data Compression Methods
for Modelling Virtual Medical Reality
Abstract
Virtual reality is based on sequences of volumetric images whose motion
is captured in time. Temporal 3D visualizations of various anatomicalparts have been used for education of medical students. Various organ
models have been developed using this data. These data sets are typicallyvery large in size and demand a great amount of resources for storage
and transmission. Therefore it is necessary to compress such data both
fast and efficiently. Also, medical datasets usually contain a region representing the part of the body under investigation, and noisy backgroundwith no diagnostic interest. Therefore, it is important to identify contained sub-volumes as different regions of interest. In this paper we propose combination of lossless and lossy compression models to obtain toset178Žagar, M. et al., 4D Data Compression Methods for Modelling Virtual Medical Reality

demands. Coding of 4D data models should be both fast and efficient. In
this paper is shown that with defining the regions of interest there can beachieved higher compression rates. Therefore we proposed lossless codingof areas of high interest and lossy coding areas of small interest.
Keywords: virtual reality, active model, region of interest, 4D data compression.

1. Introduction
Discovery, validation and storage of useful information in a vast amountof available data present an ever-growing problem in today’s world. In
certain applications memory and communication channel capacity constraints necessitate usage of various compression techniques, especiallyconcerning applications relying on high-volume multidimensional data.
Efficient compression of such data can be achieved with combination ofdifferent techniques and methods, as well as employing related comparison models. During the last several decades image compression field has
attracted a lot of attention and reached the level of maturity, capable ofdelivering usable products today widely present in everyday life; both in aform of time-variable images (video compression) and static 3D models.
But the combination of the two mentioned forms, compression oftime-varying 3D models – 4D compression, still presents an open and exciting area of research. Motivation for such research stems from current
significant problems in processing and storage of medical images as wellas in different applications of virtual reality (Loncaric, 2005). The rest of
paper is organized as follows. Active and appearance models are described in Chapter 2, shape description and transformation are denoted
in Chapter 2.1, dealing with regions of interest in Chapter 2.2. Chapter 3
reports on applications of compression methods for data storage and presentation, while Chapter 4 is focused on describing of virtual medical reality. Fields of use are given in Chapter 5 and final remarks in Chapter 6.

2. Design of Active Models
Virtual reality is based on representation of subsequent changes of object
positions in space and time. However, data sets used to represent suchchanges pose very large storage and processing power requirements on

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used systems. To alleviate those resource requirements, it is necessary toemploy data compression techniques on such data sets, focusing on two
key requirements for compression and decompression: efficiency andspeed (Ibarria et al, 2003). In order to achieve maximal performance, different compression algorithms can be developed for specific regions of interest, utilizing area-specific features.
A typical compression method consists of three main components: transformation, area quantization and coding. Targeted input data set istransformed into a more appropriate space, revealing existing correlations among data in the set.
High-level information (high interest areas) and low-level information(background) is used to model the best-fit ellipsoids for each image part.
The best-fit ellipsoid algorithm is based on the orthogonal ellipses(high-level information), their attributes (low-level information), and thebest-fit ellipsoid after the iterative approximation. For three perpendicular surfaces, namely surf1, surf2 and surf3, the diagonal components land the off-diagonal components g are calculated for the 2x2 matrices representing
the sectional ellipses according to Figure 1 (Zagar et al, 2007):l surf 1 = 1 2 ( a surf 2 (cos( f surf 2 )) 2 + b surf 2 (sin( f surf 2 )) 2 ) +
2

(1)

2

+ 1 2 ( a surf 3 (cos( f surf 3 )) + b surf 3 (sin( f surf 3 )) )l surf 2 = 1 2 ( a surf 1 (cos( f surf 1 )) 2 + b surf 1 (sin( f surf 1 )) 2 ) +(2)+ 1 2 ( a surf 3 (cos( f surf 3 )) 2 + b surf 3 (sin( f surf 3 )) 2 )l surf 1 = 1 2 ( a surf 1 (cos( f surf 1 )) 2 + b surf 1 (sin( f surf 1 )) 2 ) +(3)+ 1 2 ( a surf 2 (cos( f surf 2 )) 2 + b surf 2 (sin( f surf 2 )) 2 )g surf 1 = a surf 1 sin( f surf 1 ) cos( f surf 1 ) - b surf 1 sin( f surf 1 ) cos( f surf 1 )(4)

g surf 2 = a surf 2 sin( f surf 2 ) cos( f surf 2 ) - b surf 2 sin( f surf 2 ) cos( f surf 2 )(5)

g surf 3 = a surf 3 sin( f surf 3 ) cos( f surf 3 ) - b surf 3 sin( f surf 3 ) cos( f surf 3 )

(6)

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Figure 1. Orthogonal ellipses and their components

Prior to definition of compression algorithms and representation methods in such a process it is necessary to define what is implied under theterm of a particular shape, how we can accurately represent particular
object and which object features are significant in determining its representation.
The appearance models encompass both shape and texture which arecoded in a single vector. The means of finding correlation between thetwo is eigen-analysis of the covariance matrix where principal component
analysis gives encouraging results and can reduce the dimensionality ofthe data considerably well while still accounting for much of the variation(Fowlert et al, 1994). There is a significant disproportion between thespace required and the loss that analysis imposes. In medical applications, low error rates are usually required and the presence of abnormality is difficult to spot. On the contrary, if real-time object tracing in avideo sequence is required, subsequent framed can compensate for incorrect location and efficiency is at a premium.

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2.1. Shape Description
One of the methods of shape description is the definition of reference coordinates on each modelled object, characterizing specific features ofmodelled object. Reference coordinates can be classified according to specifics being described by them. Anatomic reference coordinates are assigned by experts and represent a specific medically significant featuredefined at the level of body organ, independently of its geometrical features (Anagnostou et al, 2001). In order to employ such a modelling approach, it is also necessary to define mathematical reference coordinates
associated to certain mathematical or geometrical feature specific toshape of modelled object.
Mathematical representation of a certain shape using n reference coordinates in a k-dimensional shape has a form of a n * n matrix:
é x1 , y1 ,¼ , k1 ùê x , y ,¼ , k ú
222 ú
object =êúê¼
ê x , y ,¼ , k ú
ë n n
nû

(7)

Virtual reality representation used in medical applications most often
employs pseudo-reference coordinates as a combination of mathematicaland anatomical reference coordinates, modeling internal characteristicfeatures of a certain object, residing on object’s very boundary.
In order to identify shapes according to their definition and compare
them, it is necessary to transform scale, rotation and location. This is accomplished by introducing a reference coordinate system within which
the rotation, scale and location of each object are defined and all shapes
are aligned. Mentioned process is known as Procruster analysis (de Rooij
and Vitanyi, 2006).
Shape space nis a set of all possible shapes of an object. Formally,
shape space å is an orbit of all shapes represented by a set of n equalkpseudo-reference coordinates on which all possible Euclidean transformations have been preformed. Dimensions of such a space are in a form ofsubspace with k * n dimensions. The process of dimensionality reduction
includes removal of translations (k dimensions), scaling (1 dimension)

182Žagar, M. et al., 4D Data Compression Methods for Modelling Virtual Medical Reality

1
and rotation ( k( k - 1) dimensions), resulting with a new M dimensional2
space, where:æ k( k - 1) ö÷.
M = kn - k - 1 -ç
è 2 ø

(8)

Alignment is performed in a four distinct steps: a centroid of each object
is calculated, centroid location is placed into a reference coordinate system, rotation scaling and, finally, rotation filtering are performed. Following the alignment process, different prediction methods can be applied inorder to achieve better compression rates. However, existing compression
methods based on various prediction models are characterized with low
complexity and unacceptable compression rates (Sanchez et al, 2006).
In order to achieve higher compression rates it is necessary to develop
new prediction methods that will allow modeling of multimedia data on ahigher level, with the aim of improved detection of typical redundant
structures such as correlations of neighboring elements, edge detection,
pattern detection and pattern feature detection. DCT and Wavelet based
methods have proven as very efficient in compact representation of image
and video data using lossy compression methods. The second importantelement, associated with determining the region of interest, is probability
modeling with the aim of more effective data entropy coding (Fowlert andYagel, 1994).
2.2. Defining the Region of Interest
Determining the region of interest is not an unambiguous process. For
example, the region of interest in model of head images is brain with therest of the image content treated as background. If head models are available to both coder and decoder, only parameters describing potential deviations from the standard model can be communicated. In coding of 3D
objects the primary coding unit is voxel, an analogy of pixel in 2D images,
a basic space unit described with a set of associated features (for example, colour). By increasing voxel size it is possible to increase algorithm
compression rates. Associating regions of interest with voxels, defining
the object, is depicted in Figure 2.
Medical images traditionally consist of inspected regions of interest thatare given high priority in processing and coding, and low priority

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Figure 2. Defining the region of interest

background regions. As a consequence, those regions can be coded separately using different compression algorithms and allowing higher error
rates (thus achieving higher compression rates) for background regions(Knezovic et al, 2006). Time required for coding process depends on acontext. Basically, for compression of high interest regions more time isneeded. In this way compression regions are divided into two disjoint regions coded separately and later joined into a single representation.

3. Application of Compression Methods for Data Storage
and Presentation
4D data used to describe virtual reality define structural and processchanges in time and can be regarded as a sequence if 3D objects. To reduce the amount of data it is necessary to employ some compression
method. Generally there are various compression methods all of themfalling into two main classes of lossy and lossless methods. Lossy algorithms achieve higher compression ratios than lossless ones, but due topotentially critical information loss can be applied only to regions oflower interest. With the introduction of user controlled coding error andrepresentation degradation, significant improvements of algorithm properties can be achieved, together with lowering of memory requirements
for data storage. In most volumetric data sets used in virtual reality

184Žagar, M. et al., 4D Data Compression Methods for Modelling Virtual Medical Reality

representation in medicine and other areas, lossy compression methods
are not acceptable. In those cases usage of lossless methods is mandatory.
Lossless compression is used in cases where original and decoded data
must be identical. Those methods guarantee reliability in coding of highinterest regions thus can be applied to important areas of time variable
3D data (Hamarneh et al, 2005). Lossless compression methods are usually consisted of two independent components – modelling and coding.
3D motion estimation is applied as a first step, efficiently eliminating redundancies present among subsequent compression steps thus decreasing inherent modelling error. Different coding techniques can be applied
to resulting models, one of the most significant being entropic coding.
3.1. Acceleration and Efficiency Increase of Compression Methods
In acceleration and efficiency increase of compression methods it is possible to use the fact that the variation in sub-volume data in close time moments is relatively small compared to variation considered for the object
as a whole. Consequently it is possible, for each volumetric data, to construct an optimal linear predictor with the smallest error as a result ofsolving a system of linear equations based on covariance values of related
3D objects. Optimal linear predictor is used to calculate differencesamong data frames, which are then coded. Since 4D data describe dynamic changes of 3D objects in time, higher time dimension redundancy
is present than in static 3D objects (Zagar et al, 2007). 3D coding methods only try to discover redundancies within 3 dimensions, but if the
maximal compression ratio is to be found, 4 dimensional search is a necessity. In processing of data describing dynamic 3D objects it is necessary to enclose both transformation and coding, respecting all the requirements related to transformation, prediction and coding.
In the proposed system, the object of interest and the background are encoded independently. Each generates a self-contained segment of the bit
stream. This implies that the border information is encoded twice: as sideinformation for both the object and the background. In this way, each ofthem can be accessed and reconstructed, avoiding artefacts along the contours for any quantization of the decoded coefficients. The encoding timedepends on the context, and increases with the size of the neighbourhood. Efficiency can thus be improved by choosing spatial conditioning
terms of small support.

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Basically, the sub band coefficients within the area of interest mask areshifted up (or, equivalently, those outside this area are shifted down) sothat the minimum value in the area of high interest is greater than the
maximum value in the background (Hamarneh et al, 2005). This splits
the bit planes respectively used for the area of interest and the background in two disjoint sets. The rate allocation procedure assigns to eachlayer of each code block (in the different sub bands) a coding priority
which depends on both the semantics and the gain in terms of rate/distortion ratio. This establishes the relative order of encoding of the highinterest area sub band coefficients with respect to the background.

4. Describing Virtual Medical Reality
Significant appliance of 4D compression is in medical applications andtherefore it is very important to model scenes in appropriate way. Visualization of medical data is contented form different sets of data merged
into one model which can be interactively inquired. Processed data sets
represent models that are calculated by removing transformations andscaling in reference coordinate system. Modelling of 3D scenes isachieved with visualization tree (example shown on Figure 3.) which isconsisted from transformation, volume and model nodes. Each node has
its own features that specify data contained within that node. To describe
3D scenes which are composed from different types of medical data we
use MRML (Medical Reality Modelling Language).

Figure 3. Hierarchical structure in MRML

186Žagar, M. et al., 4D Data Compression Methods for Modelling Virtual Medical Reality

Models of objects written in MRML are expound on hierarchical way andare described with hierarchical paradigms. Transformations related withspecific node are compounded in one complex root node (Lemay et al,1996). Example of hierarchical tree is shown on figure 2. Structure of thisexample describes methods of making 3D model of knee for which is assumed fracture of some cruciate ligament or medial meniscus. Therefore isused magnetic resonance for making volumetric model, for example
MR-anteriror-cruciate-ligament, which is compounded with other volumetric data (in this example with MR-posterior-cruciate-ligament) in transformation called cruciate-ligament-fracture, which is then compounded withrelated model (model node cruciate-ligament) and transformed together
with medial-meniscus-fracture transformation node to compare withmodel of knee. This breakdown is needed because it is diagnosed somefracture and we want to know as much details as it is possible. Same procedure is done to examine medial meniscus. This structure provides final
result for 3D visualization used in operation. Segmentation of objects andmodels provided by MRML can be adopted also on compression methods toachieve higher compression rate. Defining regions of interest is much easier when certain models and affiliated segments can be provided.

5. Fields of Use
Creating of virtual medical reality is very important part of telemedicine.
In implementation of telemedicine system, making the appropriate models, their coding and transmission to centre where expert knowledge is located are crucial for improving quality of service. It incorporates threeoperations for managing data sets, creating models and analyzing results:
data management, model fitting and expert analysis. In each step compression algorithms enable faster communication between operations
and enable more efficient usage of the storage devices. Examples comefrom clinical and preclinical trials where biomedical data display subject
and residual unknown variations (Stegmann, 2010).
Heterogeneity of platforms, problems, interfaces causes difficulties in visualization of data and models but coding with compression algorithms issame on each platform and the most important thing, which is decoding tooriginal (or pseudo-original image for backgrounds), is also platform independent. 4D modelling can be used in various health systems, analysis ofmutations in cancer, prediction of protein structure, gene expression, measuring biodiversity and bioinformatics and computational biology.

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6. Conclusion and Results
Realization of 4D models in virtual medical reality is based on combination of few technologies. First of all, high bandwidth communication
channels, followed by mighty processors for processing expert knowledge
needed for modelling of active models and describing it with appropriatecomputer languages. Very important steps are also decomposition on hierarchical structure and appliance of different coding algorithms on different regions o interest.
Coding of 4D bio-models should be both fast and efficient. Therefore we
proposed lossless coding of regions of high interest and lossy coding regions of low interest (background). The interest-based processing enables
a pseudo-lossless regime where the object of interest can be encoded/decoded without loss, and combined with the background that can be represented at a lower quality. Results of applied methods are shown on experimental neuro-dataset. Figure 4a represents original dataset (size of
209 kB), and Figure 4b same dataset coded with lossy JPEG compression(size of 24 kB) with compression ratio 1 : 8,7 and a measure of quality ofreconstruction of lossy compression PSNR = 32,4 dB.
Since there are visible distortions on the right part (Figure 4b), we propose using of active models from virtual reality, different compression algorithms for coding interest of high regions and different compression algorithms for coding regions of small interest. Results are shown on Figure 5b compared with original dataset on Figure 5a. There are no visible

Figure 4. a) Original dataset and b) Original dataset coded with JPEG

188Žagar, M. et al., 4D Data Compression Methods for Modelling Virtual Medical Reality

Figure 5. a) Original dataset and b) Original dataset codedwith different algorithms and active models

distortions and size of compressed image is 38 kB and compression ratio
1 : 5,5 and PSNR = 41,7 dB.
With coding different sub-volumes separate, usage of different methodsof compression and increasing of compression rate for regions of small interest, it is possible to achieve better compression efficiency and savingsin storage and transmission systems. With this method, regions of highinterest retain quality visualization, and background can be coded withhigher compression rate. Field of 4D compression will be in the future,
one of very interesting fields with wide usage in all sort of different applications, beginning with medical applications.
References
1. Anagnostou, K., Atherton T. J., Waterfall A. E. (2001) 4D Volume Rendering WithThe Shear Warp Factorisation: Extensions And Quantitative Results, In: Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Information Visualisation, London 2001,
pp 435 – 443.
2. Fowlert, J. E., Yagel R. (1994) Lossless compression of volume data, In: Proceedingsof the 1994 symposium on Volume visualization, Tysons Corner, Virginia 1994,
pp 43 – 50.

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3. Fowlert, J. E., Yagel R. (1995) Optimal Linear Prediction for the Lossless Compression of Volume Data, In: DCC ‘95 Proceedings, Snowbird 1995, pp 358 – 363.
4. Hamarneh, G., Yang, J., McIntosh C., Langille M. (2005) 3D live-wire-based semi-automatic segmentation of medical images, In: Proceedings of SPIE Medical Imaging:
Image Processing, vol. 5747, 2005, pp 1597 – 1603.
5. Ibarria, L., Lindstrom, P., Rossignac J., Szymczak A. (2003) Out-of-core compression
and decompression of large n-dimensional scalar fields, Computer Graphics Forum,Vol. 22, Num. 3, pp 343 – 348.
6. Knezovic, J., Kovac M., Mlinaric H. (2006) Classification and Blending Prediction for
Lossless Image Compression, In: Electronic Proceedings 13th IEEE MediterraneanElectrotechnical Conference, Benalmadena (Malaga) 2006, pp 486 – 489.
7. Lemay, L., Couch J., Murdock K. (1996) Laura Lemay’s Web Workshop: 3D Graphics& VRML 2.0, SAMS, Bk&CD-Rom edition, 1996.
8. Loncaric S. (2005) Virtual Reality in Medicine, In: Telemedicine (Klapan I., ed.),
Telemedicine Association, Zagreb 2005, pp 455 – 475.
9. de Rooij S., Vitanyi P. (2006) Approximating Rate-Distortion Graphs of Individual
Data: Experiments in Lossy Compression and Denoising, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, abs/cs/0609121.
10. Sanchez, V., Nasiopoulos P., Abugharbieh R. (2006) Lossless Compresion of 4D Medical Images Using H.264/AVC, In: ICASSP 2006 Proceedings, Toulouse 2006, pp 1116
– 1119.
11. Stegmann M. B. (2010) Active Appearance Models, Technical University of Danmark,< http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/~aam/aamapi/index.html >. Accessed 1 April 2010.
12. Zagar, M., Kovac M., Bosnic I. (2007) Lossless and Lossy Compression in 4D
Bio-modelling, In; Proceeding of the First International Conference in Information
and Communication Technology & Accessibility, Hammamet 2007, pp 271 – 276.

Dinko Mikuliæ
University of Apllied Sciences Velika Gorica,
Zagrebaèka cesta 5, Velika Gorica, Croatia
e-mail: dinko.mikulic@vvg.hr
Vjekoslav Majetiæ
DOK-ING d.o.o.,Žitnjak bb, Zagreb, Croatia

Development of Electric Automobile in Croatia
Abstract
Based on the accumulated experience in the development and productionof electric machines achieving successful export in targeting foreign markets, the producer has reached a decision that truly own-developed
high-tech technology based on innovations is to be further utilized for acommercial program of passenger automobiles. A prototype of an urban
electric vehicle has been made and high performance and vehicle functionality have been tested. This stage being completed, the company’s intellectual capital has been synergised into a new product. The development of an electric city car is a step towards future architecture of modern urban transportation. It is a mono-space car with two doors, threeseats, designed for urban transport featuring easy vehicle entrance andexit as well as parking. The true essence of this green urban vehicle is tosimplify and enhance the mobility of drivers in urban conditions as wellas to ensure active and passive vehicle safety.
In the upcoming decade, electric automobiles are going to contribute to
the quality of living and urban transportation. The energy development
strategy of the Republic of Croatia has in view to support projects ofgreen transportation as well as the purchase of more energy-efficient192

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vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to present a home-based project ofan electric automobile in its full originality. The development focus is set
on an own and original vehicle design and its attractiveness providing“environmental advantage” on the global market. The management of
the most complex systems of vehicle control and the entire product provides development and production of a new generation of transportmeans in the Republic of Croatia.
Key words: electric automobile, urban three-seater, vehicle development, XD-Concept

1. Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to present domestic development of the electric vehicle in its originality. The development of the electric automobile
was founded on own design and its attactiveness that provides “environmental advantage” on the market. It is a mono-space with two doors, designed for the transportation of three or four passengers featuring easy
entry and exit from vehicles as well as parking.
Requirements for the development of Croatian electric automobiles:– original functionality,– demand and fashion trends,– green solutions,– mastering in development technology,– the company’s competitive position,– economic indicators,– global market.
In the next decade, electric cars will contribute to the quality of living
and city transportation, and will greatly affect the reduction of fossil fuelconsumption. This is suggested by the recent studies of urban transport
development . Based on experience in developing remote-controlled electric machines which are successful regarding exports to foreign markets,the manufacturer /DOK-ING Zagreb/ has reached a decision that the
self-developed high-tech technology based on innovation is to be utilized
for commercial application of passenger cars, motorcycles and quads. The
primary project to be defined was the XD-city electric car concept. Thus

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the intellectual capital is transformed into a new domestic original product.
The thesis of using obsolete projects that convert classic vehicles into
electric vehicles was rejected here. Only new creations can bring newhigh quality value rather than the modernization of classic cars with
their powertrains thrown out and then mounting the electric drives instead. It is not in the company’s interest to copy and assemble (the trapof the know-how transfer), but to create a product with added value. Anyother method of developing electric cars is an inferior one. The ultimate
goal of development is to control the entire product, starting from the development and ending in production and distribution providing a developmental perspective. Therefore, from its outset, the electric automobile
has been designed for the global market.
The new product development process consists of six phases: creation ofideas, product selection, product design, prototyping, testing (analysis)
and the final product design profile. For the production of electric cars in
the Republic of Croatia, significant are the existing resources and experience. Resources of the producer DOK-ING include body design technology, making the chassis, intelligent drive management, vehicle system integration, polygon testing, finalization and logistical support. This integrates the individual resources of partners and major R&D institutions
from the Republic of Croatian as well as one part of the assemblies imported due to economically unjustified self-development (batteries, ABS,
servo steering wheel, wheels). The new product features the mostcomplex and most expensive part of vehicle development, and thus also
the production management. Based on the assessment of electric car

Figure 1. XD-Concept, Prototype

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development and logistics infrastructure insurance, a clear need for domestic substitution of vehicles has been determined. Unless this is to beopportunely recognized in the following 10-20 years we will see a supplyof electric cars from import, and one can estimate a multiple cost / priceof such an acquisition, which, in that case, shall not include the domestic
production share, the economic profit together with the technologicalprogress. These are clear indicators of the necessity to define a strategy
for the development of electric automobiles in Croatia.

