2024
European Parliament Elections

Humane SocietyInternational/Europe
Manifesto

In June 2024, citizens from across 27 EU Member States will elect a new European Parliament.
The 720 MEPs chosen by the electorate will be charged with the responsibility of representing EU
citizens’ interests for the next five years and shaping the future of EU policy and legislation.
The protection of animals is an issue close to the hearts of many EU citizens. This is also reflectedin the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which explicitly recognises that animals
are sentient beings and that the EU and Member States must pay full regard to their welfare
requirements in their policymaking.
It is often said that the EU has the highest animal welfare standards in the world, but there is stillenormous room for improvement. The farm animal welfare legislation is incomplete and urgently
needs updating, not only to expand its scope, but also to reflect current scientific understandingsof the complex welfare needs of the animals that we keep for production purposes. Additionally,
there is a need to recognise the impact of animal agriculture on climate change and the necessityof transitioning to more sustainable, plant-based diets.
The protection of wildlife is also an important political issue. Europe is both a destination market
for wildlife products, both legal and illegal, and a hub for the trafficking of wildlife in transit toother regions. There are also significant loopholes in the existing EU wildlife trade Regulations
that need closing. Regrettably, the EU is also the second biggest importer in the world of hunting
trophies from threatened and endangered species.
Animals used for scientific purposes also need more attention in the EU. Millions of animals inlaboratories suffer and die each year in EU-funded research, and for testing mandated by EU
regulations. Even our celebrated ban on animal testing of cosmetics is being undermined. It
is time for EU institutions to articulate an ambitious and concrete plan for phasing-in modern
animal-free approaches, and ensure that our laws, regulations, and research funding programmes
operate in lockstep with this plan.

Humane Society International/Europe is calling on candidates for the European Elections
to become advocates for farmed, wild and laboratory animals to advance their welfare andimprove their protection in the EU and beyond. This Manifesto outlines a number of key
priorities for the upcoming Tenth Parliamentary Term (2024-2029).

HSI/Europe 2024 Europe Elections Manifesto2Advancing Farm animal welfare
In 2020, the European Commission’s EU Farm to Fork Strategy
committed to revising and expanding the scope of existing EU
animal welfare legislation to reflect current scientific knowledge.
Following the successful European Citizens’ Initiative to
End the Cage Age, the Commission also pledged to end caged
confinement for farm animals. Regrettably, the Commission
has failed to deliver the proposals to improve the welfare ofanimals on farms promised by the end of 2023, adopting only
a weak legislative proposal on animal transport. It is vitalthat the animal transport proposal is strengthened by the new
Parliament. Moreover, MEPs must push the Commission to
make good on its promises and deliver legislation to advancefarm animal welfare during the next Parliamentary term. Someof HSI’s key demands for the improvement of the welfare of pigs
and poultry are summarised below.

PIG WELFARE
Council Directive 2008/120/EC laying down minimum standards
for the protection of pigs is no longer fit for purpose and fails
to adequately provide for the welfare needs of the species.

It is crucial that pig production becomes more animal thaneconomically focused.
This will inter alia necessarily require an end to intensive
confinement with no cages or individual sow stalls (andpreferably outdoor access) and the selection of pigs forrobustness, including traits, such as lower prolificacy, good
mothering ability and low aggression.
It is also vital for the new welfare rules to mandate the provisionof spacious pig housing that offers variation with straw bedding
and functional areas for resting and other activities, such as
foraging and rooting, eating and drinking. There should beenough space so that resting and eating are separated fromdunging areas.
Lastly, the integrity of the species must be respected by, ideally,
keeping pigs in family group systems, aligning litter size with sow
suckling capacity and prohibiting surgical mutilations. It is notedthat routine tail-docking is already prohibited, but the practicecontinues unabated in all Member States, except for Sweden and
Finland, which have achieved this by properly implementing the
Pigs Directive provisions concerning environmental enrichment.

