Research into the Health and Welfare that Underpin Social Life:
From the Quarter-Century History and Future Prospects of the Japanese Society
for the Study of Nursing and Social Work
TAKIGUCHI Makoto
Director, the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work
1. Introduction
The society’s first academic meeting was held 26 years ago in Kyoto. In the section entitled“On the Publication of the Journal,” which was the preface to the society’s journal at the time,
MATSUMOTO Hisae (the society’s first managing director) wrote, “It is my hope that this society
will serve as a venue for the pursuit of scholarship that supports human ‘life and living’ and strivesfor ‘happiness’ by means of science that is derived from not only theory, but practice as well.” This
statement represents its hope for the growth of the society while also clearly expressing general
concepts indicating the direction in which the society would head.
Since then, its members have steadily continued on with their activities and the society has
grown to the point of celebrating its 26th academic conference. This paper is an attempt to make a
few inquiries into the society’s future prospects by reflecting back over this process and outlining
the society’s activities to date, as well as the research domains and themes that have been presented
by its members thus far.
This paper was compiled in reference to the prior research by OKAZAKI Michiko (2007) withsome additions and revisions.
2. Activities of the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work to Date
1) Main Themes of the Society’s Academic Conferences
With respect to the nationwide academic conferences by the society, since its first conferencein 1986 the society has continued to hold 26 such conferences down to the present, with eachconference convened in regions all around the country every year (as of FY2012). This section will
confirm the direction that the society has aspired to head in by providing an overview of the themes
and contents of the nationwide academic conferences thus far.
For the first through sixth conferences the themes included: “What Ties Nursing and Welfare
Together?” “Tangents between Nursing and Welfare,” “Modalities for Nursing and Welfare that Are
Responsive to the Aging Society,” “Peace of Mind as Quality of Life in the Aging Society,” and“Modalities and Challenges for Family Support concerning the Aging Society and Family
Functions.” As these demonstrate, examinations of and research presentations on human being’ssocial behavior and health behavior were undertaken through lectures from interdisciplinary
viewpoints based on the fields of nursing and welfare studies.
For the seventh conference, as a first step in the direction of nursing and welfare studies,nursing and medical-related lecturers who were practitioners of nursing education and in the fieldof health and medical care were invited. They considered nursing and welfare studies with respect181to human rights, ethics, and the rights of and assurances for children with severe mental andphysical disabilities.
Starting with the eighth conference the themes of “Issues concerning Long-Term Care
Insurance and Elder Care in the Future” and “Living Support and Nursing/Welfare: Challenges
Brought about by the Shortening of Hospital Stays” were explored with a view towards the
adoption of the long-term care insurance system from April 2000.
The tenth through 19th conferences pursued challenges found within those practices geared
towards establishing nursing welfare studies for nursing and welfare as psychological sciences thatare grounded in people’s humanity and the individual nature of this humanity under the theme of“The Role of Experts in the 21st Century Nursing and Welfare.” Moreover, the concept of QOL andmodalities for care seen from the theme “Quality of Life from the Perspective of Service Users”
were explored in the theme “Questioning the Origins of Human Relations.”
For the 20th conference the society wanted to perform a multidisciplinary examination of carecapable of responding in specific ways to questions posed by the origins of human relations with aview towards creating nursing and welfare studies. As such, it attempted to explore the course ofclinical research through horticultural therapy and musical therapy under the theme of “Classic yet
New Holistic Care.”
The conference themes for the 21st through 25th conferences included “Clinical Knowledge
that Supports People Living in Local Communities,” “Integrating the Nursing and Welfare that will
Support the Super-Aging Society,” “Human Connections that Underpin Dignity,” and “Sustaining
the Spiritual: Confirming the Significance of Being Alive.” Such conferences have attempted tooffer social recommendations on support from social dimensions for those receiving nursing andwelfare care, as well as religious dimensions added on to nursing and welfare concerning thepsychological and spiritual care inherent to the individual.