2. Challenges
In the recent period, a number of studies have been investigating thematter and deducing that the time had not come yet for the hybrid vehicles nor the electric ones. These were all backed up with high costs ofbatteries together with logistic infrastructure, which will keep the electric vehicles marginalized for a longer period of time. However, new relevant studies affirmatively indicate the future of green hybrid and electricvehicles. These vehicles are going to penetrate the market quickly so they
will make up 35% of all cars produced in the year 2025 – 25% of hybrid
and 10% of pure electric vehicles. Major changes in the development ofelectric vehicles have been announced based on a set of relevant research
criteria. Most of the corporations have ready-made solutions for electricvehicles, yet there is no mass production, mostly due to the lack of logistical infrastructure. Therefore hybrid vehicles penetrate the market more
quickly, because of they have no limits in range, by mere transition togasoline or diesel engines when the battery has been fully discharged.
Parallel with hybrid vehicles, a progressive growth of pure electric vehicle(EV) is bound to follow.
Advances in hybrid and electric vehicles in the next decade is presented
clearly by the following facts:– ensuring the autonomy of a 250-350 km reach in pure electric mode;– pure EV sports design Tesla Roadster has better performance than its
conventional rivals;– batteries can provide a lifetime of at least 150,000 km;– life cycle costs of electric vehicles are significantly lower;– EVs emit no CO2, making it fully environmentally friendly;– incentives to producers and buyers of EV.

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Within the coming decade, the manufacturers will offer hybrid cars even
without any pricing or logistical obstacles in the way in which Japanesecompanies at one time took over the Western markets 20 years ago, by offering high quality vehicles fully equiped and free of additional charge. At
that point there will be no firm reason for conventional alternative tothese vehicles.
The essence of an urban vehicle is to facilitate and enhance people’s mobility in urban conditions. The streets are becoming less and less serviceable, jammed with parked cars and a variety of surprises at every
corner, and hence deemed unsafe for pedestrians. Therefore, transporttechnology is looking for a new philosophy of urban driving, a one which
will sustain life on the streets in a more efficient and humane way altogether. Apart from better urban vehicle mobility, their expert systems
will enable people to watch and communicate both in an easier and saferway.
A study of Electric Vehicles 2010-2020 together with the reports of theconsulting company McKinsey & Co., based on the new philosophy of urban living and traffic, come out with advice useful to investors, producers, component suppliers, marketing strategists, legislators as well as
those who plan financial support. The study has found that large cities
are the primary territory for electric vehicles. Light electric vehicles like
Smart ED, Mitsubishi’s MiEV are able to ‘achieve great mileage’ in big
cities. The very first buyers will use electric vehicles in cities as a secondcar, mostly for commuting purposes. The researchers have discoveredthat these first buyers will be willing to support the city’s inadequatecharging infrastructure in order to be the first in the neighborhood driving an electric car.
European car manufacturers are going to compete with competitive electric cars from Japan, China and the United States. The EU will encourage the production of electricity for electric vehicles, yet not on the existing technology, which, on the average, emits around 400 grams of carbon
dioxide for every kilowatt-hour of electricity in the EU, but rather on theparallel development of an electric grid based on renewable resources and“green” energy. The incentives for purchasing a new hybrid car are already in place and being used. Most European countries have reduced orabolish the tax on hybrid and electric vehicles.
Parallel with the development of electric vehicles, there is also the development of battery recharging stations, describing them as cells that will
not overburden the network, but will rely on the energy of the sun (and

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possibly the wind). Stations for electric vehicles will store solar energy inbatteries, which in turn will be ready to be used to recharge electric vehicles. The infrastructure includes utilization of renewable energy, smart
grid and supply of cells for different mobility scenarios. The developmentof new technology will provide EV owners to restore their green-vehicle
batteries in a time frame of a few minutes, equivalent to that of refuelinggasoline engines. What should be developed first is a 40 kW rapid battery
restoration within 20 minutes (400 V, 63 A). After this has been successfully performed, a power system equaling 300 kW, which recharges thebatteries within 6 minutes, is the final target. In accordance with this,the manufacturer plans to participate in the growing infrastructure development and standardization of EV recharging points.

3. Initial requirements
At the beginning of the XD-project, a general requirement was set for thedevelopment of small prototypes of electric city car in a three-seatermodel, recognized for its small dimensions, user-friendliness, driving andparking agility in a narrow spaces.
XD-Concept
For the development of a prototype electric three-seater, the initial requests have been set:
Kerb weight: 1000 kg
Dimensions: length, width, height / 2.8 m, 1.75 m, 1.6 m
Wheelbase: 1.8 m
Maximum speed: 130 km/h
Drive: rear-wheels
Batteries: lithium-iron-phosphate (LiFePo4)
Engine: electric AC, 80 kW power (2x40 kW, permanent magnets)
Mileage reach: 250 km in electric and regenerative mode
Turning and parking maneuvres in narrow spaces
After several years of preparation and development, the project documentation was prepared and a prototype urban three-seater powered by batteries was made, designated as the XD-Concept model. XD was conceived

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initially as a vehicle with rear-wheel drive, followed by the front-wheel
drive and finally an all-wheel drive. The batteries, electric motors andcontrollers are located in the battery cage chassis, thereby providing vehicle’s low center of gravity. The torque of each electromotor reaches 160
Nm. The acceleration of the vehicle amounts to around 7 seconds toreach 100 km/h, while the maximum speed is limited to 130 km/h. Braking is achieved in two ways, using electro-regenarative braking and hydraulic ABS braking system. The engines work as generators to charge
batteries that provides additional driving autonomy (mileage reach) byloosening the accelerator pedal.
Inasmuch as in urban conditions the above-average high performance is
not required for a vehicle, the driver can control the dynamics electronically by transferring to the driving mode “Economic” (suitable for city
drive), or “Sports” when the vehicle is available for maximum performance and overtaking other vehicles. For safety and reliability reasons,the XD has built-in batteries of high capacity and recent technology: lithium-iron-phosphate. They are non-inflammable and are less prone toheating. In urban drive mode with one battery charge the vehicle is able
to reach up to 250 km. Plugged into a 220 V network and controlled by asafety fuse of 10 to 16 A, charging an empty battery to full capacity takes
approximately 8 hours, while boosting it from 20 or 30% up to 80% of capacity requires 3 to 4 hours. Charging the battery and the XD with asource of 32A current takes half as much. The batteries are durable andguarantee their effectiveness for at least 150,000 kilometers, along withelectric charging cost equal to around HRK 7 for 100 km – according to
low tariff cost of electricity in Croatia. The batteries are the most expensive part of the car, whereas their estimated lifetime, with daily charging,reaches five years.
The XD design is dominated by three elements – sculpture of the roundedbody with incorporated bumpers and gullwing doors, its peculiar front
appearance “with a discerning eye,” and featuring X-shaped warning
lights which are designed to define the rear end. The prototype has a fiberglass body, whereas the car series production line plans to feature only
graphite. An ergonomic concept of functionality, roominess and comfort
is the basis of the interior XD design. Its wide doors open up almost thelength of the entire cabin; therefore, the actions of entering and sitting
down on the front seat and the “rear” seats are quite simple. The doors
open, first sideways, and then upwards. The three seats are set in theform of a “Y”; this arrangement providing plenty of space to the driver aswell as to the passengers in the back. The driver is seated forward in the

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Figure 2. XD-Cockpit

middle of the cabin while the passengers sit behind the driver and sideways, thus providing the driver with as much legroom as possible.
The driver’s seat is located in the middle of the cabin, so when the driverenters or exits it is tilted by about 25 degrees in order to facilitate thedriver’s action of sitting down. The cabin lighting is diffuse, and both thecolor and the intensity can be regulated, i.e. programmed as desired. The
instrument panel has three clear and easily accessible touch screens. The
middle screen indicates information about the vehicle’s velocity and thebatteries’ capacity. The right screen provides the vehicle’s commands, including a prominent “Start” button. The menu of driving direction is located at its edge: forward – neutral – reverse, together with the selectionof the driving regime – “Economic” or “Sports”. On the side there is alight switch, then the ones for opening the windows, windshield wipers
speed control, windshield washer switch and the air-conditioning regulator, while on the left there is an “infotainment display” that not only
serves to manage radio and other devices, but also for viewing their content – a road map or video.
The XD prototype was fully computer-developed with own software-supported electric drive control. Having produced the prototype, an original
design of the home-made car in a three-seater model was created. Trimming the prototype and its adaption to serial production requires still a
couple of stages. A prototype is not a serial product, but rather demonstrated knowledge aimed at resulting in production. Once being produced
and sold to the known customers or in serial production, the city electricautomobile needs to be entirely a product for domestic and global market.

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4. XD-engineering
The project management is conducted on the basis of simultaneous engineering whose simultaneous phase overlapping intensifies the development
instead of traditional engineering (so-called relays). The project team determines the activities of the project management. The Chief Engineer decides
on harmonizing the construction solution, its suitability, reliability and technical issues of production, recycling, law enforcement, EU directives andcosts. The Chief Engineer is responsible for changes in trade-off decisions on
the prototype as a result of compromise and feedback from testing. An important item in engineering is the creativity of individuals. The purpose of
systematic engineering design and experience is to support the creative design due to systematic engineering inability to replace the creativity of individuals! The project must remain challenging and manageable.

Figure 3. Systematic engineering design and experience
supplements a creative design

XD-engineering provides:– XD state of the art product making it of 50% innovation and 20% newly
developed parts (mono-space body, gullwing doors, cockpit, controllers,
lights / electromotors and gears, ..),
– “rapid prototyping” technique even at an early stage of development
brings forward the findings and necessary corrections which would only
emerge at a later date in serial production,– service-life cost transparency (battery recharging, power stations, spareparts, maintenance, special tools and equipment, ..),
– integration of certified requirements and guidelines of the EU.

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By producing a prototype the selection of best solutions for individual devices is defined as probably the best. For final selection regarding thebest solutions, simulation and multicriteria optimization is performed. A
car cannot be designed “part by part” because, for instance, replacing anelectromotor requires reconstruction of the power transmission, brakesystem, suspension, and more. The same applies if one other vital part ischanged. A “puzzle” of all subsystems, that is, a complete harmonizationof the related properties affecting the vehicle performance and its otherfeatures is to be reached. When analyzing multiple subsystems a needarises for more coordination and implementation of optimization by using computer simulation techniques. For example, to illustrate the application of a simulation model in aligning the performances of individual
subsystems and systems, hereby a study on the influence of gravity-centre shift on the vehicle brake system performance and vehicle stability ispresented (ECE Regulation 13). The integral systematic engineering approach, experience, innovative breakthroughs and optimization are seen
by far as the best course of development.
XD-prototype vehicle performance:– in horizontal drive (0%) vehicle speed is greater than 130 km/h,– climbing up a 10% steep slope, the vehicle speed reaches 115 km/h,– a vehicle can manage a 30% climb,– vehicle acceleration is 7 s/100 km/h.

Figure 4. Traction characteristics

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5. Energy Development Strategy
The Croatian Energy Development Strategy (NN 130/2009) encourages
installation of energy systems via tax incentives and/or subsidies. The
transportation sector of the economy participates with its share in the total direct energy consumed with around 30%. Its growth rate is also extremely high (over 5% annually over the past five years). Due to an
emerging number of cars, the travelled distance per car and reduced
count of passengers per car, the energy consumption is expected to rise
constantly. Therefore, the focus of the energy efficiency policies regarding
our transportation sector is exactly on road traffic. The Croatian Government will, in accordance with the Energy development strategy, pass a
package of energy efficiency measures which include:• Prescribing more rigorous standards for new vehicles;
The Republic of Croatia will follow and adopt the EU adopted technicalstandards for vehicles and by this ensure that only effective products enter the market.

• Promotion of greener transport projects and procurement of energy-efficient vehicles.
A range of measures will encourage the use of vehicles that emit under
120 g CO2/km, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles – for companies and individuals, backed up through investment subsidies, granting free parking spaces,
the right to use the yellow lanes (reserved for public transport), etc.
The automotive industry can be reanimated, should the Auto klaster
Croatia get involved, which represents the interests of the automotive
sector within the HUP system (Croatian Association of Employers). Whatis also important are the first orders of large domestic companies as wellas the first sale subsidy, which is generally considered a recommendationfor export to the global market.

6. Conclusion
The domestic development of a city electric car is a step towards the future architecture of urban transportation. The essence of this green urban vehicle is to facilitate and improve people’s mobility in densely populated urban conditions as well as to provide active and passive vehicle
safety.

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The production of automobiles based on innovation and domestic laborcosts gives off a perspective of the production wider recognizability.
Croatia needs reindustrialization through products of the new technology. In this aspect, the production of an electric vehicle aspires to develop
a new technologic generation of vehicles while maintaining and further
strengthening the world’s knowledge standards.
There is no doubt that, despite the recession, the electric car popularity
in the upcoming decade is bound to grow. Following the environmental
trends and developing the latest technological achievements, the
DOK-ING Company is engaged in programs of sustainable development,
which encompass the transition to alternative drives. Although there is
no strategy of development specifically for electric cars, the energy development strategy of Croatia in its “transportation” chapter states its
plans to promote greener traffic projects and procurement of more energy-efficient vehicles. It has been stated also that various measures will
be used to encourage the use of vehicles such as hybrid and electric ones.
The XD-project requires support to insure a stage for developing a local urban vehicle, as a supplement to conventional vehicle programs. A domestic
intelligent technical system provides a future to the company and the society as a whole. The prototype development has its own logic that fits into
the overall development of the DOK-ING brand. The decisions are madebased on opportunities and making use of the developing circumstances
for production after all documentation has been prepared, having the prototype testing phase successfully concluded and, finally, having carried out
the certification according to EU regulations and directives. The company’s management evaluation is that they cannot lose on the project ofan electric car, neither in the technologic nor in the economic terms. Thismeans that the project is not overly ambitious, but rather realistic andplannable. Since its founding in 1992, the time when, as a small workshop,
it began conquering new markets, DOK-ING has evolved into a renowned
brand when it comes to exports based on innovation. For its innovations
the company has received the most highly-praised national and international awards. Many years of experience in developing special machines allows forecasting a promising future for the selected product, XD-Concept,
which was exhibited at the 80th International Motor Show Geneva 2010.
When a company is competitive and oriented towards the future, then it is
the right time to diversify one’s products, in this case the time has come foran electric car. It is known that a company is considered competitive shoulda product younger than 3 or 5 years earn an income equal to 50% of the total turnover. It is important for producers not to allow selling an outdated

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering203

product. Marketing starts with a hypothesis: if the public desires a productsuch as an electric car it will surely succeed. A product must meet its consumers’ needs, to return the investment yield and create new value. The entrepreneurs have an idea which they hold as good business opportunity, invest intellectual capital together with borrowed money (investment), procure fixed assets and working capital, employ people, organize and manage
the business and undertake a lot of other activities, all of this being aimed
at establishing their own entrepreneurial vision. On the other hand, however, one ought to work on the awareness of customers and the society as awhole, i.e. that the time has come for electric vehicles which benefit urban
life. Hence it can be concluded that the Company, the legislation, the green
activist associations and manufacturers of green electric vehicles, all of them
have more work ahead of them to be done. In line with this are the EU
guidelines on the subsidies to utilize automobile procurements.
References
1. DOK-ING Elaborat (2010): Dokumentacija elektriènog automobila “XD-Concept”(Electric Automobile Documentation), DOK-ING d.o.o., Zagreb 2010.
2. Strategija energetskog razvoja Republike Hrvatske (2009), Toè. 4.2.2. Promet(Croatian Energy Development Strategy, Par. 4.2.2. Transportation), Hrvatski sabor,
Zagreb, NN 130/2009.
3. Zavada, J. (2000): Prijevozna sredstva (Transport Means), University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, Zagreb 2000.
4. Mikuliæ, D. (2010): Koènice motornih vozila (Motor Vehicle Brakes), University ofApplied Sciences Velika Gorica 2010.
5. Ilijevski, Ž. (2005): Energy and Ground Vehicles in the Near and Distant Future, Annual 2005 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering (pp. 1001-1010), Zagreb 2005.
6. Bohr, B. (2009): Many roads lead to the future of the car, BOSCH, Presentation at
the International Automotive Press Briefing, Boxberg, 2009.
7. BOSCH, Automotive Handbook (2007), 7th edition, Robert Bosch GmbH,
Plochingen, 2007.
8. Harrop, P., Das, R. (2010): Electric Vehicles 2010-2020, Cars, Buses, Two Wheelers,
Industrial Commercial, Mobility for Disabled, Military, Marine, Other, IDTechEX
Ltd, 2010, New report, www.IDTechEx.com.
9. E/ECE/TRANS/505, Rev 2./1997. Regulation No. 100./ Add.99, Uniform provisions
concering the approval of battery electric vehicles with regard to specific requirements for the construction and functional safety.
10. Schroeder, R. G. (1993): Operations Management, Decision Making in the Operations Function, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc. / Upravljanje proizvodnjom,Odluèivanje u funkciji proizvodnje (translation), University of Minnesota, MATE,
Zagreb, 1999.

Ksenija Durgo
Laboratory for biology and microbial genetics,
Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: kdurgo@pbf.hr
Jasna Franekiæ
Laboratory for biology and microbial genetics,
Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology,
Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb, Croatia

Detection of environmental contaminants
by in vitro biological systems
Abstract
Chemical characterization of polluted waters and soils does not satisfy requirements for adequate risk assessment because there are no data about
environmental mobility and bioavailability of contaminants. It is impossible to predict in which manner will behave stabile salts and complexes
formed after contaminants binding to soil particles. For these reasons,toxicological investigations on biological test systems must be conducted
as well.
In this work results obtained after chemical and toxicological investigations of wastewaters from landfill and metal industry will be presented.
Also, advantages in the usage of in vitro biological test systems will be explained including importance of toxicological investigations.
Key words: environmental pollution, in vitro test systems, ames assay,
cell culture

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1. Introduction
Environmental pollution caused by municipal and industrial waters is increasing problem in majority of the European countries. Rapid economic
development, increased demands on life quality and raw materials extrapolation have lead to the significant pollution by both, organic and inorganic complex compounds. Additional problem represent release ofheavy metals, soluble organic compounds, dyes, nitrates and phosphates,
released into environment from households, agricultural fields anddumping sites (2, 4, 5).
Direct pollution effect can be determined on biosystems of affected area,soil, rivers and lakes. Chemical characterization of polluted waters andsoils is not adequate indicator for pollution, because for majority of contaminants mobility and bioavailability is unknown. On the other hand,
numerous contaminants form stabile complex with organic ligands whichcannot be determined. So for the adequate risk assessment it is necessary
to determine the influence of waste waters on biological system (7, 9,10).
In this work, biological test systems used for risk assessment of polluted
waters and soils are presented. Also, some advantages and disadvantagesof each test system will be described as well as parameters that can be determined by certain test system to obtain results that can be used for adequate risk assessment (8, 9, 13).

2. Parameters of toxicity
The major determinant of certain compound toxicity is its bioavailability,(bio)degradation and its ability to penetrate through cell membrane.
Once in the cell, it can be accumulated in bones or soft tissues or it canbe degraded into more or less active intermediates. In the case of bioaccumulation and chronic exposure, its concentration permanently raises
during life-time. In the presence of other compounds, synergism, potentiating and antagonism among different compounds must be taken into account.
In the case of metabolism, different intermediates can be formed, withdifferent affinity to bind to the cellular macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA, causing permanent changes in the structure
and composition of the cell (10, 18, 21).

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Compounds or their metabolites can interfere with major metabolic pathways, causing more or less significant obstacles in normal cellular functions
and signaling, causing direct changes in tissue and organism functioning (11).

3. Methods for determination of the degreeof the critical area pollution
Chemical composition of soils, waters and sediments gives information
about chemical contamination of critical area, but for adequate risk assessment of jeopardized area, information about bioavailability, pollutant
mobility, formation of stabile complexes with organic ligands and affinity
to form stabile salts are needed. In order to detect real influence of environmental pollutants on certain ecosystem, except chemical analysis ofaffected area, toxicological profile on biological test systems must be determined (3, 4, 13).
Ecological importance of such investigations relies on information about
direct consequences on ecosystem at affected area. Also, investigations canbe conducted on surrogates of autochthone communities under laboratory
conditions. Experimental systems in vitro enable detection of any effect ofpollutant on cellular level including effect on DNA molecule (DNA breaks,
point mutations and influence on cell division (10, 14, 16, 17).

4. In vitro test systems
There are many advantages in usage of in vitro test systems in investigation of environmental pollutants. Salmonella microsome test is often
used experimental system because of its simplicity, simple procedure andreliable results which in more than 80% point out on deleterious eventson DNA molecule of animals and men. It is possible to mimic animal (ormen) detoxifying system by adding liver microsomal fraction isolated
from animals (in the most cases from rat) which was previously treatedwith chemicals that induce detoxifying enzymes of phase I (1, 10, 16).
Other thankful test system is animal and human cell cultures isolated
from certain tissue and grown in in vitro conditions. It is possible to detect a range of effects caused by certain compounds from cell survival tofree radical production, lipid damage, cell and organelle membrane

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changes and DNA damage. On this type of test system it can be determined what the critical pathway for cytotoxic effect is, and what type ofcell death predominates when the cells are exposed to lethal doses of investigated pollutant. Because of genetic similarities and identical sourcefrom which these cells are isolated, it is easy to repeat experiments, statistical analysis is simple and results obtained after repeated experiments
are reproducible and reliable (10, 14).
Maybe the most important obstacle in this system is the uniformity ofcells and lack of different tissues and organs typical for multicellular organism which give different response to same concentration of pollutant.
This disadvantage is often by-passed by appliance of different cell lines
isolated from different tissues (17).

5. Samples of waters and test systems used for detectionof potential geno(toxic) properties
In this work, waters from two different locations were investigated; twosamples of landfill leachate from Rovinj landfill site (prior and after purification with active carbon) and five samples from and around metal industry; (41- water sampled from river, 600 m upstream from factory’s
sink, 42-wastewater sampled from collector 1; water used for high furnaces cooling; 43- wastewater sampled from collector 2; used wastewaterfrom hot and cold steel mill; 44-water sampled from river, 50 m downstream from factory’s sink; 45-Danube water sampled from pump station,used for cooling of industry facility).
Phosphates, nitrates and nitrites were determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The atomic absorption spectrometer was used for the analysis of the elements Na, K and Ca. Heavy metals were analyzed by energy
dispersive X-ray fluorescence method (EDXRF).
In order to determine a genotoxic profile of wastewaters bacterial test
system Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 were used (1,14, 16, 17).
For determination of the potential of examined wastewaters to induce
single and double DNA strand breaks, two human cell lines were used;human laryngeal carcinoma cell line (HEp2) and human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa) (15, 19, 20).

