Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

Contents
I. TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENTS .......................................................
II. OPTICAL THEORY...............................................................................
Reflection ...................................................................................... 4
Refraction ...................................................................................... 4
Diffraction ..................................................................................... 5
Why TiO2? ...................................................................................... 6
TiO2 Particle Size .......................................................................... 7
Scattering Power .......................................................................... 7
Undertone...................................................................................... 8
Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC) ......................................... 8
Dry Flat Hiding .............................................................................. 9
Scattering Efficiency and Coating Opacity................................. 9
TiO2 Surface Treatment ............................................................... 0
Color, Particle Size, and PVC ...................................................... 0
Extenders ......................................................................................
III. OPTICAL PROPERTIES ....................................................................
Hiding Power and Tinting Strength ..............................................
Color ............................................................................................. 2
Dispersion..................................................................................... 3
Flocculation .................................................................................. 4
Weatherability .............................................................................. 4
Chalk Resistance and Gloss Retention ....................................... 5Standard Classifications ............................................................. 7
GRADE RECOMMENDATIONS .................
Interior Architectural Paints ........................................................ 8
Gloss and Semigloss Paints ........................................................ 8
Flat Paints..................................................................................... 8Exterior Architectural Paints ....................................................... 9
Industrial Finishes ........................................................................ 9
Automotive OEM and Refinish Coatings .................................... 9
Powder Coatings .........................................................................20
Other Industrials ..........................................................................2
Product Manufacture ..................................................................22..............................................................
Quality Assurance in Product Design ........................................24
Quality Assurance in Product Manufacture...............................26
Product Packaging and Delivery ................................................27
Technical Service ........................................................................27
Samples/Order Placement .........................................................27
VI. CHEMOURS CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY .........................

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

Titanium Dioxide for Coatings

This booklet is your guide to the use of Ti-Pure™ titanium dioxide (TiO2) incoatings. It describes the properties and functions of TiO2 pigments in amanner useful as an introductory guide for those new to the industry, anduseful as a reference guide to those with experience.
The first three sections describe titanium dioxide
pigments, their function as white pigments in coatingssystems and properties of TiO2 pigments which affectfinished product performance. The fourth section
serves as your guide to selecting the right Ti-Pure™
titanium dioxide grade for your specific application,and the last section describes the titanium dioxide
manufacturing process, quality assurance, andcustomer service.

No booklet can replace direct, personal contact with
Ti-Pure™ sales representatives and technical service
personnel. For more information, please contact yourregional Chemours TiO2 office. Telephone numbers andweb address are listed on the back cover.
Chemours ranks first among titanium dioxide
manufacturers in production capacity, product quality,
and customer service. As a worldwide supplier of Ti-Pure™
titanium dioxide pigments, Chemours is committed tomaintaining a leadership position in these areas.

Want to learn more? View our Coatings Products.
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2

Ti-Pure™ titanium dioxide is made only by Chemours.
The information set forth herein is furnished free of charge and based on technical data that Chemours believes to be reliable. It is intended for use by persons having technical skill,at their own risk. Because conditions of use are outside our control, we make no warranties, express or implied, and assume no liability in connection with any use of this information.
Nothing herein is to be taken as license to operate under or a recommendation to infringe any patents.

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

I. TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENTS
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the mostimportant white pigment used in thecoatings industry. It is widely usedbecause it efficiently scatters visible
light, thereby imparting whiteness,brightness and opacity whenincorporated into a coating. Titanium
dioxide is commercially available in two
crystal structures—anatase and rutile.
Rutile TiO2 pigments are preferredbecause they scatter light more
efficiently, are more stable and are more
durable than anatase pigments.
Titanium dioxide pigments are
insoluble in coating vehicles in which
they are dispersed; accordingly,
performance properties, e.g., chemical,

photochemical, and physicalcharacteristics, are determinedprincipally by the particle size of thepigment and the chemical compositionof its surface. Most commercial
grades of titanium dioxide haveinorganic and in some cases organic
surface treatments. Inorganic surface
modifiers most often are precipitatedcoatings of alumina and silica, which
are meticulously controlled for type,amount, and method of deposition.
These inorganic surface treatments
provide improvements in one or more
important performance properties
such as dispersibility in water andin a range of organic liquids, hiding

power efficiency, chalk resistance,and resistance to discoloration byheat and/or photoreduction. Organic
surface treatments can enhance thedispersibility of the pigment in selectedcoatings systems. Numerous grades areproduced with varying combinations ofsurface treatment to maximize value-inuse in a variety of coatings formulations.
It is inappropriate to equate superior
performance of TiO2 pigment in paintwith high TiO2 analysis. For example,
Ti-Pure™ titanium dioxide grades
specified at 80–88% minimum TiO2
content are markedly superior to highercontent TiO2 grades in hiding power
efficiency in some highly pigmented flat
paints.

3

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

II. OPTICAL THEORY
Figure 1
Reflective Scattering

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and otherwhite pigments opacify paint films
primarily by diffusely reflecting light.
This reflection occurs because thewhite pigment scatters or bends
light strongly. If there is enough white
pigment in a paint film, almost all visible
light striking it (except for a very small
amount absorbed by vehicle or pigment)
will be reflected, and the film will appear
opaque, white, and bright.
The primary control of opacity andbrightness in white paint films depends
on scattering of light. Scattering of lightmeans bending of light, and in coatings,
light can be bent by surface reflection,
by refraction and by diffraction.

reflected at the air-glass interface ofeach plate. If the stack were immersedin oil until all air was displaced, orcompressed sufficiently that all air were
removed, the stack would become astransparent as the glass bar. A changeof refractive index promotes reflection.
In this illustration, it is the difference inrefractive index of the glass (1.5) andthe air (1.0) that produces scatteredreflections from successive surfacesof the thin plates. In a like manner,reflection of light will occur fromthe surface of TiO2 pigments withhigh refractive index (2.7) in contact
with various coatings vehicles at low
refractive index (1.5).
Refraction
When light strikes a single high (inrelation to the surrounding vehicle)
refractive index transparent particle,
the portion that is not reflected enters
the particle and undergoes a deviationfrom its original path. When the lightenters a medium of higher refractive
index, it is bent toward a line drawn
perpendicular to the surface at theentrance point. When the light emerges,
it is bent away from this perpendicular.
The greater the difference in refractive
index between the particle and the
medium, the more the light is bent.
In Figure 2, the sphere on the left has ahigher refractive index than the sphereon the right, thus bending the light more
sharply; the left sphere scatters more
light than the right.
Cross sections of two white paintfilms are shown in Figure 3. In the
top illustration (high refractive index
pigment), light entering the film travels
a shorter path length than in the bottom(low refractive index pigment). Bothfilms appear opaque and white, sincepractically all incident light is returnedto the surface. If the films were reduced

Figure 2
Refraction of Light by Particles

Reflection
Figure 1 shows light scattering by
reflection. For the single glass bar
over the black line on the right, the line
shows clearly because light has beenreflected only twice (front and backof the bar) and only a small amount(~4%) is reflected at each surface. At
the left, a stack of thin glass plates
at equal thickness to the solid bar isplaced over the same black line. Theline is invisible because light has been
4

Higher Refractive Index

Lower Refractive Index

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

II. OPTICAL THEORY
in thickness to “X” and placed over a
black background, the top illustration
would remain opaque and white, while
the bottom containing the lower index
pigment would allow some light topass into the black background and beabsorbed. This film would appear gray incomparison.

