f.}.ft" 1;- i. ~ ~ ~~~·ic.:fTransactions and Proceedingsof thePalaeontological Society of Japan
New Series

No. 6M

''

P:tlaeontological Society of japan
December 25th, 1967

CONTENTS
TRANSACTIONS

529. OzAWA, Tomowo. Pseudofusulillella, a Genus of Fusulinacea .............. 149
530. HANZAWA, Shoshiro. Nummulites from Iran
531.

HuA~G.

Tunyow.

17·1

A New Radiolaria from the Somachi formation,

Kikai-jima, Kagoshima Prefecture, japan............................ 177

532. OKAMOTO, Kazuo and NAKA:\0, l\litsuo. Some t-.•Iiocene Limid Fossils
from the Area around the Wanibuchi t\•line, Izurno Province.
Southwest japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

President : Kiyoshi ASAl\0
Councillors:

Kiyoshi ASAl\0 (Editor of Fossils), Tetsuro IIA:\AI (Editor of Transac·

tions and Proceedings), Wataru HASHIMOTO (Treasurerj, Kotora I-lATA!, Koichiro ICHIKAWA, Taro KANAYA, Kametoshi KANl\IERA, Teiichi KOBAYASHI.
Tamio KOTAKA, Tatsuro l\IATSU:O.IOTO (Editor of Special Papers). Masao}..liNATO, Hiroshi OzAKI (Planning), Tokio SHIKA~IA (}..lembership), Tsugio
SIIUTO, Fuyuji TAKA! (Chairman of Executive Councillor's Committee)
Secretaries:

Takashi HAMADA, ltaru IIAYAMI. Yasuhide IWASAKI, Yokichi TAKA-YANAGIAll Communications relating to this journal should be addressed to the
PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN
Geological Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 68, pp. 149-173, pis. 14-15, Dec. 25, 1967

529.

PSEUDOFUSULINELLA, A GENUS OF FUSULINACEA*TOMOWO OZAWA
Department of Geology, Kyushu University

r 7 :K !I rMff1fG7)-.V~ · PseudofusulinellaJ: Pseudofusulinella ~o)~ <Gl)f•fi~:lfl:jl[7.>1 !J -J;_i;J:V:717-!l'G1)j!!j(lijf¥,:ll:.l![<tfljf.'i]jll!tf!.JJR, ?7,L-LlJ!t!!.iH?ffl'i5-~h"CI,•Q, L.~'L.*~

G7) 71-mJ:GI)t.'ftt. I<n -t t.:..l;!:fii!~IUJGI)ifi*!fa':li~J~~"· J: v:..:c-~1. Gd)!'li!'!ti~n%niOOfi ~ t:-J-5J'!Jf;'* tE
hc~·tl:~·. ~·1H:tmJifH~JW:JlJ.tt!l.G7)Tifll-''" .t..3iU IJ *l;~l;:l'iiJ51£i· -"~ffil'.ll ~i~t.:GI)~YJUl e:
L.c. *~OJii1:J11,J'T:~t?i~t~H-?t.:.., i.lE* Pseudofusulinella ~l:~ht.:l!1ll:.f;l:, t5!~T<J!
P. occidentalis .:t;;J:V: P. utahensis ·.:_>f{:~~tt.Q=:-:>GI):;.I;:~tJ:?'.. ,L--7':Q:~fJ • .:ttl-GI:t5:1
ffl..l:fSJl 1li:: fi,Q -"~"C ~Q 1.-•? *li~::;t L., i~~l;::it L.*'T!!iU~. Kanmeraia ~t~nlil L.t.:,
Kanmeraia i;:Qll-J- Q i d) l: VC(.\ijJt!:Llil:tl!(lff!7)-iJff.f(~llc~ L-.:tG7)f~f*5U~l;: -:>1.-•"C;\]i!;H L.t::.
~ G::~tHfl*Ht~)C!Iil;t.~: GV:Ic:. ~t.*i'Slfif,f:miGI)m*r:J: 'J ~lt L.liJtGI)t-j~t~>G 5 flli~Wi:5:/lt.
lfl]LGI) ifi*iJ1!Ht:t.; J: tJ~. .:ttl- GG7)J:tl!lll!I¥J5J:ffi. f$JitJI:-:>" •"C~ L. ~. J:lif,::Gm-1.-ml-''" 1,*Cl;:1RIH:dtffii:;A;:.if-i:'f;J: IJ ?7Jt-!t!!.l!lH:;Hr"CO), ~If.~, ~fit, 1:.1Wl:I!!J!\IK~O)~~J:,
Pseudofusulinella O)jff~::t~;~:i'<'G;t-=> t:,,J, iR ~~ ~tc

per Carboniferous and Lower Permianof the Tamagawa area, southeastern
Kwanto massif. I have found among
others a new species of Pseudojusulinella.
Before going into the description ofthis new species, I think it necessary torevise Pseudofusulinella and to establish
a new subgenus. In this note I attempt
to give a new idea on the classificationand phylogeny of Pseudojusulinella onmorphologic, ontogenetic. stratigraphic
and biogeographic grounds. A description of the new species is added to thenote.
Achnowledgements :-l express here myheartfelt thanks to Professor Tatsuro
MATSUMOTO of Kyushu University forhis supervision of the present study andhis critical reading of the typescript. I
am also deeply indebted to Professor
Ryuzo TORIY AMA and Assoc. Professor
Kametoshi KANMERA of the same university for their intructive suggestion andvaluable information in the Paleozoic

Introduction

Pseudojusulinella is one of the latest
genera of the Fusulin ida e. Since THOMP·
SON (1951) established Pseudojusulinella,a number of species have been describedunder the genus form various localities
in the Pacific Northwest by SKINNER and
WILDE (1965, 1966), THOMPSON et a[. (1956,
1958) and some other American authors.
Pseudofusulinella also occurs in the Upper
Carboniferous and Lower Permian rocksof the Ural Mountains and the Arctic
region, but it has been treated as a juniorsynonym of Fusulinella MoLLER by
RozovSKAY A (1958) or a subgenus of thelatter by RAUSER-CHERNOUSOVA (1965).
In the Japanese Islands, little has been
known of the genus except for a species
reported by KANUMA (1958). In the courseof the biostratigraphic study of the Up• Received May, 15, 1967; read January
21, 1967 at Tokyo.

149Tomowo OZA IVA

150

stratigraphy and fusulinacean paleon·
tology. I express my sincere thanks toProfessor Rokuro MoRIKAwA of Saitama
University who gave me an opportunityof examining his collection of several
Americans species of Pseudofusulinella.
Thanks are also extended to Professor
Mosaburo KANU}.!J\, Mr. Atsushi ISHII,Tokyo University of Liveral Arts, Dr.
Hisayoshi !GO of lvlejirogakuen Women's
Junior College, Drs. ltaru H,\YJ\~11 andHakuyu OKADA of Kyushu University,and Dr. Toshio KotKE of Tokyo University of Education for their kind help inmany ways.

Classification of Psemlofusulinella
Genus Pseudofusuline/la
THO/\IPS0:-1, 1951
Type-species :-Neofusulinella occidentalis THO::\IPSON and WHEELER. 19·16, fromthe !\Iiddle Wolfcampian part of the
McCloud Limestone, northern California.
Generic diagnosis:- The shell is elongate to thickly fusiform with a small proloculus. The spirotheca is composed ofa tectum and a diaphanotheca. The
dense deposits composed of the sameelement as the chomata cover the innerand outer surfaces of the primary layersof the spirotheca. Occasionally the muralpores can be seen penetrating the walland the chomata. The septa are fluted
in the polar regions. The chomata areprominent, often extending to the polar
regions in a few inner volutions.
Remarks :-Pseudofusulinella is one of
the latest members of the Fusulinidae.
Fifty-five species of the genus have so
far been described from the Pacific North·west region of North America, the Arctic
region, the northern Ural and the Japa·
nese Islands. The described species showa wide range in the shell structure which

reasonably requires the subdivision of thegenus. No attempt of the taxonomic
grouping of the species of Pseudo/usulinella has so far been made. I examined
in detail shell structure of several American species collected from the PacificNorthwest and a new species from japan.
[ also surveyed through available literature other known species of Pseudofusu·
line// a.
As a result of this study, I have arrived
at the conclusion that Pseudofusulinella
consists of several species groups, as
shown in Fig. 4, which can be sorted
into two subgenera. The diagnoses of
the two subgenera, the principal criteria
for the classification and the synoptic
list of species are presented below.
Subgenus Pseudofusulinella
THOL\IPSON, 1951
Type-species :-Neofusuline/la occidentalis THOMI'SON and \VHEELER, 1946. fromthe 1\liddle \Valfcampian of the McCloud
Limestone, Shasta Lake area, northern
California.
Diagnosis:- The shell is small and inflated fusiform to subglobular, having
nearly straight to concave lateral slopes,
sharply to bluntly pointed poles andalmost straight axis of coiling. lvlature
specimens of seven to twelve volutions
measure 3 to 7.5 mm. in length and 1.6
to •1 mm. in width. The form ratio ranges
from 1.1 to 2.2, on the average 1.78. forall the known species of this subgenus.
The shell is tightly coiled throughout
the growth, especially so in second to
third inner volutions. The form ratio
increases from the first volution to thethird or forth one, where it attains the
maximum value. Beyond the forth volution it gradually decreases to the minimum in the last volution. as shown in
the form ratio-volution diagram (Fig. 1).

529.

Pseudofu:mlinella, A Genits of Fusulinacea

The proloculus is very minute and spherical. The spirotheca is thin and composed of a tectum and a diaphanotheca,
having sometimes very minute pores.
The deposits of the same material as
the chomata usually cover the floor of
the wall. The chomata are massive. Its
tunnel sides are steep but gradually decrease the height toward the polar sides.
sometimes giving a false appearance of
axial fillings. The tunnel is very narrowand its angle varies from 11 to 22 degrees. averaging 16 degrees, for all the
known species of this subgenus. Its
path is almost straight.
List of species :-The following species
are included in the subgenus Pseudofusulinella.
Pseudofusu/inel/a alta SKIN:-<ER and WILDE,
1965 (=P. sera SKIN:SER and WILD£.1965).
I'. biconica SKI:"NER and WILDE, 1965 ( =P.
bellura SKI:--i:"ER and WILDE, 1965).
P. dunbari SKIN:'-IER and V/ILDE, 1965.
P. dzoweri SKINNER and \VILDF., 1966.
P. formosa SKI:"'NER and \VILDE, 1965.
P. jeffordsi SI.:INNER and WILDE, 1966.
P. mantis (THO!\IPSON and WHEELER). 1946(=P. retusa SKINJ';ER and WILDE, 1965).
P. munda SKI;o.;:--rER and WILDE, 1965 ( =P.
decora SK!KNER and WILDE, 1965., P. pulchella SKIN:'\'ER and WILDE, 1965).
P. nitida SI<IK:"Im and WILDE, 1965.
P. occidentalis (THOlvii'SOK and WHEELER).
1946.

P. opima SKINNI·:R and WILDE, 1965 (=P.
acureata SI<I:"NER and \YILDF., 1965., P.
obusta SKINNER and WILDE, 1965).
P. pinguis SKI:">NER and \V!LDE, 1965 (=P.
r·enusta SKINNER and WILDF:. 1965).
P. pusil/a SI\INNER and WILDE, 1966.
P. rotunda SKII'NER and WILDE, 1965.
P. salida SKIN:'\ER and \VILDE, 1965.
P. sol ita SKII';o.;ER and \VILDE, 1965 ( =P.
moorei SKIKNER and WILDE, 1965).
P. steez·ensi MILLS and DAns, 1962 (=!'.
mucronata SKIN:->ER and \VILDE, 1966).
P. tumida SKJ:--iNER and WILDE, 1965.
P. whee/eri SKINXER and \VILDE, 1965.

151

Geologic occurrence :-Restricted to the
Wolfcampian and the early Leonardianin the Pacific Northwest region of North
America.

Subgenus Kanmeraia nov.
Etymology:- The sub generic name isdedicated to Dr. Kametoshi KANMERA of
Kyushu University who has made a great
contribution to our knowledge of Upper
Paleozoic biostratigraphy and paleontology.
Type-species :-Pseudofusulinella utahensis THOi\IPSON and BISSEL, 195t fromthe Lower Wolfcampian of the Oquirrh
Formation, Wasatch :rviountains. Utah.
!Jiagno'sis :-The shell is small andmore or less elongate fusiform, possessing straight to concave lateral slopes.
a straight to slightly arched axis ofcoiling and bluntly to sharply pointed
poles. Mature specimens with six tonine \'olutions are 2.5 to 7 mm. long and
1 to 3 mm. \Vide. giving the form ratioof 2.0 to 3.5, usually 2.5 or so.
The shell form changes with growthfrom ellipsoidal in the early stage to an
elongate fusiform in the late stage. The
form ratio gradually increases from thefirst volution to the late growth-stage
and attains the maximum usually in thesixth or seventh ,·olution, and then it
scarcely increases or rather decreases in
the final stage (Fig. 1).
The coiling is tight in the inner fe\v
volutions and then the chamber increases
in height. The proloculus is minute andspherical. In microscopic specimens, thefirst volution is coiled at high angles tothe subsequent ones.
The spirotheca is composed of a tectum
and a diaphanotheca, and its upper andlower surfaces are discontinuously covered with dense deposits which are related
to the chomata. The diaphanotheca is

152

Tomowo OZAWA

not so clear as in Fusulinel/a. The muralperforation of the wall is recognized insome species from stratigraphically high·er horizons. The comata are narrow andhigh. The tunnel is relatively broad andits angles measure 20 to 40 aYeraging
27 degrees for the twenty four speciesof this subgenus. The tunnel path isalm<>st straight. The septa are nearlyplane in the middle part of the shell but
gently or sometimes strongly fluted inaxial and polar regions.
List of species:-The following species
are to be referable to this subgenus.
Pseudofusulinclla acuminata SKINNER and
WILDE, 1965.
P. acuta SKINNER and WILDE, 1965.
P. antiqua SKINNER and WILDE, 1.965.
P. delicata SKINNER and WILDE, 1965.
P. fragilis SKI!'(NER and WILDE, 1965.
P. fusiformis SKIN="ER and WILDE, 1965.
P. haubaughi SKII"NER and WILDB, 1965.
P. logandalensis CASSITY and LANGEMIEil\1,
1966.
P. meeki SKINNER and \VILDE, 1965.
P. parvulla SKI:-INER and WILDE, 1965.
P. prima SKINNER and WILDE, 1965.
P. proba SKINNER and WILD!,, 1965.
P. simplex SKINNER and WILDE, 1965.
P. spicata SKINNER and WILDE, 1965.
P. splendens SKINNEI~ and 'WILDE, 1965.
P. templensis Ross, 1965.
P. thompsoni SKINNER and WILDER, 1965.
P. utahensis THOMPSO=" and BISSEI., 1954.
P. ventricosa SKINNER and WILDE, 1965.
P. sp. A (RICH, 1961).
P. sp. B (RICH. 1961).
P. sp. (THOMPSON and VI':RVILLE, 1950).
P. spp. (BosTWICK, 1955)
P. spp. (TuoMPSO:", DoDGE and YouNG·
QUIST, 1958).