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6. Results of the chemical analysis of the wastewaters
All parameters in the purified water collected from the landfill site were significantly lower compared to initial concentrations and maximum allowed
values for wastewater suitable for discharge directly into the environment.
Table 1 – Concentrations of the elements in the landfill leachate samples collected
at two different locations at the landfill site prior purification
Original wastewater
Element(mg/L) Wastewater, location 1 (PI) Wastewater, location 2 (PII)

MAV

Total P

134.2 ± 1.48

227.4 ± 2.50

2

NO3-N

168 ± 2.02

134 ± 1.61

10

NO2-N

224 ± 2.91

571 ± 7.42

0.5

COD

2800 ± 67.20

4230 ± 101.52

300

BOD5

284 ± 11.64

350 ± 14.35

30

Na1050 ± 33.60

13000 ± 416.00–

K1260 ± 64.26

4200 ± 214.20–

Ca

16.59 ± 0.73

14 ± 0.62–

Pb

0.025 ± 0.0024

0.032 ± 0.0031

0.200

Hg

0.029 ± 0.0012

0.041 ± 0.0018–

Se

0.01 ± 0.0004

0.01 ± 0.0004

0.020

As

0.047 ± 0.0043

0.043 ± 0.0040

0.200

Zn

0.334 ± 0.0107

0.574 ± 0.0184

1.000

Cu

0.058 ± 0.0031

0.064 ± 0.0035

0.100

Ni

0.125 ± 0.0071

0.187 ± 0.0107

1.000

Co

0.031 ± 0.0007

0.031 ± 0.0007

0.500

Fe

5.197 ± 0.0572

8.096 ± 0.0891

2.000

Mn

0.632 ± 0.0398

0.604 ± 0.0381

1.000

Cr (VI)

0.04 ± 0.0024

0.07 ± 0.0043

0.050

Cr (tot)

0.189 ± 0.0117

0.197 ± 0.0122

1.000<0.001<0.0010.050

V

MAV – maximum allowed values for wastewater suitable for discharge directly into
the environment

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Table 2 – Concentrations of the elements before and after purification in leachatesamples collected at two different landfill locations
Element
MAV(mg/L) Wastewater Purified wastewater Wastewater Purified wastewaterlocation 1 (PI)) (location 1 (PpI) location 2 (PII) location 2 (PpII)

Total P

134.2 ± 1.48

4.5 ± 0.05

227.4 ± 2.5

7.7 ± 0.08

2

NO3-N

168 ± 2.02

16.7 ± 0.20

134 ± 1.61

16.7 ± 0.20

10

NO2-N

224 ± 2.91

56.6 ± 0.74

571 ± 7.42

37.1 ± 0.48

0.5

COD

2800 ± 22.56

940 ± 67.20

4230 ± 101.52

1050 ± 25.20

300

BOD5

284 ± 11.64

4 ± 0.16350 ± 14.35

5 ± 0.21

30

Fe

5.197 ± 0.0572

8.096 ± 0.0891

0.017 ± 0.0002 2.000

0.014 ± 0.0002

MAV – maximum allowed values for wastewater suitable for discharge directly into
the environment

Chemical analysis of the samples collected around metal industry revealed that all parameters in the wastewater that was released into environment were significantly lower compared to initial parameters measured in the water in the facility.
Majority of the wastewaters that are released into environment satisfy
law regulative on limit values of hazardous substances in wastewater but
the effect of the mixture of compounds can be detected only on biologicalsystem. Results obtained by chemical analysis and bioassays enable prediction of a real danger for ecosystem if certain wastewater is released
into environment.

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Table 3 – Concentrations of the metals in the samples of wastewaters collectedfrom 5 locations in metal industry
Parameters (mg/L)

Samples of the wastewaters from 5 locations
MAV
42

44

43

45

41

pH

7.95±0.06

8.5±0.07

8.8±0.07

8.05±0.06

8.15±0.07

N (NO3–)

1.793±0.02 1.677±0.02

1.781±0.02

1.617±0.02

1.296±0.02

N (NO2–)0.12±0.002 0.06±0.001

0.06±0.001

0.03±0.0001 0.02±0.0001 0.5

N (NH4+)11.65±0.151 0.97±0.013 0.233±0.003 0.097±0.001 0.097±0.001 0.1

Fe0.33±0.0036 0.5±0.0055 0.33±0.0036 0.25±0.0028 0.5±0.0055

0.5

Phenols

0.009±0.0001 0.005±0.0001 0.003±0.00001 0.003±0.00001<0.0010.001

Pb

0.097±0.0094 0.026±0.0025 0.017±0.0016

<0.01

<0.01

0.005

Cr (total)

0.006±0.0004 0.006±0.0004<0.006<0.006<0.0060.005

Cu

0.03±0.0016<0.003

<0.03

<0.03

0.1

Zn

6.76±0.2163 0.486±0.0156 0.023±0.0007 0.048±0.0015 0.02±0.0006

1

Cd

0.045±0.0023 0.002±0.0001

0.01<0.03±<0.02<0.002<0.002O2

9.2±0.10

11.16±0.1210.82±0.1212.07±0.1312.34±0.14

Suspendedparticles<60.0

26±0.4262±0.9920±0.3234±0.5412

7. Biological effects of the examined wastewaters
The highest concentrations of landfill wastewaters from both locations
caused weak mutagenic effect. The lower sensitivity of Salmonella test
can be explained in the light of the lower extractability of metals fromsoil into leachates.
On human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa), deleterious effect of landfill leachates and purified samples on DNA was examined. Oxidative
damage of DNA is higher during the first 24 hours of incubation. Prolonged incubation leads to activation of cellular repair mechanisms, so
damage is not high as in short-time experiments. Cells that more resistant to genotoxic effects of wastewaters survived and continued withdivisons.

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Figure 1. Induction of revertants caused by landfill leachates (PI and PII)
and purified samples (PpI and PpII)

Figure 2. Induction of revertants caused by landfill leachates (PI and PII)
and purified samples (PpI and PpII)

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Table 4 – Comet assay-early exponential phase of growth, short exposure, water samples from first location

Red: statistically significant differences compared to control (95 % confidence)
Table 5 – Comet assay-early exponential phase of growth, short exposure, water sample from second location

Red: statistically significant differences compared to control (95 % confidence)

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Table 6 – Comet assay-late exponential phase of growth, long-term exposure, water
samples from first location

Red: statistically significant differences compared to control (95 % confidence)
Table 7 – Comet assay-early exponential phase of growth, short exposure, water sample from second location

Red: statistically significant differences compared to control (95 % confidence)Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering215

It can be seen that basal level of DNA damage (negative control) measured as a tail length, reaches significantly high values. The one should
carry in mind that genetic material in immortal cell line is highly unstable, and often spontaneous DNA breaks and aneuploidy occur, resulting
in increased number of chromosomes and chromosomal fragments.
Still, the use of cell lines is highly reasonable, because compounds whichcause DNA damage increase single and double DNA breaks in comparison to negative control, so deleterious effect of investigated pollutants
can be measured.
The other parameters of DNA damage (tail intensity and tail moment) do
not reach high values in negative control in early exponential phase of
growth, but as the cells reach confluence and exhorter growth medium,with consequent elevation of the concentrations of organic acids andother metabolic products in growth medium, increase of tail moment and
tail intensity also occurs.

Figure 3. Results of the comet assay during 24 hours of incubation
with and without subsequent recovery

It is worth to mention that the values of DNA damage in the cells treatedwith the highest concentrations of examined pollutants are decreased incomparison to the values measured in cells treated with lower concentrations of pollutants, or even negative control. The reason for this phenomenon lies in the fact that during prolonged exposure of the cells to thehigh concentrations of toxic compounds, only resistant clones survive.
Such cells have more efficient mechanisms of DNA repair, increased levels of endogenous molecules which prevent DNA damage etc. That is thereason why range of concentrations must be investigated. Otherwise, theone could bring completely wrong conclusions about genotoxic potential
of investigated chemical, like in this case where the highest concentrations of wastewaters cause false-negative results. Additionally, other parameters must be determined and compared to get a complete picture
about genotoxicity of investigated compound.
In the case of wastewaters collected in and around metal industry, Chemical analyses showed that investigated wastewaters did not contain drastically increased levels of heavy metals or phenols, but mixture of theseelements did cause severe DNA damage and cytotoxic effects.
The sample of river collected upstream from factory and Danube watercontain contaminations of other origin. According to that data it is necessary to estimate what is the impact of household and agricultural contamination of waters on total genotoxic potential of waters.

8. Conclusions
Total concentrations of metals and other contaminants in wastewaters
and soils are poor indicators of toxicity. Evaluation of effectiveness ofpretreatment of the wastewater can be done by applying an integrated
chemical/biological approach.

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217

References
1. Ames BN, McAnn J, Yamasaki E. (1975) Methods for detecting carcinogens andmutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutat.
Res. 37 :347-364.
2. Avishai N, Rabinowitz C, Moiseeva E, Rinkevich B. (2002) Genotoxicity of the Kishon
River, Israel: the application of an in vitro cellular assay, Mutat. Res. 518 :21-37.
3. Calini V, Urani C, Camatini M. (2002) Comet assay evaluation of DNA single- anddouble-strand breaks induction and repair in C3H10T1/2 cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol.
18:139-144.
4. Durgo K, Orešèanin V, Luliæ S, Kopjar N, Želježiæ D, Franekiæ Èoliæ, J. (2009) The
assessment of genotoxic effects of wastewater from a fertilizer factory. J. Appl. Tox.
29(1):42-51.
5. Durgo K, Horvat T, Orešèanin V, Mikeliæ L, Franekiæ Èoliæ J, Luliæ S. (2005)
Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity study of waste and purified water samples from electroplating industries prepared by use of ferrous sulfate and wood fly ash. J. Environ.
Sci. Heal. A, 40(5):949-957
6. Horvat T, Vidakoviæ-Cifrek Ž, Orešèanin V, Tkalec M, Pevalek-Kozlina B. (2007)
Toxicity assessment of heavy metal mixtures by Lemna minor L. Sci. Total. Environ.
384 :229-238.
7. Knasmüller S, Gottmann E, Steinkellner H, Formin A, Pickl C, Paschke A. (1998)
Detection of genotoxic effects of heavy metal contaminated soils with plantbioassays. Mutat. Res. 420:37-48.
8. Kosz-Vnenchak M, Rokosz K. (1997) The “comet” assay for detection of potential
genotoxicity of polluted water. Folia Biol. 45:153-156.
9. Lah B, Vidic T, Glasenenik E, Cepeljnik T, Gorjanc G, Marinsek-Logar R. (2008)
Genotoxicity evaluation of water soil leachates by Ames test, comet assay, and preliminary Tradescantia micronucleus assay. Environ. Monit. Asses. 139:107-118.
10. Maron DM, Ames BN. (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test.
Mutat. Res. 113:173-215.
11. Mathur N, Bhatnagar P, Mohan K, Bakre P, Nagar P, Bijarnia M. (2007) Mutagenicity
evaluation of industrial sludge from common effluent treatment plant. Chemosphere67:1229-1235.
12. Matsumoto ST, Mantovani MS, Mallaguti MI, Marin-Morales MA. (2003) Investigation of the genotoxic potential of the waters of a river receiving tannery effluents bymeans of the in vitro comet assay. Cytologia 68 :395-401.
13. Monarca S, Donatella F, Zerbini I, Alberti A, Zani C, Sergio R. (2002) Soil contamination detected using bacterial and plant mutagenicity tests and chemical analyses.
Environ. Res. Agenda 88:64-69.
14. Ohe T, Watanabe T, Wakabayashi K. (2004) Mutagens in surface waters: a review.
Mutat. Res. 567:109-149.

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15. Olive P, Banáth JP, (2006) The comet assay: a method to measure DNA damage inindividual cells. Nat. Protoc. 1(1):23-9.
16. Orešèanin V, Kopjar N, Durgo K, Elez L, Guštek-Findri Š, Franekiæ Èoliæ J. (2007)
Citotoxicity status of electroplating wastewater prior/after neutralization/purification with alkaline solid residue of electric arc furnace dust. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A
44(3):273-278.
17. Orešèanin V, Durgo K, Franekiæ Èoliæ J, Nad K, Valkoviæ V. (2003) Physical, chemicaland genotoxic properties of waste mud-by product of waste water treatment. J. Trace
Microprobe. T. 21(1):123-132
18. Regulation on limit values of parameters of hazardous and other substances inwastewater, OG 40/99; 6/01; 14/01
19. Singh NP. (2000) Microgels for estimation of DNA strand breaks, DNA protein
crosslinks and apoptosis. Mutat. Res. 455:111-127.
20. Singh NP, McCoy MT, Tice RR, Schneider EL. (1988) A simple technique for quantification of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Exp. Cell. Res. 175:184-91.
21. World Health Organisation, Environmental health criteria 51, International
Programme on chemical safety guide to short-term tests for detecting mutagenic andcarcinogenic compounds (1985)

Part IIInternational Cooperation

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Agreement signed between HATZ andAustrian Academy of Sciences

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CAETSAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

225“Our Heritage of Natural Resources –Management and Sustainability”
July 13 – 17, 2009, Calgary, Canada

The meeting was held at the Hotel Westin in Calgary, Canada. The biggest and most important annual meeting of CAETS – 18th Convocationof the International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences was attended by 137 participants, out of which 52 delegatesfrom 22 member countries of CAETS. President of the Croatian Academyof Engineering – Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, Ph. D. also took part at themeeting. 38 lectures were given (presentations are available on the premises of the Academy) in 5 thematic sections which also represented “scientific” part of the meeting (from July 14th – 16th, 2009), i.e.:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

General Natural Resources
EnergyForestWater Management
Mining and Materials

The entire meeting could be divided in three parts:
July 13, 2009 – CAETS Board of Directors Meeting
July 14 – 16, 2009 – Scientific Segment of the Meeting
July 17, 2009 – CAETS Council Meeting
These are most important proposals and conclusions of the CAETS meeting:Ø South African Academy of Engineering has been accepted as full
member of CAETS.
Ø Membership of the Slovenian Academy of Engineering has been renewed.

226

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of EngineeringØ Thus the number of member countries of CAETS has amounted to 26.
Ø New Presidency of CAETS has been elected for the period up to December 31, 2010.
Assuming the above persons are elected, the Board membership forthe period January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2010 will be:
President
Klaus Bock
ATV, Denmark
President-ElectJose Antonio Ceballos
AI, Mexico
Secretary, Treasurer William C. Salmon
United States
Past President
John Leggat
CAE, Canada
1
MemberJong Kee YEO
NAEK, Korea
1
MemberStanko Tonkovic
HATZ, Croatia
1
MemberCharles M. Vest
NAE, USA
1
MemberReiner Kopp
acatech, Germany
2
MemberWilliam Arnot Wakeham RAEng,
United Kingdom
2
MemberBaldev Raj
INAE, India
Member2
Stig Gustavson
TAF, Finland
2
MemberKjell Arne Ingebrigtsen NTVA, Norway
1

Term is 2009 and 2010

2

Term is 20010 and 2011

Ø Financial report for 2008 has been accepted, as well as plans for 2010
and 2011.
Ø Membership fees for the member academies remain at the last year
level.
Ø To all member academies and the Governments of Canada and USA(their respective Ministries) CAETS is going to send final version of
the document “CAETS 2009 STATEMENT” (included in the Annual2009)Ø Next CAETS meetings:
Annual Meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark, June 29-31, 2010.
Convocation in Mexico City, Mexico in 2011.
A more detailed account and important material are presented in thisAnnual, while some other details are available on the web pages of
CAETS (caets@nae.edu).

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227

Issues of Concern – 2009(as received from Academies)Ø Argentina, ANI
a. Comprehensive development and education of engineers for the XXIst
Centuryb. Obtaining financial resources for ANI’s studies and research projects,preserving the independence and objectivity of conclusions and recommendations.
c. Construction safety of precarious settlements, known as “shanty
towns”, located at major cities, especially in Buenos Aires.
d. Argentina’s deficient situation related to lack of investment in Infrastructure, regarding every area of transportation:
1. Road
2. Railways
3. Aire. Argentina’s deficient situation related to lack of investment in Energy
Production, regarding all possible sources:
1. Hydraulic2. Thermal
3. Nuclear
4. Non conventionalØ Australia, ATSE
The Academy is working on a range of technological science and engineering challenges facing Australia principally around the issue of accelerated climate change, including:• Energy generation in a low carbon future; and• Sustainable water usage in light of Southern Australia’s extended
drought.
The Academy is also addressing other national challenges such as education and innovation.

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

As part of our response to these key challenges to Australia (and theworld), ATSE has formed the following strategic approaches:
1. Policy Formulation• Strengthen the development of evidenced-based policy formulation
for input to government;• ATSE seeks to have a greater input to informed public debate andpolicy formulation in strategic areas for the Academy;• Undertaking the synthesis of ATSE position statements in a neutral, technological sciences and engineering based framework on
controversial areas where there are strongly held minority positions
within the Academy (for example, climate change and nuclear power
generation).
2. Industry Engagement• ATSE’s recognises the need to work in partnership with industry,
noting a sustained and productive relationship with Australian industry would enhance the Academy’s ability to deliver technologically based solutions to the challenges identified. Further, the betterour practical engagement with industry, the more efficiently we canachieve evidenced-based problem solving and the greater our ability
to influence sound policy making.

• ATSE is considering both activity-based and structural initiatives tothis issue and has noted the approaches that some other Academies
have adopted as a guide.
3. Education
Australia’s challenge to achieve the sustained level of high technology
skills that are envisaged to be needed if we are to meet the national technological challenges, such as responding to climate change, highlight current trends which are of concern in our education sector . These include:• Limited enrolment by secondary students in advanced science andmathematics subjects• Limited entry by secondary students into science and engineeringcourses at university• Lack of interest in scientific and engineering careers within themost able cohorts of school leavers.

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering229

4. Innovation• Innovation is key to making the nation more productive and morecompetitive.

• ATSE is developing its thinking on what are the key technologicalscientific and engineering challenges that face Australia today, to assist it in setting its strategic goals and to enable the Academy tocontribute to national policy formulation.

• ATSE will actively promote productive innovation in Australia.
• As an example of its engagement in innovation, ATSE is undertaking a project in Smart Technology for Healthy Longevity.
5. Foresighting Emerging Technological and Policy Issues• ATSE has established a Working Group to indentify how the Academy should set new strategic directions, and review existing strategic directions. These strategic directions act as focal points for the
Academy’s projects, policy development and engagement mechanismwith Government and industry on emerging policy issues/priorities.

• ATSE is responding to a number of key national challenges and iscommitted to providing evidenced-based policy advice to governments, industry and the community in order that technology andengineering are seen as relevant to our everyday lives and as providing best practice solutions to our problems.

Ø Belgium, BACAS
1. Innovation
Belgium wants to achieve the so-called “Lisbon targets” of the European
Union regarding R&D and innovation: the E.U. wants all its member
states to spend at least 3% of their GDP to innovation. The Flemish committee CAWET (part of BACAS) has investigated the progress made inthis field in Flanders (Dutch-speaking part of Belgium).
The working group made the following recommendations:• Considering the importance of innovation and against the background of a dire and still worsening economic situation, parliamentshould dedicate more time and interest to the innovation issue.
The impact of governmental bills and measures with respect to230

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

innovation should be monitored and, when needed, corrective actions, should be proposed.

• Launching of an “Innovation Council” to audit current innovation
programs and to advise the government about new innovation initiatives. A suitable existing organization could be charged withthose tasks.

• Establishment, with the participation of the major actors, of a Strategic Master Plan for the Flemish economy. Selection of the spearhead economic domains, which consequently should be fostered anddeserve a priority treatment.

• Critical evaluation of results, goals, efficient use of funding, overlaps… of all programs, initiatives, organizations,… set up to boost
innovation.

• Quicker suspension of underperforming programs and initiatives.
Improvement of collaboration and cooperation between services andorganizations covering overlapping domains.

• A systematic and thorough evaluation of innovation programs has
to assure a proper “return on investment” of the engaged financial
means. Suitable consideration should be given to the commercial
value of the obtained results. This is, after all, the ultimate goal of
the innovation effort.

• Progressive lowering of the administrative burden involved in obtaining government funding with a view to replace it by a comprehensive midterm and post evaluation.

• Setting up of a freely accessible and user-friendly database containing all relevant information about innovation initiatives, programs
and projects.

• Keep a proper balance between basic and applied research. Basic research efforts should be maintained at a sufficiently high level tofulfill the needs and expectations of the Flemish economic tissue.
2. Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is expected to have a major impact in many fields, ranging from medicine to electronics. An expert group has investigated if thisis just a new “hype” or if it is really going to fundamentally change oursociety in the coming years. Communication is also an issue: scientists
should sufficiently communicate about their research in order to avoid
negative reactions such as the ones that have been experienced in otherAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

231

domains (nuclear energy, biotechnology …) because of a lack of objective
information.
3. Interaction between high school education and private enterprise
There is a gap between what students are taught in secondary schools
and what the business world demands.
The first part of this paper looks at the problem itself. There are several
reasons why this gap exists, despite the high quality of our educational
system.
In the second part we look at the somewhat difficult relationship between
the business world and the educational system. The business world is extremely heterogeneous and changes rather rapidly, while the educational
system tends to be rather sluggish and is not able to respond immediately
to all needs of the business world.
The third part deals with the information given to our youth about technology, the possibilities of a career in the business world, and what obstacles remain in deciding to choose a job in the business world.
In the fourth and last part suggestions are put forward for changing theorganisation and structure of our educational system. Changes howevermust also be carried by society, including: parents, the business world,
administration, youth movements and sports clubs. An all round education is certainly not the responsibility of the school only.

Ø Canada, CAE
The Canadian Academy of Engineering’s main issues of concern are as
follows:• Globalization of engineering with impact on engineering education,
training and soft skills• Our Heritage of Natural Resources – Management and Sustainability• Energy and Climate Change Challenges• Sustainable Infrastructure• Northern Communities

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More specifically:• The innovation system in Canada and improving Canadian productivity• Impacts of climate change on Canada’s North and implications foradaptation• The need for a national comprehensive water management strategy• Diversification of energy production so as to reduce dependency on
fossil fuels• Bio-security• Security of food supply• Improving the safety of our infrastructures and replacing our aging
infrastructure• Engineering for cold climates• Battling cybercrime• The impact of the economic downturn on the Canadian manufacturing sector• The future of Canada’s automotive sector• Engineering and the needs of an aging population• The role of engineering in improving the quality of life for CanadiansØ China, CAE
1. Strengthening efforts to ensure the qualification of CAE Member
Team by improving election process and implementing the measures
for quality control.
2. Speeding up the process of building up CAE into a State Think-tankof Engineering & Technological Sciences so as to serve the goal of economic and social development and innovative nation construction in
China.
3. Making contribution to the battle against financial crisis by providing
Strategic Consultations to the Central Government.
4. Bettering the strategic studies on medium and long term national development programs of engineering and technological sciences.

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5. Strengthening the ongoing study on National Strategy of Energy andEnvironment.
6. Continuing the efforts in enhancing Academy-Industry interaction
and cooperation.
7. Upgrading and deepening the exchange and collaboration between
CAE and sister Academies around the world.

Ø Croatia, HATZ
• Croatian Academy of Engineering held its 24 Annual and also Electhtive Assembly on March 14 , 2009. The mandate of Prof. Zlatko
Kniewald, Ph.D. as the head of this eminent and honorable Croatian
institution ended. For the new mandate, from 2009 up to 2013 (beginning with July 1st, 2009), the participants elected the President
Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, Ph.D., Vice-Presidents Prof. Miljenko
Lapaine, Ph.D. and Prof. Vilko Žiljak, Ph.D. and Secretary-General
Goran Graniæ, Ph.D. We expect “transition period” of the six
months (till January 1st, 2010).
th• Due to the modification of Articles of Association, the Croatian
Academy of Engineering became, on May 12, 2009, Full Member ofEuro-CASE.

• First task of new Governing Board is to establish novel Presidencyof the Croatian Academy of Engineering, relating additionally toelected (same Assembly) Department Secretaries, Standing Committees & Chairpersons and Heads of the Academy Centers.

• We will try especially to activate Centre for Lifelong Education in
relation with the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports, University of Zagreb and Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and withthe general effort in Croatia to establish new National Curriculumfor High Schools, considering mainly the influence of new technologies in educational process.

• The Academy must become a partner of state institutions and associations and create the cooperation with all relevant industry, engineering and manufacturing sectors in the field of technical andbiotechnical sciences. This is both, a commitment and responsibilityof the new Board, Presidency, all organizational Units of the Academy, as well as of all its members.

• New Governing Board will continue preparations for the celebrationof the 300th Anniversary of the birth of Ruðer Boškoviæ, 2011.

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering• The Academy should become the meeting point of the members forpresentations of their achievements & discussions, as well as for social gathering.

