Human Papillomavirus
andRelated Diseases ReportWORLD
Version posted at www.hpvcentre.net on 10 March 2023

- ii -

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All rights reserved. HPV Information Centre publications can be obtained from the HPV Information Centre Secretariat, Institut Català d’Oncologia, Avda. Gran Via de l’Hospitalet, 199-203 08908
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Recommended citation:

Bruni L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Collado JJ, Gómez D, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S.
ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus
and Related Diseases in the World. Summary Report 10 March 2023. [Date Accessed]

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

- iii -Abbreviations
Table 1: Abbreviations
Abbreviation
HPV
HPV Information Centre
GW
RRP
SIL
LSIL
HSIL
ICC
CIS
CIN
AIN2/3
VIN 2/3
VaIN 2/3
PeIN 2/3
95% CIN
HPV Prev
ASR
MSM
Non MSMSCC
STIHIV/AIDS
TS
EIA
RLBM
RFLP
RHA
RLH
LiPA
SBH
ISH
MABA
LBA
HC2
SAT
PCR
SPF
q-PCR
RLBH
RT-PCR
DBH
HR
DSA
MAA

Full term
Human papillomavirus
ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer
Genital warts
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Squamous intraepithelial lesions
Low-grade cervical lesions
High-grade cervical lesions
Invasive cervical cancer
Carcinoma in situ
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 and/or 3
95% confidence interval
Number of cases tested
HPV prevalenceAge-standardised rate
Men who have sex with men
Heterosexual men
Squamous cell carcinomas
Sexually transmitted infections
Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Type specific
Enzyme immunoassay
Reverse line blotting method
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Reverse hybridisation assay
Reverse line hybridisation
Line probe assay
Southern blot hybridisation
In situ hybridisation
Micro array-based assay
Line blot assay
Hybrid Capture 2
Suspension array technology
Polymerase chain reaction
Short primer fragment
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Reverse line blot hybridisation
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Dot blot hybridisation
High risk
Direct sequence analysis
Microchip array assay

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

- iv -

Executive summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is now a well-established cause of cervical cancer and there is
growing evidence of HPV being a relevant factor in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina andpenis) as well as head and neck cancers. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. HPV vaccines that prevent HPV 16 and 18 infections are now available
and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical and other anogenital cancers.
This report provides key information for the World on: cervical cancer; other anogenital cancers andhead and neck cancers; HPV-related statistics; factors contributing to cervical cancer; cervical cancer
screening practises; HPV vaccine introduction; and other relevant immunization indicators. The reportis intended to strengthen the guidance for health policy implementation of primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies in the region.
The World has a population of 2972.8 million women aged 15 years and older who are at risk of developing cervical cancer. Current estimates indicate that every year 604,127 women are diagnosed withcervical cancer and 341,831 die from the disease in 2020. Cervical cancer ranks* as the 4th most frequent cancer among women in the World.
* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Ranking is based on crude
incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

-v-

World

High income

Low and middle income

Upper middle income

Lower middle income

Low income

Table 2: Key statistics

2,972.8

528.4

2,433.8

1,020.3

1,199.7

213.8

Population
Women at risk for cervical cancer (Female population aged>=15 yrs) in millions

Burden of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers
Annual number of new cervical cancer cases

604,127

71,624532,239

247,840

236,828

47,571

Annual number of cervical cancer deaths

341,831

29,307

312,373

133,105

146,198

33,070

13.3

8.40

14.8

12.8

16.9

23.8

Standardized incidence rates per 100,000 population:
Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Men

0.49

0.74

0.41

0.30

0.54

0.60

Women

0.58

1.24

0.38

0.35

0.41

0.46

Vulva cancer

0.85

1.56

0.60

0.56

0.62

0.88

Vaginal cancer

0.36

0.33

0.36

0.23

0.57

0.45

Penile cancer

0.80

0.66

0.83

0.65

1.15

0.64

Men

1.79

3.28

1.36

0.97

2.07

0.58

Women

0.40

0.80

0.28

0.22

0.40

0.17

Oropharyngeal cancer

Oral cavity cancer
Men

5.96

6.28

5.80

2.73

10.5

2.24

Women

2.28

2.51

2.19

1.30

3.61

1.44

Men

3.59

3.70

3.55

3.20

4.25

1.99

Women

0.49

0.63

0.46

0.38

0.59

0.32

Laryngeal cancer

Burden of cervical HPV infection
Prevalence (%) of HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 among women
with:
Normal cytology

3.9

-

-

-

-

-

Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1)

25.8

-

-

-

-

-

High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS)

51.9

-

-

-

-

-

Cervical cancer

69.4

-

-

-

-

-

Please see the specific sections for more information.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

CONTENTS- vi -

Contents
Abbreviationsiii

Executive summaryiv

1 Introduction

2

2 Demographic and socioeconomic factors

4

3 Burden of HPV related cancers
3.1 HPV related cancers incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 HPV related cancers mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Cervical cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 Cervical cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Anogenital cancers other than the cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 Anal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1.1 Anal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1.2 Anal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 Vulvar cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2.1 Vulvar cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2.2 Vulvar cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 Vaginal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3.1 Vaginal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3.2 Vaginal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 Penile cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4.1 Penile cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4.2 Penile cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Head and neck cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Oropharyngeal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1.1 Oropharyngeal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1.2 Oropharyngeal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2 Oral cavity cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2.1 Oral cavity cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2.2 Oral cavity cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 Laryngeal cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3.1 Laryngeal cancer incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3.2 Laryngeal cancer mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4 HPV related statistics
82
4.1 HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous lesions orinvasive cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.1.1 HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1.2 HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous
cervical lesions and cervical cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.1.3 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.2 HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.2.1 Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.2.2 Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.2.3 Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.2.4 Penile cancer and precancerous penile lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
4.3 HPV burden in men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.4 HPV burden in the head and neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF CONTENTS- vii -

4.4.1 Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.4.2 HPV burden in head and neck cancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5 Factors contributing to cervical cancer

236

6 Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators

240

7 HPV preventive strategies
241
7.1 Cervical cancer screening practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.2 HPV vaccination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.2.1 HPV vaccine licensure and introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8 Protective factors for cervical cancer

254

9 References

256

10 Glossary

295

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

LIST OF FIGURES- viii -List of Figures
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World geographical regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Population pyramid in the World for 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Population pyramid in the World for 2022 (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Population trends in four selected age groups in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Population trends in four selected age groups in the World (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers in men and women of all ages in the World(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers among men and women 15-44 years of age in theWorld (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers in men and women of all ages in the World(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers among men and women 15-44 years of age in theWorld (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Africa (estimates for2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Europe (estimatesfor 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Oceania (estimatesfor 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . .
Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) (Continued) . .
Age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World and continents (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . .
Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to incidence rates in the World(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according to incidence rates in
the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Africa (estimates for2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in the Americas (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Asia (estimates for2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Europe (estimatesfor 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in Oceania (estimatesfor 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020) (Continued) . . . .
Age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to mortality rates in the World(estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according to mortality rates in
the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . .
Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . .
Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . .

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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65

LIST OF FIGURES

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- ix -

Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 67
Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . 71
Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . 75
Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 77
Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . 79
Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . 81
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal cervical cytology in
the World and its regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . . . 85
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study (continued) . . . 86
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study . . . . . . 87
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 88
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 89
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) 90
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 92
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 93
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 94
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 95
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . . . 96
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . . 97
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 98
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 99
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 100
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) . . 101
Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . . . 102
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . 104
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study . . . . 105
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country and study (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . 107
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 108
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study (continued) . . 109
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . . 110
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) 111
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country and study (continued) 112
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . . 113
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . 114
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study . . . 115
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . 118
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) . 119
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . 120
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 121
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 122
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . 123
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . 124
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study . . 125
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas by country and study(continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . 127
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) 128
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country and study (continued) 129
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study . . . . . . 130
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 131
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country and study (continued) 132
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . 133
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country and study . . . . . . . . . 134
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country and study (continued) . 135

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LIST OF FIGURES

74
74

Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study . . . .
Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country and study (continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study . . . . . . . . . .
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . .
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . .
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . .
75 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country and study (continued) . .
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study . . . . . . . .
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) .
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) .
76 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country and study (continued) .
77 Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Oceania by country and study . . . . . . .
78 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women with and without cervicallesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions among women with andwithout cervical lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions among women withand without cervical lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women with invasive cervicalcancer by histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions among women withinvasive cervical cancer by histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
83 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions among women withinvasive cervical cancer by histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . .
85 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . .
86 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
87 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . .
88 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . .
89 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . .
91 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
93 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
94 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Africa and the World . . . . . . . .
95 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in the Americas and the World . . .
96 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . .
97 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Europe and the World . . . . . . .
98 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Oceania and the World . . . . . . .
99 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . .
101 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
103 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
104 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Africa and the World . . . . . . . .
105 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in the Americas and the World . . .
106 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . .
107 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Europe and the World . . . . . . .
108 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Oceania and the World . . . . . .
109 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . .
111 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
113 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . .
114 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Africa and the World . . . . . . . .
115 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in the Americas and the World . . . .
116 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . .
117 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Europe and the World . . . . . . . .
118 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Oceania and the World . . . . . . .
119 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and the World . . . . . . . .
121 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
165
165
166
166
167
167
168
168
169
169
181
181
182
182
183
183
184
184
185
185
191
191
192
192
193
193
194
194
195
195
200
200
201
201
202
202
203
203

LIST OF FIGURES- xi -

122 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
123 Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World . . . . . . . . . . .
124 Female smoking prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125 Total fertility rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126 Oral contraceptive use (%) among women who are married or in union in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127 World HIV prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
128 Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129 Ever in lifetime cervical cancer screening coverage in women 25–65 years in 2019 by country . . . . . . . . . . .
130 Ever in lifetime cervical cancer screening coverage in women 30–49 years in 2019 by country . . . . . . . . . . .
131 Countries with HPV vaccine in the national immunization programme in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132 World prevalence of male circumcision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133 Worldwide prevalence of condom use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

204
204
236
237
238
239
240
242
242
249
254
255

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LIST OF TABLES-1-

List of Tables
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Key statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
World population estimates (in millions), 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . .
Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . .
Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . .
Incidence of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . .
Mortality of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive
cervical cancer in the World and sub-regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive
cervical cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases in the World by histology . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases in the World (male and female) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of AIN2/3 in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among men in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oropharyngeal cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer in the World . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main characteristics of cervical cancer screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HPV vaccination policies in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References of studies included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iii
v
8
20
32
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
103
155
156
158
161
170
176
186
188
196
199
205
208
219
224
229
232
243
250
256
295

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1

INTRODUCTION-2-Introduction
Figure 1: World geographical regions

Northern Europe
Eastern Europe
Northern America

Central Asia

Western Europe

Eastern Asia

Southern Europe
Northern Africa
Western Asia

Caribbean

Southern Asia

Central America
Western Africa

South−Eastern Asia

Micronesia

Eastern Africa

Middle Africa

Melanesia
Polynesia
South America

Australia and New ZealandSouthern Africa

The HPV Information Centre aims to compile and centralize updated data and statistics on HPV and
HPV-related cancers. This report aims to summarize the data available to fully evaluate the burden of
disease in the World and to facilitate stakeholders and relevant bodies of decision makers to formulate
recommendations on the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Data include relevant cancer statistic estimates, epidemiological determinants of cervical cancer such as demographics,
socioeconomic factors, risk factors, burden of HPV infection in women and men, and cervical screening
and immunization practices. The report is structured into the following sections:
Section 2, Demographic and socioeconomic factors. This section summarizes the sociodemographic profile of the World. For analytical purposes, the World is divided into five regions: Africa,
the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania (Figure 1).
Section 3, Burden of HPV related cancers. This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers in the World with estimates of prevalence, incidence
and mortality rates. Information in other HPV-related cancers includes other anogenital cancers (anus,
vulva, vagina, and penis) and head and neck cancers (oral cavity, oropharyngeal, and larynx).
Section 4, HPV related statistics. This section reports on prevalence of HPV and HPV type-specificdistribution in the World, in women with normal cytology, precancerous lesions and invasive cervicalcancer. In addition, the burden of HPV in other anogenital cancers (anus, vulva, vagina, and penis),head and neck cancers (oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx) and men are presented.
Section 5, Factors contributing to cervical cancer. This section describes factors that can modify
ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

1

INTRODUCTION-3-

the natural history of HPV and cervical carcinogenesis such as smoking, parity, oral contraceptive use
and co-infection with HIV.
Section 6, Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators. This section presents sexualand reproductive behaviour indicators that may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection
and anogenital cancers, such as age at first sexual intercourse, average number of sexual partners, andanal intercourse among others.
Section 7, HPV preventive strategies. This section presents preventive strategies that include basic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening status, status of HPV vaccine licensure
introduction, and recommendations for national immunization programmes.
Section 8, Protective factors for cervical cancer. This section presents the prevalence of malecircumcision and condom use.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

22

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS-4-

Demographic and socioeconomic factors
Figure 2: Population pyramid in the World for 2022

World
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Under 558,916,331
57,402,728
93,951,352
131,218,128
155,487,440
200,734,496
226,551,264
239,262,464
255,796,032
286,616,672
309,956,224
304,431,616
310,484,128
323,065,216
342,473,504
353,020,736
342,903,904

80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Under 524,920,198
19,593,586
28,028,360
32,614,752
37,962,852
41,229,064
43,510,480
43,418,824
44,213,660
43,713,744
43,225,348
40,836,680
37,902,036
35,666,944
36,180,536
34,898,836
32,130,982

96,852,301
73,101,792
111,956,552
147,841,504
166,694,800
206,820,288
227,424,272
236,199,616
249,316,640
277,210,720
296,654,720
288,241,248
291,596,448
302,852,064
320,688,352
331,676,544
324,258,240

High income
40,334,323
24,154,568
32,355,430
35,680,900
39,514,428
41,379,804
42,507,556
41,657,816
41,855,260
41,018,692
40,471,872
37,981,648
35,536,928
33,944,684
34,361,260
33,189,624
30,579,396

Low and middle income
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Under 533,862,609
37,620,402
65,639,642
98,177,862
116,947,966
158,814,743
182,264,142
194,997,547
210,670,305
241,973,598
265,783,980
262,652,026
271,481,796
286,027,816
304,823,172
316,708,092
309,545,716

Males

56,273,537
48,684,148
79,228,823
111,639,146
126,518,980
164,680,679
184,082,190
193,647,157
206,509,427
235,238,432
255,248,840
249,373,768
255,046,760
267,624,044
284,928,676
297,148,448
292,515,568

Females

Data accessed on 30 Jul 2022
Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2022
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition. [Accessed on July 30, 2022].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS-5-

Figure 3: Population pyramid in the World for 2022 (continued)

Upper middle income
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Under 520,556,946
20,962,132
36,362,492
53,238,780
56,483,192
83,461,504
91,640,048
88,261,112
86,160,048
98,353,072
107,434,616
90,753,896
84,814,728
84,404,768
89,887,952
92,562,888
78,935,296

35,430,196
27,327,314
45,112,320
62,110,884
62,220,516
87,283,168
93,161,000
88,103,368
84,648,456
95,041,400
101,453,448
84,309,688
77,579,872
76,496,880
81,228,496
84,131,008
72,782,368

Lower middle income
80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Under 5

12,230,536
14,950,823
26,431,038
40,672,092
54,421,732
67,404,936
80,266,928
94,017,640
108,718,168
124,110,344
134,638,528
143,304,944
152,674,656
161,702,496
169,040,592
173,039,328
173,026,608

80+
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
Under 5

1,075,127
1,707,447
2,846,112
4,266,990
6,043,042
7,948,303
10,357,166
12,718,795
15,792,089
19,510,182
23,710,836
28,593,186
33,992,412
39,920,552
45,894,628
51,105,876
57,583,812

18,997,913
19,041,498
30,524,572
44,398,776
57,284,380
68,510,816
79,807,672
92,319,648
105,789,816
120,548,080
130,044,784
136,627,984
143,896,256
151,912,112
158,780,416
163,132,160
163,741,152

Low income

Males

1,845,428
2,315,336
3,591,931
5,129,486
7,014,084
8,886,695
11,113,518
13,224,141
16,071,155
19,648,952
23,750,608
28,436,096
33,570,632
39,215,052
44,919,764
49,885,280
55,992,048

Females

Data accessed on 30 Jul 2022
Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2022
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition. [Accessed on July 30, 2022].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS-6-

Figure 4: Population trends in four selected age groups in the WorldAll Women
Women 25 64 yrs

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

600
500
400
300
200
100

Projections

Number of women (in millions)

Projections
Girls 10-14 yrs
Women 15 24 yrs

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Number of women (in millions)World

Female population trends in the World
Number of women by year and age group40

Projections
All Women
Women 25 64 yrs

600
500
400
300
200

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

60

Number of women (in millions)

80

Projections
Girls 10-14 yrs
Women 15 24 yrs

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Number of women (in millions)High income

Female population trends in the High income
Number of women by year and age group

400
200

Projections

4000
3000
2000
1000

All Women
Women 25 64 yrs

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Projections
Girls 10-14 yrs
Women 15 24 yrs

Number of women (in millions)

600

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Number of women (in millions)

Low and middle income

Female population trends in the Low and middle income
Number of women by year and age group
Data accessed on 30 Jul 2022
Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2022
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition. [Accessed on July 30, 2022].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS-7-

Figure 4: Population trends in four selected age groups in the World (continued)

100
50

Projections
All Women
Women 25 64 yrs

1000
500

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

150

Projections
Girls 10-14 yrs
Women 15 24 yrs

Number of women (in millions)

200

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Number of women (in millions)Upper middle income

Female population trends in the Upper middle income
Number of women by year and age group

200
100

2500
2000
1500
1000
500

Projections
All Women
Women 25 64 yrs

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

300

Number of women (in millions)

Projections
Girls 10-14 yrs
Women 15 24 yrs

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Number of women (in millions)

Lower middle income

Female population trends in the Lower middle income
Number of women by year and age group

1200
900
600
300
0

Projections
All Women
Women 25 64 yrs

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Number of women (in millions)

160
120
80
40
0

Projections
Girls 10-14 yrs
Women 15 24 yrs

1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100

Number of women (in millions)

Low income

Female population trends in the Low income
Number of women by year and age group
Data accessed on 30 Jul 2022
Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2022
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition. [Accessed on July 30, 2022].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS-8-

Table 3: World population estimates (in millions), 2022
Region Country
World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

10-14 years
342.4736.18
304.8289.89
169.04
45.89
85.56
29.71
12.35
13.11
3.29
27.11
38.96
1.77
8.09
12.13
16.98
195.2
3.69
52.56
28.94
95.86
14.15
21.01
8.45
3.32
3.96
5.27
1.75
1.0
0.69
0.03
0.04

Males
15+ years
2953.87516.842426.91
1002.89
1215.54208.48416.83133.57
51.92
87.13
23.09
121.11397.4816.64
63.79
151.89165.16
1823.4225.5
695.2
253.44740.28109.01299.0
111.87
43.13
63.52
80.47
17.14
12.55
4.15
0.19
0.23

Total
3992.27620.053357.99
1264.27
1730.65363.07704.08231.5896.04
130.0733.28
213.12510.32
21.89
87.36
186.23214.842396.0737.82
844.27339.781021.95
152.24359.36
136.69
52.6
74.15
95.91
22.45
15.49
6.32
0.27
0.34

10-14 years
320.6934.36
284.9381.23
158.78
44.92
83.65
29.3
12.29
12.55
3.19
26.32
37.38
1.71
7.83
11.56
16.29
178.08
3.5
45.44
27.2
88.53
13.42
19.93
8.03
3.16
3.73
5.01
1.64
0.95
0.63
0.03
0.03

Females
15+ years
2972.76528.392433.81020.28
1199.7213.81425.68139.42
53.4
86.65
25.15
121.07415.36
17.31
68.11
156.9
173.041786.4927.04
688.56257.61
714.9498.33
327.91130.41
44.79
67.79
84.92
17.33
12.93
3.96
0.19
0.23

Data accessed on 30 Jul 2022
Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Year of estimate: 2022
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition. [Accessed on July 30, 2022].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

Total
3949.39626.523308.391258.421685.36364.61705.98235.4897.08
127.7935.02
210.63523.6522.38
90.92
189.68220.672312.338.65
819.21
338.61976.51139.32385.14153.93
53.77
77.82
99.61
22.32
15.72
5.98
0.27
0.33

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS-9-3

Burden of HPV related cancers

3.1

HPV related cancers incidence

Figure 5: Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers in men and women of all ages
in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males
BreastColon and rectum cancer
Lung
Cervix uteri*
Thyroid
Corpus uteri
StomachOvary
Liver
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Pancreas
Leukaemia
Oesophagus
KidneyMelanoma of skin
Brain, nervous system
Bladder
Lip, oral cavity*
Multiple myeloma
GallbladderVulva*
Nasopharynx
Hodgkin lymphoma
Anus*
Larynx*Salivary glands
Oropharynx*
Vagina*Hypopharynx
Kaposi sarcoma
Mesothelioma
Penis*
Prostate
Testis

36.5

36.0
40.0

26.6

Females
-

58.5
21.6
19.9
15.6
3.49
11.6
10.8
18.3
9.56
8.12
16.1
7.07
7.74
6.22
6.69
6.03
6.86
5.30
10.6
4.81
6.90
4.14
4.42
3.90
4.28
3.62
11.2
3.43
6.72
2.94
2.51
2.01
1.04 1.94- 1.172.45 0.96
1.25 0.88
0.55 0.75
4.08
0.63
0.76 0.62
2.01 0.50- 0.46
1.79 0.36
0.60 0.28
0.55 0.24
0.92 1.89 0.0
40.0
Annual crude incidence rate per 100,000
World: Male and female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

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3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 10 -

Figure 6: Comparison of HPV related cancers incidence to other cancers among men and women 15-44
years of age in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males
BreastCervix uteri*
Thyroid
Ovary
Colon and rectum cancer
Leukaemia
Corpus uteri
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma of skin
Brain, nervous system
StomachLung
Hodgkin lymphoma
LiverLip, oral cavity*
KidneyNasopharynx
Oesophagus
Kaposi sarcoma
Bladder
Salivary glands
GallbladderVulva*
Pancreas
Multiple myeloma
Anus*
Hypopharynx
Vagina*Larynx*
Oropharynx*
Mesothelioma
Penis*
Prostate
Testis-40.0

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

Females

25.4
10.6
2.48
9.81
- 3.502.70 2.77
2.76 2.25- 2.132.51 1.94
0.99 1.66
2.06 1.64
1.49 1.45
1.77 1.32
1.22 0.99
3.05 0.91
2.77 0.78
1.14 0.72
1.30 0.60
0.86 0.47
0.74 0.40
0.56 0.32
0.27 0.29
0.11 0.28- 0.280.42 0.28
0.23 0.17
0.16 0.15
0.27 0.13- 0.120.39 0.11
0.34 0.08
0.04 0.04
0.22 0.27 2.98 0.0
40.0
Annual crude incidence rate per 100,000
World: Male and female (All ages)

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

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3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.2- 11 -

HPV related cancers mortality

Figure 7: Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers in men and women of all ages
in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males
Colon and rectum cancer
BreastLung
Cervix uteri*
StomachLiver
Pancreas
Ovary
Oesophagus
Leukaemia
Brain, nervous system
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Corpus uteri
KidneyGallbladder
Bladder
Lip, oral cavity*
Multiple myeloma
Thyroid
Melanoma of skin
Nasopharynx
Vulva*
Larynx*
Anus*
Salivary glands
Hodgkin lymphoma
Oropharynx*
Vagina*Mesothelioma
Hypopharynx
Kaposi sarcoma
Penis*
Prostate
Testis

26.6

Females
-

30.2

20.0

21.6

8.84
6.88
6.54
6.28
5.67
5.36
9.52
4.39
4.52
3.46
3.52
2.93
3.75
2.91
2.52
2.94
1.65
0.77
1.41
4.04
1.39
3.18
1.36
1.66
1.34
0.40 0.72
0.82 0.64
1.48
0.57- 0.452.17
0.37
0.24 0.26
0.34 0.24
0.36 0.24
1.01 0.22- 0.210.48 0.20
0.82 0.16
0.25 0.13
0.34 9.55
0.24 0.0
20.0
Annual crude mortality rate per 100,000
World: Male and female (All ages)

12.8
14.7

-

17.7
15.7

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

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3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 12 -

Figure 8: Comparison of HPV related cancers mortality to other cancers among men and women 15-44
years of age in the World (estimates for 2020)

Males
BreastCervix uteri*Colon and rectum cancer
Leukaemia
Ovary
Brain, nervous system
StomachLung
Liver
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Oesophagus
Lip, oral cavity*
Nasopharynx
Kaposi sarcoma
Pancreas
Corpus uteri
Gallbladder
KidneyHodgkin lymphoma
Melanoma of skin
Thyroid
Multiple myeloma
Vulva*
Hypopharynx
Bladder
Larynx*Salivary glands
Vagina*Anus*
Oropharynx*
Mesothelioma
Penis*
Prostate
Testis-20.0

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

Females

4.68
3.39
2.70
2.77
1.79 1.45- 1.031.31 1.02
0.90 0.90
1.27 0.79
2.61 0.76
0.94 0.70
0.67 0.39
1.25 0.30
0.47 0.20
0.34 0.20
0.35 0.20- 0.200.08 0.20
0.21 0.15
0.21 0.14
0.13 0.12
0.05 0.11
0.11 0.08- 0.070.12 0.07
0.11 0.07
0.14 0.05
0.05 0.05- 0.040.05 0.04
0.12 0.03
0.02 0.02
0.04 0.07 0.27 0.0
20.0
Annual crude mortality rate per 100,000
World: Female (15-44 years)

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.3- 13 -

Cervical cancer

Cancer of the cervix uteri is the 4 th most common cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated604,127 new cases and 341,831 deaths in 2020. Worldwide, mortality rates of cervical cancer are substantially lower than incidence with a ratio of mortality to incidence to 57% (GLOBOCAN 2020). The
majority of cases are squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinomas. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24,
Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol.
90)
This section describes the current burden of invasive cervical cancer in the World and in comparison
to geographic region, including estimates of the annual number of new cases, deaths, incidence, andmortality rates.
3.3.1

Cervical cancer incidence

Key Stats.
About 604,127 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in theWorld (estimations for 2020).
Cervical cancer ranks* as the 4th leading cause of female cancer in theWorld.
Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer in women aged 15
to 44 years in the World.

* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Ranking is based on crude
incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 14 -

Figure 9: Age-standardised incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available<07.56<11.58<17.10<26.26>=26.26

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 15 -

Figure 10: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inAfrica (estimates for 2020)

Eswatini
Malawi
ZambiaTanzania
Zimbabwe
LesothoUgandaComoros
Mozambique
GuineaBurundiGambiaMadagascar
Liberia
Guinea-Bissau
AngolaNamibia
Mali
SenegalSouth Africa
Botswana
Cameroon
Equatorial Guinea
DR Congo
Kenya
Côte d'Ivoire
Gabon
Mauritania
Rwanda
Ghana
Somalia
Congo
Central African Republic
Ethiopia
Sierra Leone
South Sudan
Chad
Togo
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Cabo Verde
Sao Tome and Principe
Djibouti
Eritrea
Benin
Mauritius
MoroccoNiger
Sudan
Algeria
Libya
Tunisia
Egypt
Seychelles
Western Sahara

*
*

0

4.6
2.9

42.9
41.2
40.8
39.6
37.6
37.4
36.4
36.3
35.3
34.4
33.7
32.8
31.9
31.3
31.2
30.8
28.9
28.2
27.4
25.1
22.4
21.8
21.5
21.2
20.5
20.2
19.1
18.4
18.2
17.0
16.0
15.3
15.3
15.1
12.6
10.4
10.4
8.7
7.9
7.7

25

50.2
50.1
49.3

50

56.8
56.2
56.0

84.5

67.9
65.5
62.5
61.7

75

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 16 -

Figure 11: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
the Americas (estimates for 2020)

BoliviaParaguay
GuyanaSuriname
Venezuela
Peru
Jamaica
Nicaragua
GuatemalaTrinidad and Tobago
Honduras
BelizeDominican Republic
Argentina
St Lucia
EcuadorBarbados
BahamasColombia
PanamaCuba
El Salvador
BrazilMexicoUruguay
Costa Rica
Haiti
Chile
United States of America
CanadaDominica
St Kitts and Nevis
GrenadaSt Vincent and The Grenadines
Antigua and Barbuda

36.6
34.1
29.5
23.7
22.2
22.2
21.6
21.3
20.3
19.8
19.5
19.1
17.9
16.7
16.6
16.0
15.2
14.9
14.9
14.0
13.9
13.1
12.7
12.6
11.7
11.7
11.6
11.1
6.2
5.5
*
*
*
*
*

0

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

10

20

30

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 17 -

Figure 12: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Asia (estimates for 2020)

Maldives
Indonesia
MyanmarBruneiMongolia
India
Thailand
Nepal
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Philippines
Japan
Turkmenistan
BhutanCambodia
Timor-LesteLaos
DPR Korea
Uzbekistan
China
Bangladesh
Georgia
Afghanistan
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Republic of Korea
Armenia
Singapore
Azerbaijan
Viet Nam
Oman
United Arab Emirates
PakistanIsraelTurkeyQatar
Bahrain
LebanonJordanSyria
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Yemen
Iran
Iraq
Palestine
Taiwan

*
*

0

4.9
4.8
4.1
3.9
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.2

5

6.9
6.7
6.6
6.5
6.2
6.1

8.2
8.1
7.8

9.2

12.0
11.2
11.0
10.7
10.6
10.6
10.4
10.2

10

16.4
16.4
15.7
15.4
15.2
15.2
14.9
14.2
14.0
14.0

15

18.0

20.8
19.7

20

22.6

24.5
24.4

25

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 18 -

Figure 13: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inEurope (estimates for 2020)

Montenegro
Romania
SerbiaLithuania
Estonia
LatviaBulgaria
Hungary
Slovakia
Republic of Moldova
Bosnia and Herzegovina
UkraineRussian Federation
PolandNorwayBelarus
Portugal
IrelandSwedenDenmark
Croatia
United Kingdom
Czechia
Iceland
GreeceBelgium
Germany
North Macedonia
FranceNetherlands
Italy
Slovenia
Albania
Cyprus
Spain
Austria
Finland
Luxembourg
Malta
Switzerland
MonacoSan Marino
Andorra
Liechtenstein
Channel Islands

*
*
*
*
*

0

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

3.7
3.4

5.6
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.2

8.3
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.0
6.9
6.9
6.7
6.6

12.3
12.0
11.4
10.7
10.7
10.4
10.2
10.1
9.9
9.3

10

14.3
14.3
14.1

18.7
18.7
18.5
18.4
18.0
17.2
16.6
16.3

22.6

26.2

20

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 19 -

Figure 14: Age-standardised incidence rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Oceania (estimates for 2020)

Fiji

29.8

Papua New Guinea

29.2

Solomon Islands

25.4

Vanuatu

17.1

Samoa

12.4

New Zealand

5.6

Australia

5.6

Kiribati*

FS Micronesia

*

Tonga

*

Palau

*

Marshall Islands

*

Nauru

*

Tuvalu

*

0

10

20

30

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 20 -

Table 4: Incidence of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

604,127
71,624532,239
247,840
236,828
47,571
117,316
54,56015,646
6,971
12,33327,806
74,4103,857
13,848
14,971
41,734
351,720
4,945
129,567
68,623
143,183
5,402
58,16932,348
6,666
9,053
10,102
2,512
1,094
1,330
53
35

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI][582,030.8-627,062.1][69,708.5-73,592.1][240,358.8-255,554.1][240,358.8-255,554.1][224,446-249,893][42,451.1-53,308.4][105,998.6-129,841.8][48,276.6-61,661.3][13,437.4-18,217.6][6,061.2-8,017.3][11,952-12,726.2][23,307.1-33,173.3][56,232-62,828.9][3,427-4,341][13,283.5-14,436.5][14,703.2-15,243.7][38,925.2-44,745.5][339,675-364,192.1][1,677-1,882.9][126,381.1-132,833.1][64,656.6-72,832.8][883-1,630.8][4,559-6,400.8][56,344.7-60,052.4][31,583.5-33,131][6,414.5-6,927.3][8,181.3-10,017.5][9,650.9-10,574.2][2,299.4-2,744.2][1,021.2-1,172][975.5-1,813.4][33.3-84.4][20.2-60.7]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

15.6
11.6
16.4
17.1
15.9
15.8
17.5
24.3
17.4
5.69
36.0
13.9
14.3
17.5
15.1
8.04
19.1
15.5
13.2
15.8
20.5
15.2
4.07
15.0
20.8
12.4
11.5
10.1
11.8
7.17
24.4
19.5
10.4

13.3
8.40
14.8
12.8
16.9
23.8
25.6
40.1
31.6
6.25
36.4
22.9
11.3
13.7
13.8
6.15
15.4
12.7
12.7
10.8
17.8
15.4
4.14
10.7
14.5
10.4
7.72
7.03
10.1
5.63
28.3
18.7
9.70

1.39
0.80
1.57
1.31
1.87
2.59
2.82
4.46
3.56
0.72
3.70
2.48
1.13
1.37
1.39
0.59
1.59
1.35
1.32
1.08
1.91
1.72
0.45
1.03
1.42
0.90
0.76
0.67
0.94
0.52
2.64
1.97
1.06

All
women

Women
15-44
years

4
14
2
5
2
2
2
1
2
4
2
2
6
5
2
14
3
4
2
7
2
2
12
9
5
12
14
14
8
13
2
3
6

2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
5
1
2
3
2
2
4
3
3
2
3
2
2
6
3
2
2
4
4
3
5
2
2
3

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 21 -

Figure 15: Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for
2020)

World

Africa359277*69546*

Annual number of new casesof cervical cancer

200000132471112287*
100000

Annual number of new casesof cervical cancer

60000

30000040000

25094*

22643

20000

0

0
15-39

40-64

15-39

65+

40-64

EuropeOceania

30966*

1341*

65+

20000

13832

13367*
10000

Annual number of new casesof cervical cancer

Annual number of new casesof cervical cancer

30000

1000

824*

500

347

0

0
15-39

40-64

65+

15-39

40-64

65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods∗ World: 15-19 yrs: 616 cases. 20-24 yrs: 4819 cases. 25-29 yrs: 17357 cases. 30-34 yrs: 37106 cases. 35-39 yrs: 52389 cases. 40-44 yrs: 65657 cases. 45-49 yrs: 78299 cases. 50-54 yrs:
80544 cases. 55-59 yrs: 73053 cases. 60-64 yrs: 61724 cases.
∗ Africa: 15-19 yrs: 180 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1483 cases. 25-29 yrs: 4444 cases. 30-34 yrs: 7873 cases. 35-39 yrs: 11114 cases. 40-44 yrs: 13428 cases. 45-49 yrs: 14640 cases. 50-54 yrs: 14771
cases. 55-59 yrs: 14178 cases. 60-64 yrs: 12529 cases.
∗ Europe: 15-19 yrs: 265 cases. 20-24 yrs: 873 cases. 25-29 yrs: 2365 cases. 30-34 yrs: 4295 cases. 35-39 yrs: 5569 cases. 40-44 yrs: 6469 cases. 45-49 yrs: 6677 cases. 50-54 yrs: 6287 cases.
55-59 yrs: 6105 cases. 60-64 yrs: 5428 cases.
∗ Oceania: 15-19 yrs: 2 cases. 20-24 yrs: 49 cases. 25-29 yrs: 170 cases. 30-34 yrs: 267 cases. 35-39 yrs: 336 cases. 40-44 yrs: 335 cases. 45-49 yrs: 330 cases. 50-54 yrs: 281 cases. 55-59
yrs: 226 cases. 60-64 yrs: 169 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 22 -

Figure 15: Annual number of new cases of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for2020) (Continued)

40000

America

Asia38447*

218977*200000

20000

18709

17246*

10000

Annual number of new casesof cervical cancer

Annual number of new casesof cervical cancer

30000
15000010000076940
55756*
50000

0

0

15-39

40-64

65+

15-39

40-64

65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods* America: 15-19 yrs: 73 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1374 cases. 25-29 yrs: 3532 cases. 30-34 yrs: 5337 cases. 35-39 yrs: 6930 cases. 40-44 yrs: 7924 cases. 45-49 yrs: 8092 cases. 50-54 yrs: 8004
cases. 55-59 yrs: 7659 cases. 60-64 yrs: 6768 cases.
* Asia: 15-19 yrs: 96 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1040 cases. 25-29 yrs: 6846 cases. 30-34 yrs: 19334 cases. 35-39 yrs: 28440 cases. 40-44 yrs: 37501 cases. 45-49 yrs: 48560 cases. 50-54 yrs: 51201
cases. 55-59 yrs: 44885 cases. 60-64 yrs: 36830 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 23 -

AfricaAmericas
Asia
EuropeOceania
World

75

50

25

85+

80-84

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

0
15-19

Age-specific rates of cervical cancer per 100,000

Figure 16: Age-specific incidence rates of cervical cancer in the World and continents (estimates for2020)

Age group (years)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 24 -

Figure 17: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to incidence
rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available
1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 25 -

Figure 18: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according
to incidence rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available
1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

3.3.2

Cervical cancer mortality

Key Stats.
About 341,831 new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed annually in theWorld (estimations for 2020).
Cervical cancer ranks* as the 4th leading cause of female cancer in theWorld.
Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common female cancer in women aged 15
to 44 years in the World.