P. japorzica sp. nov. described in thispaper also belongs to this subgenus. The
following three species may be includedin this subgenus: Fusulinella alta VER·
VILLE, THOMPSON and LOKKE, 1956 (=F.
navadensis VERVILLE, THOMPSON and
LOKKE, 1956)., "Fusulinella " usvae

DuTKEVITCH, 1934, and" H'edekindellina"
ardomorensis THOl\·IPSON. VERVILLE and
LOOKE, 1956.
Geologic occurrence :-Lower Upper
Pennsylvanian (at least Lower Missourian) to lower Lower Permian (Lower\.Volfchampian) of the Pacific Northwest
region of North America, japan. theArctic region and the Ural Mountains.
Discussion :-Pseudofusulinella (s. sir.)is considered lo be derived from Pseudofusu/inella (I<anmeraia) from the shellcharacters and the occurrence. The subgenus J(anmeraia is closely similar tothe species-group of Fusulinella alta
which includes
Fusuline/ladevexa
THOMPSON and F. juncea TIIO!'viPSON, but
is distinguished from it by less developed tectoria of the wall and a more larger
shell \Vith much concave lateral slopes.
Pseudofusulinella (/(anmeraia) is probably a descendant of the group of Fusulinel/a alta.
Affinity and distinction

1) Distinction between Pseudofusulinel/a (/(anmeraia) and Pseudofusulinel/a(s. str.)
The proposed new subgenus J(anmeraia
is closely allied to the subgenus Pseudojusulinella in many respects, but is distinguished by a more elongate shell, lessdeveloped and different shaped chomata
which are narrow and high, a broader
tunnel and less numerous volutions. The
explanation in detail may be given as
follows:
shell shape:- The shell of the species
belonging to P. (Kanmeraia) is more orless elongate fusiform, having a form
ratio of 3.5 to 2.0, that of P. (Pseudofusulinella) is usually inflated fusiform
or subglobular with smaller form ratiosof 1.1-2.2. The maximum form ratio isattained in the late growth stage, usually529.

Pseu.dofusulinella, A Genus of Fusul-inacea

in the sixth or seventh volutions in theformer, but in earlier stage, that is, inthe third or fourth in the latter.
The situation is shown in Fig. 1 andTable 1.
number of volution :-As shown in Fig.
1 and Table 1, the mature shell of P.
{Kanmeraia) has 6 to 8, at most 9 volu·
tions, but that of Pseudofusulinella (s.
sir.) has more numerous volutions rang·
ing from 7 to 12, usually 9 to 10.
chomata :-The chomata of P. (Kan·meraia) are narrow and high, but thoseof P. (Pseudofusulinella) are broader andmore massive, although there may be
exceptions.

tunnel angle:- The species of the subgenus Kanmeraia have a relatively broad
tunnel angle varying from 20 to 35 degrees, while those of Pseudofusulinella(s. str.) have a narrower one measuring
only 11 to 22 degrees. Whether or not
the tunnel angle is proportionate to theelongation of the shell shape is a question
to be examined.
I have precisely investigated all the
known species of Pseudofusulinella
through the published measurements
andjor the data obtained by direct
measurements from the illustrated
specimens (Table 2). Fig. 2 shows a summarized results of the study which

30
·9
8

/

/

/

I

. -

~~--

·e

"A

/

6

/

~ 25

/

...J

"

. •

~G

.

Kanmeraia
•E'

0

0

_·M

Pseudofusut inella
(SS)
3 .
2

I

I
1 1

1 0+--~--~-,--~~----,---...,--- ~- ~ r---r-~
/' 1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
;O
11
12

VolutionFig. 1.

153

Volution-form ratio diagram of the main species of Pseudofusulinella (s./.).
0: P. (Kanmeraia), e: Pseudofusulirzella (s. s.)

Table 1.

Comparison of form ratios of the main species of Pseudofusulinella
which are diagrammatically represented in Fig. 1.
·-

Symbolsin
Fig. 1---

Specific nameSubgenus Kamneraia

i-

I

2

a

·I

5

1.8
I. 65+

2.05
2.1+
2.2
2.15
2.2S
2.3
2.2
2.25
2. 1

2.3
2.35+

2.4
2. 5!1+
2.6
2.35
2.45
2.3
2.3
2.45
2.3

1. 35
1. 10

c

K. ? alta/(. ? ard om oren sis
K. logandalensis

1.3

1.8

D

K. sp.

1. 55

l. 85

E
E'

K. utallensis, (Utah)

1.9
1.6

F
G

K. japonica sp. nov.
K. meekiK. thompsmti

2.2
2.0
2.02.1!1
1.9

AB. (Idaho)

H

----

---

Form ratio of volutions

I

1.5

1.9

1.7

2.5

2.05
2.35
2. :~
2.2
2.35
2.·1-

6

7

'"""
01
....
~--

8

9

----

JO

-----2.8
2.80
26
2.45
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5

2.75
2. 72.4
2.35
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.6

2.2
2.4
-

2. •I

2. •l

-

-

-

2. 7

-

-

Subgenus Pseuriofusulinella
l

.I
K
L
M
N
0
p

l -(Notes:

A:!

P. nitidaP. occidentalis
P. alta
P. biconica
P. tumida
P. solita
P. pinguis
P. montis~...:::!c

<:::

c

0
1.8

1.6
1.71.8+1.4
1.5
1.71.51.9
2.0
1.9
2.01.\l

1.9
I. 7+
1.6-

2.02.22.0

2.0
2.0
2.01.8
1.6+

2. 1
2.2
1. 952.0
2.2
1.91.81. 5-

2.1+
2. 1
1.9+
2.0
2.2
1 65+
1.6
1.5-

2. 1
2.0
1.9+
1.9+
1.8
1.5+
1.6+
1.4-

2.0
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8-

-

-

1.9

1. 8

1. 85

-

l.R
l. 65

1. 65+

1.4+
1.3-

1.4
1.3+

1.551. 45-

1. 35

1.41.3-

1. 5+ .... I. 51-1.53; 1. 5- .... ]. 49-1. 47: 1. 55+ .... 1. 56; 1. 55- .... 1. 5-1)

P. (Kanmeraia) ? alta, average form ratio of six specimens from the Pennsylvanian (Middle Desmoinesian) of eastern Nevada(after VERVII.Lr::. THOMPSON and LoKKE. 1956).

B : P. (Kanmeraia) ? ardomorerrsis. average form ratio of five specimens from the Pennsylvanian of the Confederate Limestone,
Ardomore Basin, Oklahoma (after TII0~1PSON, VERVII-1-~> and LoKKE, 1956).

~

~

~

C : P. (I( amneraia) logandalensis, average form ratio of four specimens from the Pennsylvanian (Missourian) of the Bird Spring
Group, Arrow Canyon. Clark Country, Nevada (after CASSITY and LA:-<GENHEIM, 1966).
l~ange,D:

P. (K.) sp. average form ratio of two specimens from the Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) of the Sublett
TuoMPsor.;, DoDGE and YouNGQUIST, 1958, pl. 18, fig. 9, pl. 20, fig. 1).

E:

P. (K.) utahensis, average form ratio of two specimens from the Permian (Lower Wolfcampian) Oquirrh Formation, Wasatch
Mountains, Utah (after THOMPSON and BISSELL in THOMPSON, 1951).

Idaho (afterE•: 1'. (K.) u/ahensis, average form ratio of eight specimens from the Permian (Lower Wolfcampian) of the Sublett Range, Idaho(after THOJMPSON, DoDGE and YouNGQUIST, 1958).

~

~

~

F:

P. (K.) japonica sp. nov., average form ratio of seventeen specimens from the Wolfcampian of the Raidenyama Formation.
southeastern Kwanto massif, Central Japan (This species is described in this paper).

G:

P. (K.) meeki, form ratio of a paratypc from the Lower Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone. northern California (SK!:-<NI·:Jland Wrr.DE, 1965, pl. 8, fig. 15).

s.~""

H:

P. (K.) thompsoni. form ratio of a paratype from the Lower Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone (SKINNER and WILDE,"':;::!

~:;::!

1965, pl. 19, fig. 20).

~

P. (Pseudofusulinella) nilida, form ratio of the holotype from the Lower Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone (SKI:-iNER
and Wtr.nE, 1965, pl. 9, fig. 22).

~

J : P. (Pseudofusulinella) occidentalis. form ratio of a paratype from the middle part of ·wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone.

::r:..

I :(SKINNI-:R and WILDE, 1965, pl. 27, fig. 18).
K:

P. (P.) alta, form ratio of the holotype of P. sera which should be referred to a synonym of P. alta, from the Lower Leonm·dian of the McCloud Limestone (SKI:'>INER and WILDE, 1965, pl. 59, fig. 6).

L:P. (P.) biconica, form ratio of a paratype from the Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone (SKINNER and WILDE, 1965, pl.
14, fig. 8).

M:N:

P. (P.) tumida. form ratio of a paratype specimen from the Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone (SKI:-<l':ER and WILDE,
1965, pl. 22. fig. 13).

P. (P.) solita. form ratio of the holotype of P. moorei which should be referred to a synonym of P. solita. from the Middle
Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone (SI(fl':NER and WILDF:. 1965, pl. 28, fig. 6).

0:

P. (P.) pinguis, form ratio of the holotype from the Upper Wolfcampian of theM cCiound Limestone (SKINNER and WILDE,
1965. pl. 53, fig. 6).

p:

P. (P.) montis, form ratio of a topotypc specimen from the Upper 'Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone (SKINNER and
WILDE, 1965, pl. 36, fig. 25).

Form ratio of D and G-P arc calculated from the measurements on the magnified photos of the specimens cited in theparenthesis in the respective species.

~

~

~

""
~

"'

~
~
.....

;;

....~

~

t:l

<:'>

""t:l

'""'

C.H

c.n

156

Tornowo 0ZA WA

demonstrates that there is a considerable<:orrelation between the two characters (r,<:oefficient of correlation, =0.79). In otherwords the two subgenera significantly
differ in the relative form-ratio of theshell and the tunnel angle.
2) Affinity to other genera
Certain species of Fusulinella MoLLER
are closely allied to earlier representatives Pseudofusulinella (Kanmeraia) suchas P. (K.) logandarensis CASSITY and

LANGENHEIM and P. (K.) sp. (THOMPSON,DODGE and YOUNGQUIST, 1958, pl. 18, fig.
9, pl. 20, fig. 1). They comprise Fusulinella devexa, F. juncea, F. alta (=F.
nevadensis) and " W edekindellina" ardomorensis from the Pennsylvanian of
U.S. A., Fusulinella eo pulchra, F. pulchra,
F. subpulchra and "Fusulinella" usvae
from the Upper Carboniferous of
U.S.S.R., and F. elegantula and "Wedekindellina " prolijica from the Fusulinella·Table 2. Relationship between form ratios (shell form) and tunnel angles
of all the known species of Pseudofusulinella.
·---- --------Number
Tunneldeviation
Form ratio
deviation
inSpecific name
angle
(y)
(x)
(Y)
Fig. 2 rI(X)--. - - - --------P. (Kanmeraia)
II- - - - - - - - - - - --,-1? alta
2. 75
0.65
30
9
2
0.13
2.23
? nevade11sis27
6
3? ardomore11sis
39
18
2.68
0.58
4
loganda/ensis
29
8
2.60
0.50
5
30
sp. (Idaho)
9
2.45
0.35
6
usvae, (Spits.)
28
0.50
7
2.60
7
templensis, ( .. )
20
0.10
2.20
-1
8
utahensis, (Utah)
30
9
2.50
0.40
9
utahensis. (Idaho)
26
5
0.30
2.40
japonica
10
29
8
0.30
2.40
antiqua
26
0.53
11
5
2.63
prima
23
0.26
12
2
2.36
meeki
13
22
1
2.40
0.30
ventricosa
20
14
0.11
-1
2 21
delicata
40
15
19
1. 36
3.46
haubaughi
16
30
0.48
9
2.58
fusiform is
25
0.13
17
4
2.23
proba
18
32
0.95
3.05
11
splendens
19
21
2.02
0
-0.08
acuminata
20
0.50
20
2.60
-1
parvulla
21
21
0
1. 99
-0.11
acuta
22
0.68
26
2. 78
5
fragilis
23
30
9
2.69
0.59
simplex
2·1
21
-0.06
2.04
0
'
thompsoni
25
26
5
2.42
0.32
------aver. (1-25)
27
2.49-------- -·-------~-

1

I

-

--

--

- -

529.

Pseudofusulinella., A Genus of Fusulinacea

157(Continued from Table 2)i Number I
tn

I

I<~g. 2_1

Specific nameTunnelangle

Form ratio(X)deviation(x)(Y)

deviation
(y)

17
18
18
17

-4
-3
-3
-4

1. 56
1. 91
1. 72
1. 86
2.60
1.84
2.44
1. 97
1.58
1.71
1. 71
1. 26
1. 63
1. 23
1.84
1. 46
I. 62
1. 55
1. 96
1. 68
2.05
2.02
1.83
1. 85
1. 89
1. 95
1.56
2.03
1. 50
1. 59

-0.54
-0.19
-0.38
-0.24
0.50
-0.26
0·34
-0.13
-0.52
-0.39
-0.39
-0.84
-0.47
-0.87
-0.26
-0.64
-0.48
-0.55
-0.14
-0.42
-0.05
-0.08
-0.27
-0.25
-0.21
-0.15
-0.54
-0.07
-0.60
-0.51

Pseudojusulinella(s. s.)

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

50
51
52
53
54
55

1

whee/erinitidabiconica
tumidaso/idaoccidentalis
spica/asoiitamooreirotundaformosa
retusadunbarimontisopima
pinguismunda
venus/adecorapulche/laalta
sera
be/lurapusillasteevensi
dunnerirotunda, (Nevada)
jeffordsi
pinguis. (Oregon)pulchella, (Oregon)

16

-5

16

-5

19
21
15

-2

·o
-6

17

-4

20
15
14

-6

11

-10

20
12

17
13
18
13
16
12

-1

-7
-1

-9
-4
-8
-3
-8
-5
-9

17
19

-4
-2

10
22
15
15
15

-11

17

1

-6
-6
-6
-4

a vcr. (26-55)

16

1. 78

Aver. (1-55)

21

2. 10

The mean value of X, X=21 degrees; The mean of Y, Y =2.10: x, deviation of X from themean value; y, deviation of Y from the mean yalue; r, coefficient of correlation between X
and Y (r=Sxyf J(Sx2 )(Sy2 )). 0. 79 for the value of r, was obLained. This result means that
there is a considerable correlation between the shell form (form ratio) and the tunnel angle.

Tomowo OZA Wtl

158
3.0
.g
......

8

~7
..J

c,

:'§ 6
0 25

C•6 (•4 0:5

8,a

a:
E

0

.

10

.:?
20

.,3 .,.

•• 7·;:;it., •:i

9 ;o
8

:~',

e1;e:~.,~.ex

.,1

15

4

2
11

e39

."

e!.:.
·~:'

•s•

.,. ·)J·~
e··t.

I"'~

5~

e3'

------/10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

TunnelAngle (degree)

Fig. 2. Graph showing the relationships between the form ratio (shell form andthe tunnel angles of all the species of Pseudofusulinella (s. L).

0: P. (Kamneraia), e: Pseudofusulinella (s. s.)
Fusulina zone of japan. They havecommonly elongate and slender shellwith concave lateral slopes, prominentand highly asymmetrical chomata. tightly
coiled inner volutions and relatively
minute proloculus. They are considerably different from the typical species of
Fusulinella, represented by the typespecies, F. bocki. since the latter possess
usually an inflated fusiform, or a biconical, to typical fusiform shell with convex
lateral slopes, high but narrow chomata
and a small number of rather loosely
coiled whorls.
THOMPSON (1951, 1954, 196-!) stated that
Pseudofusulinella has axil fiillings, which
Fusulinella has not. The axial fillingsof Pseudofusulinella, if present, veryslight and narrow, but there are heavy
deposits which are related to the massive
chomata and the linings on the innersurfaces of the chambers. These very
dense secondary deposits in the central
part of the shell are one of the mostdiagnostic features of the genus. In thewall structure Pseudofusulinella is very
similar to Fusulinella but is distinguishedby a thinner spirotheca which has discontinuous tectoria (i.e. the above mentioned secondary deposits) and minutepores.
Subgenus Pseudofusulinella resembles
Leptotriticites SKINNER and WILDE. 1965,
a subgenus of Triticites GIRTY. in thenature of the spirotheca and chomata,and shell shape. Judging from the shellcharacters and the stratigraphic occurrence, it is possible that Leptotriticites
was derived from the early representatives of Pseudofusuli nella (s. str.). W aeringella THOMPSON resembles Pseudofusulinella, but has a much smaller shell,

529.