Ø Czech Republic, EA CREngineering Education• During the whole 2008 and the beginning of the 2009 Engineering
Academy of the Czech Republic was taking part in the discussion of
the Academia on the Reform of the University Education, which
also concerned Engineering Education. The reform was being prepared by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech
Republic. Number of topics for this discussion emerged also fromthe International Workshop “The Role of Engineering Education in
Knowledge Society” organized by EA CR in Prague in October 2008.
Due to the serious reservations the draft of the reform was withdrawn for the thorough revision. The Academy will follow the workon a new draught of the reform and will be expressing its views.
Technological Foundation of the Czech Republic• As an outcome of a new bill on the Research and Development
which was passed by the Parliament of the Czech Republic in March
2009, a Technological Foundation of the Czech Republic (TC FR) is
being introduced. The Foundation will provide public financial support to the applied research and development. EA CR was the firstthat came up with the project of a Technological Foundation alreadyin the year 2004. EA CR considers this a very significant achievement and delegated its Fellows into the TF CR Preparatory committee. This committee has been preparing all the basic documents,
which will regulate the functioning of the Foundation.

Ø Denmark, ATV• Research, Education and Innovation• Sustainable Infrastructure• Sustainable Food Systems• Energy and Climate Change• Health• Sustainable Transport

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Ø Finland, TAFF
• How to make technologies main vehicles for the growth strategies of
the next upturn?

• How to provide accurate and simultaneously easy-to-understand information on complex technological issues for general public, for example on sustainable energy solutions in the society?

• How to make the innovation climate more suitable for spin-off companies to excel in Finland?

• Technology Foresight.
Ø France, NATF
Research and innovation
The Academy is adressing a number of technology and innovation related
national challenges through Policy formulation and active participationin governance boards:
1. Restructuration of the high level education, including research, towards autonomy of the universities .
2. Bringing together the small and medium size companies and the public research labs on well defined medium and long term projects.
3. Maintaining a true technology teaching in secondary schools.
Climate change and new energy production technologies
NATF is very active in adressing the issues of energy savings and the development of new energy production technologies. This is of particularinterest in France where both the national (with the size of the nuclear
energy ) and european context make any change complex.
The role of technology in outing the crisis
Although nobody can predict when the crisis will end and the growth will
start again the Academy decided to initiate a study on how the technology could help the recovery in the medium-long term future.

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of EngineeringØ Germany, acatech
acatech perceives itself as a flexible working academy and as a scienceand business network. In order to promote sustained growth through innovation, acatech focuses on four core areas:• Scientific recommendations: acatech advises policy makers and the
public on future technology issues based on the best of research.

• Transfer of expertise: acatech provides a platform for exchange between science and business.

• Promotion of young scientists and engineers: acatech is committed
to supporting young scientists and engineers.

• Voice for science and engineering: acatech represents the interestsof scientists and engineers at a national and international level.
The members of acatech engage in the central issues of science and technology. These issues are structured into topical networks that give rise toproject groups. The topical networks are:

• Biotechnology• Education and Knowledge Management• Energy, Construction, Infrastructure and Environment• Foundation of Engineering and Technology• Information and Communication Technology• Materials• Mobility• Nanotechnology• Product Development• Safety and Security
Ø Hungary, MMA• MSc-BSc experiences• Energy strategies• Food security

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Ø India, INAE
Enhancing Industry-Academe Interaction
The lack of adequate interaction between the Academe and Industry is abarrier in converting R&D into actual products, processes and goods inthe market. The Scientific Advisory Committee to the Cabinet (SAC-C),
Government of India is also concerned about this problem. The SAC-C
has suggested that the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE)
should conduct Seminars/Debates on All-India basis for enhancing the interaction between the Academe and Industry. Four separate discussion
meetings entirely devoted to the subject were convened by INAE and asummary of discussions of all these meetings has been forwarded to the
Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Cabinet (SAC-C), Government of India.
Academy’s Role in formulating and influencing Science &Technology Policy
Most of the S&T Departments and the Agencies in India such as Atomic
Energy, Space, Defence etc. are headed by Scientists, and they and theirsenior colleagues make policies. However, there are many areas of national activity, notably, Environment, Communication and Information
Technology, various aspects of Infrastructure, Education, Health Careetc., in which the Policy-making individuals and bodies involve Generalists and not Specialists. In these areas, certainly there is a need for creating both awareness among the public as well as the decision- makers on
the S&T issues.
In order to face the challenge of sustaining its rapid economic growth
while dealing with the global threat of climate change, the Governmentof India has initiated a “National Action Plan on Climate Change” which
addresses the urgent and critical concerns of the country through a directional shift in the development pathway. This Action Plan identifies measures that promote the development objectives while also yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change effectively. It outlines a number ofsteps to simultaneously advance India’s development and climate- change
related objectives of adaptation and mitigation.
Improving the Quality of Engineering Education
Engineering Education in India has had unprecedented expansion in thelast few years. The number of Engineering Colleges/Institutions in India

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has increased from 50 during the year 1950 to 2300 during the year 2009.
However, the number of qualified engineering teachers has not grownproportionately. This expansion has therefore resulted in a decline of thequality of engineering education.
It is further observed that whereas the number of Polytechnics has increased from 46 during the year 1950 to 1500 during 2009, the intake of
students has not increased correspondingly. The popularity ofpolytechnics is also on the decline.
It is considered necessary to employ a host of strategies in order to improve and sustain the Quality of Engineering Education in the country.
The private sector continues to be a major player with its current sharein engineering education today being close to 86%. Most engineering colleges are privately owned & administered and are affiliated with state
Universities. The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), are a group ofautonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education created to train scientists and engineers, with the aim of developing a skilled workforce to support the economic and social development ofIndia after independence in 1947. The government plans to establish
eight more Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) across the country
within next five-six years. Each new IIT will have 2,000 undergraduate,
500 postgraduate, 400 doctoral and 100 post-doctorate students.
The Government of India has also established five Indian Institutes of
Science Education and Research (IISER). The IISERs represent a uniqueinitiative in India where teaching and education are totally integrated
with state-of-the-art research nurturing both curiosity and creativity in
an intellectually vibrant atmosphere of research. Each IISER is an autonomous institution awarding its own Masters and Doctoral degrees.
Bridging the Digital Divide
The ever widening gap between the developed and developing nations
needs to be rapidly bridged to ensure a minimum acceptable quality oflife for the vulnerable people in the poorer nations. This can only happen
when we are able to build a strong digital bridge and empower weakernations and vulnerable societies to reap the benefits of economic
globalisation using the tools now available from information and communication technology revolution. What is needed is a strong political will
and enlightened leadership committed to bridge the digital divide toachieve the dream of a truly global village.

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Design for Recycling
Mankind’s spectacular technological progress often results in unforeseen
and unintended adverse effects on society and environment. India is on
the throes of spectacular economic expansion, which will result in greater
consumption of engineering and engineered goods, which have a limited
life. The problem of disposal of these items would need to be addressed
well before it assumes the proportions of a major ecological disaster. The
population of cell phones is increasing by millions. Similar growth is being reported in other consumer durables and other industries like steel,cement, plastics and petrochemicals. All these engineered goods have a finite life and will become scrap at the end of their useful economic life. We
need to develop technologies for scrap recovery and setup mechanisms tocollect and process the scrap generated to produce useful raw material
and goods. It is imperative that the design of the engineering goods andconsumer durables etc. should be such that they are amenable for recycling.
INAE had organized a Seminar on “Recycling for Electronic and Automotive Industry”. The aim of the seminar was to devise strategies for disposal and recycling of engineering goods so as to protect the environmentand conserve depleting natural resources like iron ore and bauxite, with afocus on two major sectors, viz., Electronics and Automotive Manufacturing. The Seminar included the invited talks by renowned scientists andtechnologists. Presentations were made on “Problem Definition and Possible Solutions in the Indian Context”; “Economics and Business Models”; “Regulations”; “Research and Development Issues”; “e-Waste Management”; “Economics & Business Models”; and “Effects of e-Waste on
Environment”.
The policy recommendations of the Seminar have been sent to the Planning Commission, Ministry of Heavy Industry, Ministry of Environment,
Ministry of Information Technology and Department of Science & Technology for follow-up action.
Some Contemporary Issues and Questionsa) How to exploit more effectively and efficiently the expertise of ourFellowship on issues and activities of national concern.
b) How to raise interest in Science. The number of science students inthe school has fallen significantly during the last few years due to240

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineeringvarious socio-economic reasons. Fewer students are now opting for careers in science, especially research work.
In this context, Department of Science & Technology, Government ofIndia has recently proposed three new schemes, for implementation
during the next Five Year Plan, for attraction of talented students tostudy and pursue careers in science, viz, (i) Scheme for early Attraction of Talents for Science for a total of one million young learners of
the age group 10-17 years once in their school career. (ii) Ten thousand Scholarships for Higher Education for the age group 17-22
years, per year. . (iii) Offering Assured Opportunity in Research forthe age group 17-22 years, for 5 years’ doctoral research, backed by anassured research career opportunity for another period of five years
after their PhD in sciences. All these schemes include attractive scholarships for motivating the students.
c) How to adapt Engineering Education to serve Industry needs better.
d) How to ensure adequate and sustained funding for the core activitiesof the Academy.

Ø Japan, EAJ
1) Policy Recommendations
A variety of task forces are working on preparing recommendations
related to national policy on science, technology and innovation. Efforts are being made for putting the ideas into practice. In particular,
EAJ aims at letting its assertions be incorporated into the 4th Scienceand Technology Basic Plan (2011-2016) keeping closer relationshipwith the Council for Science and Technology Policy and the Science
Council of Japan.
2) International Activities• The 9 Japan-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium (Irvine)th(Co-organized with NAE and JST)• The 13 East Asia Round Table Meeting of Academies of Engineeringth(Nagoya)Symposium Theme: “Transportation toward Low Carbon Society”(Co-organized with CAE and NAEK)• Bilateral Cooperation with RAEng, NATF, acatech, IVA, ATSE andother academies are underway.

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2413) Domestic Activities
Symposia:• “How to Nurture Potential Leaders”• “Frontiers of Water Research”• 3 ~5 more symposia will be held in FY2009
Lecture Meetings and Others• Special Lecture: “National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation in the Global Era”

• 3~5 lecture meetings will be held in FY2009.
• 7 working groups are studying on various political and/or technicalissues, including engineering education, engineering ethics, safety
and security, Social infrastructures and commission, etc.

• Regional lecture meetings in Hokkaido-Tohoku, Chubu, Kansai
and Kyushu areas. Efforts are being made to more activate
regional acivities and discover eligible members in those regional
areas.

• Efforts are also being made to strengthen relationship with supporting corporate members and other academic/industrial/governmentalorganizations.

Ø Korea, NAEK
Our major concerns are
Korea’s competitiveness in sciences and technology which will shape thefuture of Korea.

• Committees on Strategies for Future Engineering Technology and Convergence Technology, Sustainable Development of Manufacturing separately address pertinent issues.

• Particularly the Committee on Strategies for Future Engineering Technology recently set up to propose short and long term strategies to thegovernment how industries should respond to the vulnerable market
transformations caused by a recent global financial crisis. It will tackle
10 classified industries – automobile, shipbuilding, steel, semi-conductor, mobile communication, display, health, environment, energy, andmaterials.

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To increase public understanding of science and engineering and to attract talented students to enroll engineering disciplines.

• Support YEHS students (Young Engineers Honor Society, engineering
students in BS) to develop their leadership, and communication skills.

• A Series of Newspaper Column that introduces ‘12 Significant Future
Technology’ in Chosun Daily Newspaper.

Ø The Netherlands, AcTI-nl
The Netherlands Academy of Technology and Innovation’s main issues ofconcern are as follows:• Enhancing the Academy’s function as a meetingplace for high level decision makers and experts in technology development, research, higher
education and innovation .

• Strengthening the Academy’s role as an informal sounding board for
key decision makers in politics and government agencies.

• To develop a coherent vision on the vital importance of technology andinnovation for societal well-being, and to have an impact on societal debate and actions on these issues.

• Raising the awareness of the Academy amongst higher education institutions, R&D organizations, government agencies, industry, politics,
and NGO’s.

• Securing its independent position in relation to government, industry,
NGO’s and scientific and educational institutions.

Ø Norway, NTVA
Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences (NTVA) has identified thefollowing issues of importance:• Increasing the political influence of NTVA
• Funding for NTVA project work
• Innovation, private and public R&D• Engineering Education• Young people and Science Education• Actions to help the public understand science and technology

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243• Energy and climate• Nanotechnologies• Marine industry• Medical technology• Technology foresight• Innovation• Transport• Global Production
Ø Slovenia, IAS• Societal visibility, understanding and appreciation of the role and significance of engineers for national development;• Comprehensive education and professional training of engineers for
XXIst century;• Competitiveness of small and medium enterprises in Slovene industry;• National strategic energy and climate changes policy;• Linking the universities and research institutions with industry.
Ø Spain, RAI• To evaluate and to promote the contribution of Engineering to a sustainable development, with a particular emphasis on energy, transportation and climate change issues. To study and promote the use of newtechnologies for sustainable solutions.

• To predict the technological, socio-economical and environmental evolution in the next 5, 10, 25 and 50 years. To define the profile of the future engineers. Engineering Education should be based on the social
and technological needs, and adapted to their changes.

• To foster new tools for the Information & Knowledge (I & K) Society.
To consider Information and Communication Technologies as our new
way to manage and share Information, and as an essential tool for exploiting Knowledge. To promote new ICT solutions as an important toolfor Education, Research, Creativity and Innovation.

• To make Engineering Education attractive to young people. To increase
the technological interests and abilities at schools.

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering• To strengthen the social impact of our Academy. To raise the awarenessof the Academy amongst engineers, government, industry and the general public and to increase the mutual interaction. Dissemination of theimportance of the present technologies.
In addition, high level issues of concern relate to:• Nanotechnologies• Sustainable Infrastructures• Actions to help the public understand science and technology• Promote more active interactions with mass media• Health engineering• Security engineering• Engineering solutions to increase the quality of life in poor countries• Actions to foster engineering innovation
Ø Switzerland, SATW
The guidelines of all activities of SATW are– providing foresight to society-relevant subjects in the fields of education, research and technology– fostering ethical-based responsibility in dealing with scientific knowledge, especially in the field of technology– advancing the dialogue between science, especially engineering sciences, and politics and society.
An issue of permanently high priority of SATW is motivating people, especially the young generation, to better understand technology in order
to be able to recognize its imperative to overcome global existential problems like global warming, energy and resource crisis etc.
In more details the issues of concern of SATW in 2009 are the following:
1. Supporting efforts for highly efficient production, transition, use, andrecycling of materials and energy.
2. Fostering new approaches towards sustainable mobility.
3. Fostering the comprehension of engineering and technology withinsociety, aiming in particular to motivate youngsters and their teachers
to deal with technology and to recognize its relevance for the society.

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4. Encouragement of knowledge transfer between research and industry
in the pre-competitive phase in order to more effectively exploit themarket potential of research findings.
5. Promotion of ethics and integrity in science and technology.
6. Fostering broad application of information and communication technologies (ICT) especially in the health care system and the education
system. Advancing the computer literacy of society in general.
7. Investigating and communicating the chances and risks of new technologies, in particular bio-technology (synthetic biology, green biology
and bio-fuels) and nanotechnology, and their development – together
with ICT – towards converging technologies.
8. Augmenting the effectiveness of our activities as well as their perception in the public, especially with politics.
9. Fostering the relations to and collaborations with sister academies in
Switzerland and abroad.

Ø United Kingdom, RAEng
The Academy’s main issues of concern are set out in the Strategic Plan
2005–2010. This defines the Academy’s Strategic Objectives as being:• To engage more effectively with the public and the public policy process• To attract more people to a wider range of engineering careers• To enhance the contribution of engineering to raising the UK’s innovation performance• To strengthen the Academy and its ability to make an impact.
The Academy works towards these objectives by structuring its activities
around three priorities: to enhance the UK’s engineering capabilities, torecognise excellence and inspire the next generation and to lead debate
by guiding informed thinking and influencing public policy.
In addition, the President of The Royal Academy of Engineering, Lord
Browne, has set out the following priority areas for his five year term ofoffice, which runs from 2006 to 2011:• Energy and climate change• Poverty reduction• Health and well-being• Education• Infrastructure

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of EngineeringØ United States, NAE
Systems Engineering and Financial Regulation
In recent years, the Federal Reserve has been working to transition froma supervisory regime that is focused on the health of individual financial
institutions to one that focuses on the health of markets. This transition
is incomplete, and in fact no one really knows how to regulate the systemic risks that characterize financial markets. The need for fresh thinking was captured in a 2007 NRC report, New Directions for Understanding Systemic Risk.
The ongoing stresses that began last summer – which are referred to as
the sub-prime credit crisis – have emphasized the need for a better understanding of systemic risks and market behaviors. The ramifications of
the sub-prime credit crisis have been more severe than might have been
predicted originally. The severity of the response has been traced to factors such as a surge of new financial products over the past decade and amajor shift toward investing outside of the traditional banking system(and therefore beyond the control of the Federal Reserve System). The
behaviors of some markets during the crisis (e.g., the spreads between offering and selling prices) have also been contrary to what had been seen
during previous systemic events, such as those in 1997-98.
The Federal Reserve, Department of the Treasury, and Congress are all
grappling with how to respond to the lessons learned from this crisis. On
June 9, 2008, Timothy Geithner, President of the Federal Reserve Bankof New York, gave a speech at The Economic Club of New York in which
he outlined his vision of how the financial regulatory system must evolve.
He asserted that “the severity and complexity of this crisis makes a compelling case for a comprehensive reassessment of how to use regulation to
strike an appropriate balance between efficiency and stability . It is goingto require significant changes to the way we regulate and supervise financial institutions, changes that go well beyond adjustments to some ofthe specific capital charges in the existing capital requirement regime forbanks.” He later said “This crisis gives us the opportunity to bring about
fundamental change in the direction of a more streamlined and consolidated system with more clarity around responsibility for the prudential
safeguards in the system.”Geithner made the case for the Federal Reserve System to have supervisory authority not only over its traditional institutions, but also overexisting markets and over new types of institutions, markets, andAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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instruments. The Federal Reserve, Treasury, and Congress are proceeding with efforts to construct that authority. It seems likely that somestructural and policy changes will be put in effect over the next 6-12
months. Those changes, while major, are essentially policy decisions, andthey will proceed without Academies input.
But it is not clear how the regulatory system will go about building up
the capabilities for analyzing and controlling the systemic risks. Not
enough research has been conducted on this topic, and the Academies
might play a role in (a) identifying appropriate research directions (albeit, only after the most important questions have been identified), (b)identifying relevant concepts and methods from other fields that might
be adapted to regulation of the financial system, (c) making an unbiased
assessment of the scale of research that is required (which cannot be argued well by the Federal Reserve, which conducts much of the relevant
research), and (d) building the broader research community that is necessary.
Some systems engineers have experience in the design, analysis, and control of systems as complex as that which the Federal Reserve must regulate. Yet there is very little overlap between the systems engineering andfinancial regulatory communities. There would be value in cross-fertilization, and we are exploring how the experience of some systems engineers
can directly assist the financial regulatory community in addressing new
systems challenges. The following questions are appropriate to address:• What are some of the challenges to developing the analytical and control capabilities envisioned by the Federal Reserve?
• Would there be value in improving the level of interaction between thesystems engineering and financial regulatory communities?
• If so, what are the intellectual areas where an improved interface would
provide value?
• What are some existing, or developing, methods that could enable
better understanding and control of systemic risk in financial markets?
These might include agent-based modeling, evolutionary economics,
and hierarchies of models, for example.
• How might the NAE work to improve this interface?

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Euro-CASE 2009
Euro–CASE (The European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering), founded in 1993, is an independent non-profit organization of national academies of engineering, applied sciences and technology from 21
European countries. Upon the invitation to Croatia to join the European
Union in 2005, the Croatian Academy of Engineering, founded in 1993,
became 21st associate member of Euro-CASE, as a non-member countryof the EU.
Last year activities of Euro-CASE were marked by two major events:• Euro-CASE Board Meeting n° 34, Paris, France, May 12, 2009
• Euro-CASE Board Meeting n° 35, Stockholm, Sweden, November 6, 2009(preceded a day before by a one day meeting – 2nd Euro-CASE Annual
Conference 2009 entitled “Increasing Interest for Higher Education in
Mathematics, Science & Technology”)
For the Croatian Academy of Engineering the meeting in Paris has beenof utmost importance. Due to the activities of the Academy and at the incentive of the then president of the Academy, the Statute of Euro-CASE
was changed at the Euro-CASE Board Meeting in Paris on May 12th,
2009 having enabled the Academy to become full member of Euro-CASE,
even before Croatia itself acquired full membership in the European Union. The Croatian Academy of Engineering received unanimous supportof the Board members and became 21st full member of Euro-CASE as the
only non-member country of the EU. President of the Academy Prof.
Zlatko Kniewald, Ph.D. and vice president Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, Ph.D.
attended the ceremony.
Both CAETS and Euro-CASE have supported the celebration of the300th anniversary of the birth of Rugjer Boskovic, the organization ofwhich has been entrusted to the Croatian Academy of Engineering by the
Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, andagreed to be its patrons. Unfortunately, the suggestion of the Academy tohold Euro-CASE 2011 Meeting in Zagreb during the celebration has notbeen accepted.
More details about these events can be found below.

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Dear Board members,
At the request of Zlatko Kniewald in London on 4 November 2008 to
Lena Treschow Torell, the Executive Committee members who met on 3
February 2009 agreed to propose to the Board members the full membership for the Croatian Academy. The articles 3 and 10 of the Articles of Association (version January 2004) which refer to membership and amendments need to be modified and adopted by the Board.
Please find attached a proposal for updated Articles of association.
ARTICLE 3 – MEMBERSHIP
3.1. Full Membership. Applications for Full Membership from organisations in EU or EFTA countries will be considered by the Board ofEuro-CASE which may approve the application if it conforms to the following criteria:
3.1.1. The applicant is recognised as the single national academy orequivalent qualified organisation representing engineering or applied sciences in that country, and is actively engaged in the promotion of appliedsciences, technology and engineering.
3.1.2. The applicant can demonstrate that it is independent of governmental or other external control.
3.1.3. The applicant is active, has access to the experts in that country,
agrees to contribute to the work of Euro-CASE, and is capable of dealing
promptly with the Euro-CASE headquarters in Paris over routine business.
3.1.4. The applicant agrees to abide by the Articles of Association and theRules of Procedure current at the time of admission.
3.1.5. The applicant agrees to pay a joining fee in the year of joining andan annual membership fee thereafter in accordance with the Rules ofProcedure.
3.2. Associate Membership. Academies from states on the European Union’s List of Candidate Countries may apply for Associate Membership ofEuro-CASE providing that they meet the criteria in articles 3.1.1 to 3.1.5.
Associate Members pay a reduced annual subscription to be decided by

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the Euro-CASE Board, and do not have a vote on the Board, but attend
its meetings. An Associate Member academy will normally become a Full
Member of Euro-CASE when its parent state becomes a full member ofthe European Union.
3.3. Applications for full or associate membership of Euro-CASE should
be made in writing to the Paris headquarters, together with a copy of theapplicant’s statutes, process for electing new members, list of current
members, copy of the latest annual report and accounts for the past two
years, and its record of relevant activities over a similar period.
3.4. The decision to admit a new Member or Associate Member academy
will rest solely with the Board of Euro-CASE, based on a recommendation of the Executive Committee following consultation with the Membership Committee.
3.5. Any member-body desiring to withdraw from Euro-CASE must giveprior notice of resignation by registered letter addressed to the Secretariat at least six months before the end of a financial year and will contribute its share in any deficit resulting from the year’s activities.
ARTICLE 10 – AMENDMENTS
10.1. Any proposed amendments to these Articles of Association shall beconsidered by the Board only if there is a quorum present representing atleast two thirds of the member-bodies. Members of the Board or alternates not present may vote by proxy. It shall require a vote in favour representing at least two thirds of the member-bodies for any amendment tobe carried.
10.2. All member-bodies shall be informed at least two months before any
amendment is considered by the Executive Board.

