Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern
Languages
364 Patterns for Pattern Mining, Writing, and Symbolizing
TAKASHI IBA, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University
TAICHI ISAKU, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University
In this paper, we present the purpose, creating process, and overview of a pattern language for creating pattern languages, consisting
364 patterns for pattern mining, pattern writing, and pattern symbolizing. For the past 10 years, we, Iba Lab, have created more than
20 pattern languages on various topics to describe human actions, consisting of more than 600 patterns in total. By creating thesenew pattern languages, we have studied and developed methodology to create pattern languages and to practice and modify them. In
addition, we have realized that lots of people are interested in our creating process when providing university courses on patternlanguages, holding seminars for business people and teachers, and also when we present our patterns at international conferences.
However, sharing the knowledge has always been a struggle. With this context, we started a project to inquire our tacit patterns when
we create pattern languages. The 121 patterns for pattern mining, 121 patterns for pattern writing, and 121 patterns for pattern
symbolizing (which includes pattern naming and pattern illustrating) are the results of the inquiry. This paper presents the purpose,creating process, and overview of these projects, instead of showing each pattern in details. See also our paper "Pattern Mining
Patterns"(Sasabe et al., 2016b) and "Pattern Symbolizing Patterns"(Shibata et al., 2016) for the details.

1. INTRODUCTION
For the past 10 years, we, Iba Lab, have created more than 20 pattern languages on various topics that
describe the tacit design knowledge of human actions, consisting of more than 600 patterns in total (Iba,2015)1. Topics include learning (Iba & Iba Lab, 2014a; Harashima, et al., 2014), collaboration (Iba & Iba
Lab, 2014b), presentation (Iba & Iba Lab, 2014c), project design (Iba & Kajiwara, 2016; Kubota et al.,2016), change making (Shimomukai, et al., 2015), disaster prevention (Furukawazono, et al. 2015), beautyin everyday life (Arao, et al., 2012), living well with dementia (Iba & Okada, 2015), living with continuous
self-fulfillments (Nakada, et al., 2013; Kamada, et al., 2014), living in the age of a global society(Matsuzuka, et al., 2013), cultural design (Kadotani, et al., 2013, 2014), cooking (Isaku & Iba, 2014; Isaku& Iba, 2015; Akado et al., 2016a; Yoshikawa et al., 2016), natural living (Kamada et al., 2016), generator asa new role to facilitate an idea generation (Nagai et al., 2016; Akado et al, 2016b), and policy design (Iba
& Takenaka, 2013).
Through our experience of creating these new pattern languages, we have studied and developed ourown methodology of creating pattern languages and also to practice and modify them. These methods aredescribed in our works with pattern mining (Iba & Isaku, 2012; Iba & Yoder, 2014; Akado, et al., 2015) andpattern illustrating (Miyazaki, et al., 2015).
In addition, we have realized that many people are interested in this creation process when providing
university courses on pattern languages, holding seminars for business people and teachers, and also
when we present our patterns at international conferences. However, sharing the knowledge has always
been a struggle. With this context, we started a project to inquire our tacit patterns when we create patternlanguages. As a result, we ended up finding 364 patterns, written in full pattern format (in Japanese). The
patterns were presented in 3 volumes of booklet, 780 pages in total.
Thus, we wrote 121 patterns for pattern mining, 121 patterns for pattern writing, and 121 patterns forpattern symbolizing (which includes pattern naming and pattern illustrating). In what follows, we present the
purpose, creating process, and overview of these projects. We will not go into details of the individual
patterns. See also our paper "Pattern Mining Patterns" (Sasabe et al., 2016b) and "Pattern Symbolizing
Patterns" (Shibata et al., 2016) for this information. Note that "pattern symbolizing" is a name we havecoined which includes the designing of the pattern name, pattern illustrations, and how to present thepattern language in order to show the contents and value of patterns by expressions to encourage intuitive
comprehension.
We, of course, acknowledge that there are already many patterns for pattern mining and pattern writing,but our intent is, first of all, to share patterns we experienced so far. So we will discuss the overlap and1

At the time of Writers' Workshop, the number of pattern languages we created is more than 30 languages, consisting of more than
1,000 patterns including the patterns that are introduced in this paper.

relation between existing patterns and our patterns later. In this paper, we show the overview, the process,and patterns.
2. STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED PATTERN LANGUAGE
The proposed pattern language for creating a pattern language consists of 364 patterns in total. The
language consists of three subsets of 121 patterns each for "Pattern Mining," "Pattern Writing," and"Pattern Symbolizing." The 363 patterns are crowned by the lead pattern "Pattern Language Creation" tomake a total of 364 patterns. The three sections are roughly organized in a chronological order where thereader of the patterns will be guided through a process of creating a pattern language from collecting thedata for the pattern language (pattern mining), writing the actual pattern language (pattern writing), andthen finally making the pattern language intuitive and understandable (pattern symbolizing). This three-stepprocess is what we define as the process of pattern language creation.
Although pattern mining and pattern writing are familiar topics for people in pattern community, pattern
symbolizing is a rather new concept that we have coined. It encapsulates knowledge on how to show thecontent of the pattern with expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension, including pattern naming
and pattern illustration. The 121 patterns in each of the three phases are again divided into threesubcategories, each consisting of 40 patterns.
As a whole structure, this patter language is organized as a layered structure according to their level ofabstraction. This structure may look like a "tree" structure in the sense of what Christopher Alexander had
criticized, but it is not. Rather, this structure is close to the "pyramid" structure (Minto 1987), which is the
structure to easily understand due to its explicitness of logical relations.
"All mental process (e.g., thinking, remembering, problem solving) apparently utilize thisgrouping and summarizing process, so that the information in a person's mind might be thoughtof as being organized into one giant conglomeration of related pyramids." (Minto, 1987, p.8)
Although we understand that the semantic relations among patterns are more organic, we decided to show
the patterns in the layered structure so it would be easier for the readers to understand the process whenreading the patterns from first to last. By reading through the patterns in their numerical order, you will be
guided through the process of creating a pattern language. The proposed pattern language is structured asshown in Figure 1, consisting of 6 levels. Each level of patterns describes the pattern it branched off in theprevious level in detail. For example, each of the patterns in level 2 will have three patterns branch off fromit in level three that describes the concept in detail. Due to the fractal structure, the patterns in level threewill again each have three patterns that branch off of it that go into further detail.

Figure 1: Whole structure of a patter language for creating pattern language

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 2

Figure 2: Connections between upper patterns and sub-patterns in the pyramid structure of patterns

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 3

Let's read the actual patterns in order to understand this structure:
In the level 0, Pattern Language Creation has 3 sub-patterns: Pattern Mining (M), Pattern Writing (W),and Pattern Symbolizing (S).
In the level 1, Pattern Mining (M) has 3 sub-patterns: Experience Mining (M1), Pattern Mapping (M2),and Digging for the Seeds of Patterns (M3)In the level 2, Experience Mining (M1) has 3 sub-patterns: Strategy for Discoveries (M1-1), Searching
through Conversing (M1-2), Collecting Clues (M1-3)

In the level 3, Strategy for Discoveries (M1-1) has 3 sub-patterns: Grasping the Process (M1-1-1),
Own Gut Feeling (M1-1-2), and Mining Atmosphere (M1-1-3)
In the level 4, Grasping the Process (M1-1-1) has 3 sub-patterns: Experienced Person (M1-1-1-1),
Well-Balanced Selection (M1-1-1-2), and Mid-Sized Interviewee Group (M1-1-1-3).
In the pyramid structure of patterns, all sub-patterns are mentioned in the part of Solution statements(Figure 2).
Let's take examples of that each pattern refers to their 3 sub-patterns in the sentences of solution. The
solution of Experience Mining (M1), in the level 2, is:Go on a search for experiences by yourself and/or others, and collect important pieces of
wisdom along with their reasons as if you are mining for treasure. Devise a Strategy for
Discoveries to collect pieces of wisdom from people who have good experience in the topic you
are about to write a pattern language in. When listening to stories, be sure to be Searching
through Conversing by deepening topics through natural conversations. Value quantity overquality, and make sure to Collect Clues by recording its qualitative traits.
The solution of Strategy of Discoveries (M1-1), in the level 3, is:Devise a strategy on getting the right information from the right persons to make sure thepattern language about to be made will be useful. To collect a diverse set of experiences,
start by Grasping the Process by imaging how you would select the people to interview and how
many people you will need to select. Trust your Own Gut Feeling when doing so. Also, keep inmind of the Mining Atmosphere when going through this process.
The solution of Grasping the Process (M1-1-1), in the level 4, is:Have in mind the people you want to interview along with an estimate number ofinterviewees needed to get a diverse mix of experiences. A good mining process does notmean just selecting random people to interview, but you must rather choose a set ofExperienced People to interview. Make sure you have a Well-Balanced Selection since each
person would differ from others on the areas they have experience in. The number of people
you should interview would vary from case to case, but the group size should be a Mid-Sized
Interviewee Group neither too large nor small.
Finally, the solution of Experienced Person (M1-1-1-1), in the level 5, is:Choose people who you feel are well experienced and admirable in the field you areabout to create the pattern language in. Though the person does not have to be perfect inevery aspect, choose someone who shows good skill and behavior in some way. Look for thesepeople not just in your group of first-degree acquaintances, but you can also ask someone in thefield to introduce you to such a person.
Patterns in the bottom layer have no sub-patterns, and therefore may have only semantic reference toother patterns.

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 4

Grasping the Process
Strategy for Discoveries

Own Gut Feeling
Mining Atmosphere
One Section at a Time

Experience Mining

Searching throughConversing

Chain Conversations
Inducing Talks
Quantity over Quality

Collecting Clues

Qualitative Memory
Idea Deposit

Environment for Focusing
Grasping the Mined
Elements

Element Comprehension
Element Pairing
Talking while Moving

Pattern Mining

Drawing a Map

Group Thinking

Expanding Hunches
Iterative Questioning
Quantity over Quality

Finding Overlaps

Discovering the Islands
Mapping Islands

Island Decoding
Label Making

Recallable Labels
Finishing the Labels
The Whole and the Parts

Digging for theSeeds of Patterns

Structure Building

Pincer Structuring
Position Confirmation
Writer Assignment

The C-P-S

CPS Writing
Finishing the CPS

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Experienced Person
Well-Balanced Selection
Mid-Sized Interviewee Group
Excitement of Discoveries
Legitimate Content
Strong Feelings
Plenty of Time
Widespread Blanks
Visualizing the Process
Important Matter
Prevented Problem
Grasping the Context
Flat Atmosphere
Talk before you Think
Honest Reactions
Overlapping Experiences
Uncovered Topics
Assistive Words
Bite-Size Ideas
Multiple Viewpoints
Welcoming Duplicates
Feeling the Speech
Raw Words
Recorded Voice
Recallable Summary
Notation of Examples
Emphasizing Mark
Spacious Room
Chunk of Time
Starting from Chaos
Intent of the Action
Personal Summary
Sharing Interpretations
Semantic Proximity
Start where you can
One to One Comparison
One Topic at a Time
Tuning Interpretations
Expanding Hunches
Episode Recap
Memory of Excitement
Hidden Intentions
Sharing Doubts
Distance Verification
Doubting Clusters
Constant Rearrangement
Unbroken View
Spot Switching
The Island and the Sea
Local Adjustments
Until it no Longer Moves
Provisional Borders
Balance the Islands
Confirming Islands
Characteristic Grasping
Abridge the Elements
Essence of the Island
What to do and Why
Long Sentence
Footnotes in Parenthesis
Abstractness Alignment
Memory of the Discovery
Collaborative Check
Group of 3
3 Categories
Optimal StructureGroup Label
Connecting Gaps
Checking Out Loud
Position Adaptation
Adding the Missing Element
Resolving Surplus
Expert in Charge
Assignment in Bundles
Pre-Writing Check
Aim of the Act
Unwanted Results
Timing of the Action
Consistency with the Label
Logical Connections
Structure Posting
Level 5Figure 3: An overview of Pattern Mining Patterns (M)Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 5