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WELFARE OF LAYING HENS
While Council Directive 1999/74/EC laying down minimum
standards for the protection of laying hens prohibited the use ofnon-enriched battery cages, it still permits enriched cages, which
completely fail to meet the welfare requirements for laying hens.
More than half of egg production in the EU is already cage-free,
but legislative action at EU level is needed to ensure that all laying
hens are kept in alternative systems in all Member States. It isvital that all laying hens are provided a safe, comfortable andhygienic housing environment with space for each bird to movefreely with plenty of friable litter, elevated perching space forall birds, appropriate nest boxes and a variety of environmental
enrichments to meet their behavioural needs.
Additionally, laying hens require a comfortable house housing
environment with effective ventilation, suitable temperature
and acceptable air quality. Nutritional requirements shouldmeet dietary energy needs of active cage-free birds withhigher protein content to prevent development of abnormalfeather pecking behaviour. Free-range production systems
must provide safe access to a well-maintained pasture or
range area with protection from predators and the elements,
and good drainage.

WELFARE OF MEAT CHICKENSCouncil Directive 2007/43/EC laying down minimum rules forthe protection of chickens kept for meat production is not fit
for purpose. Conventional broiler chicken production causes
an array of serious animal welfare problems, including crowded,
barren living conditions, painful procedures, and physical andphysiological problems associated with rapid growth.

With respect to environmental enrichment, elevated perches
and at least two kinds of pecking substrates must be provided.
Birds with outdoor access require shade, shelter and protection
from predators. Further, to ensure air quality in closed systems
it is crucial to limit the concentrations of both ammonia andcarbon dioxide, and to mandate the installation of generators,
backup and alarm systems for ventilation and temperature
control when the animals’ lives are dependent on the capacity offans to move air. Likewise, a minimum of 50 lux of light, as wellas natural light via inclusion of window space should be provided
for birds kept in closed housing systems and a minimum of 6hours, but preferably 8 hours, of darkness to allow the birds toproperly sleep. Semi or full outdoor access for broiler chickens ispreferable.

REVISION OF DIRECTIVE 98/58/EC –REPLACEMENT WITH A ‘KEPT
ANIMALS’ REGULATION
Council Directive 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animals
kept for farming purposes sets down general rules concerning theprotection of animals farmed for food, wool, skin or fur, or forother farming purposes, including fish, reptiles and amphibians.
Broadly speaking, it deals with issues relating to the freedom of
movement and avoidance of unnecessary suffering and injury,
provision of appropriate nutrition, basic housing conditions (i.e.
lighting, ventilation and temperature), as well as requirements
concerning staffing, inspections and record-keeping. Member
States can also to keep or introduce stricter provisions.

It is vital that slower-growing breeds demonstrating higher
welfare outcomes are adopted. Commercially viable genetic
strains with higher welfare outcomes are readily available.
Preferably, dual-purpose, heritage, local or traditional breeds thatare adapted to local conditions, and have no more than 30g/day
growth would be raised instead.

The Directive’s provisions are highly generalised and insufficientto guarantee that the complex welfare needs of all species kept
for food production are met. Species-specific rules are needed
to protect the welfare of other food-producing species, suchas dairy cows, beef cattle, ducks, geese, turkeys, quails, rabbits
and farmed fish. It is recognised that some of these additional
minimum welfare standards will necessarily be adopted throughthe comitology process in the form of delegated acts. The
Directive should also be transposed into a Regulation for ‘kept
animals’, which is binding in its entirety on all Member States.

To address issue of overcrowding, which reduces the abilityof birds to express their natural behaviour and to avoid social
interactions, the stocking density should be set at no morethan 30kg/m2. Moreover, thinning flocks should ideally not
be practised, since it is stressful and poses a risk factor for
campylobacter and other infections. Surgical mutilations, such as
beak trimming, de-toeing and de-clawing and comb dubbing, andcaponisation must also be prohibited.

The concept of the five freedoms on which Directive 98/58/EC isbased is outdated and should be replaced with the ‘five domains’model that encompasses nutrition, environment, health,behaviour and mental state, and makes a distinction between thephysical and functional factors affecting an animal’s welfare andthe overall mental state of the animal, which stems from thesefactors. This approach acknowledges that an animal’s emotional
needs are equally important as their physical needs.

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Making Fur History
There are serious ethical and animal welfare concerns
associated with the production of fur. The living conditions in
fur farms, which keep animals, such as American mink, foxes
and raccoon dogs, in close proximity and at high densities, failto satisfy many of the animals’ most basic welfare needs. The
practice of fur farming is outdated and inherently inhumane.
Fur farming also poses a threat to native biodiversity and,as has been evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, also an
unacceptable risk to public health. The EU labelling regime
for fur products is also inadequate. This must be improved for
consumers to be able to make more informed choices and not be
duped into purchasing real animal fur assuming that it is fake.