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European Council of Applied Sciences,
Technologies and Engineering

Euro-CASE Vision 2020: 2nd draft
Euro-CASE is the European Consortium of 21 National Academies of Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology.
By 2020, Euro-CASE will be the voice of European excellence in Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology.
It will facilitate networking and exchange of ideas among the national engineering academies and their members- 6000 of the most eminent engineers in Europe- and deliver evidence-based policy advice on key European issues to a range of EU stakeholders, including the European Commission and Parliament.
Euro-CASE will derive its credibility and its unique position in Europe
from the range of expertise and quality of inputs provided by its member
academies.

What shape will Euro-CASE take in 2020?

• Euro-CASE will continue to be a commercially and politically independent non-profit consortium representing its member academies in theEuropean arena.

• Euro-CASE will draw upon the resources of its member academies to
produce policy advice for a range of EU stakeholders.

• Euro-CASE will be a think tank of European stature in the field of Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology.

Who will Euro-CASE work with in 2020?

• Euro-CASE will be a partner of European institutions (especially theEuropean Commission and Parliament, EIT) and will seek to inform
EU-positions on relevant issues in international fora.

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Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering• Euro-CASE will be the natural partner of international organisations
and academies who wish to engage with engineering excellence in Europe.
• Euro-CASE will co-operate with other European stakeholders, if
there is a need, or if this cooperation strengthens the activities ofEuro-CASE.
• Euro-CASE will seek project oriented funding for specific activities
from the European Union, other European Institutions and possibly
from industry.
What areas will Euro-CASE focus on in 2020?
• Euro-CASE will concentrate on the major challenges facing Europe.
• Euro-CASE will engage in shaping policy at an early stage on the European level on aspects of Engineering, Applied Sciences, Technology andEngineering Education.
• Euro-CASE will promote attention to excellence in Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology.
• Euro-CASE will help improve public understanding of engineering andtechnology by providing clear, independent and balanced advice ontechnological issues and their impact on society and the environment.
• Euro-CASE will support all efforts to develop advanced technologies inorder to strengthen Europe’s position as the leading innovation locationin the world.
• Euro-CASE will promote engineering as a career to young Europeans.

Part III
Who is Who
inthe Croatian Academyof Engineering

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Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
The members of the Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
are members of the Governing Board, Secretaries of the Departments,
Chairs of the Standing Committees and Heads of the Centers.
Members of the Governing Board– Prof. Stanko Tonkoviæ, PhD., President of the Croatian Academy ofEngineering– Prof. Miljenko Lapaine, PhD., Vice-President– Prof. Vilko Žiljak, PhD., Vice-President– Assist. Prof. Goran Graniæ, PhD., Secretary-General– Prof. emer. Zlatko Kniewald, PhD., Past-President
Secretaries of the Departments– Prof. Franjo Joviæ, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Systems andCybernetics– Prof. Tihomir Jukiæ, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Architectureand Urban Planning– Prof. Krešimir Fertalj, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Information Systems– Prof. Sonja Grgiæ, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Communication Systems– Prof. Nikola Èavlina, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Power Systems– Prof. Vesna Cerovac, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Transport– Prof. Damir Medak, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy– Prof. Vladimir Medica, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture– Prof. Ratimir Žanetiæ, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Chemical
Engineering– Prof. Zdravko Hebel, PhD., Secretary of the Department of ElectricalEngineering and Electronics– Prof. Jasna Franekiæ, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Bioprocess
Engineering

268

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering– Prof. Miroslav Gojo, PhD., Secretary of the Department of GraphicalEngineering– Prof. Josip Èrnko, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Mining andMetallurgy– Prof. Dubravko Rogale, PhD., Secretary of the Department of Textile
Technology
Chairs of the Standing Committees– Prof. Franjo Joviæ, PhD., Chairman of the Committee for Ethics– Prof. emer. Zlatko Kniewald, PhD., Chairman of the Foundation
Committee– Prof. Vladimir Medved, PhD., Chairman of the Committee for International Cooperation– Prof. Ðurða Vasiæ-Raèki, PhD., Chairman of the Committee for Awards– Prof. Jure Radiæ, PhD., Chairman of the Committee for Economic andRegional Cooperation
Heads of the Centers– Prof. Juraj Božièeviæ, PhD., Head of the Center for Development Studies and Projects– Prof. emer. Zlatko Kniewald, PhD., Head of the Biotechnical Center– Prof. Miljenko Lapaine, PhD., Head of the Center for Geoinformation
and Cartography– Prof. Ðurða Vasiæ-Raèki, PhD., Head of the Center for Environmental
Protection and Development of the Sustainable Technology– Prof. Tomislav Filetin, PhD., Head of the Center for Lifelong Education– Prof. Vilko Žiljak, PhD., Head of the Center for Graphical Engineering– Prof. Nenad Dujmoviæ, PhD., Head of the Center for Traffic Engineering

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

269Afriæ, Winton, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1956
Department of Communications Systems,
Collaborating Member (2007)
University Centre for Professional Studies, University of Split
Livanjska 5. 21000 Split+385 21 393202,
e-mail: wafric@oss.unist.hr
Radio Communications FWA, Mobile Communications

Agiæ, Darko, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts,
Getaldiæeva 2, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2371080, fax +385 1 2371077,
e-mail: darko.agic@grf.hr, http://repro.grf.hr
Graphic Technology, Screening Systems, Reproduction of
Picture Information and Color Management in the Area ofPrinting Science and Graphic Communication

Ahiæ-Ðokiæ, Melita, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Communication Systems,
Correspondent Member (2007)
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Zmaja od Bosne bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Republic of Bosnia andHerzegovina+ 387 33250750, fax: +387 33250725,
e-mail: melita.ahic-djokic@etf.unsa.ba, amelita@etf.unsa.ba
Signal Processing, Digital Systems Design, Automatic Control
Systems
Alfireviæ, Ivo, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1939
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168944, +385 1 6168222, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: ivo.alfirevic@fsb.hr
Continuum Mechanics, Mechanics of Solids, Orthotropic
Materials, Experimental Stress Analysis, Structural Analysis,
Orthotropic Structures

270

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Andrassy, Maja, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Textile Technology,
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology,
Prilaz baruna Filipoviæa 28a, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3712566, fax: +385 1 3712599
e-mail: maja.andrassy@ttf.hr
Textile Fibers, Textile Materials, Fiber Science, Recycling
And Restoration Of Textile Materials

Andrašec, Marijan, PhD.
Born: 1942
Member Amicus (2002)
State Institute for Measurements, Ulica grada Vukovara 78,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6106320, fax: +385 1 6109320,
e-mail: ured.ravnatelja@dznm.hr,
marijan.andrasec@zg.t-com.hr
Biofuels and Combustion, Chemical Processes Design,
Petrochemicals and Industrial Chemicals, Gas Networks,
Process Economics (Education), Biofuels, High-tech Start-up
Companies
Androèec, Vladimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Associate Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Savska
cesta 16/3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4864440/440, fax: +385 1 4864450,
e-mail: androcec@grad.hr
Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydraulics Engineering,

Androiæ, Boris, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4561202, +385 1 4561222, fax: +385 1 4561202,
e-mail: androiæ@grad.hr
Steel Structures, Reliability Engineering, Fatigue, Thin
Walled Structures, Composite Structures, Design of Steel
Structures, Durability of Bridges, Reliability of Structures

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

271

Anièiæ, Dražen, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Full Member (1993)
retired+385 1 6152280, +385 91 7697653
e-mail: drazen.anicic@xnet.hr
Structural Engineering, Earthquake Engineering, Masonry
Structures, Structure TestingAnžek, Mario, Prof. PhD
Born: 1945
Department of Transport,
Collaborating Member (2007)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering, Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2380213, fax: +385 1 2314415,
e-mail: mario.anzek@fpz.hr
Telematics Technology

Auf-Franiæ, Hildegard, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1941
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639263, +385 1 4639264, fax: +385 1 4828079,
e-mail: hauf@arhitekt.hr
Architecture, Buildings for EducationBabiæ, Darko, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2371080, fax: +385 1 2371077,
e-mail: babic@grf.hr
Graphic Technology, Finishing Processes, Ergonomics,
Quality Control, Graphic Packaging Design and Production,
Book Design and Production

272

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Baletiæ, Bojan, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1957
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4561222, fax: +385 1 4828079,
e-mail: bojan.baletic@arhitekt.hr
Architecture and Urbanism, Computer Application in
Architecture, Housing Design, Solar ArchitectureBan, Drago, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1939
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129673, +385 1 6129770, +385 1 6129999, fax:
+385 1 6170207, +385 1 6170007,
e-mail: drago.ban@fer.hr
Power Engineering, Electrical Machines and Drives,
Development and Application of Electrical Machines andDrives, Education
Bartoliæ, Juraj, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Communication Systems,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129663, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6129717,+385 1 6170007,
e-mail: juraj.bartolic@fer.hr, http://www.rc.fer.hr/bartolic/
Microwave Engineering, Antennas, Electromagnetics,
Wireless CommunicationsBašiæ, Tomislav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1956
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Kaèiæeva 26, 10000
Zagreb+385 1 4639237, fax: +385 1 4828081,
e-mail: tomislav.basic@geof.hr, http://www.geof.hr/~tbasic/
State Survey, Physical Geodesy

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

273

Bauk, Antun, MSc. (retired)
Born: 1939
Member Amicus (2002)
INA – Naftaplin d.d., Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4592150, fax: +385 1 4593063,
e-mail: antun.bauk@ina.hr
Petroleum Engineering, Fluid Flow Through Porous Media,
Oil and Gas Reservoir Engineering, Underground Gas
Storage

Bedekoviæ, Gordan, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1967
Department of Mining and Metallurgy
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10002 Zagreb+385 1 5535 861, fax: +385 1 5535 860
e-mail: gordan.bedekovic@rgn.hr
Mineral Processing, Environmental Protection, Solid Waste
Recycling

Begušiæ, Dinko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1960
Department of Information Systems
Collaborating Member (2009)
Universtity of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,
R. Boskovica bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305 777, fax: +385 21 463 877
e-mail: begusic@fesb.hr
Information and communication technologies and systems,
Signal processing

Benèiæ, Zvonko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Full Member (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129716, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6170207,+385 1 6170007,
e-mail: zvonko.bencic@fer.hr
Power Electronics, Semiconductor Devices, Professional
Communication, Editing

274

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Berberoviæ, Sead, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1953
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Associate Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129629, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6170007,+385 1 6129616,
e-mail: sead.berberovic@fer.hr
Electromagnetic Field Theory, Numerical Field Computation,
Calculation of Grounding Systems, Design of Electrical
Machines
Beroš, Slobodan, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Collaborating Member (2000)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ruðera
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305611, fax: +385 21 463877,
e-mail: slobodan.beros@fesb.hr
Signal Processing, Signal Modeling, Electronic Circuits

Beslaæ, Jovo, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1935
Member Emeritus (2000)
Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, Janka Rakuše 1,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6125102, fax: +385 1 6125100,
e-mail: jovo.beslac@igh.hr
Winter Concreting, Rapid Hardening of Concrete, Durabilityof Concrete, High Quality of Concrete, Repair of Concrete
Structures, Properties of Concrete, Concrete Technology,
Realization of Concrete Structures, Durability of Concrete
Structures
Biondiæ, Božidar, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Associate Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering,Varaždin, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin
+385 42 212228, fax: +385 42 313587,
e-mail: bbiondic@usa.net
Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Karst Water
Protection, New Potable Water Resources, Water
Management, Engineering Geological Research for
Infrastructural Objects

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

275

Bjegoviæ, Dubravka, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Collaborating Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639255, fax: +385 1 4639206,
e-mail: dubravka@grad.hr
Civil Engineering, Material Corrosion, Durability ofReinforced Concrete Structures, Non-destructive Testing ofConcrete in Structures, Precast Concrete, Concrete
Technology, Corrosion Protection, Corrosion Inhibitors,
Durability of Reinforced Concrete
Bogdan, Željko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Power Systems,
Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168944, +385 1 6168222, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: zeljko.bogdan@fsb.hr
Mathematical Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of
Thermo-hydraulic Processes in Power Equipment, Thermal
Power Plants

Bogunoviæ, Nikola, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Information Systems,
Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129721, fax: +385 1 6129653,
e-mail: Nikola.Bigunovic@fer.hr, nikolabo@zemris.fer.hr
Artificial Intelligence, Formal Methods in the Design ofComputing Systems, Knowledge Elicitation from Data,Intelligent Computer Based Systems, Formal Models ofComplex Systems, Process Modeling
Bolanèa, Matko, MD.
Born: 1967
Member Amicus (2005)
Pliva Hrvatska d.o.o., Ulica grada Vukovara 49, 10000
Zagreb+385 1 6120880, fax: +385 1 6160486,
e-mail: matko.bolanca@pliva.hr
Applied Biotechnology, Sustainable Development

276

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Bolanèa, Stanislav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2371073, +385 1 2371080, fax: +385 1 2317077,
e-mail: stanislav.bolanca@grf.hr, sbolanca@grf.hr
Graphic Arts Technology, Printing Technology, Major
Printing Techniques, Digital Printing

Bolanèa, Zdenka, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2371073, +385 1 2371080, fax: +385 1 2371077,
e-mail: zdenka.bolanca@grf.hr, zbolanca@grf.hr
Graphic Technology, Ecological Engineering, EcologicalEngineering in Graphic Technology, Paper Recycling,
Chemical and Enzymatic De-inking, Metrology andEnvironment, Electrochemistry of Aluminum
Bonefaèiæ, Davor, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1968
Department of Communication Systems,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129772, fax: +385 1 6129717,
e-mail: davor.bonefacic@fer.hr
Antennas, Radio Systems, Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)

Boras, Damir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Member Amicus (2007)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Ivana Luèiæa 3,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6120111, fax: +385 1 6156879,
e-mail: dboras@ffzg.hr
Information Science, Knowledge Presentation, Croatian
Dictionary Heritage

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

277

Bošnjak, Marijan, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1934
Department of Chemical Engineering,Member Emeritus (2009)
Slovenska 19, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3702507,
e-mail: Marijan.Bosnjak@hatz.hr
Biochemical Engineering, Kinetics of Microbial Processes,
Mathematical Modeling of Biochemical Reaction Systems,
Microbial Cultivation Methods, Environmental Biotechnology,
Industrial Production of Microbial Metabolites, Biochemical
ReactorsBožièeviæ, Josip, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1929
Department of Transport,
Member Emeritus (1993)
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) Full Member
The Institute of Transport and Communications, Kušlanova
2, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2305807,
e-mail: puljiz@fpz.hr
Civil Engineering, Transportation, Mathematical, Statisticaland Experimental Analyses of Vibration Problems on the
Tracks and the SleepersBožièeviæ, Juraj, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1935
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Member Emeritus (2009)
Trg kralja Tomislava 18, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4922254, +385 1 4922264, fax: +385 1 4922254,
e-mail: juraj.bozicevic1@zg.t-com.hr
Systems Science and Cybernetics, Chemical Engineering,
Process Modeling and Control Measurements, Knowledge
Management and Innovation, Technology Management,
Intelligent Tutoring Systems, EducationBrliæ, Vladimir, PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Communication Systems,
Collaborating Member (1998)
Hrvatski telekom d.d., Savska cesta 32 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4555466, +385 1 4815100, fax: +385 1 4815111,
Telecommunication Networks

278

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringBrniæ, Josip, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Associate Member (1994)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651444, fax: +385 51 675818,
e-mail: josip.brnic@riteh.hr
Elastoplasticity, Viscoplasticity, Structural Analysis andOptimization, Metalforming, Finite Element Method,
Fracture Mechanics

Brumec, Josip, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Information Systems,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Organization andInformatics, Pavlinska 2, 42000 Varaždin
+385 42 213777, fax: +385 42 213413,
e-mail: josip.brumec@foi.hr
Information Systems (Theory and Development of Systems,
Systems Development Concepts and Methodologies, System
Development Tools and Techniques, Strategic Planning ofInformation Systems), Organizational and Management
Sciences
Butkoviæ, Mirko, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1936
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,Member Emeritus (2009)
Polytechnic of Karlovac, Ivana Meštroviæa 10, 47000
Karlovac, +385 47 843500, fax: +385 47 843579,
e-mail: mirko.butkovic@power.alstom.com,
mirko.butkovic@vuka.hr
Mechanical Engineering, Technical Mechanics, MechanicalVibrations, Strength of Materials, Mechanical Integrity of
Machines, Machine Dynamics, Power Engineering
Caharija, Alojz, PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Member Amicus (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Savska cesta 16/5A, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4843556, +385 1 459714, fax: +385 1 4843556,
e-mail: caha@marie.fkit.hr
Measurement, Process Control, Humidity and Thermal
Conductivity Measurement

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

279

Car, Stjepan, PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (1995)
Konèar – Electrical Engineering Institute, Inc., Fallerovošetalište 22, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3667315, fax: +385 1 3667317,
e-mail: scar@koncar-institut.hr
Electrical Engineering, Electrical Machines, Electrical Drives,
Management of R&D in Electrical Engineering, Renewable
EnergyCariæ, Antun, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Member Amicus (2002)
KATE-KOM, Drvinje 109, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2407304, fax: +385 1 3689714,
e-mail: acaric@kate-kom.com, antun.caric@zg.htnet.hr
Telecommunication (Mobile Networks, Internet), Information
Systems (e-School, e-Health), Software Engineering, R&D
Organization, Mobile Applications and Services

Cerovac, Vesna, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Transport,
Full Member (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering, Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2380204, fax: +385 1 6527084,
e-mail: vesna.cerovac@fpz.hr
Traffic, Civil Engineering, Traffic Technology and Safety

Cifrek, Mario, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1964
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129937, fax: +385 1 6129652,
e-mail: mario.cifrek@fer.hr, http://www.fer.hr/mario.cifrek
Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, Biomedical
Engineering, Design and Manufacturing of Electronic
Equipment, Biomedical Signal Measurement and Analysis

280

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringÈauševiæ, Mehmed, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Viktora
Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 331095,
Earthquake Engineering, Steel Structures, Bridge
Engineering, Engineering Mechanics, Design of Steel andConcrete Structures, Testing of Full-Scale StructuresÈavlina, Nikola, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Power Systems,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6129007,
e-mail: nikola.cavlina@fer.hr
Nuclear Energy and Technology, Nuclear Reactor Safety,
Environmental Impact AssessmentÈišiæ, Dragan, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Transport,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Studentska
2, 51000 Rijeka+385 98 219600,
e-mail: dragan.cisic@ri.t-com.hr
Logistics, Supply Chain Management, e-Business,
e-Commerce, Digital EconomyÈoriæ, Veæeslav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,
Associate Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168428, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: veceslav.coric@fsb.hr
Naval Architecture, Ship Structures, Naval Hydrodynamics,
Theory of Sea Keeping, Numerical Methods, Offshore
Technology (Design)Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

281Èoviæ, Željko, MSc.
Born: 1953
Member Amicus (2002)
Pliva d.d., Ulica grada Vukovara 49, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6120999, fax: +385 1 6111011,
e-mail: zeljko.covic@pliva.hr
Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Corporate Strategy, Leadership,
Global Pharmaceuticals Business, Corporate Management
and Management DevelopmentÈrnko, Josip, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1943
Department of Mining and Metallurgy,
Full Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Metallurgy, Aleja narodnih
heroja, 44103 Sisak+385 44 533378, fax: +385 44 533378,
e-mail: crnko@simet.hr
Separation of Metals from Secondary Row Materials,
Thermotechnology, Industrial Furnaces, Mathematical
Models of Cooling of Steel Semiproducts, Possibilities ofStructural Improvements in Heating FurnacesÈrnjar, Mladen, PhD.
Born: 1947
Member Amicus (2002)
Primorsko-goranska County, Public Institution Institute ofPhysical Planning, Splitska 2/II, 51000 Rijeka
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality
Management+385 51 351772, fax: +385 51 212436,
e-mail: mladen.crnjar@pgz.hr, http://www.zavod.pgz.hr
Urban and Regional Planning, Economics, Policies andManagement in Ecology, Environmental EconomyÈunko, Ružica, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Textile Technology,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilazbaruna Filipoviæa 28a, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3712523, fax: +385 1 3712599,
e-mail: ruzica.cunko@ttf.hr
Development of New Textile Materials, Methodes of
Objective Evaluation of Textile Materials, Textile
Quality-assurance and Management

282

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringÆosiæ, Krešimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Associate Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 129770, fax: +385 1 6129705
e-mail: kresimir.cosic@fer.hrInteractive Simulation Systems, Applied Virtual Reality (VR),Defense and Security Research and DevelopmentDadiæ, Ivan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Transport,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering, Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2380210,
e-mail: ivan.dadic@zg.htnet.hr
Traffic and Transport, Urban and Physical Planning,
Mechanical Engineering, Physics, Mathematics

Damiæ, Vjekoslav, Prof. PhD.
Member: 1941
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Associate Member (2004)
University of Dubrovnik, Æire Cariæa 4, 20000 Dubrovnik+385 20 445744, fax: +385 20 435 590,
e-mail: vdamic@unidu.hr
Mathematical and Computer Modeling and Simulations, Bond
Graph Modeling, Engineering Graph Modeling

Debrecin, Nenad, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1953
Department of Energy,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6170007,
e-mail: nenad.debrecin@fer.hrHeat Transfer, Nuclear Power Plants, Accident Analysis,
Nuclear Power Plant Simulation, System Thermal-hydraulic
Codes, Uncertainty Analysis

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

283

Domazet, Željko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,
Full Member (2009)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ruðera
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305777, fax: +385 21 563877,
e-mail: zeljko.domazet@fesb.hr, http://www.fesb.hr/~domazet
Mechanical Engineering, Naval Architecture, Steel
Structures, Fatigue Strength of Materials, Fracture
Mechanics
Domitroviæ, Hrvoje, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1959
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129 640, fax: +385 1 6129 680,
e-mail: hrvoje.domitrovic@fer.hr
Acoustics, Electro Acoustics, Audio Techniques, Sound
Broadcasting, Architectural Acoustics (Theatres andChurches), Sound Broadcasting (RDS Systems for FM
Broadcasting), Digitalization of Radio Broadcasting
Dragèeviæ, Zvonko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Textile Technology
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilazbaruna Filipoviæa 30/III, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3712535, fax: +385 1 3712535,
e-mail: zvonko.dragcevic@ttf.hr, zvonko.dragcevic@zg.t-com.hr
Industrial Engineering, Ergonomics, Technical Textile,
Corrosion and Protection of Materials

Duiæ, Neven, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1965
Department of Power Systems,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168126, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: Neven.Duic@fsb.hr, http://powerlab.fsb.hr/neven
Computational Fluid Dynamics (Combustion and Radiation
Modeling), Energy Planning (Increasing Penetration of New
and Renewable Energy Technologies, Climate Change,
Energy Storage), Energy Policy

284

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Dujmoviæ, Darko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering,Kaèiæeva 26, 10000 Zagreb+ 385 1 46 39 202, fax: + 385 1 46 39 202
e-mail: dujmovic@grad.hr
Steel structures, Cold formed steel structures, Structuralreliability

Dujmoviæ, Nenad, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Transport,
Associate Member (2009)
Center for Traffic Engineering HATZ-CPI+385 98 9764999
e-mail: nenad.dujmovic@hatz.hr
Railways, Track-guided Vehicles, Traffic, Transport Logistics

Durakoviæ, Senadin, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1937
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Associate Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605284, +385 1 4605000, fax: +385 1 4836083,
e-mail: senadin.durakovic@pbf.hr, sdurakovic@pbf.hr
General Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Bacteriology,
Mycology, Mycotoxicology

Dvornik, Josip, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639244, fax: +385 1 4828049,
e-mail: dvornik@grad.hr