Grasp the Source

Materials for Inquiring

Personal Parallels
Leaving Footprints

Searching Around

Inquiry by Writing

Meticulous Deepening

Deep Diving
Take a Step Back
Going Beyond
the Individual

Persistence to ImproveSpiral Growth
Enduring Curiosity

Push on the Back
Grasping the Problem
Gift of Discoveries
New Perspective
Finding the Essence

Pattern Writing

Expressions that
Move People

Sentence Tweaking

Persuasive

Finishing it as Literature

Reader's Context

Evolving Feelings

Empathetic

Words to be Shared

Creating Coherence

Top-Down Gazing
Weaving the Whole
Making Connections
Drawing an Ideal
Building a Viewof the WorldA Different World

Trustable Vision
Author's Sense
Making Change

Media to Create
the Future

Common Language

Proposing new Aesthetics

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Individual Episodes
Island Elements
Excitement of the Discovery
Similar Experiences
Local Examples
Expression Stock
Record of the Full Process
Revision Notes
Recording to be Safe
Talk Before you Think
Deepen the Whys
Expression Search
Devoting Time
Behind the Words
Going Even Deeper
Revise on Paper
Become a Reader
Courage to RestartPreliminary Discussion
Pair Writing
Writer Change
Team Review
Perfect Preparation
Thorough Discussions
Until Everyone's Satisfied
Arranging Methods
Perfect Body Condition
Feasible Idea
Easy-Looking Expressions
Revaluing the Obvious
Possible Problems
Cause of the Problem
Feeling of Suffering
Positive Perspective
Perfect Metaphor
Verbalizing Unsaid Feelings
Real Problem
Best-Fit Solution
Main Message
Logical Coordination
Signature Sentence
Misunderstanding Prediction
Simple Expressions
Coherent Sections
Natural Flow
Overlapping Experiences
Imaginable Abstractness
Specific Reader
Problem to Avoid
Motivational Solutions
Excitement for the Future
Easily Said Words
Pattern TestingFavorite Point
Essence of the PatternGroup of 3
Umbrella Pattern
Grasping the Whole
Position within the Whole
Gap Filling
Natural Order
Messaging Separation
Emergent Meaning
Live Atmosphere
Reachable Future
Pattern Leverage
User View
Scene of the Advice
Creating Precedence
Word Choice
Personal Style
The Art of Pattern Writing
Hints for Actions
Push on the Back
Recognition Device
Experience Bridging
Helping Tool
Seeds of Ideas
Showing the Hidden Values
New Standards
Paradigm Shift
Level 5Figure 4: An overview of Pattern Writing Patterns (W)Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 6

Essence Behind
the Sentence
Expressing the Essence

New Words
Inquiry for the
Perfect Expression
Imaginable Words

Creating Words

Words for Daily Use

Memorable Words

Adaptable Words
Atmosphere of the Word

Symbol of the Future

Easy First Step
Capture the World

From the Wholeto the Parts
A Symbolic Piece

Line of Expression
Intuitive Comprehension

Image Depth
Pattern Symbolizing

Image Drawing

Paint a World

Stand in the Scene

Natural Expressions
Natural CutenessBreathe Life

Be in their Shoes

Creating Excitement

Meaning Refinement
Grabbing Hook

Emotional Pull-in

Poetic Softness
Wide Range
Editing Literature

Qualitative Depth

Order of Development
Borrowing Quality

Layout with Contrast
User-Friendly Layout

Cushion SpaceNatural Flow

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Pattern Assimilation
Aim of the Act
Point of Emphasis
Meaningful Combinations
Mostly Noun Form
Straightforward Expressions
List of Pattern Names
Synonym Search
Via Another Language
Action Evoking Names
Image Search Check
Uniquely Specified Meanings
Easily Read Names
Natural but ExistentDifferentiation of Names
Actual Usefulness
Universal Expressions
Expressions without Pronouns
Positive Impression
Euphonious Expression
Visual BalanceUser-Friendly Expressions
Reachable FutureCharm for Change
Changing Perspectives
Reminder of Good Habits
Words of the Future
Center Words
Image Overview
Starting Rough Sketch
Metaphoric Representation
Visualizing Motions
Associative Images
Focal Point
Simple Illustrations
Composition Differentiating
Three-Dimensional Elements
Camera Angle
Size in Relation to Depth
Facing Direction and Posture
Relationship with Objects
Consistent Story
Lack of Unnaturalness
Balanced Placement
Meaningful Directions
Simple Characters
Subtle Gestures
Stationary and Affectionate
Empathetic Drawing
Emotional Actions
Drawing while Smiling
Positive Image
Spice of Playfulness
Best Shot
Interpretation Narrowing
Complementing Restatement
Added Action
Hint of Success
Attention-Grabbing Question
Lead to the Illustration
Interesting Voice
Grandness Mitigation
Pleasant Rhythm
Quantities Search
Plenty of Candidates
Balanced Selection
Straightforward Fundamentals
Meaning Shift
Takeoff Quote
Representative Figure
Elegant Quote
Everyday Stock
Separation of Logic and Intuition
Attractive Words
Guiding Marks
Placing it There
Framing Whitespace
Blank to Rest
Modest Illustrations
Smooth Eye Movement
Prototype Check
Level 5Figure 5: An overview of Pattern Symbolizing Patterns (S)Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 7

Figure 3, 4, and 5 show the part of pyramid structure of Pattern Mining, Pattern Writing, and Pattern
Symbolizing respectively. For convenience, these parts can be used separately, as Pattern Mining
Patterns, Pattern Writing Patterns, and Pattern Symbolizing Patterns. Sasabe et al. (2016b) presents someof Pattern Mining Patterns in details, and Shibata et al. (2016) shows patterns of pattern naming, in Pattern
Symbolizing Patterns.
We have already written 364 patterns in full pattern format in Japanese, and consequently they arecompiled into 3 volumes of booklet, consisting of 780 pages in total. Due to limitations of space, in thispaper, we show just summaries of all patterns in the Appendix, including pattern name, pattern illustration,and first key sentence of the solution.
3. CREATING PROCESS OF THE PATTERN LANGUAGE
Here we write the creating process of the proposed pattern language in order to show where and how
these patterns came from. As mentioned before, the pattern language was created for sharing tacitknowledge of our lab with other people who are interested in creating new pattern languages. Hence wemined patterns from experiences by reflecting by current members and interviewing with alumni of our lab.
In 2015, we conducted three projects: Pattern Writing Project, Pattern Mining Project, and Pattern
Symbolizing Project. Each projects consists of 6 - 7 members. Some members have experience of several
projects of creating pattern languages, and a few have a little experience on pattern language creation.
The followings are some information about members and interviewees.
3.1 Members and Their BackgroundWe first started the Pattern Writing Project from 3 projects since April 2015, finished in January 2016. The
members of Pattern Writing Project are Arisa Kamada, Nao Tamaki, Rika Sakuraba, Natsumi Miyazaki,
Masafumi Nagai, Kosuke Suzuki, and Takashi Iba. We interviewed with Aya Matsumoto, Taichi Isaku,
Takuya Honda, Kaori Harasawa, and Megumi Kadotani in our lab. Table 1 shows pattern languages thatproject members and interviewees created, and the contents of Pattern Writing Patterns are reflected bythese experiences.
Table 1: Members and Interviewees for Pattern Writing Patterns

Role

Name

Years of studying
pattern language,
before this project

A. Kamada3

N. Tamaki

2

R. Sakuraba

2

N. Miyazaki
Project
member2

M. Nagai
K. Suzuki

2
1.5

T. Iba13

A. Matsumoto

3.5

T. Isaku

3

T. Honda

3

Interviewee

Project of creating pattern languages in which they participated* represents “supervised project"
Collaboration Patterns, Generative Beauty Patterns, Personal Culture
Patterns, Words for a Journey, Natural Living Patterns, and some more
projects
Global Life Patterns, Words for a Journey, Creative Life Patterns
Creative Education Patterns, Pattern Illustrating Patterns, Creative Life
Patterns, Cooking Patterns*
Global Life Patterns, Pattern Illustrating Patterns, Creative Life Patterns
Creative Life Patterns, Generator Patterns, and some more projects
Creative Life Patterns
Project Patterns*, Research Patterns*, Learning Patterns, Presentation
Patterns, Collaboration Patterns, Generative Beauty Patterns, Pedagogical
Patterns for Creative Learning, Survival Language*, Change Making
Patterns*, Entrepreneurship & Management Patterns, Policy Language,
good old future patterns, CoCooking Patterns*, Words for a Journey,
Creative Society Patterns*,Project Design Patterns, Cooking Patterns,
Cooking Life Patterns*, Parenting Patterns*, Generator Patterns*, Creative
Life Patterns*, Pattern Illustrating Patterns, Holistic Mining Patterns, Mining
Interview Patterns, Mining Workshop Patterns, Dialogue Workshop
Patterns, SBC (Student Build Campus) Patterns*
Presentation Patterns, Collaboration Patterns, Generative Beauty Patterns,
Entrepreneurship & Management Patterns, good old future patterns,
Words for a Journey
Collaboration Patterns, Global Life Patterns, CoCooking Patterns,
Generative Cooking Patterns, Creative Life Patterns, Parenting Patterns,
Generator Patterns
Collaboration Patterns, Creative Life Patterns, SBC (Student Build
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 8

K. Harasawa

3

M. Kadotani

3Campus) Patterns, and some more projects
Presentation Patterns, Collaboration Patterns, Generative Beauty Patterns,
omotenashi patterns, Creative Life Patterns, Pattern Illustrating Patterns
good old future patterns

Then, we started the Pattern Mining Project and the Pattern Symbolizing Project in September 2015,
which finished in March 2016. The members of Pattern Mining Project are Nao Tamaki, Kosuke Suzuki,
Alice Sasabe, Tomoki Kaneko, Kaho Takahashi, and Takashi Iba. We interviewed with Takuya Honda,
Taichi Isaku, Masafumi Nagai, Yuma Akado, Sakurako Kogure, and Satomi Oi in our lab. Table 2 shows
pattern languages that project members and interviewees created, and the contents of Pattern Mining
Patterns are reflected by these experiences.
Table 2: Members and Interviewees for Pattern Mining Patterns

Role

Name

Years of studying
pattern language,
before this project

N. Tamaki

2.5

K. Suzuki
A. Sasabe
T. Kaneko
K. Takahashi

2
1.5
1.5
0

Project
memberInterviewee

T. Iba13.5

T. Honda

3.5

T. Isaku

3.5

M. Nagai

2.5

Y. Akado

1.5

S. Kogure

1.5

S. Oi

4.5

Project of creating pattern languages in which they participated* represents "participation for supervising"Global Life Patterns, Words for a Journey, Creative Life Patterns, Pattern
Writing Patterns
Creative Life Patterns, Pattern Writing Patterns
Mining Workshop Patterns, Parenting Patterns
Words for a Journey, Parenting Patterns
Project Patterns*, Research Patterns*, Learning Patterns, Presentation
Patterns, Collaboration Patterns, Generative Beauty Patterns, Pedagogical
Patterns for Creative Learning, Survival Language*, Change Making
Patterns*, Entrepreneurship & Management Patterns, Policy Language,
good old future patterns, CoCooking Patterns*, Words for a Journey,
Creative Society Patterns*, Project Design Patterns, Cooking Patterns,
Cooking Life Patterns*, Parenting Patterns*, Generator Patterns*, Creative
Life Patterns*, Pattern Illustrating Patterns, Holistic Mining Patterns, Mining
Interview Patterns, Mining Workshop Patterns, Dialogue Workshop
Patterns, SBC (Student Build Campus) Patterns*, Pattern Writing Patterns
Collaboration Patterns, Creative Life Patterns, SBC (Student Build
Campus) Patterns, and some more projects
Collaboration Patterns, Global Life Patterns, CoCooking Patterns,
Generative Cooking Patterns, Creative Life Patterns, Parenting Patterns,
Generator Patterns
Creative Life Patterns, Generator Patterns, Pattern Writing Patterns, andsome more projects
Mining Workshop Patterns, Cooking Patterns, Cooking Life Patterns,
Generator Patterns, and some more projects
Creative Life Patterns, Mining Workshop Patterns, SBC (Student Build
Campus) Patterns
Creative Society Patterns, SFC Culture Language