Figure 3
Path of Light in White Paint Films

X

X

Higher Refractive Index Pigment

X

X

Lower Refractive Index Pigment

Figure 4
Diffraction Around Particles

Diffraction
The phenomenon of diffraction can beapproached by consideration of one
characteristic of wave motion. When awave passes an obstruction, it tends
to bend from its original path. As an
example, waves of water passing a
vertical piling will bend in behind thepiling. The same is true of light waves
as they pass near an object, they tend
to bend behind the object. With large
objects the amount of bending is
generally insignificant to the eye, butwhen the object’s dimensions approach
the wavelength of incident light, bending(diffraction) becomes appreciable.
When the size of the TiO2 particles
approaches half the wavelength ofincident light, the particles can bendfour to five times as much light as
actually falls on the particle because alarge amount of the light is diffracted
when it passes close to the particles.
In other words, the scattering crosssection can be four to five times thegeometric cross section of the particles.
Figure 4 is a qualitative considerationof the difference between diffraction
efficiency and particle size. The increasein diffraction at very small particle size
(ideally one-half the wavelength oflight desired to be scattered) is due toelectromagnetic resonance between
the particle and light. In other words, theparticle tunes in to the light wave in thesame way a radio antenna responds toradio waves.
5Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

II. OPTICAL THEORY
The ability of well-spaced particles ofwell-controlled size to diffract light is amajor consideration in the design of fully
functional coatings systems.
Why TiO2?
TiO2 is unique in that it combines highrefractive index with a high degree oftransparency in the visible region of thespectrum (Figure 5). This combination
affords the coatings formulator a routeto highly opaque and bright whites ortints at minimum film thicknesses.
To understand why TiO2 and especiallyrutile TiO2 offer such great advantages
in hiding, it is only necessary tocompare the refractive indices ofrutile and anatase with those of othercommercial white pigments and paintvehicles (Table 1). The larger thedifference between the refractive index
of the pigment and that of the medium
in which it is dispersed, the greater therefractive light scattering.

Table 1
Refractive Indices (R.I.) for Pigments and Vehicles Used in the Manufacture of Paint

White Pigments

R.I.

Vehicles or Media

R.I.

Diatomaceous earth

1.45

Vacuum1.0000Silica1.45–1.49

Air

1.0003

Calcium carbonate

1.63

Water

1.3330

Barytes

1.64

Polyvinyl acetate resin

1.47

Clay

1.65

Soybean oil

1.48

Magnesium silicate

1.65

Refined linseed oil

1.48

Lithopone

1.84

Vinyl resin

1.48

Zinc oxide

2.02

Acrylic resin

1.49

Antimony oxide

2.09–2.29

Tung oil

1.52

Zinc sulfide

2.37

Oxidizing soya alkyd

1.52–1.53

Titanium dioxide (anatase)

2.55

Styrene butadiene resin

1.53

Titanium dioxide (rutile)

2.73

Alkyd/melamine (75/25)

1.55

Refractive Index=

Speed-of-light-in-vacuum
Speed-of-light-in-substance

Figure 5
Reflectance of TiO2 Pigment in Various Regions of the Spectrum
100
90Percent reflectance

80
70
60
50
40
30

Ultraviolet

20

VisibleInfrared

10
0
300

400
Anatase
Rutile

6

500

600

Wavelength (nm)

700

800

900

1000

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

II. OPTICAL THEORY
Figure 6
Effect of Refractive Index on Opacity
Clay

Calcium Carbonate

Zinc Oxide

Anatase TiO2

Rutile TiO2

Figure 6 shows a practicaldemonstration of the effect of refractive
index on opacity. The films were
formulated at constant volume percent
pigment in an acrylic vehicle. The film
made with rutile TiO2 does the mostcomplete job of hiding the substrate.
TiO2 Particle Size

R.I.

1.65

1.63

2.02

2.55

2.73

Figure 7
Relative Light Scattering Power versus Rutile Particle Size

Relative scattering power

1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75

Scattering Power

Blue

0.50
Green

0.25

Red

0
0.05

As has been previously covered, formost efficient light scattering, the TiO2
pigment diameter should be slightly lessthan one-half the wavelength of light
to be scattered. Since the human eye
is most sensitive to yellow-green light(wavelength about 0.55 microns), thetheoretical optimum particle size for
TiO2 pigments for coatings is between
0.2 and 0.3 microns in diameter.
Studies by microscopy have confirmed
this range for the primary particle
size. However, different measurement
technologies can give different results.

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.30

Diameter (microns)

0.50

0.80

Curves in Figure 7 derived fromtheoretical considerations in highly
dilute systems show the relative
scattering power of rutile TiO2 for blue,
green and red light as a function ofparticle size. At about 0.2 microns, thesum of light scattered at all wavelengths
is maximized. When the particle size isincreased to between 0.25 and 0.30
microns, the scattering of blue lightdecreases rapidly, but the scattering ofgreen and red is relatively unchanged;
however, at 0.15 microns, the diametercorresponding to maximum scatteringof blue light, light scattering in the red
and green regions drops markedly.

7

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

II. OPTICAL THEORY
Undertone

Figure 8

In an ideal white film that is pigmented tocomplete hiding, changing pigment particle
size has no effect on color since all the light
striking the film is completely scattered.
This is illustrated in Figure 8 which showsthat both blue light with the shortest path
length and red light with the longest areboth totally reflected—the visual effect isthe same as if all light had the same path
length. Figure 9 illustrates the case in which
an absorbing pigment such as carbon blackis added to the white paint formula. On one
hand, smaller particles scatter blue light
more efficiently than the red light (see Fig.
7). That means shorter path/less absorption
for the blue light. On the other hand, redlight with the longer path length now has
a greater chance to be absorbed. As aconsequence, the reflected hue appears
bluer. Thus, in a paint film containing somelight-absorbing matter, decreasing TiO2
particle size will increase blueness. Thisphenomenon is called undertone.

