The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
600 3rd Avenue, 12th Floor
New York, NY 10004

AGREED FRAMEWORK BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Geneva, October 21, 1994
Delegations of the governments of the United States of America (U.S.) and the
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) held talks in Geneva from
September 23 to October 21, 1994, to negotiate an overall resolution of thenuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula.
Both sides reaffirmed the importance of attaining the objectives contained in theAugust 12, 1994 Agreed Statement between the U.S. and the DPRK andupholding the principles of the June 11, 1993 Joint Statement of the U.S. and theDPRK to achieve peace and security on a nuclear-free Korean peninsula. TheU.S. and the DPRK decided to take the following actions for the resolution of thenuclear issue:
I.

Both sides will cooperate to replace the DPRK’s graphite-moderated
reactors and related facilities with light-water reactor (LWR) power
plants.
1) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance from the U.S.
President, the U.S. will undertake to make arrangements for the provision tothe DPRK of a LWR project with a total generating capacity of approximately
2,000 MW(e) by a target date of 2003.
– The U.S. will organize under its leadership an international consortium tofinance and supply the LWR project to be provided to the DPRK. TheU.S., representing the international consortium, will serve as the principal
point of contact with the DPRK for the LWR project.
– The U.S., representing the consortium, will make best efforts to secure
the conclusion of a supply contract with the DPRK within six months ofthe date of this Document for the provision of the LWR project. Contract
talks will begin as soon as possible after the date of this Document.

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– As necessary, the U.S. and the DPRK will conclude a bilateral agreement
for cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
2) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance from the U.S.
President, the U.S., representing the consortium, will make arrangements tooffset the energy foregone due to the freeze of the DPRK’s graphitemoderated reactors and related facilities, pending completion of the first LWR
unit.
– Alternative energy will be provided in the form of heavy oil for heating andelectricity production.
– Deliveries of heavy oil will begin within three months of the date of thisDocument and will reach a rate of 500,000 tons annually, in accordancewith an agreed schedule of deliveries.
3) Upon receipt of U.S. assurances for the provision of LWR’s and forarrangements for interim energy alternatives, the DPRK will freeze its
graphite-moderated reactors and related facilities and will eventuallydismantle these reactors and related facilities.
– The freeze on the DPRK’s graphite-moderated reactors and related
facilities will be fully implemented within one month of the date of thisDocument. During this one-month period, and throughout the freeze, theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will be allowed to monitor thisfreeze, and the DPRK will provide full cooperation to the IAEA for thispurpose.
– Dismantlement of the DPRK’s graphite-moderated reactors and related
facilities will be completed when the LWR project is completed.
– The U.S. and the DPRK will cooperate in finding a method to store safely
the spent fuel from the 5 MW(e) experimental reactor during theconstruction of the LWR project, and to dispose of the fuel in a safemanner that does not involve reprocessing in the DPRK.
4) As soon as possible after the date of this document U.S. and DPRK experts
will hold two sets of experts talks.
– At one set of talks, experts will discuss issues related to alternative
energy and the replacement of the graphite-moderated reactor programwith the LWR project.

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– At the other set of talks, experts will discuss specific arrangements forspent fuel storage and ultimate disposition.

II.

The two sides will move toward full normalization of political andeconomic relations.
1) Within three months of the date of this Document, both sides will reducebarriers to trade and investment, including restrictions on telecommunications
services and financial transactions.
2) Each side will open a liaison office in the other’s capital following resolution ofconsular and other technical issues through expert level discussions.
3) As progress is made on issues of concern to each side, the U.S. and theDPRK will upgrade bilateral relations to the Ambassadorial level.

III.

Both sides will work together for peace and security on a nuclearfree Korean peninsula.
1) The U.S. will provide formal assurances to the DPRK, against the threat or
use of nuclear weapons by the U.S.
2) The DPRK will consistently take steps to implement the North-South Joint
Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.
3) The DPRK will engage in North-South dialogue, as this Agreed Framework
will help create an atmosphere that promotes such dialogue.

IV.

Both sides will work together to strengthen the international nuclear
non proliferation regime.
1) The DPRK will remain a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and will allow implementation of its safeguards
agreement under the Treaty.
2) Upon conclusion of the supply contract for the provision of the LWR project,
ad hoc and routine inspections will resume under the DPRK’s safeguards
agreement with the IAEA with respect to the facilities not subject to thefreeze. Pending conclusion of the supply contract, inspections required by theIAEA for the continuity of safeguards will continue at the facilities not subject
to the freeze.

Page 3 of 43) When a significant portion of the LWR project is completed, but before
delivery of key nuclear components, the DPRK will come into full compliancewith its safeguards agreement with the IAEA (INFCIRC/403), including taking
all steps that may be deemed necessary by the IAEA, following consultations
with the Agency with regard to verifying the accuracy and completeness of
the DPRK’s initial report on all nuclear material in the DPRK.

__________________________
Robert L. Gallucci
Head of Delegation of theUnited States of America,
Ambassador at Large of theUnited States of America_________________________
Kang Sok Ju
Head of the Delegation of theDemocratic People's Republic ofKorea,First Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of
the Democratic People's Republic of
Korea

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