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

285Ðukan, Petar, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Collaborating Member (2000)
Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, Janka Rakuše 1,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6125413,
e-mail: petar.djukan@igh.hr
Organization and Technology in Civil Engineering, ProjectManagement, Management and Organization of CE Firms,
Organization of Scientific and Expert Research, Organizationof Public Works (Infrastructure, Reconstruction, Housing),
Public Works
Fajt, Siniša, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1963
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129747, +385 1 6129640, fax: +385 1 6129852,+385 1 6129680,
e-mail: sinisa.fajt@fer.hr
Acoustics, Electro Acoustics, Audio Techniques, Sound
Broadcasting, Architectural Acoustics, Processing of
Acoustical Signals in Communications
Feretiæ, Danilo, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1930
Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129995, fax: +385 1 6170207,
e-mail: danilo.feretic@fer.hr
Nuclear Energy and Technology, Environmental Studies,
Operational Safety of Nuclear Reactors, Power Systems
Modeling, Environmental Impact of Electrical Energy
Generating SystemsFeriæ, Miljenko, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1936
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Member Emeritus (1998)
The Vehicle Center of Croatia, Ilica 15, 10000 Zagreb+ 385 1 4833444, fax: + 385 1 4833610,
e-mail: miljenko.feric@cvh.hr
Transport Machinery, Road Vehicles, Ship Hydrodynamics Model Tests, Basin Experiments Ship Structure - Strengthand Vibrations

286

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Fertalj, Krešimir, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1964
Department of Information Systems
Collaborating Member (2007)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129918, fax:+385 1 6129915,
e-mail: kresimir.fertalj@fer.hr
Computer Aided Software Engineering, Applications
Development, Information Systems Design and Evaluation,
Project Menagement

Figuriæ, Mladen Stjepan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1943
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Svetošimunska 25,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2352404, +385 1 2352555, fax: +385 1 2352530,
e-mail: mladen.figuric@hrast.sumfak.hr
Wood Technology Management and Economics in Forestry
and Wood Technology, Production Management in the Woodand Furniture Industry, Improvement and Rationalization of
Production, Development of the Forestry and Wood Industry
Filetin, Tomislav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Full Member (1994)
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU)
Collaborating Member
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168320, +385 1 6168222, fax: +385 1 6157126,
e-mail: tomislav.filetin@fsb.hr, http://www.fsb.hr/~tfiletin
Materials, Heat Treatment Processes, Expert Systems andApplication of Artificial Intelligence Methods in thePrediction of Materials Properties
Franèula, Nedjeljko, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1937
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Member Emeritus (2008)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Kaèiæeva 26, 10000
Zagreb+385 1 4639225, fax: +385 1 4828081,
e-mail: nfrancul@geof.hr, http://www.geof.hr/~nfrancul
Geodesy, Cartography, Map Projections, Digital Cartography,
Geoinformatics, Cartographic Generalization, Future of
Geodesy and Surveying

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

287

Franekiæ, Jasna, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Full member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4836013, fax: +385 1 4836016,
e-mail: jfran@pbf.hr
Genetic Toxicology, Ecotoxicology, Genotoxicity Action ofEnvironmental Agents Antimutagenicity of GlucosinolatesFrankoviæ, Bernard, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Power Systems,
Full Member (1998)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651401, +385 51 675801, fax: +385 51 675801,+385 51 675818,
e-mail: bernardf@riteh.hr
Applied Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer: Heat Conduction,
Heat Convection and Evaporation, Heat and mass Transfer,
Heat Exchangers, Regenerations, Renewable Energy
Gajski, Daniel D., Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Honorary Member (2000)
University of California at Irvine, Center for Embedded
Computer Systems, 2010 AIR Building Irvine, CA
92697-3425, United States of America
e-mail: gajski@uci.edu, http://www.cecs.uci.edu/~gajski/
Science of Computer Design

Galoviæ, Antun, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168255, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: antun.galovic@fsb.hr
Technical Thermodynamics, Temperature Fields in Solids,
Heat Exchange in Fluidized Beds, Exergy and Entropy
Analysis in Thermo Processes Irreversibilities

288

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Gaurina-Meðimurec, Nediljka, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1957
Department of Mining and Metallurgy,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 5535825, fax: +385 1 4836074,
e-mail: ngaumed@rgn.hr,
nediljka.gaurina-medjimurec@rgn.hr
Drilling Technology, Drilling Fluids, Well Cementing,Workover and Completion Fluids, Environment Protection in
Petroleum Engineering
Geršak, Jelka, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Textile Technology
Correspondent Member (2009)
University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia+386 2 220 7960, fax: +386 2 220 7996
e-mail: jelka.gersak@uni-mb.si
Clothing engineering, Mechanics of textile materials,
Objective evaluation of materials and clothing, Modelling ofcomplex textile structures, Comfort, Thermo-physiological
comfort of clothing, Intelligent clothing
Glasnoviæ, Antun, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Chemical Engineering
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Maruliæev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4597 221, +385 1 4597 281
e-mail: aglasnov@fkit.hr, office@fkit.hr
Separation processes; characterization of system, design andoperation of separation and contacting processes(comminution, filtration, drying, chrystallization, mixing),
newton and nonnewton fluid dynamic, suspension rheology
Goglia, Vlado, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Svetošimunska 25,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2352555, fax: +385 1 218616,
e-mail: vlado.goglia@hrast.sumfak.hr, goglia@sumfak.hr
Mechanical Engineering, Woodworking Machinery, Soundand Vibration

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

289

Gojo, Miroslav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2371080, fax: +385 1 2371077,
e-mail: gojo@grf.hr, http://forme.grf.hr/
Physical-Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Surface,
Printing Forms, Damping of Printing Forms, Electrochemical
Deposition of Metals, Corrosion and Protection

Goluboviæ, Adrijano, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1936
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Associate Member (1998)
Gornji Bukovec 19, 100000 Zagreb+385 1 2342157
Graphic Technology, Chemical Technology, Analytical
Chemistry, Surface Technology, Materials in Printing
Processes, Colorimetric Measurement in Graphic Processes

Gomzi, Zoran, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Maruliæev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4597105, fax: +385 1 4597260,
e-mail: zgomzi@pierre.fkit.hr, zgomzi@marie.fkit.hr
Chemical Engineering, Chemical Reaction Engineering,
Kinetics Modeling, Process Design and Development,
Mathematical Modeling, Education

Grancariæ, Ana Marija, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1943
Department of Textile Technology,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilazbaruna Filipoviæa 28a, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4877360, fax: +385 1 4877355
e-mail: amgranca@ttf.hr
Surface Modification and Interface Phenomena of Textiles,
Protective Textiles (against fire, UVR, microbs), Textile
Pretreatments and Finishing290

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Graniæ, Goran, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Power Systems,
Full Member (2009)
Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, Savska cesta 163, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6040588, +385 1 6326100, fax: +385 1 6040599,
e-mail: ggranic@eihp.hr
Electrical Engineering, Strategic Energy Planning, Energy
Legislation, Power System Planning and Scheduling, Energy
Sector Organization and Management, Energy Supply Costs
and Energy Pricing Policy
Secretary-General of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
Grbac, Ivica, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Associate Member (2009)
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management,
Av. Vukovar 78, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6106 393, fax: +385 1 6109 884,
e-mail: ivica.grbac@mps.hr
Furniture and Medicine Design, Construction and Quality ofWood Products, Interdisciplinary Research, Forestry, Wood
Industry

Grbavac, Vitomir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Transport,
Associate Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska
25, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2393620,
e-mail: v1grbavac@gmail.com
Information and Communication Systems in Traffic,
Information Systems, Evolution of Information Technology,
Development Computer Systems, e-Education in TrafficGrgiæ, Davor, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1959
Department of Power Systems,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129994,
e-mail: davor.grgic@fer.hr
Nuclear Power Plants

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

291Grgiæ, Mislav, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1973
Department of Communication Systems,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129851, fax: +385 1 6129568,
e-mail: mgrgic@ieee.org, http://www.vcl.fer.hr/mgrgic/
Image and Video Compression, Multimedia Communications,
Image RetrievalGrgiæ, Sonja, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1965
Department of Communication Systems,
Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129780, fax: +385 1 6129717,
e-mail: sgrgic@ieee.org, http://www.vcl.fer.hr/sgrgic/
Video Signal Compression and Coding, Picture Quality
Assessment, Digital Television

Grladinoviæ, Tomislav, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1956
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Svetošimunska 25,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2352555, +385 1 2352451, fax: +385 1 2318616,
e-mail: grladinovic@hrast.sumfak.hr
Biotechnology, Wood Technology, Production Management,
Simulation Modeling, Computers in Simulation

Haznadar, Zijad, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1935
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Member Emeritus (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129811, fax: +385 1 6170201,
e-mail: zijad.haznadar@fer.hr
Theory of Electromagnetic Fields, Numerical Calculation inElectrical Engineering

292

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Hebel, Zdravko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1943
Department of Power Systems,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129980, +385 1 6190917, fax: +385 1 6129890,+385 1 6190929,
e-mail: zdravko.hebel@fer.hr
Electric Power Engineering, Power System Analysis,
Transmission Networks, Industrial Networks

Hnatko, Emil, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1941
Department of Transport,
Associate Member (2004)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Trg
Ivane Brliæ Mažuraniæ 18, 35000 Slavonski Brod
+385 35 446188, fax: +385 35 446446,
e-mail: ehnatko@sfsb.hr,
http://www.sfsb.hr/kem/hnatko/hnatko.htm
Engines and Vehicles, Thermodynamics and Construction,
Maintenance of Internal Comobustion Engines and Motor
VehiclesHofman, Marcel, Prof. PhD.
Born:
Member Amicus (2005)
Hondsbergen 2, BE-3080 Tervuren, Belgium+32 2 7672399, fax: +32 2 7672191,
e-mail: Marcel.Hofman@skynet.be
Food Toxicology, Environment and Food, Genetically
Modified Organisms (GMO)
Food Toxicology, Environment and Food, Genetically
Modified Organism (GMO)

Horvat, Dubravko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Svetošimunska 25,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2342555, fax: +385 1 2318616,
e-mail: horvat@hrast.sumfak.hr
Forestry Mechanization, Terrain-vehicle Systems, Special
Forest Vehicles

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

293

Horvat, Predrag, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1953
Department of Bioprocess Engineering
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 46 05 166, fax: +385 1 48 36 424
e-mail: phorvat@pbf.hr
Bioproces Engineering; Industrial Biotechnology

Hranueli, Daslav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Bioprocess Engineering
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605013, fax: +385 1 4836083
e-mail: dhranueli@pbf.hr
Biotechnical sciences

Hraste, Marin, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Full Member (1993)
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) Full Member
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Maruliæev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4597220, fax: +385 1 4597260,
e-mail: mhraste@pierre.fkit.hr
Chemical Engineering, Unit Operation Transport
Phenomena, Engineering of Particulate Systems: Particle
Systems and Use of their Description to Predict Behavior ina Given Geometrical Shape
Husar, Ivan, PhD. (retired)
Born:
Member Amicus (2002)Jukiæeva 10, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4836485, fax: +385 1 4836486,
e-mail: ivan.husar@zg.htnet.hr
Security and Alarm Systems

294

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringIliæ, Ivan, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1934
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129639, fax: +385 1 6129705,
e-mail: ivan.ilic@esa.fer.hr
Electrical Engineering, Electrical Machines, Drives andAutomation, Industrial Plants

Jajac, Branislav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ruðera
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305706, fax: +385 21 463877,

Jakoboviæ, Zvonimir, PhD. (retired)
Born: 1937
Member Amicus (2002)
Lexicographical Institute “Miroslav Krleža”,
Frankopanska 26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4800438
e-mail: zvonimir.jakobovic@lzmk.hr
Physics, Electronics, Information Science, Medical Physics,
Metrology, Lexicology and Encyclopaedism, Electronics,
Terminology in Science and Technology, History ofTechnology

Janoviæ, Zvonimir, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Department of Chemical Engineering,Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Savska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4597125, fax: +385 1 4597142, +385 1 4597260,
e-mail: janovic@fkit.hr
Chemical Engineering, Petrochemistry, Polymer Materials,
Petrochemical Processes and Products, Polymerization
Processes, High Performance Polymeric Materials,
Rheologycal Modifiers

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

295

Janjanin, Simo, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Member Emeritus (1998)
Talovèeva 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3707316,
e-mail: simo.janjanin@zg.htnet.hr
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical andElectrical oscillating systems using MATLAB-a

Jelaska, Damir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Associate Member (1998)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, R.
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305874, fax: +385 21 463877,
e-mail: damir.jelaska@fesb.hr, djelaska@fesb.hr
Mechanical Engineering Design, Operational Strength, Gear
Design, Damage Tolerant Design, Reliability, Fatigue Life
Prediction, Mean Stress Influence on Fatigue Assessment,
Fatigue Assessment at Combined HCF/LCF Loading
Jelenèiæ, Ivan, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1932
Department of Communication Systems,
Member Emeritus (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129702, fax: +385 1 6129680,
e-mail: ivan.jelencic@fer.hr
Acoustics, Electro Acoustics, Radio Communications,
Architectural Acoustics, Acoustic Design, Sound Systems
Engineering, Digital Transmission, Receiving Technology,
AES, HAD
Jerbiæ, Bojan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1957
Associate Member (2007)
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168356,
e-mail: bojan.jerbic@fsb.hr
Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Methods in
Designing and Programming of Automatic Systems

296

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Jergoviæ, Blanka, PhD.
Born: 1959
Member Amicus (2002)
Croatian Radio-Television, Croatian Radio, 1 Program,Prisavlje 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 91 6348573,
e-mail: B.Jergovic@hrt.hr

Jeriè, Viljem, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1936
Department of Communication Systems,
Member Emeritus (2009)
Brune Bušiæa 14, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6636674,
e-mail: viljem.jeric@zg.htnet.hr
Microwave Electronics and Systems in the Field ofRadiocommunications and Radars, Measurements on
Microwave Equipments, Electronic Navigation on Sea,
Electronic Warfare, Microwave Electronics, Use of Electricaland Electronic Components in Graphic ArtJoviæ, Franjo, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Associate Member (1993)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Kneza Trpimira bb, 31000 Osijek+385 31 224615, fax: +385 31 224605,
e-mail: franjo.jovic@etfos.hr
Process Control, Artificial Intelligence, Information
Processing, Functional Networks, Process Monitoring,
System Modeling, Qualitative ModelingJukiæ, Tihomir, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb
e-mail: jukic.tihomir@arhitekt.hr
Urbanism, Environmental PlanningAnnual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

297

Juras, Ivan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1941
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Associate Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639259, fax: +385 1 4828079,
e-mail: ivan.juras@arhitekt.hr
Architecture

Jurkoviæ, Sonja, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639222/158, fax: +385 1 4639284,
e-mail: sonja.jurkovic@arhitekt.hr
Regional and Landscape Planning, Urban and Landscape
DesignKalpiæ, Damir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Information Systems,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129919, fax: +385 1 6129915,
e-mail: damir.kalpic@fer.hr, http://www.fer.hr/Damir.Kalpic/
Operations Research, Mathematical Modeling, Data Modeling,
Software for Linear Programming and Related Fields,
Production Planning Software, Business Process
Reengineering, Information Systems, Natural Language
Processing
Karloviæ, Damir, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4826250, fax: +385 1 4826251,
e-mail: dakar@pbf.hr
Carbohydrate Chemistry and Technology, Food Engineering,Food Technology, Sweeteners Chemistry and Technology of
Sweeteners, Food Processing

298

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Kataviæ, Ivan, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1929
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Member Emeritus (1998)
Ante Kovaèiæa 22, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 515016,
Casting Technology, Casting Alloys, Wear-resistant Casting
AlloysKatoviæ, Drago, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1941
Department of Textile Technology,
Associate Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Savska
16, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4877352, fax: +385 1 4877352,
e-mail: dkatovic@ttf.hr
Textile Chemistry, Determination of Iron and Copper, Free
Formaldehyde, Polycarboxylic Acids, Durable Press Finishing,Microwave Treatment

Kelemen, Tomislav, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1932
Member Emeritus (1995)
Konèar – Electrical Engineering Institute, Inc., Fallerovošetalište 22, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3881426, fax: +385 1 3667309,
e-mail: tomislav.kelemen1@zg.t-com.
Theoretical and Applied Electrical Engineering, R&D inPower and Instrument Transformers as Products, Power andInstrument Transformers in Interaction with Networks,
Development of Power and Instrument Transformers for
Voltages up to 400 kV
Kirinèiæ, Josip, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1924
Honorary Member (1998)Šetalište Joakima Rakovca 27, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 338411,
Technology of Maritime Transport, Maritime Engineering,
Improvement of Port Efficiency, Development of Ports

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

299

Klièek, Božidar, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1957
Department of Information Systems,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty for Organization andInformatics, Pavlinska 2, 42000 Varaždin
+385 42 213777, 042 213413, fax: +385 42 213413,
e-mail: bklicek@foi.hr
Information Science, Intelligent Systems, Multimedia
Systems, Complex Systems, Information Technology in
Tourism

Kniewald, Jasna, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605288, fax: +385 1 4605065,
e-mail: jasna.kniewald@pbf.hr
Environmental Protection, Pesticide Toxicology, Toxicity
Processes in Reproductive Biochemical Mechanisms, Cell
Culture Technology In Vitro Testing/Trial Methods

Kniewald, Zlatko, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605278, fax: +385 1 4605065,
e-mail: zlatko.kniewald@pbf.hr, Zlatko.Kniewald@hatz.hr,
http://croat.hatz.hr/knic/
Biochemical Engineering, Cell Culture Technology, Endocrine
Secretion and Regulation, Science Policy, Intellectual Property
Protection Acting President of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
Past-President of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
Kolombo, Marijan, PhD. (retired)
Born: 1925
Member Amicus (2002)
Janka Poliæa Kamova 54, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 421064, +385 91 5793529,
Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Lube Oil Technology,
Tribology, Petrochemistry, Lube Oils Tribology, Additives forMotor and Industrial Oils

300

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Komadina, Pavao, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Transport,
Full Member (1998)
Faculty of Maritime Studies, Studentska 2, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 338411, fax: +385 51 336755,
e-mail: pavao.komadina@pfri.hr
Maritime Technology, Shipping, Environmental Sea
Protection, Port and Harbour Facilities, Sea Navigation,
Simulation and Simulators, Mathematical Models of
Optimum Tanker Size, Routing Systems in the Adriatic Sea(Separation Lanes), Safety of Navigation
Komen, Vitomir, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1960
Department of Power Systems
Collaborating member (2009)HEP ODS d.o.o. / Elektroprimorje Rijeka, Viktora Cara
Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 204000, fax: +385 51 204204
e-mail: vitomir.komen@hep.hr
Electric Power Systems, Electric Power Networks

Koroman, Vladimir, PhD.
Born: 1943
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Collaborating Member (2002)
Shipbuilding Institute, Avenija Veæeslava Holjevca 20, 10020
Zagreb+385 1 6504160, fax: +385 1 6504280,
e-mail: koroman@hrbi.hr
Control Engineering, Marketing, Electro-hydraulic Systems,
Control and Automatization Systems (Defence, ElectricPower Plants), Marketing in the Field of Research andDevelopment Organzations
Kos, Serðo, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1957
Department of Transport
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Studentska
2 , 51000 Rijeka,+385 51 338411, fax: +385 51 336755,
e-mail: skos@pfri.hr
Maritime Technology, Shipping, Theory of Navigation,
Terrestrial Navigation, Astronomical Navigation, Electronic
Navigation, Optimization of Ship's Routing Systems,
Integrated and Multi-modal Transportation, Multi-modal
Transport Networks

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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Kos, Tomislav, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1958
Department of Communication Systems,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129772, fax: +385 1 6129717,
e-mail: tomislav.kos@fer.hr, http://www.vcl.fer.hr/tkos/
Radio Direction Finding and Radio Navigation, Satellite
Positioning Systems, Broadband Networks, Cable Television

Kos, Vesna, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1930
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Member Emeritus (1998)
Gorjanoviæeva 6b, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 224869,
Electrical Engineering, Traffic, Application of ElectricalEngineering in Traffic

Kos, Zorko, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1930
Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Viktora
Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 352130, fax: +385 51 332816,
Irrigation and Drainage, Flood Control, Water Resources
Systems

Kovaè, Mario, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1965
Department of Information Systems,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129759, fax: +385 1 6170007,
e-mail: mario.kovac@fer.hr
Multimedia Systems (Digital, Video and Audio), Multimedia
Architectures and Algorithms, Data Compression, DigitalContent Distribution and Digital Rights Management,
Audio-visual Data Compression Algorithms (MPEG-1,
MPEG-2, MPEG-4, JPEG)302

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Kovaèeviæ Zeliæ, Biljana, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1964
Department of Mining and Metallurgy
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 5535879, fax: +385 1 4836053
e-mail: biljana.kovacevic-zelic@rgn.hr
Geotechnical engineering, Soil mechanics, Environmental
geotechnics

Kovaèiæ, Davorin, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geotechnical EngineeringVaraždin, Hallerova aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin
+385 42 408919, fax: +385 42 313587,
e-mail: dkovacic@gfv.hr
Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Environmental
Engineering, Geotechnical Structures, Landslides, SanitaryLandfills

Krajcar, Slavko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Power Systems,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6170007,
e-mail: slavko.krajcar@fer.hr
Power Engineering, Power Plants, Distribution Networks,
Planning Electrical Lighting, Program Codes for Distribution
Network Planning, Modern Electrical Lighting, Liberalizationof Energy Markets
Krakar, Zdravko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Information Systems,
Associate Member (1998)
Croatian Information Technology Agency, Mažuraniæev trg
8/III, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4855271, fax: +385 1 4855273,
e-mail: zkrakar@close.open.hr
Integrated Methods of Management via Information
Technology, Quality Management Systems in Informatics,
Software Process Improvement Methods, Integrated
Information Security Systems, Application of ICTConsultancy in Management Systems

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

303

Kralik, Gordana, Prof. PhD., Dr.h.c.
Born: 1943
Department of Bioprocess Engineering
Associate Member (2009)
J.J.Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture
Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek+385 31 224241, fax: +385 31 207017
e-mail: gkralik@pfos.hr, gkralik@unios.hr
Biotechnical sciences, Zootechnics, Animal products,
Functional foodKralj, Damir, PhD.
Born: 1959
Department of Chemical Engineering
Collaborating Member (2009)Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Bijenièka c. 54, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4680207, fax: +385 1 4680098
e-mail: kralj@irb.hr
Mechanism and kinetics of crystallization and precipitation ofslightly soluble salts, Industrial crystallization, Precipitationin natural and technological waste waters; BiominerallizationKrižan, Božidar, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Department of
Mechanical Engineering Design, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 651526, fax: +385 51 675818,
e-mail: krizan@riteh.hr
Machine Elements, Gear Design, Systematic Design

Kropar Vanèina, Vesna, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Center for Graphical Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6681896,e-mail: vesna.kropar.vancina@grf.hr
Materials in printing processes: paper, ink, polymers.