Scattering of Light by White Paint

Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC)
Coatings properties such as gloss,
permeability, porosity, hiding power, tinting
strength and undertone are directly
related to PVC. A dry paint film is a threedimensional structure and as such thevolume relationships among its components
will bear importantly on paint performance.
% PVC =

Pigment volume (TiO2 + extenders)

Pigment volume + volume of binders

Incident Light: Equal parts of short and long wavelength (blue and red)
Incident Light: Equal parts of short and long wavelength (blue and red)White Paint Film

SUBSTRATEWhite pigment particles
Reflected light short (blue)
Reflected light long (red)Figure 9
Scattering and Absorption of Light by Gray Paint
Incident Light: Equal parts of short and long wavelength (blue and red)
Incident Light: Equal parts of short and long wavelength (blue and red)Gray Paint Film

X 100

PVC is the ratio, by volume, of all pigmentsin the paint to total nonvolatiles.
At a particular PVC called the criticalpigment volume concentration (CPVC),
many physical and optical properties ofpaint change abruptly. Generally, CPVC
is considered to be the PVC where there
is just sufficient binder to coat pigment
surfaces and provide a continuous phasethroughout the film.
8

SUBSTRATEWhite pigment particles
Black pigment particles in white paintReflected light short (blue)
Reflected light long (red)Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

II. OPTICAL THEORY
Dry Flat Hiding

Constant TiO2 Spreading Rate (per unit area of dry film)

Interestingly, as air is incorporated into
a paint film as a result of formulating
highly pigmented coatings above theCPVC, the average refractive index of
the vehicle matrix decreases, increasing
the refractive index difference between
the pigment and surrounding medium.
The result is increased light scattering.
Formulators often use dry flat hiding to
improve hiding of low-gloss flat interiorarchitectural finishes.

TiO2 scattering efficiency

Figure 10

Scattering Efficiency and Coating
Opacity

TiO2 volume concentration

Figure 11

Total film hiding (SX)

Constant Dry Film Thickness

CPVC

TiO2 volume concentration

As the TiO2 PVC or TiO2 volumeconcentration (volume ratio of TiO2
in the paint to total nonvolatiles)
increases above approximately 10%,
diffractive light scattering decreases
because of TiO2 particle crowding. The
result of this effect can be shown by
formulating a series of coatings withincreasing TiO2 volume content, but
at constant TiO2 per unit area of thedry film (decreasing film thickness).
This is illustrated in Figure 10. On theother hand, an increase in TiO2 volumeconcentration at equal film thickness
will initially show an increase in total
opacity of the coating (despite the loss
in efficiency) up to about 30 PVC, andthen hiding or opacity decreases withfurther additions of TiO2 because thescattering efficiency is falling more
rapidly than compensated for by higher
TiO2 concentration. This continues until
the CPVC is reached, at which point theonset of dry flat hiding causes opacity
to increase again (Figure 11).

9

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

II. OPTICAL THEORY

One way to prevent crowding of TiO2
particles in highly pigmented systems
is to coat the pigment surface ina controlled manner. The surface
coating then acts as a physical spacer,maintaining separation between
adjacent TiO2 particles and minimizing
losses in diffractive light-scattering
efficiency as pigment concentration isincreased. A unit weight of this speciallycoated pigment contains less TiO2 thanits uncoated counterparts, but the lightscattering ability of the heavily coatedgrade is higher in most high-PVC paints.
Color, Particle Size, and PVC
Color and undertone are sometimes
confused. It is possible for a paintcontaining blue undertone TiO2 to havea yellow color because of one of theundesirable effects listed in Table 2.
Blue and yellow undertone pigments
will have equal color or brightness
when measured in pure white coating
formulas at complete opacity.
Probably more color-matchingproblems result from the use of thewrong particle-size TiO2 and/or failure
to recognize undertone changes that
occur with TiO2 concentration thanfrom improper combinations of colored
pigments. The combined effects ofparticle size and TiO2 PVC on the colorof a tinted paint are substantial andare shown in Figure 12. The decreasein scattering efficiency as TiO2 PVC
increases occurs to the greatest extent
in the red part of the spectrum; hence,reflected light shifts to the blue region
as PVC increases.

Table 2
Some Causes of Undesirable Color Effect
1. Contamination—including abraded processing equipment, usually resulting from problems during thedispersion process.
2. Colored products of reactions of TiO2 with other paint ingredients such as phenolics, strong reducing
agents, etc.

3. Blue, purple or gray discoloration in oxygen-impermeable films exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

4. Excessive heat exposure—vehicle discoloration.

5. Inadequate hiding—show-through of substrate.

Figure 12
Titanium Dioxide Effect of Particle Size and PVC on Tinted Paint Undertone

20

PVC %

TiO2 Surface Treatment

10

5

Fine

MediumCoarseParticle Size*Blue/red reflectance values

10Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

III. OPTICAL PROPERTIESExtendersHiding Power and Tinting Strength

In addition to TiO2 and vehicle, many
paints also contain extender pigments.
These normally low-cost materials
perform a variety of functions. White
extender pigments are mineralcompounds of relatively low refractive
index. They differ in composition, sizeand shape. White extender pigments
develop very little hiding in gloss andsemigloss paints, but they contributedry-flat hiding (air-pigment interface)to paints at low cost and are used tocontrol gloss, texture, suspension, andviscosity. The main types of extenders
are carbonates, silicates, sulfates, andoxides. Their particle sizes range from0.01 to 44 microns. Often more than
one extender is used to obtain optimum
properties. A high-gloss white paintusually contains only TiO2; a semigloss
paint contains TiO2 and some extenderpigments; a flat paint contains TiO2 but
has a high extender content.

Hiding power and tinting strength are
two optical properties used to describe
the light-scattering efficiency of awhite pigment, and must be consideredwhen selecting a commercial gradeof TiO2. The hiding power of a paint isa measure of its ability to obscure abackground of contrasting color, andresults from interactions between
incident light and the pigments present
in the paint film. White pigments provide
opacity by scattering incident visible
light at all wavelengths, and color
pigments provide opacity by absorbing
incident visible light at characteristic
wavelengths. Figure 13 illustrates two
coatings (A and B) at complete hiding
and one coating (C) at incomplete hiding,
all covering a black substrate. Coating
A is pure white and reflects or scatters
all the light hitting it before any of thelight reaches the substrate. Coating B
is pure black and absorbs all the lighthitting it. Coating C is a white coating
but is at incomplete hiding. Some of
the light hitting it penetrates throughto the black substrate and is absorbed
while the rest is scattered. This coating
therefore appears gray.
While hiding power is a measure of theability of TiO2 to opacify a white paintfilm, tinting strength describes its ability
to add whiteness and brightness tothe color of a tinted paint. The tinting
strength test describes TiO2 lightscattering contribution relative to thelight-absorbing ability of a colored
pigment when a white paint is tinted toabout 50% reflectance with the colored
pigment. To be sure that flocculation
does not give misleading tinting
strength results, the tinting strength
measurement should be accompanied
by some measure of flocculation suchas a rub-up test on the partially dried
tinted paint.