* Ranking of cervical cancer incidence to other cancers among all women according to highest incidence rates (ranking 1st) excluding non-melanoma skin cancer. Ranking is based on crude
incidence rates (actual number of cervical cancer cases). Ranking using age-standardized rate (ASR) may differ.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 26 -

Figure 19: Age-standardised mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available<07.56<11.58<17.10<26.26>=26.26

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 27 -

Figure 20: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inAfrica (estimates for 2020)

Eswatini
Malawi
ZambiaZimbabwe
Tanzania
UgandaComoros
LesothoMozambique
BurundiGuineaGambiaLiberia
Guinea-Bissau
Madagascar
Mali
SenegalAngolaDR Congo
Cameroon
Côte d'Ivoire
Namibia
Equatorial Guinea
Kenya
Mauritania
Somalia
Botswana
RwandaSouth Africa
Ghana
Central African Republic
Gabon
Sierra Leone
Chad
South Sudan
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Congo
Togo
Nigeria
Sao Tome and Principe
Eritrea
Djibouti
Cabo Verde
Benin
Niger
Sudan
Morocco
Mauritius
Libya
Algeria
Tunisia
Egypt
Seychelles
Western Sahara

*
*

0

2.4
1.7

6.2
5.8
5.2
4.9
4.5

30.8
30.3
29.0
28.3
26.0
25.0
23.7
23.4
22.8
22.5
21.3
20.6
20.3
20.2
20.1
20.1
19.6
17.8
17.1
16.4
16.4
16.0
16.0
16.0
14.3
14.2
13.8
13.2
13.1
11.4
11.2
10.5
10.4
8.4

20

33.9

43.4
43.0
42.7
41.4
39.8
38.7
38.7
38.5
37.2

40

51.5

55.7

60

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 28 -

Figure 21: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
the Americas (estimates for 2020)

Paraguay
Bolivia
GuyanaBelizeSuriname
Jamaica
Nicaragua
Honduras
Venezuela
GuatemalaTrinidad and Tobago
Dominican Republic
Peru
St Lucia
BahamasHaiti
Barbados
Argentina
EcuadorPanamaEl Salvador
Colombia
Cuba
BrazilMexicoUruguay
Costa Rica
Chile
United States of America
CanadaGrenadaSt Vincent and The Grenadines
St Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and Barbuda
Dominica

19.0
18.0
15.1
14.8
14.1
13.6
12.6
12.5
12.5
11.9
11.9
11.7
11.5
11.0
10.6
9.0
9.0
8.7
8.2
7.5
7.4
7.4
6.9
6.3
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.2
2.1
1.9
*
*
*
*
*

0

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

5

10

15

20

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 29 -

Figure 22: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Asia (estimates for 2020)

MyanmarIndonesia
Maldives
Mongolia
India
Nepal
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Timor-Leste
BhutanCambodia
Philippines
Afghanistan
ThailandKazakhstan
Laos
Uzbekistan
Bangladesh
DPR Korea
Georgia
Malaysia
BruneiChina
Tajikistan
Sri Lanka
Armenia
Oman
Azerbaijan
Pakistan
United Arab Emirates
Viet Nam
Singapore
Japan
Qatar
BahrainTurkeyLebanonIsraelJordanSyria
Republic of Korea
Yemen
KuwaitSaudi Arabia
Iraq
Iran
TaiwanPalestine

*
*

0

2.4
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.5

3.4
3.3
2.9
2.9

5.9
5.8
5.7
5.3
5.2
4.9
4.6
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.9

5

6.7
6.7
6.7
6.5

11.6
11.4
11.1

9.1
8.9
8.8
8.4
8.3
7.9
7.6
7.4
7.2

10

14.4
14.4
14.1

15

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 30 -

Figure 23: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country inEurope (estimates for 2020)

Montenegro
Romania
SerbiaRepublic of Moldova
Bulgaria
LatviaLithuania
Russian Federation
PolandUkraineSlovakia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hungary
Estonia
Belarus
North Macedonia
Czechia
Albania
Portugal
Croatia
CyprusIreland
Slovenia
GreeceFranceDenmark
Germany
Belgium
IcelandUnited Kingdom
Austria
SwedenLuxembourg
NorwaySpain
Italy
Netherlands
Finland
Malta
Switzerland
MonacoChannel Islands
San Marino
Andorra
Liechtenstein

*
*
*
*
*

0

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

2.4
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.0

3.6
3.6
3.3
3.2
3.2
2.9
2.8

3

4.3
4.2

6.1
5.9
5.6
5.3
5.2
4.9

6

7.4
7.1
6.8
6.7

9.6

7.9

10.5

9

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 31 -

Figure 24: Age-standardised mortality rate of cervical cancer cases attributable to HPV by country in
Oceania (estimates for 2020)

Fiji

20.7

Papua New Guinea

19.1

Solomon Islands

16.4

Vanuatu

14.9

Samoa

7.5

New Zealand

2.0

Australia

1.5

FS Micronesia*

Marshall Islands*

Tuvalu*Kiribati

*

Tonga

*

Palau

*

Nauru

*

0

5

10

15

20

Cervical cancer: Age standardised incidence rate per 100,0000 womenWorld Standard. Female (All ages)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
∗ No rates are available
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 32 -

Table 5: Mortality of cervical cancer by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

341,831
29,307
312,373
133,105
146,198
33,07076,74536,497
10,572
4,033
6,867
18,77637,925
2,495
6,866
6,343
22,221
199,902
2,678
66,43638,53089,307
2,951
25,98915,854
2,134
3,705
4,296
1,270
409
818
24
19

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI][324,231.2-360,386.2][28,102.9-30,562.6][127,424.7-139,038.5][127,424.7-139,038.5][136,048.9-157,104.2][29,116.6-37,560.2][68,380.2-86,133.1][31,705.6-42,012.5][9,081-12,307.8][3,453-4,710.4][6,638.4-7,103.5][15,429-22,849.1][30,601.2-32,594.3][2,237.7-2,781.9][6,620.6-7,120.5][6,162.8-6,528.4][21,594.3-22,865.9][188,272.7-212,249.6][769-904.4][63,239.9-69,793.7][36,257.7-40,944.7][618.6-1,094.9][2,640.3-3,298.3][24,919.5-27,104.4][15,372.7-16,350.4][1,983.5-2,295.9][3,430.7-4,001.2][4,063.9-4,541.4][1,088.5-1,481.8][362.2-461.9][601.5-1,112.5][8.90-64.8][5.10-71.2]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

8.84
4.75
9.62
9.16
9.81
11.0
11.4
16.3
11.8
3.29
20.0
9.41
7.31
11.3
7.49
3.40
10.2
8.82
7.14
8.08
11.5
9.50
2.23
6.71
10.2
3.97
4.72
4.31
5.96
2.68
15.0
8.83
5.64

7.25
2.53
8.62
6.49
10.6
17.4
17.7
28.6
22.7
3.71
20.6
16.6
5.27
8.22
6.80
2.10
7.81
7.05
7.00
4.95
9.98
9.75
2.30
3.76
6.06
2.18
2.31
2.05
4.62
1.57
18.6
8.16
5.32

0.82
0.27
0.98
0.73
1.22
2.00
2.05
3.36
2.66
0.46
2.21
1.88
0.55
0.89
0.74
0.22
0.82
0.81
0.77
0.57
1.16
1.12
0.27
0.40
0.65
0.22
0.25
0.22
0.46
0.16
1.84
0.97
0.58

All
women

Women
15-44
years

4
12
4
6
2
2
2
1
1
5
1
2
5
4
3
12
4
4
3
8
3
2
12
10
7
16
14
15
6
16
2
4
6

2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
8
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
8
3
2
3
3
4
3
4
1
20
2

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 33 -

Figure 25: Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020)

Africa

World

50000

196776*20000046404*

150000113271
10000050000

Annual number of deathsof cervical cancer

Annual number of deathsof cervical cancer

40000

31743*

30000

19976

20000

10000

10346*

0

0
15-39

40-64

15-39

65+

65+

Oceania

Europe657*

12502*
11157

600

Annual number of deathsof cervical cancer

10000

Annual number of deathsof cervical cancer

40-64

5000

366

400

247*
200

2330*

0

0
15-39

40-64

65+

15-39

40-64

65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods∗ World: 15-19 yrs: 144 cases. 20-24 yrs: 1055 cases. 25-29 yrs: 4057 cases. 30-34 yrs: 9506 cases. 35-39 yrs: 16981 cases. 40-44 yrs: 25334 cases. 45-49 yrs: 35535 cases. 50-54 yrs: 44540
cases. 55-59 yrs: 46997 cases. 60-64 yrs: 44370 cases.
∗ Africa: 15-19 yrs: 86 cases. 20-24 yrs: 636 cases. 25-29 yrs: 1599 cases. 30-34 yrs: 3049 cases. 35-39 yrs: 4976 cases. 40-44 yrs: 6975 cases. 45-49 yrs: 8752 cases. 50-54 yrs: 10074 cases.
55-59 yrs: 10603 cases. 60-64 yrs: 10000 cases.
∗ Europe: 15-19 yrs: 6 cases. 20-24 yrs: 35 cases. 25-29 yrs: 256 cases. 30-34 yrs: 766 cases. 35-39 yrs: 1267 cases. 40-44 yrs: 1767 cases. 45-49 yrs: 2239 cases. 50-54 yrs: 2550 cases. 55-59
yrs: 2930 cases. 60-64 yrs: 3016 cases.
∗ Oceania: 15-19 yrs: 1 cases. 20-24 yrs: 21 cases. 25-29 yrs: 50 cases. 30-34 yrs: 75 cases. 35-39 yrs: 100 cases. 40-44 yrs: 119 cases. 45-49 yrs: 137 cases. 50-54 yrs: 145 cases. 55-59 yrs:
135 cases. 60-64 yrs: 121 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 34 -

Figure 25: Annual number of deaths of cervical cancer in the World and its regions (estimates for 2020)(Continued)

America
20000

Asia

18719*

118494*12000014396
Annual number of deathsof cervical cancer

Annual number of deathsof cervical cancer

15000

10000

5000

4805*

80000

67376

40000

14015*

0

0

15-39

40-64

65+

15-39

40-64

65+

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods* America: 15-19 yrs: 15 cases. 20-24 yrs: 118 cases. 25-29 yrs: 723 cases. 30-34 yrs: 1563 cases. 35-39 yrs: 2386 cases. 40-44 yrs: 3070 cases. 45-49 yrs: 3614 cases. 50-54 yrs: 3987 cases.
55-59 yrs: 4125 cases. 60-64 yrs: 3923 cases.
* Asia: 15-19 yrs: 36 cases. 20-24 yrs: 245 cases. 25-29 yrs: 1429 cases. 30-34 yrs: 4053 cases. 35-39 yrs: 8252 cases. 40-44 yrs: 13403 cases. 45-49 yrs: 20793 cases. 50-54 yrs: 27784 cases.
55-59 yrs: 29204 cases. 60-64 yrs: 27310 cases.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 35 -

AfricaAmericas
Asia
EuropeOceania
World

80

60

40

20

85+

80-84

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

0
15-19

Age-specific rates of cervical cancer per 100,000

Figure 26: Age-specific mortality rates of cervical cancer in the World (estimates for 2020)

Age group (years)

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 36 -

Figure 27: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among all women, according to mortality
rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available
1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 37 -

Figure 28: Ranking of cervical cancer versus other cancers among women aged 15-44 years, according
to mortality rates in the World (estimates for 2020)

No data available
1st
2nd o 3rd
4th or 5th
6th or higher

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Non-melanoma skin cancer is not included
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 38 -

3.4

Anogenital cancers other than the cervix

3.4.1

Anal cancer

3.4.1.1

Anal cancer incidence

Table 6: Incidence of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

29,15915,13314,015
7,524
5,592
899
2,959
1,162
440
367
294
696
9,664
214
280
6,132
3,038
7,601
221
3,241
1,054
2,801
284
8,449
1,558
1,557
1,385
3,949
486
421
65
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[25,656.5-33,139.6][14,378.1-15,927.5][6,144.7-9,212.9][6,144.7-9,212.9][3,922.2-7,972.7][486.9-1,659.9][1,554.6-5,632.2][503.5-2,681.4][150.6-1,285.4][197.2-683.1][237-364.7][244.3-1,982.9][2,906.3-4,292.4][104.1-439.7][179.1-437.7][5,963.5-6,305.2][2,372.4-3,890.3][5,951.7-9,707.3][29.5-74.8][2,727-3,851.9][486.4-2,284.1][8.40-209.2][126.2-639.1][7,571.8-9,427.8][1,227.7-1,977.1][1,449.8-1,672.1][1,081.9-1,773.1][3,658.6-4,262.4][420.6-561.6][376.2-471.1][19.3-218.7][0-15.6][0-12.8]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.75
2.45
0.43
0.52
0.38
0.30
0.44
0.52
0.49
0.30
0.86
0.35
1.86
0.97
0.31
3.29
1.39
0.34
0.59
0.39
0.31
0.30
0.21
2.18
1.00
2.90
1.77
3.96
2.28
2.76
1.19
0
0

0.58
1.24
0.38
0.35
0.41
0.46
0.68
0.91
1.01
0.33
0.85
0.60
1.25
0.69
0.27
1.83
1.01
0.26
0.60
0.22
0.26
0.31
0.22
1.05
0.50
1.57
0.70
1.95
1.55
1.60
1.72
0
0

0.07
0.15
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.07
0.15
0.08
0.03
0.22
0.12
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.12
0.06
0.19
0.08
0.22
0.19
0.19
0.21
0
0

24
22
26
26
28
26
25
22
21
26
23
23
21
22
25
20
21
28
22
25
26
27
28
23
24
21
23
21
21
21
15
29
25

26
22
27
26
29
22
22
21
26
27
13
20
22
27
24
22
21
28
20
25
25
29
30
21
26
19
25
18
21
21
19
9
21

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 39 -

Figure 29: Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available
<0.97
<1.93
>=1.93

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 40 -

Table 7: Incidence of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

21,706
8,026
13,675
5,785
6,958
932
3,161
907
490
476
208
1,080
4,860
174
157
3,045
1,484
9,044
241
3,151
1,227
4,068
357
4,327
900
750
966
1,711
314
266
48
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[18,432.1-25,561.4][7,461.8-8,632.9][4,728.3-7,077.8][4,728.3-7,077.8][5,161.7-9,379.5][476.9-1,821.2][1,598.8-6,249.5][321.2-2,561.5][153.9-1,560.3][261.5-866.4][163.5-264.6][443.4-2,630.6][1,372.9-2,399.5][80.3-377.3][91.7-268.7][2,928.5-3,166.1][1,014.6-2,170.7][7,266.5-11,256.4][12.6-49.7][2,680.5-3,704][592.1-2,542.8][12.3-398.8][167.4-761.5][3,714.5-5,040.4][648-1,250.1][675.8-832.3][704.1-1,325.3][1,532.8-1,909.9][261.4-377.2][230.9-306.4][13.2-175][0-15.6][0-12.8]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

0.55
1.31
0.41
0.39
0.45
0.31
0.47
0.41
0.55
0.38
0.63
0.53
0.96
0.81
0.18
1.67
0.70
0.38
0.65
0.37
0.37
0.41
0.24
1.20
0.65
1.43
1.29
1.78
1.47
1.77
0.85
0
0

0.49
0.74
0.41
0.30
0.54
0.60
0.84
0.93
1.23
0.46
0.78
0.98
0.74
0.58
0.18
1.04
0.61
0.33
0.78
0.24
0.37
0.45
0.29
0.66
0.41
0.79
0.62
0.96
1.01
1.03
1.72
0
0

0.06
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.15
0.05
0.09
0.11
0.09
0.06
0.02
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.07
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.18
0
0

All
men

Men
15-44
years

27
26
27
27
25
24
21
21
18
23
23
19
23
25
27
23
26
26
19
27
26
25
25
25
27
25
28
24
22
22
20
19
24

26
25
26
25
24
23
20
23
20
22
21
12
24
25
25
23
24
26
15
26
24
24
26
26
27
25
26
22
25
24
25
18
18

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 41 -

Figure 30: Age-standardised incidence rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available
<1.09
<2.18
>=2.18

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.4.1.2- 42 -

Anal cancer mortality

Table 8: Mortality of anal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Area
WorldHigh income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

N Cases
9,877
3,486
6,391
2,643
3,101
647
1,937
846
327
179
80
505
1,843
55
82
974
732
3,570
119
1,454
443
1,440
114
2,427
715
452
376
884
100
79
21
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[7,794.6-12,515.7][3,111.6-3,905.5][2,029.7-3,441.6][2,029.7-3,441.6][2,099.8-4,579.5][325.9-1,284.3][931.6-4,027.6][323.3-2,213.6][110.7-965.6][89.8-356.8][55.3-115.6][191.2-1,334][731.5-1,032.4][26.3-114.8][55.4-121.3][905.6-1,047.6][635.8-842.7][2,573.9-4,951.6][17.5-41.8][1,117-1,892.6][199-986][5.40-106.9][42.6-305.1][2,042.4-2,884][514.6-993.4][394.7-517.6][307.3-460.1][781.9-999.4][69.1-144.7][59.3-105.2][10.5-42.2][0-9.20][0-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.26
0.56
0.20
0.18
0.21
0.21
0.29
0.38
0.36
0.15
0.23
0.25
0.36
0.25
0.09
0.52
0.33
0.16
0.32
0.18
0.13
0.15
0.09
0.63
0.46
0.84
0.48
0.89
0.47
0.52
0.39
0
0

0.19
0.22
0.17
0.12
0.23
0.34
0.46
0.68
0.76
0.16
0.23
0.45
0.22
0.17
0.08
0.26
0.23
0.12
0.33
0.09
0.11
0.16
0.09
0.24
0.20
0.33
0.16
0.31
0.27
0.23
0.60
0
0

0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.07
0
0

24
23
26
25
29
24
23
21
19
26
25
22
23
26
28
22
24
29
22
25
27
28
28
23
25
23
26
23
23
23
18
28
22

29
23
29
28
29
21
20
18
24
24
17
17
22
28
24
19
24
30
20
28
29
28
31
24
29
18
23
18
24
26
22
11
14

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 43 -

Figure 31: Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available
<0.53
<1.06
>=1.06

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 44 -

Table 9: Mortality of anal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Area
WorldHigh income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

N Cases
9,416
2,321
7,095
2,575
3,869
651
2,124
657
359
235
73
800
1,055
53
46
548
408
4,550
133
1,642
612
2,003
160
1,600
523
301
266
510
87
60
27
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[7,282.2-12,175][1,998.9-2,695][1,991-3,330.3][1,991-3,330.3][2,550.2-5,869.8][307.8-1,376.7][978.3-4,611.5][201.7-2,139.7][111.3-1,157.8][120.9-456.9][49.8-107][303-2,112.3][404.5-635.4][23.2-121.3][28.7-73.8][497.9-603.2][338.9-491.3][3,348.7-6,182.3][9.70-29.7][1,297.5-2,077.9][287.8-1,301.5][8.10-206.9][73.2-349.8][1,287.9-1,987.7][355.7-769.1][254.7-355.7][206.9-342][433-600.7][56.4-134.3][42.8-84.1][12.6-58][0-9.20][0-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

0.24
0.38
0.21
0.18
0.25
0.22
0.32
0.30
0.40
0.19
0.22
0.40
0.21
0.25
0.05
0.30
0.19
0.19
0.36
0.19
0.18
0.20
0.11
0.44
0.38
0.57
0.35
0.53
0.41
0.40
0.48
0
0

0.21
0.19
0.21
0.13
0.31
0.43
0.59
0.70
0.95
0.24
0.30
0.77
0.15
0.17
0.05
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.44
0.12
0.19
0.22
0.14
0.22
0.23
0.27
0.15
0.24
0.25
0.20
0.98
0
0

0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.12
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.10
0
0

All
men

Men
15-44
years

27
25
27
27
24
22
19
19
18
21
24
16
27
26
28
25
27
26
19
26
26
24
25
26
27
21
27
23
23
25
19
25
27

25
24
25
28
23
20
17
20
19
26
20
11
24
27
27
19
25
25
18
27
27
23
26
22
23
19
26
18
28
28
22
26
28

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 45 -

Figure 32: Age-standardised mortality rates of anal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available
<0.82
<1.64
>=1.64

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.4.2
3.4.2.1- 46 -

Vulvar cancer
Vulvar cancer incidence

Table 10: Incidence of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

45,24022,666
22,56012,250
8,504
1,806
5,144
2,025
612
747
487
1,273
10,870
211
667
7,046
2,946
12,181
258
4,999
2,205
4,111
608
16,506
5,012
2,227
3,048
6,219
539
521
18
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[40,655.5-50,341.5][21,685.4-23,690.9][10,668.7-14,065.6][10,668.7-14,065.6][6,311.1-11,458.8][1,148.4-2,840.2][3,330-7,946.2][1,113.9-3,681.4][300.5-1,246.6][469.5-1,188.4][427.5-554.7][497.5-3,257.4][3,141.7-4,654.5][107.3-414.9][539.1-825.3][6,861.7-7,235.2][2,286-3,796.5][10,152-14,615.5][98.9-155.5][4,421.3-5,652.2][1,392.3-3,491.9][9.70-156.7][344.2-1,074][15,463.8-17,618.4][4,689.4-5,356.8][2,091.7-2,371.1][2,591.8-3,584.4][5,899.9-6,555.4][473-614.2][470.7-576.7][6.60-48.8][0-15.6][0-12.8]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

1.17
3.67
0.70
0.84
0.57
0.60
0.77
0.90
0.68
0.61
1.42
0.64
2.10
0.96
0.73
3.78
1.35
0.54
0.69
0.61
0.66
0.44
0.46
4.26
3.23
4.14
3.89
6.23
2.53
3.42
0.33
0
0

0.85
1.56
0.60
0.56
0.62
0.88
1.11
1.39
1.31
0.66
1.39
0.99
1.30
0.68
0.62
1.91
0.93
0.41
0.70
0.33
0.57
0.46
0.47
1.68
1.30
1.85
1.35
2.43
1.55
1.75
0.40
0
0

0.09
0.17
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.08
0.14
0.11
0.14
0.08
0.07
0.21
0.10
0.05
0.08
0.03
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.19
0.15
0.20
0.15
0.26
0.17
0.20
0.04
0
0

21
19
22
22
23
19
19
17
14
22
20
17
19
23
21
19
22
23
20
23
21
26
25
19
19
20
19
19
20
20
26
24
29

23
17
23
23
23
15
13
11
11
26
8
11
18
23
19
17
19
27
22
24
19
28
27
18
19
16
18
15
19
19
20
6
24

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 47 -

Figure 33: Age-standardised incidence rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for2020)

No data available
<1.42
<2.84
>=2.84

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.4.2.2- 48 -

Vulvar cancer mortality

Table 11: Mortality of vulvar cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

17,427
7,116
10,310
4,902
4,337
1,071
2,858
1,176
367
357
221
737
3,127
57
226
1,745
1,099
4,826
127
1,662
763
2,019
255
6,503
2,561
795
1,293
1,854
113
107
6
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[14,496.7-20,949.6][6,539.7-7,743][3,930.1-6,114.2][3,930.1-6,114.2][3,316.1-5,672.3][645.6-1,776.8][1,742.9-4,686.6][591.7-2,337.4][182.8-736.7][213.2-597.8][177.5-275.1][334.1-1,625.6][1,204.7-1,585.4][29.2-111.3][187.6-272.3][1,651.1-1,844.2][976-1,237.5][3,694-6,304.9][47.3-83.9][1,304.2-2,117.9][477.4-1,219.5][6.60-87.5][169.6-383.4][5,811.5-7,276.8][2,144.3-3,058.7][712.9-886.5][1,155.8-1,446.5][1,704.8-2,016.2][83.5-153][84.8-135.1][3.40-10.7][0-9.20][0-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.45
1.15
0.32
0.34
0.29
0.35
0.43
0.52
0.41
0.29
0.64
0.37
0.60
0.26
0.25
0.94
0.50
0.21
0.34
0.20
0.23
0.21
0.19
1.68
1.65
1.48
1.65
1.86
0.53
0.70
0.11
0
0

0.30
0.35
0.27
0.21
0.32
0.56
0.66
0.89
0.85
0.32
0.62
0.64
0.31
0.15
0.20
0.36
0.31
0.16
0.35
0.10
0.19
0.23
0.19
0.51
0.59
0.45
0.40
0.49
0.26
0.27
0.15
0
0

0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0
0

22
20
23
23
23
20
20
18
14
22
20
17
21
25
22
19
21
24
20
23
23
25
25
19
20
19
18
18
22
21
26
20
26

23
24
23
23
24
15
12
12
15
23
9
12
23
27
27
20
25
28
26
25
19
29
30
19
18
23
27
16
19
19
20
2
22

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 49 -

Figure 34: Age-standardised mortality rates of vulvar cancer among women in the World (estimates for2020)

No data available
<0.6
<1.21
>=1.21

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.4.3
3.4.3.1- 50 -

Vaginal cancer
Vaginal cancer incidence

Table 12: Incidence of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

17,908
4,622
13,283
4,691
7,714
878
2,001
790
278
275
218
440
3,061
143
320
1,627
971
9,762
104
2,226
954
6,216
262
2,947
1,005
450
553
939
137
113
24
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[14,678.3-21,848.4][4,185.7-5,103.8][3,740.8-5,882.6][3,740.8-5,882.6][5,780.3-10,294.5][443.4-1,738.6][1,031-3,883.5][299.4-2,084.6][91.6-844.1][128.3-589.5][180.2-263.8][104.6-1,850.7][1,047-1,964][77.1-265.4][223.2-458.9][1,540.6-1,718.2][632.7-1,490.2][7,601.9-12,535.9][35.1-71.2][1,804-2,746.7][470.9-1,932.7][3.90-103.7][114.7-598.5][2,536.3-3,424.3][876.9-1,151.8][389.9-519.4][384.9-794.5][813-1,084.5][103.2-181.9][90.6-140.9][4.40-132.3][0-15.6][0-12.8]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.46
0.75
0.41
0.32
0.52
0.29
0.30
0.35
0.31
0.22
0.64
0.22
0.59
0.65
0.35
0.87
0.44
0.43
0.28
0.27
0.29
0.66
0.20
0.76
0.65
0.84
0.70
0.94
0.64
0.74
0.44
0
0

0.36
0.33
0.36
0.23
0.57
0.45
0.45
0.59
0.55
0.25
0.66
0.37
0.38
0.47
0.32
0.44
0.32
0.34
0.29
0.17
0.25
0.69
0.21
0.33
0.31
0.38
0.29
0.36
0.43
0.39
0.55
0
0

0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0
0

28
27
27
27
25
27
27
25
24
28
25
26
27
27
24
27
27
27
29
27
28
22
29
28
27
28
28
29
27
27
23
20
28

28
26
28
27
26
24
25
23
22
28
22
22
25
25
23
24
25
25
29
26
28
22
28
27
29
26
24
30
27
25
31
16
29

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 51 -

Figure 35: Age-standardised incidence rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimatesfor 2020)

No data available
<0.54
<1.08
>=1.08

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.4.3.2- 52 -

Vaginal cancer mortality

Table 13: Mortality of vaginal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
Ranking
Area
WorldHigh income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

N Cases
7,995
1,701
6,294
1,880
3,883
531
1,102
473
162
125
74
268
965
59
107
471
328
4,607
46
923
463
3,060
115
1,267
485
185
247
350
54
37
17
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[5,982.6-10,684.2][1,441.9-2,006.7][1,305.9-2,706.4][1,305.9-2,706.4][2,578-5,848.7][247.4-1,139.8][518.4-2,342.6][154.9-1,444][51.9-505.4][53.6-291.5][45.7-119.7][60-1,196.7][376.9-647.5][32.9-105.9][77.9-146.9][423.8-523.5][257.5-417.8][3,083.4-6,883.5][13.5-35.8][657-1,296.5][223.3-959.9][3.20-69.3][52.2-253.3][978.5-1,640.6][322.4-729.7][147.6-231.9][189.5-322][287.4-426.2][31.1-93.7][23.7-57.7][7.70-37.4][0-9.20][0-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.21
0.28
0.19
0.13
0.26
0.18
0.16
0.21
0.18
0.10
0.22
0.13
0.19
0.27
0.12
0.25
0.15
0.20
0.12
0.11
0.14
0.33
0.09
0.33
0.31
0.34
0.31
0.35
0.25
0.24
0.31
0
0

0.16
0.09
0.17
0.09
0.29
0.28
0.26
0.38
0.34
0.11
0.22
0.24
0.10
0.18
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.16
0.13
0.06
0.12
0.34
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.09
0.10
0.17
0.11
0.39
0
0

0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.04
0
0

28
28
27
29
25
27
27
27
24
29
26
27
27
24
25
26
27
25
29
28
26
23
27
28
28
27
28
27
25
26
21
21
25

28
28
28
29
25
23
23
22
22
27
22
24
29
25
29
28
28
25
31
26
28
22
29
30
30
22
22
29
30
27
29
19
23

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 53 -

Figure 36: Age-standardised mortality rates of vaginal cancer among women in the World (estimatesfor 2020)

No data available
<0.34
<0.67
>=0.67

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.4.4
3.4.4.1- 54 -

Penile cancer
Penile cancer incidence

Table 14: Incidence of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

36,068
8,293
27,762
12,22814,499
1,035
2,060
1,271
341
51
311
86
6,729
392
908
1,741
3,688
20,315
54
5,369
2,791
12,011
90
6,762
2,038
1,155
1,471
2,098
202
152
50
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[30,962.6-42,015.2][7,573-9,081.5][10,593.4-14,114.9][10,593.4-14,114.9][11,772-17,857.7][512.8-2,088.8][1,012.6-4,190.6][564.8-2,860.2][100.6-1,155.5][8.30-315.1][257.5-375.6][7.70-955.9][4,039.3-6,159.5][248.7-617.9][751.7-1,096.8][1,651.8-1,835.1][2,830.3-4,805.6][17,288.8-23,870.9][23.3-52.5][4,726.9-6,098.2][2,154.7-3,615.2][1.70-71.1][16.6-486.8][6,053.1-7,553.9][1,828.1-2,272][1,055.5-1,263.9][1,127.2-1,919.6][1,892.5-2,325.9][158.1-258.1][125.7-183.8][15.1-165.9][0-15.6][0-12.8]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
men

Men
15-44
years

0.92
1.35
0.84
0.83
0.94
0.34
0.31
0.58
0.38
0.04
0.94
0.04
1.33
1.82
1.03
0.95
1.74
0.86
0.15
0.63
0.84
1.20
0.06
1.87
1.48
2.20
1.96
2.18
0.95
1.01
0.88
0
0

0.80
0.66
0.83
0.65
1.15
0.64
0.53
1.18
0.75
0.05
1.12
0.10
0.97
1.43
1.03
0.51
1.46
0.74
0.19
0.40
0.83
1.35
0.08
0.94
0.91
1.11
0.86
0.95
0.64
0.54
1.45
0
0

0.09
0.08
0.09
0.07
0.14
0.06
0.05
0.12
0.08
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.10
0.16
0.10
0.05
0.14
0.09
0.02
0.04
0.10
0.16
0.01
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.10
0.11
0.07
0.06
0.12
0
0

24
25
24
24
19
22
25
18
23
28
21
28
21
18
19
26
21
22
28
25
22
17
28
23
23
22
23
23
25
25
19
24
27

25
26
24
24
21
22
22
18
16
28
13
27
21
17
15
25
17
21
28
23
21
20
28
25
23
23
25
26
22
23
17
24
22

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 55 -

Figure 37: Age-standardised incidence rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for2020)

No data available
<2.34
<4.68
>=4.68

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.4.4.2- 56 -

Penile cancer mortality

Table 15: Mortality of penile cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

13,211
2,204
11,006
4,197
6,305
504
942
606
156
29
111
40
2,104
129
300
477
1,198
8,189
19
1,788
1,034
5,311
37
1,938
762
252
414
510
38
25
13
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[10,686.7-16,331.5][1,876.4-2,588.8][3,361.1-5,240.7][3,361.1-5,240.7][4,009.8-9,914][229.9-1,105][420-2,112.7][241-1,523.7][92.6-262.9][6.20-134.8][78.7-156.5][21.3-75][1,420.3-1,863.8][84.1-197.9][254.4-353.8][429.6-529.6][1,062.3-1,351.1][5,922.4-11,323][6-23.9][1,395.5-2,291][788.9-1,355.3][0.90-28.4][8.70-157.9][1,569.7-2,392.7][550.6-1,054.6][204.2-311][336-510.1][434.2-599.1][18.8-76.7][14.7-42.6][2.40-70.5][0-9.20][0-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
men

Men
15-44
years

0.34
0.36
0.33
0.29
0.41
0.17
0.14
0.27
0.17
0.02
0.33
0.02
0.42
0.60
0.34
0.26
0.56
0.35
0.05
0.21
0.31
0.53
0.03
0.54
0.55
0.48
0.55
0.53
0.18
0.17
0.23
0
0

0.29
0.16
0.33
0.22
0.51
0.32
0.25
0.58
0.36
0.03
0.43
0.04
0.30
0.45
0.35
0.13
0.47
0.30
0.06
0.13
0.32
0.60
0.03
0.25
0.33
0.21
0.21
0.20
0.12
0.08
0.36
0
0

0.03
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.05
0
0

25
26
23
25
20
24
27
20
24
28
20
28
23
19
20
27
20
21
28
25
22
19
28
24
26
25
25
24
27
27
25
20
24

27
26
27
21
27
21
21
16
17
27
18
28
19
17
17
24
19
26
28
24
21
27
28
26
26
20
25
25
24
22
27
17
15

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 57 -

Figure 38: Age-standardised mortality rates of penile cancer among men in the World (estimates for2020)

No data available
<1.17
<2.34
>=2.34

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.5

Head and neck cancers

3.5.1

Oropharyngeal cancer

3.5.1.1- 58 -

Oropharyngeal cancer incidence

Table 16: Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

19,367
9,005
10,356
4,566
5,464
326
749
143
76
169
120
241
4,139
165
145
2,508
1,321
7,579
176
1,812
1,012
4,430
149
6,717
1,891
1,090
770
2,966
183
173
10
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[16,278.9-23,040.9][8,332.2-9,732.1][3,636.3-5,733.4][3,636.3-5,733.4][4,059.3-7,354.8][131.2-809.9][228.8-2,451.9][17-1,206.1][10.3-561.7][44.1-647.4][85.5-168.5][31.9-1,819.8][1,225.2-2,171.2][83.7-325.4][96.8-217.1][2,400.8-2,619.9][930.9-1,874.7][5,782.4-9,933.9][30.4-66.6][1,424-2,305.7][521.2-1,965][9.40-234.1][40.2-552.3][6,016.9-7,498.6][1,696.2-2,108.2][990.5-1,199.5][546.9-1,084.1][2,699.3-3,259.1][145.8-229.7][145-206.5][1.80-56.3][0-15.6][0-12.8]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.50
1.46
0.32
0.31
0.37
0.11
0.11
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.35
0.12
0.80
0.75
0.16
1.35
0.60
0.33
0.47
0.22
0.30
0.47
0.11
1.73
1.22
2.03
0.98
2.97
0.86
1.13
0.18
0
0

0.40
0.80
0.28
0.22
0.40
0.17
0.17
0.11
0.16
0.16
0.39
0.20
0.54
0.46
0.13
0.79
0.44
0.26
0.47
0.13
0.27
0.49
0.12
0.92
0.68
1.21
0.45
1.53
0.63
0.73
0.23
0
0

0.05
0.10
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.01
0.11
0.08
0.15
0.06
0.19
0.08
0.09
0.04
0
0

27
24
29
28
29
29
29
30
29
30
27
29
26
26
27
25
25
29
23
29
27
25
31
24
23
24
27
22
26
26
27
31
22

30
25
30
29
30
29
29
29
27
29
29
28
28
29
30
25
27
29
21
28
23
27
31
23
22
22
29
25
23
23
25
30
14

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 59 -

Figure 39: Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020)

Women

No data available
<0.86
<1.72
>=1.72

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 60 -

Table 17: Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

79,04533,31045,685
18,463
26,280
942
2,164
736
351
312
408
357
18,771
912
370
11,518
5,971
34,597
323
8,377
3,620
21,941
336
22,522
9,200
3,342
2,941
7,039
991
868
114
3
6

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[72,769-85,862.3][32,131.3-34,531.9][16,448-20,724.8][16,448-20,724.8][23,140.8-29,845][575.4-1,542.1][1,093.9-4,280.9][216.3-2,504.5][117.8-1,046.2][134.4-724.1][340.2-489.3][70.2-1,816.8][6,266.7-8,394.5][703.8-1,181.8][295.7-463][11,287.3-11,753.4][5,016.6-7,107.1][30,752.9-38,921.6][72.6-124.4][7,528-9,321.7][2,885.2-4,541.8][39.7-272.6][151.6-744.6][21,230.9-23,891.7][8,757.3-9,665][3,163-3,531.1][2,483.5-3,482.8][6,609-7,497][895.6-1,096.6][802.9-938.4][44.7-290.7][0.80-11.9][1.70-21.5]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
men

Men
15-44
years

2.01
5.43
1.38
1.26
1.70
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.39
0.25
1.23
0.18
3.72
4.24
0.42
6.31
2.82
1.46
0.88
0.98
1.08
2.19
0.23
6.23
6.67
6.37
3.92
7.30
4.64
5.76
2.01
1.08
1.73

1.79
3.28
1.36
0.97
2.07
0.58
0.57
0.69
0.80
0.31
1.59
0.34
2.93
3.42
0.43
4.01
2.48
1.27
1.11
0.63
1.05
2.44
0.29
3.74
4.36
4.00
2.11
4.06
3.63
3.95
3.50
1.14
1.71

0.22
0.41
0.16
0.11
0.25
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.04
0.19
0.04
0.36
0.41
0.05
0.50
0.29
0.15
0.14
0.07
0.13
0.29
0.04
0.46
0.54
0.48
0.27
0.51
0.45
0.47
0.55
0.19
0.25

19
19
18
20
15
23
24
23
22
25
19
23
19
14
24
17
19
19
17
20
19
14
26
18
16
17
19
17
18
18
12
15
20

20
15
20
22
18
25
25
25
21
26
23
23
18
20
24
16
16
19
22
20
20
15
27
14
13
12
21
15
15
14
24
15
13

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 61 -

Figure 40: Age-standardised incidence rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available
<2.67
<5.33
>=5.33

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.5.1.2- 62 -

Oropharyngeal cancer mortality

Table 18: Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for2020)
Ranking
Area
WorldHigh income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

N Cases
8,553
3,092
5,458
2,022
3,222
214
436
93
51
72
57
163
1,613
97
83
801
632
4,094
117
777
441
2,665
94
2,352
710
328
393
921
58
54
4
0
0

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[6,683.7-10,945.2][2,730.3-3,501.6][1,474.9-2,772.1][1,474.9-2,772.1][2,162.1-4,801.4][77.4-592][113.2-1,679.5][40.4-213.9][12-216][20.4-254.6][39-83.4][51.6-515.1][683-965.3][51.3-183.5][58.3-118.2][738.4-868.9][548-728.8][2,701.7-6,203.7][19.5-46.1][539.6-1,118.7][224.3-866.8][6.10-120.3][38.3-230.4][1,973.5-2,803.1][506.4-995.5][279.1-385.5][323.5-477.5][817-1,038.3][36.8-91.3][38.2-76.3][1.30-12.3][0-9.20][0-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.22
0.50
0.17
0.14
0.22
0.07
0.07
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.17
0.08
0.31
0.44
0.09
0.43
0.29
0.18
0.31
0.09
0.13
0.28
0.07
0.61
0.46
0.61
0.50
0.92
0.27
0.35
0.07
0
0

