Proceedings of the Thirty-second (2022) International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference
Shanghai, China, June 5–10, 2022
Copyright © 2022 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE)
ISBN 978-1-880653-81-4; ISSN 1098-6189

www.isope.org

Research on Influence of Containers’ Distribution on the Crosswind by Using Realizable κ-ε Model
Bo Wang, Linjia Yang
Navigation College of Dalian Maritime University

Dalian, Liaoning, China

ABSTRACTThe aerodynamic forces of containers on the deck considering crosswindand different container distributions were predicted using Realizable κ-εmodel. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) results show good
agreement with the experimental result. The results conclude that theaerodynamic forces on the crosswind are affected by different containerdistributions. On the crosswind, the resistance coefficient and windpressure coefficient show a linear relationship. The results can be used
to ensure the maneuverability of the container ship on the crosswind, toprevent roll and to improve the flat draft.

KEY WORDS: resistance coefficient; pressure coefficient; CFD;
containers distribution; crosswind;

INTRODUCTION
Superstructure of container ship has an essential influence for ship’sgood maneuverability. That is important for aerodynamic forces research
acting on the ship in the form of crosswind motion to study ship’smaneuverability for added safety and reliability. Traditionally, test ship
crosswind motion maneuverability always used model tests, which areboth costly and time-consuming. In the past studies, the container’sdistributions were often overlooked, but with the development of thecomputer technology and increasing of CFD tools, it is a better measureof the impact of this coefficient of maneuverability of the ship. In orderto accurately predict the aerodynamics force of the containers oncrosswind, to verify the reliability of CFD in static crosswind condition,and to explore the aerodynamics force difference between different
container’s distributions, it is necessary to perform static crosswind
simulation.
Reliable aerodynamics force is an essential part of accurate prediction ofcrosswind motion maneuverability. Traditionally, methods to predict theaerodynamics forces of hull superstructures could be categorized into
two types: tunnel test based method (Toshifumi Fujiwara,2001) and theexperimental method (Isherwood,1972). But now, CFD has been applied
as an important way in recent years to determine the aerodynamics forceof various ships’ maneuverability. Ignazio (2009) simulated the sailboat
wind field and compute the drag and lift force using CFD with different

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grid quantities. Wnek (2015) analyzed the wind forces acting on a
floating LNG platform and an LNG carrier model with a CFD code andcompares with experimental results obtained in a wind tunnel. Andersen(2013) studied the wind drag and moment on a panamax container shipfor different distributions using tunnel test. Researchers studied various
ship types for their aerodynamics force, and in recently years, CFD iscapable of accurately estimating the aerodynamics force affecting avessel in various wind fields, while also considering the nonlinearity andviscous effects. The maneuvering derivatives can be obtained, and thehull superstructures’ condition can be analyzed. The results andderivatives can be great use on evaluating the maneuverability.
Shaoze Luo (2016) proposed a practical method to evaluate the wind
resistance using CFD with the verification of an open wind test andstatistical formula. Bengamin (2006) simulated a ship’s full scale windfield model using CFD numerical analysis method and obtained thehighly accurate results compared to the actual measured value from theship’s anemometer. Franke.J (2004) proposed many of high reference
value directions after collecting extensive literature about the windengineering on CFD field, including the method of choosing thecomputational domain and turbulence model, the requirement of the gridtype and the grid precision and other essential factor’s deterministic
principle. Arjen (2009) predicted wind loads for FPSO tandemoffloading using CFD, the comparison between experiments andcomputations shows that CFD can provide reasonable answers for thewind coefficients on single vessels, and for wind shielding,considerations on the improvement of the overall accuracy of CFD
calculations for this type of applications are also presented, as it is foundto be difficult to obtain the same results as in the wind-tunnel. Rong
Sheng Cao (2014) simulated the wind load acted on ship mast at different
wind angles at large Reynolds number condition using CFX software,
the results show that the wind angle has an important impact on the lift,drag, and vertical force of the mast, the vertical force of the inclined sidewall on the mast can not be ignored, and the angle of direction wind has
great impact on the Strouhal number at different Reynolds numbers.
Since CFD can be well applied in wind research on ships, and its
functions are also sufficient to meet the needs of simulation, this study
chose CFD as a simulation tool. In this paper, we aim at contributing tothe field by presenting different container’s distributions on crosswind
simulation results using FLUENT and estimating the aerodynamics
forces for it. It also intends to show that the toolkit is able to perform