Figure 13
Opacification of a Film

A: Complete Hiding—Light Scattering

B: Complete Hiding—Light Absorption

C: Incomplete Hiding

11Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

III. OPTICAL PROPERTIESColor
Dry compacted TiO2 samples arecharacterized by their brightness andwhiteness, and exhibit reflectanceproperties approaching that of theperfect reflecting diffuser. “Color” iscarefully controlled during the TiO2
manufacturing process through theremoval of trace amounts of metaloxide contaminants. These lightabsorbing contaminants will detractfrom the brightness and whitenessof the pigment, and can affect theappearance of white and near-whitepaints containing that pigment. The TiO2
present in a white paint contributes tothe color of the paint film by scattering
light and providing brightness,
whiteness, and opacity. However,there are many circumstances which
can cause undesirable color effects
in a white paint film; some have beenshown in Table 2. As described earlier,the appearance of a nonabsorbing
white paint film at complete hiding
is unaffected by TiO2 particle size orundertone.
The color of dry TiO2 and white(and near-white) paint films is often
expressed in terms of their CIE L*a*b*
color coordinates (10° Standard
Observer, Illuminant D65), wherein
L* is a measure of brightness, a* is ameasure of redness-greenness and b*a measure of yellowness-blueness. CIE
color difference values such as L* andb* are also used to describe the colorof a sample relative to an agreed-uponreference sample. Other commonlyused expressions to describe the color

12of dry TiO2 and white paints include
brightness (measured either as Huntergreen filter reflectance G, or as CIE Y
tristimulus value) and yellowness index
as shown below:
Yellowness Index (Y.I.) by ASTM D1925

Y.I. =

A
B(Amber reflectance) — (Blue reflectance)

X 100

G

OR
Y.I. =(1.28X — 1.06Z)
Y

X 100

A, B and G = Hunter or Gardner Reflectometer Reflectances(tristimulus colorimeter readings, normalized to 100)
X, Y and Z = CIE Tristimulus Values, 2° Standard Observer,
Illuminant C

GlossOf all the optical properties of acoating, the perception of gloss isthe most complex. Analysis of visualgloss observations reveals that several
criteria are involved in the psychology ofgloss:• Specular reflectance• Distinctness of image (eyes focusedon virtual image behind surface)• The contrast between light and dark
images• HazeOf these, specular reflectance has
proved the most popular for widespread
analytical evaluation of the surface
phenomena we call gloss. This is
typically measured as the amount oflight reflected off a surface at an angle
equal to a beam of carefully focused
incident light. Most gloss evaluations
are performed at angles of 20, 60

or 85 degrees as measured fromperpendicular. We speak of 20-degree
gloss for the highest-gloss surfaces,
60-degree for low-gloss and semigloss
paints, and typically reserve 85-degree
gloss for eggshell and flat paints.
The gloss of a coating is primarily
determined by PVC, pigment type andvehicle type. Within a specific formula,TiO2 selection is important because
the gloss will be negatively affectedby exceedingly large fraction of hard,
unground agglomerates in the paint.
Therefore, the fraction of particles larger
than a certain diameter (dependent upon
the system) is an excellent predictorof gloss. Proper TiO2 grade selection,correct formulation and procedures tomaximize dispersion are needed. Also,
finishes are subjected to a variety ofconditions during manufacture, storage,
application, curing and use that canaffect final gloss. Table 3 lists some ofthese factors.

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

III. OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Table 3

Dispersion
The particle size of TiO2 is small
compared to the thickness of the film inwhich it is used. As discussed in “Optical
Theory” (p. 7), TiO2 has a theoreticaloptimum particle size between 0.2
and 0.3 microns, but as received isconsiderably larger because of theformation of agglomerates in handlingduring the manufacturing process. Theenergy of simply stirring pigment into
water or binder is not great enoughto overcome the particle attractive
forces preventing the breakup of theagglomerates. By not minimizing thenumber of these agglomerates, theend-use properties will all be adversely
affected (e.g., gloss, hiding power,
tint strength, poor suspension, color
streaking in tints and grit in the film).
Although the pigment is designed toyield optimum hiding power, gloss andcolor, these basic properties may not berealized if the initial dispersion of TiO2 isinadequate. Figure 14 shows the particle
size distribution of a poorly dispersed
pigment versus a well-dispersed pigment.
The optimum dispersion for the pigment
is defined where further grinding will notchange this distribution.

Some Factors Affecting Gloss
Manufacture
Fineness of grindType of mill
Raw materials
Ratio of pigment to binder
Storage
Gradual wetting of pigment
Poor reincorporation of settled coarse particles
Seeding, soap or crystal formation
Gradual increase of viscosity
Application
Smoothness of substrate
Loss of binder into substrate
Dissolving of binder from priming coat
Varying degrees of shear during application
Various degrees of leveling or flow resulting from the particular methodof application (e.g., orange peel on spraying)Contamination with dust
Film thickness
Rate of solvent loss (e.g., flash time before baking)
Baking temperature and time
Humidity during drying
Use
Variation with age of film and conditions of exposure

Figure 14
TiO2 Dispersion States vs. Particle Size Distribution and Pigment Properties

1. Wetting, where air and othersubstances are displaced fromthe pigment surface by solvent,dispersant/surfactant and binder.

Volume fraction %Film properties
Gloss

Degree of dispersion

2. Grinding, in which the agglomeratesof pigment particles are broken andseparated into an optimum particle
distribution.

Optical properties
Hiding power
Tinting strength

0.1

0.2
Well dispersed
Poorly dispersed

0.5

1.0

2

Diameter (microns)

5
7½

10

20

30 40 50

7
6
Hegman finenessThe actual process of breaking
agglomerates (i.e., dispersion) can bevisualized as occurring in three steps in
the grinding process:3. Stabilization, by which the optimallyseparated particles are maintained byeither charge or steric stabilization.

5 4

13

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

III. OPTICAL PROPERTIESThis classification is useful because
our experience shows that one pigment
may differ from another in one ormore of these steps of the dispersion
process. However, the three phases are
not always taken into consideration by
pigment users; consequently, a pigment
is frequently described simply as “poorin dispersion properties” regardless ofthe specific phase in which it is actually
deficient. Figure 15 visually illustrates
this concept.