0.17
0.22
0.15
0.09
0.24
0.12
0.10
0.07
0.12
0.07
0.19
0.14
0.18
0.25
0.08
0.20
0.20
0.14
0.31
0.05
0.11
0.30
0.08
0.28
0.23
0.30
0.19
0.40
0.16
0.17
0.10
0
0

0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.02
0
0

27
24
28
28
27
29
30
30
29
30
28
29
24
21
27
24
25
27
23
29
28
24
29
24
26
24
25
22
24
24
28
26
24

30
27
30
30
30
29
29
30
28
29
30
27
27
31
30
27
26
27
22
29
26
27
28
27
26
21
30
22
23
21
26
16
17

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 63 -

Figure 41: Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among women in the World (estimates for 2020)

Women

No data available
<0.19
<0.37
>=0.37

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 64 -

Table 19: Mortality of oropharyngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

39,59012,793
26,780
10,153
15,991
636
1,346
493
232
147
235
239
6,963
425
263
2,860
3,415
20,197
248
4,208
2,092
13,474
175
10,793
4,925
1,154
1,605
3,109
291
224
65
0
2

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI][35,255.1-44,457.9][11,985-13,655.4][8,867.8-11,624.4][8,867.8-11,624.4][12,881.5-19,851.2][366.6-1,103.5][619.5-2,924.4][241.1-1,008.2][109.8-490.1][57.7-374.3][197.5-279.6][127.7-447.4][3,826.3-4,399.7][334.4-540.2][216.2-319.9][2,741.4-2,983.8][3,225.6-3,615.5][16,384.4-24,896.7][69.6-113.9][3,566.5-4,964.9][1,657.6-2,640.3][27.7-166.7][99.6-307.5][9,874-11,797.5][4,330.6-5,601][1,055.9-1,261.2][1,446-1,781.5][2,911.8-3,319.6][237.2-357][192.3-260.9][37.5-112.6][0-9.20][0.20-22.5]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
men

Men
15-44
years

1.01
2.09
0.81
0.69
1.03
0.21
0.20
0.22
0.26
0.12
0.71
0.12
1.38
1.98
0.30
1.57
1.61
0.85
0.67
0.49
0.63
1.35
0.12
2.98
3.57
2.20
2.14
3.23
1.36
1.49
1.15
0
0.58

0.89
1.14
0.80
0.53
1.27
0.41
0.37
0.49
0.57
0.15
0.98
0.24
1.03
1.53
0.31
0.87
1.40
0.74
0.85
0.31
0.62
1.51
0.15
1.70
2.31
1.16
1.07
1.64
0.94
0.86
2.04
0
0.54

0.11
0.14
0.10
0.06
0.16
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.02
0.12
0.03
0.13
0.19
0.04
0.11
0.17
0.09
0.11
0.03
0.08
0.19
0.02
0.21
0.29
0.15
0.13
0.21
0.12
0.11
0.30
0
0.08

17
18
17
18
14
23
22
21
22
26
18
22
17
16
22
17
16
19
15
20
18
13
24
17
15
18
18
17
17
17
13
27
19

19
16
18
20
17
23
23
23
20
25
21
22
17
23
23
21
15
17
20
20
17
14
27
15
15
15
16
15
19
18
25
22
10

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 65 -

Figure 42: Age-standardised mortality rates of oropharyngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available
<1.68
<3.35
>=3.35

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.5.2
3.5.2.1- 66 -

Oral cavity cancer
Oral cavity cancer incidence

Table 20: Incidence of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

113,50233,17080,30528,09549,473
2,737
6,112
1,963
552
1,489
827
1,281
15,129
486
1,132
8,956
4,555
69,964575
17,5007,084
43,148
1,657
20,760
6,199
3,457
4,461
6,643
1,537
1,026
503
4
4

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[105,598.7-121,996.8][31,945.4-34,441.5][25,796.4-30,598.4][25,796.4-30,598.4][45,377.1-53,938.7][1,871.4-4,003][4,125.2-9,055.7][1,063.1-3,624.5][294.9-1,033.3][1,042.3-2,127.2][731.5-935][593.6-2,764.2][5,350.7-7,121.6][330.2-715.4][961.4-1,332.9][8,750.9-9,165.9][3,813.8-5,440.2][64,840-75,493][138.8-203.3][16,363.1-18,715.8][6,265.3-8,009.6][147.2-591.3][1,212.8-2,263.9][19,532.1-22,065.1][5,864-6,553.2][3,283.5-3,639.7][3,852.4-5,165.7][6,249.6-7,061.2][1,404.3-1,682.3][957-1,100][319-793.2][1-15.8][1-15.2]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

2.94
5.37
2.47
1.93
3.32
0.91
0.91
0.87
0.61
1.22
2.41
0.64
2.92
2.21
1.24
4.81
2.08
3.09
1.53
2.13
2.12
4.59
1.25
5.36
3.99
6.43
5.69
6.66
7.21
6.73
9.23
1.47
1.19

2.28
2.51
2.19
1.30
3.61
1.44
1.43
1.53
1.14
1.31
2.59
1.15
1.86
1.43
1.09
2.56
1.44
2.44
1.55
1.19
1.82
4.73
1.27
2.38
1.87
3.10
2.08
3.06
4.97
3.64
11.9
1.27
1.05

0.26
0.29
0.25
0.15
0.42
0.17
0.16
0.18
0.13
0.14
0.28
0.14
0.21
0.16
0.12
0.29
0.14
0.28
0.17
0.13
0.21
0.55
0.14
0.27
0.21
0.36
0.23
0.36
0.55
0.41
1.35
0.12
0.12

18
18
15
17
8
18
18
18
15
19
15
16
18
17
20
18
19
15
15
19
14
4
20
18
17
19
18
18
13
14
4
14
18

15
15
13
17
9
20
19
19
14
17
14
19
15
17
16
15
16
13
15
15
14
6
18
15
15
15
17
17
11
14
5
29
16

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 67 -

Figure 43: Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available
<4.93
<9.86
>=9.86

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 68 -

Table 21: Incidence of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

264,21166,860197,263
51,915
141,593
3,755
8,174
2,690
879
1,727
1,305
1,573
30,2281,193
886
18,513
9,636
178,396
1,258
33,658
11,297
129,467
2,716
44,51919,884
5,582
7,926
11,127
2,894
2,070
796
12
16

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[251,152.9-277,948.1][65,089.5-68,678.6][48,758.8-55,275.4][48,758.8-55,275.4][133,948.7-149,673.6][2,796.5-5,042.1][5,994.3-11,146.2][1,569.5-4,610.5][507.6-1,522.2][1,267.6-2,352.8][1,196.8-1,423][743.8-3,326.7][10,613.4-12,931][937.8-1,517.6][752.8-1,042.7][18,218.9-18,811.9][8,569.7-10,835][168,926.8-188,396][357.3-459.1][31,886-35,528.5][10,121.5-12,609.1][336.8-1,133.9][2,056.9-3,586.2][42,859.3-46,243][19,288.1-20,498.3][5,371.5-5,800.8][7,158.6-8,775.6][10,646.6-11,629.1][2,714.7-3,085.1][1,971.3-2,173.7][577.1-1,097.8][5.80-25][6.80-37.5]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

6.72
10.9
5.95
3.54
9.15
1.25
1.22
1.22
0.98
1.40
3.93
0.78
6.00
5.55
1.01
10.1
4.54
7.52
3.42
3.93
3.38
12.9
1.86
12.3
14.4
10.6
10.6
11.5
13.5
13.7
14.0
4.33
4.61

5.96
6.28
5.80
2.73
10.5
2.24
2.13
2.36
2.02
1.68
5.30
1.55
4.57
4.53
1.04
6.01
3.95
6.51
4.52
2.55
3.32
13.6
2.23
7.03
9.22
6.01
5.18
6.20
10.0
8.52
22.2
4.74
4.36

0.68
0.75
0.65
0.32
1.17
0.26
0.25
0.28
0.23
0.19
0.66
0.17
0.55
0.53
0.12
0.73
0.46
0.72
0.53
0.29
0.38
1.51
0.26
0.85
1.12
0.72
0.61
0.76
1.22
1.01
2.82
0.64
0.52

All
men

Men
15-44
years

11
13
7
16
2
13
15
12
10
16
9
13
13
12
20
12
14
7
11
15
11
1
17
12
8
13
14
13
10
11
2
10
13

3
10
2
13
1
12
14
11
10
15
12
13
11
11
17
11
11
2
13
13
10
1
14
11
11
11
11
12
11
10
4
17
15

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 69 -

Figure 44: Age-standardised incidence rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available<18.94<9.47>=18.94

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.5.2.2- 70 -

Oral cavity cancer mortality

Table 22: Mortality of oral cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

52,735
9,644
43,084
12,631
28,629
1,824
3,482
1,264
352
727
318
821
4,129
186
407
1,761
1,775
37,849
405
7,850
3,516
25,299
779
6,930
2,729
1,004
1,483
1,714
345
188
155
1
1

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[47,690.5-58,313][8,954.5-10,386.6][12,416.6-12,849.1][12,416.6-12,849.1][28,119.9-29,147.3][1,192.4-2,790.2][2,226.6-5,445.3][624.1-2,560.1][185.6-667.5][489.3-1,080.3][273.3-370][364.1-1,851.5][2,132.2-2,629.9][128.9-268.4][352.7-469.7][1,666.9-1,860.3][1,622.6-1,941.7][34,843.5-41,113.8][102.7-154.5][7,009.5-8,791.4][3,094.7-3,994.7][112.6-410.6][619-980.3][6,194.8-7,752.4][2,286.3-3,257.5][910.7-1,106.9][1,340.4-1,640.8][1,563.2-1,879.3][273.9-434.6][157.6-224.3][96.1-249.9][0.20-4.80][0.10-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

1.36
1.56
1.33
0.87
1.92
0.60
0.52
0.56
0.39
0.59
0.93
0.41
0.80
0.84
0.44
0.95
0.81
1.67
1.08
0.95
1.05
2.69
0.59
1.79
1.76
1.87
1.89
1.72
1.62
1.23
2.84
0.37
0.30

1.04
0.55
1.17
0.56
2.11
0.99
0.85
1.03
0.77
0.64
1.00
0.78
0.44
0.48
0.38
0.39
0.53
1.30
1.08
0.47
0.88
2.79
0.59
0.70
0.82
0.72
0.56
0.59
0.99
0.50
3.96
0.34
0.18

0.12
0.06
0.13
0.06
0.25
0.12
0.09
0.12
0.09
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.15
0.12
0.05
0.09
0.33
0.06
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.11
0.05
0.48
0
0

17
19
14
20
10
16
17
17
17
19
16
16
20
19
19
18
20
15
13
19
14
8
18
18
18
18
17
19
18
18
8
18
19

12
15
12
19
11
18
19
19
16
17
16
18
16
20
19
17
16
12
13
18
15
9
17
16
15
14
16
19
14
15
10
18
19

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 71 -

Figure 45: Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among women in the World (estimates for
2020)

Women

No data available
<1.68
<3.37
>=3.37

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 72 -

Table 23: Mortality of oral cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

125,022
19,247
105,751
25,05878,273
2,420
4,606
1,716
552
739
596
1,003
8,404
482
446
3,224
4,252
93,761679
14,083
6,409
71,632958
17,645
9,761
1,714
2,751
3,419
606
281
313
5
7

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI][116,572.6-134,083.9][18,157.7-20,401.7][22,883.2-27,439.5][22,883.2-27,439.5][68,299.6-89,702.8][1,740.7-3,364.4][3,236.8-6,554.3][928.6-3,171.1][311.8-977.2][524.2-1,041.7][532.6-666.9][438.7-2,293.3][4,859.8-5,521.2][385.2-603.1][386.8-514.3][3,097.1-3,356.1][4,036.4-4,479.1][83,519.8-105,258][206.4-279][12,818.4-15,472.4][5,717.3-7,184.4][246.2-761.6][772.6-1,187.8][16,366.6-19,023.3][8,900.6-10,704.5][1,590.6-1,846.9][2,537.1-2,982.9][3,207.7-3,644.2][501.8-731.9][243.3-324.5][214.9-455.8][1-24][1.10-43.9]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

3.18
3.14
3.19
1.71
5.06
0.81
0.69
0.78
0.62
0.60
1.79
0.50
1.67
2.24
0.51
1.77
2.00
3.95
1.84
1.65
1.92
7.16
0.66
4.88
7.08
3.27
3.67
3.55
2.84
1.86
5.52
1.80
2.02

2.82
1.70
3.12
1.31
5.84
1.51
1.26
1.61
1.36
0.74
2.56
1.07
1.23
1.72
0.52
0.96
1.74
3.43
2.40
1.04
1.92
7.58
0.81
2.73
4.54
1.67
1.67
1.71
1.99
1.03
9.27
1.94
1.94

0.32
0.20
0.35
0.15
0.67
0.18
0.15
0.20
0.16
0.08
0.33
0.12
0.15
0.20
0.06
0.11
0.21
0.38
0.29
0.11
0.21
0.86
0.09
0.33
0.56
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.26
0.13
1.19
0.34
0.22

All
men

Men
15-44
years

12
14
9
15
5
14
15
13
12
17
11
13
16
14
18
16
15
9
12
15
13
2
16
13
11
16
16
15
16
16
5
13
16

6
10
4
13
1
12
15
12
13
15
22
16
14
13
16
13
13
4
15
11
10
1
17
10
7
11
13
14
11
15
5
24
12

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 73 -

Figure 46: Age-standardised mortality rates of oral cancer among men in the World (estimates for 2020)

Men

No data available
<3.98
<7.95
>=7.95

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.5.3
3.5.3.1- 74 -

Laryngeal cancer
Laryngeal cancer incidence

Table 24: Incidence of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

24,3507,443
16,896
8,225
8,052
619
1,422
413
102
438
169
300
5,363
355
278
2,751
1,979
12,536
130
3,831
1,215
6,681
679
4,912
1,550
666
1,101
1,595
117
80
36
0
1

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[20,845.2-28,444.1][6,899.6-8,029.2][6,923.5-9,771.2][6,923.5-9,771.2][6,239.2-10,391.5][330.4-1,159.5][608.2-3,324.9][98.9-1,723.8][19.7-529.5][201.2-953.3][131.4-217.3][49.4-1,822.7][2,078.4-3,282.6][246.6-511][209-369.7][2,640.2-2,866.5][1,486.1-2,635.5][10,300.5-15,256.7][34.4-69.8][3,280.6-4,473.7][630-2,343.1][12.5-177][425-1,084.9][4,313.9-5,593][1,367.4-1,756.9][593.5-747.3][848.5-1,428.6][1,413.2-1,800.2][83.1-164.8][61.2-104.5][5.60-230.5][0-15.6][0.10-12.8]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.63
1.21
0.52
0.57
0.54
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.11
0.36
0.49
0.15
1.03
1.61
0.30
1.48
0.90
0.55
0.35
0.47
0.36
0.71
0.51
1.27
1.00
1.24
1.40
1.60
0.55
0.52
0.66
0
0.30

0.49
0.63
0.46
0.38
0.59
0.32
0.33
0.31
0.22
0.39
0.54
0.28
0.69
1.11
0.26
0.83
0.66
0.43
0.35
0.26
0.31
0.74
0.54
0.64
0.53
0.62
0.64
0.80
0.37
0.28
0.81
0
0.20

0.06
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.03
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.09
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.04
0.03
0.07
0
0

25
25
25
25
24
28
28
28
28
24
26
28
24
19
26
24
24
22
26
24
24
20
22
25
25
27
24
25
28
28
21
28
21

29
28
29
28
27
27
28
27
28
25
27
29
27
21
27
27
26
26
27
29
26
21
23
26
24
27
27
26
24
29
17
14
22

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 75 -

Figure 47: Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimatesfor 2020)

Women

No data available
<0.65
<1.29
>=1.29

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 76 -

Table 25: Incidence of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

160,265
42,375
117,797
61,56953,246
2,982
8,486
1,860
537
4,042
786
1,261
24,322
1,966
1,332
10,794
10,23091,794734
33,02010,17841,582
6,280
34,951
16,580
3,160
8,174
7,037
712
582
114
5
11

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI][150,633.1-170,512.8][40,944.5-43,855.4][57,986.7-65,372.6][57,986.7-65,372.6][48,824.9-58,067.4][2,291.5-3,880.6][6,079.3-11,845.5][1,013.1-3,414.9][267.5-1,077.9][3,181.6-5,135.2][705-876.3][574-2,770.1][12,223.7-14,971.4][1,679.2-2,301.8][1,184-1,498.5][10,573.1-11,019.5][9,033.3-11,585.2][85,968.1-98,014.7][403.7-512.9][31,412-34,710.3][9,071.8-11,419.1][80.7-515.5][5,187.5-7,602.6][33,406.8-36,566.6][15,999.7-17,181.3][2,995.5-3,333.5][7,470.6-8,943.7][6,639.6-7,458.2][628.8-806.2][529.4-639.8][53.5-243][1.50-17.1][3.70-32.9]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

4.08
6.91
3.55
4.19
3.44
0.99
1.27
0.84
0.60
3.27
2.37
0.62
4.82
9.15
1.51
5.91
4.82
3.87
1.99
3.86
3.05
4.15
4.31
9.66
12.0
6.02
10.9
7.30
3.33
3.86
2.01
1.80
3.17

3.59
3.70
3.55
3.20
4.25
1.99
2.43
1.89
1.38
4.05
3.28
1.37
3.56
7.26
1.57
3.34
4.18
3.36
2.51
2.41
3.07
4.67
5.29
5.36
7.58
3.16
5.38
3.55
2.31
2.17
3.40
1.93
3.08

0.45
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.53
0.24
0.30
0.23
0.18
0.50
0.41
0.17
0.45
0.90
0.19
0.42
0.52
0.41
0.32
0.30
0.36
0.58
0.66
0.68
0.97
0.39
0.67
0.46
0.29
0.27
0.42
0.39
0.34

All
men

Men
15-44
years

15
17
13
15
10
15
14
15
16
10
15
16
17
5
16
18
13
14
14
16
12
7
12
15
9
19
13
18
20
20
11
14
16

19
23
17
19
15
19
23
22
26
17
25
21
23
15
22
24
22
16
19
18
16
12
13
17
16
22
18
24
23
25
14
28
19

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (incidence) is the probability or risk of individuals getting from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to develop from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 77 -

Figure 48: Age-standardised incidence rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for
2020)

Men

No data available
<4.73
<9.46
>=9.46

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS

3.5.3.2- 78 -

Laryngeal cancer mortality

Table 26: Mortality of laryngeal cancer in women by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

14,4892,635
11,847
5,226
6,170
451
961
283
70
295
108
205
2,270
200
152
857
1,061
9,228
91
2,537
863
5,311
426
1,986
741
251
475
519
44
33
10
0
1

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[11,901.8-17,638.6][2,321.4-2,991][4,383.6-6,230.3][4,383.6-6,230.3][4,630.9-8,220.6][223.6-909.8][365.8-2,524.9][112.4-712.8][54.2-90.4][124.4-699.6][83.9-139.1][102.6-409.6][1,238.6-1,611.9][143.5-278.7][118.4-195.1][794.1-924.9][950.3-1,184.6][7,235.8-11,768.6][18.4-45.7][2,066.8-3,114.2][443.3-1,680.2][10.8-127.1][319-568.9][1,675.4-2,354.2][632.8-867.8][208.1-302.7][391.2-576.8][440.8-611.1][24.4-79.5][20.9-52.1][3-33.3][0-9.20][0.10-11.3]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

All
women

Women
15-44
years

0.37
0.43
0.36
0.36
0.41
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.08
0.24
0.31
0.10
0.44
0.91
0.17
0.46
0.49
0.41
0.24
0.31
0.26
0.57
0.32
0.51
0.48
0.47
0.61
0.52
0.21
0.22
0.18
0
0.30

0.28
0.18
0.32
0.23
0.46
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.16
0.27
0.34
0.20
0.27
0.58
0.14
0.21
0.34
0.31
0.24
0.16
0.21
0.59
0.33
0.22
0.24
0.19
0.22
0.22
0.13
0.10
0.24
0
0.20

0.03
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.03
0
0

23
25
21
22
20
28
28
28
28
23
23
28
22
17
23
23
22
21
25
21
21
17
22
25
24
25
23
25
28
27
24
29
18

26
29
26
25
23
26
28
25
30
22
25
29
25
16
23
29
22
22
23
27
24
17
25
26
24
27
24
30
27
29
21
7
11

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 79 -

Figure 49: Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among women in the World (estimatesfor 2020)

Women

No data available
<0.32
<0.65
>=0.65

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 women per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 80 -

Table 27: Mortality of laryngeal cancer in men by World region and sub regions (estimates for 2020)
RankingArea

N Cases

World
High income
Low and middle income
Upper middle income
Lower middle income
Low income
AfricaEastern Africa
Middle Africa
Northern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America
South America
Asia
Central Asia
Eastern Asia
South-Eastern Asia
Southern Asia
Western Asia
EuropeEastern Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Western Europe
Oceania
Australia & New Zealand
Melanesia
Micronesia
Polynesia

85,351
16,40068,90534,46432,243
2,198
5,675
1,279
369
2,696
462
869
12,164
1,092
906
3,354
6,812
49,621
442
15,261
5,905
25,0772,936
17,618
9,518
1,223
4,054
2,823
273
193
70
3
7

Uncertainty
intervals of newcancer cases [95%UI]
[78,895.2-92,335][15,449.7-17,408.7][32,166.9-36,925.1][32,166.9-36,925.1][28,707.9-36,213.4][1,637.3-2,950.6][3,883.4-8,293.2][640-2,556.1][282-482.9][2,066.8-3,516.7][407.3-524.1][364.4-2,072][8,367.8-9,275.6][945.7-1,261][817.5-1,004.1][3,227.2-3,485.8][6,529.6-7,106.6][44,998.4-54,718.4][223.7-299.8][14,048.8-16,577.8][5,239.3-6,655.4][65.4-367.3][2,612-3,300.2][16,676.2-18,613][9,129.8-9,922.7][1,116.1-1,340.1][3,789.5-4,337][2,632.6-3,027.2][219.3-339.8][163.2-228.2][46.2-106.1][0.30-27.6][1.10-43.9]

Crude
rateb

ASRb

Cumulative risk(%) ages 0-74
yearsa

2.17
2.67
2.08
2.35
2.08
0.73
0.85
0.58
0.41
2.18
1.39
0.43
2.41
5.08
1.03
1.84
3.21
2.09
1.20
1.78
1.77
2.51
2.01
4.87
6.91
2.33
5.41
2.93
1.28
1.28
1.23
1.08
2.02

1.89
1.30
2.09
1.78
2.61
1.52
1.71
1.36
0.99
2.77
1.98
0.99
1.73
3.87
1.05
0.94
2.75
1.82
1.54
1.09
1.82
2.86
2.62
2.54
4.26
1.07
2.31
1.26
0.81
0.61
2.19
0.86
1.88

0.23
0.16
0.26
0.21
0.33
0.19
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.32
0.25
0.12
0.21
0.47
0.12
0.11
0.34
0.22
0.20
0.13
0.20
0.37
0.32
0.32
0.55
0.13
0.28
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.29
0.11
0.20

All
men

Men
15-44
years

14
16
14
14
10
15
14
16
16
11
14
14
14
9
14
15
13
15
14
14
14
9
11
14
13
17
14
18
18
18
12
14
15

16
20
16
16
15
17
19
19
24
16
23
19
18
14
18
23
16
14
19
17
13
13
15
16
16
18
17
24
20
24
15
14
24

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Cumulative risk (mortality) is the probability or risk of individuals dying from the disease during ages 0-74 years. For cancer, it is expressed as the % of new born children who would be
expected to die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
b Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

3

BURDEN OF HPV RELATED CANCERS- 81 -

Figure 50: Age-standardised mortality rates of laryngeal cancer among men in the World (estimates for
2020)

Men

No data available
<2.41
<4.82
>=4.82

Data accessed on 27 Jan 2021

For more detailed methods of estimation please refer to http://gco.iarc.fr/today/data-sources-methods
a Rates per 100,000 men per year.
Data Sources:
Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F (2020). Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today, accessed [27 January 2021].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4- 82 -

HPV related statistics

HPV infection is commonly found in the anogenital tract of men and women with and without clinicallesions. The aetiological role of HPV infection among women with cervical cancer is well-established,
and there is growing evidence of its central role in other anogenital sites. HPV is also responsible forother diseases such as recurrent juvenile respiratory papillomatosis and genital warts, both mainly
caused by HPV types 6 and 11(Lacey CJ, Vaccine 2006; 24(S3):35). For this section, the methodologies
used to compile the information on HPV burden are derived from systematic reviews and meta-analysesof the literature. Due to the limitations of HPV DNA detection methods and study designs used, thesedata should be interpreted with caution and used only as a guide to assess the burden of HPV infectionin the population. (Vaccine 2006, Vol. 24, Suppl 3; Vaccine 2008, Vol. 26, Suppl 10; Vaccine 2012, Vol.
30, Suppl 5; IARC Monographs 2007, Vol. 90).

4.1

HPV burden in women with normal cervical cytology, cervical precancerous
lesions or invasive cervical cancer

The statistics shown in this section focus on HPV infection in the cervix uteri. HPV cervical infection results in cervical morphological lesions ranging from normalcy (cytologically normal women) todifferent stages of precancerous lesions (CIN-1, CIN-2, CIN-3/CIS) and invasive cervical cancer. HPV
infection is measured by means of HPV DNA detection in cervical cells (fresh tissue, paraffin embedded
or exfoliated cells).
The prevalence of HPV increases with severity of the lesion. HPV causes virtually 100cervical cancer,
and an underestimation of HPV prevalence in cervical cancer is most likely due to the limitations ofstudy methodologies. Worldwide, HPV-16 and 18, the two vaccine-preventable types. contribute toover 7016-32% of low-grade cervical lesions. After HPV-16/18, the six most common HPV types are thesame in all world regions, namely 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58; these account for an additional 20cancers
worldwide (Clifford G et al. Vaccine 2006;24(S3):26-34).
Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma,
low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normal cytology: systematic review and meta-analysis
A systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding the worldwide HPV-prevalence and type
distribution for cervical carcinoma, low-grade cervical lesions, high-grade cervical lesions and normal
cytology from 1990 to ’data as of ’ indicated in each section. The search terms for the review were
’HPV’ AND cerv* using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited inselected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR
or HC2, a minimum of 20 cases for cervical carcinoma, 20 cases for low-grade cervical lesions, 20 cases
for highgrade cervical lesions and 100 cases for normal cytology and a detailed description of HPV DNA
detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested and HPV positive extracted
for each study were pooled to estimate the prevalence of HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution
globally and by geographical region. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each HPV
prevalence. For more details refer to the methods document.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.1.1- 83 -

HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology
Figure 51: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the WorldNo data available<16.93<33.87>=33.87

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 84 -

Figure 52: Crude age-specific HPV prevalence (%) and 95% confidence interval in women with normal
cervical cytology in the World and its regions

Oceania
50.0

40.0

40.0
HPV prevalence (\%)

HPV prevalence (\%)

World
50.0

30.0
20.0
10.0

30.0
20.0
10.0

0.0

0.0
<25

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65+
Age group (years)

<25

25-34

50.0

40.0

40.0

30.0
20.0
10.0

55-64

65+
Age group (years)

45-54

55-64

65+
Age group (years)

55-64

65+
Age group (years)

30.0
20.0
10.0

0.0

0.0
<25

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

65+
Age group (years)

<25

25-34

Europe35-44

Americas

50.0

50.0

40.0

40.0
HPV prevalence (\%)

HPV prevalence (\%)

45-54

Africa50.0

HPV prevalence (\%)

HPV prevalence (\%)

Asia

35-44

30.0
20.0
10.0

30.0
20.0
10.0

0.0

0.0
<25

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-64

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre65+
Age group (years)

<25

25-34

35-44

45-54

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 85 -

Figure 53: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country andstudy

Country

Study

Age

Algeria

Hammouda 2011 (Zeralda (Algiers))

15−65 732 5.3 (3.9−7.2)

Hammouda 2005 (Algiers)

31−80 133 10.5 (6.4−16.9)

Benin

Piras 201115−70 258 26.7 (21.7−32.5)

Cameroon

Untiet 2014 (Yaoundé)

20−89 694 16.7 (14.1−19.7)

Congo

Sangwa−Lugoma 2011 (Mbuku, Kinshasa) >=30 1138 8.7 (7.2−10.5)
Hovland 2010 (Bukavu)

Côte d'Ivoire−N% (95% CI)

287 13.9 (10.4−18.4)

La Ruche 1998 (Abidjan)

20−50 194 16.5 (11.9−22.4)

La Ruche 1998 (Abidjan)

20−50 120 27.5 (20.3−36.1)

Adjorlolo−Johnson 2010 (Abidjan)

23−69 110 29.1 (21.4−38.2)

Egypt

Abdel Aziz 2006 (Cairo)

20−60 156 10.3 (6.4−16.0)

EthiopiaLeyh−Bannurah 2014 (Gurage)

15−64 537 17.5 (14.5−20.9)

Ruland 2006 (Gurage)

18−65 189 15.9 (11.4−21.8)

Gabon

Si−Mohamed 2005 (Libreville)

18−44 195 41.5 (34.9−48.6)

GambiaWall 2005 (Farafenni)

15−54 576 11.5 (9.1−14.3)

GuineaKeita 2009 (Conakry)

15−64 752 47.9 (44.3−51.4)

Kenya

Temmerman 1999 (Nairobi)

19−54 513 17.0 (14.0−20.4)

Mali

MoroccoMozambique

Nigeria

De Vuyst 2010 (Mombasa)>=15

De Vuyst 2003 (Nairobi)

25−55 369 38.8 (33.9−43.8)

Yamada 2008 (Nairobi)

16−61 333 16.8 (13.2−21.2)

Maranga 2013 (Nairobi)

21−50 101 41.6 (32.5−51.3)

Schluterman 2013 (Naréna)

15−65 212 23.1 (17.9−29.2)

Tracy 2011 (Bamako)

15−65 202 11.9 (8.1−17.1)

Alhamany 2010 (Rabat)

17−80 785 15.8 (13.4−18.5)

Bennani 2012 (Fez)17−81 751 42.5 (39.0−46.0)

Amrani 2003 (Rabat)

25−54 306 4.2 (2.5−7.1)

Chaouki 1998 (Rabat)

18−70 172 21.5 (16.0−28.2)

Naucler 2011 (Maputo)>=25

Castellsagué 2001 (Manhiça)

14−61 196 32.1 (26.0−39.0)

Gage 2012 (Irun)>=15 1075 10.5 (8.8−12.5)

Thomas 2004 (Idikan (Ibadan))

15−98 844 24.8 (22.0−27.8)

Pimentel 2013 (Okene, Abuja and Katari)19−85 374 12.3 (9.3−16.0)

Akarolo−Anthony 2013 (Abuja)

0%−454 40.3 (35.9−44.9)

203 41.4 (34.8−48.3)

108 10.2 (5.8−17.3)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 86 -

Figure 53: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

Age

N

RwandaSingh 2009>=25

188 14.4 (10.1−20.1)−

144 16.7 (11.5−23.6)

Veldhuijzen 2012 (Kigali)
SenegalSouth Africa

Hawes 2003 (Dakar)>=15 3633 25.3 (23.9−26.7)

Hanisch 2013 (Dakar)

15−84 2139 27.1 (25.2−29.0)

Xi 2003 (Dakar)

35−80 1639 12.5 (11.0−14.2)

Mbaye 2014 (Dakar)

18−80 498 20.9 (17.5−24.7)

Mbaye 2014 (Thiès)

18−80 185 30.3 (24.1−37.2)

Astori 1999 (Dakar)

20−75 158 13.9 (9.4−20.2)

Mbaye 2014 (Saint−Louis)

18−80 145 20.0 (14.3−27.2)

Mbaye 2014 (Louga)

18−80 108 23.1 (16.2−31.9)

McDonald 2012 (Khayelitsha)

17−65 7569 16.9 (16.1−17.8)

Denny 2005 (Khayelitsha)

35−65 6555 21.4 (20.4−22.4)

Richter 201316−83 1445 74.6 (72.3−76.8)

Wright 2000 (Cape Town)

35−65 1269 15.5 (13.6−17.6)

Allan 2008 (Cape Town)

21−59 848 20.4 (17.8−23.2)

Jones 2007 (Cape Town)>=18368 41.0 (36.1−46.1)−

155 45.8 (38.2−53.7)

Mbulawa 2010 (Gugulethu (Cape Town))
Tanzania% (95% CI)

Dartell 2014 (Dar es Salaam, Pwani, Mwanza) 15−82 2737 12.8 (11.6−14.1)
Vidal 2011 (Kilimanjaro)>=18

148 13.5 (8.9−20.0)

Watson−Jones 2013 (Mwanza)

10−25 117 73.5 (64.9−80.7)

Tunisia

Hassen 2003 (Sousse)

20−45

UgandaJeronimo 2014 (Kampala)25−60 2676 15.2 (13.9−16.7)

Banura 2008 (Kampala)12−24 868 73.2 (70.1−76.0)

Safaeian 2007 (Rakai)

15−49 505 15.6 (12.7−19.1)

Asiimwe 2008 (Bushenyi District)

25−37 305 15.7 (12.1−20.2)

Odida 2011 (Kampala)18−74 251 26.3 (21.2−32.1)

Taube 2010 (Kampala)18−30 157 56.7 (48.9−64.2)

Zimbabwe96

14.6 (8.9−23.0)

Fukuchi 2009 (Chitungwiza, Epworth (Harare)) 18−49 1987 24.5 (22.6−26.4)

0% 10%

30%

50%

70%

Nowak 2011 (Chitungwiza and Harare)

18−35 478 47.5 (43.1−52.0)

Womack 2000 (Chitungwiza and Harare)

25−55 186 24.7 (19.1−31.4)

Baay 2004 (Mupfure)15−49 174 27.0 (21.0−34.1)

90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 87 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study

Country

Study

Age

Argentina

Matos 2003 (Entre Ríos)

13−78 843 15.4 (13.1−18.0)

Chouhy 2013b

14−77 403 37.5 (32.9−42.3)

Chouhy 2013 (Buenos Aires)

15−69 371 49.9 (44.8−54.9)

Abba 2003 (La Plata)

15−70 152 46.1 (38.3−54.0)

Badano 2011 (Posadas City)

18−62 139 33.1 (25.8−41.3)

BelizeCathro 2009 (Belize City)−

Bolivia

Cervantes 2003 (Amazonian lowland)cBrazilN% (95% CI)

426 10.1 (7.6−13.3)

16−71 135 5.9 (3.0−11.3)

Trottier 2006 (Sao Paulo)

18−59 1988 15.1 (13.6−16.7)

Lorenzi 2013 (Barretos (Sao Paulo))

18−76 1921 10.5 (9.2−11.9)

Girianelli 201025−59 1800 12.3 (10.9−13.9)

Roteli−Martins 201115−25 1509 29.7 (27.4−32.0)

Carestiato 2006 (Rio de Janeiro)

11−70 672 12.6 (10.3−15.4)

Oliveira 2007 (Pacoti, Ceara)

13−49 579 11.7 (9.4−14.6)

Franco 1995 (Paraiba)

15−65 525 18.3 (15.2−21.8)

Noronha 2005 (Para)30−45 433 6.9 (4.9−9.7)dFigueiredo Alves 2013 (Goiana)15−19 432 28.0 (24.0−32.4)

da Silva 2012 (Paiçandú (Paraná))

15−83 418 6.7 (4.7−9.5)

Miranda 201218−65 399 11.0 (8.3−14.5)

de Abreu 201215−83 370 7.6 (5.3−10.7)

Augusto 2014 (Niterói City)

14−79 338 8.0 (5.5−11.4)

Coser 2013 (Cruz Alta)−327 32.7 (27.9−38.0)

Rocha 2013 (Coari (Amazonas State))

18−78 314 29.9 (25.1−35.2)

Pinto 2011 (Pará)>=13

233 15.0 (11.0−20.2)

Oliveira 2010 (Niterói City (Rio de Janeiro)) 14−24 225 28.0 (22.5−34.2)
Lorenzato 2000 (Recife)e13−84 215 19.5 (14.8−25.3)

Pinto 2011 (Tucuruí)>=13

Lippman 2010 (Sao Pulo)

18−40 209 34.9 (28.8−41.6)

Muñoz 1996 (Sao Paulo)de Oliveira 2013 (Rio Grande)
Cassel 2014 (Porto Alegre)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

211 14.2 (10.1−19.6)

26−77 194 17.0 (12.4−22.9)f>=14

162 13.6 (9.1−19.7)−

158 12.7 (8.3−18.7)

Entiauspe 2014 (Pelotas)

18−45 136 27.9 (21.1−36.0)

Silva 2009 (Maricá)

14−79 130 2.3 (0.8−6.6)60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b Granadero Baigorria City (Santa Fe Province)c Maringá, Paiçandú and Uniao da Vitoria (Paraná State)d Duque de Caxias and Nova Iguaçu (State of Rio de Janeiro)e Ouro Preto city (Minas Gerais)f Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Labrador, Yukon.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 88 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country

Study

Age

N

% (95% CI)

BrazilSilva 2009 (Itaboraí)

14−79

128

21.9 (15.6−29.8)−

120

35.0 (27.1−43.9)

Fernandes 2009 (Natal)

15−65

110

24.5 (17.5−33.4)

Louvanto 2014 (Montreal)30−65 23739 6.9 (6.6−7.3)

Jiang 201314−69 13379 21.6 (20.9−22.3)

Tamegão−Lopes 2014 (Juruti (Pará))

CanadaMayrand 2006 (Montreal and Newfoundland) 30−69 9245 5.2 (4.7−5.6)

Chile

Colombia

Ogilvie 2013 (British Columbia)−

4330 12.2 (11.3−13.3)

Moore 2009 (British Columbia)>=154003 12.3 (11.3−13.3)

Young 1997 (Winnipeg)−

1132 30.6 (28.0−33.3)

Sellors 2000 (Ontario)

15−49

878

10.3 (8.4−12.4)

Richardson 2003 (Montreal)

17−42

568

27.1 (23.6−30.9)

Demers 2012 (Manitoba)

>=18

517

17.2 (14.2−20.7)

Kapala 2007 (Ontario)−

222

15.8 (11.6−21.1)

Roteli−Martins 2011

15−25

185

23.2 (17.7−29.8)

Ferreccio 2013 (Santiago)

16−78 8127 9.8 (9.1−10.4)

Ferreccio 2008

16−97 1100 28.0 (25.4−30.7)

Ferreccio 2004 (Santiago)