BAN FUR FARMING
Fur farming has already been prohibited and/or is in theprocess of being phased-out in 15 EU Member States, namely
Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Slovenia,
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, Ireland, Italy, France,
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Malta. Furthermore, the recent
European Citizens’ Initiative Fur Free Europe demonstrates
the breadth of citizen support across the Union for a full EU
ban on fur farming. The revision of the EU animal welfare

legislation provides an opportunity to prohibit the cruel andunnecessary practice of fur farming in the EU.
HSI urges the adoption of an EU-wide ban on the keeping,breeding and killing of animals for the sole purpose of fur
production.

FUR LABELLING
Article 12 of the Textile Regulation (EU) No 1007/2011
established a labelling requirement for ‘textile products containing
non-textile parts of animal origin’. This provision is inadequate
and fails to allow consumers to make an informed decision withrespect to real animal fur given that it is unclear and only covers
textile products that fall under the scope of the legislation.
The revision of the EU Textile Regulation provides an opportunity
to address these deficits by ensuring the mandatory andmeaningful labelling of all items containing real animal fur, for as
long as the sale thereof remains legal. This should ideally require
the inclusion of product information detailing: 1) the species
from which the fur derives, 2) the country of origin and 3) how
the animal was reared and killed.

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Protecting Wildlife
The European Commission’s EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2030
is a binding political commitment to protecting and restoring
biodiversity. A key driver of global biodiversity loss is the
direct exploitation of wildlife by humans. The trade in wildlife
plays a key role in this. HSI, therefore, welcomes the revised
EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking and plans tointensify the fight against the illegal wildlife trade, but notesthat legal trade in wild animals and wildlife products alsosignificantly contributes to biodiversity decline and should not
be overlooked. Moreover, there are also significant concerns
about the welfare of wild animals either being caught or raised
and killed for their parts and products, or traded live.

TROPHY HUNTING
Trophy hunting is one of the most egregious forms of wildlife
exploitation. Continuing to permit the EU import and exportof such hunting trophies is inconsistent with the EU’s goal ofprotecting biodiversity worldwide. HSI calls for a ban on trophy
hunting imports of threatened and endangered species.
It is still possible for hunters to legally import hunting trophiesof CITES-listed species to the EU with an import permit issued
by a Member State. Only species listed on Annex A of the EU
Wildlife Trade Regulation and twelve additional species listed

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in Annex B, namely African elephants, southern white rhinos,
common hippopotamus, seven species of argali sheep, African
lions, and polar bears, are subject to this permitting regime. Thismeans that the EU is currently not even in a position to ascertain
whether most trophy imports are non-detrimental to theconservation of species and legal at the point of origin.
For as long as importing hunting trophies is still legal, HSI
believes that the requirement for import permits should be
extended to ALL species listed in Annex B of the EU Wildlife
Trade Regulations to ensure that these trophies are of legal and‘sustainable’ origin. It is also crucial that Member States only issue
permits when there is reliable, verifiable evidence available that
all requirements detailed in the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations are
met. For Annex A species, this also means that evidence for theprovision of significant and tangible conservation benefits for the
species concerned must also be provided. Lastly, much greatertransparency as to how opinions of the Scientific Review Groupon country-species trophy imports are reached, is a necessary
first step for this approach.

CLOSING THE LOOPHOLES IN EU
WILDLIFE TRADE REGULATIONSHSI strongly advocates an end the trade in live wild animals forthe exotic pet trade and other commercial purposes. Many
threatened species are protected from exploitation in theirhome countries, but are not protected from being traded, either
through domestic legislation or by CITES. As a result, wildlife
traffickers are able to easily smuggle these animals into legal(or illegal) international trade flows, and once out of theircountries of origin, little can be done to stop the trade in these
species, particularly as exotic pets.
To address this devastating practice, it is imperative that the EUcommits to adopting legislation that prohibits the importation,transhipment, purchase, and sale of wildlife taken illegally in the
country of harvest/origin.