Figure 15

Flocculation

Dispersion Process

Flocculation is the formation of loose
clumps of TiO2 particles (i.e., flocculates)in a fluid system. Flocculation isoften the result of an inadequate
initial grind (dispersion), improper
type or concentration of dispersant,pH mismatch, and temperature.
Characteristically, these clumps areeasily broken under moderate shear, butwill quickly reform if the particles arefree to move in the matrix. Flocculation
can cause several major problems,
including:

Wetting(Solvent)

TiO2 dispersion in oleoresinous binders(i.e., solvent-based paints) usuallydepends on shear rate, mill baseviscosity, time and degree of wetting
provided by the vehicle. Although theresin is often the sole dispersing agent,
there are dispersants formulated forspecific resins and solvent systems.
In water systems, dispersants are
required for wetting and stabilization.
It is important to recognize that bothamount and type of dispersant affectdispersion quality. Excess dispersant
is self-defeating, particularly withionic types, and should be avoided.
The optimum amount varies with theparticular dispersant used, the TiO2
grade and water hardness. A very simple
test for determining dispersant demand
involves measuring the Brookfieldviscosity of a 70 weight-percent
TiO2 aqueous slurry prepared using
a high-speed disperser and several
different dispersant concentrations.
The optimum dispersant concentration
yields minimum viscosity. Using
dispersant at this level, pigment
concentration can be varied to achieve
desired mill base rheology. Dispersant
selection is even more critical in paints
utilizing anionic and nonionic rheology
modifiers.

14• Loss of opacity and tinting strength—
flocculates do not scatter as
efficiently as primary TiO2 particles.

Particle Separation(Mechanical Energy)• Excessive viscosity and poor
flowability—often, stirring will thin thesuspension, but flocculation will recuron standing.
• Low gloss.
Weatherability

Flocculation

Stabilization(dispersant)White pigment particles

Weatherability is a term applied to thevarious changes in appearance andfunctional value of exposed pigmented
coatings. It includes all parameters of
exterior serviceability, such as retentionof color, retention of gloss, chalking,adhesion (blistering, flaking, peeling) andfilm integrity (i.e., checking, cracking,erosion, corrosion protection). These
performance properties are controlled
principally by formulation (e.g., choiceof vehicle, extender, pigment volumeconcentration, etc., which are relatively
independent of the grade of TiO2 used).
However, chalk resistance, retentionof color (tinted paints) and gloss, andresistance to discoloration by mildew
and dirt collection can be influenced by
TiO2 grade selection.

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

III. OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Figure 16
Gloss Retention and Chalk Resistance Florida Exposure Series(Blue-tinted Architectural Alkyd at 15PVC)
Gloss Retention
100
90

60° washed gloss

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

5

10

15

20

25

20

25

Exposure time (months)

Pigment A
Pigment B

Chalk Resistance
0.25

Red reflectance

0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
0

5
Pigment A

10

15

Exposure time (months)

Pigment B

The weatherability of pigmented
coatings is best evaluated throughexterior exposure studies over a rangeof representative climate conditions.
Frequently, test panels are placedon exposure at locations like Florida,
Arizona, and Australia to measureperformance under extreme conditions.
Appearance and film properties can bemonitored over the expected service
life of the coating. Use of accelerated
testing equipment to simulate exterior
exposure is frequently used within thecoatings industry to obtain a preliminary

assessment of exterior performance;
however, reliability of this testing issuch that results need to be confirmed
through exterior exposure experiments.
Chalk Resistance and Gloss Retention
The initial effects of weathering
are usually detected at the surfaceof the paint film and are caused bydegradation of the organic binder
on exposure to sunlight, moisture,temperature change and environmental
pollutants. The organic binders
used in coatings applications are

high-molecular-weight polymers.
These polymers are susceptible tophotochemical attack, and degrade
over time to form low-molecular-weightoxygenated species that solubilize andwash from the surface of the film. This
process increases surface roughness
and reduces gloss. Chalking occurs asincreased amounts of organic binder are
removed from the surface of the film,
causing TiO2 and extender pigments
to protrude through the film surface
producing a white, chalky appearance.
Chalking in tinted paints is a particularconcern, since its onset causes color
change—increased lightness andreduced chromaticity. In this regard,
the most chalk-resistant pigments
are essential for best color and gloss
retention in tinted paints. For example,
Figure 16 illustrates the improvements
in gloss retention and chalk resistancein a blue-tinted architectural alkyd thatcan be obtained through selectionof a durable TiO2 grade. As shown in
the upper graph, the paint containing
Pigment B exhibits higher 60° washedgloss over the exposure period thanthe paint containing Pigment A.
Similarly, the lower graph shows thepaint containing Pigment B to be moreresistant to chalking than the paintcontaining Pigment A. In this case, thedegree of chalking is determined bymeasuring the red reflectance, wherein
increased reflectance is due to theincreased levels of white pigment
protruding through the surface of the
film.
Rutile TiO2 is inherently more chalkresistant than anatase because it
absorbs significantly more UV-A
ultraviolet radiation in the region of
350–400 nanometers (Figure 5,
page 7), converting it into energy in15

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

III. OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Figure 17
Impervious Shell of SiO2 on Pigment
Surface

Figure 18

the form of heat and protecting theorganic portions of the paint film from
UV degradation. The surface of the
TiO2 pigment particle is, however,photochemically active and can, inthe presence of H2O and O2, promotedegradation of the organic binderat the pigment surface. This formof degradation can be controlled
through the application of inorganicoxide surface treatments, which act
as barriers between the TiO2 surface
and the organic binder. Ti-Pure™ SelectTS-6200 and R-960 are outstanding
commercial examples, wherein eachpigment particle is encased in animpervious shell of SiO2. This tight
SiO2 coating provides a high degreeof protection against photochemical
activity. The SiO2 surface treatment isshown in Figure 17. For applications
requiring maximum chalk resistanceand tint retention, Ti-Pure™ R-960 and
TS-6200 are the preferred grade. The
relative chalk resistance of several
Ti-Pure™ titanium dioxide grades is
illustrated in Figure 18. For applications

demanding high initial haze-free gloss
and a high degree of gloss retention
over the service life of the coating,selection of a TiO2 grade with high gloss
and durability, like TS-6200, is critical toa successful formulation. These typesof pigments are required to complement
the performance of photochemicallystabilized vehicle systems used in arange of high-performance architecturaland industrial coatings systems.
Occasionally, pigment chalking isdesired. If “cleanup” of dirt (e.g., whitehouse paints) is desired, the formulator
may do the following:• Increase pigment volumeconcentration.
• Use a less chalk-resistant grade ofrutile or extender.
• Use some anatase in combination
with the rutile pigment.
However, use of these methods will
decrease tint and gloss retention.

