An Overview of Schizophrenia – Information from the National
Institute of Mental Health
WHAT IS IT?
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease. Approximately 1 percentof the population develops schizophrenia during their lifetime – more than 2 million
Americans suffer from the illness in a given year. Although schizophrenia affects men
and women with equal frequency, the disorder often appears earlier in men, usually in thelate teens or early twenties, than in women, who are generally affected in the twenties toearly thirties. People with schizophrenia often suffer terrifying symptoms such as hearing
internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds,
controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. These symptoms may leave them
fearful and withdrawn. Their speech and behavior can be so disorganized that they may
be incomprehensible or frightening to others. Available treatments can relieve many
symptoms, but most people with schizophrenia continue to suffer some symptoms
throughout their lives; it has been estimated that no more than one in five individuals
recovers completely.
This is a time of hope for people with schizophrenia and their families. Research is
gradually leading to new and safer medications and unraveling the complex causes of thedisease. Scientists are using many approaches from the study of molecular genetics to thestudy of populations to learn about schizophrenia. Methods of imaging the brain’s
structure and function hold the promise of new insights into the disorder.
Schizophrenia As An Illness
Schizophrenia is found all over the world. The severity of the symptoms and long-lasting,chronic pattern of schizophrenia often cause a high degree of disability. Medications andother treatments for schizophrenia, when used regularly and as prescribed, can help
reduce and control the distressing symptoms of the illness. However, some people are notgreatly helped by available treatments or may prematurely discontinue treatment becauseof unpleasant side effects or other reasons. Even when treatment is effective, persisting
consequences of the illness – lost opportunities, stigma, residual symptoms, andmedication side effects – may be very troubling.
The first signs of schizophrenia often appear as confusing, or even shocking, changes inbehavior. Coping with the symptoms of schizophrenia can be especially difficult forfamily members who remember how involved or vivacious a person was before they
became ill. The sudden onset of severe psychotic symptoms is referred to as an “acute”
phase of schizophrenia. “Psychosis,” a common condition in schizophrenia, is a state ofmental impairment marked by hallucinations, which are disturbances of sensory
perception, and/or delusions, which are false yet strongly held personal beliefs that result
from an inability to separate real from unreal experiences. Less obvious symptoms, suchas social isolation or withdrawal, or unusual speech, thinking, or behavior, may precede,
be seen along with, or follow the psychotic symptoms.
Some people have only one such psychotic episode; others have many episodes during alifetime, but lead relatively normal lives during the interim periods. However, theindividual with “chronic” schizophrenia, or a continuous or recurring pattern of illness,often does not fully recover normal functioning and typically requires long-term
treatment, generally including medication, to control the symptoms.
Making A Diagnosis
It is important to rule out other illnesses, as sometimes people suffer severe mental
symptoms or even psychosis due to undetected underlying medical conditions. For thisreason, a medical history should be taken and a physical examination and laboratory tests
should be done to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms before concluding that aperson has schizophrenia. In addition, since commonly abused drugs may cause
symptoms resembling schizophrenia, blood or urine samples from the person can betested at hospitals or physicians’ offices for the presence of these drugs.
At times, it is difficult to tell one mental disorder from another. For instance, some people
with symptoms of schizophrenia exhibit prolonged extremes of elated or depressed mood,and it is important to determine whether such a patient has schizophrenia or actually has amanic-depressive (or bipolar) disorder or major depressive disorder. Persons whose
symptoms cannot be clearly categorized are sometimes diagnosed as having a“schizoaffective disorder.”Can Children Have Schizophrenia?
Children over the age of five can develop schizophrenia, but it is very rare before
adolescence. Although some people who later develop schizophrenia may have seemed
different from other children at an early age, the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia –hallucinations and delusions – are extremely uncommon before adolescence.
The World of People With Schizophrenia•

Distorted Perceptions of Reality
People with schizophrenia may have perceptions of reality that are strikingly
different from the reality seen and shared by others around them. Living in aworld distorted by hallucinations and delusions, individuals with schizophrenia
may feel frightened, anxious, and confused.
In part because of the unusual realities they experience, people with schizophrenia
may behave very differently at various times. Sometimes they may seem distant,detached, or preoccupied and may even sit as rigidly as a stone, not moving forhours or uttering a sound. Other times they may move about constantly – always
occupied, appearing wide-awake, vigilant, and alert.
•