304

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Krumes, Dragomir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Associate Member (2000)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Trg
Ivane Brliæ Mažuraniæ 18, 35000 Slavonski Brod
+385 35 446188, +385 35 446707, +385 35 446515, fax:
+385 35 446446, e-mail: dragomir.krumes@sfsb.hr
Materials in Mechanical Engineering, Heat Treatment
Materials, New Materials and Technologies, Heat Treatment
and Surface Engineering, Thermodiffusion in Heat
Treatment, Tribology
Kurtanjek, Želimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605294, fax: +385 1 4836083,
e-mail: cabeq@pbf.hr
Chemical Engineering, Biochemical Engineering, FoodEngineering, Process Control, Process Modelling

Kujundžiæ, Trpimir, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1964
Department of Mining and Metallurgy
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 5535881, fax: +385 1 5535860
e-mail: tkujun@rgn.hr
Rock Mechanics, Mechanical Rock Comminution, Quarryingof Dimension Stone

Kviz, Boris, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1931
Department of Communication Systems,
Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129612, fax: +385 1 6129717,
Optoelectronics, Optical Communications, Radiopositioning,
Radionavigation, Radiotelemetry

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering305

Ladanyi, Branko, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1922
Honorary Member (2005)
Département des génies civil, géologique et des mines
CP 6079, succ. Centre-villeMontréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
1-514 3404711 #4804, fax: 1-514 3405841,
e-mail: bladanyi@polymtl.ca, branko.ladany@polymtl.ca
Artificial Ground Freezing, Northern Construction, Climatic
Change Effects

Lapaine, Miljenko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1952
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Kaèiæeva 26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639273, fax: +385 1 4828081,
e-mail: mlapaine@geof.hr, Miljenko.Lapaine@hatz.hr,
http://www.tkojetko.irb.hr/en/znanstvenikDetalji.php?sifznan=2408
Geodesy, Cartography, Geoinformatics, Mathematics, Historyof Science, Map Projections, Mathematical Processing ofGeodetic Data, History of Cartography
Vice-President of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
Lelas, Vesna, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Associate Member (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605287, fax: +385 1 4836083,
e-mail: vlelas@pbf.hr
Preservation Processes of Various Foodstuffs; Rheologicaland Therophysical Properties of Food; Application of High
Hydrostatic Pressure, Tribomechanical Micronization andUltrasound Processing in Food Technology
Lipiènik, Martin, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Transport,
Correspondent Member (2005)
University of Maribor, Faculty of Logistics,
Mariborska cesta 2, 3000 Celje, Slovenia+386 3 4244178, +386 3 4282682, +386 3 41677215,
martin.lipicnik@uni-mb.si

306

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Lipovac, Vladimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1956
Department of Communication Systems,
Associate Member (2004)
University of Dubrovnik, Æira Cariæa 4, 20000 Dubrovnik+385 20 445748, fax: +385 20 435590,
e-mail: vlipovac@unidu.hr
Mobile Radio Communications, Microwave Communication
Systems, Communications Theory, Computer Networks andProtocols, Test and Measurement in Communication Systems

Lišèiæ, Božidar, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1929
Member Emeritus (1998)
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) Full Member
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168360, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: bozidar.liscic@fsb.hr,
http://www.hazu.hr/Akademici/BLiscic.html
Material Science and Engineering Heat Treatment, Surface
Engineering, Heat Treatment of Steel

Lonèariæ, Rudolf, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1932
Honorary Member (2004)
Nikole Tesle 8a, 42000 Varaždin

Lonèariæ, Sven, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1961
Department of Information Systems,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129891, fax: +385 1 6129652,
e-mail: sven.loncaric@fer.hr, http://ipg.zesoi.fer.hr/loncaric
Image Processing, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, Pattern
Recognition, Medical Imaging, Medical Image Analysis,
Volume Visualization, Neural Networks, Virtual Reality

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

307

Lovreèek, Mladen, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2371080, fax: +385 1 2371077,
e-mail: lovrecek@grf.hr
Advanced Processes in Graphic Reproduction: Physico
Chemical and Electro Chemical Aspects of Imaging

Lovriæ, Josip, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1928
Department of Transport
Member Emeritus (1993)
University of Dubrovnik, Department of Maritime Studies,Æire Cariæa 4, 20000 Dubrovnik+385 20 445707, fax: +385 20 435590,
e-mail: josip.lovric@unidu.hr
Naval Architecture, Maritime Affairs, Education, Ship
Design, Terotechnology, Maritime Education

Lovriæ, Tomislav, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1925
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,Member Emeritus (1994)
Èazmanska 2/IV, 10000 Zagreb
Food Science, Food Engineering, Food Technology, Food
Preservation, Food Colour and Flavor Stability, Food
Preservation Processes (Freezing, Drying, Freeze Drying,
Non-thermal Processing), New Food Product and Process
Development, Processing Plant Design

Ljuljka, Boris, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1937
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Svetošimunska 25,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 2302288, +385 1 2352555, fax: +385 1 2318616,
e-mail: boris.ljuljka@optinet.hr
Wood Finishing, Wood Gluing, Furniture Quality,
Manufacturing of Furniture308

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Majdandžiæ, Niko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1941
Department of Information Systems,
Associate Member (2000)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Trg IvaneBrliæ-Mažuraniæ, 35000 Slavonski Brod
+385 35 446188, +385 35 446718, fax: +385 35 446446,
e-mail: nmajdan@sfsb.hr
Mechanical Engineering, Information Systems, Production
Management, Maintenance Planning Methods, Developmentof ERP Systems, Single Production Management,
Maintenance of Information Systems, New Planning
Methods, Optimization of Project Duration
Malariæ, Krešimir, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1969
Department of Communication Systems,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129789, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6129717,
e-mail: kresimir.malaric@fer.hr
Wireless Communications, Satellite Communications,Electromagnetic Compatibility, Biomedical Effects ofElectromagnetic Fields

Malbaša, Niko, PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Power Systems,
Collaborating Member (1998)
Ekonerg Ltd., Koranska 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6000126, fax: +385 1 6171560,
e-mail: niko.malbasa@ekonerg.hr
Energy, Environmental Protection, Infrastructure Site
Selection and Investigations, Environmental Reports andEnvironmental Impact Assessment Studies, Licensing
Activities, Waste Management, Health and Environmental
Risk Analyses
Mandiæ, Milena L., Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Associate Member (2000)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Franje
Kuhaèa 18, 31000 Osijek+385 31 224300, fax: +385 31 207105,
e-mail: milena.mandic@ptfos.hr,
http://zhp.ptfos.hr/en/index.html
Biotechnology, Food Technology, Human Nutrition

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering309Mandžuka, Sadko, PhD.
Born: 1956
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Collaborating Member (2005)
Faculty of Traffic Science, University of Zagreb,
Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6504409, fax: +385 1 6504400,
e-mail: sadko.mandzuka@fpz.hr, http://www.hrbi.hr/sadko
Intelligent Transport Systems, Incident Management System,
Complex Control Theory, Underwater Systems andTechnologyMariæ, Zvonimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Collaborating Member (1994)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Crkvena
21, 31000 Osijek+385 31 540070,
e-mail: zmaric@gfos.hr, zvonimir.maric@gfos.hr
Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Bridge
Engineering, Prestressed Concrete Structures, Design ofPrestressed Concrete Structures, Design of Concrete Bridges,
History of Bridges, Education
Markotiæ, Anto, Prof. PhD
Born: 1942
Department of Mining and Metallurgy,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Metallurgy, Aleja narodnih
heroja 3, 44103 Sisak+385 44 533381, +385 44 533378, fax: +385 44 533378,
e-mail: markotic@siscia.simet.hr
Metallurgy, Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, Metallurgy of
Aluminium, Development of Metallurgy, Technical Culture

Maroviæ, Pavao, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Associate Member (2000)
University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering andArchitecture, Matice hrvatske 15, 21000 Split+385 21 303380, +385 21 303333, fax: +385 21 465117
e-mail: Pavao.Marovic@gradst.hr
Computational Mechanics, Experimental Methods, Numerical
Modeling of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures,
Computational Modeling of Engineering Structures, In Situ
Testing of Engineering Structures

310

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Marušiæ, Josip, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1943
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Full Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4828054, fax: +385 1 4639236,
e-mail: marusicj@grad.hr
Water Resource Management, Hydrotechnology, Optimizing
Hydro-melioration Systems for Drainage, Pollution Control of
Water and the Environment, Construction Management,
Protection Against Harmful Water Action
Matanoviæ, Davorin, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Mining and Metallurgy,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+ 385 1 5535835, +385 1 4836074,
e-mail: dmatan@rgn.hr
Petroleum Engineering, Corrosion and Material Protection
Tribology, Drilling Techniques, Well Completion andWorkover, Drilling and Production of Water, Corrosion andProtection of Materials, Waste Disposal by Injection into
Deep Wells
Matejièek, Franjo, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,
Collaborating Member (1998)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Trg Ivane Brliæ
Mažuraniæ 18, 35000 Slavonski Brod
+385 35 446188, fax: +385 35 446446,
e-mail: franjo.matejicek@sfsb.hr, fmatej@sfsb.hr
http://www.sfsb.hr/djel.php?ko=fmatej
Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity, Dynamics of Machinery,
Finite Element Method, Fracture Mechanics, Contact
Problems
Math, Miljenko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168315, fax: +385 1 6168315
miljenko.math@fsb.hr,
http://www.fsb.hr/deformiranje/mmath.htm
Mechanical engineering, Technology

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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Medak, Damir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1968
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Kaèiæeva 26, 10000
Zagreb+385 1 4639227, fax: +385 1 4828081,
e-mail: damir.medak@geof.hr
http://www.geof.hr/~dmedak
Geodesy, Geoinformatics, Geomatics, Spatial Databases,
Spatial Data Analysis, Software Engineering

Medica, Vladimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651523, fax: +385 51 675818,
e-mail: medica@riteh.hr, Vladimir.Medica@riteh.hr
Technical Sciences, Mechanical Engineering, Internal
Combustion Engines, Heat Engines, Combustion, Naval
Machinery, Mechanical Vibrations

Medved, Vladimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology, Horvaæanski
zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3658660, +385 1 3658670, fax: +385 1 3634146,
e-mail: vmedved@kif.hr, vladimir.medved@kif.hr
Biomedical Engineering, Biomechanics, Kinesiology,
Biomedical Instrumentation, Electrophysiological Kinesiology,
Electromyography, Human Locomotion Measurement

Medved-Rogina, Branka, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1958
Department of Communication Systems,
Collaborating Member (1998)Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Zavod za elektroniku, Bijenièka
cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4561024, fax: +385 1 4680090,
e-mail: medved@irb.hr
High-speed Electronics and Optoelectronics, Signal
Processing and Statistical Data Analysis

312

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Meštroviæ, Krešimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1958
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Collaborating Member (2009)KONÈAR – Electrical Engineering Institute, Fallerovošetalište 22, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3656293, fax: +385 1 3667334
e-mail: kresimir.mestrovic@koncar-institut.hr
http://nastava.tvz.hr/~kmestrovic
Electrical Engineering: Electric Power, High Voltage
Switching Devices and Switchgear

Mihanoviæ, Ante, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Full Member (2009)
University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering andArchitecture, Matice hrvatske 15, 21000 Split+385 21 303357, fax: +385 21 303357,
e-mail: Ante.Mihanovic@gradst.hr
Structural Mechanics, Numerical Modeling of Structures,
Lightweight Concrete Structures, Numerical Analysis of
Structures, Design of Concrete and Lightweight Concrete
Structures
Mikac, Tonèi, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651403, fax: +385 51 675818,
e-mail: tmikac@riteh.hr, dekanat@riteh.hr
Manufacturing Systems, Computer Integrated
Manufacturing, Operations Management, Organization of
Production Systems, Production Engineering
Mikula, Miroslav, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Department of Transport,
Member Emeritus (2008)Klaiæeva 9a, 10000 Zagreb
Phone +385 1 3774755,
e-mail: miroslav.mikula@zg.t-com.hr
Telecommunication Systems in Traffic, TelecommunicationLines and Networks, Electromagnetic compatibility,
Telecommunication Terminals, Planning and Designingof Telecommunication Facilities and Networks

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

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Mikulièiæ, Vladimir, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Power Systems,
Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129993, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6129890,
e-mail: vladimir.mikulicic@fer.hr
Electric Power Engineering, Energy Conversion Processes forElectricity Generation, Electric Power System Reliability
Evaluation, Reliability Modeling in Electric Power Systems
and Related Statistical Inference
Mikuliæ, Dinko, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica+385 1 6230761, fax: +385 1 6251301,
e-mail: dinko.mikulic@vvg.hr
Motor Vehicles, Special Vehicles, Construction Machines,
Humanitarain Demining Machines, Logistics

Milèiæ, Branimir, BSc. (retired)
Born: 1929
Member Amicus (2002)
Vilka Šefera 8, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2313137, fax: +385 1 2313137,
e-mail: branimir.milcic@zg.t-com.hr
Production Engineering, Maintenance and Exploitation of
Machine Tools, Numerical Control of Machine Tools andFlexible Manufacturing Systems, Methods of Rapid
Prototyping, Life Cycle of Products (Machinery) andSustainable Development

Milkoviæ, Mateo, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Associate Member (2004)
University of Dubrovnik, Æira Cariæa 4, 20000 Dubrovnik+385 20 445700, +385 20 445710, fax: + 385 20 435590,
e-mail: mateo.milkovic@unidu.hr, rektorat@unidu.hr
Power Engineering, Electrical Machines and Drives

314

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Miloš, Ivan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Transport
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Rijeka, Technical Faculty, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 353747, fax: +385 51 673529
e-mail: ivan.milos@veleri.hr
Temporary transport technologies and information science

Milun, Stanko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Associate Member (1995)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ruðera
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 563777, fax: +385 21 563877,
e-mail: stanko.milun@fesb.hr
Electrical Engineering, Metrology

Mlinariæ, Hrvoje, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1973
Department of Information Systems,
Collaborating Member (2007)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Unska 3,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129842, fax: +385 1 6129785,
e-mail: hrvoje.mlinariæ@fer.hr
Computer science, Advance Processor Architecture, Hardware
Design, Programmable Logic, Software Design

Modlic, Borivoj, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Communication Systems,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129672, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6129717,
e-mail: borivoj.modlic@ieee.org
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Biomedical Effects ofElectromagnetic Fields, RF Power Circuits and Transmitters,
Digital Communication Systems, EMF Exposure Estimation,
RF Devices Testing and Measurement

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

315

Moguš-Milankoviæ, Andrea, PhD.
Born: 1953
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Associate Member (2009)Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Bijenièka c. 54, 10002 Zagreb+385 1 4561149, fax: +385 1 4680085,
e-mail: mogus@irb.hr; http://www.irb.hr/home/andrea
Spectroscopic Characterization, Electrical, Thermal
Properties of Materials, Bio-materials

Mornar, Vedran, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1959
Department of Information Systems,
Full Member (2007)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb
e-mail: vedran.mornar@fer.hr
Operation Research, Information Systems, Programming
Languages

Mravak, Ivan, MSc.
Born: 1954
Member Amicus (2005)
Hrvatska elektroprivreda d.d., Ulica grada Vukovara 37,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6322706, +385 1 6322720, fax+385 1 6170439,
e-mail: ivan.mravak@hep.hr
Reliability of Electric and Power Systems

Mrnjavac, Edna, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1958
Department of Transport,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality
Management, Primorska 42, Ika, 51410 Opatija+385 51 294699,
e-mail: edna.mrnjavac@fthm.hr
Economy of Transport, Managment

316

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringMrša, Zoran, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Associate Member (1998)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651444, +385 51 651500, fax: +385 51 675818,
e-mail: mrsa@rijeka.riteh.hr
Technical Sciences, Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulic Machinery,Computational Fluid Dynamics, Shape Optimization

Muftiæ, Osman, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1930
Member Emeritus (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168222, fax: +385 1 6158940,
e-mail: osman.muftic@fsb.hr
Mechanics of Rigid and Strength Bodies, Biomechanics,
Ergonomics, Physiological Anthropology, Applied Mechanics

Novak, Srðan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1952
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605042, fax: +385 1 4836083,
e-mail: srnovak@pbf.hr
Biochemical Engineering, Microbial Physiology, Industrial
Microbiology, Microbial Biomass Production and Use,
Products of Primary Metabolism, Bioreactor Design,
Integrated Processes in Environment Protection
Obad Šæitaroci, Mladen, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Full Member (1998)
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU)
Collaborating Member
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639265, fax: +385 1 4639265, +385 1 2430992,
e-mail: mladen.scitaroci-obad@zg.t-com.hr
Architecture and Urbanism, Landscape Architecture, Town
Planning, History of Landscape Architecture and Town
Planning

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

317

Oreškoviæ, Vladimir, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1928
Department of Textil Engineering
Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology,
Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4836058, fax: +385 1 4836058,
e-mail: vladimir.oreskovic@ttf.hr
Textile Mechanic and Comput. Design

Palik, František, PhD. (retired)
Born: 1932
Department of Transport,
Corresponding Member (2005)
Faculty West Bohemia University, Univerzitni 8, Pilsen,
Czech Republic
E-mail: frantisek.palik@hatz.hr

Paljan, Davorin, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (1998)
Kraljevec 15, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4578503,
e-mail: dpaljan@hotmail.com
Research and Development of Electrical Machines, Noise andVibration, Control and Measurements of Electrical Machines,
Acoustical Diagnostics of Machines

Pap, Klaudio, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1963
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6157157, fax: +385 1 6157134,
e-mail: klaudio.pap@zg.t-com.hr
Graphic Technology, Computer Graphics, Computer Modelingand Simulation, Digital Printing, Image and Text Processing,
Graphic Programming Languages, Interactive Web
Programming, Web Technology

318

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Parac-Osterman, Ðurðica, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Textile Technology,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Baruna
Filipoviæa 30, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4877359, fax: +385 1 4877355,
e-mail: djparac@ttf.hr
Color Measurement and Color Management, Textile Dyeing and
Printing, Rheological Characteristics to the System Thickener /Paint, Color Phenomena in Practical Use and Multimedia,
Environmentally-friendly Dyeing Processes, Physical-chemical
and Dyeing Properties of Natural and Man-made FibersPaviæ, Ivica, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1962
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (2007)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129984, fax: +385 1 6129890,
e-mail: ivica.pavic@fer.hr
Power System Analysis, Transmission Lines, Power System
ControlPegan, Sreèko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1949
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Associate Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639222/433, fax: +385 1 4639284,
e-mail: srecko.pegan@arhitekt.hr
Regional Planning, Town Planning, Urban Development,
Environmental ProtectionPeriæ, Nedjeljko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129855, +385 1 6129795, +385 1 6129999, fax:
+385 1 6129809,
e-mail: nedjeljko.peric@fer.hr, http://www.fer.hr/nedjeljko.peric
Plant and Process Automation, Servo Systems, Advanced
Control Algorithms (Predictive Control, Neuro-fuzzyControl), System Identification, Estimation, Applications inPower Engineering and Transport

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

319

Petroviæ, Ivan, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1961
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129844, +385 1 6129795, fax: +385 1 6129809,
e-mail: ivan.petrovic@fer.hr, http://www.apr.fer.hr/petrovic
Mobile Robotics, Telerobotics, Intelligent Control andEstimation TheoryPiliæ-Rabadan, Ljiljana, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1930
Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ruðera
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 563777, fax: +385 21 563877,
e-mail: ljiljana.pilic@fesb.hr

Pleština, Lenko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639267, fax: +385 1 4828079,
e-mail: lenko.plestina@arhitekt.hr
Residential (Dwelling) Architecture, Design of Family Houses
and Low Rise Housing

Podhrasky, Pavol, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1943
Department od Communication Systems,
Correspondent Member (2007)+421 2 68271 413,
e-mail: podhrad@ktl.elf.stuba.sk

320

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Pozderoviæ, Andrija, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1950
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Franje
Kuhaèa 18, 31000 Osijek+385 31 224313, fax: +385 31 207115,
e-mail: andrija.pozderovic@ptfos.hr
Processes in the Food Industry, Processing of Fruit andVegetables, Winemaking

Pribièeviæ, Boško, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1962
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Kaèiæeva 26,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639342, fax: +385 1 4828081
e-mail: bpribic@geof.hr, http:\\www.geof.hr\~bpribic
Geodesy, Hydrography, Geodynamics

Primorac, Dragan, Prof. MD. PhD.
Born: 1965
Honorary Member (2007)
Trg hrvatskih velikana 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4569001, fax: +385 1 4617962,
e-mail: dragan.primorac@st.tel.hr
Forensic Genetics, Osteogenesis

Puž, Goran, Ph.D.
Born:
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy
Collaborating Member (2009)
Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, Janka Rakuše 1,
10000 Zagreb
e-mail: goran.puz@igh.hr

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

321Radiæ, Jure, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1953
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Full Member (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639222, fax: +385 1 4639206,
e-mail: jradic@grad.hr
Structures, Bridges, Limit States and Sustainable Bridge
Engineering, Durability of Structures, Asset Management
Systems of Structures, Design and Recontruction

Richter, Branimir, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1920
Honorary Member (2001)
Academy of Medical Sciences of Croatia, Šubiæeva 29, 10000
Zagreb+385 1 4640586,
Medical Parasitology, Tropical Medicine, Epidemiology,
Public Health, Malariology and Malaria Eradication
Programs, Helminthiases and their Control, Medical
Education, Telemedicine

Richter, Kurt, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Honorary Member (1994)
Technische Universitaet Graz, Institut fuer Grundlagen undTheorie der Elektrotechnik, Kopernikusgasse 24, 8010 Graz,
Oesterreiche-mail: k.richter@tugraz.at
Fundamentals and Theory of Electrical Engineering

Rimac-Drlje, Snježana, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1965
Department of Communication Systems,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Kneza Trpimira 2B, 31000 Osijek+385 31 224759, fax: +385 31 224605,
e-mail: rimac@etfos.hr
Image Processing, Image and Video Compression and Coding,Radio-wave Propagation, Multimedia Communication
Systems

322

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Risoviæ, Stjepan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry, Svetošimunska 25,
10000 Zagreb
e-mail: stjepan.risovic@sumafak.hr
Technology, Biotechnology, Forestry Biomass Utilization,
Solid Biomass Fuels Standardization, Energy Efficiency in
the Wood Industry

Rogale, Dubravko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Textile Technology,
Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilazbaruna Filipoviæa 126/III, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3712510, fax: +385 1 3712519,
e-mail: dubravko.rogale@ttf.hr, dubravko.rogale@zg.t-com.hr
http://www.ttf.hr/index.php?str=53&osoba=16
Process of Garment Production, Process Parameters,
Measurement Equipment, New Methods of Computerized
Construction of Garment Patterns, Intelligent ClothingRoje, Vesna, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Full Member (2002)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture,Ruðera Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305699
e-mail: vroje@fesb.hr
Electromagnetic Fields, Antennas, Electromagnetic
Compatibility

Rotim, Franko, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1939
Department of Transport,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering, Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2380217, fax: +385 1 6116191,
e-mail: Franko.Rotim@hatz.hr, rotim@hzdp.hr
Mechanical Engineering and Transportation, Mechanics,
Traffic Engineering, Accident Reconstruction and Traffic
Safety, Kinetics, Vehicle Collisions, Mechanics in Traffic

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering323Rožaniæ, Igor, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1927
Honorary Member (1998)
Nova cesta 98a, 51415 Opatija+385 51 711762, fax: +385 51 272005,
Naval Architecture, Offshore Engineering, Welding andAllied Processes Testing, Measurement and Control of Welds,
Science and Research MethodologyRožiæ, Nikola, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Information Systems,
Full Member (1999)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, R.
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305777, fax: +385 21 463877,
e-mail: nikola.rozic@fesb.hr
Telecommunication and Information Systems, Forecasting
and Planning, Communication and Information Services andApplications, Resource Management in Wireless Systems,
Multimedia Systems, Signal Processing and CodingRužinski, Nikola, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1945
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,
Collaborating Member (1994)
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning andConstruction, Ulica Republike Austrije 20, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3782413,
e-mail: nikola.ruzinski@mzopu.hr
Mechanical Engineering, Ecology, Water Treatment

Salopek, Branko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Mining and Metallurgy,
Full Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 5535888, fax: +385 1 5535860,
e-mail: Branko.Salopek@hatz.hr, bsalopek@rgn.hr
Mineral Processing Technology, Recycling of Solid Waste
Materials, Environmental Protection

324

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Seèen, Josip, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1939
Department of Power Systems,
Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 5535843,
e-mail: josip.secen@rgn.hr, jsecen@nafta.hr
Development of Oil, Gas and Gas-condensate Reservoirs,
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Stages