15−86

913

11.2 (9.3−13.4)

Montalvo 2011 (Arica)

18−25

195

2.6 (1.1−5.9)

Molano 2002 (Bogota)

13−85 1831 14.6 (13.1−16.3)

Soto−De Leon 201114−77 1564 49.7 (47.2−52.2)bLeon 2009 (Girardot)

14−80

744

19.9 (17.2−22.9)

Muñoz 1996 (Cali)

19−74

307

13.4 (10.0−17.6)

Herrero 2005 (Guanacaste)

18−94 7459 22.4 (21.4−23.3)

Safaeian 2007 (Guanacaste)

18−25 4857 42.2 (40.9−43.6)

Cuba

Soto 2014 (La Havana)

30−69

111

41.4 (32.7−50.7)

Ecuador

Brown 2009 (Guayas)

18−78

285

20.7 (16.4−25.8)

GuatemalaVallès 2009 (Escuintla)

18−49

274

33.2 (27.9−39.0)

GuyanaKightlinger 201013−80 1168 11.5 (9.8−13.4)

Honduras

Tábora 2009 (Tegucigalpa)

18−65

562

51.4 (47.3−55.5)

Ferrera 1999 (Tegucigalpa)

15−65

438

38.8 (34.4−43.5)

Tábora 2005 (Tegucigalpa)

18−35

100

28.0 (20.1−37.5)

Lewis−Bell 2013

16−49

765

50.8 (47.3−54.4)

Costa Rica

Jamaica

0%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women testedb Bogotá, Leticia, Chaparral, Giradot and Tumaco
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 89 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country

Study

Jamaica

Watt 2009 (Western Jamaica)b

MexicoLazcano−Ponce 201020−70 49053 8.0 (7.8−8.3)

Salmerón 2003 (Morelos)

15−85

7545

7.8 (7.2−8.4)

Illades−Aguiar 2010

15−97

3117

40.9 (39.2−42.6)

Lazcano−Ponce 2001 (Morelos)

18−82

1340

12.5 (10.9−14.4)

Hernández−Girón 2005 (Cuernavaca)

17−39

1060

14.2 (12.3−16.5)

Giuliano 2001 (Sonora)

15−79

995

8.8 (7.2−10.8)

López Rivera 2012 (Mexico City)

18−76

916

7.9 (6.3−9.8)−

518

37.8 (33.8−42.1)

Sánchez−Anguiano 2006 (Durango City) 20−69487

4.1 (2.7−6.3)

Monroy 2010 (Mexico City)

17−51

272

12.9 (9.4−17.4)

Giuliano 2005 (Sonora)

40−82

258

7.0 (4.5−10.8)

Carrillo−García 2014

Illades−Aguiar 2009 (Acapulco)

AgeN% (95% CI)−

9983.8 (75.3−89.8)−

25635.5 (29.9−41.6)

Hernández−Avila 1997 (Mexico City)

25−75

204

13.2 (9.3−18.6)

Rojo Contreras 2008 (Guadalajara)

18−55

189

33.9 (27.5−40.9)

Piña−Sánchez 2006 (Mexico City)

19−64

159

11.9 (7.8−17.9)

Velázquez−Márquez 2010 (Tlaxcala)

18−74

100

22.0 (15.0−31.1)

Nicaragua

Jeronimo 2014 (Masaya Province)

30−49

4340

9.8 (8.9−10.7)

Paraguay

Mendoza 2011 (Asunción)

16−77

207

20.8 (15.8−26.8)

Torres 2009 (Asunción)

17−65

159

25.2 (19.1−32.4)

cRolón 2000 (Asunción)
Peru

25−73

91

19.8 (12.9−29.1)

Almonte 2007 (San Martin)

25−49

4218

7.5 (6.8−8.4)

García 2004

18−65

501

3.8 (2.4−5.8)

Silva−Caso 2014 (Cajamarca)

18−65

241

17.8 (13.5−23.2)−

203

36.0 (29.7−42.8)

Martorell 2012 (Iquitos and Loretos)
Santos 2001 (Lima)

21−82

175

17.7 (12.8−24.0)

Trinidad and Tobago

Ragin 2007 (Tobago)

18−65

212

35.4 (29.3−42.0)

United States of America

Castle 2009 (Northern California)

30−90 580289 4.0 (3.9−4.0)

Castle 2011 (23 US States)

25−42 38403 15.1 (14.8−15.5)

Wheeler 2013 (New Mexico)

0%

20%

40%

60%

−

33614 24.3 (23.8−24.8)

Sherman 2003 (Portland)

16−94 20156 12.7 (12.3−13.2)

Castle 2012 (Portland)

16−94 19512 14.2 (13.7−14.7)

80%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women testedb Acapulco, Chilpancingo and Iguala (State of Guerrero)c Boston, Baltimore, New Orleans, Denver, Seattle, Los Angeles
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 90 -

Figure 54: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country

Study

Age

United States of America

Schiffman 2011 (Portland)

16−94 18450 9.1 (8.7−9.6)

Dunne 201311−29 9231 30.2 (29.3−31.2)

Zhao 2007 (Pittsburgh)

11−90 8070 2.9 (2.5−3.2)

Datta 2008

18−65 8055 16.6 (15.8−17.4)

Goodman 2008 (Hawaii)

18−85 2356 25.6 (23.9−27.4)

Dunne 2007

14−59 1921 26.8 (24.8−28.8)

Insinga 200716−23 1203 12.1 (10.4−14.1)

Cibas 2007 (Boston)

30−45 1000 3.9 (2.9−5.3)

Giuliano 1999 (Tucson)

18−47

911

10.1 (8.3−12.2)

Giuliano 2001 (Arizona)

15−79

881

12.8 (10.8−15.2)

Winer 2003 (Seattle)

18−20

553

19.7 (16.6−23.2)

Moscicki 2001 (San Francisco)

13−24

547

80.8 (77.3−83.9)

Khanna 2007 (Baltimore)

18−69

418

10.8 (8.1−14.1)

Kahn 2008 (Cincinnati)

13−26

409

68.2 (63.6−72.5)

Kotloff 1998 (Maryland)

17−44

390

29.2 (24.9−33.9)

Evans 2006 (Vermont)

16−69

300

27.3 (22.6−32.6)

Swan 1999 (Texas)

18−45

270

20.0 (15.7−25.2)

Smith 2003 (Iowa)

42−85

223

11.7 (8.1−16.5)

Tarkowski 2004 (Atlanta)

12−20

189

52.4 (45.3−59.4)

Hernandez 2004 (Hawaii)

Uruguay

Venezuela

0% 10%

30%

50%

70%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information CentreN% (95% CI)

>=18

183

9.8 (6.3−15.0)

Chaturvedi 2005 (New Orleans) 18−70

173

19.1 (13.9−25.6)

Smith 2004 (Iowa)

45−64

105

17.1 (11.1−25.5)

Berois 2014 (Montevideo)

<=69

883

20.0 (17.5−22.8)

Ramas 2013

18−62

236

19.1 (14.6−24.6)

Michelli 2011 (Mérida State)

15−69

90

8.9 (4.6−16.6)

90%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 91 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study

Country

Study

Bahrain

Hajjaj 2006

Bangladesh

Nahar 2014 (Dhaka and Mirzapur)

BhutanTshomo 2014 (Thimphu)

China

b

12.1 (6.9−20.4)

13−64

1902

7.6 (6.5−8.9)

18−69

2272

23.0 (21.3−24.7)

Wei 2014 (Shenyang (Liaoning Province))

18−81 67172 1.7 (1.6−1.8)

Chen 2012 (Chaozhou)

35−60 48559 7.9 (7.7−8.1)

Wang 2012 (Shenyang (Liaoning Province))

18−60 24041 45.6 (45.0−46.2)

Mai 2014>=18

DU 2012 (Shenzhen)

20−59 10017 16.3 (15.6−17.0)

Zhang 2013 (Shangai)

17−89 10000 12.6 (11.9−13.2)

Belinson 2011 (Guangdong Province)

25−59

7525

7.9 (7.3−8.5)

Moy 2010

30−54

7367

9.5 (8.9−10.2)

Zhao 2013 (Yangcheng, Xinmi and Tonggu)

25−65

7089

10.9 (10.2−11.7)

Belinson 2003

27−56

6643

14.4 (13.6−15.3)

Zhang 2008 (Shangai)

18−78

6405

29.1 (28.0−30.2)

Sun 2012 (Qujing (Yunnan Province))

18−65

5936

8.3 (7.6−9.1)

Li 2010 (Beijing)

25−54

5530

6.6 (6.0−7.3)

Zhao 2014 (Jiangsi Province)

18−25

5416

13.3 (12.5−14.3)

Ye 2010 (Zhejiang Province)

20−79

4987

13.3 (12.4−14.3)

fYuan 2011 (Shandong Province)
Jin 2010 (Tibetan Autonomous Region)

g22114 19.0 (18.5−19.5)

>=15

4413

13.8 (12.8−14.8)

17−54

3737

8.9 (8.0−9.9)

17−74

3115

14.5 (13.3−15.8)

20−61

3112

9.6 (8.6−10.7)

19−65

2847

7.4 (6.5−8.4)

Chan 2009 (Hong Kong)

19−83

2604

6.7 (5.8−7.7)

Chen 2013 (Urumqi)

18−69

2269

20.3 (18.7−22.0)

Wu 2010 (Shenzhen (Guangdong Province)) 25−59

2000

16.5 (14.9−18.2)

Chan 2002 (Hong Kong)

19−83

1962

5.6 (4.6−6.7)

Belinson 2001

35−45

1784

14.2 (12.6−15.9)

Lin 2008 (Guandong)

20−68

1705

9.0 (7.8−10.5)

20−60

1600

8.8 (7.5−10.2)

−

1090

25.7 (23.2−28.4)

Zhang 2012

20−64

1032

11.1 (9.4−13.2)

Wu 2007 (Shenzhen)

15−59

942

11.9 (10.0−14.1)

Yip 2010 (Macao)
Yeoh 2006 (Hong Kong)

40%

91

18−81 118096 18.3 (18.1−18.5)

Li 2013 (Hunan Province)

30%

20−60

d

Wu 201320%% (95% CI)

Wei 2014 (Shenyang (Liaoning Province))

Wang 2013 (Shenzhen)

10%

N

c

e

0%

Age

h

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b Yangcheng and Xiangyuan (Shanxi)
c Beijing, Shanghai, Shanxi, Henan, Xinjiangd Lishui County (Zhejiang Province)e Uyghur (Yutian County, Xingjian Province)f Shiquan County (Shaanxi Province)g Shantou City (Guandong Province)h Wufeng County (Hubei Province)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 92 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)

Country

Study

Age

N

% (95% CI)

China

Sui 2013

16−59

883

8.8 (7.1−10.9)

25−65

734

20.2 (17.4−23.2)

Li 2006 (Shenyang)

17−59

663

13.7 (11.3−16.6)

Dai 2006 (Shanxi)

19−59

601

10.6 (8.4−13.4)

He 2008 (Hangzhou)−

480

15.2 (12.3−18.7)

Chui 2012 (Macau)

20−66

402

29.9 (25.6−34.5)

Bian 2013 (Beijing)

20−55

379

20.8 (17.1−25.2)

Yu 2013

20−60

373

12.6 (9.6−16.4)

Wu 2010 (Fujian Province)

20−70

314

19.4 (15.4−24.2)

Wang 2013 (Huzhou)

20−35

292

19.2 (15.1−24.1)

Hu 2011 (Jaingsu Province)

18−25

257

10.5 (7.3−14.9)

Ding 2014 (Beijing)

18−68

165

9.7 (6.1−15.2)−

165

21.8 (16.2−28.7)

Ye 2010b

Sun 2010 (Liaoning Province)
Georgia

Alibegashvili 2011 (Tbilisi)

15−59 1247 11.5 (9.8−13.4)

India

Basu 2013 (West Bengal)c30−65 28039 5.8 (5.5−6.1)

Sankaranarayanan 2005 (Osnamabad) 30−59 27301 10.3 (9.9−10.7)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

30−60 9630 4.6 (4.2−5.0)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Kolkata (2))

25−65 6278 5.2 (4.6−5.7)

Jeronimo 2014 (Rural Uttar Pradesh)

30−59 4547 2.3 (1.9−2.8)

Jeronimo 2014 (Hyderabad)

30−49 4385 4.4 (3.9−5.1)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Trivandrum)

25−65 4332 4.8 (4.2−5.5)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Kolkata (1))

25−65 3390 7.8 (6.9−8.7)

Sankaranarayanan 2004 (Mumbai)

25−65 3365 6.3 (5.5−7.1)

Srivastava 2012 (Varanasi)17−80 2480 9.7 (8.6−10.9)

Gravitt 2010>=25

Dutta 2012 (Eastern India)

25−65 2313 9.2 (8.1−10.4)

Franceschi 2005 (Tamil Nadu)

17−59 1799 14.0 (12.5−15.7)

Datta 2010 (Govindpuri (New Delhi))

16−24 1300 11.2 (9.6−13.0)

Sarkar 2011 (West Bengal)>=15

Laikangbam 2007 (West Bengal)

14−80 1007 11.6 (9.8−13.7)

Pandey 2012 (Lucknow)

20−70

890

11.7 (9.7−14.0)

Gupta 2009 (New Delhi)

18−45

769

16.6 (14.2−19.4)

Laikangbam 2007 (Manipur)

20−80

672

6.7 (5.0−8.8)

Aggarwal 2006 (Chandigarh)

19−75

472

36.9 (32.6−41.3)

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women testedb Shanxi, Jiangxi and Gansu Provincesc Medchal Mandal (Andhra Pradesh)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

Mittal 2014 (Kolkata)2331 10.3 (9.1−11.6)

1106 9.1 (7.6−11.0)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 93 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)

Country

Study

Age

India

Kerkar 2011 (Mumbai)−% (95% CI)

470 8.1 (5.9−10.9)

Bhatla 2008 (New Delhi)

30−65 458 7.6 (5.5−10.4)

Laikangbam 2007 (Sikkim)

19−75 359 11.1 (8.3−14.8)

Vinodhini 2012 (Tamil Nadu)−

257 30.4 (25.1−36.2)

Kashyap 201346−58 207 5.8 (3.3−9.9)

Arora 2005 (New Delhi)

20−60 160 10.0 (6.2−15.6)

Singh 2009 (North India)
IndonesiaN−

109 10.1 (5.7−17.2)

Vet 2008 (Tasikmalaya)

12−70 919 8.8 (7.1−10.8)

Vet 2008 (Bali)

12−70 887 11.5 (9.6−13.8)

Vet 2008 (Jakarta)

12−70 880 13.9 (11.7−16.3)

de Boer 2006 (Jakarta)

21−75 200 31.0 (25.0−37.7)

Rachmadi 2012 (Jakarta, Tasikmalaya and Bali) 18−60 101 16.8 (10.8−25.3)
IranEghbali 2012 (Bushehr Port)

17−50 799 0.6 (0.3−1.5)

Khodakarami 2012 (Tehran)18−59 791 6.6 (5.0−8.5)

Zavarei 2008 (Tehran)b

15−55 600 5.7 (4.1−7.8)

Safaei 2010 (Shiraz)

20−72 400 5.5 (3.7−8.2)

Shahramian 2011 (Zabol)−

Moradi 2011 (Gorgan)
Zandi 2010 (Bushehr)
Japan

−

14−94 7564 6.6 (6.0−7.2)

Maehama 2005 (Okinawa)

20−89 4078 10.6 (9.7−11.6)

Asato 2004 (Okinawa)

18−85 3249 10.2 (9.3−11.3)

Takehara 201115−98 2068 9.4 (8.2−10.7)

Sasagawa 2001

16−72 1562 9.7 (8.3−11.2)

Onuki 2009 (Ibaraki)

15−78 1517 22.5 (20.5−24.7)

20%

30%

−

1111 18.2 (16.0−20.6)

Konno 201120−25 908 26.1 (23.3−29.1)

Saito 1995 (Osaka)

18−72 800 6.6 (5.1−8.6)

Sasagawa 1997 (Ishikawa and Toyama)

16−82 778 4.5 (3.3−6.2)

Sasagawa 2005 (Hokuriku)

15−59 637 16.8 (14.1−19.9)c

10%

200 5.5 (3.1−9.6)

Inoue 2006 (Ishikawa)

Chen 2013 (Nagasaki)

0%

265 32.5 (27.1−38.3)

15−75 226 18.1 (13.7−23.7)

Ishi 2004 (Chiba)

17−73 420 12.1 (9.4−15.6)

Masumoto 2004 (Tokyo)

20−89 414 16.9 (13.6−20.8)

Nishiwaki 200819−70 292 14.7 (11.1−19.2)

Yoshikawa 1999<=55

130 14.6 (9.6−21.7)

40%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women testedb Aomori, Tokyo, Fukui, Osaka, Hiroshima, Miyazaki and Kagoshimac Hokuriku(Fukui, Ishikawa and Toyama)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 94 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)

Country

Study

Age

N

% (95% CI)

Japan

Satoh 2013 (Tsukuba, Tokyo)

19−88

109

23.9 (16.8−32.7)

Kazakhstan

Buleshov 2011 (South)

35−60 17000 11.0 (10.5−11.5)

KuwaitAl−Awadhi 201118−81 3011 2.4 (1.9−3.0)

LaosPhongsavan 2012

25−48 1922 11.1 (9.8−12.6)

LebanonMroueh 2002

18−70 1026 4.9 (3.7−6.4)

Karam 2005
Malaysia

20−67

246

10.2 (7.0−14.6)

b

18−77

745

22.0 (19.2−25.1)−588

3.1 (1.9−4.8)

Chong 2010 (Southern Selangor)

19−69

180

46.7 (39.5−53.9)

Dondog 2008 (Ulaanbaatar)

15−59

842

30.5 (27.5−33.7)−100

1.0 (0.2−5.4)

Sherpa 2010 (Bharatpur (Chitawan Province)) 15−59898

8.1 (6.5−10.1)

Tay 2009 (Johor and Singapore)
Othman 2014

Mongolia

Chimeddorj 2008
Nepal

Johnson 2014

16−60

211

2.8 (1.3−6.1)

Pakistan

Raza 2010 (Karachi)

15−59

877

2.2 (1.4−3.4)

Philippines

Ngelangel 1998 (Manila)

21−72

377

9.3 (6.8−12.6)

Republic of Koreac18−79 60775 34.2 (33.8−34.6)

Lee 2012

Lee 2012 (Suwon)−

26980 20.3 (19.9−20.8)

Kim 2012 (Seoul)−

11800 6.2 (5.8−6.6)

Kim 2013 (Seoul)−6681 17.3 (16.4−18.2)

Kim 2014 (Cheonan)

19−78 5494 14.4 (13.5−15.3)

Oh 2009 (Busan and Suwon)

20−69 4467 7.0 (6.3−7.8)

Bae 2009 (Gyeonggi, Seoul)

30−84 4111 6.5 (5.8−7.3)

Kim 2013 (Seoul)

21−76 2146 18.1 (16.6−19.8)

Park 201443−57 1938 14.1 (12.7−15.8)

Bae 2009

15−75 1750 27.0 (25.0−29.2)

Hwang 2004

18−62 1609 37.4 (35.0−39.7)

Kim 2012−

Oh 2001 (Seoul)

23−72 1144 0.7 (0.4−1.4)

An 2003 (Kyonggi−do)1143 35.1 (32.4−37.9)

25−79

912

7.9 (6.3−9.8)

Kim 2010

20−59

902

12.6 (10.6−15.0)

Kim 2012

20−59

902

4.9 (3.7−6.5)

Shin 2003 (Busan)

20−74

821

8.5 (6.8−10.6)

Kim 2014 (Gangnam (Seoul))

25−81

799

12.1 (10.1−14.6)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women testedb Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Bangkok, Songkla and Hat Yaic Luang Prabang, Champassack and Vientianed North-Eastern region os West Malaysia

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre−

Lee 2014 (Seoul, Busan, Cheonan)dData Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

1214 14.6 (12.7−16.7)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 95 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)

Country

Study

Age

N

% (95% CI)

Republic of Korea

Lee 2003 (Seoul)−746

7.2 (5.6−9.3)

Shin 2004 (Busan)

16−29

672

15.2 (12.7−18.1)

Cho 2011−

624

47.3 (43.4−51.2)

Bae 2014 (Seoul)

18−85

471

21.0 (17.6−24.9)

Cho 2003 (Kyonggi−do)

22−70

414

31.9 (27.6−36.5)

Kim 2014 (Busan)

22−83

315

70.2 (64.9−74.9)

Shim 2010 (Seoul)

21−48

235

22.6 (17.7−28.3)

Kim 2013 (Gwangju)−

206

8.3 (5.2−12.8)

Hwang 2012

21−77

177

54.8 (47.4−62.0)

Um 2011b−122

23.0 (16.4−31.2)

Lee 2011−

101

20.8 (14.0−29.7)

455

28.6 (24.6−32.9)

Saudi Arabia

Al−Ahdal 2014 (Riyadh)

20−74

TaiwanLai 2012 (Taoyuan)

30−94 14724 11.0 (10.6−11.6)

Wang 201014−87 10543 15.0 (14.3−15.7)

Chen 201130−65 10190 13.8 (13.2−14.5)

Lin 2006 (South Taiwan)

16−78 4383 19.4 (18.2−20.6)

Huang 2008

23−80 1310 8.2 (6.9−9.9)

Jeng 2005 (Taipei)

21−65 1279 17.9 (15.9−20.1)

Liaw 1995

30−64

260

9.2 (6.3−13.4)

Tsai 2005 (Kaohsiung County)

>=20

175

16.6 (11.8−22.8)−

127

15.0 (9.8−22.2)

Lin 2005 (Kaohsiung)
ThailandSwangvaree 2010 (Bangkok)

20−77 14205 6.2 (5.8−6.6)

Laowahutanont 2014 (Bangkok)>=20

Siriaunkgul 2014 (Chiang Mai)

30−60 2633 4.3 (3.5−5.1)

Paengchit 2014 (Lampang Province)

30−70 1961 4.0 (3.2−5.0)

Chansaenroj 2010 (Bangkok)

30%

50%

1622 7.8 (6.6−9.2)

Marks 201120−37 1070 19.8 (17.5−22.3)

Sukvirach 2003 (Lampang)c

15−76

972

5.9 (4.6−7.5)

Sukvirach 2003 (Songkla)

15−85

687

3.3 (2.2−5.0)

Wongworapat 2008 (Chiang−Mai)

20−65

531

11.5 (9.0−14.5)

Chandeying 2006 (Hat Yai (South Thailand)) 15−47430

4.7 (3.0−7.1)

Thomas 2001 (Bangkok)

24−60

291

6.9 (4.5−10.4)

Chichareon 1998 (Songkla)

19−78

261

15.7 (11.8−20.6)−

225

28.9 (23.4−35.1)

Suwannarurk 2009 (Pathumthani)

0% 10%−

2735 6.7 (5.8−7.7)

70%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b Sanphebagar Village (Achham District)c Sanchi, Chutung, Potzu,Kaoshu, Makung, Paihsa and Huhsi
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 96 -

Figure 55: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country and study(continued)

Country

Study

Age

ThailandNatphopsuk 2013 (Khon Kaen)
Chopjitt 2009 (Khon Kaen)b

Ekalaksananan 2010 (Khon Kaen)N% (95% CI)

26−81 198 14.1 (10.0−19.7)−

160 33.8 (26.9−41.4)

18−54 155 40.6 (33.2−48.5)

Chaiwongkot 2007 (Khon Kaen)−

140 38.6 (30.9−46.8)

Sriamporn 2006 (Khon Kaen)>=35

113 10.6 (6.2−17.6)

Siritantikorn 1997 (Bangkok)

16−77 102 4.9 (2.1−11.0)

Settheetham−Ishida 2005 (Khon Kaen) 25−70 100 13.0 (7.8−21.0)
TurkeyInal 2007 (Izmir)

15−45 1344 1.5 (1.0−2.3)

Yuce 2012 (Ankara)30−70 640 21.4 (18.4−24.7)

Ozalp 2012 (Eskisehir region)−

564 3.4 (2.2−5.2)

Kasap 2011 (Izmir)

15−65 546 32.1 (28.3−36.1)

Demir 201215−68 530 17.9 (14.9−21.4)

Bayram 2011 (Gaziantep)

18−56 502 15.1 (12.3−18.5)

Özcan 201116−64 480 3.5 (2.2−5.6)

Eren 2010 (Istanbul)

19−85 469 13.6 (10.8−17.0)

Altun 2011 (Adana)
Akcali 2013 (Manisa)

20−68 460 5.2 (3.5−7.6)c−

410 8.5 (6.2−11.6)

Tezcan 2014 (Mersin Province)

18−76 380 18.9 (15.3−23.2)

Sahiner 2014 (Ankara)

17−74 315 19.7 (15.7−24.4)

Dursun 200920−67 310 19.7 (15.6−24.5)

Oztürk 2004

18−62 206 4.9 (2.7−8.7)

Uzbekistan

Inamova 2009 (Tashkent)

18−40 2295 37.9 (35.9−39.9)

Viet Nam

Vu 2012 (Thai Nguyen)

18−69 1000 9.2 (7.6−11.2)

Vu 2012 (Can Tho)18−65 1000 10.2 (8.5−12.2)

Vu 2012 (Hue)18−69 1000 8.6 (7.0−10.5)

Pham 2003 (Hanoi)

15−69 983 1.5 (0.9−2.5)

Pham 2003 (Ho Chi Minh City)

15−69 914 9.6 (7.9−11.7)

Vu 2011 (Ho Chi Minh)

18−69 750 8.3 (6.5−10.5)

Vu 2011 (Hanoi)

18−69 750 6.1 (4.6−8.1)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b Istanbul, Ankara, Antalya, Nigde and Elazigc Taipei, Taoyuan, Chungli, Hsinchu, Keelung)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 97 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy

Country

Study

Age

N

% (95% CI)

Belarus

Rogovskaya 2013 (Minsk)

15−63

322

23.6 (19.3−28.5)

Belgium

Depuydt 2010 (Flanders)

14−97 57876 14.8 (14.5−15.1)

Arbyn 2009 (Antwerp)

15−85 8729 11.9 (11.3−12.6)

Merckx 2014 (Flanders and Brussels)

4−18

Baay 2005 (Antwerp)

20−50 2293 6.9 (5.9−8.0)

Depuydt 201230−65 1139 8.2 (6.7−9.9)bCroatia

4180 15.7 (14.6−16.8)

Schmitt 2013 (Flanders)

15−86

913

33.3 (30.3−36.4)

Weyn 2013 (Brussels)

>=20

906

10.8 (9.0−13.0)

Depuydt 2003 (Flanders)

17−85

287

24.0 (19.5−29.3)

Baay 2001 (Antwerp)

17−78

286

10.8 (7.7−15.0)

Kaliterna 2007 (Split and Dalmatian County)

18−62

570

35.1 (31.3−39.1)−

205

35.6 (29.4−42.4)

Grahovac 2007 (Zagreb,Rijeka)
Czechia

Tachezy 201314−79 1302 25.6 (23.3−28.0)

DenmarkKjær 2014 (Copenhagen)14−95 37958 17.0 (16.6−17.4)

Nielsen 2012 (Copenhagen)14−95 37958 6.3 (6.1−6.5)

Nielsen 2008 (Copenhagen)20−29 10220 15.9 (15.2−16.6)

Bonde 2014 (Copenhagen and Frederiksberg) 16−89 4671 33.4 (32.1−34.8)
Nielsen 2008 (Copenhagen)Svare 1998

40−50 1443 4.4 (3.4−5.5)

c

20−39

119

21.8 (15.4−30.1)

326

36.8 (31.8−42.2)

Estonia

Uusküla 2010 (Tartu)

18−35

Finland

Leinonen 2008 (Uusimaa)

25−65 16895 7.5 (7.2−7.9)

Auvinen 2005 (Helsinki)

19−47 1469 33.0 (30.7−35.5)

Clavel 2001 (Reims)

15−76 7339 10.5 (9.9−11.3)

Monsonego 2011 (Paris)

20−65 4004 12.6 (11.6−13.7)

Boulanger 2004 (Amiens)

20−62 3617 12.6 (11.6−13.7)

FranceHeard 2013−

Vaucel 2011 (Nantes)

10%

20%

30%

40%

17−86

980

13.1 (11.1−15.3)

15−23

948

24.1 (21.4−26.9)

Dalstein 2003 (Besançon)

16−76

652

27.0 (23.7−30.5)

Beby−Defaux 2004 (Poitiers)

17−77

613

5.2 (3.7−7.3)

Riethmuller 1999 (Besançon, Belfort)

16−76

426

25.1 (21.2−29.4)

Baudu 2014 (Franche−Comté)

0%d3023 13.7 (12.5−15.0)

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b Geneve, Vaud, Neuchatel, Fribourg, Valais and Tessinc Alava, Girona, Guipuzcoa, Murcia, Navarra, Salamanca, Sevilla, Vizcaya, Zaragozad Alsace, Auvergne, Centre - Pays de Loire, Ile-de-France and Vaucluse
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 98 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

Age

N

% (95% CI)

FranceCasalegno 2011 (Lyon)

15−88

302

48.3 (42.8−54.0)

18−78

289

28.7 (23.8−34.2)

Monsonego 2005 (Paris)

19−79

221

28.5 (23.0−34.8)

Luyten 2009 (Wolfsburg)>=30 16386 4.8 (4.5−5.1)

Petry 2003 (Hannover and Tuebingen)30−85 7832 5.9 (5.4−6.4)

Schneider 2000 (East Thuringia)

18−70 4604 7.1 (6.4−7.9)

Iftner 201010−30 1692 22.3 (20.4−24.3)

de Jonge 2013>=20

Agorastos 2009−

Pannier−Stockman 2008 (Amiens)

Germany

GreeceArgyri 2013 (Athens)b1463 29.8 (27.5−32.2)
4139 5.9 (5.2−6.7)

14−70 2218 15.7 (14.2−17.3)

Tsiodras 2011−

1348 39.5 (36.9−42.1)

Agorastos 2004

17−69 1272 2.0 (1.4−3.0)

Tsiodras 2010 (Athens)

21−45 1029 10.2 (8.5−12.2)

Paraskevaidis 2001 (Ioannina)

17−79

738

6.4 (4.8−8.4)

Panotopoulou 2007 (Athens)

18−48

639

26.4 (23.2−30.0)

Hungary

Nyári 2006

20−60

491

5.5 (3.8−7.9)

IrelandAnderson 2013 (Northern Ireland)

20−64 5068 13.2 (12.3−14.2)

Keegan 2007 (Dublin)

16−72

Ronco 2006

35−60 15361 5.5 (5.2−5.9)

Italy

c

15−73 9148 11.3 (10.7−12.0)

Ronco 2006

25−34 5334 9.6 (8.8−10.4)

Giorgi Rossi 201125−64 3151 9.7 (8.8−10.8)

Tenti 1997 (Pavia)

16−47 1064 12.3 (10.5−14.4)

Ronco 2005 (Turin)

25−70

997

7.8 (6.3−9.7)

18−26

907

13.6 (11.5−15.9)

Ammatuna 2008 (Sicily)

18−24

894

22.4 (19.8−25.2)

d

>=20

871

23.2 (20.5−26.1)

Verteramo 2009 (Rome)

Giambi 2013

Del Prete 2008 (Apulia)

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women testedb Birmingham, Edinburg, London, Manchester and Mansfieldc Abruzzo, Campania, Lazio, Sardinia and Sicily
d Turin, Trento, Veneto, Emilia Romagna, Florence and Lazio
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

17−57

737

21.7 (18.9−24.8)

Panatto 2013 (Turin, Milan and Genoa) 16−26

566

18.2 (15.2−21.6)

Centurioni 2005 (Genova)

20−81

500

15.4 (12.5−18.8)

Sammarco 2013 (Molise)

18−63

398

32.4 (28.0−37.2)

60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)11.4 (9.5−13.7)

Agarossi 2009

d

0%

886

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 99 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

Age

N

% (95% CI)

Italy

Carozzi 2000 (Florence)

25−64

332

5.1 (3.2−8.0)

Masia 2009 (Sardinia)

18−46

309

17.8 (13.9−22.5)

Piana 2011 (North Sardinia)

15−54

242

32.2 (26.7−38.4)

Zappacosta 2009 (Molise)

21−64

220

6.4 (3.8−10.4)

Astori 1997 (Udine)

18−67

197

20.3 (15.3−26.5)

Tornesello 2006 (Milan, Naples)

18−63

183

19.7 (14.6−26.0)−

107

11.2 (6.5−18.6)

18−89

237

8.0 (5.2−12.2)

Tornesello 2008 (Naples)
LatviaSilins 2004

Lithuania

Kliucinskas 2006

18−50 1001 25.1 (22.5−27.9)
b

16−64

332

24.1 (19.8−29.0)

Simanaviciene 2014 (Vilnius)

18−81

277

24.2 (19.5−29.6)

Rijkaart 2012 (Utrecht)

29−61 25196 4.1 (3.8−4.3)

Bulkmans 2004 (Amsterdam)c

30−60 21245 3.6 (3.3−3.9)

Rijkaart 201230−56 19373 4.0 (3.7−4.2)

Jacobs 2000 (Amsterdam)

16−68 3299 4.4 (3.8−5.2)

Rozendaal 2000 (Amsterdam)

34−54 2250 5.4 (4.5−6.4)

Lenselink 2008

18−29 2065 19.0 (17.4−20.8)

Boers 2014

30−60

900

3.8 (2.7−5.2)

Hesselink 2013 (Utrecht region)

31−60

858

8.2 (6.5−10.2)

Zielinski 2001 (Zeeland)

34−54

114

6.1 (3.0−12.1)

Molden 2005 (Oslo)

30−69 3970 9.3 (8.4−10.2)

Gudleviciene 2005 (Vilnius)

Netherlands

NorwaySkjeldestad 2008 (Oslo, Trondheim, and Levanger) 16−24896

25.9 (23.1−28.9)

Molden 2006 (Oslo)

<=30

275

30.9 (25.7−36.6)

Gjøoen 1996 (Oslo)

20−44

222

15.3 (11.2−20.6)

PolandBardin 2008 (Warsaw)

18−59

799

14.4 (12.1−17.0)

Portugal

Pista 201118−64 2172 16.5 (15.0−18.1)
18−76

464

17.0 (13.9−20.7)

Pista 2011

18−67

425

25.4 (21.5−29.8)

Dutra 2008 (Açores)

16−81

286

10.5 (7.4−14.6)

17−57

801

34.3 (31.1−37.7)−

164

25.6 (19.5−32.8)

Vieira 2013

Romaniad

Moga 2014 (Brasov County)dUrsu 2011 (Northeast)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women testedb Arnhem, Nijmegen, and Den Boschc Lisbon area and southern region
d Gothenburg, Malmö, Uppsala, Umeå, and Stockholm
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 100 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

Age

Russian Federation

Bdaizieva 2010 (Moscow)

15−69 33112 25.7 (25.2−26.1)

Kubanov 2005 (Moscow)
Goncharevskaya 2011 (Moscow)

Slovenia

Spain% (95% CI)

8533 15.0 (14.3−15.8)

15−77 5182 13.4 (12.5−14.4)

Rogovskaya 2013 (Moscow and Novgorod) 16−76833

25.9 (23.1−29.0)

Shipitsyna 2011 (St Petersburg)

30−65

741

9.9 (7.9−12.2)

Komarova 2010 (Moscow)

16−76

352

48.3 (43.1−53.5)

Alexandrova 1999 (St. Petersburg)

15−45

309

29.1 (24.3−34.4)

Shargorodskaya 2011 (Moscow)

18−30

266

28.2 (23.1−33.9)

Shipulina 2011 (Moscow)

13−19

177

40.1 (33.2−47.5)

Ucakar 201220−64 4199 10.7 (9.8−11.7)

Ucakar 2014

20−64

Castellsagué 201218−65 3059 13.0 (11.9−14.2)

Martorell 2010 (Valencia)

18−64 1956 13.0 (11.6−14.5)944

8.8 (7.1−10.8)

Bernal 2008 (Zaragoza)−

Dillner 2008 (Maresme)

14−82

939

7.3 (5.8−9.2)

de Sanjose 2003 (Barcelona)

14−75

847

1.3 (0.7−2.3)

Ortiz 2006 (Madrid and Alicante)

14−67

818

10.8 (8.8−13.1)−703

7.8 (6.1−10.0)

Muñoz 1996

18−75

329

5.2 (3.3−8.1)

Naucler 2007

29−46 5877 5.5 (4.9−6.1)

Elfström 201432−38 5772 9.7 (9.0−10.5)

Ylitalo 2000 (Uppsala)

15−49

617

5.8 (4.2−8.0)

Kjellberg 1998 (Västerbotten County)

20−63

295

4.1 (2.3−7.0)

117

25.6 (18.6−34.2)

González 2006 (Alicante)

Sweden−N

1200 17.5 (15.5−19.8)

Stenvall 2007 (Uppsala)

35−50

Switzerland

Bigras 2005

17−93 13349 6.3 (5.9−6.7)

United Kingdom

Kitchener 2006 (Manchester)

20−64 21380 10.4 (10.0−10.8)

Hibbitts 2014 (Wales)

20−22 10890 20.6 (19.9−21.4)

Cuzick 2003

30−60 9709 5.5 (5.1−6.0)

Hibbitts 2008 (South Wales)

20−65 8434 7.0 (6.5−7.6)

Peto 2004 (Manchester)

15−64 6128 7.2 (6.6−7.9)

Cuschieri 2004 (Edinburgh)

16−78 3089 12.7 (11.6−13.9)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 101 -

Figure 56: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
Country

Study

Age

United Kingdom

Cuzick 1999 (London)b

34−70 2855 3.3 (2.7−4.0)

N% (95% CI)

Howell−Jones 201025−64 2404 10.2 (9.0−11.5)

Cuzick 1995 (London)

17−59 1818 3.5 (2.8−4.5)

Herbert 2007 (London)c20−49 813 12.9 (10.8−15.4)

Grainge 2005 (Nottingham) 21−51 656 13.6 (11.2−16.4)

0%

10%

20%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b Gateshead, Birmingham, London, Gloucestershire and Norfolk
c Thessaloniki, Thermi, Mihaniona, Corfu, Veria and Serres
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 102 -

Figure 57: Prevalence of HPV among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country andstudy
Country

Study

Age

Australia

Tabrizi 201415−66 2271 33.0 (31.1−34.9)

N% (95% CI)

Tabrizi 2012 (Sydney, Melbourne and Perth) 18−24 338 46.4 (41.2−51.8)
Bowden 2005 (Australian Capital Territory)

16−19 161 11.2 (7.2−17.0)

Fiji

Foliaki 2014 (Suva)

16−63 1244 24.0 (21.7−26.4)

VanuatuAruhuri 201218−64 726 22.7 (19.8−25.9)

McAdam 2010 (Port Vila (Efate Island))30−50 379 5.3 (3.4−8.0)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.1.2- 103 -

HPV type distribution among women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer

Table 28: Prevalence of HPV 16/18 in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervical lesions and invasive cervical cancer in the World and sub-regions
Normal cytology
Country /Region

Low-grade lesions

High-grade lesions

Cervical cancer

No.