Psoudofusulinella, A Genus of F'usulina.cea

159

PERMIANWOLFCAMPIANLEONARDIAN

Pseudo! usul ine/la{s s)Thompsone//a
MOSCOVIAN

CARBONI

Fig. 3.

SAKMARIAN

ARTINSKIANPERMIAN

Phylogenetic position of Pseudofusulinella~(Kanmeraia) and
Pseudofusu/ine/la (s. s.) in Fusulinidac.

different ~tructure of spirotheca and unmistakable axial fillings. As Ross andDu:-.;RAR (1962, p. 26) suggested. TV aerin·gella is probably a specialized descendantof Wedekindel/ina DUNBAR and HENBEST.
Although Pseudofusulinella resembles
lVadekindellina and Tlwmpsonella SKI~­
NER and \VJLDE. the latter two genera
have heavier axial fillings and a moreelegante and somewhat different shapedof the shell. Incidentally HoARE (1963)
described Pseudofusulinel/a asymmel rica
HOARE. P. nemdensis HOARE and Bartramella ? sp. from the Sunflower Reservoir
area of northern Nevada, but these
species are to be referred to Thompsonella from the shell characters. Thompson·ella is considered to be a descendant ofTV edekindellina from the shell charactersand the stratigraphic occurrence.
The phylogenetic position of the twosubgenera of Pseudofusulinella in thefamily Fusulinidae is shown in Fig. 3.

Evolutionary trends and phylogeny
within Pseudofusulinella
As I listed in the foregoing chapter.
more than fifty species have been recognized from the Upper Pennsylvanian
to lvliddle Permian rocks in the PacificNorthwest of North America. the Japanese Islands, and the Arctic and Ural
regions of the U.S.S.R. Most of themoccur successively in stratigraphic sequence, and accordingly it is possible toobserve details in evolutional change ofshell characters and to follow lines ofdescent at specific level.
(A) Evolutionary trends ivlain evolutionary trends recognized in the shellcharacters of Pseudofusulinella on thebasis of the stratigraphic facts are summarized as follows :(1) As a rule, the shell becomes larger
and the number of volutions increases.
Primitive species from the stratigraphically lower horizons are actually smalL
For example P. (Kanmeraia) logandalensis

160

Tomowo OZA IVACASSITY and LANGENHEJM, from thebasal part of the Missourian, measures
3.3 mm. in average length and has six
and a half volutions. On the other hand,
the highly evolved ones from the upper
part of the Wolfcampian and the Leonardian excess 7 mm. and have morethan ten volutions. Several exceptional
species are, however, extraordinary
small, in spite of high stratigraphic positions. For example, P. (1\anmeraia) pulvulla SKINNER and WILDE measures only
2.7 mm. in maximum length. These
species are interpreted as specialized anddegenerated forms.
(2) The shell changes in shape froman elongate fusiform to a thick fusiformor biconical. In other words the form
ratio gradually decreases. Most of species
from the Upper Pennsylvanian (Virgilian)and Lower Permian (Lower Wolfcampian)belong to Kanmeraia have an elongate
fusiform to typical fusiform shell andthe average form ratio is about 2.5. As
the stratigraphic position becomes higher. the shell becomes thicker. The Upper Wolfcampian species belonging to
the subgenus Pseudofusulinella are typically thick fusiform to biconical in shapeand the form ratio is usually less than
1.9 {Fig. 1).
(3) The chomata gradually become
more prominent. They are narrow andhigh in most of the Virgilian and Lower
Wolfcampian species of Kanmeraia.
Whereas in the Upper Wolfcampian andLeonardian species belonging to subgenus
Pseudofusulinella, the chomata become
as high as the chamber and broader, andthe same dense deposits as the chomata
spread almost completely on the spirothecal surfaces. and give the false appearance of the axial fillings.
(·1) The tunnel becomes narrower. As
shown in Fig. 3. this tendency is recognized in the genus Pseudofusulinella. In

most of species of Kanmeraia, the tunnel
is relatively broad and its angles measure
40 to at least 20 degrees. In most speciesof Pseudofusulinella (s. s.) which occur
from higher stratigraphic levels thanKanmeraia, the tunnel is narrow and its
angles ranges from 10 to 20, at most 21
degrees.
(5) The septal fluting becomes stronger. In the primitive species of Pseudofusulinella either of subgenus Pseudofusulinella (s. s.) or P. (Kanmeraia), thesepta are fluted only in the axial andpolar regions. Whereas in the evolved
species, such asP. (K.) thompsoni, P. (K.)
splendens, P. (!<.) acuminata, P. (P.)
tumida and P. (P.) alta, they are strongly
and irregularly fluted in the axial andpolar regions, sometimes throughout thelength of the shell. The same trend isrecognized not only in this genus but
also in other genera of the family
Fusulinidae.
(6) The diaphanotheca becomes obscure and the mural pores penetrate it.
In the primitive species from the stratigraphically lower horizon, a relatively
clear diaphanotheca is recognized in the
spirotheca as observed in the species of
Fusulinella. But in the evolved species
from the stratigraphically higher horizon
a diaphanotheca is no more so clear as
recognized in Fusulinella and gives anappearance of fibrous layer (example. P.
(Kanmeraia) meeki. In one of the most
evolved species from the Leon.ardian, P.
(Pseuofusulinella) danneri. alveoli-likedark pillars which are very similar to
the alveoli in Schwagerinidae, are recognized in the spirotheca. These featuresof the wall well conincide with that of
the last genera of the family Fusulinidae
such as Quasifusulina,, Fusulina andThompson ella.
(B) Phylogeny From a combined viewof the serial development in the shell529.

P.<wudofusulinella., A Genus of Fusulinacea.

characters and the successive stratigraphic occurrence. the previously described
species are classified into at least fivespecies groups. The phylogenetic relation
among these groups is discussed below
in some detail.
(a) Pseudofusulinella(1\anmeraia)
logandalensis group.
As mentioned in page 152, this groupis probably derived from a group of
Fusu/inel/a which comprises Fusulinella
devexa THOMPSON and F. juncea THOMP·
SO:\. It is considered to be one of themain ancestral stocks of the Permian
Pseudofusulinella. P. (K) ? alia VERVIL·
LE, TIIO}.IPSO:-\ and LOKKE and P. (K.) ?
ardomorensis THOMPSON, VERVILLE andLOKKE can also be included in this group.
This group has an elongate fusiform
shell with straight or slightly concave
lateral slopes, an almost straight axis ofcoiling and blunt pointed or roundedpoles. The septa are plane in the middle
part of the shell and gently folded in theaxial and polar regions. The chomata
are developed throughout the growth of
the shell, narrow and high. The spirotheca is composed of a tectum, a diaphanotheca and discontinuous or continuous tectoria. This group is stratigraphically restricted to the Upper Pennsylvanian (Upper Desmoinesian to :vtissourian) in the Pacific Northwest of North
America.
(b) Pseudofusulinel/a(Kanmeraia)
utahensis group.
This group is morphologically very
similar to and considered as a direct
descendant of the P. (I<.) logandalensi.~
group. It includes a large number of
species, such as P. (K.) antiquo SI<I:-;NER
and WILDE, P. (K.) acuminata SKINNER
and WILDE, P. (K.) fragilis SKINNER and
WILDE. P. ([(.) fusiformis SKINNER and
WILDE. P. (K.) haubaughi SKINNER and
WILDE, P. (/(.) meeki SKINNER and WILDE,

HH

P. {!(.) prima SKINNER and WILDE, P.
(/(.) proba SKINNER and 'WILD!,:, P. (/(.)
splendens SKINNER and WILDE, P. (K.)
tllompsoni SKINNER and WILDE, P. (/\.)
uavae (DUTKEVITCH), P. (K) ventricosa
SKINNER and WII.DE. P. {!(.) sp. A. P.
(/(.) sp. B, P. (!<.) sp. (BOSTWICK, 1955).
P. (K.) sp. P. (K.) sp. B (RICH, 1961), P.
([(.) sp. (THOMPSON, DODGE and YOUNG·QUIST, 1958. pl. 18, fig. 9, pl. 20, fig. 1).
P. (K.) japonica sp. nov. described in thispaper also belongs to this group.
The species of this group have an
elongate fusiform to typical fusiform
shell with more or less concave lateralslopes, a straight or slightly arched axisof coilings. and narrow and high chomata.
The septa are nearly plane or slightly
folded in the middle part of the shell
but are strongly and rather irregularly
folded in the axial and polar regions.
The spirotheca is composed of a tectum,
a diaphanotheca and discontinuous tectoria. The shell is rather loosely coiled
except for the juvenile volutions and ismuch larger than that of the P. (I<.)
logandalensis group.
This group has been known from thelatest Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) and theearliest Permian (Lower Wolfcampian}rocks in the Pacific Northwest of North
America, the Japanese Islands, Spitsbergen and the Ural Mountains.
(c) P. (/(.) pm·vulla group. This groupconsists of P. (K.) acuta SKIN!\'ER and''VILDE, P. (I<.) delicata SKINNER and
WILDE, P. (!(.) parvulla SKINNER and
WILDE and P. (K.) spicata SKIN~'ER and
WILDE. They are characterized by an
extraordinarily small, elongate fusiform
shell which has a very thin spirotheca.
small number of volutions and rather
small chomata. This group is similar
to the P. (K.) utahensis group in generalcharacters except for the minute size andmay be a specialized offshoot of the P.

162

Tonwwo OZAWA(K) utahensis group. It is. however. notso easy for us to substantiate whether
these small species are d\varfed forms
under unfavorable ecological conditions
or degenerated species. but the limestonelithology may give us some clues on thisproblem. According to SKINNER and
WILDE (1965, p. 12). who established thedetailed stratigraphy of the l'vlcCloud
Limestone, the limestone from whichthese species occurred is remarkably uniform in lithology. Therefore I am indined to consider that these small species
are degenerated species. This group is
known in the lower half of the Wolf·
campian in the Pacific Northwest of
North America.
(d) P.
(Pseudofusulinella)lumidagroup. This is an intermediate groupbetween the P. (K) utahensis group andthe P. (P.) occidentalis-P. (P.) monlis
group mentioned below. This group was
probably derived from species of theP. (!(.) ulahensis group and includes P.
(P.) biconica SKINNER and WILDE, P. (P.)
formosa SKI:-INER and WILDE, P. (P.)
nitida SKI!\:'\EH and \VILllE, P. (P.) pusi/la
SKINNER and WILDE. P. (P.) wheeleri
SKINNER and WILDE. The species of thisgroup ha,·e an inflated fusiform or abiconical shell with concave lateral slopes,
narrow and high chomata. thightly coiled
inner volutions and a very minute proloculus. The septa are wea\<ly fluted in
the middle part of the test and strongly
and irregularly fluted in the axial andpolar regions. The distribution of thisgroup is, as far as is known. restricted
to the middle part of the Wolfcampian
in the Pacific Northwest of North
America.
(e) P. (Pseudofusulinella) occidentalisP. (P.) montis group. This group includes
the type-species and also P. (P.) damreri
SKINNER and WILDE. P. (P.) jej(ordsi
SKINNER and Vi'ILDE, P. (P.) montis(THOMPSON and WHEELER), P. (P.) opima
SKINNER and WILDE, P. (P.) pinguis
SKINNER and WILDE, P. (P.) rotunda
SKINNER and WILDE, P. (P.) so/ida SKI~\·NER and WILIJE. ]'. (P.) steet}ensi ]'vliLLS
and DAVIS and P. (P.) venusta SKINNER
and WIL11E. It occurs at the highest
level, namely in the Upper Wolfcampian
and the lowest Leonardian rocks in the
Pacific Northwest of North America.
They have an inflated fusiform to subsperical shell with heavy chomata, almost
straight lateral slopes, bluntly to sharply
pointed poles and a minute proloculus.
The shell is tightly coiled throughout
the growth and consists of ten or eleven
volutions in maximum. The septa arestrongly fluted in the axial and polar
regions. The chomata are highly asymmetrical and often extended to the polar
areas covering the upper surface of the
spirotheca and giving the false appearance of axial fillings. The tunnel is narrow and high, and its path almost
straight. The septa are numerous. This
group is very similar to the P. (P.)
tumida group. Its immediate ancestor
may be such as P. (P.) nitida SKINNER
and \VIJ.DE. P. (P.) whee/eri SKINNER and
WILDE which are in this paper includedin the P. (P.) tumida group.
To sum up the above description, thephylogeny and stratigraphic distributionof these species.groups in the genus
Pseudofusulinella are diagramaticallyshown in Fig. 4.
Distribution of Pseudofusulinella
The migration of fusulinacean foraminifera is very interesting and significant for the study of the phylogeny andclassification of the fusulinaceans. Little
has been done on this problem. Ross
(1962) who discussed the migration of
the Permian genera Pseudoschwagerina

529.

Pseudofttsulinella, A Genus of Fusulinacea

163

-

,.

elongate fus,form(large)(T~t sha.fl!(form rat1onarrow --~~ _Ch mat a _ __l_T_un,nel (]_nghs~ -weak+SePta_t_flll!.n9
f---1 Np_of
volul10n1------- small-. f fest
SIZe

1----- -Fig. 4.

===--l,ib)j --+•nfiQ!ed fJ,J_~tormLsmatu____=------>!Jroad_c'_d mas~IV_e

J -decrease-~J-s!rong__

I_IICreose_.,large>

Phylogeny of the species groups in Pseudofusulinella (s. L).