Hallucinations and Illusions

Hallucinations and illusions are disturbances of perception that are common inpeople suffering from schizophrenia. Hallucinations are perceptions that occur
without connection to an appropriate source. Although hallucinations can occur inany sensory form – auditory (sound), visual (sight), tactile (touch), gustatory(taste), and olfactory (smell) – hearing voices that other people do not hear is themost common type of hallucination in schizophrenia. Voices may describe thepatient’s activities, carry on a conversation, warn of impending dangers, or evenissue orders to the individual. Illusions, on the other hand, occur when a sensory
stimulus is present but is incorrectly interpreted by the individual.
•

Delusions

Delusions are false personal beliefs that are not subject to reason or contradictoryevidence and are not explained by a person’s usual cultural concepts. Delusions
may take on different themes. For example, patients suffering from paranoid-typesymptoms – roughly one-third of people with schizophrenia – often havedelusions of persecution, or false and irrational beliefs that they are being cheated,harassed, poisoned, or conspired against. These patients may believe that they, ora member of the family or someone close to them, are the focus of thispersecution. In addition, delusions of grandeur, in which a person may believe heor she is a famous or important figure, may occur in schizophrenia. Sometimes
the delusions experienced by people with schizophrenia are quite bizarre; forinstance, believing that a neighbor is controlling their behavior with magnetic
waves; that people on television are directing special messages to them; or that
their thoughts are being broadcast aloud to others.
•

Disordered Thinking

Schizophrenia often affects a person’s ability to “think straight.” Thoughts may
come and go rapidly; the person may not be able to concentrate on one thoughtfor very long and may be easily distracted, unable to focus attention.
People with schizophrenia may not be able to sort out what is relevant and what is
not relevant to a situation. The person may be unable to connect thoughts into
logical sequences, with thoughts becoming disorganized and fragmented. Thislack of logical continuity of thought, termed “thought disorder,” can makeconversation very difficult and may contribute to social isolation. If people cannot
make sense of what an individual is saying, they are likely to become
uncomfortable and tend to leave that person alone.
•

Emotional Expression

People with schizophrenia often show “blunted” or “flat” affect. This refers to asevere reduction in emotional expressiveness. A person with schizophrenia may
not show the signs of normal emotion, perhaps may speak in a monotonous voice,have diminished facial expressions, and appear extremely apathetic. The person
may withdraw socially, avoiding contact with others; and when forced to interact,he or she may have nothing to say, reflecting “impoverished thought.” Motivation
can be greatly decreased, as can interest in or enjoyment of life. In some severecases, a person can spend entire days doing nothing at all, even neglecting basic
hygiene. These problems with emotional expression and motivation, which may
be extremely troubling to family members and friends, are symptoms ofschizophrenia – not character flaws or personal weaknesses.

Normal Versus Abnormal

At times, normal individuals may feel, think, or act in ways that resemble schizophrenia.
Normal people may sometimes be unable to “think straight.” They may become
extremely anxious, for example, when speaking in front of groups and may feel confused,
be unable to pull their thoughts together, and forget what they had intended to say. This is
not schizophrenia. At the same time, people with schizophrenia do not always act
abnormally. Indeed, some people with the illness can appear completely normal and be
perfectly responsible, even while they experience hallucinations or delusions. An
individual’s behavior may change over time, becoming bizarre if medication is stopped
and returning closer to normal when receiving appropriate treatment.

Schizophrenia Is Not"Split Personality"

There is a common notion that schizophrenia is the same as "split personality” – a Dr.
Jekyll-Mr. Hyde switch in character.
This is not correct.

Are People With Schizophrenia Likely To Be Violent?
News and entertainment media tend to link mental illness and criminal violence;
however, studies indicate that except for those persons with a record of criminal violence
before becoming ill, and those with substance abuse or alcohol problems, people withschizophrenia are not especially prone to violence. Most individuals with schizophrenia
are not violent; more typically, they are withdrawn and prefer to be left alone. Most
violent crimes are not committed by persons with schizophrenia, and most persons withschizophrenia do not commit violent crimes. Substance abuse significantly raises the rateof violence in people with schizophrenia but also in people who do not have any mental
illness. People with paranoid and psychotic symptoms, which can become worse if
medications are discontinued, may also be at higher risk for violent behavior. When
violence does occur, it is most frequently targeted at family members and friends, andmore often takes place at home.
What About Suicide?
Suicide is a serious danger in people who have schizophrenia. If an individual tries tocommit suicide or threatens to do so, professional help should be sought immediately.
People with schizophrenia have a higher rate of suicide than the general population.
Approximately 10 percent of people with schizophrenia (especially younger adult males)
commit suicide. Unfortunately, the prediction of suicide in people with schizophrenia canbe especially difficult.