The 26th conference explored comprehensive cooperation and support from a genericperspective under the theme of “The Importance of Cooperating with People in Other Occupational
Categories in Health, Medical Care, and Welfare Services.” This was designed to explore thepotential for health, medical care, and welfare services for recipients who exist in the gaps between
these fields, a segment which is growing increasingly diverse and complex.
As the above indicates, the society’s academic conferences have developed by pursuing
modalities for comprehensive community care that are aimed at boosting QOL, through invoking
and applying scholarship in health, welfare, and medical care as well as neighboring fields, aroundthe axis of challenges in daily life experienced by care recipients. In other words, our organization’s
development attests that recipients are perceived of as ordinary people and ongoing advice has been
given to society while seeking out specific modalities for supporting them.
2) Chronology of the Founding of the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social
Work and Its History
In January 1984 research sessions were launched, and at the same time consideration was given
to creating an organization for these research sessions and rules for them. The research sessions were182

held once every three months primarily in the suburbs of Kyoto and Kobe. Beginning in July 1988
sessions for presenting research results were held once a year, with these going under the name of
the Nationwide Convention on Japanese Nursing and Welfare Research. What is more, a bookcontaining the results of these research sessions entitled Integrating Nursing and Welfare wascompiled along with a translated book entitled Origins of Nursing, both of which were published by
Aikawa Books.
In June 2002 the research sessions were reorganized into a formal academic society, with its
name slightly modified at the same time, and the Eighth Nationwide Conference of the JapaneseSociety for the Study of Nursing and Social Work was held in Kyoto. Due to the particulars of its
founding, emphasis was placed on building up the number of research sessions that served as theparent body to the society, and so the number of society conferences hewed closely to those of theresearch sessions, marking their 26th such conference this fiscal year.
At the 19th Science Council of Japan on September 13, 2002 the registration application for theJapanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work was approved as an academic researchorganization. It was registered to the First Section on Social Welfare and Social Security and was
also enrolled in the Japanese Liaison Committee for Nursing Studies Research, which enabled it toembark upon its academic progress both in name and in reality. However, on account of reforms
following in the wake of the partial revisions to the Act on Science Council of Japan from 2005, in
FY2006 the conventional Japanese Liaison Committee for Nursing Studies Research was renamed to
the Japan Association of Nursing Academies (JANA; approved at the extraordinary general
assembly on September 26, 2005). The goal for which JANA was founded was to support activities
for nursing-related academic societies and nursing studies researchers, on which it newly embarked
and has continued to pursue down to the present. The society takes part in the JANA Member
Academic Meetings, as well as the Japanese Association of Social Welfare Academic Societies, theJapan Consortium for Sociological Societies, and more. By cooperating with other academic
societies in neighboring fields it plays a role in producing intellectual property.
3) The Society’s Goals
Article 3 of the Society’s Bylaws stipulates that the society will promote research related tonursing and welfare as well as mutual coordination and cooperation with researchers andpractitioners. It will also strive to maintain ties with academic societies both in Japan and overseas,
thereby contributing to the welfare of human societies. As such, it contributes to: (1) performing
research related to nursing and welfare, (2) promoting mutual coordination and cooperation withresearchers and practitioners, and (3) striving to maintain ties with academic societies both in Japanand overseas.
With regard to (1) research related to nursing and welfare, the thinking is that creative research
activities will be important for erecting nursing and welfare studies, and for this the accumulation ofknowledge that is grounded in practical activities will be essential. For (2) promoting mutual
coordination and cooperation with researchers and practitioners, the thinking is that it will be
important to convey and utilize nursing and welfare studies. In other words, this will entail
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translating research results into practice while placing emphasis on education, as well as conducting
investigative analyses on modalities for these practices. As for (3) striving to maintain ties withacademic societies both in Japan and overseas, the thinking is that contributions to society by meansof utilizing the academic results will be important while pursuing nursing and welfare studies by
repeatedly brainstorming together with other related academic societies.
The Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work has implemented the following
efforts in order to achieve the objectives mentioned above. It holds nationwide academic conferences
once a year and publishes an academic journal twice annually. The society needs to make more of aneffort in order to promote its growth with respect to the holding of research sessions sponsored by its
Academic Exchange Department and other events. For the future, there are plans to set up a
grant-in-aid scheme for research within the society, as well as to offer advice to society based on
discussions from a generic perspective regarding health, welfare, and medical care.
4) Number of Members
As of July 8, 2012 the society had 360 members (FY2012 general assembly report, held at
Bunkyo University).
3. Research Trends Seen in Attitude Surveys on Members of the Japanese Society for the
Study of Nursing and Social Work
1) Nursing and Welfare Research Subjects
When it comes to nursing and welfare research subjects, a look at the top three positions reveals
that 13 people listed users of medical care services, nine people said everyone with challenges intheir daily lives, and nine people said users of welfare services.
It is presumed that since nurses accounted for 31 of the 42 people (74%), users of medical careservices accounted for the majority of these responses. Moreover, this could also be described as areflection of the aging society from the year 1995 onwards. The large percentage of responses thatperceive of coordination and cooperation between nursing and welfare as a targeted issue for thecreation of nursing and welfare studies is thought to be a reflection of social phenomena that are
growing increasingly difficult for a single specialist to handle on their own.
From the fact that the fewest responses were those that used the physically disabled as researchsubjects at four people, this could be interpreted as being an undeveloped area as a targeted subject
for investigations into nursing and welfare studies.
2) Sites of Nursing and Welfare Activities
As for the sites of nursing and welfare activities, those listed for the top three spots werecommunities and homes by 27 people, welfare-related facilities by 14 people, and hospitals by 13
people.
This is believed to be a result of the fact that the notion of normalization, whereby the elderly
and disabled live in amongst local communities, has become widespread, and those offering
assistance have adopted this perspective. What is more, since people have a strong desire to spend
184the end of their lives in places where they have grown accustomed to living, there is awareness that
communities and homes serve as locations for nursing and welfare studies activities that are capableof ensuring people’s QOL while these activities also cover the perspectives of welfare facilities andhospitals. Nowadays the functions of nursing studies are expanding, and such activities are being
deployed both in name and deed over a wide-ranging conceptual framework that includes everythingfrom in-hospital nursing care to communities, homes, and welfare facilities. In the nursing studies
educational curriculums at nursing colleges that have proliferated since the 1990s, efforts have been
made to round out nursing education that is centered around nursing care which closely connects
hospitals, homes, and communities by converting bedside training to clinical training and publichealth nursing studies to community nursing studies. As such, it could also be surmised that this has
been reflected in these sorts of results.
3) Terminology Representing Nursing and Welfare
When the question was posed to list three words that are appropriate for representing nursing
and welfare, the top four terms were QOL from 17 people, nursing from 15 people, coordinationfrom 13 people, and care/caring from 11 people.
These results can be taken to mean that integrating nursing and welfare into a single concept
rather than seeing them each as distinct concepts allow for the specific implementation of the ideals
and practical activities that are embodied in each of these concepts respectively. It also implies that
there are many people who think that it can contribute in an academic sense to allowing people tolead happy lives.
4) Direction that Members would Like to Head in with their Research
By referencing the themes that have been investigated and researched by the academic journal
these can be broadly broken down into three trends: ethical and philosophical orientations, theactivities of practitioners, and the development of knowledge and techniques that allow specialists tocarry out their duties in order to meet the demands of contemporary society.”5) Future Prospects for Nursing and Welfare Academic Societies
Based on the aforementioned survey results and considerations, this section will present a few
tentative assumptions regarding the future prospects for nursing and welfare studies.
(1) There is a need to collect and systematize additional information based on an integrated
concept of nursing and welfare rather than seeing these as distinct concepts. This will necessitate
research on both art and science. In other words, it could be pointed out that for nursing and welfare
studies one pressing challenge will be the production of philosophical and scientific expertise thatwill clearly delineate what the aims are.