(* Fusulinacean zones of the Wolfcampian and Leonardian of the McCloud Limestone by
SKINNER and 'WILDE, 1965)

164'l'omowo OzAWA

and Paraschwagerina is probably the firststudent who tried to study the problems
concerning the migration of fusulinaceans in some detail. even if some problems
still remained unsolved. I discuss herein
the migration of Pseudojusulinella on thebasis of the available data.
In the preceding chapter, I have classified the previously described species of
Pseudofusulinella into five species-groups
from a combined view of their shellcharacters and their stratigraphic ocur·
renee. Their ascending sequence is : (1)the P. (/{anmeraia) logandalensis, (2) theP. (K.) utahensis, (3) the P. (!(.) pan·ulla.
(4) the P. (Pseudofusulinella) tumida and(5) the P. (P.) occidentalis-P. (P.) montis
group. The P. (!{.) logandalensis group.
which is considered to be ancestral tothe other four Permian groups, is restrict·ed to the Pacific Northwest of North
America and has never been reported
outside this regions. Fusuline/la pulchra,
F. subpulchra from the Upper Crrboni·ferous of Ural, F. elegantura and "Wede·
kindellina ·· prolijica from Fusulinella·
Fusulina zone of Japan are very similar
to this group, but these species havedissimilar and stronger chomata as com·pared with Pseudojusulinella and seemto form another taxonomic group which
are parallel to the P/edekindellina euty·
septa group and the P. (Kanmeraia)
logandalensis group. Therefore the groupof Fusulinella pulchra cannot be thedirect ancestor of the Permian Pseudo·
fusulinel/a. On the other hand P. (K.)
utahensis group, which is interpreted to
be a direct decendant of P. (K.) loganda~­
ensis group. is widely distributed in the
Pacific Northwest of North America, theJapanese Islands, Spitsbergen and also
the Ural Mountains. These marine realms
are probably intimately connected atthat time, and are considered to havebeen more or less similar also in sedi·mentary condition. The geographic dis·tribution of the other three Permiangroups, the P. (K) panmlla, the P. (P.)
tumida and the P. (P.) occidentalis-P. (P.'>montis groups, are restricted to the
Pacific Northwest of North America.
On the basis of the stratigraphic occurrence and the geographic distribution ofthese species-groups. I have lead the following idea. In the western North
America. the ancestral species of Pseudofusulinella. the P. (K) logandm·ensis
group, may have arisen in the late Desmoinesian to early Missourian age. Later,in a Virgilian or Uppermost Carboniferous age, the P. (K.) utahensis group
was derived from the P. (1{.) logandalensis group and may have been migrated
into the Uralian seaways and the far
east end of the Tethyan seaways includ·ing the Japanese Islands through the
Arctic region. On the other hand, theP. (Kanmeraia) parvulla and P. (Pseudofusulinella) tumida group are considered
to have evolved from the P. (Kanmeraia}
utahensis group in early Wolfcampian
age and later the P. (Pseudofusulinella)
occidentalis-P. (P.) montis group have
evolved from the primitive species of theP. (Pseudofusulinella) utahensis group.
The last three groups are restricted toto the Cordilleran seaways.
The distribution and migration of thegenus Pseudofusulinella is shown in
Fig. 5.
Notes on a new species of Pseudofusulinella (Kanmeraia)
from Japan
In this chapter a new species of
Pseudofusulinella (Kanmeraia) is established and its ontogeny is described.
Pseudofusulinella has been abundantly
recorded from the Pacific Northwest

529.

l'seudofusni'inella, A Genus of Fusulinacea

region of North America, but in the east·
ern Asiatic region including the JapaneseIslands, which has an intimate connection
with the Pacific Northwest region in the165

general fusulinacean faunal assemblage,
only one species of the genus has so far
been recorded. It is Pseudofusulinel/autahensis described by KANUlviA (1958)

B~'bO.CO.dLI

C of~ e •Fig. 5. Distribution and migration of Pseudofusulinella. The heavy dashedlines give an outline of sea ways in early Permian age (Wolfcampian).
A:

P. (K.) logandalensis group; a, P. (K.) logandalensis, etc: Missourian·
Virgilian.
B : P. (K.) utahensis group and P. (K.) parvulla group; b, P. (K.) utahensis,
etc: c, I'. (/(.) usvae, d, P. (K.) japonica: Virgilian.Lower Wolfcampian.
c : P. (P.) occidentalis·P. (P.) montis group; e, P. (P.) occidentalis. P. (P.)
montis. P. (P.) pinguis, etc; Lower \Yolfcampian.Lower Leonardian.

1, 2. Southern Nevada. 3, Utah, 4, Idaho, 5, Central Idaho, 6, Northern California, 7. Northwestern Nevada, 8, East-central Oregon, 9, Northeastern·Washington, 10, Northwestern Washington, 11, Kamloop, British Columbia,
12, Kwanto massif, Central Japan, 13, Hida massif. Central Japan, 14, Vestspitsbergen, 15. Chusovaya river area, 16. Sakmara river area. 17. Samara
area.

166

Tornowo OZAwA

from the northern Mino mountains ofCentral japan. The report of Pseudojusulinella from japan throws light on
the distribution of this important fusulinacean genus.
1hile I was engaged in the biostratigraphical study of the Upper Paleozoic
formations of tt:e Raidenyama area insoutheastern part of the Kwanto massif,
I collected numerous well preserved
specimens of Pseudojusull:nella from alimestone at the summit of !\ft. Raidenyama. They are ascribed to a new
species as described below. By courtesyof Prof. KAl\UMA, I have also examined
the specimens which were identified with
P. utahensis. In my opinion, they arealso referable to the same new species.
The Upper Paleozoic strata of the
Raidenyama area are divided into thefollowing stratigraphic units:'iNariki Formaiion .... Neoschwageritw zone
to Yabeina zone
Raidenyama Formation .... mainly Psudoschwagerina zone and probably lower partof Neoschwagerina zone in the uppermost
part
Kitaosaki Formation ... . Fusulinella-Beedeina zone to Triticites zone

A new species of Pseudojusuline/la(Kanmeraia) came from a limestone in
Paidenyama Formation. It is accompanied by Schubertella sp. and Nankinella sp.
cf. N. lwwadai, the latter of which is
associated with species of Pseudoschwagerina in some other area. Aboveand below the Pseudofusulinella Limestone there are several lenses of limestone which contain many Lower Permian
fusulinaceans such as Quasifusulina,
Triticites, Schwagerina, Pseudoschwagerina, Paraschwagerina and Pseudojusulina. Accordingly the new species of
Pseudojusulinella is undoubtedly ofLower Permian (Wolfcampian) age.

Description of a species

Pseudojusulinella (Kanmeraia) japonica
sp. nov.
Pl. 14, Fig. 7; Pl. 15, Figs. l-21
1958, Pseudofusulinella utahensis, KANUl\IA,
Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Uni~· .. vol. 9, pl. 2,
figs. J-5. (non THOI\IPSO:"l and BIES·
SELL)

Material :-Holotype-GK. Dl5001; paralypes-GK. Dl5002-15015. 15020 and 15021.
In addition to these, ten axial sections,
three sagittal sections and more thantwenty oblique and tangential sections
were examined. They came from loc.
RA. 151 in the lower part of the Raidenyama Formation.
Description :-The shell is small, elongate fusiform and inflated in the central
region, with an almost straight to broadly curving axis of coiling, straight toconcave lateral slopes, and bluntly pointed poles. Mature specimens with six toeight volutions measure 2.5 to 4.2 mm.
in length and 1.2 to 1.8 mm. in width.
The form ratio of the first to eighth
volution aYerages 1.5, 2.0(-). 2.2, 2.2, 2.3,
2.4, 2.4 and 2.4, respectively for thirteen
well oriented axial sections. The bolotype (GK. D15001) is 4.02 mm. long and1.68 mm. wide, giving a form ratio of
2.4 for seventh volution. In the megalospheric specimens, the first volulion isalmost subspherical in shape and is coiled
planispirally, but the microspheric specimens have an endothyroid or a pseudostaffelloid juvenarium which is coiled athigh angles to the outer volutions. (GK.
G15011. Pl. 15. Figs. 16, 17, etc.) The
shell is tightly coiled in the inner twoor three volutions and increase uniformly
in height in the subsequent ones. The
height of chambers of eight volutions
above the tunnel averages 32, 48, 64, 86,

Table 3.

Nol-Sped- I R
Flg."""in ~~Lh-~- Width_ ~1en_ I _g. -~ Plate_ engt_ _ _ _

i
1

1
2
3

15001
115002
I 150031

4
5

I 1~00:67115011
15020

8

I

I

I 4. 22 I 1. 60
3. 03

1. 31

I 1.23

16,17
3.20
20
I -

2.6
-

I. 39

096
.112
. 064

7. 5
8
7. 5

I

024
.032
. 024

. 088
096

7. 5
6

I

.080
. 080

7
7

.070-1_ _Heigl:lt of \'~utions -~-~--=
5

6

7

8

. 048
.048
. 032

. 056
.048
. 032

. 080
.080
. 048

.120
.080
. 080

.120
.128
. 104

.176
.176
. 160

. 210
.194
. 210

. 03;
. 03w

. 048
. 048

. 048
. 080

. 064
. 112

. 080
. 11-1

. 088
. 176

. 160

. 194

.032
. 032

.06·1
. 048

.064
. 080

.096
. 080

.112
.112

.176
. 114

.176
. 210

7.5

.032

.032

.048

-~52__ .104

.136

.176

.176

.128.
'.064

8
5.5

.048
.02·1

.06<1
.032

.112
.032

.128
.048

.114
.080

.210
.088

.210
.160

.210
.176

115
20

.w

.rn

.1~

20

13

6

2. 4
2.5
2. 3
2. 6
2. 3

2

I
I

I

•

I .
I'

II

.

I

I

1.85 ,
1.00 I

2.6
2.1

~r.

~

1.00

~

-~

L

-~

-~

-~

-~

21

23

25

18

19

19

20

20

20

~

1.5
1.7
1.7
1.4

Max.
Min.
Aver.

I

1

4.22
3.26

I

6
7
8

I

1. 68
1.56
1. 56

r~ti?__l'1

1

1 Max.
Min.

,1.5

I

4
5

•L 02
3.73
3. 90

pro~

3

ratio__-

Speci~e-~ ~ 1

45I

I Form -Diam TForrn -~5021 --~-·21

~--1
I

L2

6
1;>00:> I 7. 9

I

I u

2
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.0
1. 7

I,

1.48

I
1

-

F'ron1 ratio-of volu-tlons

I
I

-3-

-1

·s- · 6--

-7

2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.0

2.2
2.3
2.3
2.5
2.2
2.2

2.3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.4

2.4
2.4
2.3
2.6

2.4
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.6

8

Thickness of spirotheca• (.u)-4 - 5- 6
7'1-- 1 -z-- ··3
6

2. 4

4
4
4
6

2.5
4

4

1. 8 2. 1
1.3 1.7
l. 5 2. 0
16
17

__

Measurements of Psudofusltlinella (Kanmeraia) japonica sp. nov. in mm. unless otherswic stated.

2. 3
2.0
2.2

2. 7
2.0
2 2
-17
17

* teclum+diaphanotheca

2. 7
2.0
2.3
17

2.8 2. 7
2.1 2.2
2.4 2.4
-14
9

2.4
2.4
2.4
4

6
4

4
19

29
25
22
18

-

8

8
7
7
7
8
6
6
8

12
8
8
8
8
10
8
10

14
12
12
12
10
12
8
12

23
16
16
16
16
25
12
16

27
21
21
16
21
21
21
21

29
29
29
27

29
?
25

28

8
4
6
20

12
8
8
20

16
8
11
20

25
12
16
20

27
16
20
19

29
18
24
12

29
27
29
6

,
I

:r--- -----

12

18

11
1J

~

~

~
(I>

Tunnel- angfes(in -degree)2 ·4-~-5 -6· -7
12

0::.,

17

22

17
19
12
13
22

17
29
18
23
25

-

30

24

36
23

~

R..

.;;,
~

Cr.>

...
~
0::

~

~
~
~
(I>
;'!
~

35
40
30

Cr.>

~
~
/:;

~

;;-:

22

;'!

~
<:":>
(I>

~

H

12
13
3

19
12
15
11

25
12
15
16

32
16
24
17

38
20
29
11

40
30
35
4

......

0'>
-.:j

168

Tomowo OZAWA(Continued from Table 3)
Septal counts

Specimen

7
8
9

Aver.

I

2

:J

4

5

6

7

9 13 14 14 15 16 22
7 12 13 15 15 19 22
6 12 13 15 15 19 23

8 12 14-4 4 •I

15 16

18 22

4

4

-

4

--

3

I

115. 152. 176 and 191 microns respectively
for 20 specimens.
The proloculus is
minute and spherical. and its outside
diameter ranges from 6c1 to 128 microns,
averaging 94 microns for 18 specimens.
The spirotheca is composed of a tectum
and a diaphanotheca. and its upper andlower surfaces are discontinuously covered with dense deposits of the samematerial as the chomata. The perforations of the wall are not observed in thepresent specimens. Averages of the
combined thickness of the tectum andthe diaphanotheca in the first to eighth
volution of 19 specimens are ·1. 6. 8, 11.,20, 24 and 29 microns respectively. The
septa are gently or rather irregularly
folded in the polar regions. Average
septal counts of the first to senn volution of four specimens are 8, 12, H. 15,
16. 18 and 22 respectively. The chomata
are massive and highly assymmetrical,
and extend nearly to the poles in the
inner three or four volutions. Theirtunnel sides are steep and gradually
lowered towards the polar ends. The
tunnel is narrow and about half as highas the chambers. Average tunnel anglesof the second to sixth volution of seventeen specimens are 13, 15, 18. 2:1. 29 and
35 degrees respectively. Measurementsof this specimens are given in Table 3.
Discu.~sion :-Pseudofusuline/la(Kanmeraia) japonica sp. nov. is similarin general characters to P. (K.)

ulahensis TIIO:\II'SON and BISSEL, thetype-species of the subgenus Kanmeraia,
from the Lower Wolfcampian Oqirrh
f-ormation of Utah, Sublelt Range andthe Wood River f-ormation of Idaho. andto P. (!(.) anliqua SK!t\NER and \VJLDE
from the i'vlcCloud Limestone in northern
Califormia. The former. is however. distinguished from the latter two species
by the smaller and more inflated shelland the more gently folded septa
in the axial and polar regions. This
species also resembles Fusuline/la usvae
0UTKEVITCH from the Central Ural, theSamara River area of Southern Ural andSpitsbergen, which is referable to Pseudofusu/inella (1\"mzmeraia) in the present
classification, but the latter has a slenderer shell with sharply pointed poles. more
prominent chomata and more intensely
and irregularly folded septa. KANUMA(1958) identified a Pseudo/usu/inella fromthe northern .tvlino Mountains with P.
utahensis, I reexamined his specimens
and found that they are identical withthe present species.
Occurrence :-Abundant in a limestoneof the lower part of the Raidenyama
Formation at the summit of l\lt. Raidenyama (coil. no. Ri\. 151). Associated with
Nankinella sp. cf. N. kawadai (!GO) andSchuberlella sp.

The ontogeny of P. (Ka nmera ia)
japonica sp. nov.
Studies on ontogeny are very effective
and significant for a better understanding of the line of descent, because thephylogenetic development is frequently
recaptulated in the ontogenetic development.
I take here the ontogeny of J>. (K)japonica sp. nov. For this purpose thechange of shell structure throughout thewhole growth-stages of P. (K.) japonic(L

75

7
65

II

-

--

ol

.

r-~

4
mm

ut.,__

r I~~-~-:~~~ ~~~- ~·:\:~':--~?-' ~~~v):
I'', ~-·. '~v.
- r,sl- - -.. -·r-~--------~~-- ---- - _-·- -.:;-------~----~--->- --·------~-----

-

I
I
r

124)
,.,

b--;;~t -- (2 41'"6··t·3. _,,/': ..

ssI "(. --- .

5

I 2 o7"/&"'"""'

,22

I I

~--

r··~

~5 .[..I
,

It

•I

;_.,

I

3

I

·25

2

'Ir-

.. -~:

4
3.5

/

122)

I

I
r-·~1

ut..,
I

I

I

u/

t1 ·t-I -.... t··

12 2)

I 1 ~-

I

I

u.t

T-~

I
I

I
r-- I

1
0.5

1
D.L.-~!T

Volutll•cgth 1Wall

,.,

(1.91

Profusultnella

TI I'

I

I

I

i t·

----

12

I

I

.

.;

~

+
1:. 8 ~-atre~
I

'

.