ACHIEVING COEXISTENCE WITHLARGE CARNIVORESThe continued recovery of native wildlife species, including
European populations of wolves, bears and lynx, is important forthe preservation of EU biodiversity. The destruction of habitatand encroachment of human activities can increase the risk ofhuman-large carnivore conflict and subsequently the increased
vilification and persecution of these species, particularly in rural
areas.
It is vital that the existing nature legislation is not weakened.
In recent years, there has been persistent pressure from a few
Member States and the hunting and farming lobbies to revise
the Habitats Directive to permit more large carnivores to be
killed. HSI instead advocates the rigorous pursuit of mitigation
strategies to prevent predation, which may be fully remunerated
under State Aid rules, to achieve greater coexistence with large
carnivores and the implementation of existing measures by
Member States to promptly compensate farmers for their losses
in the event of predator attacks.

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Animal-Free Science“Animal models are wrong more often than they are right,”
according to Harvard professor Dr Don Ingber, while modern
non-animal technologies are increasingly able to mimic or
predict human organ/system-level functions and have thepotential to revolutionise health research and safety science. In
2021, the European Parliament issued a near-unanimous callfor an Action Plan to phase animals out of European science.
The coming years will be critical for creating a coherent EU
policy framework for change, and for working together to agree
and progress a shared roadmap to accelerate phasing-in nonanimal approaches based on modern science while phasing-out
last century’s animal models for testing and research.

REACH, CLP & CHEMICALS STRATEGYFOR SUSTAINABILITY
The European Commission has committed to develop aroadmap to replace animal testing for chemicals; however, its
recent actions and proposals are setting the stage for increased
animal use. It is vital that no new or expanded animal testing
requirements are allowed to be introduced via revisions to EU
regulations for chemicals (REACH) and classification, labellingand packaging (CLP) or delegated acts, that obsolete processes
that favour “tick-box” animal testing be replaced by risk-basedprioritisation and modern approaches to testing and assessmentthat take account of the latest scientific developments, and thatmajor policy decisions (e.g. creation of new hazard categories

under CLP) be subject to full review and debate by theEuropean Parliament and Council, and not circumvented by theCommission by means of Delegated Acts.

HUMANISING HEALTH RESEARCH
Human health and basic research are the main consumers ofanimals in European laboratories, and the main driver for thisuse of animals is funding. Thus, to achieve the EU’s stated goalof replacing animals in science, there needs to be a strategic
and sustained shift in EU and Member State funding awayfrom projects that involve animals and towards those that donot. The Parliament’s 2021 resolution called for “mechanisms
for preferential funding of non-animal methods across all EU
research” and “reduction targets and timelines … to incentivise
change”.
HSI recommends the implementation of such a mechanism
based on sound scientific criteria, allowing both a reduction ofanimal use and increased funding in technologies with a higher
potential for research and drug development. As a first step, theamount of EU funding going to animal and non-animal researchshould be assessed and tracked accurately. Efforts should also
be undertaken to identify animal models least able to replicate
human biology and shift funding from those to more promisingtools (organs-on-chips, computer models, etc.). This would be awin-win-win for people, animals, and science.

HSI/Europe 2024 Europe Elections Manifesto8Transitioning to Plant-Based Diets
The Commission’s EU Farm to Fork Strategy acknowledgedthat a transition to a more sustainable food system will not
happen without a shift in people’s diets. The Strategy rightly
states that “moving to a more plant-based diet with less red
and processed meat and with more fruits and vegetables will
reduce not only risks of life-threatening diseases, but also
the environmental impact of the food system.” Likewise, theEurope Beating Cancer Plan also recognises the necessity of
reducing the consumption of animal products and shifting tomore plant-based diets.

SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMSFRAMEWORK LAW
The Commission‘s proposed Sustainable Food Systems
Framework Law aims to make the EU food system sustainable
and to integrate sustainability into all food-related policies andachieve policy coherence. It is vital that this legislation pays full
regard to the welfare of farm animals, given that this is integral tofood sustainability.
HSI recommends that this legislation includes measures toreduce farm animal numbers and stocking densities. There mustalso be a shift from intensive animal agriculture to an increase

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in the production and consumption of plant-based products.
Growing plant proteins for animal feed is an inefficient use ofresources given the amount needed thereof to produce a unit ofmeat. Rather than feeding plant-proteins to farm animals, such
crops could more efficiently be used to feed people.