The members of Pattern Symbolizing Project are Natsumi Miyazaki, Rika Sakuraba, Shiori Shibata,
Sakurako Kogure, Reiko Asano, Yosuke Aiba, and Takashi Iba. Kaori Harasawa is member of Pattern
Illustrating Project, so her experience much influenced in our patterns. Table 3 shows pattern languages
that project members and interviewees created, and the contents of Pattern Symbolizing Patterns arereflected by these experiences.
Table 3: Members and Interviewees for Pattern Symbolizing Patterns

Role

Name

Years of studying
pattern language,
before this project

Project
member

R. Sakuraba

2.5

Project of creating pattern languages in which they participated* represents "only supervising"
Creative Education Patterns, Pattern Illustrating Patterns, Creative Life
Patterns, Cooking Patterns*, SFC Culture Language*, Pattern Writing
Patterns
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 9

Member offormerproject

N. Miyazaki

2.5

S. Kogure

1.5

S. Shibata
R. Asano
Y. Aiba

0.5
00

T. Iba13.5

K. Harasawa

3.5

Global Life Patterns, Pattern Illustrating Patterns, Creative Life Patterns,
Pattern Writing Patterns
Creative Life Patterns, Mining Workshop Patterns, SBC (Student Build
Campus) Patterns
Cooking Patterns, Cooking Life Patterns

Project Patterns*, Research Patterns*, Learning Patterns, Presentation
Patterns, Collaboration Patterns, Generative Beauty Patterns, Pedagogical
Patterns for Creative Learning, Survival Language*, Change Making
Patterns*, Entrepreneurship & Management Patterns, Policy Language,
good old future patterns, CoCooking Patterns*, Words for a Journey,
Creative Society Patterns*, Project Design Patterns, Cooking Patterns,
Cooking Life Patterns*, Parenting Patterns*, Generator Patterns*, Creative
Life Patterns*, Pattern Illustrating Patterns, Holistic Mining Patterns, Mining
Interview Patterns, Mining Workshop Patterns, Dialogue Workshop
Patterns, SBC (Student Build Campus) Patterns*, Pattern Writing Patterns
Presentation Patterns, Collaboration Patterns, Generative Beauty Patterns,
omotenashi patterns, Creative Life Patterns, Pattern Illustrating Patterns

To synthesize, the pattern language to create a pattern language introduced in this paper is based on
experiences from creating pattern languages as shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Source experiences of creating pattern languages
Pattern Language Title

Reference

Project Patterns

Naruse et al. (2008)

Research Patterns

Kobayashi et al. (2008)

Learning Patterns

Iba, et al. (2009); Iba & Miyake (2010); Iba & Sakamoto (2011);
Iba & Iba Lab (2014a)

Presentation Patterns

Iba et al. (2012a); Iba & Isaku (2014); Iba & Iba Lab (2014b)

Collaboration Patterns

Iba & Isaku (2013); Iba & Iba Lab (2014c)

Generative Beauty Patterns

Arao, et al. (2012)

Pedagogical Patterns for Creative Learning

Iba et al. (2011)

Survival Language

Furukawazono et al. (2013); Furukawazono & Iba (2015)

Change Making Patterns

Shimomukai & Iba (2012); Shimomukai et al (2012); Nakamura
et al. (2014); Shimomukai et al. (2015)

Personal Culture Patterns

Nakada et al (2013)

Global Life Patterns

Matsuzuka et al. (2013)

Creative Education Patterns

Harashima et al. (2014a)

Learning Patterns for Self-Directed Learningwith Notebooks

Harashima et al. (2014b)

Entrepreneurship & Management Patterns

Iba et al. (2012b)

Policy Language

Iba & Takenaka (2013)

good old future patterns

Kadotani et al. (2014)

CoCooking Patterns

Isaku & Iba (2015); Isaku & Iba (2016)

Generative Cooking Patterns

Isaku & Iba (2014)

Words for a Journey

Iba et al. (2015a); Iba et al (2015b); Iba et al (2016)

Project Design Patterns

Iba and Kajiwara (2016); Kubota, et al. (2016)

Cooking Patterns

Akado et al. (2016a)

Cooking Life Patterns

Yoshikawa et al. (2016)

Parenting Patterns

Sasabe et al. (2016a)

Generator Patterns

Nagai et al. (2016); Akado, et al. (2016b)

Creative Life Patterns

Iba Lab (2014)
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 10

omotenashi patterns

Harasawa and Iba (2013)

Creative Society Patterns

Oi et al. (2015)

SBC (Student Build Campus) Pattern

Iba et al. (2015c)

SFC Culture Language

Ogo et al. (2016)

Holistic Mining Patterns

Iba & Isaku (2012)

Dialogue Workshop Patterns

Iba (2012)

Pattern Illustrating Patterns

Miyazaki, et al. (2015); Iba & Iba Lab (2015)

Mining Interview Patterns

Iba & Yoder (2014)

Mining Workshop Patterns

Akado et al. (2015)

Pattern Writing Patterns

not published3.2 Mining Process
We obtained the seed of patterns with collaborative introspection among members and with someinterviews. During the mining phase, we investigated pattern languages we created so far and also
documents from during their creating them. For example, we were able to compare the final version ofpattern names with its older versions. We also compared pattern illustrations from our pattern languages
with and those of student groups in the course “Pattern Language.” By comparing these materials, we
discussed what is good and how do we make it again and again. All findings were written on post-it notes.

Figure 6: Pattern Mining for Pattern Writing Patterns (W)Then, following by our typical process of organizing elements during the mining phase (Iba & Isaku,2012), we conducted a rough clustering of these elements using the KJ method. The KJ method was
proposed by Jiro Kawakita (hence the name) for converging ideas emerging during the brainstorming
phase. In the KJ method, ideas that are thought to have similar attributes are grouped together and placed
close to each another. However, these similarities must not be mere superficial resemblances, core traits
and functions must be observed and talked through before a single connection between two notes can be
made. Another important aspect to keep in mind is that notes must be moved in terms of pairs.
After that, we turn to think in a top to bottom orientation to divide the patterns and to make categories.
This step is not strict top-down thinking, but thinking from the top based on the clusters of elements we got
in the previous step. In this step, we allowed us to add new seeds of patterns, and to combine several
seeds into one general seeds in order to fit the pyramid structure. Again, we examined the contents ofeach seed of patterns, and then arranged the location and structure. Like this, process was not a linear
process, but a circular process among several levels in the structure. Figure 6, 7, and 8 show the mining
phase of Patter Writing Project, Pattern Mining Project, and Pattern Symbolizing Project respectively.
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 11

Figure 7: Pattern Mining for Pattern Mining Patterns (M)Figure 8: Pattern Mining for Pattern Symbolizing Patterns (S)4. UTILIZING THE PATTERN LANGAUGEIn this section, we will show some cases in which we used the proposed pattern language. There are two
known uses of this pattern language: as a supporting tool for pattern writers, and as a tool to check theexperience of pattern writers.
4.1 Use as a tool for supporting beginning pattern writers
These patterns, in their summary form, were handed out to students at our university course teaching how
to create a pattern language. In the course, about 100 students, most of which are first-time pattern writers,
form small teams of about 4 to 7 to create a pattern language through the 8-week course. The summary
consists of the pattern name, pattern illustration, and solution as shown in Appendix of this paper. Though
the course included a lecture on each of the steps introduced in the pattern language, thee students could
reference these patterns at any time as they worked on projects creating their own pattern languages(Figure 9).

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 12

Figure 9: Using the Patterns for Pattern Mining, Writing, and Symbolizing in the class of Pattern Language, Keio University

4.2 Use as a tool to check personal experience
Once the 364-pattern language was created, our question was: Are these patterns actually practiced? We
checked our question by investigating if the pattern writers in our lab had any experience with the patterns.
In a checklist format, we asked each person in our lab to place a check by each pattern if they had
experience with it.
From the results of the checklist, a radar char was generated for each student. The Pattern Experience
Chart in Figure 10 shows their experience expressed visually, each of the three colors respectively
representing one of the sub-languages (writing, mining, or symbolizing) in the pattern language. This way
each student can see which parts they are good at, and which parts they need to work more on.

Figure 10: Examples of Reflection with Pattern Experience Charts of the Patterns for Pattern Mining, Writing, and Symbolizing

Figures 11, 12, and 13 shows the collective experience of our lab members of the Pattern Mining, Pattern
Writing, and Pattern Symbolizing Patterns, respectively. This shows the general trend in which patterns areeasy to achieve, and which parts are harder to practice.

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 13

Figure 11: Number of Members who Experience Each Pattern in Pattern Mining Patterns (Total Number is 27)

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 14

Figure 12: Number of Members who Experience Each Pattern in Pattern Writing Patterns (Total Number is 27)
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 15

Figure 13: Number of Members who Experience Each Pattern in Pattern Symbolizing Patterns (Total Number is 27)
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 16