(2) In order to construct this concept of nursing and welfare studies, the first thing will be tolook at the health, medical care, and welfare facilities of today. This viewpoint refers to the domainsof primary care, emergency and first-aid care, care via advanced medical treatments and specialized
sections, short-term and palliative care, care related to rehabilitation, welfare facility care, and home185

welfare care. These seven respective sections undertake the role of providing distinctive care to therecipients. But when the recipients and their families are made the center of the considerations, thenthe question becomes one of whether said recipients will be able to receive assistance that ensures
their QOL in the homes and communities where they live. Development of research methods thatwill lead to appropriate solutions to this question in each care section can be thought of as acontemporary challenge. In the initial stages, starting out by examining precedent cases and withdescriptions of care phenomena should provide steady efforts towards this end. The presumption isthat the results of this can be used in reflecting upon aid techniques and striving to improve aid
techniques that ensure people’s QOL, which can lead to the provision of practical activities that arebacked up by scientific knowledge.
(3) One important challenge is to have the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social
Work provide recommendations for evidence-based policies. At the same time as providing a
big-picture outlook that places emphasis on policies for society as a whole, we must not forget to go
about thoroughly describing aid processes and practical activities that aim for the personal
perspective of QOL. In doing so it will be important to constantly consider coordination andcooperation with professionals who are engaged in the seven care sections described above. It willbe essential that each professional specialist fulfills his/her duties while understanding the roles ofeach section and staying in close contact with the others. With respect to leadership in suchsituations and the question of which professions are ideal for this, it will be essential to confirm themain complaints from the nursing and welfare recipients and their families, while also verifying
what needs there are for the challenges in their lives from a broad perspective.
Health Japan 21 presented specific health indicators. Regarding the revisions to the long-termcare insurance, now that 12 years have elapsed since the introduction of the system and the system
has undergone modifications based on social surveys and deliberations, we are now thought to be ina time when each and every member accepts the role played by the society in this with modesty. The
expectation is that they will promote individual research, while also voluntarily launching research
projects.
(4) Developing practical activities that can contribute to improving people’s health and welfare
poses a research challenge for nursing and welfare studies, with the ultimate objective of this being
the pursuit of happiness for humankind. Having a healthy mind and body and being able to fulfill
one’s roles as a human being to the extent possible gives people a true sense of being happy. In otherwords, this is also represented as the pursuit of shared challenges between nursing studies andwelfare studies as well as challenges in their border regions. In the future, we must play a role as adriving force for developing the new and integrated academic discipline of nursing and welfare
studies together with researchers in multiple fields that are needed for the studies. In this sense as
well, the society should offer a place for their mutual cultivation in an interdisciplinary and clinicalsense, with this including adjacent regions to nursing and welfare, consolidate the new energy that
this produces, and contribute to laying the foundation for the formation of a new academic
discipline.

1864. Erecting the General Concept for Nursing and Welfare Studies
The society not only engages itself in logical investigations but also respects sensibilities andemotions, and thus pursues non-contradictory scientific characteristics for the discipline by at times
undertaking research techniques of the natural sciences that are grounded in practical activities. It
respects the “humanity” that people are innately imbued with and provides them comfort, while atthe same time also being capable of supporting people in making it through life by encouraging
their independence. The society will pursue these two ways of conceptualizing of the matter. The
following issues can be listed as the research techniques, targets, and fields for this.
1) What Constitutes Nursing and Welfare Studies as a Science?
・This involves investigating the logic of an issue and being able to explain it using logic. It also
involves being able to demonstrate truth through causal relationships. In other words, this entails
clarifying unique and creative knowledge in the nursing and welfare domain by invoking andapplying sciences adjoining the two disciplines of nursing and welfare while also demonstrating
the evidence for them.
2) What Constitutes Nursing and Welfare Studies that Respect Sensibilities and Emotions?
・It cannot be explained by logic. Something that is outright beautiful is just beautiful; even if you
try to explain why it is beautiful you will be unable to convey this. The beauty that someone
experiences from being raised within their own cultural environment cannot be experienced in
the same way by someone else.