plant-based milk products. This is important not only to support
the transition to more sustainable food systems, but to also
ensure that the EU School Scheme is fully inclusive and provides
alternatives for children who cannot or do not want to consume
cows’ milk.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTPROMOTION POLICYEU CLIMATE POLICY

Given the urgent need to transition to more sustainable foodsystems, it is vital to ensure that EU funds are no longer used
for the promotion of animal products derived from intensive
animal production systems. Although it is preferable for nomeat or other animal products to be promoted at all, if theCommission wishes to achieve its Farm to Fork objective ofensuring that at least 25% of EU’s agricultural land is underorganic farming by 2030, then earmarking such funds to
exclusively promote animal products produced within organic
systems with higher animal welfare standards would be
advisable. This may also provide an incentive for producers totransition to extensive animal production systems that employ
higher animal welfare.

EU SCHOOL SCHEME
The EU School Scheme is up for revision and should ideally belimited to fruit and vegetables, and no longer promote cow’s milk
given the significant environmental impact of dairy production.
At the very minimum, pupils should be offered the alternatives ofAgriculture is responsible for 10.3% of the EU’s greenhouse gas
emissions and nearly 70% of those are from the animal sector.
Yet, animal agriculture continues to be the ‘cow in the room’when it comes to EU climate policy, despite the urgent need toreduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions, as well as CO2.
It is vital to reduce the number of animals kept on farms in the
EU. At present, there is too great an emphasis on reducing theenvironmental and climate impact of animal production throughpost-production technologies. This focus shifts attention
away from needed policy measures and behavioural change,
precluding the reduction of environmental impacts by addressing
the overproduction and overconsumption of animal products—
areas where cuts in emissions can be the most impactful, lasting
and readily achieved.
Innovation should not be viewed as a panacea to mitigate theimpact of large-scale intensive animal agriculture. Precision
Livestock Farming risks facilitating intensive production systems
that are inherently designed to overproduce. Likewise, using
innovative feed additives may help to reduce enteric methane
emissions from farm animals, such as cattle, but these solutions
serve to maintain the status quo, rather than engender thesystemic change needed in our food system and diets.

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10International Trade Policy
Trade agreements, if drafted appropriately and allocatednecessary resources, can offer a platform to influence positivechange for the lives of animals. It is, therefore, vital that
there is a high level of ambition for any trade deals negotiatedbetween the EU and other nations. These must include strong
provisions to ensure the protection of all animals that may
be affected by trade, whether they may be on the farm, inlaboratories or in the wild. This also means that animal
welfare should be a consideration – where relevant – across thewhole agreement and should not be overlooked in the parties’
desire to remove trade barriers and increase trade flows.

FARM ANIMAL WELFARE
Trade policy can be used as an instrument to obtain ambitious
commitments from third countries on animal welfare. Given

that Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) between the EU and othercountries are likely to further increase trade opportunities
for animal agricultural products, including meat, egg anddairy products, it is important to ensure that all new EU trade
agreements embrace the principle of ‘conditional liberalisation’ of
the market by ensuring that these agreements include provisions
requiring that animal products must satisfy minimum EU animal
welfare standards to be able to enter the EU market duty-free.
The provisions for shelled eggs in the provisionally agreed
EU-Mercosur trade deal and beef from grass-fed cattle in the EUNew Zealand FTA have established precedents for this.
Additionally, trade policy can also provide a formalised
framework for international and regulatory cooperation on
animal welfare with the EU providing, for instance, technicalassistance, expertise and capacity-building in order to raiseanimal welfare standards and improve the sustainability of foodproduction elsewhere in the world.

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SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMSThe most recent FTAs under negotiation have included
proposals by the EU for chapters on Sustainable Food
Systems. A sustainable food system must deliver foodsecurity and nutrition for all in such a way that the economic,
social and environmental bases to generate food security
and nutrition for future generations are not compromised.
Moreover, it should also not compromise the welfare ofanimals that are kept for food production. The environmental
impact of food production, particularly intensive animal
agriculture, is of concern, not only with regard to climatechange, but also to issues such as environmental degradation,
pollution and biodiversity decline. This issue must be properly
addressed in future EU FTAs.

TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
While FTAs open markets, create business and employment
opportunities, and can increase economic growth, new increased
access to markets can also pose a threat to biodiversity andhabitats, and lead to increases in legal and illegal trade in wildlife.
HSI welcomes the inclusion of robust provisions relating tobiodiversity protection and enhanced cooperation in the Tradeand Sustainable Development chapters of recent FTAs, including
those with Vietnam and New Zealand, particularly regarding
issues, such as wildlife trafficking and Illegal, Unreported andUnregulated (IUU) fishing.
This level of ambition with regards to biodiversity protection
must be maintained in all future trade agreements. In thisregard, EU FTAs, such as the one presently being negotiatedwith Indonesia, must include commitments to take steps todiscourage the consumption of certain goods and products,
such as palm oil, which are unsustainably harvested thereby
posing a threat to native wildlife and habitats.

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Humane Society International/Europe’s key
priorities for the 2024 European Elections
Humane Society International/Europe calls on candidates for the 2024 European Elections tobecome advocates for farmed, wild and laboratory animals. Here are a few of our key priorities
for advancing animal welfare and improving animal protection in the EU and beyond.

Improving farm animal welfare
The existing body of EU animal welfare legislation must be revised to fully reflect current scientific understandingsof animal welfare and its scope expanded to cover all animals kept for economic purposes. It is imperative that thislegislative revision includes the phasing-out of all caged confinement for farm animals, such as laying hens and pigs.

Making fur farming history
A full ban on the keeping, breeding and killing of animals for the sole purpose of fur production must be
introduced. The cruel and unnecessary practice of fur farming must be relegated to the annals of history
everywhere in Europe.

Restricting hunting trophy imports
EU Member States are currently only required to issue import permits for hunting trophies from species listed on
Annex A and just twelve species on Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations. For as long as the import of hunting
trophies remains legal, this import requirement must be extended to ALL species listed in Annex B to ensure thatthese hunting trophies are of legal and ‘sustainable’ origin.

Closing the loopholes in the EU wildlife trade Regulations
A loophole in EU legislation allows nationally protected wild animal species, trafficked into international trade flows, tobe sold legally in Europe as exotic pets. The EU must commit to adopting supplementary legislation that prohibits theimportation, transhipment, purchase, and sale of wildlife taken illegally in the country of harvest/origin.

Ensuring animal-free science
The EU chemicals legislation (REACH) must be revised to close loopholes that allow testing of cosmetic ingredients.
Both REACH and the regulation for chemicals classification, labelling, and packaging (CLP) must be updated tomaximise adoption non-animal methods for safety assessment and it is crucial that no new or expanded animal testing
requirements are introduced via revisions or delegated acts. In research, where the largest number of animals are usedin experiments, the EU should commit to a scientific and technological shift towards non-animal approaches.

Promoting sustainable food systems
EU policymaking, including any future Sustainable Food Systems Framework Law, should actively promote thetransition to a more plant-based diet and a decrease in the production and consumption of animal products,
as well as introducing measures to reduce the number of farmed animals in production and their stocking densities,
to mitigate the environmental and climate impacts of intensive animal agriculture

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Our mission
Advancing the welfare of animals in more than 50 countries, Humane Society International
works around the globe to promote the human-animal bond, rescue and protect dogs and cats,
improve farm animal welfare, protect wildlife, promote animal-free testing and research,
respond to disasters and confront cruelty to animals in all of its forms.

Photos Cover: CC0, Lukas Vincour / Zvířata Nejíme / We Animals Media, Jo-Anne McArthur / We Animals Media, Justin Mott / Kindred Guardians Project / We Animals Media, Stefano Belacchi / Essere
Animali / We Animals Media, Anton Sorokin / Alamy Stock Photo. 3: Jo-Anne McArthur / We Animals Media. 4: Lukas Vincour / Zvířata Nejíme / We Animals Media. 6: Stefano Belacchi / Essere Animali /We Animals Media. 7: Justin Mott / Kindred Guardians Project / We Animals Media. 8: CC0. 9: Carlota Saorsa / HIDDEN / We Animals Media. 10: Lukas Vincour / Zvirata Nejime / We Animals Media.
11: Steven Seighman-For the HSUS. 12: Andrew Skowron / We Animals Media.13: CC0.15: VOLODYMYR BURDYAK/Adobe Stock

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