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we presented the purpose, creating process, and overview of a pattern language for creating
pattern languages, consisting 364 patterns for pattern mining, pattern writing, and pattern symbolizing.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We appreciate the shepherds of our paper, Jiwon Kim, for their commitment and consideration to give us
valuable feedback. We would like to thank for great effort to our project members of Pattern Mining
Patterns, Pattern Writing Patterns, and Pattern Symbolizing Patterns: Natsumi Miyazaki, Rika Sakuraba,
Nao Tamaki, Kosuke Suzuki, Arisa Kamada, Masafumi Nagai, Alice Sasabe, Sakurako Kogure, Shiori
Shibata, Tomoki Kaneko, Kaho Takahashi, Reiko Asano, and Yosuke Aiba; and for interviewees: Aya
Matsumoto, Takuya Honda, Kaori Harasawa, Megumi Kadotani, Yuma Akado, and Satomi Oi.
REFERENCES
Akado, Y., Kogure, S., Sasabe, A., Hong, J-H, Saruwatari, K., and Iba, T. (2015) “Five patterns for designing pattern mining
workshops,” EuroPLoP’15 Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2015).
Akado, Y., Shibata,S., Yoshikawa, A., Sano, A., and Iba, T, (2016a) "Cooking Patterns: A Pattern Language for Everyday Cooking,"
5th Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (AsianPLoP2016).
Akado, Y., Nagai, M., Isaku, T., and Iba, T. (2016b) “Workshop Generators Patterns: A Supporting Tool for Creating New Values in a
Workshop,” 6th International Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs16).
Arao, R., Tamefusa, A., Kadotani, M., Harasawa, K., Sakai, S., Saruwatari, S., Iba, T. (2012) “Generative Beauty Patterns: A Pattern
Language for Living Lively and Beautiful,” 19th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2012).
Furukawazono, T., Seshimo, S., Muramatsu, D., and Iba, T. (2013) “Survival language: a pattern language for surviving earthquakes,”
PLoP’13 Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Pattern Languages of Program (PLoP2013).
Furukawazono, T., and Iba, T., and Survival Language Project. (2015), Survival Language: A Pattern Language for Surviving
Earthquakes, CreativeShift Lab.
Harasawa, K., and Iba, T. (2013), “omotenashi patterns” (in Japanese), Keio University SFC Open Research Forum 2013 (ORF2013).
Harashima, Y., Kubota, T., and Iba, T. (2014a) “Creative education patterns: designing for learning by creating,” 19th European
Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2014).
Harashima, Y., Kubota, T., Matsumura, T., Tsukahara, K., and Iba, T. (2014b) “Learning patterns for self-directed learning withnotebooks, ” 21st Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2014).
Iba, T., Miyake, T., Naruse, M., and Yotsumoto, N. (2009) “Learning Patterns: A Pattern Language for Active Learners,” PLoP’09
Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2009).
Iba, T., and Miyake, T. (2010) “Learning Patterns: a pattern language for creative learning II,” AsianPLoP’10 Proceedings of the 1st
Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (AsianPLoP2010).
Iba, T., and Sakamoto, M. (2011) “Learning patterns III: a pattern language for creative learning,” PLoP’11 Proceedings of the 18th
Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2011).
Iba, T., Ichikawa, C., Sakamoto, M., and Yamazaki, T. (2011) “Pedagogical patterns for creative learning,” PLoP’11 Proceedings of the
18th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2011).
Iba, T. (2012) ”A Pattern Language for Designing Workshop to Introduce a Pattern Language," 17th European Conference on Pattern
Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2012).
Iba, T. (2012) “A Pattern Language for Designing Pattern Dialogue Workshops,” EuroPLoP’12 Proceedings of the 15th European
Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2012).
Iba, T. and Isaku, T. (2012) “Holistic Pattern-Mining Patterns: A Pattern Language for Pattern Mining on a Holistic Approach,” PLoP’12
Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2012).
Iba, T., Matsumoto, A., and Harasawa, K. (2012) “Presentation Patterns: A Pattern Language for Creative Presentations,”
EuroPLoP’12 Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2012).
Iba, T., Hamada, M., and Matsumoto, A. (2012), “A Pattern Language for Entrepreneurship & Management”, Entrepreneurship &Management (University Course), in Japanese.
Iba, T., and Isaku, T. (2013) ”Collaboration Patterns - A Pattern Language for Creative Collaborations," EuroPLoP’13 Proceedings ofthe 18th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2013).
Iba, T., and Takenaka, H. (2013) “Policy Language: Creating a Pattern Language for Policy Design” (in Japanese), Pattern
Languages: Media for the Creative Society, Keio University Press.
Iba, T., and Isaku, T. (2014) “Presentation Patterns: A Pattern Language for Creative Presentations, Part I,” SugarloafPLoP’14
Proceedings of the 10th Latin American Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (SugarloafPLoP2014).
Iba, T., and Yoder, J. (2014) “Mining Interview Patterns: Patterns for Effectively Obtaining Seeds of Patterns,” SugarloafPLoP 14
Proceedings of the 10th Latin American Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (SugarloafPLoP2014).
Iba, T., and Iba Laboratory. (2014a), Learning Patterns: A Pattern Language for Creative Learning, CreativeShift Lab.
Iba, T., and Iba Laboratory. (2014b), Presentation Patterns: A Pattern Language for Creative Presentations, CreativeShift Lab.
Iba, T., and Iba Laboratory (2014c), Collaboration Patterns: A Pattern Language for Creative Collaborations, CreativeShift Lab.
Iba, T. (2015) "Pattern Language 3.0 and Fundamental Behavioral Properties," World Conference on Pursuit of Pattern Languages forSocietal Change (PURPLSOC2015).
Iba, T., and Iba Laboratory (2015), Pattern Illustrating Patterns: A Pattern Language for Pattern Illustrating, CreativeShift Lab
Iba, T., and Okada, M., Iba Laboratory and Dementia Friendly Japan Initiative. (2015a), Words for a Journey: The Art of Being with
Dementia, CreativeShift Lab.
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 17

Iba, T., Kaneko, T., Kamada, A., Tamaki, N. and Okada, M. (2015b) "Words for a Journey: A Pattern Language for Living well with
Dementia," World Conference on Pursuit of Pattern Languages for Societal Change (PURPLSOC2015).
Iba, T., Kimura, N., Honda, T., Nakamura, S., Kogure, S., Yoshikawa, A. (2015c) “The Method of Agile Pattern Creation for Campus
Building: The Keio-SFC Experiment,” 22nd Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2015).
Iba, T. Matsumoto, A., Kamada, A., Tamaki, N., Kaneko, T. (2016)"A Pattern Language for Living Well with Dementia: Words for a
Journey," International Journal of Organisational Design and Engineering, accepted, in printing
Iba, T., and Kajiwara, F. (2016) Project Design Patterns (in Japanese), Shoeisha.
Iba Laboratory (2014), “Creative Life Patterns” (Workshop), Keio University SFC Open Research Forum 2014 (ORF2014).
Isaku, T., and Iba, T. (2015) “Creative CoCooking patterns: a pattern language for creative collaborative cooking, ” 20th European
Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2015).
Isaku, T., and Iba T (2016) “Creative CoCooking Patterns: A Pattern Language for Creative Collaborative Cooking part 2,” 23rd
European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2016).
Isaku, T., Yamazaki, K., Iba, T. (2013) ”Pattern Diagnostic System - A Diagnostic Approach to Pattern Applications," 20th International
Conference on Pattern Language of Programs (PLoP2013).
Kadotani, M., Ishibashi, S., Lim, K., Matsumoto, A., and Iba, T. (2014) “A pattern language from the Japanese culture for the good old
future,” 21st Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2014).
Kamada, A., Kato, R., Akado, Y., and Iba, T. (2016), “Natural Living Patterns: A Pattern Language for Ethical and Sustainable Life,”
23rd Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2016).
Kobayashi, Y., M. Yoshida, A. Sasaki, and T. Iba (2008) “Research Patterns: A Pattern Language for Academic Research,” in 15th
Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2008).
Kubota, T., Hiroshima, Y., Mori, H., Ishida, T., Harasawa, K., and Iba, T. (2016) “Project Design Patterns: Patterns for Designing
Architectural Projects,” 5th Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (AsianPLoP2016).
Meszaros, G, Doble, J. (1998) “A Pattern Language for Pattern Writing”, Pattern Languages of Program Design 3, Martin, R., Riehl D.,
and Buschmann, F. (ends), Addison-Wesley, pp.529-579.
Matsuzuka, K., Isaku, T., Nishina, S., and Iba, T. (2013) “Global Life Patterns: A methodology for designing a personal global life,” 4thInternational Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs 2013).
Minto, B. (1991) The Pyramid Principle: Logic in Writing and Thinking, Prentice Hall.
Miyazaki, N., Sakuraba, R., Harasawa, K., and Iba, T. (2015) “Pattern Illustrating Patterns A Pattern Language for Pattern Illustrating,”
22nd Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2015).
Nagai, M., Isaku, T., Akado, Y., and Iba, T. (2016) “Generator Patterns: A Pattern Language for Collaborative Inquiry,” 21st European
Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2016).
Nakada, N., Kamada, A., and Iba, T. (2013) “Personal culture patterns a pattern language for living with continuous self-fulfillments,”
18th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2013).
Nakamura, S., Shimomukai, E, Isaku, T., and Iba, T. (2014) “Change making patterns workbook: a workbook approach to patterns
applications,” PLoP’14 Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2014).
Naruse, M., Y. Takada, Y. Yumura, K. Wakamatsu, and T. Iba (2008) “Project Patterns: A Pattern Language for Promoting Project,” in15th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2008).
Ogo, I, Oi, S., Hong, J-H., Iba, T. (2016) “Creating Community Language for Collaborative Innovation Community,” 6th International
Conferance on Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs2016).
Oi, S., Kubota, T., Kimura, N., Iba, T. (2015) “Touching patterns to interview transcriptions,” EuroPLoP’15 Proceedings of the 20th
European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2015).
Sasabe, A., Isaku, T., Kaneko, T., Kubonaga, E., and Iba, T. (2016a), “Parenting Patterns: A Pattern Language for Growing with yourChild” 5th Asian Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (AsianPLoP2016).
Sasabe, A., Kaneko, T., Takahashi, K. and Iba, T. (2016b), “Pattern Mining Patterns: A Search for the Seeds of Patterns,” 23rd
Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2016).
Shimomukai, E, and Iba, T. (2012) “Social Entrepreneurship Patterns: A Pattern Language for Change-Making on Social Issues,”
EuroPLoP’12 Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2012).
Shimomukai, E, Nakamura, S., and Iba, T. (2012) “Change Making Patterns: A Pattern Language for fostering social
entrepreneurship,” PLoP’12 Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2012).
Shimomukai, E., Nakamura, S., and Iba, T. (2015), Change Making Patterns: A Pattern Language for Fostering Social
Entrepreneurship, CreativeShift Lab.
Shibata, S., Kogure, S., Shimizu, H., Iba, T. (2016) “Pattern Symbolizing Patterns: Showing the content and value by expressions toencourage intuitive comprehension,” 23rd Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP2016).
Yoshikawa, A., Akado, Y, Shibata, S., and Iba, T. (2016), “Cooking Life Patterns: A Pattern Language for Enjoying Cooking in
Everyday Life,” 21st European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP2016).

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 18

APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF A PATTERN LANGUAGE FOR CREATING PATERRN LANGUAGE
Pattern Mining Patterns (M1): Experience Mining
M1

Experience
MiningGo on a search forexperiencesbyyourself
and/orothers, and collectimportant piecesof wisdom alongwith their reasons
as if you areminingfortreasure.

M1-1

Strategy for
Discoveries

Devise a strategy on
getting the rightinformation from theright persons to makesure the patternlanguage about to bemade will be useful.

M1-1-1

M1-1-1-1

Grasping the Process

Have in mind the people youwant to interview along withan estimate number ofinterviewees needed to get adiverse mix of experiences.

Experienced Person

M1-1-1-2

Well-Balanced Selection

M1-1-1-3

Mid-Sized IntervieweeGroup

M1-1-2

M1-1-2-1

Own Gut Feeling

Don't become a passive
listener: go ahead and deepen
the parts of their speech thatyou really find interesting
yourself.

Excitement of
Discoveries

M1-1-2-2

Legitimate Content

M1-1-2-3

Strong Feelings

M1-1-3

M1-1-3-1

Mining Atmosphere

Create a good atmospherethat the group would feel
comfortableminingforexperiences.

Plenty of Time

M1-1-3-2

Widespread Blanks

Choose people who you
feel are well-experienced
and admirable in thefield you are about tocreate the patternlanguage in.
When selecting people tointerview, choose people
so that you can get adiverse mix ofexperiences.

Estimate the number ofinterviewees from thesize of the patternlanguage you plan towrite.

Enjoy the chain of
discoveries that occur in
yourself as you listen,and have them speak
more of the parts you
find interesting.

Ask for more reasons
and/or episodes on theepisode or tips until you
gain a true understandingof it.

Listen especiallycarefully to the parts thatthe interviewees have astrong feeling or passionfor.

Make sure to secureplenty of time to get athrough set of tips andepisodes.

Spread large sheets ofcraft paper across a large
table so that you canplace all the information
gained from theinterview onto the table.

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 19

M1-1-3-3

Visualizing the Process

M1-2

Searchingthrough
Conversing

M1-2-1

M1-2-1-1

One Section at a Time

Important MatterM1-2-1-2

Prevented Problem
Don't overload theinterviewee one
question after another,but have aconversation withthem and listen for tips
and episodes from thetalk.

Search for information byasking for each section of thepattern - the solution,
problem, context, etc. - one
at a time.

M1-2-1-3

Grasping the Context

M1-2-2

M1-2-2-1

Chain Conversations

Flat AtmosphereM1-2-2-2
Instead of following aquestion-answer style, lookfor important tips through bidirectional conversations.

Talk before you Think

M1-2-2-3

Honest Reactions

M1-2-3M1-2-3-1

Inducing Talks

Share your own related
experience, or restate theirstory with your own words to
induce more ideas from theinterviewee.