HPV PrevNo.

HPV PrevNo.

HPV PrevNo.

testeda(95% CI)b

testeda(95% CI)b

testeda(95% CI)b

testeda(95% CI)b

World

453,184

3.9 (3.8-4.0)

38,19125.8 (25.4-26.2)

50,20251.9 (51.5-52.3)

453,184

69.4 (69.0-69.8)

Less developed regions

282,155

3.8 (3.7-3.9)

28,49525.9 (25.4-26.4)

33,65254.1 (53.6-54.6)

282,155

71.8 (71.2-72.4)

More developed regions

168,376

3.8 (3.7-3.9)

9,696

25.1 (24.2-26.0)

13,44746.7 (45.9-47.5)

168,376

69.5 (68.9-70.1)

Africa19,726

3.8 (3.5-4.1)

465

24.9 (21.2-29.1)

399

38.6 (34.0-43.5)

19,72667.2 (65.7-68.7)

Eastern Africa

4,115

4.7 (4.1-5.4)

150

30.0 (23.2-37.8)

13845.7 (37.6-54.0)

4,115

67.9 (65.3-70.3)

Middle Africa-

24

12.5 (4.3-31.0)

-

--

-

24

20.8 (9.2-40.5)

-

--

2,224

78.9 (75.6-81.8)
62.5 (59.0-65.8)--

HPV Prev--

Northern Africa

2,224

3.0 (2.4-3.8)

Southern Africa

8,661

3.2 (2.8-3.6)

57

21.1 (12.5-33.3)

98

33.7 (25.1-43.5)

8,661

Western Africa

4,726

4.3 (3.8-4.9)

210

24.3 (19.0-30.5)

163

35.6 (28.6-43.2)

4,726

55.6 (52.4-58.8)

105,0424.5 (4.4-4.6)

9,893

26.7 (25.8-27.6)

13,59056.9 (56.1-57.7)

105,04268.2 (67.3-69.1)

323

15.8 (12.2-20.2)263

7.6 (5.0-11.5)

285

32.6 (27.5-38.3)

323

60.2 (51.7-68.1)

16,786

4.1 (3.8-4.4)

1,424

15.0 (13.3-17.0)

559

40.8 (36.8-44.9)

16,78663.1 (61.3-64.8)
71.4 (69.9-72.8)

Americas
Caribbean
Central America
Northern America

77,9524.4 (4.3-4.5)

6,015

27.1 (26.0-28.2)

10,23058.6 (57.6-59.6)

77,952South America

10,1805.8 (5.4-6.3)

2,191

35.6 (33.6-37.6)

2,516

56.3 (54.4-58.2)

10,18062.6 (61.4-63.8)

142,676

3.4 (3.3-3.5)

7,959

21.2 (20.3-22.1)

13,44442.1 (41.3-42.9)

142,67668.9 (68.3-69.5)

Asia
Central Asia-

Eastern Asia

111,548

3.4 (3.3-3.5)

6,981

20.3 (19.4-21.3)

10,55141.0 (40.1-41.9)

South-Eastern Asia

8,755

3.0 (2.7-3.4)

474

27.4 (23.6-31.6)

1,044

33.4 (30.6-36.3)

8,755

70.4 (68.8-71.9)

Southern Asia

14,5204.4 (4.1-4.7)

225

30.2 (24.6-36.5)

287

63.4 (57.7-68.8)

14,52080.3 (78.8-81.7)

Western Asia

--

-

--

-

--

111,548-65.0 (64.2-65.8)

7,853

2.5 (2.2-2.9)

279

24.0 (19.4-29.4)

1,562

52.3 (49.8-54.8)

7,853

72.4 (69.5-75.2)

180,090

3.8 (3.7-3.9)

19,401

27.1 (26.5-27.7)

21,14054.5 (53.8-55.2)

180,09074.0 (73.4-74.6)

Eastern Europe

7,818

9.7 (9.1-10.4)

1,058

31.8 (29.0-34.6)

661

60.5 (56.7-64.2)

7,818

84.7 (82.9-86.3)

Northern Europe

86,8214.2 (4.1-4.3)

4,949

30.6 (29.3-31.9)

8,448

54.9 (53.8-56.0)

86,82177.0 (75.9-78.1)

Southern Europe

31,831

3.8 (3.6-4.0)

10,51925.4 (24.6-26.2)

5,866

53.2 (51.9-54.5)

31,83168.0 (66.5-69.4)

Western Europe

56,0742.6 (2.5-2.7)

2,875

25.2 (23.7-26.8)

3,062

59.4 (57.7-61.1)

56,07478.7 (77.2-80.1)

2,997

8.3 (7.4-9.4)

473

27.1 (23.3-31.2)

1,629

59.1 (56.7-61.5)

2,997

76.6 (73.7-79.3)

2,271

8.5 (7.4-9.7)

473

27.1 (23.3-31.2)

1,517

58.4 (55.9-60.9)

2,271

76.1 (72.9-78.9)

Melanesia726

7.7 (6.0-9.9)

-

--

112

68.8 (59.7-76.6)

726

82.9 (72.4-89.9)

Micronesia

-

--

-

--

-

--

-

--

Polynesia

-

--

-

--

-

--

-

--

EuropeOceania
Australia & New Zealand

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015 / 30 Nov 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 104 -

Figure 58: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Africa by country andstudy

Country

Study

N

Algeria

Hammouda 2011732

0.5 (0.2−1.4)

Hammouda 2005

133

6.8 (3.6−12.4)

Benin

Piras 2011

258

4.3 (2.4−7.5)

GuineaKeita 2009752

6.6 (5.1−8.7)

Kenya

De Vuyst 2010454

7.5 (5.4−10.3)

De Vuyst 2003

369

3.5 (2.1−5.9)

Alhamany 2010785

2.2 (1.4−3.4)

Amrani 2003

306

1.3 (0.5−3.3)

Chaouki 1998

172

4.1 (2.0−8.2)

Morocco% (95% CI)

MozambiqueCastellsagué 2001

187

4.8 (2.6−8.9)

Nigeria

Gage 20121075

1.5 (0.9−2.4)

Thomas 2004

844

3.0 (2.0−4.3)

Xi 20031639

1.0 (0.6−1.7)

Astori 1999

158

5.7 (3.0−10.5)

McDonald 2012

7445

2.0 (1.7−2.3)

Allan 2008

848

2.0 (1.3−3.2)

Jones 2007

368

1.6 (0.7−3.5)

Dartell 20142737

1.8 (1.3−2.3)

SenegalSouth Africa

Tanzania

Watson−Jones 2013 117 12.8 (7.9−20.1)
Tunisia

Hassen 2003

96

5.2 (2.2−11.6)

UgandaOdida 2011251

2.8 (1.4−5.6)

0%

10%

20%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

30%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 105 -

Figure 59: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas bycountry and study

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Argentina

Matos 2003

843

3.2 (2.2−4.6)

Chouhy 2013

774

8.3 (6.5−10.4)

Abba 2003

152

15.1 (10.3−21.7)

Badano 2011

139

6.5 (3.4−11.8)

BelizeCathro 2009426

1.2 (0.5−2.7)

BrazilNoronha 2005

433

0.5 (0.1−1.7)

da Silva 2012

418

1.2 (0.5−2.8)

Miranda 2012

399

5.0 (3.3−7.6)

de Abreu 2012

370

1.4 (0.6−3.1)

Rocha 2013314

9.6 (6.8−13.3)

Lorenzato 2000

215

7.0 (4.3−11.2)

Muñoz 1996

194

5.2 (2.8−9.2)

Cassel 2014

158

8.9 (5.4−14.3)

Tamegão−Lopes 2014120

9.2 (5.2−15.7)

Fernandes 2013110

14.5 (9.2−22.3)

Jiang 2013

13379

3.6 (3.3−4.0)

Moore 2009

4003

8.7 (7.9−9.6)

Demers 2012

517

1.9 (1.1−3.5)

Chile

Ferreccio 2004

913

2.1 (1.3−3.2)

Colombia

Molano 2002

1831

3.3 (2.6−4.3)

CanadaMuñoz 1996

307

5.5 (3.5−8.7)

Costa Rica

Herrero 2005

7459

2.2 (1.9−2.6)

Cuba

Soto 2014

111

35.1 (26.9−44.4)

GuatemalaVallès 2009274

3.3 (1.7−6.1)

Honduras

Ferrera 1999

438

11.0 (8.4−14.2)

Tábora 2005

100

6.0 (2.8−12.5)

Illades−Aguiar 2010

3117

2.3 (1.9−2.9)

Lazcano−Ponce 2001

1340

1.7 (1.1−2.6)

Giuliano 2001

995

1.2 (0.7−2.1)

López Rivera 2012916

1.0 (0.5−1.9)

Sánchez−Anguiano 2006

487

2.9 (1.7−4.8)

Monroy 2010272

1.1 (0.4−3.2)

Mexico

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 106 -

Figure 59: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in the Americas bycountry and study (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

MexicoGiuliano 2005

258

0.8 (0.2−2.8)

Illades−Aguiar 2009

256

11.3 (8.0−15.8)

Rojo Contreras 2008

189

9.0 (5.7−13.9)

Piña−Sánchez 2006

159

3.8 (1.7−8.0)

Velázquez−Márquez 2010100

9.0 (4.8−16.2)

Mendoza 2011202

4.5 (2.4−8.2)

Rolón 2000

91

5.5 (2.4−12.2)

García 2004

501

2.4 (1.4−4.1)

Martorell 2012

20312.3 (8.5−17.5)

Santos 2001

175

4.0 (2.0−8.0)

Trinidad and Tobago

Ragin 2007

212

2.4 (1.0−5.4)

United States of America

Wheeler 2013

33614

2.6 (2.4−2.8)

Schiffman 2011

18450

2.2 (2.0−2.4)

Goodman 2008

2356

4.7 (3.9−5.6)

Insinga 2007

1203

6.8 (5.5−8.4)

Cibas 2007

1000

0.5 (0.2−1.2)

Wideroff 1998

958

2.7 (1.9−3.9)

Giuliano 2001

881

2.6 (1.7−3.9)

Moscicki 2001

547

26.7 (23.2−30.6)

Evans 2006

300

9.7 (6.8−13.5)

Swan 1999

270

3.0 (1.5−5.7)

Hernandez 2004

183

1.6 (0.6−4.7)

Chaturvedi 2005

173

1.2 (0.3−4.1)

Berois 2014883

3.4 (2.4−4.8)

Ramas 2013236

2.1 (0.9−4.9)

Paraguay

Peru

Uruguay

0%

10%

20%

30%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

40%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 107 -

Figure 60: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country andstudy

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Bahrain

Hajjaj 2006

91

1.1 (0.2−6.0)

BhutanTshomo 2014

2272

3.4 (2.8−4.3)

China

Mai 201422114

3.6 (3.4−3.9)

Zhao 2014

5416

2.1 (1.7−2.5)

Zhao 2009

5284

1.7 (1.4−2.0)

Wu 20133737

1.0 (0.7−1.4)

Li 20133115

2.9 (2.3−3.5)

Yuan 20113112

2.3 (1.8−2.9)

Jin 2010

2847

1.0 (0.7−1.4)

Wu 2007942

1.9 (1.2−3.0)

Li 2006663

2.1 (1.3−3.5)

Dai 2006

601

3.5 (2.3−5.3)

Bian 2013379

4.7 (3.0−7.4)

Wu 2010314

3.5 (2.0−6.2)

Sun 2010

165

10.9 (7.0−16.6)

Georgia

Alibegashvili 2011

1247

0.5 (0.2−1.0)

India

Dutta 2012

2313

0.5 (0.3−0.9)

Laikangbam 2007

2038

4.7 (3.9−5.7)

Franceschi 2005

1799

2.8 (2.2−3.7)

Gupta 2009769

10.1 (8.2−12.5)

Aggarwal 2006

472

3.6 (2.3−5.7)

Kerkar 2011

470

1.5 (0.7−3.0)

Bhatla 2008

458

2.2 (1.2−4.0)

Vinodhini 2012

257

8.9 (6.0−13.1)

Arora 2005

160

9.4 (5.8−14.9)

Singh 2009109

8.3 (4.4−15.0)

Indonesia

de Boer 2006

200

2.0 (0.8−5.0)

Iran

Khodakarami 2012791

1.8 (1.1−2.9)

Safaei 2010400

2.0 (1.0−3.9)

Moradi 2011

226

4.0 (2.1−7.4)

Inoue 2006

7260

1.2 (1.0−1.5)

Maehama 2005

4078

0.3 (0.2−0.5)

Japan

0%

10%

20%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 108 -

Figure 60: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Japan

Asato 2004

3249

0.5 (0.3−0.8)

Takehara 2011

2068

1.5 (1.0−2.1)

Sasagawa 2001

1562

1.3 (0.8−2.0)

Onuki 20091517

2.6 (1.9−3.6)

Konno 2011908

4.1 (3.0−5.6)

Sasagawa 1997

778

1.0 (0.5−2.0)

Nishiwaki 2008

292

4.5 (2.6−7.5)

Yoshikawa 1999

130

0.8 (0.1−4.2)

KuwaitAl−Awadhi 20113011

0.2 (0.1−0.5)

LebanonMroueh 2002

1026

3.0 (2.1−4.3)

Malaysia

Othman 2014

588

0.9 (0.4−2.0)

Mongolia

Dondog 2008

842

4.8 (3.5−6.4)

Nepal

Sherpa 2010898

1.4 (0.8−2.5)

Johnson 2014

211

0.9 (0.3−3.4)

Pakistan

Raza 2010877

0.5 (0.2−1.2)

Philippines

Ngelangel 1998

377

1.3 (0.6−3.1)

Republic of Korea

Kim 2013

6681

1.6 (1.3−1.9)

Hwang 2004

1609

6.3 (5.2−7.6)

Kim 20121214

9.9 (8.3−11.7)

Oh 20011144

0.6 (0.3−1.3)

An 2003

1143 22.4 (20.1−24.9)

Shin 2003

821

0.7 (0.3−1.6)

Lee 2003

746

4.3 (3.1−6.0)

Cho 2003

414

22.9 (19.2−27.2)

Lai 201214724

0.2 (0.2−0.3)

Chen 2011

10067

1.4 (1.2−1.6)

Huang 2008

1310

1.1 (0.6−1.8)

Tsai 2005

175

2.9 (1.2−6.5)

Lin 2005127

3.1 (1.2−7.8)

Laowahutanont 2014 2735

1.2 (0.9−1.7)

Sukvirach 2003

1659

0.7 (0.4−1.3)

Chichareon 1998

261

4.6 (2.6−7.9)

TaiwanThailand

0%

10%

20%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

30%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 109 -

Figure 60: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Thailand

Suwannarurk 2009

225

4.0 (2.1−7.4)

Natphopsuk 2013

198

5.6 (3.1−9.7)

Chopjitt 2009160

5.6 (3.0−10.3)

Chaiwongkot 2007

140 12.9 (8.3−19.4)

Sriamporn 2006

113

Siritantikorn 1997

TurkeyViet Nam

0%10%

7.1 (3.6−13.4)102

1.0 (0.2−5.3)

Settheetham−Ishida 2005 100

8.0 (4.1−15.0)

Ozalp 2012

564

1.4 (0.7−2.8)

Demir 2012530

3.6 (2.3−5.5)

Altun 2011

460

1.7 (0.9−3.4)

Tezcan 2014

380

4.2 (2.6−6.7)

Dursun 2009

310

7.1 (4.7−10.5)

Bayram 2011234

2.6 (1.2−5.5)

Pham 2003

1897

1.5 (1.0−2.1)

20%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 110 -

Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Belarus

Rogovskaya 2013

322

7.1 (4.8−10.5)

Belgium

Arbyn 20098729

2.3 (2.1−2.7)

Baay 2005

2293

2.1 (1.6−2.8)

Schmitt 2013913

5.6 (4.3−7.3)

Weyn 2013906

2.1 (1.3−3.3)

Depuydt 2003

287

4.2 (2.4−7.2)

Baay 2001

286

2.8 (1.4−5.4)

Croatia

Grahovac 2007

205

15.6 (11.3−21.2)

Czechia

Tachezy 2013

1302

4.8 (3.8−6.1)

DenmarkNielsen 2008

11663

4.0 (3.6−4.3)

Kjaer 2008

10918

4.8 (4.4−5.2)

Bonde 20144435

5.3 (4.7−6.0)

Svare 1998

119

8.4 (4.6−14.8)

Heard 20133023

3.0 (2.5−3.7)

Vaucel 2011980

3.6 (2.6−4.9)

Casalegno 2011302

10.6 (7.6−14.6)

Pannier−Stockman 2008

289

9.3 (6.5−13.3)

Beby−Defaux 2004

170

1.8 (0.6−5.1)

Klug 2007

7833

1.1 (0.9−1.4)

Iftner 20101692

6.6 (5.5−7.8)

de Jonge 2013

1463

4.9 (3.9−6.2)

Argyri 20132218

2.6 (2.0−3.4)

Tsiodras 2011

1348

4.0 (3.1−5.2)

Agorastos 2004

1272

0.4 (0.2−0.9)

Tsiodras 20101029

0.0 (0.0−0.4)

Panotopoulou 2007

639

0.5 (0.2−1.4)

Anderson 2013

5068

3.2 (2.7−3.7)

Keegan 2007

579

1.7 (0.9−3.1)

Agarossi 2009

9148

3.0 (2.7−3.4)

Giorgi Rossi 20113151

2.1 (1.7−2.7)

Ronco 2005

997

2.7 (1.9−3.9)

Panatto 2013

566

2.8 (1.7−4.5)

FranceGermany

GreeceIreland

Italy

0%

10%

20%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

30%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 111 -

Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Italy

Centurioni 2005

500

8.8 (6.6−11.6)

Sammarco 2013244

6.6 (4.1−10.4)

Astori 1997

197

5.1 (2.8−9.1)

Tornesello 2006

183

8.7 (5.5−13.7)

Tornesello 2008

107

2.8 (1.0−7.9)

Gudleviciene 2005

332

6.9 (4.7−10.2)

Simanaviciene 2014277

4.3 (2.5−7.4)

Bulkmans 2007

21245

1.0 (0.9−1.1)

Jacobs 2000

3299

0.9 (0.7−1.3)

Rozendaal 20002250

2.7 (2.1−3.4)

Zielinski 2001

114

1.8 (0.5−6.2)

Molden 2005

3970

1.3 (1.0−1.7)

Lithuania

Netherlands

NorwayGjøoen 1996

222

6.3 (3.8−10.3)

PolandBardin 2008

799

2.8 (1.8−4.1)

Portugal

Pista 2011425

5.2 (3.4−7.7)

Romania

Moga 2014801

7.5 (5.9−9.5)

Russian Federation

Rogovskaya 2013833

7.1 (5.5−9.0)

Shipitsyna 2011741

2.7 (1.8−4.1)

Alexandrova 1999

309

7.4 (5.0−10.9)

Komarova 2010

257

24.1 (19.3−29.7)

Slovenia

Ucakar 2012

4199

3.7 (3.2−4.3)

Spain

Castellsagué 20123059

2.5 (2.0−3.1)

de Sanjose 2003

847

0.4 (0.1−1.0)

Dillner 2008

721

3.1 (2.0−4.6)

González 2006

447

1.3 (0.6−2.9)

Muñoz 1996

329

1.8 (0.8−3.9)

Naucler 2007

5877

1.7 (1.4−2.0)

Ylitalo 2000

617

5.8 (4.2−8.0)

Kjellberg 1998

295

1.0 (0.3−2.9)

Sargent 2008

21364

1.5 (1.3−1.7)

Hibbitts 2014

10890

4.3 (3.9−4.7)

Cuschieri 2004

3089

4.4 (3.7−5.2)

SwedenUnited Kingdom

0%

10%

20%

30%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 112 -

Figure 61: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
Country

Study

N

United Kingdom

Cuzick 1999

2855 0.1 (0.0−0.3)% (95% CI)

Cuzick 1995

1818 1.3 (0.9−2.0)

Hibbitts 2006 1777 1.4 (0.9−2.0)
Grainge 2005 656

0%Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre10%

1.4 (0.7−2.6)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 113 -

Figure 62: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with normal cervical cytology in Oceania by country
and study

Country

Study

N

Australia

Tabrizi 2014

2271 5.8 (4.9−6.8)

VanuatuAruhuri 2012 726

0%% (95% CI)

6.5 (4.9−8.5)

10%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 114 -

Figure 63: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country andstudy

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

DR Congo

Hovland 201010

0.0 (0.0−27.8)

Ethiopia

Abate 201311 100.0 (74.1−100.0)

GuineaKeita 200916

18.8 (6.6−43.0)

Kenya

De Vuyst 2003

30

13.3 (5.3−29.7)

De Vuyst 201012

8.3 (1.5−35.4)

MoroccoAlhamany 2010 24

16.7 (6.7−35.9)

Nigeria

Thomas 2004

34

5.9 (1.6−19.1)

Gage 201232

6.3 (1.7−20.1)

Xi 200386

8.1 (4.0−15.9)

SenegalChabaud 1996

4240.5 (27.0−55.5)

South Africa

Allan 200857

12.3 (6.1−23.2)

Zimbabwe

Sawaya 200897

19.6 (12.9−28.6)

0%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 115 -

Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study

Country

Study

N

Argentina

Abba 2003

279 26.5 (21.7−32.0)

Venezuela 2012

120 14.2 (9.0−21.5)

Tonon 1999

55 74.5 (61.7−84.2)

Eiguchi 200837

18.9 (9.5−34.2)

Deluca 2004

36

8.3 (2.9−21.8)

Chouhy 200622

18.2 (7.3−38.5)

BelizeCathro 200910

10.0 (1.8−40.4)

BrazilTomita 2010143 28.7 (21.9−36.6)

Fernandes 200982 18.3 (11.4−28.0)

Resende 201482 23.2 (15.4−33.4)

Ribeiro 2011

66 27.3 (18.0−39.0)

Lorenzato 2000

62 19.4 (11.4−30.9)

Carestiato 2006

55 29.1 (18.8−42.1)

Franco 1999

27 25.9 (13.2−44.7)

Pitta 201022

0.0 (0.0−14.9)

Freitas 200715

20.0 (7.0−45.2)

Coutlée 2011508 27.6 (23.9−31.6)

Moore 2009

505 35.2 (31.2−39.5)

Antonishyn 2008

344 14.2 (10.9−18.3)

Jiang 2011

108 19.4 (13.1−27.9)

CanadaTran−Thanh 2003 80% (95% CI)

15.0 (8.8−24.4)

Koushik 2005

53 26.4 (16.4−39.6)

Richardson 2003

44

Sellors 2000

24 37.5 (21.2−57.3)

Sellors 2000

22 50.0 (30.7−69.3)

López M 2010

116 22.4 (15.8−30.8)

Ili 2011

90 55.6 (45.3−65.4)

Molano 2002

70

García 201156 80.4 (68.2−88.7)

Cuba

Soto 200715

EcuadorTornesello 2008

29 34.5 (19.9−52.7)

Honduras

Ferreira 2008

44

Chile

Colombia

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

18.2 (9.5−32.0)

10.0 (4.9−19.2)

6.7 (1.2−29.8)

11.4 (5.0−24.0)

90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 116 -

Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Jamaica

Strickler 1999

186

4.3 (2.2−8.3)

Rattray 1996

62

6.5 (2.5−15.4)

Illades−Aguiar 2010784

10.6 (8.6−12.9)

Velázquez−Márquez 2009 233

12.9 (9.2−17.8)

González−Losa 2004

104

5.8 (2.7−12.0)

Piña−Sánchez 2006

95

25.3 (17.6−34.8)

Giuliano 2001

33

15.2 (6.7−30.9)

Carrillo 2004

21

19.0 (7.7−40.0)

Torroella−Kouri 1998

21

4.8 (0.8−22.7)

Nicaragua

Hindryckx 2006

79

7.6 (3.5−15.6)

Paraguay

Mendoza 2011164 19.5 (14.2−26.2)

Tonon 1999

55

74.5 (61.7−84.2)
22.7 (10.1−43.4)

MexicoPeru

Martorell 201222

United States of America

Wheeler 2006

1273 21.3 (19.1−23.6)

Wentzensen 2009431 22.5 (18.8−26.7)

Vidal 2014239

10.0 (6.8−14.5)

Einstein 2007

207

6.3 (3.7−10.4)

Evans 2006

200 15.5 (11.1−21.2)

Schiff 2000

190

5.8 (3.3−10.1)

Tortolero−Luna 1998

175

12.6 (8.5−18.3)

Liaw 1999

173

7.5 (4.4−12.4)

Kulasingam 2002

166 15.7 (10.9−22.0)

Adam 2000

161 45.3 (37.8−53.1)

Stoler 2011

158

Moscicki 2008

157 19.7 (14.3−26.7)

Swan 1999

149

10.1 (6.2−15.9)

Castle 2011106

8.5 (4.5−15.4)

Jarboe 2004

95

7.4 (3.6−14.4)

Lee 200976

3.9 (1.4−11.0)

Wheeler 200967

26.9 (17.7−38.5)

Zuna 200767

14.9 (8.3−25.3)

Voss 200959

18.6 (10.7−30.4)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

10.8 (6.8−16.6)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 117 -

Figure 64: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

United States of America

Hu 200545

8.9 (3.5−20.7)

Park 200730

16.7 (7.3−33.6)

Evans 2002

28

7.1 (2.0−22.6)

Guo 2007

27

0.0 (0.0−12.5)

Brown 2002

25 40.0 (23.4−59.3)

Bell 200712

8.3 (1.5−35.4)
27.3 (9.7−56.6)

Kong 200711

Uruguay

Ramas 2013

227 23.8 (18.7−29.7)

Venezuela

Correnti 2011 200 21.0 (15.9−27.2)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 118 -

Figure 65: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

Bangladesh

Banik 201313

15.4 (4.3−42.2)

China

Chan 2006

769 14.0 (11.8−16.7)

Chan 2012

769 14.0 (11.8−16.7)

Yuan 2011

302 15.9 (12.2−20.4)

Zhao 2014

207 20.8 (15.8−26.8)

Guo 2010

201 20.4 (15.4−26.5)

Liu 2010

180 34.4 (27.9−41.6)

Li 2013165 12.7 (8.5−18.7)

Ding 2014152

Li 2012143 16.1 (11.0−23.0)

Wu 2010129 11.6 (7.2−18.3)

Hong 2008

105 13.3 (8.1−21.1)

Tao 2006

101 21.8 (14.8−30.8)

Zhang 201394 17.0 (10.8−25.9)

Liu 2008

90

Sun 2014

81 21.0 (13.5−31.1)

Wu 201377 18.2 (11.2−28.2)

Zhao 2008

56

Chan 1999

51 21.6 (12.5−34.6)

Jin 2010

44

Singh 2009

80 23.8 (15.8−34.1)

Nair 1999

37

Franceschi 2005

26 30.8 (16.5−50.0)

India

Berlin Grace 2009 20

Iran

Japan

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre60%

7.9 (4.6−13.3)

5.6 (2.4−12.4)

12.5 (6.2−23.6)

9.1 (3.6−21.2)

18.9 (9.5−34.2)

0.0 (0.0−16.1)

Nagpal 2002

14 35.7 (16.3−61.2)

Esmaeili 2008

23 39.1 (22.2−59.2)

Ghaffari 2006

12 41.7 (19.3−68.0)

Matsumoto 2011

479

Takehara 2011

447 11.4 (8.8−14.7)

Onuki 2009318

8.5 (5.9−12.1)

Saito 2001

151

2.6 (1.0−6.6)

Sasagawa 2001

145

9.0 (5.3−14.7)70%

9.2 (6.9−12.1)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 119 -

Figure 65: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

N

Japan

Inoue 2006

128 17.2 (11.6−24.7)

Yamasaki 2011

125 19.2 (13.3−27.0)

Nishiwaki 2008

120 13.3 (8.4−20.6)

Konno 201175 20.0 (12.5−30.4)

Yoshida 2004

12

Al−Awadhi 2011

71 18.3 (11.0−28.8)

Al−Awadhi 201371 18.3 (11.0−28.8)

Malaysia

Sharifah 200923 26.1 (12.5−46.5)

MyanmarMu−Mu−Shwe 201415 60.0 (35.7−80.2)

Republic of Korea

An 2003200 36.5 (30.1−43.4)

Lee 2007

167 19.2 (13.9−25.8)

Cho 2003

150 26.7 (20.2−34.3)

Kang 200990 17.8 (11.2−26.9)

Oh 200128

17.9 (7.9−35.6)

Hwang 2003

24

16.7 (6.7−35.9)

Ding 2008

542

6.1 (4.4−8.4)

Chao 2008

51

3.9 (1.1−13.2)

Huang 200813

0.0 (0.0−22.8)

Chansaenroj 2014

200 27.0 (21.3−33.5)

Chaiwongkot 2007

140 14.3 (9.4−21.0)

KuwaitTaiwanThailandTurkey0%% (95% CI)

8.3 (1.5−35.4)

Ekalaksananan 2001 45

4.4 (1.2−14.8)

Bhattarakosol 2002

27

0.0 (0.0−12.5)

Chansaenroj 201012

0.0 (0.0−24.2)

Suwannarurk 200912

25.0 (8.9−53.2)

Yuce 201251 19.6 (11.0−32.5)

Sahiner 201245 22.2 (12.5−36.3)

Ergünay 200814 28.6 (11.7−54.6)

Tezcan 201414

7.1 (1.3−31.5)

Ozgul 200813

15.4 (4.3−42.2)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 120 -

Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

BelarusKulmala 2007

9435.1 (26.2−45.2)

Belgium

Depuydt 2003

369 20.3 (16.5−24.7)

Beerens 2005

324 18.5 (14.7−23.1)

Arbyn 2009243 23.5 (18.6−29.2)

Weyn 2013211

10.0 (6.6−14.7)

Baay 2001

58

24.1 (15.0−36.5)

Grce 2001

1028 11.6 (9.8−13.7)

Grce 1997

183

6.0 (3.4−10.4)

Grce 2004

60

8.3 (3.6−18.1)

Czechia

Tachezy 2011676 28.4 (25.1−31.9)

DenmarkKjær 2014

287 17.1 (13.2−21.9)

Kjaer 200886

12.8 (7.3−21.5)

Hording 1995

41

31.7 (19.6−47.0)

Prétet 2008397 21.4 (17.7−25.7)

Vaucel 2011

117

14.5 (9.3−22.0)

Bergeron 1992

48

20.8 (11.7−34.3)

Humbey 2002

40

30.0 (18.1−45.4)

Monsonego 200837

5.4 (1.5−17.7)

de Jonge 2013

441 17.5 (14.2−21.3)

Meyer 2001

130

13.1 (8.3−19.9)

Klug 2007

52

11.5 (5.4−23.0)

Nindl 1999

49

12.2 (5.7−24.2)

Merkelbach−Bruse 1999

16

68.8 (44.4−85.8)

Argyri 2013

821 14.5 (12.3−17.1)

Panotopoulou 2007

516

Tsiodras 2011

314 17.8 (14.0−22.4)

Kroupis 2007

235 23.4 (18.4−29.2)

Labropoulou 1997

51

11.8 (5.5−23.4)

Mammas 2008

46

21.7 (12.3−35.6)

Keegan 201449

40.8 (28.2−54.8)

Murphy 2003

29

72.4 (54.3−85.3)

Butler 2000

26

0.0 (0.0−12.9)

Croatia

FranceGermany

GreeceIreland0%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

6.8 (4.9−9.3)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 121 -

Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

Country

Study

N

Italy

Voglino 2000

1499 24.7 (22.6−27.0)% (95% CI)

Spinillo 2014

1240 25.6 (23.2−28.1)

Chironna 2010

385 13.0 (10.0−16.7)

Agarossi 2009

383 19.8 (16.2−24.1)

Spinillo 2009343 36.7 (31.8−42.0)

Capra 2008

149

Astori 1997

111 24.3 (17.3−33.1)

Tornesello 2006

101 36.6 (27.9−46.4)

Agodi 200996

32.3 (23.8−42.2)

Gargiulo 2007

83

15.7 (9.4−25.0)

Giorgi Rossi 201076

21.1 (13.4−31.5)

Sandri 200947

21.3 (12.0−34.9)

Zerbini 2001

43

14.0 (6.6−27.3)

Venturoli 2002

40

7.5 (2.6−19.9)

Laconi 2000

20

30.0 (14.5−51.9)

Menegazzi 200912

16.7 (4.7−44.8)

11.4 (7.2−17.5)

Venturoli 200810

20.0 (5.7−51.0)

LatviaKulmala 2007

9435.1 (26.2−45.2)

Lithuania

Gudleviciene 2005

15

6.7 (1.2−29.8)

Netherlands

Bollen 1997

134

12.7 (8.1−19.4)

Prinsen 200738

7.9 (2.7−20.8)

Reesink−Peters 2001

35

28.6 (16.3−45.1)

Roberts 2006

40

5.0 (1.4−16.5)

Molden 200520

25.0 (11.2−46.9)

Medeiros 2005

416 44.2 (39.5−49.0)

NorwayPortugal

Nobre 201028

10.7 (3.7−27.2)

Ursu 2011107

5.6 (2.6−11.7)

Anton 201187

11.5 (6.4−19.9)

Russian Federation

Kulmala 2007

9435.1 (26.2−45.2)

Spainde Oña 2010

1356 12.2 (10.6−14.1)

Martín 2011387 24.8 (20.8−29.3)

Romania

Herraez−Hernandez 2013 236 39.8 (33.8−46.2)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 122 -

Figure 66: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

Country

Study

N

Spain

García−Sierra 2009

108 17.6 (11.6−25.8)

Conesa−Zamora 200975

29.3 (20.2−40.4)

Doménech−Peris 201021

23.8 (10.6−45.1)

Sweden% (95% CI)

Söderlund−Strand 2011 1035 24.2 (21.6−26.9)
Brismar−Wendel 2009

223 20.6 (15.8−26.4)

Kalantari 1997

141 17.7 (12.3−24.9)

Andersson 2005

50

20.0 (11.2−33.0)

Zehbe 199645

40.0 (27.0−54.5)

Switzerland

Dobec 2011136 25.0 (18.5−32.9)

United Kingdom

Sargent 2008

878 17.3 (15.0−20.0)

Howell−Jones 2010697 20.5 (17.7−23.7)

Anderson 2013417 24.0 (20.1−28.3)

Cuschieri 2004

243 28.0 (22.7−33.9)

Hibbitts 2008

126 27.8 (20.7−36.2)

Giannoudis 1999

118

12.7 (7.9−19.9)

Jamison 200997

27.8 (19.9−37.5)

Woo 2010

60

41.7 (30.1−54.3)

Cuzick 1999

50

12.0 (5.6−23.8)

Southern 2001

49

10.2 (4.4−21.8)

Arends 199320

15.0 (5.2−36.0)

Cuzick 1994

13

23.1 (8.2−50.3)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

50%

60%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 123 -

Figure 67: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with low-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country
and study
Country

Study

Australia

Garland 2011239 24.3 (19.3−30.1)
Stevens 2009
196 13.3 (9.2−18.7)
Brestovac 2005 38 28.9 (17.0−44.8)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

N

% (95% CI)

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 124 -

Figure 68: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Africa by country
and study

Country

Study

N

Ethiopia

Abate 2013

11 54.5 (28.0−78.7)

GuineaKeita 200915 20.0 (7.0−45.2)

Kenya

De Vuyst 2003

20 45.0 (25.8−65.8)

Nigeria

Haghshenas 201332 21.9 (11.0−38.8)

Gage 201227 22.2 (10.6−40.8)

Xi 200366 19.7 (11.9−30.8)

Chabaud 1996

23 43.5 (25.6−63.2)

Allan 2008

53 18.9 (10.6−31.4)

SenegalSouth Africa% (95% CI)

van Aardt Unpublished 45 31.1 (19.5−45.7)
Tanzania

Dartell 2014

96 30.2 (21.9−40.0)

Zimbabwe

Sawaya 2008

11

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

60%

70%

80%

9.1 (1.6−37.7)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 125 -

Figure 69: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study

Country

Study

N

Argentina

Abba 2003

82 48.8 (38.3−59.4)% (95% CI)

Alonio 2003

50 54.0 (40.4−67.0)

Venezuela 201242 21.4 (11.7−35.9)

Chouhy 2006

12 58.3 (32.0−80.7)

BelizeCathro 200915 46.7 (24.8−69.9)

BrazilResende 2014

443 49.2 (44.6−53.9)

Tomita 2010367 59.9 (54.9−64.8)

Chagas 2015

113 35.4 (27.2−44.6)

Fernandes 2010

102 61.8 (52.1−70.6)

Camara 2003

95 30.5 (22.2−40.4)

Pitta 2010

85 51.8 (41.3−62.1)

Ribeiro 2011

83 48.2 (37.8−58.8)

Lorenzato 2000

60 56.7 (44.1−68.4)

Fernandes 200956 53.6 (40.7−66.0)

Terra 2007

33 69.7 (52.7−82.6)

Krambeck 2008

16 25.0 (10.2−49.5)

CanadaFreitas 2007

10 40.0 (16.8−68.7)

Coutlée 2011

365 65.5 (60.5−70.2)

Antonishyn 2008

305 46.9 (41.4−52.5)

Moore 200963 52.4 (40.3−64.2)

Jiang 201121 38.1 (20.8−59.1)

Chile

Ili 2011

110 55.5 (46.1−64.4)

Colombia

Muñoz 1992

135 34.8 (27.3−43.2)

Bosch 1993

125 32.8 (25.2−41.4)

García 201149 91.8 (80.8−96.8)

Costa Rica

Herrero 2005

108 45.4 (36.3−54.8)

Cuba

Soto 2007

36 27.8 (15.8−44.0)

EcuadorMejía 2016

109 33.9 (25.7−43.2)

Honduras

Ferreira 2008

81 35.8 (26.2−46.7)

Jamaica

Strickler 1999

183 23.5 (17.9−30.1)

Rattray 1996

66 24.2 (15.5−35.8)

MexicoIllades−Aguiar 2010 91 27.5 (19.4−37.4)