Chalk Resistance of Ti-Pure™ Pigments

16

R-900

R-902+

R-706

R-960

TS-6200

13 Months Exterior
Exposure

17 Months Exterior
Exposure

33 Months Exterior
Exposure

35 Months Exterior
Exposure

42 Months Exterior
ExposureTitanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

III. OPTICAL PROPERTIESStandard Classifications
Table 4 identifies paint grade Ti-Pure™ titanium
dioxide pigments conforming to each of the fourtypes specified in ASTM D476 classifications.
Table 4
ASTM Specification for Paint Grade Ti-Pure™ Titanum Dioxide Pigments
Type I
Anatase*—free chalking

Typical end-use
application(s)Titanium dioxide (Ti02)
content, min, percent
Specific resistance,

Moisture content as
packed, min, percent

Specific gravity

45-µm screen residue,max, percent

White exterior
house paint andinterior uses

Type II

Type III

Type IV

Type V

Type VI

Type VII

Rutile—low-medium
chalk resistance

Rutile—mediumchalk resistance

Rutile—highchalk resistance

Rutile—highchalk resistance

Rutile—medium-highchalk resistance

Rutile—medium-highchalk resistanceHigh percent PVC

Exterior coatingsrequiring
excellent
durability

Exterior coatingsrequiring
excellent
durability withhigh gloss

Interior–exteriorcoatings
medium–highpercent PVC

Interior–exteriorcoatings
low–highpercent PVC

Low-medium
percent PVC

ASTM
Standards
D 3720

94

92

80

80

90

90

92

D 1394

5000

5000

3000

3000

3000

5000

5000

D 2448

0.7

0.7

1.5

1.5

1

0.7

0.7

D 280

3.8–4.0

4.0–4.3

3.6–4.3

3.6–4.3

3.6–4.3

3.6–4.3

4.0–4.3

D 153

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

D 185

Type I

AnataseType II

Rutile — low-medium chalk resistance — R-706, R-900, R-902+

Type III

Rutile — medium chalk resistance — R-706, R-902+, TS-6300**

Type IV

Rutile — highly chalk resistant — R-706, R-960, TS-6200

Type V

Rutile — exterior applications with high gloss — R-706, TS-6200

Type VI

Rutile — interior exterior, medium-high PVC — R-706, R-902+

Type VII

Rutile—interior exterior, low-high PVC—R-706, R-902+* Identification of anatase or rutile or mixtures therof is made by X-ray analysis (Test Method D 3720).
** Preferred Ti-Pure® grade for high PVC flat finishes.

17Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

GRADE RECOMMENDATIONSInterior Architectural Paints
Gloss and Semigloss Paints
Ti-Pure™ R-900 is recommended forgeneral use in alkyd and latex paints
for interior gloss and semi-gloss
applications. This pigment disperses
easily, develops high gloss and shows
maximum hiding power over a wide
range of gloss grade applications.
Two multipurpose gloss
grades, Ti-Pure™ R-706 and Ti-Pure™
R-902+, are recommended for use
when a single pigment is required toperform well in both interior and exterior
gloss and semi-gloss systems. R-706
is the ideal selection for applications
requiring high gloss, maximum gloss
retention and chalk resistance. Both
R-706 and R-902+ will deliver bright,

18

clean colors in tinted systems with
R-706 providing a blue undertone
and R-902+ providing a more neutral
undertone.
For paint manufacturers capable ofhandling TiO2 in aqueous slurry form,
Ti-Pure™ R-706 and R-902+ are
available as slurry grades,Ti-Pure™
R-746 and R-942 respectively.
Flat Paints
These coatings are formulated atrelatively high levels of extenders andTiO2 pigments, and are frequently
above the critical PVC for interior
applications. Ti-Pure™ Select TS-6300
is recommended for these applications.
Because it is a highly surface-treated
TiO2 grade, TS-6300 will provide
superior performance in this class ofhighly crowded paint systems.

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

GRADE RECOMMENDATIONS

Exterior Architectural Paints
In addition to normal criteria, selectionof the proper Ti-Pure™ titanium dioxide
grade for these coatings will depend
upon the desired balance between
gloss and tint retention, self-cleaning
ability, and prevailing atmosphericconditions. For high gloss and maximum
exterior durability in architectural
coatings systems, Ti-Pure™ R-706 isrecommended. Ti-Pure™ R-902+ is also
highly chalk resistant; it performs wellover a wide range of solvent-based andaqueous systems where tint retention
is important. Both R-706 and R-902+
will deliver bright, clean colors in tinted
systems with R-706 providing a blue
undertone and R-902+ providing amore neutral undertone. Ti-Pure™ R-900
has medium chalk resistance and ispreferred when dirt collection is aproblem. These pigments can be used inboth alkyd and emulsion paints.
Tinted house paints and both white
and tinted trim paints require a highdegree of chalk resistance and gloss

retention. Ti-Pure™ R-706 is the ideal
choice for emulsion trim paints because
it provides maximum initial gloss andoutstanding exterior durability. These lasttwo properties result from lower PVC
and generally better binder durability
associated with exterior emulsion trim
paints. Ti-Pure™ R-902+ also satisfies
these requirements over a wide range ofsolvent-based and aqueous systems.

is used primarily to provide hiding or
opacity, but grade selection can also
have a significant effect on coating
gloss, exterior durability and, for acidcatalyzed coatings, film cure. The TiO2
grade most appropriate for a particularapplication depends on the end-use
coating properties it affects.

Ti-Pure™ Select TS-6300 performs
well in selected exterior white latex
house paints, following reformulationto accommodate the higher surface
area of the pigment, and to maintainfilm integrity. When exterior durability
is desired in a flat paint, R-902+ is also
highly recommended.

Automotive coatings are among themost demanding applications for TiO2
pigments. Proper selection of pigment
grades is critical to optimize:

Automotive OEM and Refinish
Coatings• Manufacturing and application
processes.
• Mechanical and chemical integrity.

Industrial Finishes• Aesthetics, which are required fortoday’s automotive coating systems.

Industrial finishes include a variety ofmarket subsegments such as automotive
finishes, powder coatings, coil andcan coatings, and maintenance paints.
Each has substantially different quality
and performance requirements. TiO2

Several Ti-Pure™ grades are available
for automotive coating applications,offering both Original Equipment
Manufacturers (OEMs) and refinish
formulators a selection of the desired
combination of properties.
19Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

GRADE RECOMMENDATIONSElectrodeposition Primers:
Ti-Pure™ R-900 is ideally suited forelectrodeposition primer applications.
R-900 provides easy dispersion,
excellent hiding, high resistivity, andlow soluble ion content that provides
excellent application properties andhigh corrosion resistance.
Topcoats: TS-6200 combines highgloss and distinctness of image withexcellent resistance to weathering forhigh-quality OEM and refinish topcoats.
TS-6200 and R-960 are the mostdurable Ti-Pure™ pigments available,
making them also ideal for OEM andrefinish applications.
Processing: Optimization of optical andmechanical properties of an automotive
coating depends on properly dispersed
pigment. Choosing a pigment that is
ideally suited for each coating systemis critical to maximizing coating

20

performance. The fast wet-in and easy
dispersion properties of TS-6200
can provide increased throughput inmanufacturing operations.
Powder Coatings
The continuing emergence of powder
coatings as a significant and highgrowth market segment has led to thedevelopment of thousands of specificformulations from only a handful ofprimary resin/crosslinking systems.
Technological advances have been
based primarily on developments
and improved understandings in resin
chemistry. Recently, the influence ofTiO2 in powder coating systems has
been explored, allowing formulators to
select pigments with varying chemicaland physical properties. Several
Ti-Pure™ grades are available to optimize
processing and end-use performance ofspecific powder formulations.