Overlapping Experiences

M1-2-3-2

Uncovered Topics

M1-2-3-3

Write out information
gained from theinterview onto small
sticky notes to place on
the table so that thegroup can grasp the
progress, as well as
creating a collaborative
atmosphere.
Start by asking them forsomething they value or
think is important forwhen doing the action of
the topic.
Ask what would happen
if they didn't do the
Important Matter, or
what problems it ispreventing.
Ask the situation or thecondition in which theImportant Matterbecomes necessary or
the Prevented Problem islikely to occur.

Create an atmospherethat welcomes thoughts
and ideas from everyone.

Say anything that comesto your mind, and don't
worry too much about
the quality of the idea.

Express yoursympathetic reactions tothe speaker.

Share your own
experience that might beclose to what they aresaying to deepen theconversation further.

Explore new topic areasthat the group has nottalked about to search formore ideas.

Help the interviewee put

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 20

Assistive Words

M1-3

M1-3-1

Collecting Clues

Quantity over Quality

The informationcollected through theinterview will all
become materials andclues for writing thepatterns - write out andsave any informationthat arise.

M1-3-1-1

Bite-Size Ideas

M-3-1-2
Leave the evaluation of ideas
off until later, and focus on
getting as much informationas possible.

Multiple Viewpoints

M1-3-1-3

Welcoming DuplicatesM1-3-2

M1-3-2-1

Qualitative Memory

Feeling the Speech

M1-3-2-2

Raw Words
Try to remember thequalitative atmosphere of theperson and their episode sothat you can refer to it whenwriting the patterns later on.
M1-3-2-3

Recorded Voice

M1-3-3M1-3-3-1

Idea Deposit

The information collected
through the interview will all
become materials and clues
for writing the patterns - save
all information that might
become important later on.

Recallable Summary

M1-3-3-2

Notation of Examples

M1-3-3-3

Emphasizing Mark

their ideas into words byproviding words that you
feel are close to what
they are trying to say.
Write down anythingthat comes across yourmind, even if it issomething very small.

Explore the topic fromvarious aspects.

Each person should write
the idea out in their own
words, even if it overlaps
with a topic alreadycovered or if someone
else is writing about thesame idea.
Be present at the actual
mining process so thatyou can meet and feelthe atmosphere of theperson and their speech.
Take note of any
keywords or special
wordings that the person
uses when they talk.

Take an audio recordingof the whole Mining
process.

When writing down amemo on a note, write asummary of the idea
specific enough so thatthe group can recall what
it is trying to say lateron.
Supplement the notes
with any specificepisodes and examples
that comes up.

If an idea seems
especially important,emphasize it by putting amark onto the note.

Pattern Mining Patterns (M2): Drawing a Map
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 21

M2

M2-1

Drawing a
Map

Grasping the
Mined Elements

Create a "map" outfrom the information
gained through theExperience Miningthat would help lookfor where patterns
might be hidden.

Form a sharedunderstanding of theinformation gained
through the Experience
Mining among the group
before Drawing a Map.

M2-1-1

M2-1-1-1

Environment for
Focusing

Spacious Room

M2-1-1-2
Coordinate an environment
where you can spreadseveral sheets of craft
paper on a large table andfocus for long periods oftime.

Chunk of Time

M2-1-1-3

Starting from Chaos

M2-1-2M2-1-2-1

Element
Comprehension

Carefully but dynamically,
comprehend the true
meanings of each note one
by one.

Intent of the Action

M2-1-2-2

Personal Summary

M2-1-2-3

Sharing Interpretations

M2-1-3M2-1-3-1

Element Pairing

Place two elements that aresemantically close nearby.

Semantic Proximity

M2-1-3-2

Start where you can

M2-1-3-3

One to One
Comparison

M2-2

Group Thinking

M2-2-1M2-2-1-1

Talking while

One Topic at a TimeCreate an environment
where you can focus on
the clustering without
any hassle.

Schedule long periods oftime for the clustering sothat you can thoroughly
consider the
relationships between
each piece of
information.
When first placing the
sticky notes onto thecraft paper, do not try toneatly organize them, butplace them at randomfacing different
directions.
Try not to get mislead by
the actions itself written
on the note, but try toread deeply into why theaction is needed or whatlarger intent the action istrying to accomplish.
Summarize the essenceof the information
written on the note andthe reason it is importantin your own words.
Grasp the Intent of the
Action of the note, shareyour Personal Summarywith the group, anddiscuss whether yourunderstanding of thenote is correct.
When moving notes
close to one another,
don't get caught by any
common words orsuperficial similarities,
but focus on its meaning
and consider if it isreally close.
Don't try to start fromany specific place, butgaze over the wholetable and start with notesthat you feel the slightest
Semantic Proximity.
Do not move a note
close to a "group" ofnotes, but always
consider proximity ofnotes on a "one to one"
relationship.
Don't have multiple
tracks of conversation

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 22

Moving

Instead of everyone
thinking and moving thenotes for themselves, go
through the process
together as if the groupis one large brain, andtalk through any thoughtprocesses that you haveso you can share it toother members.

Always talk to and consult
the group when moving anote.

M2-2-1-2Tuning Interpretations

M2-2-1-3

Expanding HunchesM2-2-2M2-2-2-1

Expanding Hunches

Look for the essence ofeach note by recalling
who's idea it was, whatkind of an episode it camefrom, and in what way it
seemed important.

Episode Recap

M2-2-2-2

Memory of Excitement

M2-2-2-3

Hidden Intentions

M2-2-3M2-2-3-1

Iterative
Questioning

Even if a note was moved
once, repeatedly consider
its relationship with othernotes and adjust its
position.

Sharing Doubts

M2-2-3-2

Distance Verification

M2-2-3-3

Doubting Clusters

M2-3

Finding Overlaps

M2-3-1

M2-3-1-1

Active Inquiry

Constant

going on simultaneously- consider and discuss
one topic at a time as agroup and have each
person share theirinterpretations.
Have each person share
any thoughts and finetune the meanings ofeach note or group to
create a common
understanding.

Share your thoughts withthe group even if is notorganized not put into
the right words yet.

Recall the episode thatthe note was based offof.

Recall any emphasized
points, points that gainedlots of sympathy, or
memorable episodes
from the mining process
when moving the notes.
Infer unsaid parts of theaction written on thenotes from thepersonality and activityof the person which thenote originated from.
Share the smallest of
doubts that come acrossyour mind.

Even if two notes wereconfirmed once to beclose in meaning, test to
see if it is really closelater on several times.
Even if clusters of notes
start to form, always
have a doubting mind
and question if the notes
are really close inmeaning.
The notes should beconstantly changing

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 23

Rearrangement

Find the common
meaning shared among
several notes, and notice
the overlapping patterns.

When clustering both thenotes and the participating
humansshouldbeconstantly moving.

M2-3-1-2

Unbroken View

M2-3-1-3

Spot SwitchingM2-3-2M2-3-2-1

Discovering theIslands

The Island and the Sea

M2-3-2-2
Find the "islands," or thegroups of notes.

Local Adjustments

M2-3-2-3

Until it no Longer
Moves

M2-3-3M2-3-3-1

Mapping Islands

Organize and confirm the"islands" formed bysemantically close notes.

Provisional Borders

M2-3-3-2

Balance the Islands

M2-3-3-3

Confirming Islands

positions - do not be
afraid to move a notethat has already been
moved once.
Spread the craft paper on
a continuous surface sothat all of the notes canbe viewed at once.

When clustering, switch
and change standing
positions so that you can
get a view of the tablefrom different
viewpoints and pay
attention to all of thenotes.
Make the contrast
between the "islands" orgroups of notes formed
through Finding
Overlaps and thesurrounding "sea" strong
so that they arerecognizable.
Makes small adjustmentseven within the "islands"
to show their local
distance and meaning.

Persist the clustering
process until the notes
will no longer move.

Draw in temporary lines
around the "islands" thatare starting to form inpencil.

If any of the islands issignificantly larger orsmaller in size, try
braking apart or
combining the islands tobalance their contents.
When all the islands arebalanced out and settled,
trace the borders in pen
and fix the notes in placewith tape.

Pattern Mining Patterns (M3): Digging for the Seeds of Patterns
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 24

M3

Digging for theSeeds of Patterns

Create the "Seeds ofPatterns" from the"Islands" discovered in
Drawing a Map.

M3-1

Label Making

Think of and write a"Label" that describes
the contents of eachisland in one sentence
to create the core of
the Seeds of Patterns.

M3-1-1

M3-1-1-1

Island Decoding

Look at the notes one by
one to find the common
essence existent among
them.

Characteristic Grasping

M3-1-1-2

Abridge the Elements

M3-1-1-3

Essence of the Island

M3-1-2

M3-1-2-1

Recallable Labels

Make the one sentenceof the label descriptive
enough so that its
meaning can be recalled
later on just with thelabel.

What to do and Why

M3-1-2-2

Long SentenceM3-1-2-3

Footnotes in Parenthesis

M3-1-3M3-1-3-1

Finishing theLabelsAbstractness Alignment

M3-1-3-2
Finish the labels by
adjusting its abstractness
based on the other labels,
and lost by enforcing its
contents.

Memory of the Discovery

M3-1-3-3

Collaborative Check

M3-2

StructureM3-2-1M3-2-1-1

The Whole andGroup of 3

Gaze over the notes
gathered in the islandand find decide which is
the most characteristic
message of the group.

Find the common
message that several of
the notes within theisland are expressing.

Summarize the messagesof the notes in the island
into one sentence, as if
you are going to convey
the message to someone
else.
Write on the label theactual action that needs
to be done along with
why it should be done.

Make the sentence of thelabel descriptive enoughso that all the important
information is included,
even if the sentence getslong.
If there are any episodes
or examples that areimportant, add them inparenthesis at the end of
the label.

Decide on the best levelof abstraction of thelabel by comparing it to
the abstraction label ofother labels, and rewrite
the labels as needed.
Recall the Excitement of
Discoveries and theStrong Feelings that you
felt when you did theExperience Mining,
check to see if they arereflected onto the labels,
and rewrite the labels if
it isn't.
Check the labels written
by individual members
as a team to check forany misunderstanding
and fix any expressions
that could made bebetter.
Get a grasp of what you
have by grouping theCreating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 25

BuildingFind the relationships
between the Seed ofPatterns to make thestructure of the patternlanguage along withthe position of eachpattern.

labels into groups ofthree based on theirsemantic closeness.

the Parts

M3-2-1-2
Alternately look at thewhole and the parts tosee what kinds of labels
are there, and start
making its structure.

3 Categories

M3-2-1-3

Optimal StructureM3-2-2M3-2-2-1

Pincer Structuring

Group Label

M3-2-22
Proceed with thestructuralizing processby both creating bottomup grouping and topdown categorization.

Connecting Gaps

M3-2-2-3

Checking Out Loud

M3-2-3M3-2-3-1

Position
Confirmation

Position Adaptation

M3-2-3-2
Check the position ofeach label in relation to
the whole and the labelsthat are nearby, andconfirm its position bymake any changes to its
position and expressions
based on its relative
position.

M3-3

The C-P-S

M3-3-1

Adding the Missing
Element

M3-2-3-3

Resolving Surplus

M3-3-1-1

WriterExpert in Charge

With the Groups of 3 inmind, think how you cancategorize the whole
language into three
categories.
Choose the optimal
structure for the patternlanguage based on its
feature and goals.

When thinking of thestructure on a bottom-up
basis, look at the Groupsof 3 to think of a label
for the layer above.

When thinking of thestructure on a top-downbasis, think of what kindof a Group Label should
exist below each of the 3
Categories.