WHAT CAUSES SCHIZOPHRENIA?
There is no known single cause of schizophrenia. Many diseases, such as heart disease,result from an interplay of genetic, behavioral, and other factors; and this may be the casefor schizophrenia as well. Scientists do not yet understand all of the factors necessary to
produce schizophrenia, but all the tools of modern biomedical research are being used tosearch for genes, critical moments in brain development, and other factors that may leadto the illness.
Is Schizophrenia Inherited?
It has long been known that schizophrenia runs in families. People who have a close
relative with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder than are people whohave no relatives with the illness. For example, a monozygotic (identical) twin of aperson with schizophrenia has the highest risk – 40 to 50 percent – of developing theillness. A child whose parent has schizophrenia has about a 10 percent chance. By
comparison, the risk of schizophrenia in the general population is about 1 percent.

Scientists are studying genetic factors in schizophrenia. It appears likely that multiple
genes are involved in creating a predisposition to develop the disorder. In addition,
factors such as prenatal difficulties like intrauterine starvation or viral infections,perinatal complications, and various nonspecific stressors, seem to influence thedevelopment of schizophrenia. However, it is not yet understood how the genetic
predisposition is transmitted, and it cannot yet be accurately predicted whether a given
person will or will not develop the disorder.
Several regions of the human genome are being investigated to identify genes that may
confer susceptibility for schizophrenia. The strongest evidence to date leads tochromosomes 13 and 6 but remains unconfirmed. Identification of specific genes
involved in the development of schizophrenia will provide important clues into what goes
wrong in the brain to produce and sustain the illness and will guide the development of
new and better treatments.
Is Schizophrenia Associated With A Chemical Defect In The Brain?
Basic knowledge about brain chemistry and its link to schizophrenia is expanding
rapidly. Neurotransmitters, substances that allow communication between nerve cells,
have long been thought to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. It is likely,
although not yet certain, that the disorder is associated with some imbalance of thecomplex, interrelated chemical systems of the brain, perhaps involving theneurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate. This area of research is promising.
Is Schizophrenia Caused By A Physical Abnormality In The Brain?
There have been dramatic advances in neuroimaging technology that permit scientists tostudy brain structure and function in living individuals. Many studies of people withschizophrenia have found abnormalities in brain structure (for example, enlargement of
the fluid-filled cavities, called the ventricles, in the interior of the brain, and decreased
size of certain brain regions) or function (for example, decreased metabolic activity incertain brain regions). It should be emphasized that these abnormalities are quite subtle
and are not characteristic of all people with schizophrenia, nor do they occur only inindividuals with this illness. Microscopic studies of brain tissue after death have also
shown small changes in distribution or number of brain cells in people withschizophrenia. It appears that many (but probably not all) of these changes are present
before an individual becomes ill, and schizophrenia may be, in part, a disorder indevelopment of the brain.
Developmental neurobiologists funded by the National Institute of Mental Health(NIMH) have found that schizophrenia may be a developmental disorder resulting whenneurons form inappropriate connections during fetal development. These errors may lie
dormant until puberty, when changes in the brain that occur normally during this criticalstage of maturation interact adversely with the faulty connections. This research has
spurred efforts to identify prenatal factors that may have some bearing on the apparent
developmental abnormality.

In other studies, investigators using brain-imaging techniques have found evidence ofearly biochemical changes that may precede the onset of disease symptoms, prompting
examination of the neural circuits that are most likely to be involved in producing those
symptoms. Meanwhile, scientists working at the molecular level are exploring the genetic
basis for abnormalities in brain development and in the neurotransmitter systems
regulating brain function.