••

~~~~:
~~

~~ 20

I

25

-

...J

I I o Embryonic

IL/W., ~::.:J:.! '~~STAG E..._ __

.

er

.:

,~-

'

'

.~··;

.

I
-~---

I

--

''
'

:

'

'

.; :'

- - ~ -t- - .... - - I

'

-~-

·~:

'J

,·.l

G.

~~

<:o

~

~

?

~
"0-0
~~

~
~

cw
~

~

:::::
1:1>

~--I

:,'

-

l:t

~

::.,

::(

''
'.''I',',.

. '

~

t.ll

;:<..

I

l

e > .:._.·----..;::::_~'

HsJ-

structure~- Form rat 1of ':·p<at jcod·j S•ploll!Holotype)

.

J

~-

1! 14 i~-

Fusulinetla

16

II~ 115I'

I I. I I
IS I 0.3

I PrJ011

12 3)

Matur.-·,, - . - - .. - .,..... "- . - --.
"(Holotyp•. GKD 15001) Axial

sect ions IGK.D 1SUIII
Me a!c~_sp~•r•c... :tP.~'!l~!l _M_!_cros£>~.!£.. specimen

~

.....
....~
;:::
Q
~
~

Sagittal section

Q

IGK.O 1 S 021)

Fig. 6. Ontogenetic development of Pseudojusuli11ella (Kamneraia) japonica sp. nov.
(Volut., volution, L., length, W .. width, D. L., single dense layer, T., tectum, u. t., upper tectorium,
I. t., lower tectorium, Septal counts, numbers of each volution)

.....

~

tO

170

Tomowo OZAWA
Explanation of Plate 14(all figures are x 8, except for Figs. l. 3, 11 and 12 which are x 16)

Pseudofusulinella (s. s.) and Pseudofusulirzella (Kanmeraia)
Figs. 1-3. P. (Karzmeraia) utahensis THOMPsoN and BISSELL, 1954, The type-species of P.
(Kanmeraia).
1. Axial section of the holotype from the Lower Wolfcampian of the Oquirrh Formation,
Utah. U.S.A. (after Tllm.IPSON, 1954).
2. 3. Axial and sagittal sections from the Lower Wolfcampian of Sublett Range, Idaho.
U.S. A. (after THO~IPSO:'-i DoDGE and You:-<GQUJST, 1958).
Fig. 4. P. (Kanmeraia)? alta VERVH.Lf:, T11oMPSON and LoKKE. 1956. Axial section of theparatype from the Middle Desmoinesian of the Ely Limestone in the Cherry Creek
Mountains, White Pine Country of eastern Neveda, U.S. A. (after VERviLI.E, THO:IIPSON
and LOKKE, 1956).
Fig. 5. P. (Kannreraia) logandarensis CASSITY and LAJ'GE:-IHI~Il\1, 1966. Axial section of theholotype from Missourian of the Bird Spring Group, Arrow Canyon, Clark Country, Nevada,
U.S. A. (after CASSITY and I.A:-;GE:"BEDI. 1966).
Fig. 6. P. (Kanmeraia) sp. Axial section from the Virgitian of the same locality' as Figs. 2 and
3 (after THOMPSON, DODGE and YUNGQt:IST, 1958).
Fig. 7. P. (Kanmeraia) japoniac. sp. nov. (see al.so Pl. 15, Figs. 1-21) Axial section of theholotype from the Lower w·olfcampian of the Raidenyama Formation. southeastern Kwanto
massif. Central Japan.
Fig. 8. P. (Kanmeraia) meeki SEINNER and \VILDE, 1965. Axial section of the paratype fromthe Lower Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone. Shasta Lake Area, northern California,
U.S.A.
Fig. 9. P. (Ka11meraia) thompsoni SKIK:-<ER and WILDE, 1965. Axial section of the paratype,from the Lower Wolfcampian of the same locality as Fig. 8.
Fig. 10. P. (l(allmeraia) acuminata SKINNER and WILDE. 1965. Axial section of the paratype,from the Middle Wolfcampian of the same locality as Fig. 8. (Figs. 8-10. after SKINNER
and WILDE, 1965).
Figs. 11-12. Pseudofusulinella (Pseudofusulinella) occidentalis (THO:>.IPSON and WHEELER), 1946.
The type species of P. (Pseudofusulinella)
11. Axial section of the holotype, 12, sagittal section of paratype from the Middle Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone. northern California (after Tuol\·IPSON, Wurmi.ER
and HAZARD, 19·16).
Fig. 13. P. (Pseudofusulinella) tumida SKINNER and WILDE. 1965. Axial section of the paratype.
Fig. 14. P. (Pseudojusuli11ella) biconica SKIN.Kim and \YILDE. 1965. Axial section of the paratype.
Fig. 15. P. (Pseudofusulinella) so/ida SKINNER and WILDE, 1965. Axial section of the paratype.
13-15. From the Middle Wolfcampian of the McClound Limestone. northern California (after
SKINNER and WILDE, 1965).
Fig. 16. P. (Pseudofusulinella) 111011tis (Tumrpso:-; and WIIEEI.ER), 1946. Axial section of the
topotype from the Upper Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone, northern California(after SKI:>~NER and WILDE, 1965).
Fig. 17. P. (Pseuofusuliuella) pi11gztis SKIKKER and WILDE, 1965. Axial section of the holotype
from the Upper Wolfcampian of the McCloud Limestone.
Fig. 18. P. (Pseudofusulinella) alta SKINNER and W lLDI,, 1965. Axial section of the holotypeof P. seaa SKI:-1:--IER and WILDE which should be reffcrred to a synonym of P. alta, fromthe Lower Leonardian of the J\·lcCioud Limestone.
(All figures are reproduced by the present author except for the Figs. 1, 3, ll and 12)

OZAWA : Pseuclofusulinella, a Genus of Fusulinacea

Plate 14

529.

Pseuclofusulinella, A Genus of Fttsulinacea

described above have been examined in
respect to the spirothecal structure, themode of coiling, the shape and size ofthe shell, the septal fluting and the degree of development of the chomata.
Shell features at several stages of representative examples in three welloriented sections, i. e .. two axial sections
including a megalospheric specimen(Holotype, GK. D15001) and a microspheric one (Paratype. GK. Dl5011) anda sagittal section (Paratype, GK. Dl5021),
are diagrammatically shown in Fig. 6.
(1) Embryonic stage.- The initialchamber (proloculus) is spherical in shapeand approximately 100 to 130 microns
in diameter in megalospheric specimens
and 60 to 80 microns in microsphericones. The proloculus wall of all theexamined specimens is of single dense
layer.
(2) I'seudostaffella stage (1st to 3rdvolution).-The nepionic chambers arecoiled around the initial one. At thestage of volution 1.5 to 2.5, the shell
becomes subspherical in shape giving aform ratio 1.6 or a little more and 0.3 to
0.4 mm. in length. In the microsphericspecimens. the first volution is coiled athigh angles to the second one. The
spirotheca is composed of a single dense
layer (the tectum) or a tectum and upperand lower tectoria. The chomata firstapper in this stage. The septa are plane.
The shell characters of this stage assume
those of the primitive species of Pseudosta;fella, such as P. needhami and P.
antiqua. and are at the same time similar
to those of endothyrids.
(3) Profusulinel/a stage (3rd to 4th,
rarely 5th volution).-The shell attains
approximately 1 to 2 mm. in axial length.
It is thickly fusiform or biconical inshape giving a form ratio 2.0 or so andis coiled tightly throughout as shown
well in the saggittal section. The chomata

171

are prominent. The septa are not fluted.
The spirotheca is composed of a tectumand upper and lower tectoria. judging
from these features of the wall, thisstage shows the characters of the mature
stage of Profusulinella RAUSER-CHERNOUSOVA and BELYAEV.
(4) Fusulinella stage (4th to 6th volution).-This and the above mentioned
stages overlap each other. In somespecimens, the characters of this stage are
already recognized in the fourth volution.
The diaphanotheca first appears in the
fourth or fifth volution. That is to say.
the spirotheca in this stage comprises atectum. a diaphanotheca and upper andlower tectoria. The septa are fluted in
the polar regions. The coiling becomesloose. The shell is typically fusiform.
measures 2.3 to 2.6 mm. in axial lengthand gives the form ratio 2.4. The characters recognized in this stage recall the
diagnosis of Fusulinella J\IOLLER.
(5) l\1ature stage (6th to 8th volution).-The shell becomes elongate fusiform with the form ratio 2.4 or so. The
septa are fluted in the polar and axial
regions. The axial length exceeds 4 mm.
The spirotheca is composed of a tectum,
a diaphanotheca and a less developed anddiscontinuous lower tectoria. No lower
tectoria is recognized in the outermost
volution. The spirothecal structure ismore advanced than that of Fusulinella.
As stated above the ontogenetic development of Pseudofusulinel/a (Kamneraia)
japonica passed at least four stages; theembryonic, the Pseudostaffella. Profusulinella and Fusulinella stages until the
species assumes characters of Pseudojusulinella. (Fig. 6) This process seems
to approximately correspond with thephylogenetic development of P.~eudo­
fusulinella. In other words. the phylogenetic development of Puudofusulinella
is well reflected in its ontogenetic deve-

172

Tonwwo OZAWA

lopment. Similar ontogenetic development is also recognized in some species
belonging to ancestral group of Pseudofusulinella. As the stratigraphic horizon
becomes higher, tendency of reduction
or omission of certain stages is wellrecognized in most of the highly evolved
species of the P. (K.) utahensis group,
P. (P.) tumida group and P. (P.) occidenJalis-P. (P.) mantis group. For example,
P. (P.) occidentalis, the type-species of
the genus, has only one or two tightly
coiled juvenile volution (Pl. H, Figs. 11.
12) which are followed by the subsequentones with heavy chomata diagnostic forthe genus Pseudofusulillella. Furthermore, in most evolved species, P. (P.)
alta (Pl. 14, Fig. 18), a tightly coiling ishardly seen in the juvenile volutions.
(Fig. 1) Thus tendecy of tachygensis(acceleration) is clearly observed in thisgenus as in many groups of the family
Fusulinidae.
References cited
BosTWICK, D. A. (1955) : Stratigraphy of the
Wood River Formation, southcentral Idaho.

]ora·. Paleonl., 2o, (6), 941-951. pls. 96-98.
CASSITY, Paul E. and LANGEl'HEI~!. R. L. Jr.
(1966): Pennsylvanian and Permian fusulinids of the Bird Spring Group from Arrow Canyon, Clark County, Nevada. Ibid.,
40. ( 4), 931-951, pis. 110-114.
DuTKEV!TcH, G. A. (1934) : Some new speciesof Fusulinidae from the Upper and Middle Carboniferous of Verkhne-Chussovskye Gorodki on the Chussoyaya River(western slope of the ]\•Iiddle Ural). Oil
Ceo/. lnst .. Trans., [A], 36, 1-98, pls. 1-6.
HoARE, R. D. (19£i:l): Permian fusulinids hom
the Sunflower Reservoir area of North
Nevada. jour. Pa/eonl., 37, (6), 1143-1149,
pis. 153, 154.
lsmc Ken-ichi (1958b): On the phylogeny,l\-lorphology and Distribution of Fusulina
and allied fusulinid genera. jour.· Jnst.
Polytechnics Osaka City Uni1;, [GJ, 4, 2971. pis. 1-4.
KA:"<Ul\IA, Mosaburo (1958) : Stratigraphicaland paleontological studies of the southernpart of the Hida plateau and the northeastern part of the Mine mountainland.
Part 2. Paleontology. Bull. Tokyo Gakugei
Univ., 9, 27-57, pis. 2, 3.
MILLS,]. W. and DAVIS,]. R. (1962): Permian
fossils of the Kettle Falls area, Stevens
Country. ·washington. Cushman Found.

Explanation of Plate 15
Figs. 1-21. Pseudofusulinella (I(anmeraia) japonica sp. nov.
1, 2. Axial sections of the holotype in different magnification. ( x 20 and x 10 respectively),
Rg. No. Gk. 015001
3, 21. Sagittal sections of a para type ( x 20 and x 10 respectively) Rg. No. GK D15021
4-17, 19. Axial sections of paratypes ( x 10 except for 9 and 16 which are x20) Rg. No.
GK D15002-15006, 15005, 15007-15015, 15016 and 15015. respectively
7, 9 and 16, 17. Same specimens in different magnification (7, 17 x10 and 9, 16 x20)
5, 16, 17. Microspheric specimens with endothyroid juvenarium.
13. Tangential section of a paratype. GK. 015014
20. Sagittal section of a paratype. x 10. Rg. No. GK. 015020
Figs. 22-26. Nankinella sp. cf. N kawadai (leo) (Associated species with P. (K.) japanica sp.
nov.)
22-25. Axial sections ( x 10 except 22 which is x 20)
26. Sagittal section. x 10,
All specimens illustrated are kept in the Department of Geology. Kyushu University.
OzAWA photoOZAWA:

Pseudofusuli?~ella ,a Genus of Fttsulinacea

6

Plate J-5

8

7

to
11

14
15

13

17

•

18

~,.,..

.

~

"'
23

'

20

21

.529.

l'seudofusulinella., .4 Genus of Fnsnlinacea

Foram. Research, Crmlr., 13. (2), 41-51,
pis. 7-11.
I{AUSER-CI!EIH.:Ousov A, D. M. (1965) : Foraminifers in the stratotypical section of
the Sakmarian Stage (Sakmara river,southern Ural). Trans. Geol. Inst .. Acad.
Sci. U.S.S.R., 135. 1-80, pis. 1-6 (in Russian)
RICH, M. (1961) : Stratigraphic section andfusulinids of the Bird Spring Formationnear Lee Canyon, Clark Country, Nevada.
jour. Pa/eont., 35, (6), 1159-1180, pis. 142146.
Ross, Charles A. (1962): The evolution anddispersal of the Permian genera Pseudoschwagerina and Paraschwagerina. Evolution, 6, (3). 306-315.
- - (1965) : Fusulinids from the Cyathophyllum Limestone, Central Vestspitsbergen.
Cushman Found. Foram. Research, Contr.,
16, (2), 7<1-SS, pis. 10-12.
Rozovsi<A YA. S. E. (1958) : Fusulinids andbiostratigraphical subdivision of the Upper Carboniferous in the Samara Bend.
Geol. Jnst., Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., 13. 57-120,
pis. 1-15.
SKINNER, John 'IV. and 'IVILDI':, Garner L.
(1965) : Lower Permian (Wolfcampian)fusulinids from the Big Hatchet Mountains, southwestern New Mexico. Cushman Found. Foram. Research, Contr., 16,(3), 95-10-1, pis. 13-15.
- - and - - (1965) : Permian biostratigraphy and fusulinid faunas of the Shasta
Lake area, northern California.
Univ.
Kansas Paleont. Contr., Protozoa Art. 6,

Futamatao
lkusabata
Kitaosoki

173

1-98, pis. 1-65.
- - and - - (1966) : Permian fusulinids
from Pacific Northwest and Alaska. !bid.,
Paper 4, 1-58, pls. 1-49.
THOMPSON, M. L. (1951): New genera offusulinid foraminifera. Cushman Found.
Foram. Research, Contr., 2. (4), 115-119,
pis. 13, 14.
- - (1954) : American Wolfcampian Fusulinids. Univ. Kansas Paleont. Contr., Protozoa Art. 5, 1-222, pis. 1-52.
- - (1964): Fusulinacea. In MOORE, R. C.
[Editor] Treatise on invertebrate paleontology Part C. Protista 2, Sarcodina, " thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida, C358C436, figs. 274-328A. Geol. Soc. America
and Kansas Univ. Press.
- - , WHEELER, H. D. and IIAZZAD. ]. C.
(19,18) : Permian fusulinids of California.
Geol Soc. America, Mem. 17, 1-77. pis.
1-18.
--and VERVILLE, G.]. (1950): Cashe Creek
fusulinids from Kamloop, British Columbia.
Cushman Found. Foram. Research, Conlr.,
I. 67-70, pl. 9.
- - , and LoKKE, D. H. (1956): Fusulinids oftheDesmoinesian-Missouriancontact.
jour. Paleont., 30. (4). 793-810, pls. 83-93.
- - , DooGE. H. W. and YouNGQUIST, W.
(1958) :Fusulinids from the Sublett
Rande, Idaho. !bid., 32, (1), 113-125, pis.
17-20.
VERVILLE, G.}.. THOMPSON, M. L. and LOKKE,
D. H. (1956): Pennsylvanian fusulinidsof Eastern Nevada. Ibid., 30. 1277-1287,
pis. 133-136.

NarikiRaidenyama
Tamagawa

Jt.

*

1u m: 111
~ ~t JllTrans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 67, pp. 174-176, pl. 16, Dec. 25, 1967