Orally explain to thegroup the relationshipbetween the upper layer
label and the labels thatare below it, to check to
see if it is logical and/or
has any points that feelstrange.
Since the meaning ofeach label would change
based on its position
within the whole, rewrite
the labels so it reflects
the position it is at.
As the result of theStructuralizing, if you
feel there is an element
missing where it shouldbe, reflect back on theExperience Mining oreven do another round to
add more labels.
If there are any labelsthat were leftover as aresult of theStructuralizing, look forother labels that they canbe merged or integrated
into, and if not, delete
the label.
When choosing which
seed to be in charge ofCreating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 26

Assignment

Write out the Context,
Problem, and the
Solution based on eachof the Seeds ofPatterns.

M3-3-1-2
When writing out the
CPS (Context, Problem,
Solution), the person
who understands theseed the most should be
the person in charge of
doing so with its position
also
taken
into
consideration.

M3-3-2

Assignment in Bundles

M3-3-1-3

Pre-Writing Check

M3-3-2-1

CPS Writing

When writing the CPS(Context, Problem,
Solution), write out the
Solution first, then the
Problem, and finally theContext.

Aim of the Act

M3-3-2-2

Unwanted Results

M3-3-2-3

Timing of the Action

M3-3-3M3-3-31

Finishing the CPS

Finish the CPS by
checking to see if its
contents match what thelabel says and if thethree sections are logical.

Consistency with theLabel

M3-3-3-2

Logical Connections

M3-3-3-3Structure Posting

writing, start bychoosing the ones you
feel strongly attached toor have a clear image ofwhat the pattern issaying.
When choosing whowrites the pattern, thesame person should be incharge of all the patterns
in the Group of 3 or the 3
Categories generated
through the Structure
Building.
If you are not sure of anyof the patterns given toyou, make sure to
consult the othermembers on its meaning
before taking it home towrite.
When writing thesolution, make sure to
scribe out not only thepreferred action, but also
consider the quality thatthe action is trying toachieve.
When writing the
Problem statement, do soby thinking what would
happen and what kind of
a quality would be lost if
they didn’t do the action
provided in the Solution.
When writing theContext, do so by
thinking of when theaction written in the
Solution becomes
important, and when the
Problem is likely tooccur.
Check to see if theContext, Problem, andthe Solution on the CPS
doesn’t differ from themessage on the label,and make any fixes if
there are any glitches.
Read the CPS in theorder Context, Problem,
then the Solution tocheck to see if it islogical and natural, andmake any fixes if it isn’t.
At the end of theFinishing the CPS
process, arrange the CPS
cards in the structure
found in the Structure
Building process on thewall, and take a photo of
the whole, along with its
parts.

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 27

Pattern Writing Patterns (W1): Inquiry by Writing
W1

W1-1

Inquiry by
Writing

Write the patterns withthe mindset that you
are going through aprocess of inquiry. To
write patterns, youmust start bycollecting theMaterials for
Inquiring.

Materials for
Inquiring

Create thefundamentals that areimportant for creatinga pattern language, andgo through the processof inquiry by facingthese elements.

W1-1-1W1-1-1-1

Grasp the Source

Check to see what you
found in the mining
process, and consider
what kinds of patterns
you should write.

Individual Episodes

W1-1-1-2

Island Elements

W1-1-1-3

Excitement of the
Discovery

W1-1-2W1-1-2-1

Personal Parallels

Similar Experiences

W1-1-2-2
Search for similar
experiences withinyourself to make thepattern more personal toyou.

Local Examples

W1-1-2-3

Expression Stock

W1-1-3W1-1-3-1

Leaving
Footprints

Record of the Full
Process

W1-1-3-2
Proceed with the writing
process while leaving all
iteration history so thatyou can go back to theprevious phase at any
time.

Revision Notes

W1-1-3-3

Look back at each of theepisodes that came out inthe mining process, andrecall its importantessence, along with thequalities that it had.

Look back at the islands
created through theclustering process, andconsider what each of theislands mean, and whatkinds of episodes are
hanging from each of thepatterns.
Recall the emotion andimpressions you felt when
you heard or mined of theepisodes.

Look back at the similar
experience that you have,and recall the thoughts andemotions you had at the
moment. Look for similar
experiences that match thestory of the interviewee.
Reference the stories andexperiences of the people
around you that you know.

Keep out an antenna forgood expressions andillustrations, and make astock of the ones that you
like.

Record and reserve thewhole revision process sothat you can go back to any
point in time later on.

Print the patterns out on
paper, and write in it whatneeds to be fixed and how
so that you can always
reference the feedback thatyou received.
Keep an audio record of

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 28

Recording to be Safe

W1-2

Meticulous
DeepeningGet excited of theunknown product thatis about to made, andas a pattern writer
have the mindset of
creating new patterns
derived from the seedsof patterns.

W1-2-1

W1-2-1-1

Searching Around

Talk Before you Think

While making thepatterns, always belooking and be open for
new ideas anddiscoveries.

W1-2-1-2

Deepen the Whys

W1-2-1-3

Expression Search

W1-2-2W1-2-2-1

Deep Diving

Devoting Time

W1-2-2-2
Rethink what you haveand polish it by diving it
deep and meticulously
searching for its true
essence.

Behind the Words

W1-2-2-3

Going Even Deeper

W1-2-3W1-2-3-1

Take a Step Back

Take a moment to take a
step back and look at thepattern with a fresh look
to consider how you
should take the next step.

Revise on Paper

W1-2-3-2

Become a Reader

W1-2-3-3

Courage to RestartW1-3

W1-3-1

W1-3-1-1

the process at all times.

Share your thoughts bysaying it aloud or writing itout, even if you are notsure if it would be usefulfor the group nor you haveyour thoughts all organizedyet.
Repeatedly ask thequestion "Why?" eventhink it is something
obvious.

Look for alternative waysof expressing what you
want to outside of thewords and expressions you
already have to expand on
the image.
Include in your schedulethe chunk of time that you
can devote to facing thepatterns by yourself andwrite it.
Compare what is written in
the pattern with what itreally wants to say, andsearch for points that could
be revised to become
closer to the core.
Once you get a grasp of theessence, deepen yourthoughts even deeper tofocus and get closer to theessence.
All members should have aprinted copy of the pattern
to be revised, and write inany feedback so that they
can give it back to theperson in charge of thepattern to revise the patternbased on the comments.
Consider yourself as a firsttime reader who knows
nothing about the patterns
and read the pattern to look
for places that the pattern
can be improved.
Have the courage to restart
and write a pattern as muchas it takes to make bring itto the best condition, evenafter

Before starting to write theCreating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 29

Persistence to
Improve

Always have theaspiration for reachinga better quality, andaim for something thatis truly good in
quality.

Going Beyond theIndividualPreliminary Discussion

pattern, deepen thediscussion on what should
be written in the patternwith the whole group, andsearch for information to
be included in the pattern.

W1-3-1-2

Form pairs within the
project to discuss andrevise a pattern together.

Pair Writing

Don't try to write
everything on your own,
but involve several setsof eyes to look at thepattern.

W1-3-1-3

Writer Change

W1-3-2W1-3-2-1

Spiral Growth

Team Review

W1-3-2-2

Perfect Preparation

W1-3-2-3

Thorough Discussions

W1-3-3W1-3-3-1

Enduring
Curiosity

Continue the inquiry
process with the
motivation of creating
something excellent.

Until Everyone's
SatisfiedW1-3-3-2

Arranging Methods

W1-3-3-3

Perfect Body Condition

If you feel you can nolonger have anything thatyou can contribute to acertain pattern, pass thepattern onto a different
member for them to reviseit.
If you feel you can nolonger have anything thatyou can contribute to acertain pattern, pass thepattern onto a different
member for them to revise
it.
Check multiple times
before the group review
process so that you can get
the most out of it.

Think that the mostimportant rule for writing
patterns is for everyone on
the team to reach aconsent, and continue thediscussion until everyone
is satisfied.
Do not try to cut off projecttime by time, but endureand continue the processuntil everyone on the teamis satisfied and finds agood point to lave off.

Be on the search for thebest pattern writing processthat fits your project.

When writing patterns,
make sure to beconsiderate of your healthand maintain a good body
condition at all times.

Pattern Writing Patterns (W2): Expressions that Move People
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 30

W2

Expressions that
Move People

Make the expressions
strong enough that thereaders would feelempowered to build
the coming future.

W2-1

Gift of
Discoveries

Make patterns so thatthey provide new
discoveries andgenerate new ideas in
the readers.

W2-1-1W2-1-1-1

Push on the Back

Make the Solution
something that would
become an opportunity
for the readers to takea step towards a
positive future.

Feasible Idea

W2-1-1-2

Easy-Looking
Expressions

W2-1-1-3

Revaluing the Obvious

W2-1-2W2-1-2-1

Grasping the
ProblemPossible Problems

W2-1-2-2
Describe realistic
problems and theircauses that the readers
are likely to face.

Cause of the Problem

W2-1-2-3

Feeling of Suffering

W2-1-3W2-1-3-1

New Perspective

Think of patterns as amethod for giving
peoplenewperspectives to look atthings.

Positive Perspective

W2-1-3-2

Perfect Metaphor

W2-1-33

Verbalizing Unsaid

Give the readers a practicalidea that would push theirbacks to take the first step.

Make the expressions sothat it would make thereaders want to take thefirst step, and also makethe step seem easy to take.

State the obvious in thesolution to reevaluate theact.

Write a Problem that often
happens in the Context so
it can be conveyed to thereader.

Think of the Problem as
the result of opposing
universal rules, and write
the dilemma in the Forces
section.

Make the expressions in
the Problem realistic
enough that it would makethe readers feel disturbed
and want to avoid such aproblem.
Make the descriptions sothat it gives the readers
way to look at things morepositive than usual.

Select a metaphor that fits
in with the message tomake the pattern better
imaginable.

Put information that people
feel is important but have a

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 31

W2-2

Persuasive

Express theinformation in a
logical andcomprehensive
manner so that thereaders can truly
understand its
message.

W2-2-1

Feelings

hard time describing it intowords.

Real Problem

Write out the mostprominent problem that
occurs if the Solution isn't
applied.

W2-2-1-1

Finding the
EssenceW2-2-1-2
Think thoroughly what
the main message ofthe pattern that can't
be missed is.

Best-Fit Solution

W2-2-1-3

Main Message

W2-2-2W2-2-2-1

Sentence
Tweaking

Logical Coordination

W2-2-2-2
Make the pattern morepersuasive bypolishing its
expressions so that
there are no
unnecessary parts to it.

Signature SentenceW2-2-2-3

Misunderstanding
Prediction

W2-2-3W2-2-3-1

Finishing it as
Literature

Simple Expressions

W2-2-3-2

Coherent Sections
Keep in mindset thatyou are creating apiece of literature, andfocus on writing
something that is easy
to understand andaccept for the readers.

W2-2-3-3

Natural Flow

Check to see if the
Solution "truly" solves the
problem described.

Find the message that is soessential to the pattern that
there would be no meaning
in writing the pattern
without it.

Pay attention to the logicalorder within and between
the different sections of thepattern.

First express the mostimportant message of thepattern in one sentence,and then add on
supplementary informationfrom the sentence after.
Think of possible
misunderstandings that
could happen for thepattern, and fix its
expressions so that it canbe prevented

Use words and expressions
that are easy to understandto make the pattern moreuser-friendly.

Check to see if eachsection/paragraph of thepattern is coherent as a setof sentences.

Read the sentence out loudand check to see if it has anatural flow.

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 32

W2-3

Empathetic

Pay attention to not
only the logicalcorrectness of thesentences, but also
make sure theexpressions are
attractive that it would
make the users feelexcited and want topractice the patterns.

W2-3-1W2-3-1-1

Reader's Context

Overlapping Experiences

Purposely leave somedetails out of theexpression so that thereaders can fill in thegaps with their own
contexts.

W2-3-1-2

Imaginable Abstractness

W2-3-1-3

Specific Reader

W2-3-2W2-3-2-1

Evolving
Feelings

Problem to Avoid

W2-3-2-2
Imagine how thereaders would feel
when they read thepattern, and make sure
it moves in thepositive direction.