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90% 100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 126 -

Figure 69: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in the Americas bycountry and study (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

MexicoPiña−Sánchez 2006

5942.4 (30.6−55.1)

Velázquez−Márquez 200951

13.7 (6.8−25.7)

Torroella−Kouri 1998

24

58.3 (38.8−75.5)

Giuliano 2001

22

27.3 (13.2−48.2)

Nicaragua

Hindryckx 2006

108 26.9 (19.4−35.9)

Paraguay

Mendoza 201174

41.9 (31.3−53.3)

Peru

Martorell 201232

50.0 (33.6−66.4)

United States of America

Hariri 2012

3058 47.2 (45.4−49.0)

Joste 2015

1880 54.1 (51.8−56.3)

Wheeler 2009

1230 56.3 (53.5−59.0)

Wentzensen 2009

626 58.8 (54.9−62.6)

Castle 2010

608 59.9 (55.9−63.7)

Castle 2011367 44.4 (39.4−49.5)

Wheeler 2006

331 47.7 (42.4−53.1)

Adam 1998

257 51.0 (44.9−57.0)

Evans 2006

199 49.2 (42.4−56.1)

Hariri 2012180 48.9 (41.7−56.1)

Moscicki 2008

122 47.5 (38.9−56.3)

Zuna 2007

122 43.4 (35.0−52.3)

Einstein 2007

9741.2 (32.0−51.2)

Hu 200597

40.2 (31.0−50.2)

Vidal 2014

8829.5 (21.0−39.8)

Stoler 201180

51.2 (40.5−61.9)

Guo 2007

61

36.1 (25.2−48.6)

Voss 200926

61.5 (42.5−77.6)

Kong 200714

50.0 (26.8−73.2)

Evans 2003

13

92.3 (66.7−98.6)

Bell 200710

40.0 (16.8−68.7)

Lee 2009

1060.0 (31.3−83.2)

Sánchez−Lander 2012

233 53.6 (47.2−59.9)

Venezuela

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 127 -

Figure 70: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy

Country

Study

N

China

Chan 2006

1577 35.7 (33.4−38.1)

Chan 2012

1577 35.8 (33.4−38.2)

Yuan 2011

518 47.5 (43.2−51.8)

Li 2012457 44.6 (40.1−49.2)

Singh 2015399

Ding 2014

256 49.2 (43.2−55.3)

Guo 2010

156 35.3 (28.2−43.0)

Tao 2006

153 39.9 (32.5−47.8)

Li 2013147 42.9 (35.1−50.9)

Zhao 2008

140 32.1 (25.0−40.3)

Liu 2008

99

36.4 (27.6−46.2)

Chan 199989

25.8 (17.9−35.8)

Wu 201372

59.7 (48.2−70.3)

Zhang 201368

64.7 (52.8−75.0)

Li 201163

34.9 (24.3−47.2)

Sun 201450

44.0 (31.2−57.7)

Zhao 201446

63.0 (48.6−75.5)

Chan 1996

45

24.4 (14.2−38.7)

Wu 199434

35.3 (21.5−52.1)

Jin 2010

33

15.2 (6.7−30.9)

Deodhar 2012146 65.1 (57.0−72.3)

Singh 20096245.2 (33.4−57.5)

Nagpal 2002

25

48.0 (30.0−66.5)

India% (95% CI)

10.5 (7.9−13.9)

Franceschi 200520

35.0 (18.1−56.7)

Iran

Esmaeili 200834

64.7 (47.9−78.5)

IsraelBassal 2015886 65.9 (62.7−69.0)

Laskov 201332

Azuma 2014

832 41.8 (38.5−45.2)

Takehara 2011449 28.1 (24.1−32.4)

Onuki 2009307 22.8 (18.5−27.8)

Japan

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

71.9 (54.6−84.4)

90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 128 -

Figure 70: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

N

Japan

Sasagawa 2001

137 35.8 (28.2−44.1)

Yamasaki 2011

128 43.8 (35.5−52.4)

Okadome 2014

122 27.0 (20.0−35.5)

Nakamura 201599

38.4 (29.4−48.2)

Matsumoto 201191

15.4 (9.4−24.2)

Inoue 2006

83

33.7 (24.5−44.4)

Nishiwaki 200873

28.8 (19.7−40.0)

Nagai 2000

58

37.9 (26.6−50.8)

Yoshida 2004

33

33.3 (19.8−50.4)

Ichimura 2003

29

41.4 (25.5−59.3)

Tsuda 2003

26

11.5 (4.0−29.0)

Niwa 2003

18

38.9 (20.3−61.4)

Al−Awadhi 201112

33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Al−Awadhi 201312

33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Malaysia

Quek 201373

41.1 (30.5−52.6)

Republic of Korea

Kang 2009317 39.7 (34.5−45.2)

Kahng 2014

100 45.0 (35.6−54.8)

Quek 2013

100 36.0 (27.3−45.8)

Hwang 2003

73

24.7 (16.2−35.6)

Cho 2003

72

51.4 (40.1−62.6)

Oh 200142

40.5 (27.0−55.5)

Singapore

Quek 2013

106 39.6 (30.8−49.1)

TaiwanChao 20101086 24.1 (21.7−26.8)

Lai 2003

131 27.5 (20.6−35.7)

Ho 200597

18.6 (12.1−27.4)

Chao 200857

17.5 (9.8−29.4)

Lin 2005

12

33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Swangvaree 2013355

12.4 (9.4−16.2)

KuwaitThailand% (95% CI)

Chansaenroj 2014 200 36.5 (30.1−43.4)
Sukasem 2011

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

60%

70%

166 33.7 (27.0−41.2)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 129 -

Figure 70: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Asia by country andstudy (continued)
Country

Study

Thailand

Limpaiboon 2000 21 33.3 (17.2−54.6)

TurkeyBaser 2014584 25.3 (22.0−29.0)

Sahiner 2012

20 60.0 (38.7−78.1)

Viet Nam

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

N

% (95% CI)

Yuce 201216 25.0 (10.2−49.5)

Quek 2013123 34.1 (26.4−42.9)

80%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 130 -

Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study

Country

Study

N

Austria

Rössler 2013

204 55.9 (49.0−62.5)

BelarusKulmala 2007

91

Belgium

Depuydt 2003

134 50.0 (41.7−58.3)

Beerens 2005

123 43.1 (34.7−51.9)

Arbyn 2009

109 34.9 (26.6−44.2)

Baay 2001

97

Grce 2001

783 17.1 (14.6−19.9)

Croatia% (95% CI)

56.0 (45.8−65.8)

56.7 (46.8−66.1)

Grce 2004

158 20.3 (14.7−27.2)

Czechia

Tachezy 2011

311 58.2 (52.7−63.5)

DenmarkKjær 2014

1156 52.1 (49.2−54.9)

Thomsen 2015

732 35.8 (32.4−39.3)

Kirschner 2013

225 46.2 (39.8−52.7)

Kjaer 2008

177 48.0 (40.8−55.3)

Bonde 2014

106 34.9 (26.5−44.4)

Sebbelov 199434

85.3 (69.9−93.6)

Hording 199530

50.0 (33.2−66.8)

Prétet 2008

493 62.3 (57.9−66.4)

Vaucel 2011

141 42.6 (34.7−50.8)

Monsonego 2008

54

Meyer 2001

288 46.2 (40.5−52.0)

de Jonge 2013247 34.4 (28.8−40.5)

Merkelbach−Bruse 1999

88

61.4 (50.9−70.9)

Nindl 199785

36.5 (27.0−47.1)

Nindl 1999

65

56.9 (44.8−68.2)

Klug 2007

46

54.3 (40.2−67.8)

Argyri 201378

37.2 (27.3−48.3)

Panotopoulou 200760

36.7 (25.6−49.3)

Tsiodras 2011

54

50.0 (37.1−62.9)

Labropoulou 199750

36.0 (24.1−49.9)

Agorastos 2005

43

58.1 (43.3−71.6)

Daponte 2006

29

51.7 (34.4−68.6)

Paraskevaidis 2001

28

35.7 (20.7−54.2)

FranceGermany

Greece10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

33.3 (22.2−46.6)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 131 -

Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

GreeceKroupis 200726

50.0 (32.1−67.9)

Hungary

Szoke 2003

75

57.3 (46.1−67.9)

IcelandSigurdsson 2007

441 51.2 (46.6−55.9)

IrelandKeegan 2014242 69.4 (63.4−74.9)

Murphy 2003

64

78.1 (66.6−86.5)

Butler 2000

27

70.4 (51.5−84.1)

O'Leary 199820

95.0 (76.4−99.1)

Spinillo 2014

1344 48.4 (45.8−51.1)

Carozzi 2010529 62.9 (58.8−67.0)

Carozzi 2014

204 53.9 (47.1−60.6)

Zerbini 2001

89

50.6 (40.4−60.7)

Sandri 200976

73.7 (62.8−82.3)

Agarossi 200973

53.4 (42.1−64.4)

Gargiulo 200767

38.8 (28.0−50.8)

Tornesello 2006

65

47.7 (36.0−59.6)

Venturoli 2008

56

60.7 (47.6−72.4)

Laconi 2000

36

50.0 (34.5−65.5)

Capra 200814

42.9 (21.4−67.4)

LatviaKulmala 200791

56.0 (45.8−65.8)

Lithuania

Simanaviciene 2014

157 51.6 (43.8−59.3)

Italy

Netherlands

Gudleviciene 2005

29

Tang 2009

253 70.8 (64.9−76.0)

48.3 (31.4−65.6)

Bulkmans 2005

236 60.6 (54.2−66.6)

Reesink−Peters 2001 216 56.9 (50.3−63.4)

NorwayPortugal

Cornelissen 199289

52.8 (42.5−62.8)

Prinsen 200741

51.2 (36.5−65.7)

van Duin 2003

20

65.0 (43.3−81.9)

Roberts 2006

885 44.1 (40.8−47.4)

Sjoeborg 2010

630 20.6 (17.7−24.0)

Kraus 2004

67

49.3 (37.7−60.9)

Molden 2005

25

28.0 (14.3−47.6)

Pista 2013

518 55.6 (51.3−59.8)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 132 -

Figure 71: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Europe by country
and study (continued)

Country

Study

N

Portugal

Pista 2011

191 27.7 (21.9−34.5)

Medeiros 2005

132 74.2 (66.2−80.9)

Nobre 201034

32.4 (19.1−49.2)

Anton 2011

52

48.1 (35.1−61.3)

Ursu 201141

31.7 (19.6−47.0)

Russian Federation

Kulmala 200791

56.0 (45.8−65.8)

Slovenia

Kovanda 2009261 62.5 (56.4−68.1)

Spainde Oña 2010306 28.8 (24.0−34.1)

Bosch 1993

157 49.0 (41.3−56.8)

Muñoz 1992

157 51.0 (43.2−58.7)

Martín 201182

48.8 (38.3−59.4)

Herraez−Hernandez 2013

68

69.1 (57.4−78.8)

Conesa−Zamora 200939

33.3 (20.6−49.0)

Darwich 201134

61.8 (45.0−76.1)

García−Sierra 200925

36.0 (20.2−55.5)

Kalantari 1997

164 35.4 (28.5−42.9)

Andersson 2005

116 37.1 (28.8−46.1)

Zehbe 1996

103 50.5 (41.0−59.9)

Switzerland

Dobec 201133

United Kingdom

Howell−Jones 2010

1425 54.1 (51.5−56.7)

Sargent 2008

562 46.8 (42.7−50.9)

Cuzick 2014354 31.1 (26.5−36.1)

Geraets 201499

43.4 (34.1−53.3)

Cuschieri 2004

94

48.9 (39.1−58.9)

Hibbitts 20089340.9 (31.4−51.0)

Cuzick 1994

73

63.0 (51.5−73.2)

Anderson 201372

56.9 (45.4−67.7)

Jamison 200951

49.0 (35.9−62.3)

Arends 199340

50.0 (35.2−64.8)

Herrington 1995

38

57.9 (42.2−72.1)

Southern 1998

26

61.5 (42.5−77.6)

Romania

Sweden10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre% (95% CI)

57.6 (40.8−72.8)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 133 -

Figure 72: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with high-grade cervical lesions in Oceania by country
and study

Country

Study

N

Australia

Stevens 2009

533 51.4 (47.2−55.6)% (95% CI)

Stevens 2006

302 37.1 (31.8−42.7)

Callegari 2014

169 56.2 (48.7−63.5)

Brestovac 2005 48 33.3 (21.7−47.5)
Garland 2011

47 51.1 (37.2−64.7)

Fiji

Tabrizi 2011112 64.3 (55.1−72.6)

New Zealand

Kang 2015

418 54.3 (49.5−59.0)

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 134 -

Figure 73: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country andstudy

Country

Study

N

Algeria

Hammouda 2005

171 61.4 (53.9−68.4)

Bosch 1995

10 40.0 (16.8−68.7)

Botswana

Ermel 2014

117 32.5 (24.7−41.4)

Ethiopia

Fanta 2005

163 71.8 (64.4−78.1)

Abate 2013

128 86.7 (79.8−91.5)

Awua 2016

227

Denny 2014

121 55.4 (46.5−63.9)

Keita 200960 45.0 (33.1−57.5)

Bosch 1995

17 41.2 (21.6−64.0)

De Vuyst 2008

153 43.8 (36.2−51.7)

De Vuyst 2012

80 56.3 (45.3−66.6)

Bayo 2002

65 47.7 (36.0−59.6)

Bosch 1995

57 35.1 (24.0−48.1)

Ndiaye 201235 34.3 (20.8−50.8)

Chaouki 1998

152 58.6 (50.6−66.1)

El khair 2010

101 58.4 (48.7−67.5)

Ghana

Guinea

Kenya

Mali

MoroccoMozambique% (95% CI)

7.5 (4.7−11.7)

Castellsagué 2008 220 27.7 (22.2−34.0)
Naucler 2004

72 55.6 (44.1−66.5)

Nigeria

Denny 2014

145 52.4 (44.3−60.4)

SenegalNdiaye 2012

128 35.9 (28.1−44.5)

Lin 2001

51 37.3 (25.3−51.0)

Xi 200320 35.0 (18.1−56.7)

Pegoraro 2002

190 46.8 (39.9−53.9)

Denny 2014

181 47.5 (40.4−54.8)

van Aardt 2015

145 51.0 (43.0−59.0)

Williamson 1994

59 44.1 (32.2−56.7)

Kay 2003

50 82.0 (69.2−90.2)

De Vuyst 201249 53.1 (39.4−66.3)

Sudan

Abate 201378 79.5 (69.2−87.0)

Tanzania

ter Meulen 1992

53 37.7 (25.9−51.2)

Bosch 1995

44 47.7 (33.8−62.1)

South Africa

Tunisia

KrennHrubec 2011 141 61.0 (52.8−68.7)

0%

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 135 -

Figure 73: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Africa by country andstudy (continued)
Country

StudyN

UgandaOdida 2010

169 27.2 (21.1−34.4)

Odida 2008

112 48.2 (39.2−57.4)

Bosch 1995

40 55.0 (39.8−69.3)

Zimbabwe20%% (95% CI)

Stanczuk 2003 95 62.1 (52.1−71.2)

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 136 -

Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country
and study

Country

Study

N

Argentina

Turazza 1997

139 61.9 (53.6−69.5)% (95% CI)

Bosch 1995

54 59.3 (46.0−71.3)

Alonio 2003

39 56.4 (41.0−70.7)

Golijow 2005

35 68.6 (52.0−81.4)

Bolivia

Bosch 1995

45 35.6 (23.2−50.2)

BrazilSerrano 2014526 51.7 (47.4−56.0)

Cambruzzi 2005

229 27.1 (21.7−33.2)

Eluf−Neto 1994

186 58.6 (51.4−65.4)

de Oliveira 2013172 76.7 (69.9−82.4)

Tomita 2010

100 60.0 (50.2−69.1)

Lorenzato 2000

59 59.3 (46.6−70.9)

Rabelo−Santos 2003

48 56.3 (42.3−69.3)

Bosch 1995

44 52.3 (37.9−66.2)

Duggan 1995

76 35.5 (25.7−46.7)

Tran−Thanh 2003

50 54.0 (40.4−67.0)

Bosch 1995

43 62.8 (47.9−75.6)

Roa 2009

293 76.8 (71.6−81.3)

Valdivia L 2010

90 61.1 (50.8−70.5)

Bosch 1995

74 47.3 (36.3−58.5)

Murillo 2009

217 51.2 (44.5−57.7)

Muñoz 1992

111 54.1 (44.8−63.0)

Moreno−Acosta 2008

59 57.6 (44.9−69.4)

Bosch 1995

38 52.6 (37.3−67.5)

Costa Rica

Herrero 2005

35 45.7 (30.5−61.8)

Cuba

Bosch 1995

41 56.1 (41.0−70.1)

EcuadorMejía 2016

58 37.9 (26.6−50.8)

Honduras

Ferreira 2008

99 43.4 (34.1−53.3)

Jamaica

Strickler 1999

14

MexicoGuardado−Estrada 2014 924 51.3 (48.1−54.5)

CanadaChile

Colombia

0%

Serrano 2014

545 47.9 (43.7−52.1)

Carrillo−García 2014

287 56.4 (50.7−62.1)

Illades−Aguiar 2009

133 66.9 (58.5−74.3)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

21.4 (7.6−47.6)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 137 -

Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country
and study (continued)

Country

Study

N

MexicoAguilar−Lemarroy 2015

121 62.8 (53.9−70.9)% (95% CI)

Piña−Sánchez 2006

108 72.2 (63.1−79.8)

Flores−Miramontes 2015 87 48.3 (38.1−58.6)
Torroella−Kouri 1998

66 43.9 (32.6−55.9)

Meyer 1998

60 43.3 (31.6−55.9)

Alarcón−Romero 200915 66.7 (41.7−84.8)

González−Losa 2004

15 26.7 (10.9−52.0)

Nicaragua

Hindryckx 2006

19 52.6 (31.7−72.7)

PanamaBosch 1995

68 48.5 (37.1−60.2)

Paraguay

Kasamatsu 2012

417 48.0 (43.2−52.8)

Rolón 2000

106 60.4 (50.9−69.2)

Santos 2001

196 56.1 (49.1−62.9)

Peru

Martorell 201253 50.9 (37.9−63.9)

Suriname

De Boer 2005

116 35.3 (27.2−44.4)

Trinidad and Tobago

Hosein 201378 47.4 (36.7−58.4)

United States of America

Wheeler 2009808 53.2 (49.8−56.6)

Hopenhayn 2014

777 50.8 (47.3−54.3)

Schwartz 2001

452 59.1 (54.5−63.5)

Burger 1996

393 51.4 (46.5−56.3)

de Sanjose 2010173 65.3 (58.0−72.0)

Joste 2015

163 49.1 (41.5−56.7)

Wentzensen 2009

107 55.1 (45.7−64.2)

Zuna 2007

93 55.9 (45.8−65.6)

Hariri 2012

86 57.0 (46.4−66.9)

Pirog 2000

82 36.6 (27.0−47.4)

Patel 200977 59.7 (48.6−70.0)

Sebbelov 2000

53 77.4 (64.5−86.5)

Paquette 1993

45 48.9 (35.0−63.0)

Quint 200940 60.0 (44.6−73.7)

Guo 2007

29 69.0 (50.8−82.7)

Resnick 1990

29 75.9 (57.9−87.8)

Ferguson 1998

27 25.9 (13.2−44.7)

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 138 -

Figure 74: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in the Americas by country
and study (continued)
Country

Study

N

United States of America

Bryan 2006

24 58.3 (38.8−75.5)

Wistuba 1997

20 60.0 (38.7−78.1)

Burnett 1992

18 66.7 (43.7−83.7)

Bosch 1995

10 60.0 (31.3−83.2)

Venezuela% (95% CI)

Sánchez−Lander 2012 96 67.7 (57.8−76.2)

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

80%

90%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 139 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy

Country

Study

N

China

Wang 2015

1336 38.3 (35.8−41.0)% (95% CI)

Lo 2002809 66.9 (63.6−70.0)

Chen 2009

630 76.7 (73.2−79.8)

Chan 2012444 59.0 (54.4−63.5)

Chan 2009435 56.1 (51.4−60.7)

Wu 2008

300 68.7 (63.2−73.7)

Yuan 2011

198 65.2 (58.3−71.4)

Serrano 2014

191 78.0 (71.6−83.3)

Wu 2008

190 73.7 (67.0−79.4)

Hong 2008

181 65.2 (58.0−71.8)

Qiu 2007

145 78.6 (71.3−84.5)

Liu 2010

134 73.1 (65.1−79.9)

Lo 2001

121 48.8 (40.0−57.6)

Ding 2014

116 56.9 (47.8−65.5)

Cai 2009

112 81.3 (73.0−87.4)

Cai 2008

110 81.8 (73.6−87.9)

Shah 2009108 66.7 (57.3−74.8)

Liu 2004

106 50.0 (40.6−59.4)

Zhao 2008

100 52.0 (42.3−61.5)

Liu 2008

96

45.8 (36.2−55.8)

Peng 1991

92

34.8 (25.8−44.9)

Li 201378

53.8 (42.9−64.5)

Lin 1998

7748.1 (37.3−59.0)

Wu 200977

83.1 (73.2−89.9)

Gao 2003

65

40.0 (29.0−52.1)

Liu 2005

50

66.0 (52.2−77.6)

Yu 200350

70.0 (56.2−80.9)

Huang 199735

25.7 (14.2−42.1)

Tao 2006

27

55.6 (37.3−72.4)

Stephen 2000

22

72.7 (51.8−86.8)

Georgia

Alibegashvili 201191

58.2 (48.0−67.8)

India

Basu 2009273 65.9 (60.1−71.3)

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 140 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

N

India

Munjal 2014

270 73.7 (68.1−78.6)

Serrano 2014237 67.9 (61.7−73.5)

Franceschi 2003

191 62.8 (55.8−69.4)

Gheit 2009180 81.7 (75.4−86.6)

Nambaru 2009

121 72.7 (64.2−79.9)

Peedicayil 2006

119 60.5 (51.5−68.8)

Deodhar 2012

113 76.1 (67.5−83.0)

Nair 1999

110 69.1 (59.9−77.0)

Bhatla 2006

106 73.6 (64.5−81.0)

Nagpal 2002

71 60.6 (48.9−71.1)

Neyaz 2008

60 86.7 (75.8−93.1)

Munagala 200943 65.1 (50.2−77.6)

Munirajan 1998

43 53.5 (38.9−67.5)

Sowjanya 2005

41 58.5 (43.4−72.2)

Peedicayil 200928 78.6 (60.5−89.8)

De Boer 2005

74 33.8 (24.0−45.1)

Schellekens 2004

74 43.2 (32.6−54.6)

Bosch 1995

42 35.7 (23.0−50.8)

Tobing 201440 90.0 (76.9−96.0)

Indonesia

Iran% (95% CI)

Salehi−Vaziri 2015 112 27.7 (20.2−36.6)
Mortazavi 2002

69 73.9 (62.5−82.8)

Esmaeili 2008

65 55.4 (43.3−66.8)

Khodakarami 2012 45 60.0 (45.5−73.0)

Israel

Japan

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

80%

Hamkar 2002

42 28.6 (17.2−43.6)

Bassal 2015

84 66.7 (56.1−75.8)

Laskov 201338 60.5 (44.7−74.4)

Maehama 2005

383 29.0 (24.7−33.7)

Asato 2004

356 37.1 (32.2−42.2)

Azuma 2014296 48.0 (42.3−53.7)

Nakagawa 1996

146 37.7 (30.2−45.8)

Onuki 2009

140 37.9 (30.2−46.1)

Takehara 2011

105 41.9 (32.9−51.5)

90% 100%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 141 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

N

Japan

Kashiwabara 1992

91 42.9 (33.2−53.1)% (95% CI)

Harima 2002

84 26.2 (18.0−36.5)

Sasagawa 2001

84 42.9 (32.8−53.5)

Yamasaki 2011

71 42.3 (31.5−53.8)

Saito 2000

66 34.8 (24.5−46.9)

Imajoh 201264

Yamakawa 1994

64 32.8 (22.6−45.0)

Watari 2011

60 83.3 (72.0−90.7)

Tsuda 2003

53 28.3 (18.0−41.6)

Ishikawa 2001

52 53.8 (40.5−66.7)

Fujinaga 1991

39 48.7 (33.9−63.8)

Maki 1991

29 44.8 (28.4−62.5)

Kanao 2004

25 32.0 (17.2−51.6)

Nawa 1995

23 73.9 (53.5−87.5)

Yoshida 200920 35.0 (18.1−56.7)

Nakagawa 2002

19 57.9 (36.3−76.9)

Inoue 2006

12 33.3 (13.8−60.9)

Yoshida 2004

12 41.7 (19.3−68.0)

JordanSughayer 2010

41 68.3 (53.0−80.4)

Malaysia

Hamzi Abdul Raub 2014 280 57.5 (51.6−63.2)

12.5 (6.5−22.8)

Quek 2013

101 36.6 (27.9−46.4)

Yadav 1995

23 73.9 (53.5−87.5)

Cheah 2008

11 72.7 (43.4−90.3)

Sharifah 200911

Mongolia

Chimeddorj 2008

147 48.3 (40.4−56.3)

Nepal

Sherpa 2010

61 60.7 (48.1−71.9)

Pakistan

Raza 2010

91 75.8 (66.1−83.5)

Khan 2007

60 95.0 (86.3−98.3)

Ngelangel 1998

356 38.8 (33.8−43.9)

de Sanjose 2010

230 33.5 (27.7−39.8)

Quek 2013

103 31.1 (22.9−40.5)

Bosch 1995

23 43.5 (25.6−63.2)

Philippines

18.2 (5.1−47.7)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 142 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

N

Republic of Korea

Oh 2010735 57.6 (53.9−61.1)

Kim 2009

169 65.7 (58.2−72.4)

Lee 2007

160 51.9 (44.2−59.5)

An 2005

135 44.4 (36.3−52.9)

Quek 201397

58.8 (48.8−68.0)

Tong 200797

51.5 (41.7−61.2)

Hwang 2003

72

52.8 (41.4−63.9)

Cho 2003

45

64.4 (49.8−76.8)

An 200344

63.6 (48.9−76.2)

Hwang 1999

38

39.5 (25.6−55.3)

Kim 199530

53.3 (36.1−69.8)

Song 200729

65.5 (47.3−80.1)

Saudi Arabia

Alsbeih 2011

100 67.0 (57.3−75.4)

Singapore

Quek 201365

Sri Lanka

Samarawickrema 2011 108 77.8 (69.1−84.6)
Karunaratne 2014

% (95% CI)

36.9 (26.2−49.1)

98

67.3 (57.6−75.8)
47.7 (33.8−62.1)

Syria

Darnel 201044

TaiwanLai 2007

2106 50.3 (48.2−52.4)

Chen 1994

430 46.0 (41.4−50.8)

Ding 2008

263 43.7 (37.9−49.8)

Huang 2004

152 65.8 (57.9−72.9)

Huang 2004

149 98.7 (95.2−99.6)

Su 2007137 58.4 (50.0−66.3)

Yang 1997

134 64.2 (55.8−71.8)

Lai 199986

53.5 (43.0−63.7)

Ho 200581

30.9 (21.9−41.6)

Chen 199340

50.0 (35.2−64.8)

Lin 2005

28

53.6 (35.8−70.5)

Chao 200925

72.0 (52.4−85.7)

Yang 200425

36.0 (20.2−55.5)

Chansaenroj 2014

832 51.0 (47.6−54.3)

Chichareon 1998

377 54.6 (49.6−59.6)

Thailand

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

90% 100%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 143 -

Figure 75: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Asia by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

N

ThailandNatphopsuk 2013

198 48.0 (41.1−54.9)% (95% CI)

Bhattarakosol 1996

100 35.0 (26.4−44.7)

Siriaunkgul 2008

99 77.8 (68.6−84.8)

Settheetham−Ishida 2005 90 61.1 (50.8−70.5)

TurkeyViet Nam

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Chopjitt 200940 75.0 (59.8−85.8)

Bosch 1995

26 61.5 (42.5−77.6)

Siritantikorn 1997

21 61.9 (40.9−79.2)

Usubütün 2009508 58.7 (54.3−62.9)

Ozgul 2008

23 52.2 (33.0−70.8)

Quek 2013134 48.5 (40.2−56.9)

90%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 144 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country andstudy

Country

Study

N

Austria

Bachtiary 2002

106 65.1 (55.6−73.5)% (95% CI)

Widschwendter 2003

94 75.5 (66.0−83.1)

BelarusKulmala 2007

26 65.4 (46.2−80.6)

Belgium

Baay 2001

111 68.5 (59.3−76.4)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Iljazovic 2014297 59.3 (53.6−64.7)

Bulgaria

Todorova 2010

127 70.9 (62.4−78.1)

Croatia

Hadzisejdic 2006

66 30.3 (20.6−42.2)

Dabic 2008

51 62.7 (49.0−74.7)

Tachezy 2011172 73.3 (66.2−79.3)

Slama 200949 61.2 (47.2−73.6)

Tachezy 1999

49 59.2 (45.2−71.8)

Kirschner 2013245 60.8 (54.6−66.7)

Hording 199750

Sebbelov 2000

34 70.6 (53.8−83.2)

Kjær 2014

19 57.9 (36.3−76.9)

Finland

Iwasawa 1996

460 63.5 (59.0−67.7)

FrancePrétet 2008

516 72.9 (68.9−76.5)

de Cremoux 2009

515 55.5 (51.2−59.8)

Lombard 1998

297 50.5 (44.8−56.1)

Riou 1990

106 54.7 (45.2−63.9)

Czechia

Denmark

Germany

18.0 (9.8−30.8)

Milde−Langosch 1995 51 51.0 (37.7−64.1)
Bosch 1995

17 76.5 (52.7−90.4)

Panotopoulou 2007

165 24.2 (18.3−31.3)

Dokianakis 1999

75

Koffa 1994

39 35.9 (22.7−51.6)

Labropoulou 1997

35 54.3 (38.2−69.5)

Adamopoulou 200917 47.1 (26.2−69.0)

Hungary

Kónya 1995

38 63.2 (47.3−76.6)

IcelandSigurdsson 2007

140 57.1 (48.9−65.0)

Ireland

Skyldberg 1999

38 23.7 (13.0−39.2)

Butler 2000

29 93.1 (78.0−98.1)

O'Leary 1998

20 80.0 (58.4−91.9)

Greece0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

2.7 (0.7−9.2)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 145 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country andstudy (continued)

Country

Study

N

IrelandFay 2009

10 80.0 (49.0−94.3)

Italy

Sideri 2009268 63.4 (57.5−69.0)

Carozzi 2010

193 67.9 (61.0−74.1)

Spinillo 2014

176 54.5 (47.2−61.7)

Tornesello 2011171 58.5 (51.0−65.6)

Voglino 2000

145 71.0 (63.2−77.8)

Mariani 2010

131 51.9 (43.4−60.3)

Ciotti 2006

102 57.8 (48.1−67.0)

Tornesello 2006

65 60.0 (47.9−71.0)

Del Mistro 2006

40 75.0 (59.8−85.8)

Garzetti 1998

32 50.0 (33.6−66.4)

Gargiulo 2007

31 61.3 (43.8−76.3)

LatviaLithuania% (95% CI)

Rolla 200918 66.7 (43.7−83.7)

Silins 2004

221 60.6 (54.1−66.8)

Kulmala 2007

26 65.4 (46.2−80.6)

Gudleviciene 2005

191 56.5 (49.5−63.4)

Simanaviciene 2014 75 50.7 (39.6−61.7)
Luxembourg

Ressler 2007

58 79.3 (67.2−87.7)

Netherlands

Tang 2009

340 63.5 (58.3−68.5)

Baay 1996

162 61.7 (54.1−68.9)

Bulk 2006

153 54.2 (46.3−61.9)

Krul 1999

128 58.6 (49.9−66.8)

Baalbergen 2013113 32.7 (24.8−41.8)

De Boer 2005

105 43.8 (34.7−53.4)

Zielinski 2003

77 32.5 (23.1−43.5)

Van Den Brule 1991

50 84.0 (71.5−91.7)

Resnick 1990

29 75.9 (57.9−87.8)

Karlsen 1996

361 68.4 (63.5−73.0)

Bertelsen 2006

89 52.8 (42.5−62.8)

Kwasniewska 2009

570 58.4 (54.3−62.4)

Baay 2009

113 85.8 (78.2−91.1)

Biesaga 201285 80.0 (70.3−87.1)

NorwayPoland

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 146 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country andstudy (continued)

CountryStudyN% (95% CI)

PolandBardin 200884

75.0 (64.8−83.0)

Pirog 2000

82

36.6 (27.0−47.4)

Dybikowska 2002

53

47.2 (34.4−60.3)

Bosch 1995

23

78.3 (58.1−90.3)

Pista 2013

6470.3 (58.2−80.1)

Medeiros 2005

60

80.0 (68.2−88.2)

Nobre 2010

44

61.4 (46.6−74.3)

Kleter 1999

180 64.4 (57.2−71.1)

Kulmala 2007

26

Slovenia

Jancar 2009

264 65.2 (59.2−70.6)

Spain

Alemany 2012

1012 58.2 (55.1−61.2)

Muñoz 1992

159 54.1 (46.3−61.6)

Martró 201273

47.9 (36.9−59.2)

Darwich 201172

79.2 (68.4−86.9)

Rodriguez 1998

54

61.1 (47.8−73.0)

Bosch 1995

46

54.3 (40.2−67.8)

Mazarico 201237

43.2 (28.7−59.1)

González−Bosquet 2008

21

52.4 (32.4−71.7)

Herraez−Hernandez 201314

78.6 (52.4−92.4)

Du 2011154 58.4 (50.5−65.9)

Andersson 2001

131 23.7 (17.2−31.6)

Graflund 2004

110 79.1 (70.6−85.6)

Wallin 1999

104 47.1 (37.8−56.6)

Andersson 2003

82

34.1 (24.8−44.9)

Hagmar 1992

71

38.0 (27.6−49.7)

Andersson 2005

45

66.7 (52.1−78.6)

Skyldberg 1999

38

23.7 (13.0−39.2)

Zehbe 199738

63.2 (47.3−76.6)

Mesher 2015

1235 63.0 (60.3−65.6)

Howell−Jones 2010

555 62.5 (58.4−66.5)

Cuschieri 2014

370 55.9 (50.9−60.9)

Cuschieri 2010363 56.5 (51.3−61.5)

Portugal

Russian Federation

SwedenUnited Kingdom

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

65.4 (46.2−80.6)

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 147 -

Figure 76: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Europe by country andstudy (continued)
Country

Study

N

United Kingdom

Powell 2009269 67.7 (61.9−73.0)% (95% CI)

Tawfik El−Mansi 2006 119 46.2 (37.5−55.2)

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Cuzick 2000

116 65.5 (56.5−73.5)

Arends 1993

47 53.2 (39.2−66.7)

Giannoudis 1999

43 81.4 (67.4−90.3)

Crook 1992

23 73.9 (53.5−87.5)

100%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 148 -

Figure 77: Prevalence of HPV 16 among women with invasive cervical cancer in Oceania by country
and study

Country

Study

N

Australia

Stevens 2006

191 52.9 (45.8−59.8)% (95% CI)

Chen 1999

170 55.9 (48.4−63.1)

de Sanjose 2010 160 60.0 (52.3−67.3)
Thompson 1994 103 65.0 (55.5−73.6)

Papua New Guinea

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

70%

80%

Liu 2004

79 64.6 (53.6−74.2)

Plunkett 2003

50 28.0 (17.5−41.7)

Brestovac 2005

32 68.8 (51.4−82.0)

Tabone 2012

70 57.1 (45.5−68.1)

90%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 149 -

Figure 78: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women withand without cervical lesions
2.8
1.5
1.2

Normal cytology

1.2
1.1
1.1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8

16
52
51
31
53
66
58
56
18
39

19.3
8.9

Low−grade lesions

HPV types

16
52
53
31
51
18
58
66
39
56

8.8
7.7
7.3
6.9
6.7
6.6
6.5
5.3

16
52
31
58
33
18
51
53
39
35

45.1
11

High−grade lesions

10.4
8.1
7.3
6.8
5.7
3.5
3.3
3.3

16
18
45
33
58
52
31
35
39
59

55.2
14.2

Cervical cancer

5
4.2
3.9
3.5
3.5
1.7
1.5
1.4

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Prevalence
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 150 -

Figure 79: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions
among women with and without cervical lesions
2.6
1.8
1.4

Normal cytology

1.2
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7

16
52
58
18
33
51
66
53
31
56

18.9
10.2

Low−grade lesions

HPV types

16
52
58
18
53
33
31
70
68
51

9.2
6.2
6
4.9
4.5
4.4
4.1
4

16
52
58
18
33
31
51
53
45
66

40.2
12.7

High−grade lesions

12.2
6.5
6.3
6.3
4
3.1
2.4
2.3

16
18
45
58
52
33
31
59
35
39

55.8
13.7

Cervical cancer

5.9
5
4
3.8
3.4
2
2
1.6

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Prevalence
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

50%

60%

70%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 151 -

Figure 80: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions
among women with and without cervical lesions
2.8
1.4
1.3

Normal cytology

1.3
1.3
1
1
1
0.8
0.8

16
51
31
53
52
66
56
18
39
58

19.4
10.2

Low−grade lesions

HPV types

16
53
52
51
31
66
39
18
58
56

8.8
8.6
8.4
7.8
7.4
6.5
5.9
5.7

16
31
52
33
18
58
51
39
35
53

46.8
12.4

High−grade lesions

11.2
7.6
7.3
7
6.9
4.1
4
3.7

16
18
33
45
58
31
52
39
35
51

55.7
16.1

Cervical cancer

4.7
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.2
1.4
1.4
1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Prevalence
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 152 -

Figure 81: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in the World among women withinvasive cervical cancer by histology
55.2
14.2
5

Cervical cancer

4.2
3.9
3.5
3.5
1.7
1.5
1.4

16
18
45
33
58
52
31
35
39
59

56.8

Squamous cell carcinoma

HPV types

16
18
45
33
58
52
31
35
39
59

11.6
4.8
4.3
3.9
3.7
3.6
1.7
1.5
1.4

16
18
45
33
31
52
58
39
51
59

36.1
34.9

Adenocarcinoma

5.7
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.1
1
0.8
0.6

16
18
45
33
58
31
52
35
59
39

58.9
13.9
5.4

Unespecified

5.1
4.9
4
3.6
2.5
1.7
1.4

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Prevalence
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)∗ No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive

Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

50%

60%

70%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 153 -

Figure 82: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in less developed regions
among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology
55.8
13.7
5.9