530.

NUMMULITES FROM IRAN*
SHOSI IIRO HANZA WA
34, Tomizuka 2-chorne, Sendai City

Iran 1if Nummulites: ;J·Jlt~9Hi 1966:!f!il~;ll:. Iran 0) tl!!~O)Jt!!'i!(J~Ii:l~ilt'I~L-1\il:lik
Tekireh '*'t'f<~O) Nummulites 'd::t;l~~ t...~fii;:.:('O)~Jf~~~n~ 1.... t,:, ;:0) tOJ::t~$1\il-f.rrc Indonesia 0) Java ~OJ Numm11.lites javanus VERnEEK (micaosphcric)(f. Nummulites baguelensis VERnl"'K (megalospheric) t;:(l1lfu l...i!J.Q, J:gcO) 2 f!fHil\il-lJil;:iJ ::)';:, 1!f.:ft~ii}OJJ.i!f;!<"C ,0Q, .:C L. <::fllj;gt;t[','ti.: DooRNINK, 1932 !;:J:-:) "LI!X~iim£
Nummulites perforatus (DE MoNTFORT) i::[ii]:Qi~:h,"Lit•Q, :fr1:1-t:l.::ftjlft.::'bO)Ii BousSAC. 1911 :.::J:: I.J E~ <iJf~~t"Lt..: t O)"'C<b I)~~....< j[Mf..j:~{l:::.~trtO'J c ~:11,<::1t•9, qjf;gli
DooRI"INK '.&lf. BoussAc OJID?.::.UL>"L Iran i!EOJtOJ~ Nummulites perforatus DE
Mol"Tf'ORT) c T Q. *tFfl!Rft:fi~iJiij· ~' Ziaran /MO)R~f\:;liJ¥ff!IM;fli*f:lft:l:$ Biarritzian
Wi"t' ;1.:, ~'iR .iE 119 ~~ti.!JJ»..

'*"change. The Ziaran Formation, 'vhich
is found in the northern part of theZiaran Basin and the Taleghan Hills is
composed largely of green tuff or tuff·
breccia, tuffaceous sandstone, black shale,glauconitic sandstone or glauconitic limestone. A number of pyroxene-feldsper
porphyrite sills intruded in this formation. The Nummulitic specimens dealt
with in this article were collected fromthe tuffaceous sandstone of the lower
Ziaran Formation exposed along the
Tekiyeh Pass in the Taleghan Area
together with some molluscan and otherfossils.

Introduction
Dr. Yoshio ONUKI recently completed
stratigraphic work in the Taleghan Area
in northern Iran. He collected a numberof specimens of Nummulites and kindly
submitted them to the writer for study.
According to his verbal information, theTaleghan district is located in the central
part of the Elburz l\1ountains, approximately 100km northwest of Teheran. This
district comprises an elongate area (25kmfrom east to west and 10 km from northto south) known as Taleghan Basin, apart of the Taleghan Hills and the Ziaran
Basin. The basement of this area consistsof jurassic rocks, which are overlain by
the Tertiary and Quaternary formations.
The Tertiary rocks, which are extensively distributed in this district are divided
into the marine Ziaran Formation andthe non-marine Taleghan Formation on
the basis of the remarkable lithofacies

Description of Species
Family Numrnulitidae (HANZAWA,
1963. p. 160)
Genus Nummulites LAMARCK, 1801
(HANZAWA and URATA. 1964,
pp. 2-4)
Nummulites perforatus (DE MONTFORT)• Received June 20, 1967; read June 18, 1967.

174

580.

Nummulites from !·ranPlate 16. figs. 1-6.
1896. Nummulites javanus VEROEEK (pars),
pp. 1143-11-17, pl. 3, figs. <15-50; pl. 4,
figs. 58-67 (Microspheric form).
1896. Nummulites
baguelensis
VERBEEK(pars). pp. 1147, 1148, pl. 3. fig. 74; pl. 4,
figs. 77-79 (megalospheric form).
1911. Nummulites perforatus (DE MoNTFORT),
BOUSSIIC, pp. 66-75, pl. 3. figs. 1-7, 13,1<1. 16.
1932. Camerina perforata (DE MoNTFORT).
DOOR:-IINK, pp. 272-27<1, pl. 1, figs. 1-5(microspheric form).
1932. Camerina javana (VERBEEK}. DooR:'-11:-;K, pp. 271, 272 (microspheric form).

VERBEEK's description and illustrationsof Nummulites jauanus var. 19 indicatethat this species is large and consists ofa very small proloculus (invisible) and anumber of closely coiled whorls. Its
lateral surfaces are rather smooth, but
ornamented with numerous moderately
sinuous septal filaments and small granules distributed evenly all over on them.
DOORNI:-.:K investigated the topotypesof ,Vummulites javanus VERBEEK andconcluded that this species shows a wide
range of variation in the external form
and in the degree of the ramificationand the sinuosity of septal filaments on
the lateral surfaces of the test just as
I3oussAc found in his study of the European Nummulites perforatus (DE l'vloNT·
FORT). DooRNI:\K identified Nummulites
jaranus (pars) with ,Vummulites perfora/us (DE :'vlo:>:TFORT) and discarded
the specific name of the former as asynonym of that of the latter.
According to DOORNI:\K, Nummulites
perjoratus from java is 20 mm across andvaries from a fairly strongly globose
form with a blunt periphery to a flatterform with a very sharp border.
All the specimens of Nummulites from
Iran now at the writer's disposal are
free from the matrix. Unfortunately,

175

the surfaces of the tests are so poorly
preserved that their characteristic features cannot be seen. But, the tangential sections parallel to the equatorial
plane of the tests show that the septal
filaments are moderately sinuous in the
microspheric form and are merely radialin the megalospheric form.
Besides,
numerous small granules which are theheads of the pillars traversing throughthe spiral lamellae are evenly distributed
all O\'er the lateral surfaces of both themicrospheric and megalospheric forms.
The microspheric specimens from Iranare rather small. 15-20 mm across and7-9 mm thick, and consist of a very tiny
spherical proloculus. l0f1 in diameter and33-50 closely coiled whorls. The periphery of all the specimens is broadly
rounded. These forms may be safely
identified with the typical Nummulites
javanus [=Nummulites perjoratus (DEMO:\TFUI< T)].
The associ a ted megalospheric form is 3.2-5A mrn across and1.2-2.0 mm thick and consists of a spherical proloculus. 260-840/1 in diameter and5-7 closely coiled \Vhorls; the peripheryis rather obtuse. This form is identified
with Nummulites baguelensis VERBEEK(pars) [=megalospheric form of 1\'ummulites perforatus (DE MONTFORT)].
Fortunately the writer made somewell-centered equatorial sections cut
through the proloculus (lOtt across) of
the microspheric specimens of N. perfora/us. The statistics of the height ofwhorls and the number of chambers in
the whorls in the earier part of the
microspheric specimens as well! as thoseof the megalospheric forms are given
below:
Geologic Horizon and Locality :-Biarritzian Ziaran Formation. the Tekiyeh
Pass in the Ta!eghan Area. Central Elburz~lountains, northern Iran. lGPS coli. cat.
no. 85491.

Shoshiro JJANZA TVA

176

Microspheric form (earlier whorls alone)
Whorls

-1

I
Il

III

IV

v
VI
VII

Height ofwhorls (in ,u)Number ofchambers

59-7,1
170-202364-417650-740
1,200
1, 440-1. 660
1,940-2.000

7
9-11
11-12
16-17
17-19
2'1-2522

l'vlegalospheric form
- - -Whorls

I
II
III

IV

v
VI
VII

Height ofI_whorls (in .")____

Number ofchambers

1, 090-1 . 300
1.820-2,260
2,500-2,620
3, 1•10-3. 310
3,820-3,900
4,350-4,700
4,800-5,350

5-7
1•1-16
18-22
22-28
24-32
39

I

References
Bocss.>.c. J. (1911) : Etude palconlologiques
sur le Nummulitique alpin. AUm. Carte
Ceo/. riel. France. pp. 1-'137, pis. 1-22.
DooRNIXK, H. W. (1932) :Tertiary Nummulitidae from Java. Verh. Ceo/. 11/ijnb.
Cenoot. Ned. Kol. Ceo/. Ser., vol. 9, pp.
267-315, pis. 1-10.
HA:-<ZAWA, S. (1962): Upper Cretaceous andTertiary Three-layered Larger Foraminifera and their Allied Forms. Micropaleonl., vol. 8, no. 2. pp. 129-186. pis. 1-8.
--and URATA, IIidco (1964): Supplementary
Note to the Nummulitic Rocks of Amakusa, Kyushu. Japan. Rep. Earth Sci.
Dep. Cen Educ., Kyushu UniL•., No. 11,
pp. 1-12, pis. 1-6.
VERBEEK, R. D. M. et FEN:SEMA, R. (1896):
Description geologique du java et Madoura. Amsterdam, Tome 2. pp. 1131-1183,
pis. 1-11.

- - - -

Explanation of Plate 16
Nummulites perforatus (DE MONTFORT)

1-4.

Microspheric form.
Equatorial section. x 5.
2. Tangential section parallel to equatorial section showing the features of pillars andseptal filaments. x 5.
3. Axial section. x 5.
4. Equatorial section of the earlier whorls showing the details of them and lhe microsphericproloculus. x 200.
5, 6. Megalospheric form.
5. Axial section. x 10.
6. Equatorial section. x 10.
l.

HANZA WA:

K u MAGAI photo,

Nummulites perforatus from han

Plate 16

Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan. N.S .. No. 68. pp. 177-184, pis. 17-19, Dec. 25. 1967

531.

A NEW RADIOLARIA FROM THE SOMACHI FORMATION,
KIKAI-JIMA. KAGOSHIMA PREFECTURE, JAPANTUNYOW HUANG
Chinese Petroleum Corporation

A small. white colored, ova! shaped,
so-called "OST ·· i\loRISHL\IA. el al.. 1949)
is a problematical fossil of frequent occurrence and wide distribution in theyounger Tertiary formations in japan.
It has also been recorded from the Somachi Formation in Kikai- jima, Kagoshima Prefecture (HUANG, 1966).
This prohlematica is. according to literature as well as the rock samples studied, rare in the upper rvliocene formations.
common in the Pliocene formations. andis known from the Recent seas (i'viA TOHA.
1966) of japan and Taiwan (HUA:\G, Fig.
1. in this paper).
In the Pliocene sediments of the Somachi Formation in Kikai-jima the socalled "OST " is common and associatedwith abundant planktonic Foraminifera.
siliceous sponge spicules and Radiolaria.
This problematical fossil, the scope of
the present article was studied underhigh magnification, its thin sections anddissected specimens. As the result of thepresent study it was found that it can
not be included in any previouslv described genus or species. and is her~ described as new to science.

Acknow ledgernent
The writer expresses his sincere grablute to Professor Kotora llA TAl of theInstitute of Geology and Paleontology.
Faculty of Science. Tohoku University
for his kind guidance throughout thi.s
study. Thanks are also due to Professor Rikizo ll\IAIZmii and Dr. Keiji OwEof the College of Arts and Science. To·
hoku University for their helpful advice
on the statocysts of prawns and opticalproperties of the test of those organism.
Thanks are due to Professor Veichow
C. jUAN and Professor Tsu-you CHU of
the National Taiwan University for supplying the samples of bottom sedimentsfrom near Taiwan.
Acknowledgement is also made for thepartial financial support of this investigation through a grant from the japan-U.S. Cooperative Science Program.

Paleontology
The problematica, as the result of
micropaleontological investigation, as
stated in detail later, is an undescribed
radolarian of rather common occurrence,extensivie distribution. rather short geo-

* Rccci vcd ] une 20. 1967.

177

178

Tunyow HUANG

logical range, and with associated faunacomprised of foraminifers and sponge
spicules.
This interesting microfossil is here
named llalaina ovata HUANG, gen. andsp. nov., and described below.
Description
Subclass RADIOLARIA MULLER, 1858
Order PORULOSIDA HAECKEL, 1887
Suborder SPUMELLINAEIIREI':HEiiG, 1875
Division SPHAERELLARI
llAECKEL, 1882
Superfamily LARACARIICAEIIAECKEL. 1887
Family LARACARIIDAE HAECKEL, 1887
Genus 1/alaina HUANG, new genus

Type sp'ecies :-Hataina ovata HUANG.

(195·1), belongs to the Laracariicae. And,
from the resemblance with that genus.
The present one is included in the samefamily.
The shell structure is similar to CellO·
sphaera and Ethmosphaera among the
Liosphaeridae. to Cenodiscus among the
Cenodiscidae, to Cenellipsis among the
Ellipsidiidae. and to Ce11olarchus among
the Laracarriidae. Although superficial
resemblance to Hataina to the genera
mentioned above exists, the present one
can be distinguished from them by thesmall aperture on the oval side, and thetypical lentelliptical form, and triaxial
ellipsoid with three dimension axes ofunequal length. Based on the last mentioend character this species should be
included in the Laracarriidae.
The most important biocharacters are
the shell form. the position of the aperture, and shell structure as describedabove.
Range :-Upper Miocene to Recent.

sp. nov.

/JescrijJiion :-Shell or test simple, asingle latticed shell. lentelliptical in outline, with simple shell-cavity; shell-pores
prolonged, cylindrical appear as tubuli:
without medullary shell or internal rods,
no radial spines preserved : aperture on
middle part of oval margin growth unequal in three axes.
Remarks :-The genus is named inhonour of Professor Kotara HA TAI, aneminent paleontologist under whose
direction the present work was accomplished.
The new genus Hataina is characterized by the lentelliptical fine fenestrated
shell without any accessary structure butwith an aperture opened on the middle
part of the oval margin and the unequal
growth in 3 axes. The new genus shows
close resemble to Cenolarclws, which according IIA ECKEL (1887) and CAMPBELL

Hataina IJVata I-lUANG, new species
Pl. 17, figs. 1-6; pl. 18, figs. 1-•l; pl. 19, figs. 1-6

Holotype :-Plate 17, figs. 1 to 3, IGPS
coil. cat. no. 88026 from locality No. 109.
the locality is shown in a paper by
HuANG (1966).
Paratype :-Plate 17, figs. 4 to 6; plate18, figs. 1 to 4; plate 19, figs. 1 to 6.
Specimens on the slide No. 1. From thesmae sample to the same locality as theholotype.
Thin section :-Slide No. 1. IGPS coiLcat. no. 88027.
Depository :-The holotype, paratype.
and thin section are deposited in theInstitute of Geology and Paleontology,
Faculty of Science, Tohoku University,
Sendai, Japan.
Description :-Shell
simple.
small,
lentelliptical latticed shell. subsphaericalNew Radiolaria front Kikai-Jimato elliptical in outline, rather thin-walled,
surface a little rough; pores very fine,numerous, circular. regular in arrangement, uniform in size and form, deeply
set into wall, cylindrical tubuli, treble asbroad as elevated bars; about 13 poreson half of longest axis, 10 on half ofshortest axis; pores slightly prolonged
outward in cylindrical tubules, theirouter opening nearly as broad as innerones and as broad as their height; aperture very small, simple, on middle partof oval margin, without any accessary
elements. Diameter of small opening 15f1.
Proportion of the three dimension
axes: 1 : 1.3 : 1.8.
Inner portion sometimes with very fine
honey -comb structure.

<-"v
v'
<(~
-----------X-®Fig. 1.

179

Map showing the geographic distribution of Hataina oz:ata lluA:-;G, n. sp.
Fossil.
Recent.
X

180

Tun yow HuANGTb
1<-- a~lOl

Fig. 2. Diagramatic sketches toillustrate the measurements ofHatai11a ovata Huang, n. sp.

abclongitudinal axis, length of test.
lateral axis, width of test.
equatorial axts, thickness of test.

The definition of the three dimension
axes are show Fig. 2.
The measurements of the three dimension axes are in Table 1.
Remarks:-The simple latticed shell of