HOW IS IT TREATED?
Since schizophrenia may not be a single condition and its causes are not yet known,current treatment methods are based on both clinical research and experience. These
approaches are chosen on the basis of their ability to reduce the symptoms ofschizophrenia and to lessen the chances that symptoms will return.
What About Medications?
Antipsychotic medications have been available since the mid-1950s. They have greatly
improved the outlook for individual patients. These medications reduce the psychotic
symptoms of schizophrenia and usually allow the patient to function more effectively andappropriately. Antipsychotic drugs are the best treatment now available, but they do not“cure” schizophrenia or ensure that there will be no further psychotic episodes. The
choice and dosage of medication can be made only by a qualified physician who is welltrained in the medical treatment of mental disorders. The dosage of medication is
individualized for each patient, since people may vary a great deal in the amount of drug
needed to reduce symptoms without producing troublesome side effects.
The large majority of people with schizophrenia show substantial improvement whentreated with antipsychotic drugs. Some patients, however, are not helped very much by
the medications and a few do not seem to need them. It is difficult to predict which
patients will fall into these two groups and to distinguish them from the large majority ofpatients who do benefit from treatment with antipsychotic drugs.
A number of new antipsychotic drugs (the so-called “atypical antipsychotics”) have been
introduced since 1990. The first of these, clozapine (Clozaril®), has been shown to be
more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects –in particular, a condition called agranulocytosis (loss of the white blood cells that fightinfection) – requires that patients be monitored with blood tests every one or two weeks.
Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone (Risperdal®) and olanzapine(Zyprexa®), are safer than the older drugs or clozapine, and they also may be better
tolerated. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Several
additional antipsychotics are currently under development.

Antipsychotic drugs are often very effective in treating certain symptoms ofschizophrenia, particularly hallucinations and delusions; unfortunately, the drugs may not
be as helpful with other symptoms, such as reduced motivation and emotional
expressiveness. Indeed, the older antipsychotics (which also went by the name of“neuroleptics”), medicines like haloperidol (Haldol®) or chlorpromazine (Thorazine®),may even produce side effects that resemble the more difficult to treat symptoms. Often,lowering the dose or switching to a different medicine may reduce these side effects; thenewer medicines, including olanzapine (Zyprexa®), quetiapine (Seroquel®), andrisperidone (Risperdal®), appear less likely to have this problem. Sometimes whenpeople with schizophrenia become depressed, other symptoms can appear to worsen. The
symptoms may improve with the addition of an antidepressant medication.
Patients and families sometimes become worried about the antipsychotic medications
used to treat schizophrenia. In addition to concern about side effects, they may worry thatsuch drugs could lead to addiction. However, antipsychotic medications do not produce a“high” (euphoria) or addictive behavior in people who take them.
Another misconception about antipsychotic drugs is that they act as a kind of mind
control, or a “chemical straitjacket.” Antipsychotic drugs used at the appropriate dosage
do not “knock out” people or take away their free will. While these medications can besedating, and while this effect can be useful when treatment is initiated particularly if an
individual is quite agitated, the utility of the drugs is not due to sedation but to theirability to diminish the hallucinations, agitation, confusion, and delusions of a psychotic
episode. Thus, antipsychotic medications should eventually help an individual withschizophrenia to deal with the world more rationally.
How Long Should People With Schizophrenia Take Antipsychotic Drugs?
Antipsychotic medications reduce the risk of future psychotic episodes in patients who
have recovered from an acute episode. Even with continued drug treatment, some people
who have recovered will suffer relapses. Far higher relapse rates are seen when
medication is discontinued. In most cases, it would not be accurate to say that continued
drug treatment “prevents” relapses; rather, it reduces their intensity and frequency. The
treatment of severe psychotic symptoms generally requires higher dosages than thoseused for maintenance treatment. If symptoms reappear on a lower dosage, a temporary
increase in dosage may prevent a full-blown relapse.
Because relapse of illness is more likely when antipsychotic medications are discontinued
or taken irregularly, it is very important that people with schizophrenia work with theirdoctors and family members to adhere to their treatment plan. Adherence to treatment
refers to the degree to which patients follow the treatment plans recommended by theirdoctors. Good adherence involves taking prescribed medication at the correct dose andproper times each day, attending clinic appointments, and/or carefully following othertreatment procedures. Treatment adherence is often difficult for people withschizophrenia, but it can be made easier with the help of several strategies and can lead to
improved quality of life.

There are a variety of reasons why people with schizophrenia may not adhere totreatment. Patients may not believe they are ill and may deny the need for medication, or
they may have such disorganized thinking that they cannot remember to take their daily
doses. Family members or friends may not understand schizophrenia and may
inappropriately advise the person with schizophrenia to stop treatment when he or she isfeeling better. Physicians, who play an important role in helping their patients adhere totreatment, may neglect to ask patients how often they are taking their medications, ormay be unwilling to accommodate a patient’s request to change dosages or try a newtreatment. Some patients report that side effects of the medications seem worse than theillness itself. Further, substance abuse can interfere with the effectiveness of treatment,
leading patients to discontinue medications. When a complicated treatment plan is added
to any of these factors, good adherence may become even more challenging.