Flow and Optics: Ti-Pure™ R-706
provides easy dispersion, high-cureflowability (which yields decorative
coatings of high gloss and reflectance)
and increased opacity. These properties
combined with high durability
performance make R-706 suitable forboth interior and exterior use.
Durability: TS-6200 is the mostdurable Ti-Pure™ pigment available andis suggested for use in systems suchas triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) andPrimid cured polyesters where outdoor
weatherability is of primary concern.
Overbake Yellowing Resistance: BothTi-Pure™ R-960 and R-900 provide
excellent resistance to overbake
yellowing during cure.

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

GRADE RECOMMENDATIONSOther Industrials
All Ti-Pure™ grades are commonlyused in industrial coatings. The
performance differences in thesegrades are determined by their surface
treatment, particle size and particlesize distribution. Silica provides exterior
durability (chalk resistance and gloss
retention). Alumina provides ease ofdispersion and flocculation resistance.
Smaller particle size, narrower particle
size distribution and smaller particle
coarse tail contribute to the superior
gloss of R-706. Although high hiding isimportant in all coatings, grade choiceoften depends on the level of gloss andexterior durability required.
Ti-Pure™ Select TS-6200 is the mostwidely applicable grade, possessing
a combination of exceptionally highgloss and excellent exterior durability
unique in the industry. It can be usedin both interior and exterior coatings
where this combination of gloss anddurability combined with excellent
dispersibility is of value. Applications
include coil coatings for residential
aluminum siding and architecturalbuilding panels, aerospace coatingsand other high-durability applications.
Because of the silica surface treatment,
TS-6200 provides better film cure inacid-catalyzed coatings than non-silicatreated grades.

implement and transportation finishes,and some container coatings.
Ti-Pure™ R-900 is used primarily forinterior coating applications. Ti-Pure™
R-900 is widely used for can coatings
where its neutral undertone and highgloss are valued. Other applications
include appliance coatings, metal
furniture finishes and high-reflectancewhite coil coatings.

Ti-Pure™ R-902+ is used in high-quality
finishes that require very good chalkresistance and gloss retention, but not
the exceptional performance provided
by R-706 and TS-6200. This grade isoften used in industrial maintenance,

21

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

GRADE RECOMMENDATIONS
Product Manufacture
Titanium dioxide pigments are madeby two commercial processes—sulfate
and chloride. Both anatase and rutile
can be produced by either process.
The chloride process has become thedominant process because it produces asuperior pigment with significantly fewer
waste products. Chemours operates only
chloride process plants.
The flow charts in Figure 19 illustrate,
in simplified form, the two processing
routes to intermediate TiO2 products.
The lower part of Figure 19 illustrates
finishing operations, which are the samefor either manufacturing method.
The sulfate method was commercialized
in 1931, producing anatase TiO2 andlater (1941) rutile TiO2. In this process,ore containing titanium is dissolvedin sulfuric acid, yielding a solution oftitanium, iron and other metal sulfates.
Then, through a series of steps including
chemical reduction, purification,
precipitation, washing and calcination,
pigmentary-size intermediate TiO2 is
produced. The crystal structure, anataseor rutile, is controlled by nucleation andcalcination.
FeTiO3 + 2 H2SO4 TiOSO4 + FeSO4 + 2 H2O
TiOSO4 + H2O TiO2 + H2SO4

The chloride method was commercialized by DuPont in the 1950s to produce
rutile TiO2 and is now owned by the
Chemours Company. This processincludes high-temperature, anhydrous
vapor phase reactions. Titanium ore
is reacted with chlorine gas under
reducing conditions to obtain titanium
tetrachloride (TiCl4) and metallic chloride
impurities, which are subsequently
removed.

22

Figure 19
TiO2 Manufacturing Processes
SULFATE
Titanium Ore

H2SO4

Solution

Crystallization

Precipitation

Filtration andWashing

Ferrous Sulfate
Crystals

Calcination

Intermediate TiO2

CHLORIDE
Titanium Ore

Chlorine

CarbonOxygenChlorination

Purification

Oxidation

Intermediate TiO2

Grinding

Packing

Slurry Makeup

Finishing
Slurry Storage

Chloridesof metals otherthan Titanium

FINISHINGIntermediate
TiO2

Surface
Modification

Filtration
Washing and Drying

Additives

Loading andShippingTitanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

GRADE RECOMMENDATIONS
Highly purified TiCl4 is then oxidized
at high temperature to produce
intermediate TiO2 of excellent
brightness. The oxidation step in thechloride process permits close control ofparticle size distribution and crystal type,making it possible to produce TiO2 withhigh hiding power and tinting strength.
2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 3 C
TiCl4 + O2

2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 3 CO2
TiO2 + 2 Cl2The worldwide capacity to produce
pigment by the chloride process is
now greater than the sulfate capacity
and continues to grow. In both sulfate
and chloride processes, intermediate
products are clusters of TiO2 crystalsof pigmentary size which must be
separated (ground) for optimum optical
performance.
Figure 20
TiO2 Surface Treatments

R-900
Interior

R-902+
Interior/Exterior

TS-6300
Flat Grade

R-960
Exterior

TiO2
Amorphous SiO : durability
Engineered SiO / Al O for optimal spacing
Amorphous Al O : durability
R-706
Universal
Interior/Exterior

TS-6200
Superdurable
Exterior

Cristalline Al O : dispersability
Organic: flow & wetting

23

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

Depending on end-use requirements,
various wet processing methods areused to modify the TiO2, including
precipitation of hydrous oxides suchas silica and alumina on the pigment
particle surface. Individual hydrous oxide
treatments or various combinations canbe used to optimize performance for
specific applications.
Crucial to the manufacture of titanium
dioxide pigments is the supply oftitanium ore. Although titanium
ranks among the top ten elements inabundance, it is widely distributed in24nature at low concentration. Efficientmining and mineral processing
operations are required to develop a
viable ore supply meeting the economic
requirements for TiO2 manufacture.
Chemours has extensive operations
worldwide to ensure a continuing
supply of economic titaniumbearing concentrate to our several
manufacturing sites.
Chemours titanium dioxide
manufacturing facilities are locatedaround the world to best meet yoursupply needs (Figure 21).