this species is similar to but differs from
Cenolarchus primordia/is llAECKEL in
having the little rough surface, numerous fine pores and a small aperture on
the middle part of the oval margin.
The diameter of the test is, in general,
between 0.15 mm and 0.175 mm, the latterbeing the maximum.
The entire surface of the test seems
to be smooth under low power microscopic observation, bul under high power,
numerous small pit-like depressions,which are regular and circular in form
can be seen. The neighbouring equidistant pits are alway surrounded byregular frames of equal size. and thetine crests of these frames make a regular polygonal structure (Pl. 17. figs. 1-3).
According to the different positions towhich the focus of the microscope isbrought. the polygonal structures appear
different, and a rough surface can be
seen. Based on the observation of thesections and slides of the test, the pitlike depressions are found to be regularsmall cavities penetrating the test, andthey possess an inner and an outer opening.
These intraparietal cavities arecylindrical and without dilatation in the
middle part (Pl. 17, fig. 4).
Optical obsern1 ion

Generaly, the specimens are colorlessin thin sections. In the great majorityof the specimens, the internal cavity is
tilled up by secondary honey-comb struc-

Explanation of Plate 17
J/ataina ovata HUANG, new specie;:. Ilolotype. From sample no. 409, the Somachi
Formation, Kikai-jima, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.
1. Aperture view of the holotype (IGPS coli. cat. no. 88026). The illustration isstereophotomicrograph and only the right·hand member of the stereo-pair isnumbered.
2. Showing the simple aperture and regular pores.
3. Showing the form of pores and its frames.
Figs. •l-6. 1/ataina o11ata IluA:-lG, n. sp., paratype in thin section No.1 (IGPS coil. cat. no. 88027).
From sample no. 409, the SOmachi Formation, Kikai-jima, Kagoshima Prefecture,
Japan.
4. Vertical section through the test.
5. Showing the test and inner honey-comb structure with central cavity.
6. Showing the central cavity filled up with some limonite.
Figs. 1-3.

HUANG:New Radiolaria from Kikai-jima

Plate 172

20 J-1..
)

20fl6

5

20 j..L
7

0

20

40
60
fvll CRONS

80

100

New Radiolaria j1·om Kikai-Jima
ture of siliceous, very thin. hexagonal.
tubular frame-structure growth extend·
ing from the inner wall to the shellcenter (Pl. 17. figs. 5, 6: pl. 18. fig. 3 : pl.
19, figs. 1, 3, 5.) ; sometimes there remains
a small space in central part (Pl. 19. fig.
5; pl. 18, fig. 3; pl. 19, fig. 1.). But insome specimens the central part is empty(Pl. 18, 11g. 1.). The internal cavity of
the fossil specimens is sometimes filled
up with limonite (Pl. 19, fig. 6; pl. 19,
fig. 5). The different growth stages of
the honey-comb structure can be observed in the thin sections under the microscope.
Two kinds of mineralogical featuresof the organic structure of this species
were observed in the thin sections underDimensions:Specimen No.

crossed nicols: there are that of the test
and inner portion. The test is considered to be of rather primitive material.
being constituted of silicate material
that does not dissolve by acid. It showsan anisotropic optical nature. appearing
as quartz. is quite colorless, the relief islow. n is about the same as that of balsam under the polarizing microscope.
The inner portion appears non-crystalline
or microscopicalls amorphous (Pl. 18. figs.
2, 4: pl. 19, figs. 2. 4, 6) and also colorless. the relief is moderate, but n is lower
than balsam.
Although the inner structure portion
have been found in the sections but there
structure may be constructed in lattertime. Because of the difference of theTable 1.
-~ Maximum diamete~ -Mi~in~~m dia~~t~-.- ---Height--- ·--Thickness
(mm}

- -

1
2
3
•1
5

6
7
8
9

10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Holotype
aperture
pores
test

181

- --·- ---- ----

(mm}

(rom)

0.163
0.125
0.138
0. 125
0.138
0.125
0.1
0.138
0.125
0.138
0.113
0.113
0.1
0.113
0.138
0.175
0.15
0.125
0.12

0. 1
0.1
0.113
01
0.1
0.113
0.081
0.1
0.088
0.113
0.088
0.1
0. 1
0.088
0.113
0.125
0.113
0.081
0.08

- -

0.25
0.15
0.175
0.15
0. 25
0.163
0.125
0.188
0.163
0.17:10.138
0 15
0. 163
0.15
0.175
0.225
0.213
0.175
0.15
0.015
0.006

0. 0015

182

TunyoW HUANG

mineralogical characters of the materialof the test and inner honey-comb, thestructures are easily distinguished under
the optical microscope.
The behavior of silica in low-temperature environts has been discussed by
KRAUSKOPF (1959). And, his explanations
seem to have intimate bearing on thesilica of the specimens under the consideration.
Accordingly, the amorphous silica of
the inner portion of the specimens may
have been build when the animal wason the sea bottom. The development of
the honey-comb structure is considered
to have been promoted by the water dissolution and precipitation of silica after·death of the animal. The state of growthof the inner structure and some photomicrographs under cross nicols wereshown in plates 1 to 3.
Based on the optical observation anddifferent stages of growth, the external.and internal parts are inferred to be
due to different processes. The \'ITiter
considers that the inner structure portionis due to secondary material of inorganic
rigion.

Distribution
Although this peculiar species is described for the first time from the Pliocene Somachi Formation in Kikai-jima,
Kagoshima Prefecture, it has been recorded from the Upper Miocene through the
Pliocene (1\101{1SHIMA. et al., 1949; NAKA·
SEKO, 1954. and 1956; HUANG, 1966) toRecent (MA TOBA, 1966; HUANG, in thispaper). According to the investigation of
MORISIIIMA et a[. (1949). and NAKASEKO(195,1. and 1956) this species is an important marker species, and by it they
distinguished the OST Zone in the Neogene Tertiary formation distributed in
Toyama and Yamagata Prefectures,japan.
There are two more interesting occurrences; one is from the Recent sea bottom sediments off Kinkazan (MA TOBA,
1966) near Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture,japan. Here it occurrs in shallow water,
and the other is from the Recent deepsea bottom sediments from 20 km offllan, northeastern Taiwan. This sample
was collected by the Research Vessel
Yallg Ming during the CSK* project with

* A Cooperative study of the Kuroshio Current and its adjacent area.
Explanation of Plate 18/lataina ovata llUAi'>G, new species.
1. Showing simple test without inner honey-comb structure (ordinary illumination).
2. Showing the same specimen under the polarization cross nicols. The test isunamorphous silica, some extinction in it.
Figs. 3-4. Hataina ovata IIUA:"<G, new species.
3. Showing different stages of growth of inner honey-comb structure that may havebeen built at a latter time (ordinary illumination).
4. Showing the same specimen, the inner honey-comb structure portion is in amorphous and test is unamorphous optical nature, some extinction in it. under thepslarization cross nicols.
The specimens are all from sample no. 409, the SOmachi Formation, Kikai-jima, Kagoshima
Prefecture, Japan.
Thin section No. 1 (IGPS col!. cat. no. 88027).
Figs. 1. 2.

HUANG:New Radiolaria from Kikai-jima

Plate 19

2

4

0

20

40

60

MI CRONS

80

100

'Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., No. 68, pp. 185-192, pis. 20, 21. Dec. 25, 1967

532.

SOME MIOCENE LIMID FOSSILS FROM THE AREA
AROUND THE W ANIBUCHI MINE. IZU:MOPROVINCE, SOUTHWEST JAPAN*
KAZUO OKAMOTO
Laboratory of Geology, Shinonome Branch School,
Faculty of Education, Hiroshima University

andMITSUO NAKANOInstitute of Geology and Mineralogy, Faculty of Science,
Hiroshima University

tl.\~~ih~~IIJ!:ftili:tP 00)1Fffrtlt ::t::t,, =t- :t.i 1 ft.111.: -?It ·"C : .(t;,tfU\~-'!Lfllm~i!iHIZll.J~IM:
0IF~l:fllii=PfJiMt:kti:FM ? .t" J: U:~OOII~l!ft. · ;,1lWH... t:::t/l· ·, t. ti 1 ill.!~ 3 f._fi 1l'i\c~ !.... ifi=f0)%'~1l'Jm ;tt-::, .:t:l'11?0)? i? 2 fifHJ:~~O) ~; ~.- 'n~dt!l1rC' 'l•:HLTI ~ ~1,. ffit•fiO)'iiJ/ieft.o:~m"'"t:{;f:f11 :):;, • 141 !llf -jt tit*

Introduction and Acknowledgements

Through the first author's geological~urvey of the area around the Wanibuchi

mine, Izumo Province. Shimane Prefecture, Southwest japan in 1965-'66, he has
found some interesting specimens ofLima (Acesta) having numerous coarse
radial ribs on their large shell from the
Miocene Taisha. Tadaura and Wanibuchi
formations. Recently, he had a good·chance of studying them in cooperation
with the second author. As a result, thefollowing forms are discriminated.
Lima (Acesta) aff. amaxensis YoKoYA~IA
L. (.4). cf. smithi SowERBY
L. (A.) sp.

The former two forms have not yet• Received July 10, 1967: read Sept. 23, 1967.

been reported from japan and her adjacent areas. In this respect, they may
be new to sience. Therefore, the authors
give here the notes and descriptions ofthese Limid fossils.
The materials dealt with in this paper
are stored in the Shinonome Branch
School, Faculty of Education, IIiroshima
University.
The authors wish to express theirsincere thanks to Dr. Tokubei KURODA.
Emeritus President of the .NialacologicalSociety of japan, and Dr. Saburo KANNOof the Tokyo University of Education
for their kind suggestions. Acknowledgements are due to 1\fr. \1asakichi
SUGITANI. Principal of the Wanibuchi
Primary School of Hirata City. and l'vlessers Harue ARAKI and Minoru TAKA·
HASH! in Hirata City of Shimane Prefec-

185

186

Kazuo OKAAIOTO and Mits1w NAKANO

ture for supply of the specimens. Thanks
are also due to Dr. Norio KIKUCHI, Vicedirector of the Nishinomiya Kaisei Hospital in Nishinomiya City of Hyogo Prefecture for his permission to study the shell
specimens stored there. The authors
acknowledge the kind helps given by
Professor Emeritus Teiichi KOBAYASHIof the University of Tokyo. The authors
tender their cordial thanks to Professor
Emeritus Sotoji IMAMURA and Professors
Hisashi Kusu:o-II and Akira HASE of theHiroshima University for their encouragements.
This study was supported in part by
the Grant in Aid for Science Researches
from the l'vlinistry of Education.
Notes on tlte Geology of tlte Areaaround tlte Wanibuchi Mine
There are a number of reports on thedetailed mining geology of the areaaround the vVanibuchi mine, but a few
on the stratigraphy and geology. According to KATO, Y. (1950). KOBAYASHI(1950). NISHIYAl\IA (1962) etc., the Neogene strata of the area tentatively divided into the Taisha. Tadaura. Omori,
Wanibuchi, and Furue formations in ascending order. The division mentioned
above, however. does not seem to be sufficient to explain the stratigraphy of thearea on account of remarkable changeof lithofacies and complicated geologic
structure.
The Taisha formation is made up ofcoarse-grained sandstone and dark grayshale accompanied with pyroclastics.
The Tadaura formation consists of green
pyroclastics of plagioliparite origin anddark gray shale. The Omori formationis composed of basalts and andesites.
The Vhnibuchi formation is subdivided
into two members. the Aishiro in thelower and the Wanibuchi (s. s.) in theupper. and this formation made up of

green to variegated volcanic conglomerateand sandstone, and dark gray shele. The
Furue formation is composed of darkgray mudstone.
As to the fossils, KA TO, Y. (1950) collected Palliolum (Delectopecten) peckhami(GABB) from the Aishiro member and healso listed the following fossils out of the
Wanibuchi member.
Yoldia laudabilis YoKOYAl\IA
Propeamussium (Propeamussium) cf.
tateiwai KAl"EIIARA
Palliolum (Delectopecten) peckhami (GAun)
Lima (Aces/a) goliath So\\'ERBY

On the other hand. NISHIYAMA (1962)
noted that Corbicula sp. was discovered
in a sandstone of the Taisha formationand that the follo\vings from his Aishiro
and Wanibuchi members were listed.
Aishiro member
Delectopecten peckhami (GABH)
Doliocassis yokoyamai (No:-.·tURA and HAT At)
Phos nakamurczi (Kt;RODA)
Fulgolaria striata (YoKOYAMA)
Coptothyris grayi (DAVIT>SON)

Wanibuchi member
Cardita siogamensis (NOMURA)
Conchocele nipponica (YAnE and NoMuR.\)
Dosinia (Kaneharaia) kaneharai
YoKOYAMA

Doliocassis yokoyamai (No~tt:IL\ andHAT AI)
Nautilus izumoensis YoKOYAMA
Coptothyris grayi (DAvmso;o.;)In his geological survey of the areaaround the \~ranibuchi mine, the firstauthor collected Bellamya cf. kosasana(UEJI) from a bluish gray tuffaceous shaleof the Taisha formation and Lima
(Acesta) aff. amaxensis YoKOYAMA froma lapilli tuff or volcanic conglomerate of
the possible same formation. He also
gathered Lima (Acesta) sp. cf. L. (A.)
smithi SmVERBY from a lapilli tuff orvolcanic conglomerate of the probable532.

2\Jiocene Limids from Izwmo

Tadaura formation. and he found in the
Wanibuchi formation some molluscs
such as Delectopeclen peckhami (GABB).

Palinopeclen (/(olorapecten) kagamianus
YOKOYAMA. Lima (Acesa) cf. smithi
SOWER BY, Lima (Acesta) sp., Buccinum ?
sp. and others. The occurrence of thefossils in the Wanibuchi formation seems
to be very sporadic in coarse-grained
sediments, though /Jelectopecten peckhami
are abundantly found in fine-grained
deposits.
The age of the Taisha to Wanibuchi
formations is placed at i\-liddle to Upper
Miocene (Burdigarian to Helvetian) fromthe viewpoint of molluscs, and bethonicand planktonic foraminifera (T AI. 1959;
KATO, j., 1967).
Notes on the Lima (Acesta) Having
Coarse Radii Ribs from Japan
Among the Limid fossils, the follo\vingLima (ilcesta) having numerous coarse
radial ribs on shell surface, like L. (A.)
aff. amaxensis and L. (A.) cf. smilhi described below. are reported from the
Cenozoic formations of Japan.
amaxensis YoKoY A:.! A. 1911
samesllimai OYAMA et MIZU:-10, 1958
smithi SOWEIWY, 1888takeyamai OzAKI, 1956

Lima (Acesta) amaxensis "'is ornamented with about fifty simple, straight, narrow, equal. radiating ribs separated byintervals nearly as wide as the ribs themseh·es" (YOKOYAMA, 1911) on shell. Its
shell is ovately oblong in outline and
55 mm. high and 50 mm. long in YOKO·YAl\IA's holotype. but NAGAO's specimen(1928, p. lOt pl. 22. fig. 35) is more than
70 mm. high and 50 mm. long. They arecollected from the ltchoda sandstone of
the Eocene Sakasegawa group in Kyushu.