Fortunately, there are many strategies that patients, doctors, and families can use toimprove adherence and prevent worsening of the illness. Some antipsychotic
medications, including haloperidol (Haldol®), fluphenazine (Prolixin®), perphenazine(Trilafon®) and others, are available in long-acting injectable forms that eliminate theneed to take pills every day. A major goal of current research on treatments forschizophrenia is to develop a wider variety of long-acting antipsychotics, especially the
newer agents with milder side effects, which can be delivered through injection.
Medication calendars or pill boxes labeled with the days of the week can help patientsand caregivers know when medications have or have not been taken. Using electronic
timers that beep when medications should be taken, or pairing medication taking withroutine daily events like meals, can help patients remember and adhere to their dosing
schedule. Engaging family members in observing oral medication taking by patients canhelp ensure adherence. In addition, through a variety of other methods of adherencemonitoring, doctors can identify when pill taking is a problem for their patients and canwork with them to make adherence easier. It is important to help motivate patients tocontinue taking their medications properly.
In addition to any of these adherence strategies, patient and family education aboutschizophrenia, its symptoms, and the medications being prescribed to treat the disease is
an important part of the treatment process and helps support the rationale for good
adherence.
What About Side Effects?
Antipsychotic drugs, like virtually all medications, have unwanted effects along with
their beneficial effects. During the early phases of drug treatment, patients may betroubled by side effects such as drowsiness, restlessness, muscle spasms, tremor, drymouth, or blurring of vision. Most of these can be corrected by lowering the dosage or
can be controlled by other medications. Different patients have different treatment
responses and side effects to various antipsychotic drugs. A patient may do better with
one drug than another.

The long-term side effects of antipsychotic drugs may pose a considerably more serious
problem. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder characterized by involuntary movements
most often affecting the mouth, lips, and tongue, and sometimes the trunk or other partsof the body such as arms and legs. It occurs in about 15 to 20 percent of patients who
have been receiving the older, “typical” antipsychotic drugs for many years, but TD canalso develop in patients who have been treated with these drugs for shorter periods oftime. In most cases, the symptoms of TD are mild, and the patient may be unaware of the
movements.
Antipsychotic medications developed in recent years all appear to have a much lower riskof producing TD than the older, traditional antipsychotics. The risk is not zero, however,and they can produce side effects of their own such as weight gain. In addition, if given at
too high of a dose, the newer medications may lead to problems such as social
withdrawal and symptoms resembling Parkinson’s disease, a disorder that affects
movement. Nevertheless, the newer antipsychotics are a significant advance in treatment,
and their optimal use in people with schizophrenia is a subject of much current research.
What About Psychosocial Treatments?
Antipsychotic drugs have proven to be crucial in relieving the psychotic symptoms ofschizophrenia – hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence – but are not consistent inrelieving the behavioral symptoms of the disorder. Even when patients withschizophrenia are relatively free of psychotic symptoms, many still have extraordinarydifficulty with communication, motivation, self-care, and establishing and maintaining
relationships with others. Moreover, because patients with schizophrenia frequently
become ill during the critical career-forming years of life (e.g., ages 18 to 35), they areless likely to complete the training required for skilled work. As a result, many withschizophrenia not only suffer thinking and emotional difficulties, but lack social andwork skills and experience as well.
It is with these psychological, social, and occupational problems that psychosocial
treatments may help most. While psychosocial approaches have limited value for acutely
psychotic patients (those who are out of touch with reality or have prominent
hallucinations or delusions), they may be useful for patients with less severe symptoms orfor patients whose psychotic symptoms are under control. Numerous forms of
psychosocial therapy are available for people with schizophrenia, and most focus on
improving the patient’s social functioning – whether in the hospital or community, athome, or on the job. Some of these approaches are described here. Unfortunately, theavailability of different forms of treatment varies greatly from place to place.