W2-3-3

Motivational Solutions

W2-3-2-3

Excitement for the
FutureW2-3-3-1

Words to be
SharedEasily Said Words

W2-3-3-2

Pattern Testing
Make the expressions
in the patterns
attractive enough sothat it would make theusers want to share thepattern with others.

W2-3-3-3

Favorite Point

Write the patterns so thatthe readers can feel someoverlap with their own
situations and pastexperiences.
Adjust the abstraction levelof the sentences to find theexpression that is best for
the users to understand andget an image of the pattern.
Select a specific person inyour life that you would
like to give the pattern to,and revise the patternbased on your imaginationof how they would react tothe pattern when they readit.
Read the Problem andmake sure it makes you
want to avoid it in arealistic sense, and also
hint that it can actually be
avoided by providing thefeeling of regret.
Make the Solution
statement exciting so thatthe readers would reallywant to do the action.

Use positive words in theConsequence, and when
read, it should provide ahint of an exciting futurethat the readers would wantto make come true.

Use the pattern names inconversations with teammembers to see if its word
choice is okay regarding its
easiness to say.
Before publishing thepatterns, test out thepatterns by actually using it
in your daily lives and geta feeling of how the idea
given in the pattern would
be accepted by users
Make the pattern names,
the introductory sentence,and the illustrations
attractive enough so thatthe readers can find theirfavorite point within thepattern.

Pattern Writing Patterns (W3): Building a View of the World
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 33

W3

Building a Viewof the World

Create new words ofthe future that would
move people and bringsocialchangebybreathing life into not
only the individual
patterns, but also to
the language as awhole.

W3-1

Weaving the
Whole

Build a patternlanguage by weaving
the patterns into a
coherent whole.

W3-1-1W3-1-1-1

Creating
Coherence

Essence of the Pattern

W3-1-1-2
Create the coherence as awhole by grasping themessage of each of thepatterns and subgroups.

Group of 3

W3-1-1-3

Umbrella Pattern

W3-1-2W3-1-2-1

Top-Down Gazing

Always have thestructure of the whole inmind, and brush up the
patterns based on a topdown view.

Grasping the Whole

W3-1-2-2

Position within theWhole

W3-1-2-3

Gap FillingW3-1-3W3-1-3-1

MakingConnections

Natural Order

W3-1-3-2
Look at the relationshipbetween the individual
patterns and enforce thestructure by finding local
connections. Think of
the Natural Order thatthe patterns can be read
in.

W3-2

A Different

W3-2-1

Messaging Separation

W3-1-3-3

Emergent Meaning

W3-2-1-1

Drawing an Ideal

Live Atmosphere

Understand the essence ofthe patterns by capturing
what the pattern reallywants to say.

Form groups of three bybringing patterns that aresemantically close
together.

Create an "umbrella
pattern" that extracts thecommon essence among
the three patterns in theGroup of 3.

Briefly read through eachof the pattern, and get a
grasp of the core essenceof the whole patternlanguage you are creating.

Do not think of themeanings of the patterns asjust the individual patternitself, but consider its
position within the wholeand derive its role fromthere.
Add new patterns thatwould fill in the missing
gaps, or shift the meanings
of existing patterns so thatthey can cover up for the
missing parts.
Decide on the order thatthe patterns should be readin based on the relationshipwith other patterns and its
relative position within thewhole.
Carefully separate out thesemantic areas that eachpattern covers, and if
needed, make somechanges to its contents.
Find relationships between
patterns where when two
patterns are adjacent to one
another their meanings aremutually enforced. If nosuch relations exist, thinkof what kind of relation
could exist, and portray itto the audience.
Imagine an actual person
who is actually doing a

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 34

good job at around you,and reflect their positiveenergy onto the pattern.

World

Create a new
ecosystem ofcharacters andsettings, and use words
and illustrations thatmatch that image.

Make the goal of thepattern language clear,by capturing it withwords and going backand forth between theideal and the individual
episodes.

W3-2-1-2

Reachable Future

W3-2-1-3

Pattern Leverage

W3-2-2W3-2-2-1

Trustable Vision

User View

W3-2-2-2
Be the fist testers of thepatterns to check to see
if the patterns really are
trustworthy and useful.

Scene of the Advice

W3-2-2-3

Creating PrecedenceW3-2-3W3-2-3-1

Author's Sense

Word Choice

W3-2-3-2
Trust your own since andgo after what you feel isthe good quality.

Personal Style

W3-2-3-3

The Art of Pattern
Writing

W3-3

W3-3-1W3-3-1-1

Imagine what kind of aideal future would be
waiting if the solution wasapplied, and explain it as aseamless future from thepresent

Think how each of thepattern would contribute to
the future that the patternlanguage is trying toachieve as a whole.

Check to see how thepatterns would be viewed
by those who are trying toenter this field that thepattern language is trying
to support.
If you find someone facing
one of the problems
described in the patternlanguage, use the pattern togive alive to them, andcheck to see if it really isuseful.
Practice the patterns
yourself and as a team togive feedback to thepatterns based on theexperience.
Choose words that are
natural and understandable
to you.

Trust your senses andmake the patterns reflect
you and your team's
beliefs.

Think of the patternlanguage as a piece ofartwork, and work on thedetails so that it attracts
fans.

Make the pattern language
something helpful for theCreating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 35

Media to Create
the Future

Making Change

Hints for Actions

W3-3-1-2
Think of patternlanguages as a newcommon language thatwould show people ahint of the future andgive them something
to think and talk about
to make it happen.

Make
the
patternlanguage something thatwould change the society
by first changing theview and actions of thereaders.

Push on the Back

W3-3-1-3

Recognition Device

W3-3-2W3-3-2-1

CommonLanguage

Experience Bridging

W3-3-2-2
Make the patternlanguage with themindset of creating acommon language thatwould connect people
and create newcommunications.

Helping Tool

W3-3-2-3

Seeds of Ideas

W3-3-3W3-3-3-1

Proposing new
Aesthetics

Create a patternlanguage that would
touch the deepest partsof people's hearts, and at
the same time would
excite them of thecoming future.

Showing the Hidden
ValuesW3-3-3-2

New Standards

W3-3-3-3

Paradigm Shiftreaders to gain ideas fromit and by combining
patterns, thy can actively
think and act.

Make the pattern language
attractive enough to makepeople want to practice it,and provide an push on theback to change theiractions.
Make the pattern language
something that would
provide them with a way torecognize the ways they
could act to make the ideal
future become reality.
Make a pattern languagethat would connect people
with a diverse set ofexperiences to work
together towards acommon ideal future.
Imagine a scene where you
are using the patterns togive advice to someone tocheck if the patterns arereally useful in dailyoccasions.
Write patterns that would
be used in conversations togive new ideas to people.

Check to see if the patterns
capture "something thateveryone is implicitly
feeling but has not been
put into words yet," andprovides help to make thisbecome reality.

Make patterns that would
become new standards forsociety to become more
lively.

Set yourself in a newparadigm that is beyond
the borders of the current
one, and check to see if
this new paradigm that thepattern language is trying
to actualize is reallypractical and functional
than the current paradigm.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns (S1): Creating Words
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 36

S1Creating Words

Create new words andexpressions that aresymbolicofthepattern's contents.

S1-1

Expressing the
Essence

Get a grasp of thepattern's main
message, and explore
words that would
perfectly express its
meaning.

S1-1-1S1-1-1-1

Essence Behind
the Sentence

Pattern Assimilation

S1-1-1-2
Do not be too framed by
the expressions used in
the pattern, and think of
the pattern name by firstunderstanding theessence of its message.

Aim of the Act

S1-1-1-3

Point of Emphasis

S1-1-2S1-1-2-1

New Words

Express the Essence
Behind the Sentence withnew expressions that areuseable in daily
conversations.

Meaningful
Combinations

S1-1-2-2

Mostly Noun Form

S1-1-2-3

Straightforward
Expressions

S1-1-3S1-1-3-1

Inquiry for the
Perfect Expression

List of Pattern Names

Polish the pattern nameas its own thing andsomething separate fromthe actual contents of thepattern.

S1-1-3-2

Synonym SearchS1-1-3-3

Via Another Language

S1-2

S1-2-1S1-2-1-1

Read the pattern and gulp
down its contents first, andthen get away from its
sentences and try tounderstand the main
message of the pattern.
Name not the actual action
done in the pattern but
think what the actual intent
or aim of the act is, andthink of the pattern namefrom there.
Find the point in thepattern where the mostemphasis is put, and reflectthat message onto thepattern name.

Collect words that are
related to the Aim of the
Act and the Point ofEmphasis, and express the
Essence Behind theSentence by meaningfully
combining those words.
Become aware that you arenaming the "set ofexperiences" made abstractand useable by others, andnot necessarily the action
itself: the pattern names
should be in the noun form
as much as possible.
Try to keep the patternname short: if the meaningof the pattern can beconveyed without a certain
word in the pattern name,drop the word.

Make a list of pattern
names only so you cangaze over the whole list atonce to think of betternames.

Search for synonyms andsimilar expressions for thewords that you are trying
to use, and choose the best
one through comparison.
Before deciding on apattern name, check to see
if the name won't haveproblems when expressedin other languages.

Name the patterns so that

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 37

Words for Daily
Use

Always keep in mind
that the pattern names
will be used as a partof speech on a daily
basis to make themeasily understood andused.

Imaginable Words

Name the patterns so thatreaders would be able tounderstand the pattern's
message even if they
have not read the actual
pattern yet.

S1-2-2

Action Evoking Names

the readers can imagine theactual actions done in thepattern.

S1-2-1-2

Do a image search on thewords used in the patterns
to make sure that its
generic image matches theone you want for yourpattern.
Purposely try to read thepattern name in a way thatis totally different from its
intention to check to see if
it doesn't cause any
misunderstandings.

Image Search Check

S1-2-1-3

Uniquely Specified
Meanings

S1-2-2-1

Memorable Words

Make the pattern names
memorable on its firstsight to assure that theactual usage of thepattern.

Easily Read Names

S1-2-2-2

Natural but ExistentS1-2-2-3

Differentiation ofNames

S1-2-3S1-2-3-1

Adaptable Words

Actual Usefulness

S1-2-3-2
Make the pattern names
natural enough so thateveryone can adapt it asa part of their daily
vocabulary

Universal Expressions

S1-2-3-3

Expressions without
Pronouns

S1-3

Symbol of the
FutureS1-3-1S1-3-1-1

Atmosphere of theWord

Positive Impression

S1-3-1-2

Once you have an idea forthe pattern name, say it out
aloud a couple of times tocheck if it is easily said andpronounced.
Make the pattern names
natural enough that they
can be used in daily
situations, but also make itso that it has a different
presence than the otherexpressions used in daily
conversations.
Look through the List of
Pattern Names and makesure that the pattern names
are distinct enough thatthey can be naturally
distinguished form one
another.
Simulate actual situations
where the pattern would be
used, and check to see if
the pattern names areuseable in naturalconversations.
Make the pattern names
indiscriminant of age,gender, or positions, andmake it usable by anyone.

Make the pattern names anexpression that does notinclude 1st, 2nd, or3rd
person pronouns.

When choosing from a setof words, choose the onethat gives the most positive
impression to the reader.

Make the pattern names so

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 38

Make the pattern
names so that it gives
a positive impression
expressive of the
future that the patternlanguage is aiming for.

Pay attention to not justthe actual meanings of
the word, but also theimpressions that it gives
to the reader, and choose
words
that
are
prospective of the future.

S1-3-2Euphonious Expressionthat it is harmonious andcomfortable to say whenspoken out loud.

S1-3-1-3

Pay attention to the visual
impression of the wordwhen printed on paper, andchoose the expression thatis visually balanced.