Quality Assurance in Product Design
In order to ensure that new products
are designed to meet the changing
needs of our customers, Chemours
employs a product development
methodology called Product And
Cycle-Time Excellence (PACE). This
multiphased process prescribes the key
to a successful product development
effort from concept through commercial
reality. By recognizing customer needs
and focusing resources to meet thoseneeds, quality is designed into Ti-Pure™
pigments.

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

Table 5

Table 6

Important laboratory tests are:Checklist: Bag TiO2 versus Slurry — Potential Savings• Particle size distribution using a laserlight-scattering technique.

Bag handling cost

• X-ray fluorescence analysis for
precise process control of surface
treatments.
• Dispersion as measured by Hegman
fineness of an alkyd mill base or byscreening technique for aqueous
dispersion.
• Dry color of a compressed TiO2
pigment in CIE L*a*b* color space.
• pH and resistance of 20% aqueous
dispersions.
• Carbon black undertone, blue/red
reflectance ratio of a mulled mixtureof 20 parts TiO2 to 1 part carbon
black in silicone oil.
• Oil absorption, a spatula rubout
linseed oil test similar to
ASTM D281-31.

Unload and transfer to storage
Deliver to process area
Charge process
Remove bags and pallets
TiO2 losses
Warehouse—broken bags
Process spillage and dust
Left in bag—¼ to ½ lb/bag
Waste disposal cost
Bags
Pallets
Storage cost
Bag TiO2
Slurry TiO2

Quality control
TiO2 errors eliminatedUniform batch-to-batch dispersion
Uniform quality
Inventory control
Eliminate counting errors
Running total—lbs in versus lbs out
Batch totals—cumulative
Process utilization
Faster TiO2 charge time
Optimize batch size—eliminate 50 lb
increments
Increase throughout—no dispersion required
Safety and housekeeping
Cleaner work area—no dust and spillage
Eliminate exposure to forklift/hand truck hazards

25Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

Quality Assurance in Product
Manufacture
Chemours has long recognized that
manufacturing process control has adirect bearing on the product’s fitness
for use. For these reasons, we employ
the most sophisticated process control
technology available.
Chemours is a pioneer in the useof cumulative sum statisticalprocess control (CUSUM). CUSUM

SPC provides fast response formore consistent on-aim operation.
Chemours also uses process capability
analysis (Cpk and Ppk) and Six Sigma
Methodology to drive continuous
improvement.

In all laboratory test operations, weemploy a rigorous intra-laboratory
cross-check program and statisticalprocess control for monitoring methods
to ensure the consistency of Ti-Pure™
TiO2 performance data. Finally, all of ourmanufacturing sites, customer service
operations and supply chain operations
maintain quality systems registered to
ISO 9001. In this way, the customer isassured of unmatched reliability andconsistency regarding titanium
dioxide supply.

In our laboratories, we measure the
Ti-Pure™ TiO2 performance opposite
our understanding of customer needs,
determine if product is fit for use andcontrol our manufacturing process

Figure 21 Ti-Pure™ Facilities

Kallo, Belgium

Wilmington, Delaware
New Johnsonville, Tennessee
Delisle, Mississippi

Altamira, Mexico
Mexico City, Mexico
Barra Mansa, Brazil

LegendManufacturing Facilities
Technical Service Laboratories
26

Both Manufacturing and Technical Service

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

Product Packaging and Delivery
Ti-Pure™ titanium dioxide dry pigments
are available in 25-kg paper bags
and 1-tonne flexible intermediatebulk containers. Ti-Pure™ bulk bags,
often called semi-bulk containers, areavailable in one-tonne sizes. In somelocations, dry bulk truckload quantities
are available.
In certain regions of the world, aqueousslurries of several grades of TiO2 areavailable via railcar and tank truck.
Slurry handling facilities are relatively
simple and are frequently justified bysystem savings achieved. Additional
information about TiO2 slurries andslurry facilities can be obtained bycontacting your local Ti-Pure™ sales
representative.

support your individual formulationneeds, our technical service
laboratories are fully equipped toassist you (Figure 20).

Technical Service

Samples of dry and slurry
Ti-Pure™ titanium dioxide grades
are readily available fromwww.tipure.com and arerecommended for your use in productdevelopment and testing. To place anorder, please contact your local
representative.

In addition to the products andpackages we offer, our commitment
to customers includes having
accessible and knowledgeable sales
and technical service representatives
to help determine which elements of
our offerings best meet your needs. To

Samples/Order Placement

Shanghai, China,
Kuan Yin, Taiwan

LegendManufacturing Facilities
Technical Service Laboratories
Both Manufacturing and Technical Service

27

Titanium Dioxide

Ti-Pure™

VI. CHEMOURS CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY

A new kind of chemistry company
for a world that demands more.
We rely on chemistry every day. It
is the essential science of modern
life. It keeps our homes cool, ourfood fresh, and our families safe. It
keeps our cars and airplanes runningand fuel efficient and our world
vibrant, clean, and connected.
Today, chemistry must do more.
Chemistry needs to be as responsible
as it is essential, even as it offers
more comprehensive solutions
than it ever has before. We arecommitted to delivering world-classtechnology that solves problems
without creating new ones.

28

Chemours will develop innovative
solutions to meet growing market needs
while making specific contributions to
the 2030 United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (UNSDGs).
That means supplying the materials
that help engines become more fuelefficient; providing coatings that
help keep cities cool; inventing new
refrigerants that don’t harm theozone layer or warm the planet; andenabling new technology such as 5G
communications and the internet ofthings to better connect the world.

Chemours sustainability goals include:• Making significant progress to
becoming carbon positive by 2050.
• Cutting the intensity of ourgreenhouse gas emissions by 60%.
• Improving water quality, ensuring a
99% reduction in fluorinated organic
compound emissions to air and water.
We're encouraging our suppliers to
be more responsible throughout theirbusinesses and choosing to do businesswith those that align with our values.
We have a responsibility to our world,
customers, consumers, investors, andto the essential science on which we alldepend. Learn more at https://www.
chemours.com/our-company/corporateresponsibility/ .

™

Contact the Ti-Pure™ Team.
WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU.
CONTACT US

29

The information set forth herein is furnishedfree of charge and based on technical datathat Chemours believes to be reliable. It is
intended for use by persons having technicalskill, at their own risk. Because conditionsof use are outside our control, we makeno warranties, express or implied, andassume no liability in connection with any
use of this information. Nothing herein is tobe taken as license to operate under or arecommendation to infringe any patents.
For more information, visit www.tipure.com© 2019 The Chemours Company FC, LLC. Ti-Pure™ and any associated logos are trademarks or copyrights of The Chemours Company FC, LLC.
Chemours™ and the Chemours Logo are trademarks of The Chemours Company.
C-10416-2 (2/19)