Rehabilitation
Broadly defined, rehabilitation includes a wide array of non-medical interventions for
those with schizophrenia. Rehabilitation programs emphasize social and vocational

training to help patients and former patients overcome difficulties in these areas.
Programs may include vocational counseling, job training, problem-solving and money
management skills, use of public transportation, and social skills training. These
approaches are important for the success of the community-centered treatment ofschizophrenia, because they provide discharged patients with the skills necessary to leadproductive lives outside the sheltered confines of a mental hospital.

Individual Psychotherapy

Individual psychotherapy involves regularly scheduled talks between the patient and amental health professional such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, psychiatric social worker,
or nurse. The sessions may focus on current or past problems, experiences, thoughts,
feelings, or relationships. By sharing experiences with a trained empathic person –talking about their world with someone outside it – individuals with schizophrenia may
gradually come to understand more about themselves and their problems. They can also
learn to sort out the real from the unreal and distorted. Recent studies indicate that
supportive, reality-oriented, individual psychotherapy, and cognitive-behavioral
approaches that teach coping and problem-solving skills, can be beneficial for outpatientswith schizophrenia. However, psychotherapy is not a substitute for antipsychotic
medication, and it is most helpful once drug treatment first has relieved a patient’s
psychotic symptoms.

Family Education

Very often, patients with schizophrenia are discharged from the hospital into the care of
their family; so it is important that family members learn all they can about schizophrenia
and understand the difficulties and problems associated with the illness. It is also helpful
for family members to learn ways to minimize the patient’s chance of relapse – forexample, by using different treatment adherence strategies – and to be aware of thevarious kinds of outpatient and family services available in the period after
hospitalization. Family “psychoeducation,” which includes teaching various coping
strategies and problem-solving skills, may help families deal more effectively with their
ill relative and may contribute to an improved outcome for the patient.

Self-Help Groups

Self-help groups for people and families dealing with schizophrenia are becoming
increasingly common. Although not led by a professional therapist, these groups may betherapeutic because members provide continuing mutual support as well as comfort inknowing that they are not alone in the problems they face. Self-help groups may also

serve other important functions. Families working together can more effectively serve as
advocates for needed research and hospital and community treatment programs. Patientsacting as a group rather than individually may be better able to dispel stigma and draw
public attention to such abuses as discrimination against the mentally ill.
Family and peer support and advocacy groups are very active and provide useful
information and assistance for patients and families of patients with schizophrenia andother mental disorders. A list of some of these organizations is included at the end of thisdocument.

HOW CAN OTHER PEOPLE HELP?
A patient's support system may come from several sources, including the family, a
professional residential or day program provider, shelter operators, friends or roommates,
professional case managers, churches and synagogues, and others. Because many patientslive with their families, the following discussion frequently uses the term "family."
However, this should not be taken to imply that families ought to be the primary support
system.
There are numerous situations in which patients with schizophrenia may need help frompeople in their family or community. Often, a person with schizophrenia will resist
treatment, believing that delusions or hallucinations are real and that psychiatric help is
not required. At times, family or friends may need to take an active role in having themseen and evaluated by a professional. The issue of civil rights enters into any attempts toprovide treatment. Laws protecting patients from involuntary commitment have become
very strict, and families and community organizations may be frustrated in their efforts tosee that a severely mentally ill individual gets needed help. These laws vary from State toState; but generally, when people are dangerous to themselves or others due to a mental
disorder, the police can assist in getting them an emergency psychiatric evaluation and, if
necessary, hospitalization. In some places, staff from a local community mental healthcenter can evaluate an individual's illness at home if he or she will not voluntarily go infor treatment.
Sometimes only the family or others close to the person with schizophrenia will be awareof strange behavior or ideas that the person has expressed. Since patients may notvolunteer such information during an examination, family members or friends should ask
to speak with the person evaluating the patient so that all relevant information can betaken into account.
Ensuring that a person with schizophrenia continues to get treatment after hospitalizationis also important. A patient may discontinue medications or stop going for follow-up
treatment, often leading to a return of psychotic symptoms. Encouraging the patient tocontinue treatment and assisting him or her in the treatment process can positively
influence recovery. Without treatment, some people with schizophrenia become sopsychotic and disorganized that they cannot care for their basic needs, such as food,clothing, and shelter. All too often, people with severe mental illnesses such as
schizophrenia end up on the streets or in jails, where they rarely receive the kinds oftreatment they need.
Those close to people with schizophrenia are often unsure of how to respond when
patients make statements that seem strange or are clearly false. For the individual withschizophrenia, the bizarre beliefs or hallucinations seem quite real – they are not just"imaginary fantasies." Instead of “going along with” a person's delusions, family
members or friends can tell the person that they do not see things the same way or do notagree with his or her conclusions, while acknowledging that things may appear otherwise
to the patient.
It may also be useful for those who know the person with schizophrenia well to keep arecord of what types of symptoms have appeared, what medications (including dosage)
have been taken, and what effects various treatments have had. By knowing what
symptoms have been present before, family members may know better what to look forin the future. Families may even be able to identify some "early warning signs" ofpotential relapses, such as increased withdrawal or changes in sleep patterns, even betterand earlier than the patients themselves. Thus, return of psychosis may be detected early
and treatment may prevent a full-blown relapse. Also, by knowing which medications
have helped and which have caused troublesome side effects in the past, the family canhelp those treating the patient to find the best treatment more quickly.
In addition to involvement in seeking help, family, friends, and peer groups can provide
support and encourage the person with schizophrenia to regain his or her abilities. It is
important that goals be attainable, since a patient who feels pressured and/or repeatedly
criticized by others will probably experience stress that may lead to a worsening ofsymptoms. Like anyone else, people with schizophrenia need to know when they are
doing things right. A positive approach may be helpful and perhaps more effective in thelong run than criticism. This advice applies to everyone who interacts with the person.