Visual BalanceS1-3-2-1

Easy First Step

Make the pattern names
so that readers can easily
put the pattern into
action.

User-Friendly
Expressions

S1-3-2-2

Reachable FutureS1-3-2-3

Charm for Change

S1-3-3S1-3-3-1

Capture the World

Changing Perspectives

Patterns names are
something that gives
people a new way oflooking at the world:
Create Words that would
create new viewpoints.

S1-3-3-2

Reminder of Good
Habits

S1-3-3-3

Words of the Future

Make the pattern names
not too sophisticated andfriendly to the readers tomake them want to put thepatterns into practiceMake the pattern
expressions something in
the reach of the readers ifthey put enough effort intoit,

Make the pattern name sothat it becomes a "goodluck charm" for someone
who is about to practice thepattern.

Provide new viewpoints
that would change theperspectives of people tolook at the world aroundthem.

If a pattern is alreadycommonly said but issomething that is hard to
put into action, make thepattern name somethingthat reminds people of its
importance.

Choose pattern names withthe vision of the words
being naturally used in the
future world that thepattern language is trying
to achieve.

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 39

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns (S2): Image Drawing
S2

S2-1

S2-1-1

Image Drawing

A Symbolic Piece

From the Whole to
the Parts

S2-1-1-1

Express the essence ofthe pattern in one
piece of illustration.

Precisely extract theessence of the pattern,
and draw theillustration so that theaudience canunderstand its meaning
at a glance.

Center Words

S2-1-1-2
Don't draw an additive
illustration that are thesum of requiredelements, but draw thegeneral image first andthen fill in the details

Image Overview

S2-1-1-3

Starting Rough Sketch

S2-1-2S2-1-2-1

Line of Expression

After extracting theessence, think of the best
expression to convey themessage to the audience

Metaphoric
Representation

S2-1-2-2

Visualizing Motions

S2-1-2-3

Associative Images

S2-1-3S2-1-3-1

Intuitive
Comprehension

Draw the illustration sothat it draws attention toits most important partand gives an intuitive
understanding to theaudience.

Focal Point

S2-1-3-2

Simple Illustrations

S2-1-3-3

Look for key words andexpressions within thepattern that portray the
essence of the pattern.

Imagine how the Center
Words interrelated within
the whole.

Start by moving your handand drawing a couple ofrough sketches to warm up
your creative mind.

Think of a metaphor thatcan be expressed visuallyof the actual action being
done.

Imagine the movement of
the pattern from the words
in the pattern, and express
it with simple lines andshapes.

If a word is hard to express
visually, do a game ofassociation to think ofwords and ideas that have asimilar image that can be
drawn.

Draw the illustration sothat it draws attention to
the part that expresses theessence of the pattern.

Keep the illustration
simple and lean byremoving any parts of it
that are unnecessary toconvey the information.

Change the angle which

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 40

Composition
Differentiating

S2-2

Paint a World

Create the atmospherethat you want to show
the audience by
expanding yourimagination of therealistic situation.

S2-2-1S2-2-1-1

Image Depth

Make the illustration
have some depth so thatthe audience can better
imagine the situation.

Three-Dimensional
Elements

S2-2-1-2

Camera Angle

S2-2-1-3

Size in Relation to
Depth

S2-2-2S2-2-2-1

Stand in the Scene

Put yourself in the shoesof one of the characters,
and imagine the naturalscene that would be
happening.

Facing Direction andPostureS2-2-2-2

Relationship with
Objects

S2-2-2-3

Consistent Story

S2-2-3S2-2-3-1

NaturalExpressions

Lack of Unnaturalness

S2-2-3-2

Balanced Placement
Pay attention to thedetails such as the shapesof small objects andadjust their balance.
S2-2-3-3

the illustrations are drawn
so that each of theillustrations can bedifferentiated from one
another.

Start by drawing a threedimensional image of all
the elements that exists inthe atmosphere you want todraw.

Imagine the situation of theillustration from a 360
angle, and choose the best
angle that would highlightthe important parts.
Draw objects are up front
larger, and those in theback smaller.

Check to see if the natural
direction that thecharacters are facing
matches their posture.

Understand the natural
relationship between thecharacter and the objects
that they are using whendrawing them.

Set a consistent motif
present throughout all theillustration that matches
the theme of the patternlanguage, so that theaudience can imagine astory out from theillustrations.
Capture the natural
movements of people andthe characteristics ofobjects, and work todiminish all unnatural
points in the illustration.
Adjust the positions ofcharacters and objects in
the illustration so it has anatural arrangement

Think of the composition

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 41

S2-3

Breathe Life

S2-3-1Natural Cuteness

Meaningful Directions

and the direction of theillustration so that itmatches the natural bodily
sense of people.

S2-3-1-1

Make the characters simple
so that anyone cansympathies with themregardless of age or gender.

Simple Characters

S2-3-1-2
Create an elaborate
piece of art as if you
are going to breathe
life into the characters.

Draw the illustrations sothat it portrays thenatural and internal
charm that the characters
have.

Subtle Gestures

S2-3-1-3

Stationary andAffectionate

S2-3-2S2-3-2-1

Be in their Shoes

Put yourself in the shoesof each character in thescene, and build theatmosphere of the scene
by creating variations intheir expressions andmovements.

Empathetic Drawing

S2-3-2-2

Emotional Actions

S2-3-2-3

Drawing while SmilingS2-3-3S2-3-3-1

Creating
Excitement

Positive Image

S2-3-3-2

Spice of Playfulness
Go the extra mile byadding some ideas toamplify the positivity of
the illustration.
S2-3-3-3

Best Shot

Illustrate the charm of thecharacters not by their
physical traits, but by their
gestures as lively
characters.
There is no need to always
make the characters move
dynamically, but at times
their static positions
become sources for theircharm.

Determine what kind of abackground each character
has, and think of what theywould be feeling in thesituation.

Trace the emotions of thecharacters found throughthe Empathetic Drawing
and reflect their feelings
onto the illustrations.
When drawing theexpressions of thecharacters, make the same
expressions yourself as you
draw them.

As a whole, make theillustrations have a positive
image.

Add some Easter eggs into
the illustrations that could
possibly create some fans,even if it does not directly
contribute to the conveyingof the pattern's message.
Think that the world ofpattern illustrations have atime axis, and draw thebest moment that captures
the movement of the scene.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns (S3): Editing Literature
Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 42

S-C

S3-1

Editing
Literature

Grabbing Hook

Design the booklet ofthe pattern language
by considering how
you want the readers
to meet and read thepatterns.

Add an attractive
introductory sentence
after the Pattern nameto grab the attention of
the readers.

S3-1-1S3-1-1-1

Meaning
Refinement

Start with writing an
introduction that would
provide readers with
supplementary
information that thepattern name itself does
not convey.

Interpretation
Narrowing

S3-1-1-2

Complementing
Restatement

S3-1-1-3

Added Action

S3-1-2S3-1-2-1

Emotional Pull-in

Make the introductory
sentence so that it is notjust explanatory, but also
grabs the hearts of thereaders and pulls themin.

Hint of Success

S3-1-2-2

Attention-Grabbing
Question

S3-1-2-3

Lead to the Illustration

S3-1-3S3-1-3-1

Poetic Softness

Make the voice of theintroductory
sentence
poetic as if you arewriting lyrics to a song.

Interesting Voice

S3-1-3-2

Grandness Mitigation

S3-1-3-3

Pleasant Rhythm

S3-2

S3-2-1S3-2-1-1

Express the specific quality
described in the pattern,
and with it narrow thescope of interpreting thepattern for the readers.

Make the introductory
sentence explanatory byproviding specificinformation thatcomplements the patternname.
Describe a motion or
action in the introductory
sentence so that the readers
can get a grasp of what
they should do in thepattern.
Describe the potential
future that can be achievedby practicing the pattern.

Express the importance ofthe pattern by pitching aquestion to the readers thatasks them about it.

Write an introduction thatwould could connect andlead into the pattern
illustration.

Make the introductory
sentence emotional as if it
is a tag line of a product.

If the pattern name seems
too grand and intimidating,
add an introductory
sentence that would
mitigate its grandness andmake it seem morefeasible.
Make the introductory
sentence have a steadyflow that readers can readthrough with goodrhythmStart looking for quotes

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 43

Qualitative
Depth

Collect and placequotes or cases that are
essentially close to thepattern's message, andconvey the quality thatthe pattern is trying topresent.

Wide Range

Look for quotes andcases from a wide rangeof areas to collectelements from a diverse
set of people and fields.

Quantities SearchS3-2-1-2

Plenty of Candidates

S3-2-1-3

Balanced Selection

S3-2-2S3-2-2-1

Order ofDevelopment

Arrange the quotes sothat their order each
introduces a new aspectof the pattern to thereader, each step
deepening theirunderstanding.

Straightforward
Fundamentals

S3-2-2-2

Meaning Shift

S3-2-23

Takeoff Quote

S3-2-3S3-2-3-1

Borrowing Quality

Representative Figure

Enhance the quality ofthe pattern by using
quotes by outstanding
people.

S3-2-3-2

Elegant Quote

S3-2-3-3

Everyday Stock

S3-3

S3-3-1S3-3-1-1

and cases by first going
through numerous amountsof books and web pages tocollect quantities amounts.

Let each pattern haveseveral quotes and cases,
and select them so thatthey together create a goodbalanced message.

Use quotes and cases froma diverse set of people.

For the first quote, choose
one that is straightforward
and gives the reader adeeper understanding of
the pattern.

Include a quote that isslightly shifted from what
is said in the pattern itself,
to evoke a newinterpretation of thepattern.
End off with a quote that
may not seem directly
related to the pattern at
first, but when read inorder after the otherquotes, it brings great
impact and meaning as acoherent whole.
Use quotes by people whoare acknowledged in adiverse range of fields tomake the pattern more
sympathetic andpersuasive.

Trust your own senses andchoose quotes that you findattractive.

Have an antenna open forgood quotes in youreveryday life, and make arepository that you canreference when you
actually start to look forquotes.
Include in the format of theCreating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 44

User-Friendly
LayoutLayout with
Contrast

Make the layout of thebooklet so that it iseasy for the user toread and the message
is best conveyed.

Employ contrast in thelayout so that it visuallyappeals.

Separation of Logic andIntuition

pattern two separate areas
where the readers canintuitively get a grasp of
the pattern, and logicallyread through andunderstand it.

S3-3-1-2

Make the sentences withthe most importantmessage of the pattern inbold so that it is easy forthe readers to find.

Attractive Words

S3-3-1-3

Guiding Marks

S3-3-2S3-3-2-1

Cushion Space

Provide some extra
whitespace in the layout
so that readers can readthrough the patternlanguage without any
resistance.

Placing it There

S3-3-2-2

Framing WhitespaceS3-3-2-3

Blank to Rest

S3-3-3S3-3-3-1

Natural Flow

Commit to removing all
unnaturalness in thepattern so that readers
can read through thepattern in ease.

Modest Illustrations

S3-3-3-2

Smooth Eye Movement

S3-3-3-3

Prototype Check

Use marks and words thatwould guide the readers
through the pattern so they
can understand its contents
better.

Place the pattern sentencesin the center of the paper,and provide some blankspace around it, as if you
are placing the pattern
there for the readers tocome get it.
Provide whitespace aroundthe pattern illustration as if
you are framing the pieceof artwork.

Provide a blank page in thepattern booklet so thatreaders can take a momentto catch their breaths whenreading through thepatterns.
Make the illustration smallenough so that it balances
the font size, and readers
can easily look at both theillustration and thesentences alternately.
Make the layout so that theeye movement of thereaders flow in a naturalmanner.

Making booklets and cardsof the patterns are one typeof creation: print them out
and make an actual-size
prototype to check its
quality.

Creating a Pattern Language for Creating Pattern Languages: Page - 45