・Japanese culture is subtly attuned to nature itself. The people live their lives from day to day witha perception of this subtlety along with the changing of the four seasons. Things like beautiful
flowers, the chirping of small birds, the timbre of insects, and the sound of spring water flowing
down a gorge can be experienced and perceived within people’s daily lives. The Japanese people
have lived in such an environment for countless years. Their sensitivity to nature has taken root
deep within the public like a tree notched with age rings, and is unconsciously incorporated into
their daily lives.
・ The ancient pond/ A frog leaps in/ The sound of the waterThis is a haiku by MATSUO Basho. Readers of this verse most likely imagine a scene of a frog
leaping into a pond at an old temple in the middle of a deserted forest. Therein is contained amentality of experiencing stillness and quiet. Moreover, it also reverberates with a sound thatcannot be explained through the diverse experiences of individual people, and people can get asense for its lingering reverberations.
As the above demonstrates, this includes phenomena that exist in the relationships between
people and other people, people and life, and people and locations.
3) People, Scope, and Locations (Fields) Targeted by Nursing and Welfare Studies for
Research・ The elderly continue to amass memories and experiences as if they were the warp and woof forweaving their lives thus far into a tapestry. These are discussed through items imbued withnostalgic memories, their love for their birthplaces, their love for their families, and their love for187humankind, and through the intercession of people listening carefully their memories can be
drawn out more vividly.
・ It is necessary to adopt new viewpoints and sensibilities regarding the importance ofquestioning the significance of achieving a sense of respect for the lives of the late elderly people
at medical care and welfare facilities.
・ The question of how respect for the human rights of all people should be reflected in each andevery educational setting is an important research topic. This includes creating assistancestructures for supporting the independence of the physically handicapped, as well as creating
networks concerning abuse (of the elderly, the physically handicapped, and children, as well as
between couples and parents and children).
5. Activities for the Great East Japan Earthquake
Following the unprecedented major earthquake disaster that occurred on March 11, 2011, thesociety carried out fund-raising activities and awareness-raising activities through academic
conferences and other initiatives by both the society’s organization and at the individual level in theinterest of supporting reconstruction.
This section will attempt to report to some extent on two of the dynamic reconstruction
volunteer activities by the society members, which are (1) assistance with relief supplies and (2) aid
activities in the stricken regions.
1) Sorting Relief Supplies(1) Period: March 19 and 21, 2011
(2) Location of activities: Tosu General Government Office Building, Saga Prefecture (Tosu City,
Saga Prefecture)(3) Organization sponsoring the activities: Saga Prefectural Disaster Volunteer Center, Saga
Prefecture(4) Contents of main activities: receiving and sorting relief supplies from the local citizens andloading them into shipping trucks.
Appeals soliciting relief supplies were made within Saga Prefecture one week after theearthquake struck, but on account of factors like the regional characteristics of Tosu City relief
supplies were also delivered from neighboring Fukuoka Prefecture. In addition, relief supplies likeinstant foods were also provided by companies located within an industrial park in Tosu City, thus
affirming the spirit of cooperation found during states of emergency between local residents,
companies, and others.
One matter that was noticed in the fields of nursing and welfare through the activities is thatmost of the relief supplies provided during emergencies are daily necessities that can be purchasedfrom places like supermarkets. Of these, it was predicted that there would be shortages of items likediapers and women’s sanitary products. However, the methods for counting quantities were notclearly defined; it was difficult to determine the needs of the intended users; and the methods forgetting a handle on the daily necessities and other goods from health, welfare, and medical care
professionals and local residents differed. Therefore, clarifying the day-to-day baseline levels and188setting in place a support structure that can allocate supplies appropriately to the people and places
that need them without overages or deficiencies in preparation for disasters can be pointed out as
issues to be kept in mind.