Cervical cancer

5
4
3.8
3.4
2
2
1.6

16
18
45
58
52
33
31
59
35
39

56.1

Squamous cell carcinoma

HPV types

16
18
45
58
52
33
31
59
35
39

12.4
5.8
4.7
4.1
3.8
3.4
2
2
1.6

18
16
45
33
52
59
31
58
56
39

36.2
36.1

Adenocarcinoma

5.8
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.2
1

16
18
58
45
33
52
31
35
59
51

60.5
13.3
6.4

Unespecified

6.1
4.7
4.1
3.7
2.7
2
1.4

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Prevalence
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)∗ No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive

Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 154 -

Figure 83: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV oncogenic types in more developed regions
among women with invasive cervical cancer by histology
55.7
16.1
4.7

Cervical cancer

3.9
3.7
3.7
3.2
1.4
1.4
1

16
18
33
58
31
45
52
39
35
56

58.9

Squamous cell carcinoma

HPV types

16
18
33
45
58
31
52
39
35
51

12.3
5.1
4.2
3.8
3.7
3.6
1.5
1.4
1.1

18
16
45
31
33
58
52
39
51
35

37.3
37.2

Adenocarcinoma

5.1
2
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.1
0.7

16
18
33
45
31
58
52
35
39
59

57.2
14.5
5.4

Unespecified

4.4
4.3
3
2.9
2.2
1.7
1.4

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Prevalence
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)∗ No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive

Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

50%

60%

70%

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 155 -

Table 29: Type-specific HPV prevalence in women with normal cervical cytology, precancerous cervicallesions and invasive cervical cancer in the World
Normal cytology
HPVNo.
HPV Prev %Typetested(95% CI)ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
High-risk HPV types
16453,184
2.8 (2.8-2.9)
18440,810
1.1 (1.1-1.1)
31
415,367
1.2 (1.2-1.2)
33
413,075
0.7 (0.7-0.7)
35
396,3070.5 (0.5-0.5)
39
389,537
0.9 (0.8-0.9)
45394,9930.7 (0.7-0.7)
51387,2421.1 (1.1-1.1)
52
394,732
1.5 (1.4-1.5)
56
393,968
0.8 (0.7-0.8)
58
403,023
1.0 (1.0-1.0)
59
380,168
0.7 (0.7-0.7)
Probable/possible carcinogen26
172,084
0.1 (0.1-0.1)
30
56,0130.2 (0.2-0.3)
34
127,467
0.1 (0.1-0.1)
53
252,159
1.2 (1.2-1.2)
66
311,898
0.9 (0.9-0.9)
67
147,847
0.4 (0.3-0.4)
68
377,775
0.6 (0.6-0.6)
69
146,851
0.1 (0.1-0.1)
70
219,134
0.8 (0.7-0.8)
73
167,487
0.4 (0.4-0.4)
82
190,7930.2 (0.2-0.3)
8574,4750.1 (0.1-0.2)
97
1,751
0.1 (0.0-0.3)
LOW RISK HPV TYPES
6
418,946
0.9 (0.8-0.9)
11406,162
0.5 (0.4-0.5)
32
70,5190.1 (0.1-0.2)
40
186,634
0.3 (0.3-0.3)
42326,078
0.6 (0.5-0.6)
43259,930
0.2 (0.2-0.2)
44326,418
0.5 (0.5-0.5)
54
205,468
0.9 (0.8-0.9)
55
57
61,2830.0 (0.0-0.0)
61
143,959
0.8 (0.8-0.9)
62
111,832
1.4 (1.4-1.5)
6471
133,034
0.3 (0.3-0.3)
72
137,305
0.4 (0.4-0.4)
74
108,745
0.6 (0.6-0.7)
81232,278
0.7 (0.7-0.8)
83
150,356
0.5 (0.5-0.6)
84
149,356
0.9 (0.8-0.9)
86
29,2540.2 (0.1-0.2)
87
16,1490.2 (0.2-0.3)
89
107,0161.0 (0.9-1.0)
90
35,0990.5 (0.4-0.6)
91
20,8970.1 (0.1-0.2)

Low-grade lesions
No.
HPV Prev %tested(95% CI)

High-grade lesions
No.
HPV Prev %tested(95% CI)

Cervical cancer
No.
HPV Prev %tested(95% CI)38,17737,74836,17035,73331,09528,82031,28927,27029,13228,53430,214
27,04919.3 (18.9-19.7)
6.5 (6.2-6.7)
7.7 (7.4-7.9)
4.7 (4.5-4.9)
3.0 (2.8-3.2)
5.3 (5.0-5.5)
3.2 (3.0-3.4)
8.8 (8.4-9.1)
8.9 (8.6-9.2)
6.6 (6.3-6.9)
6.7 (6.4-7.0)
3.9 (3.6-4.1)

50,202
49,74348,53848,59244,70343,74644,80143,88844,723
43,134
44,79841,55345.1 (44.6-45.5)
6.8 (6.6-7.0)
10.4 (10.2-10.7)
7.3 (7.1-7.6)
3.3 (3.2-3.5)
3.3 (3.2-3.5)
3.0 (2.8-3.2)
5.7 (5.5-6.0)
11.0 (10.7-11.3)
2.5 (2.3-2.6)
8.1 (7.9-8.4)
2.1 (1.9-2.2)

58,79658,38052,41753,80447,634
46,42047,04844,674
49,97846,01950,81446,70355.2 (54.8-55.6)
14.2 (13.9-14.4)
3.5 (3.4-3.7)
4.2 (4.0-4.3)
1.7 (1.6-1.8)
1.5 (1.3-1.6)
5.0 (4.8-5.2)
1.0 (0.9-1.1)
3.5 (3.3-3.6)
1.0 (0.9-1.1)
3.9 (3.8-4.1)
1.4 (1.3-1.5)

13,9393,812
8,069
23,411
26,939
11,09525,61911,362
17,375
16,732
16,4703,801-

0.5 (0.4-0.7)
0.5 (0.3-0.8)
0.3 (0.2-0.4)
7.3 (7.0-7.7)
6.9 (6.6-7.2)
1.7 (1.5-2.0)
2.8 (2.6-3.0)
0.3 (0.2-0.4)
2.0 (1.8-2.2)
2.2 (2.0-2.4)
1.5 (1.4-1.7)
0.3 (0.2-0.5)-

22,694
2,645
12,671
33,241
39,43918,52737,76019,76825,62723,45025,8647,905-

0.6 (0.5-0.7)
0.3 (0.1-0.5)
0.1 (0.0-0.2)
3.5 (3.3-3.7)
2.6 (2.5-2.8)
0.9 (0.8-1.0)
1.9 (1.8-2.1)
0.3 (0.2-0.4)
1.3 (1.2-1.5)
1.6 (1.4-1.7)
1.9 (1.7-2.0)
0.2 (0.1-0.3)-

29,492
14,83021,80833,94040,13222,75240,197
20,36933,062
28,94430,216781

0.3 (0.2-0.3)
0.3 (0.2-0.4)
0.1 (0.1-0.1)
0.5 (0.5-0.6)
0.4 (0.4-0.5)
0.3 (0.2-0.3)
0.8 (0.8-0.9)
0.2 (0.1-0.3)
0.2 (0.2-0.3)
0.5 (0.4-0.6)
0.2 (0.1-0.2)
0.1 (0.0-0.7)

26,981
26,179
977
4,379
4,932
3,258
5,764
3,316
1,021
3,183
2,713
2,175
2,320
1,255
2,862
2,402
2,745
750
1,755
750
750

6.2 (5.9-6.5)
2.9 (2.7-3.1)
0.1 (0.0-0.6)
1.5 (1.2-1.9)
7.1 (6.4-7.8)
1.7 (1.3-2.2)
5.7 (5.1-6.3)
2.2 (1.8-2.8)
0.2 (0.1-0.7)
1.8 (1.4-2.3)
4.2 (3.5-5.0)
0.7 (0.5-1.2)
0.6 (0.3-1.0)
1.0 (0.6-1.8)
3.4 (2.8-4.1)
0.9 (0.6-1.3)
2.1 (1.7-2.8)
0.1 (0.0-0.8)
1.4 (0.9-2.0)
0.8 (0.4-1.7)
0.5 (0.2-1.4)

34,56333,547
11,872
9,543
5,549
11,841
11,907
2,194
9,032
8,236
8,901
8,256
2,936
8,944
9,214
9,237
7,456
-

2.3 (2.2-2.5)
1.3 (1.2-1.5)
0.4 (0.3-0.5)
1.3 (1.1-1.6)
0.4 (0.3-0.6)
2.0 (1.7-2.2)
1.3 (1.1-1.5)
0.3 (0.2-0.7)
1.2 (1.0-1.5)
1.7 (1.4-1.9)
0.2 (0.2-0.4)
0.2 (0.2-0.4)
0.6 (0.4-1.0)
1.0 (0.8-1.2)
0.4 (0.3-0.6)
0.7 (0.6-0.9)
1.0 (0.8-1.2)-

38,28238,386
2,925
23,35025,71521,312
24,24325,201
6,780
23,686
7,058
9,332
10,013
16,341
9,510
9,733
8,081
7,806
2,388
12,7830.5 (0.4-0.5)
0.4 (0.4-0.5)
0.1 (0.0-0.2)
0.0 (0.0-0.0)
0.2 (0.2-0.3)
0.1 (0.0-0.1)
0.2 (0.2-0.3)
0.2 (0.2-0.3)
0.0 (0.0-0.1)
0.3 (0.2-0.3)
0.4 (0.3-0.5)
0.2 (0.1-0.3)
0.1 (0.1-0.2)
0.0 (0.0-0.1)
0.2 (0.1-0.3)
0.1 (0.1-0.2)
0.3 (0.2-0.5)
0.1 (0.1-0.3)
0.0 (0.0-0.2)
0.0 (0.0-0.1)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015 / 30 Nov 2014)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 156 -

Table 30: Type-specific HPV prevalence among invasive cervical cancer cases in the World by histology
Any Histology
HPVNo.
HPV Prev %Typetested(95% CI)ONCOGENIC HPV TYPES
High-risk HPV types
16
58,79655.2 (54.8-55.6)
18
58,38014.2 (13.9-14.4)
31
52,417
3.5 (3.4-3.7)
33
53,8044.2 (4.0-4.3)
35
47,634
1.7 (1.6-1.8)
39
46,4201.5 (1.3-1.6)
45
47,0485.0 (4.8-5.2)
51
44,6741.0 (0.9-1.1)
52
49,9783.5 (3.3-3.6)
56
46,0191.0 (0.9-1.1)
58
50,8143.9 (3.8-4.1)
59
46,703
1.4 (1.3-1.5)
Probable/possible carcinogen26
29,4920.3 (0.2-0.3)
30
14,8300.3 (0.2-0.4)
34
21,8080.1 (0.1-0.1)
53
33,9400.5 (0.5-0.6)
66
40,1320.4 (0.4-0.5)
67
22,7520.3 (0.2-0.3)
68
40,1970.8 (0.8-0.9)
69
20,3690.2 (0.1-0.3)
70
33,0620.2 (0.2-0.3)
73
28,9440.5 (0.4-0.6)
82
30,2160.2 (0.1-0.2)
85
97
781
0.1 (0.0-0.7)
LOW RISK HPV TYPES
6
38,2820.5 (0.4-0.5)
11
38,386
0.4 (0.4-0.5)
322,925
0.1 (0.0-0.2)
40
23,3500.0 (0.0-0.0)
42
25,7150.2 (0.2-0.3)
43
21,3120.1 (0.0-0.1)
44
24,2430.2 (0.2-0.3)
54
25,2010.2 (0.2-0.3)
55
57
6,780
0.0 (0.0-0.1)
61
23,686
0.3 (0.2-0.3)
62
7,058
0.4 (0.3-0.5)
64
71
9,332
0.2 (0.1-0.3)
72
10,0130.1 (0.1-0.2)
74
16,3410.0 (0.0-0.1)
81
9,510
0.2 (0.1-0.3)
83
9,733
0.1 (0.1-0.2)
84
8,081
0.3 (0.2-0.5)
86
87
89
7,806
0.1 (0.1-0.3)
902,388
0.0 (0.0-0.2)
91
12,7830.0 (0.0-0.1)

Squamous cell carcinoma
No.
HPV Prev %tested(95% CI)

Adenocarcinoma
No.
HPV Prev %tested(95% CI)No.
testedUnespecified
HPV Prev %(95% CI)43,16942,89039,42840,46036,04536,322
36,07434,50838,76135,99039,001
36,68556.8 (56.4-57.3)
11.6 (11.3-11.9)
3.6 (3.4-3.8)
4.3 (4.1-4.5)
1.7 (1.5-1.8)
1.5 (1.4-1.7)
4.8 (4.6-5.0)
1.0 (0.9-1.1)
3.7 (3.5-3.9)
1.0 (0.9-1.1)
3.9 (3.8-4.1)
1.4 (1.3-1.5)

5,665
5,665
4,585
4,843
4,239
4,036
4,486
4,026
4,408
4,113
4,236
4,161

36.1 (34.8-37.3)
34.9 (33.7-36.1)
1.6 (1.3-2.0)
1.8 (1.5-2.2)
0.5 (0.3-0.8)
1.0 (0.7-1.3)
5.7 (5.1-6.4)
0.8 (0.6-1.1)
1.3 (1.0-1.7)
0.5 (0.3-0.7)
1.1 (0.9-1.5)
0.6 (0.4-0.9)

11,425
11,288
9,867
9,964
8,535
6,995
7,951
7,117
8,272
7,335
9,040
7,276

58.9 (58.0-59.8)
13.9 (13.2-14.5)
4.0 (3.6-4.4)
5.1 (4.7-5.5)
2.5 (2.2-2.9)
1.4 (1.2-1.8)
5.4 (4.9-5.9)
1.1 (0.9-1.4)
3.6 (3.2-4.0)
0.8 (0.7-1.1)
4.9 (4.5-5.3)
1.7 (1.5-2.1)

12,564
17,03531,19018,22530,91322,855781

0.3 (0.2-0.4)
0.1 (0.1-0.2)
0.4 (0.4-0.5)
0.3 (0.2-0.4)
0.8 (0.7-0.9)
0.2 (0.1-0.2)
0.1 (0.0-0.7)

1,072
1,912
3,714
1,750
3,694
2,226
-

0.1 (0.0-0.5)
0.1 (0.0-0.3)
0.2 (0.1-0.4)
0.1 (0.0-0.3)
0.3 (0.1-0.5)
0.0 (0.0-0.3)
-

1,255
2,996
6,021
3,231
5,723
4,912
-

0.1 (0.0-0.4)
0.1 (0.1-0.3)
0.6 (0.4-0.8)
0.2 (0.1-0.4)
0.8 (0.6-1.0)
0.3 (0.2-0.5)-

20,975
20,154-0.2 (0.1-0.2)
0.2 (0.1-0.3)
-

1,839
1,840
-

0.1 (0.0-0.3)
0.1 (0.0-0.4)
-

3,691
3,135
-

0.4 (0.2-0.6)
0.4 (0.2-0.7)-

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
The samples for HPV testing come from cervical specimens (fresh/fixed biopsies or exfoliated cells)a Number of women tested
b 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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4.1.3- 157 -

Terminology

Cytologically normal women
No abnormal cells are observed on the surface of their cervix upon cytology.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) / Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL)
SIL and CIN are two commonly used terms to describe precancerous lesions or the abnormal growthof squamous cells observed in the cervix. SIL is an abnormal result derived from cervical cytologicalscreening or Pap smear testing. CIN is a histological diagnosis made upon analysis of cervical tissue
obtained by biopsy or surgical excision. The condition is graded as CIN 1, 2 or 3, according to thethickness of the abnormal epithelium (1/3, 2/3 or the entire thickness).
Low-grade cervical lesions (LSIL/CIN-1)
Low-grade cervical lesions are defined by early changes in size, shape, and number of abnormal cells
formed on the surface of the cervix and may be referred to as mild dysplasia, LSIL, or CIN-1.
High-grade cervical lesions (HSIL/ CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS)
High-grade cervical lesions are defined by a large number of precancerous cells on the surface of thecervix that are distinctly different from normal cells. They have the potential to become cancerous
cells and invade deeper tissues of the cervix. These lesions may be referred to as moderate or severe
dysplasia, HSIL, CIN-2, CIN-3 or cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS).
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)Preinvasive malignancy limited to the epithelium without invasion of the basement membrane. CIN 3
encompasses the squamous carcinoma in situ.
Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) / Cervical cancer
If the high-grade precancerous cells invade the basement membrane is called ICC. ICC stages range
from stage I (cancer is in the cervix or uterus only) to stage IV (the cancer has spread to distant organs,such as the liver).
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma composed of cells resembling those of squamous epithelium.
Adenocarcinoma
Invasive tumour with glandular and squamous elements intermingled.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.2- 158 -

HPV burden in anogenital cancers other than cervix

Methods: Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma of thevulva, vagina, anus and penis: systematic review and meta-analysis
A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the worldwide HPV-prevalence and type distribution for anogenital carcinomas other than cervix from January 1986 to ’data as of ’ indicated in eachsection. The search terms for the review were ’HPV’ AND (anus OR anal) OR (penile) OR vagin* OR
vulv* using Pubmed. There were no limits in publication language. References cited in selected articles
were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV DNA detection by means of PCR, a minimum of 10
cases by lesion and a detailed description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The
number of cases tested and HPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimate the prevalenceof HPV DNA and the HPV type distribution. Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated foreach HPV prevalence.
4.2.1

Anal cancer and precancerous anal lesions

Anal cancer is similar to cervical cancer with respect to overall HPV DNA positivity, with approximately
100% of anal squamous cell carcinoma cases associated with HPV infection worldwide (de Martel C et
al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190). HPV16 is the most common type detected, representing
73% of all HPV-positive tumours. HPV18 is the second most common type detected and is found in
approximately 5% of cases. HPV DNA is also detected in the majority of precancerous anal lesions(AIN) (91.5% in AIN1 and 93.9% in AIN2/3) (De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626-36). In thissection, the burden of HPV among cases of anal cancers and precancerous anal lesions in the World arepresented.
Table 31: Studies on HPV prevalence among anal cancer cases in the World (male and female)
HPV Prevalence
Country

FranceStudy

Abramowitz 2011

Bangladesh

Alemany 2015

Bosnia &Herzegovina

Alemany 2015

Chile

Alemany 2015

Colombia

Alemany 2015

Czechia

Alemany 2015

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43,
44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58,
59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

728

96.7

(95.1-97.8)

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (75.5), HPV
18 (5.9), HPV 11(3.7), HPV 6 (3.0),
HPV 52 (2.6)

52

80.8

(68.1-89.2)

HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
18 (3.8), HPV 35(3.8), HPV 56 (1.9),
HPV 58 (1.9)

169

87.6

(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

157

90.4

(84.8-94.1)

HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
33 (5.7), HPV 58(3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
HPV 31 (1.9)

157

90.4

(84.8-94.1)

HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
33 (5.7), HPV 58(3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
HPV 31 (1.9)(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

169

87.6

Continued on next page

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 159 -

Table 31 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Germany

Alemany 2015

Ecuador

Alemany 2015

Spain

Alemany 2015

FranceAlemany 2015

UnitedKingdom

Alemany 2015

Guatemala

Alemany 2015

Honduras

Alemany 2015

India

Alemany 2015

Republicof Korea

Alemany 2015

MexicoAlemany 2015

Mali

Alemany 2015

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

169

87.6

(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

157

90.4

(84.8-94.1)

HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
33 (5.7), HPV 58(3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
HPV 31 (1.9)

169

87.6

(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

169

87.6

(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

169

87.6

(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

157

90.4

(84.8-94.1)

HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
33 (5.7), HPV 58(3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
HPV 31 (1.9)(84.8-94.1)

HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
33 (5.7), HPV 58(3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
HPV 31 (1.9)

157

90.4

52

80.8

(68.1-89.2)

HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
18 (3.8), HPV 35(3.8), HPV 56 (1.9),
HPV 58 (1.9)

52

80.8

(68.1-89.2)

HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
18 (3.8), HPV 35(3.8), HPV 56 (1.9),
HPV 58 (1.9)

157

90.4

(84.8-94.1)

HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
33 (5.7), HPV 58(3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
HPV 31 (1.9)

21

61.9

(40.9-79.2)

HPV 16 (28.6), HPV
18 (9.5), HPV 6(9.5), HPV 31 (4.8),
HPV 35 (4.8)
Continued on next page

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 160 -

Table 31 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Nigeria

Alemany 2015

PolandAlemany 2015

Portugal

Alemany 2015

Paraguay

Alemany 2015

SenegalAlemany 2015

Slovenia

Alemany 2015

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Alemany 2015

UnitedKingdom

Baricevic 2015

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Daling 2004

Australia

Hillman 2014

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR
L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCRMULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, RFLP,TS (HPV 16, 18)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

21

61.9

(40.9-79.2)

HPV 16 (28.6), HPV
18 (9.5), HPV 6(9.5), HPV 31 (4.8),
HPV 35 (4.8)

169

87.6

(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

169

87.6

157

90.4

(84.8-94.1)

HPV 16 (70.1), HPV
33 (5.7), HPV 58(3.2), HPV 18 (2.5),
HPV 31 (1.9)

21

61.9

(40.9-79.2)

HPV 16 (28.6), HPV
18 (9.5), HPV 6(9.5), HPV 31 (4.8),
HPV 35 (4.8)

169

87.6

(81.8-91.7)

HPV 16 (73.4), HPV
18 (3.6), HPV 6(3.6), HPV 11 (3.0),
HPV 33 (2.4)

96

95.8

(89.8-98.4)

HPV 16 (81.3), HPV
18 (7.3), HPV 31(4.2), HPV 39 (3.1),
HPV 52 (3.1)

151

95.4

(90.7-97.7)

HPV 16 (88.7), HPV
6 (11.9), HPV 33(6.6), HPV 18 (4.6),
HPV 58 (4.6)

199

86.9

(81.5-90.9)

HPV 16 (69.8), HPV
18 (8.5)
HPV 16 (77.1), HPV
52 (13.3), HPV 6(10.5), HPV 54 (9.5),
HPV 11 (5.7)

105

97.1

(91.9-99.0)

14

64.3

(38.8-83.7)

Italy

Indinnimeo 1999

SwedenLaytragoon-Lewin 2007

PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing(HPV 16, 18, 33)

72

90.3

(81.3-95.2)

CanadaOuhoummane 2013

PCR L1-Consensus primer,
LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)

96

91.7

(84.4-95.7)

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Palefsky 1991

PCR-E6, TS (HPV 06/11, 16,
18, 31, 33)

13

84.6

(57.8-95.7)

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

HPV 16 (42.9)
HPV 16 (69.4), HPV
18 (34.7), HPV 33(2.8)
HPV 16 (82.3), HPV
33 (3.1), HPV 6(3.1), HPV 18 (2.1),
HPV 58 (2.1)
HPV 16 (76.9), HPV
31 (23.1), HPV 6/11
(15.4), HPV 33 (7.7)
Continued on next page

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Table 31 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Germany

Rödel 2015

Denmark

Serup-Hansen 2014

Czechia

Tachezy 2011

FranceValmary-Degano 2013

Germany

Varnai 2006

FranceVincent-Salomon 1996

Republicof Korea

Yhim 2011

Republicof Korea

Youk 2001

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Zaki 1992

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, PCRMULTIPLEX, (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40,
42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71,
73, 74, 81, 82)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCRMULTIPLEX (HPV 16, 18,
31, 33, 45, 52, 58)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44,
45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR-MY09/11, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 45, 58)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 33)
PCR, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,
44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66,
68, 69)PCR-MY09/11,
PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR-E6,
PCR-E7, TS (HPV 16, 18)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

91

100.0

(95.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (94.5), HPV
11 (2.2), HPV 31(2.2), HPV 35 (2.2),
HPV 18 (1.1)

137

87.6

(81.0-92.1)

HPV 16 (81.0), HPV
33 (5.1), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 58 (0.7)

26

73.1

(53.9-86.3)

HPV 16 (73.1)

HPV 16 (89.0), HPV
39 (4.1), HPV 33(2.7), HPV 11 (1.4),
HPV 18 (1.4)
HPV 16 (74.5), HPV
33 (6.4), HPV 18(2.1), HPV 31 (2.1),
HPV 45 (2.1)

73

98.6

(92.6-99.8)

47

83.0

(69.9-91.1)

27

74.1

(55.3-86.8)

HPV 16 (63.0), HPV
18 (7.4)

47

74.5(60.5-84.7)

HPV 16 (66.0), HPV
58 (6.4), HPV 35
(2.1)

21

100.0

(84.5-100.0)

HPV 16 (100.0)

11

72.7

(43.4-90.3)

HPV 16 (18.2), HPV
11 (9.1), HPV 16/18(9.1), HPV 6 (9.1)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 32: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of AIN2/3 in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Bosnia &Herzegovina

Alemany 2015

Chile

Alemany 2015

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

23

95.7

(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)

12

100.0

(75.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 162 -

Table 32 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Colombia

Alemany 2015

Czechia

Alemany 2015

Germany

Alemany 2015

Ecuador

Alemany 2015

Spain

Alemany 2015

FranceAlemany 2015

UnitedKingdom

Alemany 2015

Guatemala

Alemany 2015

Honduras

Alemany 2015

MexicoAlemany 2015

PolandAlemany 2015

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

12

100.0

(75.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)

23

95.7

(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)

No.
Tested23

95.7(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)

12

100.0

(75.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)

23

95.7

(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)

23

95.7

(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)

23

95.7

(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)

12

100.0

(75.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)

12

100.0

(75.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)

12

100.0

(75.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)

23

95.7

(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 163 -

Table 32 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Portugal

Alemany 2015

Paraguay

Alemany 2015

Slovenia

UnitedKingdom

Spain

Alemany 2015

Fox 2005

García-Espinosa 2013

CanadaGohy 2008

Germany

Hampl 2006

Australia

Hillman 2012

Thailand

Netherlands

UnitedStates ofAmerica

CanadaPhanuphak 2013

Richel 2014

Sahasrabuddhe 2013

Salit 2009

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91), PCR-MY09/11, (HPV 16,
18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52,
56, 58, 59)
PCR-GP5/6, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, DBH(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,
61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81,
82, 84)
PCR-MY09/11, (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,
40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83,
84, 89), PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26, 30, 32)
HC2, LBA (HPV 16, 18, 31,
33)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, LBA(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35,
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 73, 74)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, LBA(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66,
68)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

23

95.7

(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)

12

100.0

(75.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.7), HPV
11 (8.3), HPV 6 (8.3)(79.0-99.2)

HPV 16 (65.2), HPV
18 (8.7), HPV 51(8.7), HPV 6 (8.7),
HPV 74 (8.7)(90.7-99.3)

HPV 16 (64.9), HPV
18 (25.7), HPV 33(24.3), HPV 58(21.6), HPV 31(18.9)(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (50.0), HPV
58 (35.0), HPV 44(35.0), HPV 31(30.0), HPV 43(30.0)

HPV 16 (35.5), HPV
58 (16.1), HPV 18(16.1), HPV 42 (9.7),
HPV 45 (9.7)

23

74

20

95.7

97.3

100.0

62

93.5

(84.6-97.5)

16

87.5

(64.0-96.5)

21

95.2

(77.3-99.2)

HPV 16 (33.3), HPV
31 (19.0), HPV 18(4.8)(68.7-91.5)

HPV 40 (51.2), HPV
53 (26.8), HPV 16(24.4), HPV 11(19.5), HPV 58(17.1)(81.6-100.0)

HPV 16 (58.8), HPV
31 (17.6), HPV 18(11.8), HPV 53(11.8), HPV 58(11.8)(94.8-99.8)

HPV 16 (54.8), HPV
6 (26.0), HPV 31(22.1), HPV 42(22.1), HPV 66(21.2)(95.1-100.0)

HPV 16 (52.7), HPV
18 (32.4), HPV 31(31.1), HPV 6 (28.4),
HPV 52 (27.0)

41

17

104

74

82.9

100.0

99.0

100.0

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 164 -

Table 32 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Germany

Spain

Italy

Study

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types

Silling 2012

PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61,
66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81,
82, 83, 84, 89)

Sirera 2013

PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45,
51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68)

Tanzi 2009

Spain

Torres 2013

Germany

Varnai 2006

Germany

Wieland 2006

PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, RFLP
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21,
22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 81, 83, 84)
LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44,
45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84), PCR-MY09/11, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 45, 58)
PCR, EIA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 42, 44, 45,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
70, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)

No.
Tested

42

69

62

%

100.0

84.1

91.9

(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)(91.6-100.0)

HPV 16 (69.0), HPV
11 (23.8), HPV 18(23.8), HPV 6 (19.0),
HPV 67 (19.0)(73.7-90.9)

HPV 16 (55.1), HPV
58 (34.8), HPV 33(29.0), HPV 51(23.2), HPV 18(21.7)(82.5-96.5)

HPV 6 (38.7), HPV
16 (37.1), HPV 11(27.4), HPV 58 (8.1),
HPV 18 (4.8)

44

97.7

(88.2-99.6)

24

95.8

(79.8-99.3)

18

100.0

(82.4-100.0)

HPV 16 (59.1), HPV
6 (34.1), HPV 66(31.8), HPV 52(29.5), HPV 53(29.5)
HPV 16 (70.8), HPV
11 (12.5), HPV 6(8.3), HPV 58 (4.2)
HPV 16 (88.9), HPV
18 (44.4), HPV 83(38.9), HPV 52(33.3), HPV 58(27.8)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 165 -

Figure 84: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Africa and the World
Africa (a)
16
6
18
31
35
45
51
70
61
66

*
*
*

9.5
9.5
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8

0

World (b)
16
18
33
6
31
35
58
11
39
52

28.6

20

40

60

80

71.4

4.2
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofanal cancer casess
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)a Includes cases from Mali, Nigeria and Senegalb Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 85: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in the Americas andthe World
Americas (a)
16
33
18
31
58
39
52
6
45
11

World (b)
74.3

4.3
4.3
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8

0

20

40

60

80

16
18
33
6
31
35
58
11
39
52

71.4

4.2
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofanal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United Statesb Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 166 -

Figure 86: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a)
16
35
18
56
58
69
59
61
66
67

*
*
*
*
*

World (b)

3.8
3.8
1.9
1.9

0

16
18
33
6
31
35
58
11
39
52

67.3

20

40

60

80

71.4

4.2
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofanal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)a Includes cases from Bangladesh,India and South Korea
b Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 87: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Europe and theWorld
Europe (a)
16
18
6
11
33
35
74
31
56
66

World (b)
73.4

3.6
3.6
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.8
1.2
0.6
0.6

0

20

40

60

80

16
18
33
6
31
35
58
11
39
52

71.4

4.2
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofanal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)a Includes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdomb Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 167 -

Figure 88: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in anal cancer cases in Oceania and theWorld
World (a)No data available

16
18
33
6
31
35
58
11
39
52

71.4

4.2
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.2

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofanal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay and United States); Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal); Asia (Bangladesh,India and South Korea)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 89: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)No data available

16
6
11
18
31
51
74
35
45
56

72.1

9.3
7.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
2.3
2.3
2.3

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
AIN2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 168 -

Figure 90: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and theWorld
Americas (a)
16
6
11
89
87
83
82
74
73
55

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

0

World (b)
91.7

8.3
8.3

25

50

75

16
6
11
18
31
51
74
35
45
56

100

72.1

9.3
7.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
2.3
2.3
2.3

0

25

50

75

100

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
AIN2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguayb Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 91: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
World (a)No data available

16
6
11
18
31
51
74
35
45
56

72.1

9.3
7.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
2.3
2.3
2.3

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
AIN2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 169 -

Figure 92: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
16
51
6
74
18
45
73
58
56
68

World (b)

8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3

0

16
6
11
18
31
51
74
35
45
56

65.2

20

40

60

80

72.1

9.3
7.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
2.3
2.3
2.3

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
AIN2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdomb Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 93: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in AIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
World (a)No data available

16
6
11
18
31
51
74
35
45
56

72.1

9.3
7.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
2.3
2.3
2.3

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
AIN2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
AIN 2/3: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.2.2- 170 -

Vulvar cancer and precancerous vulvar lesions

HPV attribution for vulvar cancer is 48% among age 15-54 years, 28% among age 55-64 years, and 15%
among age 65+ worldwide (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190). Vulvar cancer
has two distinct histological patterns with two different risk factor profiles: (1) basaloid/warty types (2)keratinising types. Basaloid/warty lesions are more common in young women, are frequently found adjacent to VIN, are very often associated with HPV DNA detection (86%), and have a similar risk factor
profile as cervical cancer. Keratinising vulvar carcinomas represent the majority of the vulvar lesions(>60%). These lesions develop from non HPV-related chronic vulvar dermatoses, especially lichen sclerosus and/or squamous hyperplasia, their immediate cancer precursor lesion is differentiated VIN, theyoccur more often in older women, and are rarely associated with HPV (6%) or with any of the other risk
factors typical of cervical cancer. HPV prevalence is frequently detected among cases of high-grade VIN(VIN2/3) (85.3%). HPV 16 is the most common type detected followed by HPV 33 (De Vuyst H et al. Int
J Cancer 2009; 124: 1626-36).In this section, the HPV burden among cases of vulvar cancer cases andprecancerous vulvar lesions in the World are presented.
Table 33: Studies on HPV prevalence among vulvar cancer cases in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

UnitedKingdom

Abdel-Hady 2001

TS (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
33)

11

27.3

(9.7-56.6)

Spain

Alonso 2011

PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 45, 51, 52,
53, 54, 56, 58, 66)

98

19.4

(12.8-28.3)

Italy

Bonvicini 2005

16

0(0.0-19.4)

Denmark

Bryndorf 2004

1060

(31.3-83.2)

HPV 16 (40.0), HPV
33 (20.0), HPV 56(10.0)

PolandBujko 2012

44

34.1

(21.9-48.9)

HPV 16 (20.5), HPV
11 (11.4), HPV 44(4.5), HPV 52 (4.5),
HPV 58 (4.5)

Germany

Choschzick 2011

39

46.2

(31.6-61.4)

HPV 16 (43.6), HPV
33 (2.6)

Argentina

de Sanjosé 2013

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

Australia

de Sanjosé 2013

Austriade Sanjosé 2013

Bangladeshde Sanjosé 2013

PCR-MY09/11 (HPV 16, 18,
31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58)
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51,
52, 56, 58)
PCR, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40,
42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70,
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (27.3), HPV
33 (18.2), HPV 18(9.1)
HPV 16 (14.3), HPV
33 (2.0), HPV 31(1.0), HPV 51 (1.0),
HPV 52 (1.0)

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types

220

40

(33.8-46.6)

HPV 16 (27.3), HPV
33 (3.6), HPV 18(2.7), HPV 39 (1.4),
HPV 6 (1.4)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

188

28.7

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 171 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Bosnia &Herzegovina

de Sanjosé 2013

Belarusde Sanjosé 2013

Brazilde Sanjosé 2013

Chilede Sanjosé 2013

Colombiade Sanjosé 2013

Czechiade Sanjosé 2013

Germanyde Sanjosé 2013

Ecuadorde Sanjosé 2013

Spainde Sanjosé 2013

Francede Sanjosé 2013

UnitedKingdomde Sanjosé 2013

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

324

40.1

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 172 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Greecede Sanjosé 2013

Guatemalade Sanjosé 2013

Hondurasde Sanjosé 2013

India

de Sanjosé 2013

Israelde Sanjosé 2013

Italy

de Sanjosé 2013

Republicof Koreade Sanjosé 2013

Kuwaitde Sanjosé 2013

Lebanonde Sanjosé 2013

Mexicode Sanjosé 2013

Mali

de Sanjosé 2013

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

324

40.1

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

24

70.8

(50.8-85.1)

HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
18 (4.2), HPV 45(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 173 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Mozambiquede Sanjosé 2013

Nigeriade Sanjosé 2013

New
Zealandde Sanjosé 2013

Philippinesde Sanjosé 2013

Polandde Sanjosé 2013

Portugalde Sanjosé 2013

Paraguayde Sanjosé 2013

Senegalde Sanjosé 2013

Turkeyde Sanjosé 2013

Taiwande Sanjosé 2013

Uruguayde Sanjosé 2013

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

24

70.8

(50.8-85.1)

HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
18 (4.2), HPV 45(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)

24

70.8

(50.8-85.1)

HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
18 (4.2), HPV 45(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)(33.8-46.6)

HPV 16 (27.3), HPV
33 (3.6), HPV 18(2.7), HPV 39 (1.4),
HPV 6 (1.4)

No.
Tested

220

40

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

903

19.3

(16.8-22.0)

HPV 16 (13.8), HPV
33 (1.2), HPV 18(0.6), HPV 31 (0.6),
HPV 44 (0.4)

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

24

70.8

(50.8-85.1)

HPV 16 (58.3), HPV
18 (4.2), HPV 45(4.2), HPV 52 (4.2)

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

188

28.7

(22.7-35.6)

HPV 16 (18.1), HPV
18 (1.6), HPV 44(1.6), HPV 45 (1.1),
HPV 52 (1.1)

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 174 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

UnitedStates ofAmericade Sanjosé 2013

Venezuela

de Sanjosé 2013

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, LBA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 34, 35,
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,
45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,
59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing(HPV 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 42, 44,
45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 61, 67, 73,
91)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

50

50

(36.6-63.4)

HPV 16 (34.0), HPV
33 (8.0), HPV 18(2.0), HPV 44 (2.0),
HPV 58 (2.0)

324

40.1

(34.9-45.5)

HPV 16 (25.3), HPV
18 (2.8), HPV 45(2.5), HPV 33 (2.2),
HPV 6 (1.2)

176

68.8

(61.6-75.1)

HPV 16 (48.3), HPV
33 (10.2), HPV 52(2.8), HPV 18 (1.7),
HPV 31 (1.1)

30

16.7

(7.3-33.6)

HPV 59 (10.0), HPV
16 (3.3), HPV 18(3.3), HPV 6 (3.3)

48

60.4

(46.3-73.0)

HPV 16 (39.6), HPV
33 (8.3), HPV 31(4.2), HPV 18 (2.1)

62

30.6

(20.6-43.0)

78

30.8

(21.6-41.7)

74

36.5

(26.4-47.9)

HPV 16 (25.7), HPV
18 (12.2), HPV 33(1.4)

PCR-CPI/CPIIG, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 31, 33, 45)

66

19.7

(11.9-30.8)

HPV 16 (16.7), HPV
33 (1.5), HPV 45(1.5)

Kim 1996

PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 16, 18)

18

38.9

(20.3-61.4)