Lima (Aces/a) sameshimai is sculptured with radial ribs ''being strong, notsquamated,somewhatround-topped,

187

separated by wider interspaces, sixteen
to twenty one in number, of which few
being on anterior ear" (OY Ai\IA et MIZU·
NO. 1958) on somewhat trigonally ovate
shell which is about 82 mm. high andsome 67 mm. long.
In the character
mentioned above, this form is clearly
distinct from amaxensis. smithi andtakeyamai. This species is obtained froma dark bluish calcareous tuff of the upper Oligocene Takizawa subgroup inCentral Japan. and is accompanied with
Minolia tsuchii Qy AMA et l'vhzu;:-;o, ,\1olopophorus sp., Conus sp .. Septifer sp. and
Nemocardium sp.
On the shell surface of Lima (Acesta)smithi, "costis eire. 40. rotundalis, mediocriter elevatis. levissime undulatis instructa" (SOWERBY, 1888). PILSBRY (1895)
noted that this form has "strong rounded ribs separated by intervals of about
their own width, -. Hibs at the periphery 39 in number". According to
OYAMA (1943). the ribs including them on
posterior auricle are '17-56 in number. The
first author counted about 55 ribs fromlunular ridge to postero-dorsal margin
on a recent specimen (99mm. high, 79mm.
long) from the water off Izu Peninsulaof Central Japan. The recent forms havethe fairly ovate outline and it is said
that the shell size attains. in large specimens. about 100 mm. in longest diameter.
These are collected from the water at
100-300 m. depths around Central andNortheast Japan. KURODA (1932) recorded that there is an intermediary type
between L. (A.) smithi and L. (A) goliath
SOWERBY, the latter of which occurredin the Miocene to Recent of japan. HABE
and ITo (1956) also suggested that thisspecies is similar to the immature of L.
(.4.) goliath. This form and related ones
are reported from the Pliocene Nokogiriyama formation of Chiba Prefecture. theMiocene of Chichibu Basin in Saitama

188

Kazuo OKAMOTO and iiiiisuo NAKANO

Prefecture. and the Fuganji mudstone
member of the Miocene Tottori group in
Tottori Prefecture. the last of whichyields Den/alium yokoyamai l'v1AKIYAMA
and D. totomiensis l'viAKIY AMA as theassociated fossils.
Lima (flees/a) takeyamai is ·· cancellated by 110 straight, elevated radial ribsseparated by intervals of subequal
breadth" (OZAKI, 1956a) on shell. At
first, this form was reported as L. (.4.)
smithi SOWER BY by T AKEY AMA (1933)
from a shell sandstone of the l'vliocene
Namigata formation in Okayama Prefecture, and thereafter 07.AKI (1956a) established this form as a species named
L. (A.) takeyamai because of the specimens having ,10 radial ribs on shells
which seem to be not well preserved.
This is found with Acila (Tnmcacila)
gottschei (BOIIJ\1), Pecten (Chlamys) namigalaensis OZAKI. Oslrea sp., Coptothyris
grayi (DAVIDSON) and others.
In the fact mentioned above. it will be
noteworthy that there is some resemblance to the character of ribs among
amaxensis. smilhi and takeyamai, excluding sameshimai and they have been sometimes reported and collected from the
Cenozoic formations in Central and Southwest japan. especially in the latter.

Description of Species
Family Limidae
Genus Lima BRUGUIERE. 1797
Subgenus Acesta H. et A. AnA~fS, 1858

Lima (!lcesta) aff. amaxensis YoKOYAMA
Pl. 20, Figs. la-b.
Compare:1911. Lima amaxe11sis YoKOYAMA, jour. Coli.
Sci. Imp. ll11iv. Tokyo, Vol. 27, Art. 20,
p. 15, pl. 3, fig. 2.
1928. Lima amaxe11sis, NAGAO, Sci. Rep. To·

hokll Imp. U11iv., Ser. 2. Vol. 9, No. 3,.
p. 104 (8), pl. 20 (3), tig. 35.
19,13. Lima (Acesta) amaxensis, OYA:I.t.-1.,
Co11ch. !lsi at, Vol. J, pp. 43-'ltl, pl. 5,.
fig 1.
1960. Lima (Acesta) amaxensis. OY A:I.IA,.
Mrzt:NO and SAKAMOTO, Jl/usl. 1/andb.
japan. Paleog. Moll .. p. 125, pl. 33, figs.
3a-b.

Material :-Only one fairly well-preserved specimen (Reg. No. GSEH-OKSOOl) collected by ARAKI is at hand.
Description :-Shell large in size, opisthocline, trigonally ovate and inequilateral exclusive of auricles, a little higher
than broad, gently convex from umbo to·venter and from anterior to posterior;.
antero-dorsal margin slightly concave
and about a half as long as the shell,.
sloped subvertically downward; anteroventral rounded but somewhat subangulated at junction with antero-dorsal, passing gradually into broadly arched ventral
as can be judged from the growth-lines;.
postero-dorsal gently arcuated and nearly a half as long as the shell, forming
an angle of some 120 degrees with thehinge-line which is straight and abouta third of the shell length; umbo prominent and central ; anterior auricle small,slightly protruded, somewhat depressed
and triangular; posterior one triangular,large and about tv.·ice as large as theanterior but not so depressed; lunule
fairly large, cordiform and well excavated.
Surface ornamented with numerous
round-topped, radial ribs which are narrowly disposed and nearly equal in width
to the umbonal part but somewhat broad
and roof-topped and alternated with narrow grooves on the ventral side; 6 ormore on the antero-dorsal part nearlystraight or slightly curved anteriorly;
about 30 on the median part of the shell
almost straight and sometimes nexiated532.

Miocene Lim.ids !1·om Izumo

and rarely bifurcated but gradually
become thinner toward the posterior ;some 5 on the rest of the shell nearlystraight and fairly thin: sculpture on
the auricles and lunule not well observable. Growth-lines well developed on thewhole surface, especially on the ventral
periphery and the posterior side.
Internally. resilifer pit fairly large,
triangular, and directs foward.
.\leasurments* :-in mm.
Height~ab.

Width=

132
126

Obliquity=135+
Half thickness=ab. 21

Remarks:- This is closely allied toUma (Acesta) amaxensis YoKOYAMA
from the Eocene of North Kyushu, butdiffers in more inflated orbicular andlarger shell on which the posterior auricle is not so well defined than that of
the latter. The recent Lima (Aces/a)smithi SOWERBY from the sea around
Japan is quite similar to the present
form in nature and number of ribs, but
is distinct in having more trapezoidal
and larger shell. This form resembles
Lima (Acesta) diomedae DALL from the
Pacific ocean around the Galapagos Islands, but is separated in more ovateand larger shell from that of the latter.
Locality:-The very point of locality
is uncertain. The present specimen.
however, came probably out of thenorthern area of Yuya-dani, Yokan.
Taisha-machi. Shimane Prefecture.
Lithology :-Moderate brown to darkgreenish gray lapilli tuff or volcanic
conglomerate of the Taisha formation.

Lima (Aces/a) cf. smit hi SoWER BY
Pl. 21, Figs. la-b.
Compare:1888. Lima smithi SowER BY. Proc Zoo!. Soc.
London, p. 207, pl. 11. fig. 12.
• Employed AoKI'S method (See AoKt, 19?i6,
p. 186, text-fig. 1)

189o1895. Lima smithi, PtLSBRY, Cat. Mar. Mol£.
japan, p. 145.
1918. Lima (Acesta) smzthi, THIELE, Conch.
Cab., Bd. 7, Abt 2a. pp. 21-22, pl. 4"
figs. l-2.
1925. Lima sp. by YoKOYA~tA, jour. Fac. Sci.
Imp. Univ. Tol~yo, Sec. 2, Vol. 1. Pl. 3,
p. 123, pl. 15, fig. 14.
1932. Lima smithi, Kt:ROD/;, lfenus, Vol. 3,
No. 4, App. p. 115.
19,13. Lima (Acesta) smithi, 0YA~tA, Conch .
.4siat., Vol. 1. pp. 45-46, pl. 4, figs. 3a-b:
pl. 14, fig. 11.
1959. llcesta smithi, KtRA, Colour. J/lust.
Shell. japan, p. 129, pl. 52, fig. 7.
196'1. Lima (Aces/a) smithi, StttEA:\IA. Select.
Shell. World !llust. Colour., Vol. 2, pp.
55-56. pl. 37, fig. 3.
1965. Aces/a smithi, l-IABE and ITo. Shell.
World Colour., Vol. 1, p. 120, pl. 38, fig.
16.
1966. Lima (Acesta) cf. smithi, YA~tA:'IA, Expl.
Text
Geol.
Map " Tottori Pref.
(1/ 100.000)", pl. 3, fig. 5.

JHaterial :-There are some specimens.
A specimen (Reg. No. GSEH-OI<-S002)
obtained by TAK1\HASHI is a somewhat
well-preserved bivalved shell but aninternal mould. The rest is fragmentary.
Descriptioll :-Shell large, equivalve,
opisthocline, triangulary ovate, inequilateral, higher than long, gently convex
from umbo to venter and from anterior toposterior : antero-dorsal nearly straight orslightly concave and about four-fifths ofthe shell-length, sloped downward vertically; antero-ventral slightly curved but
somewhat subangulated at junctions withantero-dorsal and ventral margins ;postero-dorsal gently arched. passing
gradually into broadly arcuated ventral;umbo low but prominent and subcentral;
anterior auricle not well observed; posterior one depressed, large. triangular.
separated from the main part of theshell ; dorsal margin of posterior auricle
straight, forming an angle of about 12()

190

Kazuo OKAMOTO and Mitstto NAKANO·degrees with the postero-clorsal margin;apical angle about 95 degrees; lunule
iairly large, cordiform and somewhat
well excavated; gaping narrow and lenti·Cular; test fairly thin but it attains
about 2 mm. at lunule.
Surface sculptured with numerous
fairly broad, roof-topped radial ribs withnarrow and shallow grooves, except for
the anterior and posterior extremities
where the radial ribs are somewhat thinand the grooves become broader thanthose of the central: ribs counted 12 ormore on the antero-dorsal part of theshell almost straight and fairly thin ; 33
·On the median part of the shell nearlycStraight or somewhat ftexiated ; 6 or so·on the rest of the shell almost straight.and fairly thin; posterial auricle provid·ed probably with several faint radial ribs
with rather broad grooves; ventral
margin plicate. Growth-lines well observ·.able on the whole surface, especially on
the ventral and posterior sides.
J\feasurements :-in mm.
Height=145
Width =105

Obliquity =145
Thickness= 50

Comparison and Observation :-In thepresent form, it is interesting to see thatthe costation on the shell presents re·markable change of characters in ontogenetic development. The shell (lessthan about 20 mm. near umbo) in theearly stage is sculptured with flat-topped
ribs with narrow grooves, but the ribs

become gradually roof-shaped throughround-topped.
The present form is closely allied toLima (Acesta) smithi SOWERBY in surface
sculpture and shell form, but is distinct
in having the large shell on whichantero-dorsal margin is long and theposterior auricle is well-defined. This isquite similar to Lima (Acesta) amaxensis
YOKOYAJ\1A, but differs in the tall andlarge shell which is more inflated thanthat of the latter. Lima (Aces/a). aff.
amaxensis described before has someresemblance to this form in surface
costation and shell form, but it is easily
distinguishable from this form by themore orbicular shell having not so de·pressed posterior auricle. This is very
similar to Lima oalwillensis CLARK(WEAVER, 1942, p. 98, pl. 21, fig. 1; pl.
22. fig. 7) from the Oligocene of Washington in North Pacific side, but is distinct
in having somewhat numerous ribs andthe large shell.
Locality :-A quarry at Otoshi, Kawashimo-machi, Hirata City, Shimane
Prefecture (Lat. 35.26'29"N., Long. 132·
44'0l"E.).
Lithology :-Dark greenish gray medi·
urn-grained volcanic sandstone of the
Wanibuchi formation.

Uma (Aces/a) sp.
Pl. 20, Fig. 2; Pl. 21. Fig. 2

Material :-A single fragmentary inter·--------

Explanation of Plate 20
Lima (Acesta) aff. amaxcnsis YoKOYAMA ................................................ p. 188
Figs. la-b. Lateral and anterior views of a natural cast of left valve specimen (Reg. No.
GSEH-OK-S001). North of Yuya-dani. Yokan. Taisha-machi, Shimane Pref. (Probable
Taisha formation) x 0.8; CoiL H. ARAKI.
Lima (Acesta) sp. . ..................................................................... p. 190
Fig. 2. Lateral view of an imperfect internal mould of left valve specimen (Reg. No. GSEHOK-5003). North or northeast of the Wanibuchi mine. Hirata City. Shimane Pref.
(Wanibuchi formation) xl.

OKAMOTO o.nd NAKANO:

Miocene Limids frO?n l zumo

Plate 20

532.

1\Iiocene Limids j?·om Izumo

nal mould of left valve (Reg. No. GSEIIOK-S003) is in the collection.
Description :-Shell large, not so muchinflated : antero-dorsal margin fairly
short. nearly straight or slightly concaveand bluntly angulated at junction withantero-ventral which changes gradually
into broadly arched ventral; lunule deeply excavated; several faint radial ribs
on antero- and postero-dorsal extremities
broader than interspaces; traces of radialstriae observed in some places of surface ;growth-lines fairly well developed in thelater stage.
Remarks:-The outline of the shell
may be ovate to orbicular and its largest·diameter is more than 11 em., though theposterior and ventral parts and theauricles are missing in this specimen.
This form is, however, comparable with
Lima (Acesta) yagensis OTUKA (YOKOYAMA, 1925, pl. 14, fig. 11 ; KAI':NO, 1960.
pl. 37, figs. 1-4 : pl. 38, fig. 1) or its allied
form, namely, Lima (Acesta) omorii AoKI
in having large and ovate or orbicularshell on which radial ribs are well observable in the anterior and posterior
extremities.
Locality:-The very point also is uncertain. However, this specimen seems
to be collected from the area north or
northeast of the 'Vanibuchi mine. Kawashimo-machi. Hirata City, Shimane
Prefecture.
Lithology :-Brownish gray to darkgreenish gray lapilli tuff or volcanic
conglomerate of the Wanibuchi formation.

References
AoKI, S. (1956): On the Variation of Lima
(Acesta) goliath and Its al'lied Species,
with the Description of a New Species.
Tra11s. Proc. Palaeo11t. Soc. japan, N. S.,
No. 22, pp. 185-190, 3 text-figs., 1 pl.
HABE, T. and ITo. K. (1965): Shells oj theWorld in Colour, Vol. 1, The Norther11

191

Pacific (in Japanese). Hoikusha, Tokyo.
KAK::-o;o, S. (1960): The Tertiary System of
the Chichibu Basin, Saitama Prefecture,
Central japan, Pt. 2, Palaeontology. Japan
Soc. Promot. Sci., Tokyo.
KATO, J (1967) : Planktonic Foraminiferafrom Shimane Peninsula (in Japanese).
jour. Geol. Soc. japan, Vol. 73, Ko. 2, p. 99.
KATO, Y. (1950): On a Part of the Shinji
Folded Zone (in Japanese). Ibid., Vol. 55,
Nos. 648-649, p. 193.
KIRA. T. (1959): Coloured 1/lus/rations of the
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Prefecture, Western Japan. Bull. Nat.

192

Kazuo OKAMOTO and Mitsuo NAKANO

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Univ. Tokyo Sec. 2, Vol. 1, Pt. 3, pp. 111126, 2 pis.
- - - -

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