Senjanoviæ, Ivo, Prof. PhD
Born: 1940
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Full Member (1994)
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) Full Member(2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168142, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: ivo.senjanovic@fsb.hr
Naval Architecture, Ship and Offshore Structures, Wave Load andStructure Response, Submarine, LPG tanks, Hydroelasticity,
Numerical Methods
Sever, Stanislav, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1935
Member Emeritus (1998)
Britanski trg 11, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4821749,
e-mail: stanislav.sever@zg.t-com.hr
Forestry Mechanization, Logging Tractors, Terrain Vehicle
Systems, Morphological Analysis, Metrology, Technical
Terminology

Skala, Karolj, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Communication Systems,
Full Member (1998)Ruðer Boškoviæ Institute, Bijenièka cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4571218, fax: +385 1 4680212,
e-mail: skala@irb.hr, skala@grf.hr
Optoelectronics, Microcontrollers, Informatics, Optoelectronic
Detection and Measurements, Laser and Fiber Optic
Communications, Microcontrollers and Programmable
Microelectronic Systems and Grid Applications

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

325

Sladoljev, Želimir, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1932
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Member Emeritus (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168112, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: zelimir.sladoljev@fsb.hr
Shipbuilding Technology, Shipyard Organization and
Production Management, Offshore Technology

Sokolija, Kemo, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Honorary Member (2007)
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Zmaja od Bosne bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Republic of Bosnia andHerzegovina,+387 33 250705, fax: +387 33 250725,
e-mail: kemo.sokolija@etf.unsa.ba, www.etf.unsa.ba
High Voltage Technology, New Insulating Materials,
Transmission and Distribution, Transportation Engineering

Solariæ, Nikola, Prof. emer. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1934
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Member Emeritus (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Geodesy, Kaèiæeva 26, 10000
Zagreb+385 1 4639405, fax: +385 1 4828081,
e-mail: nsolaric@geof.hr, http://www.geof.hr/~nsolaric
Geodesy, Astronomy, Metrology, Automatization in
Geodetical Astronomy, Automatization in Surveying,
Calibration Line for Electrooptical Distancemeters,
Optimization
Soljaèiæ, Ivo, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1935
Department of Textile Technology,
Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Savska
cesta 16/5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4877351, fax: +385 1 4877352,
e-mail: ivo.soljacic@public.srce.hr
Textile Chemistry, Textile Pretreatments, Optical
Brightening, Textile Finishing, Textile Care, Optical
Brighteners, Fluorescence Quenching, Whiteness Degree,
Hue Change on Lightly Colored Fabrics

326

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Soljaèiæ, Marin, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1974
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics
Correspondent Member (2009)
Room 6C-419; MIT; 77 Massachusetts Avenue; Cambridge,
MA 02139; USA+1 617 2532467, fax: +1 617 2532562
e-mail: soljacic@mit.edu, marin@alum.mit.edu,
http://www.mit.edu/~soljacic
Physics: Electromagnetic Phenomena

Somek, Branko, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1931
Member Emeritus (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129250, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6170007,
e-mail: branko.somek@fer.hr
Acoustics, Electro Acoustics, Audio Technology, Sound
Broadcasting, Musical Acoustics, Architectural Acoustics,
Sound Broadcasting (RDS Systems for FM Broadcasting,
Digitalization of Radio Broadcasting), Noise and Vibrations,
Acoustical Signal ProcessingSoriæ, Jurica, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168103, fax: +385 1 6168187,
e-mail: jurica.soric@fsb.hr
Numerical Modeling of Nonlinear Deformation Processes,
Stress and Stability Analysis of Thin-walled Structures,
Finite Element Method, Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Shell
Structures, Numerical Modeling of Elastoplastic Deformation
ProcessesSoriæ, Zorislav, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1947
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Associate Member (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6329208, +385 1 4639222, fax: +385 1 4828050,
e-mail: zorislav.soric@grad.hr, http://info.grad.hr/gf/
Concrete Structures, Masonry Structures, Strengthening ofStructures

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

327

Srbljiæ, Siniša, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1958
Department of Information Systems,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129954, +385 1 6129999, fax: +385 1 6129653,
e-mail: sinisa.srbljic@fer.hr
Consumer Web computing, Widget/Service-oriented
programming, Theory of computing, Programming languagetranslation, Network middleware systems

Sršen, Mate, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1943
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Full Member (1993)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 5 Viktora
Cara Emina Street, 51 000 Rijeka+385 51 352111, fax: +385 51 332816,
e-mail: mate.srsen@gradri.hr;
http://www.igh.hr/HRV/Z27/Srsen.html
Civil Engineering, Pavement Engineering, Design andAnalysis of Pavement Structures, Road and AssetManagement, Road Traffic Safety, Education
Staniša, Branko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1941
Department of Power Systems,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Rijeka, Technical Faculty, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651444, fax: +385 51 675818,
e-mail: stanisa@riteh.hr
Erosion, Erosion-corrosion and Corrosion in Heat Turbines,
Calculation and Design of Heat Turbines, Revitalization,
Reconstruction and Modernization of Steam Turbines in
Operation, Exploitation, Maintenance and Reliability ofTurboengine Functions
Stipanièev, Darko, Prof. PhD
Born: 1955
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Full Member (1998)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, R.
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305813, fax: +385 21 563877,
e-mail: dstip@fesb.hr, http://laris.fesb.hr/dstip.html
Automatic Control, Computational Intelligence, Digital Image
Analysis, Advanced Internet Technologies, Application ofComputational Intelligence Methods in Control, Complex
System Modeling and Analysis

328

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringSuæeska, Muhamed, PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2002)
Institute for Shipbuilding, Avenija Veæeslava Holjevca 20,
10000 Zagreb
e-mail: suceska@hrbi.hr
Thermal Analysis, Chemistry and Physics of Explosion and
Explosives, Thermal Analysis of Energetic Materials, Kinetics
and Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition, Numerical
Modeling of Combustion, Detonation and Thermal Initiationof Explosive Reactions
Szavits-Nossan, Antun, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1948
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Collaborating Member (1993)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639222, fax: +385 1 4639206,
e-mail: nossan@grad.hr
Civil Engineering-Geotechnics, Soil-structure Interaction, Soil
Dynamics, Numerical Modeling, Active DesignŠariæ, Slavko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Transport,
Collaborating Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering, Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2380216, fax: +385 1 2314415,
e-mail: slavko.saric@fpz.hr
Telecommunication Networks, Traffic Engineering, Mobile
Communications, Intelligent Networks, Traffic Planning,
Optimization of Communication Networks, Intelligent
NetworksŠercer, Mladen, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1953
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168191, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: mladen.sercer@fsb.hr
Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Polymer
Processing, Injection Moulding Process Control,
Troubleshooting in Injection Moulding, Polymer Recycling
and Waste Management, Production of Rubber Parts andAppropriate Moulds

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering329Šerman, Nikola, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Department of Power Systems,
Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168222, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: nikola.serman@fsb.hr
Process Dynamics and Control, Mathematical Modeling and
Simulation, Process Control in Thermal Power PlantsŠtefanko, Stjepan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Associate Member (1994)
Konèar – Electrical Engineering Institute, Inc., Baštijanovabb, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3655555, fax: +385 1 3666666,e-mail: sstefanko@koncar-institut.hr
Electrical Machines, Classical Electromagnetic TheoryŠtern, Ivica, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Department of Chemical Engineering,Member Emeritus (1994)
Fijanova 10a, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2343150,
e-mail: istern@fkit.hr
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Corrosion andProtection of Materials, Modeling in Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics and Corrosion

Štih, Željko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129656, fax: +385 1 6170007,
e-mail: zeljko.stih@fer.hr
Electromagnetism: Field Theory, Numerical Field
Computation, Electromagnetic Compatibility, Electromagnetic
Field Theory, Finite Element Method, Method of Moments,
Design of Transformers, Electromagnetic Compatibility in
High-voltage Substations

330

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringŠtulhofer, Mladen, Prof. MD. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1924
Honorary Member (2001)
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU)
Collaborating Member
Academy of Medical Sciences of Croatia, Šubiæeva 29, 10000
Zagreb+385 1 4640586,
Visceral Surgery and Experimental SurgeryŠubariæ, Drago, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1963
Department of Bioprocess Engineering
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology,
F. Kuhaèa 20, 31 000 Osijek+385 31 224300, +385 98 751111, fax: +385 31 207115
e-mail: drago.subaric@ptfos.hr
Food technology; development and improvement of processes
for food production; improvement of quality and stability offood products; rheological and thermophysical properties offoodŠuškoviæ, Jagoda, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Associate Member (2007)
Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University ofZagreb, Pierrottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605291; fax: +385 1 4836424,
e-mail: jsusko@pbf.hr
Microbial Biotechnology-Probiotic, Antibiotic, Enzyme andStarter Culture TechnologyŠušnjiæ, Livio, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born:
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651443, fax: +385 51 675818,
e-mail: livio.susnjic@riteh.hr

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

331

Terze, Zdravko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1966
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Collaborating Member (2004)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168476 (227),e-mail: zdravko.terze@fsb.hr,
http://www.fsb.hr/aero/zterze.htm
Dynamics of Structural Systems, Numerical Methods andComputation, Dynamics of Aircraft Structures, Multibody
Dynamics and Non-Linear Dynamics, Computational
Aeroelasticity
Tomas, Sreæko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Franje
Kuhaèa 20, 31000 Osijek+385 31 224300, fax: +385 31 207115,
e-mail: srecko.tomas@ptfos.hr
Food Engineering, Chemical Engineering (Heat and Mass
Transfer, Drying, Extraction, Distillation, EcolicalEngineering)

Tomašiæ, Ivan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department for Mining and Metallurgy
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10002 Zagreb+385 1 5535804, fax: +385 1 4836057
e-mail: ivan.tomasic@rgn.hr
Physical-mechanical and other properties of natural stone
and aggregates. Ageing of natural stone and aggregates indifferent conditions. Mineral raw materials. Exploration ofquantity and quality of mineral raw materials Particularly
natural stone and aggregates. Economic geology.
Tomašiæ, Vesna, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1964
Department of Chemical Engineering
Collaborating Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Maruliæev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4597103, +385 1 4597281, fax: +385 1 4597133,+385 1 4597260
e-mail: vtomas@fkit.hr, office@fkit.hr,
Catalytic reaction engineering and air pollution control:
correlation of fundamental principles of heterogeneous
catalysts with the performance and design of catalytic
reactors; application of catalytic processes in air protection

332

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Tomšiæ, Željko, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1957
Department of Power Systems,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129983, fax: +385 1 6129980,
e-mail: zeljko.tomsic@fer.hr
Energy and Geostrategy, Energy Policy and Strategy, Economy in
Energy and Ecology, Energy Markets, Deregulation in Energy,
Restructuring of Energy Companies, Eneergy and Environment,
Power System Planning, Impact Assessment of Power Plants,
Environmental Protection in Power Systems, Energy Menagement
Tonkoviæ, Stanko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Systems and Cybernetics,
Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129932, +385 1 6129642, fax: +385 1 6129652,
e-mail: stanko.tonkovic@fer.hr
Electronic Measurements, Electronic Instrumentation,
Biomedical Electronics, Biomedical Instrumentation,
Biomedical Signal Processing, Bioimpendance Measurement
President of the Croatian Academy of Engineering
Tonkoviæ, Zdenko, Assoc. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1966
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture
Collaborating Member (2009)
Institute of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical
University of Zagreb, Engineering and Naval Architecture,
Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168450, fax: +385 1 6168187
e-mail: ztonkov@fsb.hr, http://www.fsb.hr/lnm/staff/tonkovic/
Solid Mechanics, Numerical Methods, Structural Integrity

Topolnik, Dražen, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1926
Department of Transport,
Member Emeritus (2001)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering, Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2380222, fax: +385 1 2314416,
Highway Planning and Programming, Project Evaluation,
Traffic Planning, Traffic Flow Theory, Highway Capacity andLevel of Service

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering333

Tripalo, Branko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605040, fax: +385 1 4836083,
e-mail: branko.tripalo@pbf.hr
Fluid Bed Drying, Fluid Bed Heat Transfer, Extrusion
Processing of Shear-sensitive Food Products, Transport
Phenomena, Unit Operations

Udiljak, Toma, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture,
Collaborating member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168311, fax: +385 1 6156940
e-mail: toma.udiljak@fsb.hr, tudiljak@fsb.hr
Machining Technologies, Machining Systems, Modelling and
Simulation of Machining Systems, Intelligent andAutonomous Manufacturing; Machining Systems in Medical
Engineering
Ugarèiæ-Hardi, Žaneta, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2002)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Franje
Kuhaèa 18, 31000 Osijek
e-mail: zaneta.ugarcic-hardi@ptfos.hr
Cereal Chemistry and Technology, Technological Quality ofFlour, Milling, Bread and Pasta Production, Extruded
Products

Ugrinoviæ, Kosta, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Member Emeritus (1998)
University of Split, Faculty of Natural Sciences andKinesiology, Teslina 12, 21000 Split+385 21 385009, fax: +385 21 385431,
e-mail: kosta.ugrinovic@pmfst.hr,
http://www.pmfst.hr/~ugrin/
Applied Mathematics, Applied Physics, Underwater Acoustics,
Detection Theory, Information Theory, Active Sonar, Passive
Sonar

334

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Ujeviæ, Darko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Textile Technology,
Collaborating Member (2007)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Prilazbaruna Filipoviæa 30, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 3712512, fax: +385 1 3712599,
e-mail: darko.ujevic@ttf.hr, darko.ujevic@zg.t-com.hr,
http://www.ttf.hr/index.php?str=53&osoba=24
Improvements of Methodological Procedures for Clothing
Engineering, Development of Measuring Apparatuses andDevices, Anthropometry, Clothing Modeling andConstruction, Qualita Systems and ISO Standards
Valter, Zdravko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Full Member (1994)
University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Kneza Trpimira 2b, 31000 Osijek+385 1 3873023, fax: +385 1 3873023,
e-mail: zvalter@etfos.hr
Electrical Machines and Drives, Measurement Technology,
Automation Technologies and SystemsVasiæ-Raèki, Ðurða, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Savska cesta 16, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4597104, fax: +385 1 4597133,
e-mail: dvracki@fkit.hr, Djurdja.Vasic-Racki@hatz.hr
Enzyme Reaction Engineering, Computer Modeling,
Biochemical Engineering, Ecological EngineeringVeriæ, Franjo, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1937
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Kaèiæeva
26, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4639222, fax: +385 1 4639206,
e-mail: franjo.veric@master.grad.hr
Soil Mechanics, Foundation Engineering, Earthfill Dams,
Environmental Protection - Geotechnical Aspects,
Geotechnical Anchors

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering335

Veža, Ivica, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1951
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Full Member (2002)
University of Split, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, R.
Boškoviæa bb, 21000 Split+385 21 305854, fax: +385 21 463877,
e-mail: ivica.veza@fesb.hr, Ivica.Veza@hatz.hr
Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Plant
Layout, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Modeling and
Simulation, Production Management, Logistics
Vilièiæ, Ivan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1944
Department of Power Systems,
Collaborating Member (2005)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58,
51000 Rijeka+385 51 651511, fax: +385 51 675801,
e-mail: ivilicic@riteh.hr

Virag, Zdravko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1955
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
Architecture, Full Member (1994)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and
Naval Architecture, Ivana Luèiæa 5, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6168944/137, +385 1 6168222, fax: +385 1 6156940,
e-mail: zdravko.virag@fsb.hr
Fluid Mechanics, Gas Dynamics, Aerodynamics, Ship
Hydrodynamics, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Numerical
Methods in Heat and Mass Transfer, Numerical
Aerodynamics and Ship Hydrodynamics
Viškoviæ, Alfredo, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1961
Department of Power Systems,
Collaborating Member (2009)
Hrvatska elektroprivreda d.d., Ulica grada Vukovara 37,
10000 Zagreb.

336

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Vranešiæ, Zvonko George, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1938
Honorary Member (2000)
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer
Engineering Research Group, University of Toronto, 10
King's College Road Toronto, Ontario, Canada,(+1)416 9785032, fax: (+1)416 9780828,
e-mail: zvonko@eecg.toronto.edu,
http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~zvonko/
Computer Architecture, Multiprocessor Systems, FPGATechnology, Multiple-valued Logic, Design of Multiprocessor
Systems, CAD Techniques for FPGAs
Vraniæ, Duško, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1942
Department of Transport,
Collaborating Member (1994)
University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime Studies, Studentska
2, 51000 Rijeka+385 51 331177, fax: +385 51 336755,
e-mail: dusko.vranic@pfri.hr
Traffic Science, Navigation, Manoeuvring, Maritime
Operations and Technology, Cargo Operations

Vrkljan, Darko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1952
Depatment of Mining and Metallurgy,
Associate Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology andPetroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10002 Zagreb
e-mail: darko.vrkljan@rgn.hr
Surface Exploitation, Mining Design, Ventilation of Mines
and Tunnels, Blasting, Mining Law

Zeljko, Mladen, Assist. Prof. PhD.
Born: 1956
Department of Power Systems
Collaborating Member (2009)
Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Savska 163, 10 000 Zagreb+385 1 6326186, fax: +385 1 6040599
e-mail: mzeljko@eihp.hr, http://www.eihp.hr/~mzeljko
Energy system operation and expansion planning,organisation and economics of energy sector

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

337

Zentner, Ervin, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1931
Department of Communication Systems,
Member Emeritus (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129712, fax: +385 1 6129717,
e-mail: ervin.zentner@fer.hr
Signal Processing in Wireless Communication Systems,
Smart Antennas in Mobile Communications and Radar
Systems, Advanced Mobile Communication Systems,
Antennas, Mobile Communication, Radar Systems, Active
Antennas, Radiocommunication Systems
Zgaga, Zoran, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1956
Department of Bioprocess Engineering,
Collaborating Member (2000)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Food Technology andBiotechnology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4605000, fax: +385 1 4836083,
e-mail: zgazo@pbf.hr
Molecular Genetics, Genetics Engineering, Biotechnology,
DNA Repair and Recombination, Structure of Eukaryotic
Genome, Recombinant DNA Technology

Zovko-Cihlar, Branka, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1933
Department of Communication Systems,
Member Emeritus (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129839, fax: +385 1 6129717,
e-mail: branka.zovko@fer.hr, http://www.vcl.fer.hr/bzovko/
Wireless Multimedia Communications, Digital Video
Communications, Television, Broadcasting Systems, Noise inRadiocommunications

Zrnèeviæ, Stanka, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Full Member (2009)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Maruliæev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 4597102, fax: +385 1 4597133,
e-mail: szrnce@marie.fkit.hr
Chemical Engineering, Catalysis, Catalytic Reaction
Engineering

338

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of EngineeringŽagar, Mario, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1952
Department of Information Systems,
Full Member (1995)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6129617, fax: +385 1 6170007,
e-mail: mario.zagar@fer.hr
Computer Systems and Processes, Distributed Computing,
Pervasive Computing, Open Computing, Internet Services,
Microcomputer Architectures, Software Engineering,Operating Systems, Internet Services, Java WorldŽagar, Zvonimir, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1931
Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy,
Member Emeritus (1998)
Prilaz Ivana Visina 1, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6527456,
e-mail: zvonimir.zagar@zg.htnet.hr,
http://www3.telus.net/MAPAZ/zvonimirzagar.htm
Structures, Timber Structures, Expert Systems, Civil andMechanical Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Computer
SciencesŽanetiæ, Ratimir, Prof. PhD. (retired)
Born: 1939
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Associate Member (1998)
University of Split, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Nikole
Tesle 10, 21000 Split+385 21 385624, fax: +385 21 384964,
e-mail: ratimir.zanetic@ktf-split.hr
Chemical Engineering, Mixing, Control EngineeringŽiljak, Vilko, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1946
Department of Graphical Engineering,
Full Member (1998)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Graphic Arts, Getaldiæeva 2,
10000 Zagreb+385 1 6157157, fax: +385 1 6157134,
e-mail: vilko.ziljak@zg.t-com.hr, http://www.zljak.hr
Graphic Technology, Computer Sciences, Printing Processes,
Prepress, Digital Press, Postpress, Computer Modeling and
Simulation, Computer Graphics
Vice-President of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

339Županoviæ, Ivan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1940
Department of Transport,
Associate Member (2005)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic
Engineering, Vukeliæeva 4, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 2380211,
e-mail: ivan.zupanovic@fpz.hrŽutobradiæ, Srðan, Prof. PhD.
Born: 1954
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,
Collaborating Member (1995)
Croatian Energy Regulatory Agency (HERA), Ulica grada
Vukovara 14, 10000 Zagreb+385 1 6323753, fax: +385 1 6115344,
e-mail: srdjan.zutobradic@hera.hr
Electrical Engineering, Global Methods for Design ofDistribution Networks, Distribution Networks Planning,
Grounding and Overvoltage Problems, Substation Equipment

340

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Deceased Members

Ban, Siniša, Prof. PhD.
(1914-2007)
Honorary Member (2000)
Damjaniæ, Frano, Prof. PhD.
(1944-1988)
Associate MemberDžaniæ, Husein, Prof. PhD.
(1933-1995)

Filajdiæ, Mirko, Prof. PhD.
(1920-1998)
Honorary Member
Fleš, Dragutin, Prof. PhD.
(1921-2005)

Fritz, Franjo, PhD.
(1932-1996)
Associate Member
Gamulin, Antun, PhD.
(1931-1998)

Glancer Šoljan, Margareta, Prof. PhD.
(1944-2008)
Associate Member (2000)
Hrs, Ivo, Assisst. Prof.PhD.
(1937-1999)
Collaborating Member
Johanides, Vera, Prof. PhD.
(1917-2001)
Honorary Member
Konja, Gordana, Prof. PhD.
(1944-1998)
Associate Member

Annual 2009 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Kordiæ, Zdenko, Prof.PhD.
1949-2004)
Associate Member
Kosteliæ, Aurel, Prof. PhD.
(1933-1997)
Associate Member
Krpan, Mirko, Prof. emer. PhD.
(1924-2006)
Member Emeritus (1993)
Lopašiæ, Vatroslav, Prof. PhD.
(1911-2003) PhD.
Honorary Member
Lovriæ, Paško, Prof.PhD.
(1932-1997)
Full Member
Lukaèeviæ, Zvonimir, Prof. PhD.
(1935-1998)
Associate Member
Maljkoviæ, Darko, Prof. PhD.
(1935-2003)
Full MemberMariæ, Vladimir, Prof. PhD.
(1939-2009)
Full Member (1994)
Markoviæ, Ivo, Prof. PhD.
(1925-2005)
Honorary Member (1998)
Maroševiæ, Grozdan, Prof. PhD.
(1930-2001)
Associate Member
Miliša, Ante, Prof. PhD.
(1947-2007)
Collaborating Member (1994)
Mlinariæ, Tomislav, Prof. PhD.
(1932-2008)
Member Emiritus (1993)

341

342

Who is Who in the Croatian Academy of Engineering

Muljeviæ, Vladimir, Prof. emer. Dr. Techn. Dr. h.c.IEEE Fellow(1913-2007)
Honorary Member (1993)
Plenkoviæ, Zlatko, Prof. PhD.
(1917-2003)
Honorary Member
Podhorsky, Rikard, Prof. PhD.
(1902-1994)
Honorary Member
Popoviæ, Krešimir, Prof. PhD.
(1940-2003)
Associate Member
Prikril, Boris, Prof. PhD.
(1915-1995)
Honorary Member
Sertiæ, Vladimir, Prof. PhD.
(1935-2002)
Associate Member
Skansi, Darko, Prof. PhD.
(1937-2001)
Full Member
Smrkiæ, Zlatko, Prof. PhD.
(1924-1995)
Honorary MemberŠantiæ, Ante, Prof. emer. PhD.
(1928-2008)
Member Emeritus (1993)
Wolf, Radenko, Prof. PhD.
(1919-1997)
Honorary Member

Sponzori