WHAT IS THE OUTLOOK?
The outlook for people with schizophrenia has improved over the last 25 years. Although
no totally effective therapy has yet been devised, it is important to remember that many
people with the illness improve enough to lead independent, satisfying lives. As we learn
more about the causes and treatments of schizophrenia, we should be able to help morepatients achieve successful outcomes.
Studies that have followed people with schizophrenia for long periods, from the first
episode to old age, reveal that a wide range of outcomes is possible. When large groupsof patients are studied, certain factors tend to be associated with a better outcome – forexample, a pre-illness history of normal social, school, and work adjustment. However,the current state of knowledge, does not allow for a sufficiently accurate prediction of
long-term outcome.
Given the complexity of schizophrenia, the major questions about this disorder – its cause
or causes, prevention, and treatment – must be addressed with research. The publicshould beware of those offering "the cure" for (or "the cause" of) schizophrenia. Suchclaims can provoke unrealistic expectations that, when unfulfilled, lead to further
disappointment. Although progress has been made toward better understanding andtreatment of schizophrenia, continued investigation is urgently needed. As the leadFederal agency for research on mental disorders, NIMH conducts and supports a broad
spectrum of mental illness research from molecular genetics to large-scale epidemiologic
studies of populations. It is thought that this wide-ranging research effort, including basic
studies on the brain, will continue to illuminate processes and principles important forunderstanding the causes of schizophrenia and for developing more effective treatments.

Resources
Information, support, and advocacy organizations:
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI)
Colonial Place Three
2107 Wilson Blvd., Suite 300
Arlington, VA 22201-3042
Phone: 1-800-950-NAMI (6264) or (703) 524-7600
Internet: http://www.nami.org
National Mental Health Association (NMHA)
2001 N. Beauregard Street, 12th Floor
Alexandria, VA 22311
Phone: 1-800-969-6942 or (703) 684-7722
TTY-800-443-5959
Internet: http://www.nmha.org
National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse
1211 Chestnut Street, Suite 1000
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Phone: 1-800-553-4key (4539) or (215) 751-1810
Internet: http://www.mhselfhelp.org/index2.html
National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD)
60 Cutter Mill Road, Suite 404
Great Neck, NY 11021
Phone: (516) 829-0091

Infoline 1-800-829-8289
Internet: http://www.narsad.org
For more information on research into the brain, behavior, and mental disorders
contact:
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Office of Communication and Public Liaison
Information Resources and Inquiries Branch
6001 Executive Boulevard, Rm. 8184, MSC 9663
Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
Phone: 301-443-4513
Fax: 301-443-4279
E-mail: nimhinfo@nih.gov
Fax back system: Mental Health FAX4U at 301-443-5158
Web site address: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/
All material in this publication is free of copyright restrictions and may be copied,
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This booklet was written by Melissa K. Spearing, M.H.S., of the Office ofCommunications and Public Liaison, NIMH. Scientific information and review were
provided by NIMH staff members David Shore, M.D. and John K. Hsiao, M.D.

NIH Publication No. 02-3517
Printed 1999, Reprinted 2002