2) Aid Activities in the Stricken Regions(1) Period: April 24 to 28, 2011
(2) Location of activities: Iwaki City, Fukushima Prefecture(3) Organization sponsoring the activities: Saga Prefectural Disaster Volunteer Center, Saga
Prefecture(4) Organization cooperating in the activities: Iwaki Disaster Relief Volunteer Center(5) Contents of main activities: gathering and providing information at victims’ homes, holding
hearings at evacuation shelters, and providing volunteer information.
In consideration for restoring the daily lives of the disaster victims, it is crucial to secure
lifelines and share information on people requiring long-term care. Given the various different aid
agencies working in the stricken regions, it was clear that there were imbalances in the aid in thatsome types of aid were supplied in abundance while conversely other types of aid were in short
supply. One of the reasons for this was noted as being overlapping information.
In particular, because of the damage from the tsunami along coastal areas and the presumable
scenarios in which this would create inadequacies in public health and sanitation, it willconceivably be necessary to erect structures that can handle multilayered relationships effectively
when it comes to lifestyle support and support for health aspects for the residents who go back toliving there. Moreover, in cases where the family vehicles people used as their ordinary means oftransportation were washed away and they lost their means of getting around, difficult cases were
often observed whereby people had problems with going shopping or going to medical exams as
part of their daily lives. In terms of medical care in particular, there were medical teams that would
have liked to have responded right away, but were unable to do so due to the fact that adequate
structures for things like coordination with the local communities had not been set in place. For thisreason, the necessity of coordination for medical care, nursing, and welfare became clear from theactual conditions in the stricken regions from both the dimensions of prevention and after-care.
3) Nursing and Welfare Approach in Stricken Regions
As was mentioned above, medical care and nursing approach for saving the lives of people
that require emergency care following the occurrence of a major earthquake is needed in stricken
regions. One pressing challenge is to use this to respond to the loss of appetite, insomnia, andshaking that occurs in people whose physical conditions have declined considerably, as well as
acute stress disorder (ASD) whereby people experience mental and physical pain produced bystress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) produced from shocking events such as major
earthquakes. What is more, a variety of different nursing and psychological approaches are requiredthat include handling the depression associated with such tragedies that leads to social withdrawal,
anthropophobia, and suicide.
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At the same time, support must also be provided for the psychosocial issue of survivor’s guilt,
whereby those who survive feel a sense of guilt over their own existence in response to the people
around them who perished in the earthquake. In addition, responses for things like grief counselingto disaster victims who harbor a profound sense of loss, such as children, juveniles, elderly people,
and physically handicapped people who have lost family, is a serious challenge. These can beaffirmed as being secondary and tertiary forms of damage produced by the earthquake.
In addition to this, when it comes to social support for the victims there are also needs forthings like providing supplies, restoring lifelines, and securing living spaces through temporary
housing and the like. Regarding the concentrated mobilization of social resources for theseemergency measures, rapid countermeasures will be needed in conjunction with political andeconomic trends, which will surely be an appraisal of the state of Japan’s social security.
At the same time, coordination over structures for linkages and cooperation between formal
support and informal support, such as cooperation among civilian volunteers, will be important.
This will likely offer an opportunity to reveal the level of maturity that Japan’s social welfare hasreached.
The emergency and long-term challenges brought about by the occurrence of the Great East
Japan Earthquake fall under the field of nursing and welfare and require multilayered social support
through things like networks of different occupational categories. In other words, it is under these
sorts of situations when we can get a feel for the social mission of the Japanese Society for the
Study of Nursing and Social Work.
When it comes to the pursuit of people’s health and welfare, the society does not perceive
ordinary people solely from the dimensions of physical medicine and nursing. Instead, in addition
to these physical aspects it has aimed to achieve total, holistic care that encompasses psychological,
intellectual, and social dimensions. Its history of holding nationwide academic conferences a totalof 26 times and continuously publishing 18 volumes of its academic journal as of the present could
be regarded as proof of this.
Now is the time to clarify the social raison d'être for our society. To do so we should haveeveryone from the society’s managing director down to its executives and members join together in
response to reconstruction for the Great East Japan Earthquake to discover scientific research andpractice modalities for the current state of the victims, while promoting the society’s work ofsurmising the disaster victims’ true needs.
6. Conclusion
From our society’s progress of more than a quarter of a century thus far we have been able toascertain the need to have nursing and welfare studies support people’s lives in and of themselves,as well as the need for cooperation between health, welfare, and medical care for preventative andemergency assistance during disasters. For the future we will place emphasis on researchingholistic care and setting our sites on “pursuing care that does not deplete people’s natural healing
powers” as can be found within Florence NIGHTINGALE’s Notes on Nursing. Moreover, we will
not stop in the further pursuit of interdisciplinary research on nursing and welfare studies by190

striving for cooperation with ancillary fields in order to achieve the empowerment of the people wedeal with and the protection of their rights.
7. Contact Information
The society is an academic society that fuses nursing with welfare. In striving for the pursuitof people’s health and welfare it has continued to publish a research journal and hold nationwide
academic meetings every year. We would be pleased if, in the future, organizations, individual
researchers, and practitioners with an interest in social services for nursing and welfare to generalpublic were to share information and engage in joint research in striving for academic partnerships
with the society. We would like to ask those with such an interest to visit the following site.
http://kangofukushi.sakura.ne.jp/
Literature (including the results of the society’s activities): all in Japanese language with titles
translated into English for reference.
Chiba Mayumi, Watanabe Midori, Hosoda Emi, Matsuzawa Yuka, and Sone Chikako, 2011,“Current State of and Challenges for End of Life Care in Group Homes: A Comparison
through whether or not Nurses are Hired,” Journal of the Japanese Society for the Study of
Nursing and Social Work, Vol. 16, No. 1-14. Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing andSocial Work．
Inoue Miyuki and Yanagawa Ikuko, 2008, “The Actual State of Care Management at Home Care
Support Centers: Taken From a Fact-finding Survey on the Awareness and Practices ofLong-Term Care Support Specialists,” Journal of the Japanese Society for the Study of
Nursing and Social Work, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1-12. Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing
and Social Work．
Matsuzawa Yuka, Soyano Ayako, and Watanabe Midori, 2008, “An Exploration of Predictive
Factors for Delirium in Elderly Patients following Hepatic Artery Embolization,” Journal of
the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work, Vol. 14, No. 1, 59-70.
Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work．
Okazaki Michiko, 2007, “The 20 Year History of the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing andSocial Work and Its Future,” Journal of the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing andSocial Work,Vol. 13．No. 1, 27-32．Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social
Work．
Takiguchi Makoto, 2007, “Thoughts on the Significance of Christian Welfare in Social Work: Froma Biblically-based View of Humanity and Spiritual Outlook,” Journal of the JapaneseSociety for the Study of Nursing and Social Work, Vol. 13, No. 1, 33-44. Japanese Society
for the Study of Nursing and Social Work．
Tomoda Hiroko, ANDO Chie, and OIWA Naomi, 2008, “The Actual State of Health-related Care
Provided by Social Welfare Workers at Children’s Foster Homes: Present Conditions andThoughts Learned from Talks with Social Welfare Workers, Journal of the Japanese Society
for the Study of Nursing and Social Work, Vol. 13, No. 2, 13-26. Japanese Society for the
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Study of Nursing and Social Work．
Watanabe Midori, 2008, “Cleaning Behaviors and Processes of Elderly People Admitted to
Geriatric Health Care Facilities: With a Focus on Interactions with Care Providers,” Journalof the Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work, Vol. 13, No. 2, 27-38.
Japanese Society for the Study of Nursing and Social Work．
Yamada Takako and Nagoshi Megumi, 2010, “Illness Trajectory for Patients Transitioning from
Chronic Hepatitis Patients to Hepatocarcinoma,” Journal of the Japanese Society for the
Study of Nursing and Social Work, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1-14. Japanese Society for the Study of
Nursing and Social Work．

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