HPV 16 (27.8), HPV
18 (5.6)

SwedenLarsson 2012

PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
31, 33, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58,
59)

Spain

Lerma 1999

SwedenLindell 2010

PolandLiss 1998

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Gargano 2012

Spain

Guerrero 2011

Germany

Hampl 2006

Denmark

Hørding 1993

Denmark

Hørding 1994

Finland

Iwasawa 1997

Netherlands

Kagie 1997

UnitedStates ofAmerica

PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 33)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 33)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 33)

PCR L1-Consensus primer,
TS (HPV 16, 18)
PCR-CPI/CPIIG, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 33, 52)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, RFLP
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 45, 52, 58)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 16)

HPV 16 (21.0), HPV
18 (4.8), HPV 33(4.8)
HPV 16 (28.2), HPV
33 (3.8)

130

30.8

(23.5-39.2)

HPV 16 (23.8), HPV
33 (3.8), HPV 18(1.5), HPV 56 (0.8),
HPV 59 (0.8)

57

12.3

(6.1-23.2)

HPV 16 (12.3)

75

30.7

(21.4-41.8)

HPV 16 (21.3), HPV
18 (2.7), HPV 33(2.7), HPV 52 (1.3)

18

16.7

(5.8-39.2)

HPV 16 (16.7)

55

50.9

(38.1-63.6)

HPV 16 (43.6)

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Madeleine 1997

Denmark

Madsen 2008

EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56,
58, 61, 67, 73)

60

51.7

(39.3-63.8)

HPV 16 (36.7), HPV
33 (11.7), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 51 (1.7),
HPV 6 (1.7)

Germany

Milde-Langosch 1995

PCR-MY09/11, TS (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35)

40

27.5

(16.1-42.8)

HPV 16 (25.0)
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 175 -

Table 33 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Japan

Study

Nagano 1996

ThailandNgamkham 2013

Japan

Osakabe 2007

BrazilPinto 1999

Germany

Reuschenbach 2013

Germany

Riethdorf 2004

UnitedStates ofAmericaRiethdorf 2004

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Czechia

Sutton 2008

Tachezy 2011

Australia

Tan 2013

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Tate 1994

Netherlands

Trietsch 2013

Netherlands van de Nieuwenhof 2009

Netherlands

van der Avoort 2006

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68,
70)
EIA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,
44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57,
58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,
81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52,
58)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 06/11, 16,
18, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
54, 56, 58)
PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42,
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59,
68, 70, 71, 73, 82)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
TS (HPV 16)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
TS (HPV 16)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61,
62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, RFLP
(HPV 16, 33)
PCR, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66,
68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 66, 73)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 44, 45, 51,
52, 56, 58)

No.
Tested11%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

72.7

(43.4-90.3)

HPV 16 (36.4), HPV
18 (9.1), HPV 51(9.1), HPV 56 (9.1),
HPV 6 (9.1)

25

44(26.7-62.9)

HPV 16 (36.0), HPV
33 (8.0), HPV 35(8.0), HPV 18 (4.0),
HPV 58 (4.0)

21

23.8

(10.6-45.1)

HPV 16 (14.3), HPV
52 (4.8), HPV 6 (4.8)

158

24.1

(18.1-31.3)

HPV 16 (16.5), HPV
18 (9.5), HPV 6/11
(1.3), HPV 45 (0.6)

183

43.7

(36.7-51.0)

HPV 16 (36.1), HPV
18 (2.7), HPV 33(1.1), HPV 11 (0.5),
HPV 31 (0.5)

71

87.3

(77.6-93.2)

HPV 16 (87.3)

71

87.3

(77.6-93.2)

HPV 16 (87.3)(60.9-77.4)

HPV 16 (56.0), HPV
33 (10.3), HPV 45(3.4), HPV 52 (2.6),
HPV 6 (2.6)(28.3-55.7)

HPV 16 (23.9), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 42(2.2), HPV 45 (2.2),
HPV 6 (2.2)

116

46

69.8

41.3

20

90

(69.9-97.2)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
33 (5.0), HPV 35(5.0), HPV 52 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)

13

53.8

(29.1-76.8)

HPV 16 (46.2), HPV
33 (7.7)

108

16.7

(10.8-24.8)

HPV 16 (10.2), HPV
33 (5.6), HPV 18(1.9)
HPV 16 (15.4), HPV
33 (5.4), HPV 18(2.3), HPV 52 (1.5),
HPV 54 (1.5)

130

34.6

(27.0-43.1)

160(0.0-19.4)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 176 -

Table 34: Studies on HPV prevalence among VIN 2/3 cases in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

UnitedKingdom

Abdel-Hady 2001

TS (HPV 06/11, 16, 18, 31,
33)

32

71.9

(54.6-84.4)

UnitedKingdom

Baldwin 2003

PCR L1-Consensus primer,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33)

11

100

(74.1-100.0)

Italy

Bonvicini 2005

PCR-MY09/11 (HPV 16, 18,
31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58)2544(26.7-62.9)

49

81.6

(68.6-90.0)

19

78.9

(56.7-91.5)

HPV 16 (73.7), HPV
33 (5.3), HPV 42(5.3), HPV 84 (5.3)

UnitedKingdom

Bryant 2011

UnitedKingdom

Daayana 2010

Argentina

de Sanjosé 2013

Australia

de Sanjosé 2013

Austriade Sanjosé 2013

Bangladeshde Sanjosé 2013

Bosnia &Herzegovina

de Sanjosé 2013

Belarusde Sanjosé 2013

Brazilde Sanjosé 2013

Chilede Sanjosé 2013

PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 40, 42,
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 73)
EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 26, 31,
33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44,
45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,
59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,
81, 82, 83, 84)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (62.5), HPV
6/11 (18.8), HPV 31(3.1), HPV 33 (3.1)

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types

HPV 16 (90.9), HPV
33 (9.1)
HPV 16 (36.0), HPV
35 (8.0), HPV 33(4.0), HPV 52 (4.0)
HPV 16 (67.3), HPV
33 (16.3), HPV 6(10.2), HPV 18 (2.0),
HPV 31 (2.0)

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

125

94.4

(88.9-97.3)

HPV 16 (71.2), HPV
33 (10.4), HPV 18(4.0), HPV 31 (3.2),
HPV 51 (1.6)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

312

86.9

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

126

77.8

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 177 -

Table 34 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Colombiade Sanjosé 2013

Czechiade Sanjosé 2013

Germanyde Sanjosé 2013

Ecuadorde Sanjosé 2013

Spainde Sanjosé 2013

Francede Sanjosé 2013

UnitedKingdomde Sanjosé 2013

Greecede Sanjosé 2013

Guatemalade Sanjosé 2013

Hondurasde Sanjosé 2013

India

de Sanjosé 2013

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

312

86.9

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 178 -

Table 34 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Israelde Sanjosé 2013

Italy

de Sanjosé 2013

Republicof Koreade Sanjosé 2013

Kuwaitde Sanjosé 2013

Lebanonde Sanjosé 2013

Mexicode Sanjosé 2013

New
Zealandde Sanjosé 2013

Philippinesde Sanjosé 2013

Polandde Sanjosé 2013

Portugalde Sanjosé 2013

Paraguayde Sanjosé 2013

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)

20

100

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

125

94.4

(88.9-97.3)

HPV 16 (71.2), HPV
33 (10.4), HPV 18(4.0), HPV 31 (3.2),
HPV 51 (1.6)

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

312

86.9

(82.7-90.2)

HPV 16 (69.6), HPV
33 (11.2), HPV 18(2.2), HPV 6 (1.6),
HPV 52 (1.3)

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 179 -

Table 34 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Turkeyde Sanjosé 2013

Taiwande Sanjosé 2013

Uruguayde Sanjosé 2013

Venezuela

de Sanjosé 2013

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Gargano 2012

Germany

Hampl 2006

Denmark

Junge 1995

Spain

Lerma 1999

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Madeleine 1997

Germany

Riethdorf 2004

UnitedStates ofAmericaRiethdorf 2004

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Srodon 2006

Czechia

Tachezy 2011

Australia

Tan 2013

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34,
35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 82, 83,
87, 89, 91)
PCR-SPF10, LBA, (HPV 16,
18, 33, 52, 59)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21,
22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35,
42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 61,
67, 73, 74, 91)
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, TS (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
TS (HPV 16, 18)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 16)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
TS (HPV 16)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
TS (HPV 16)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-SPF10,, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, ,Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)

20

100

(83.9-100.0)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0), HPV 35 (5.0),
HPV 54 (5.0)(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

126

77.8

126

77.8

(69.8-84.2)

HPV 16 (57.1), HPV
33 (8.7), HPV 6(4.8), HPV 31 (4.0),
HPV 11 (1.6)

68

97.1

(89.9-99.2)

HPV 16 (80.9), HPV
33 (8.8), HPV 59(2.9), HPV 18 (1.5)

168

100

(97.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (79.8), HPV
33 (10.7), HPV 31(4.2), HPV 18 (3.0)

58

87.9

(77.1-94.0)

HPV 16 (77.6), HPV
33 (10.3)

18

27.8

(12.5-50.9)

HPV 16 (27.8)

253

71.5

(65.7-76.7)

HPV 16 (61.7)

60

68.3

(55.8-78.7)

HPV 16 (68.3)

60

68.3

(55.8-78.7)

HPV 16 (68.3)(89.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (91.2), HPV
18 (5.9), HPV 35(5.9), HPV 11 (2.9),
HPV 33 (2.9)

34

100

94

94.7

(88.1-97.7)

HPV 16 (71.3), HPV
33 (8.5), HPV 18(5.3), HPV 6 (4.3),
HPV 11 (2.1)

44

90.9

(78.8-96.4)

HPV 16 (68.2), HPV
26 (4.5), HPV 33(4.5), HPV 52 (4.5),
HPV 82 (4.5)
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Table 34 – continued from previous page
HPV PrevalencePrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (64.3), HPV
18 (7.1), HPV 51(7.1), HPV 52 (7.1),
HPV 53 (7.1)
HPV 16 (89.1), HPV
33 (2.2), HPV 45(2.2)

CountryStudy

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types

GreeceTsimplaki 2012

(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 73)

Netherlands

van Beurden 1995

Netherlands

van der Avoort 2006

Netherlands

van Esch 2014

TS (HPV 16, 18, 33, 73)

43

100

(91.8-100.0)

HPV 16 (81.4), HPV
33 (14.0), HPV 73(2.3)

Winters 2008

EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43,
44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57,
58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72,
73, 81, 82, 83, 84)2085(64.0-94.8)

HPV 16 (75.0), HPV
18 (5.0), HPV 33(5.0)

UnitedKingdom

PCR-CPI/CPIIG, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21,
22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45,
51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 74)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

14

78.6

(52.4-92.4)

46

95.7

(85.5-98.8)

32

56.3

(39.3-71.8)

HPV 16 (40.6), HPV
31 (6.3), HPV 6(6.3), HPV 33 (3.1)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 181 -

Figure 94: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Africa and theWorld
Africa (a)
16
45
52
18
69
59
6
61
66
67

World (b)
16
33
18
45
6
31
44
52
51
56

58.3
4.2
4.2
4.2
*
*
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

19.4
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 95: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in the Americas
and the World
Americas (a)
16
33
18
45
6
52
56
31
39
51

World (b)
16
33
18
45
6
31
44
52
51
56

26.5
2.9
2.7
2.1
1.3
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5

0

20

40

60

80

19.4
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuelab Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 182 -

Figure 96: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Asia and theWorld
Asia (a)
16
44
18
45
52
58
33
66
42
6

World (b)
16
33
18
45
6
31
44
52
51
56

18.1
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0

20

40

60

80

19.4
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 97: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Europe and theWorld
Europe (a)
16
33
18
31
44
51
53
58
74
66

World (b)
16
33
18
45
6
31
44
52
51
56

13.8
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2

0

20

40

60

80

19.4
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 183 -

Figure 98: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vulvar cancer in Oceania andthe World
Oceania (a)
16
33
18
39
6
31
44
45
52
56

World (b)
16
33
18
45
6
31
44
52
51
56

27.3
3.6
2.7
1.4
1.4
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9

0

20

40

60

80

19.4
1.8
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvulvar cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Australia and New Zealand.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mali,
Mozambique, Nigeria, and Senegal); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal,
Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 99: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)No data available

16
33
6
18
31
52
51
56
74
66

67.1
10.2
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 184 -

Figure 100: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in the Americas and theWorld
Americas (a)
16
33
6
31
11
45
51
52
58
54

World (b)
16
33
6
18
31
52
51
56
74
66

56.7
8.7
4.7
3.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
0.8

0

20

40

60

80

67.1
10.2
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 101: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a)
16
18
33
35
54
6
69
59
61
66

World (b)
16
33
6
18
31
52
51
56
74
66

5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

67.1
10.2
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 185 -

Figure 102: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
16
33
18
6
52
56
44
66
74
31

World (b)
69.6

11.2
2.2
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.6

0

20

40

60

16
33
6
18
31
52
51
56
74
66

80

67.1
10.2
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 103: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and the World
Oceania (a)
16
33
18
31
6
51
55
83
74
73

World (b)
71.2

10.4
4.0
3.2
1.6
1.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8

0

20

40

60

80

16
33
6
18
31
52
51
56
74
66

67.1
10.2
2.4
2.4
1.9
1.4
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.7

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VIN 2/3: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia and New Zealand.
b Includes cases from America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela); Oceania (Australia and New Zealand);Europe (Austria, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom); and in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.2.3- 186 -

Vaginal cancer and precancerous vaginal lesions

Vaginal and cervical cancers share similar risk factors and it is generally accepted that both carcinomas
share the same aetiology of HPV infection although there is limited evidence available. Women withvaginal cancer are more likely to have a history of other ano-genital cancers, particularly of the cervix,
and these two carcinomas are frequently diagnosed simultaneously. HPV DNA is detected among 78%
of invasive vaginal carcinomas and 91% of high-grade vaginal neoplasias (VaIN2/3). HPV16 is the mostcommon type in high-grade vaginal neoplasias and it is detected in at least 78% of HPV-positive carcinomas (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190; De Vuyst H et al. Int J Cancer 2009;
124:1626-36). In this section, the HPV burden among cases of vaginal cancer cases and precancerous
vaginal lesions in the World are presented.
Table 35: Studies on HPV prevalence among vaginal cancer cases in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Argentina

Alemany 2014

Australia

Alemany 2014

Austria

Alemany 2014

Bangladesh

Alemany 2014

BelarusAlemany 2014

BrazilAlemany 2014

Chile

Alemany 2014

Colombia

Alemany 2014

Czechia

Alemany 2014

Germany

Alemany 2014

Ecuador

Alemany 2014

Spain

Alemany 2014

FranceAlemany 2014

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a191

78(71.6-83.3)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
Continued on next page

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 187 -

Table 35 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

UnitedKingdom

Alemany 2014

GreeceAlemany 2014

Guatemala

Alemany 2014

India

Alemany 2014

IsraelAlemany 2014

Republicof Korea

Alemany 2014

KuwaitAlemany 2014

Lebanon

Alemany 2014

MexicoAlemany 2014

Mozambique

Alemany 2014

Nigeria

Alemany 2014

Philippines

Alemany 2014

PolandAlemany 2014

Paraguay

Alemany 2014

TurkeyAlemany 2014

TaiwanAlemany 2014

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

19

68.4

(46.0-84.6)

19

68.4

(46.0-84.6)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

152

71.1

(63.4-77.7)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

46

71.7

(57.5-82.7)

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (31.6), HPV
45 (10.5), HPV 18(5.3), HPV 31 (5.3),
HPV 33 (5.3)
HPV 16 (31.6), HPV
45 (10.5), HPV 18(5.3), HPV 31 (5.3),
HPV 33 (5.3)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (47.4), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 73(3.3), HPV 33 (2.6),
HPV 56 (2.6)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
HPV 16 (41.3), HPV
33 (4.3), HPV 68(4.3), HPV 18 (2.2),
HPV 26 (2.2)
Continued on next page

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 188 -

Table 35 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types

No.
Tested%(95% CI)a191

78(71.6-83.3)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

191

78

(71.6-83.3)

Country

Study

Uruguay

Alemany 2014

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Alemany 2014

Venezuela

Alemany 2014

PortugalFerreira 2008

PCR, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
33, 35, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52,
56, 58)21

81(60.0-92.3)

Spain

Fuste 2010

PCR-SPF10, (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 45,
51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68)

32

78.1

(61.2-89.0)

SwedenLarsson 2013

PCR-E6, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56,
58, 59)69

53.6(42.0-64.9)

Denmark

Madsen 2008

EIA, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51,
52, 56, 58)

27

88.9

(71.9-96.1)

PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (42.4), HPV
31 (5.8), HPV 18(4.2), HPV 33 (4.2),
HPV 52 (3.1)
HPV 16 (33.3), HPV
31 (28.6), HPV 40(14.3), HPV 18 (9.5),
HPV 33 (9.5)
HPV 16 (56.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 35(3.1), HPV 51 (3.1),
HPV 58 (3.1)
HPV 16 (37.7), HPV
18 (2.9), HPV 31(2.9), HPV 33 (2.9),
HPV 52 (2.9)
HPV 16 (77.8), HPV
33 (7.4), HPV 18(3.7), HPV 39 (3.7),
HPV 45 (3.7)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 36: Studies on HPV prevalence among VaIN 2/3 cases in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Argentina

Alemany 2014

Australia

Alemany 2014

Austria

Alemany 2014

Bangladesh

Alemany 2014

BelarusAlemany 2014

BrazilAlemany 2014

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 189 -

Table 36 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Chile

Alemany 2014

Colombia

Alemany 2014

Czechia

Alemany 2014

Germany

Alemany 2014

Ecuador

Alemany 2014

Spain

Alemany 2014

FranceAlemany 2014

UnitedKingdom

Alemany 2014

GreeceAlemany 2014

Guatemala

Alemany 2014

India

Alemany 2014

IsraelAlemany 2014

Republicof Korea

Alemany 2014

KuwaitAlemany 2014

Lebanon

Alemany 2014

MexicoAlemany 2014

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
Continued on next page

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 190 -

Table 36 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Philippines

Alemany 2014

PolandAlemany 2014

Paraguay

Alemany 2014

TurkeyAlemany 2014

TaiwanAlemany 2014

Uruguay

Alemany 2014

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Alemany 2014

Venezuela

Alemany 2014

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Daling 2002

Italy

Frega 2007

Germany

Hampl 2006

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Srodon 2006

Japan

Sugase 1997

GreeceTsimplaki 2012

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35,
39, 42, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 82, 89)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, RFLP,TS (HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 58,
66, 73)
PCR, TS (HPV 16, 18)
PCR-MY09/11, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21,
22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35,
40, 44, 52, 56, 58)
PCR-MY09/11, PCR-SPF10,, Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42,
43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67,
68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
PCR, TS, Sequencing (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38,
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52,
53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85,
86, 87, 89, 90, 91)(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52,
53, 56, 58, 66, 70)

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (65.6), HPV
33 (7.3), HPV 18(5.2), HPV 52 (3.1),
HPV 73 (3.1)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (53.8), HPV
52 (15.4), HPV 59(15.4), HPV 45 (7.7),
HPV 73 (7.7)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)
HPV 16 (46.3), HPV
52 (6.3), HPV 73(6.3), HPV 18 (6.3),
HPV 51 (3.8)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)a13

100(77.2-100.0)

96

97.9

(92.7-99.4)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

13

100

(77.2-100.0)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

80

92.5

(84.6-96.5)

99

77.8

(68.6-84.8)

HPV 16 (54.5), HPV
58 (1.0), HPV 66(1.0), HPV 73 (1.0)

30

100

(88.6-100.0)

HPV 16 (86.7), HPV
18 (13.3)

11

90.9

(62.3-98.4)

HPV 16 (63.6)

16

93.8

(71.7-98.9)

HPV 16 (50.0), HPV
58 (18.8), HPV 31(12.5), HPV 35 (6.3),
HPV 51 (6.3)

18

100

(82.4-100.0)

HPV 16 (16.7), HPV
58 (16.7), HPV 53(11.1), HPV 67(11.1), HPV 35 (5.6)

1040(16.8-68.7)

HPV 16 (20.0), HPV
33 (20.0)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 191 -

Figure 104: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Africa andthe World
Africa (a)
16
45
18
31
33
39
56
73
69
68

World (b)
16
31
18
33
45
58
52
51
73
39

31.6
10.5
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

43.6
3.9
3.7
3.7
2.7
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.5

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Mozambique, Nigeria.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 105: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in the Americas
and the World
Americas (a)
16
31
18
33
52
58
45
51
39
59

World (b)
16
31
18
33
45
58
52
51
73
39

42.4
5.8
4.2
4.2
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.1
1.6

0

20

40

60

80

43.6
3.9
3.7
3.7
2.7
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.5

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 192 -

Figure 106: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Asia and theWorld
Asia (a)
16
68
18
26
45
51
52
56
59
33

World (b)
16
31
18
33
45
58
52
51
73
39

39.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0

0

20

40

60

80

43.6
3.9
3.7
3.7
2.7
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.5

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 107: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Europe andthe World
Europe (a)
16
18
73
33
56
58
31
35
45
52

World (b)
16
31
18
33
45
58
52
51
73
39

47.4
3.3
3.3
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.0
1.3
1.3
1.3

0

20

40

60

80

43.6
3.9
3.7
3.7
2.7
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.5

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 193 -

Figure 108: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of vaginal cancer in Oceania andthe World
Oceania (a)
16
68
31
58
33
6
69
67
66
53

World (b)
16
31
18
33
45
58
52
51
73
39

46.2
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
*
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

43.6
3.9
3.7
3.7
2.7
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.5

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) ofvaginal cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Australiab Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan
and Turkey); and Oceania (Australia)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 109: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)No data available

16
52
18
73
33
59
56
51
6
35

56.1
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 194 -

Figure 110: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in the Americas andthe World
Americas (a)
16
52
73
18
51
56
6
31
58
59

World (b)
16
52
18
73
33
59
56
51
6
35

46.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
2.5
2.5
2.5

0

20

40

60

80

56.1
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United States of America and Venezuela.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 111: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
Asia (a)
16
59
52
45
73
53
82
69
68
67

World (b)
16
52
18
73
33
59
56
51
6
35

53.8
15.4
15.4
7.7
7.7
*
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

56.1
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 195 -

Figure 112: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
16
33
18
52
73
35
53
56
59
51

World (b)
16
52
18
73
33
59
56
51
6
35

65.6
7.3
5.2
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.0

0

20

40

60

80

56.1
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 113: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in VaIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and theWorld
Oceania (a)
16
59
52
45
73
53
82
69
68
67

World (b)
16
52
18
73
33
59
56
51
6
35

53.8
15.4
15.4
7.7
7.7
*
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

56.1
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.6
1.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
VaIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
VAIN 2/3: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey.
b Includes cases from Europe (Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain and United Kingdom); America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, United states of America and Venezuela); Asia (Bangladesh, India, Israel, South Korea, Kuwait, Philippines, Taiwan and Turkey); and Oceania(Australia)* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.2.4- 196 -

Penile cancer and precancerous penile lesions

DNA is detectable in approximately 51% of all penile cancers (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health2020;8(2):e180-e190). Among HPV-related penile tumours, HPV16 is the most common type detected,
followed by HPV18 and HPV types 6/11 (Miralles C et al. J Clin Pathol 2009;62:870-8). Over 95% of
invasive penile cancers are SCC and the most common penile SCC histologic sub-types are keratinising(49%), mixed warty-basaloid (17%), verrucous (8%), warty (6%), and basaloid (4%). HPV is commonly
detected in basaloid and warty tumours but is less common in keratinising and verrucous tumours. In
this section, the HPV burden among cases of penile cancer cases and precancerous penile lesions in theWorld are presented.
Table 37: Studies on HPV prevalence among penile cancer cases in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

BrazilAfonso 2012

Austria

Aumayr 2013

BrazilBezerra 2001

BrazilCalmon 2013

China

Chan 1994

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, RFLP (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 45, 53,
62, 70, 71, 73)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, TS(HPV 16, 18, 31, 33)
PCR consensus primers andprobing forHPV types: 6, 11,
16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40,
42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56
and 58PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, qPCR,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66,
68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR Type specific for
HPV16/18
PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39,
40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,
54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73,
74)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (17.3), HPV
45 (12.8), HPV 6(6.8), HPV 18 (3.8),
HPV 31 (3.0)

133

56.4

(47.9-64.5)

26

69.2

(50.0-83.5)

82

30.5

(21.6-41.1)

47

48.9

(35.3-62.8)

HPV 16 (40.4), HPV
11 (10.6), HPV 35
(2.1)

41

19.5

(10.2-34.0)

HPV 16 (9.8), HPV
18 (9.8)

202

31.7

(25.7-38.4)

HPV 16 (22.8), HPV
6 (3.0), HPV 18(2.0), HPV 11 (1.5),
HPV 35 (1.5)

42

54.8

(39.9-68.8)

HPV 16 (40.5), HPV
18 (4.8)

Paraguay

Cubilla 2010

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Cupp 1995

PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18)

Belgium

D’Hauwers 2012

PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68)

36

61.1

(44.9-75.2)

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Daling 2005

PCR MY09/11

94

79.8

(70.6-86.7)

Viet Nam

Spain

Brazil

Do 2013

Ferrándiz-Pulido 2013

Fonseca 2013

PCR-SPF10, PCR-E6, qPCR,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26,
31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,
51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68,
69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 82)
PCR-SPF10, EIA, LiPA
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45,
51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 66,
68, 70, 73, 74)
PCR-GP5+/6+, Sequencing(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33, 45,
51, 52, 53, 58, 68)

120

78

82

22.5

37.2

61.0

HPV 16 (47.2), HPV
59 (5.6), HPV 11(2.8), HPV 33 (2.8),
HPV 39 (2.8)
HPV 16 (69.1), HPV
6 (4.3), HPV 33(2.1), HPV 18 (1.1),
HPV 31 (1.1)(15.9-30.8)

HPV 16 (20.0), HPV
11 (0.8), HPV 18(0.8), HPV 33 (0.8),
HPV 58 (0.8)(27.3-48.3)

HPV 16 (26.9), HPV
58 (3.8), HPV 6(2.6), HPV 33 (1.3),
HPV 45 (1.3)(50.2-70.8)

HPV 11 (39.0), HPV
6 (19.5), HPV 16(18.3), HPV 53(11.0), HPV 33 (2.4)
Continued on next page

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 197 -

Table 37 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Italy

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (45.5), HPV
18 (18.2), HPV 53
(9.1)

Study

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types

No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

Gentile 2006

PCR-(MY09/11, GP5+/6+),
sequencing

11

72.7

(43.4-90.3)

23.9(16.8-32.7)

23.9(16.8-32.7)

45.8(27.9-64.9)

HPV 16 (45.8), HPV
39 (4.2)

55.4(44.7-65.6)

HPV 16 (22.8), HPV
18 (2.3), HPV 45(1.8), HPV 33 (1.2),
HPV 56 (0.6)

66.7(50.3-79.8)

HPV 16 (25.0)

63.1(53.8-71.5)

HPV 16 (61.3), HPV
18 (1.8)

80.8(73.8-86.3)

61.4(53.3-68.9)

Paraguay

Gregoire 1995

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Gregoire 1995

Spain

Guerrero 2008

Netherlands

Heideman 2007

FranceHumbey 2003

Japan

Iwasawa 1993

SwedenKirrander 2011

Denmark

Krustrup 2009South
AfricaLebelo 2014

BrazilLevi 1998

Netherlands

Lont 2006

MexicoLópez-Romero 2013

CanadaMaden 1993

Austria

Mannweiler 2013

PCR Type specific for:6,11,16 and 18 + Primers for
109
wide range including
16,18,31,33,35,52
PCR Type specific for:6,11,16 and 18 + Primers for
109
wide range including
16,18,31,33,35,52
PCR-GP5+/6+, RLBM, (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35,
39, 40, 42-45, 51-59, 61, 66,
24
68, 70-73, 81(CP8304),
82/MM4, 82/IS39, 83(MM7),84(MM8), CP6108)
PCR-GP5+/6+, EIA, RLBM,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33-35, 39, 40, 42-45, 51-59,
83
61, 66, 68, 70-73,
81(CP8304), 82/MM4,
82/IS39, 83(MM7),84(MM8), CP6108)
PCR-(MY09/MY11,
FAP59/FAP64), TS (HPV 5,
6, 8, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35,36
45, 51, 52, 58, 68),
sequencing
PCR type specific for HPV
111
16,18 and 33
PCR-(HPV 6,11,
16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59),
151
sequencing
PCR-GP5+/6+, EIA, RLBM,(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33-35, 39, 40, 42-45, 51-59,
61, 66, 68, 70-73,14581(CP8304), 82/MM4,
82/IS39, 83(MM7),84(MM8), CP6108)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,40
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68)
PCR MY09/11 and probing
50
for 6,11,16,18,31
PCR-GP5+/6+, RLBM, (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35,
39, 40, 42-45, 51-59, 61, 66,
171
68, 70-73, 81(CP8304),
82/MM4, 82/IS39, 83(MM7),84(MM8), CP6108)
PCR-E6, RT-PCR,
Sequencing (HPV 11, 16, 18,
31, 33, 58, 59)
PCR E6/E7 for HPV6,16 and18
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 82)

87.5(73.9-94.5)

56.0(42.3-68.8)

29.2(22.9-36.5)

HPV 16 (55.0), HPV
11 (30.0), HPV 18(10.0), HPV 45 (5.0),
HPV 33 (2.5)

76

75.0

(64.2-83.4)

HPV 16 (61.8), HPV
11 (3.9), HPV 31(3.9), HPV 18 (1.3),
HPV 33 (1.3)

67

49.3

(37.7-60.9)

HPV 16 (34.3)

123

58.5

(49.7-66.9)

HPV 16 (45.5), HPV
33 (4.9), HPV 18(4.1), HPV 45 (3.3),
HPV 56 (0.8)
Continued on next page

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 198 -

Table 37 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
CountryStudy

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types
PCR-(MY09/11, GP5+/6+),
sequencing
PCR-GP5+/6+, TS (HPV 16,
18, 31, 33)

No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

49

77.6

(64.1-87.0)

17

35.3

(17.3-58.7)

Spain

Pascual 2007

Germany

Perceau 2003

Argentina

Picconi 2000

PCR GP5+/6+ and typing by
PCR-SSCP

38

71.1(55.2-83.0)

Germany

Poetsch 2011

PCR-,TS (HPV 6/11, 16, 18)

52

38.5

(26.5-52.0)

Prowse 2008

PCR-SPF10, LIPA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35, 39,
40, 42-45, 51-54, 56, 58, 59,
66, 68-71, 73, 74)

26

53.8

(35.5-71.2)

UnitedKingdom

Prevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type(%)
HPV 16 (65.3), HPV
18 (8.2)

HPV 18 (28.9), HPV
16 (21.1), HPV 6(5.3)
HPV 16 (32.7), HPV
6/11 (3.8), HPV 18(1.9)

HPV 16 (25.4), HPV
6 (3.5), HPV 45(2.8), HPV 52 (2.8),
HPV 35 (2.1)
HPV 16 (25.4), HPV
6 (3.5), HPV 45(2.8), HPV 52 (2.8),
HPV 35 (2.1)

Paraguay

Rubin 2001

PCR SPF10 + INO-LIPA

142

42.3

(34.4-50.5)

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Rubin 2001

PCR SPF10 + INO-LIPA

142

42.3

(34.4-50.5)

Salazar 2005

PCR Specific for HPV16

57

59.6

(46.7-71.4)

Sarkar 1992

PCR type specific for 6b/11,
16 and 18 + Southern Blot

27

59.3

(40.7-75.5)

BrazilScheiner 2008

PCR-GP5+/6+,
PCR-MY09/11, RFLP (HPV
6, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 71)

80

72.5

(61.9-81.1)

ThailandSenba 2006

PCR SPF10, ISH

65

81.5

(70.4-89.1)

UnitedKingdom

Stankiewicz 2011

102

55.9

(46.2-65.1)

Japan

Suzuki 1994

13

53.8

(29.1-76.8)

Italy

Tornesello 2008

61

47.5

(35.5-59.8)

HPV 16 (42.6), HPV
18 (3.3), HPV 35(1.6)

UgandaTornesello 2008

17

64.7

(41.3-82.7)

HPV 16 (58.8), HPV
18 (11.8), HPV 6(11.8), HPV 33 (5.9)

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Varma 1991

30

66.7

(48.8-80.8)

26

11.5

(4.0-29.0)

MexicoUnitedStates ofAmericaJapan

Yanagawa 2008

PCR-SPF10, LIPA, (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33-35, 39,
40, 42-45, 51-54, 56, 58, 59,
66, 68-71, 73, 74)
PCR consensus primers on
L1 and E6(6,11,16,18,31,33,42,52,58
PCR-GP5+/6+,
PCR-MY09/11,
PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR-E6,
PCR-E7, Sequencing (HPV
6, 16, 18, 33, 35)
PCR-GP5+/6+,
PCR-MY09/11,
PCR-L1C1/C2, PCR-E6,
PCR-E7, Sequencing (HPV
6, 16, 18, 33, 35)
PCR Type specific for HPV
6/11 and 16 and ISH for
6,11,16,18,31,33 and 35
PCR-L1C1/C2, RFLP (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 52,
58)

HPV 16 (15.0), HPV
6 (5.0), HPV 18(1.3), HPV 31 (1.3),
HPV 33 (1.3)
HPV 18 (55.4), HPV
6 (40.0), HPV 34(3.1), HPV 11 (1.5),
HPV 22 (1.5)
HPV 16 (45.1), HPV
11 (9.8), HPV 45(5.9), HPV 6 (5.9),
HPV 31 (4.9)
HPV 16 (30.8), HPV
33 (15.4), HPV 31(7.7)

HPV 16 (11.5)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 199 -

Table 38: Studies on HPV prevalence among PeIN 2/3 cases in the WorldHPV Prevalence
CountryStudy

HPV detection method
and targeted HPV types

UnitedStates ofAmerica

Cupp 1995

PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-E6, TS (HPV 16, 18)

Belgium

D’Hauwers 2012

PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR
(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68)

SwedenKirrander 2011

MexicoLópez-Romero 2013

Austria

Mannweiler 2013

SwedenWikström 2012

PCR-(HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31,
33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58,59), sequencing
PCR-E6, RT-PCR,
Sequencing (HPV 16)
PCR L1-Consensus primer,
PCR-SPF10, LiPA (HPV 6,
11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
56, 58, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 82)
PCR-GP5+/6+,
PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 45,
52, 58, 70, 73)

No.
Tested25%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5
most frequent
HPVs, HPV type
(%)

92.0

(75.0-97.8)

HPV 16 (80.0), HPV
18 (8.0)
HPV 16 (61.5), HPV
18 (23.1), HPV 11(15.4), HPV 53(15.4), HPV 56(15.4)

13

84.6(57.8-95.7)

62

88.7

(78.5-94.4)

10

100.0

(72.2-100.0)

HPV 16 (100.0)

43

76.7

(62.3-86.8)

HPV 16 (62.8), HPV
18 (9.3), HPV 33(2.3), HPV 73 (2.3)(68.5-94.3)

HPV 16 (39.3), HPV
6 (21.4), HPV 31(7.1), HPV 33 (7.1),
HPV 45 (7.1)

28

85.7

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2014)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 200 -

Figure 114: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Africa and theWorld
Africa (a)
16
52
30
33
6
73
61
66
67
68

World (b)
16
6
33
45
35
52
59
11
18
74

26.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
*
*
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

22.8
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegalb Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 115: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in the Americas
and the World
Americas (a)
16
6
11
35
45
59
33
18
51
56

World (b)
16
6
33
45
35
52
59
11
18
74

23.8
2.5
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.0
0.6
0.6

0

20

40

60

80

22.8
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United Statesb Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 201 -

Figure 116: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Asia and theWorld
Asia (a)
16
35
45
33
73
61
66
67
68
69

World (b)
16
6
33
45
35
52
59
11
18
74

9.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
*
*
*
*
*
*

0

20

40

60

80

22.8
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippinesy
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 117: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Europe andthe World
Europe (a)
16
52
6
33
58
45
18
31
44
35

World (b)
16
6
33
45
35
52
59
11
18
74

23.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0

20

40

60

80

22.8
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdomb Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 202 -

Figure 118: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in cases of penile cancer in Oceania andthe World
World (a)No data available

16
6
33
45
35
52
59
11
18
74

22.8
1.6
1.2
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.6

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
penile cancer cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela and United States,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 119: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Africa and the World
World (a)No data available

16
33
58
31
52
51
6
18
66
53

69.4
5.9
4.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 203 -

Figure 120: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in the Americas andthe World
Americas (a)
16
66
58
11
53
31
52
51
61
69

World (b)
16
33
58
31
52
51
6
18
66
53

36.4
18.2
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
9.1
*

0

20

40

60

80

69.4
5.9
4.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela.
b Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
* No data available. No more types than shown were tested or were positive.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 121: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Asia and the World
World (a)No data available

16
33
58
31
52
51
6
18
66
53

69.4
5.9
4.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 204 -

Figure 122: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Europe and the World
Europe (a)
16
33
6
18
58
31
52
51
45
43

World (b)
73.4

6.3
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.6

0

20

40

60

16
33
58
31
52
51
6
18
66
53

80

69.4
5.9
4.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdomb Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Figure 123: Comparison of the ten most frequent HPV types in PeIN 2/3 cases in Oceania and theWorld
World (a)No data available

16
33
58
31
52
51
6
18
66
53

69.4
5.9
4.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4

0

20

40

60

80

Type specific HPV prevalence (%) of
PeIN 2/3 cases
Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 30 Jun 2015)
PeIN 2/3: Penile intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2/3
a Includes cases from Australia, Bangladesh, India, South Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela, Mozambique,
Nigeria, Senegal, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.3- 205 -

HPV burden in men

The information to date regarding anogenital HPV infection is primarily derived from cross-sectional
studies of selected populations such as general population, university students, military recruits, andstudies that examined husbands of control women, as well as from prospective studies. Special subgroups include mainly studies that examined STD (sexually transmitted diseases) clinic attendees,
MSM (men who have sex with men), HIV positive men, and partners of women with HPV lesions, CIN(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), cervical cancer or cervical carcinoma in situ. Globally, prevalence of
external genital HPV infection in men is higher than cervical HPV infection in women, but persistenceis less likely. As with genital HPV prevalence, high numbers of sexual partners increase the acquisitionof oncogenic HPV infections (Vaccine 2012, Vol. 30, Suppl 5). In this section, the HPV burden among
men in the World is presented.
Methods
HPV burden in men was based on published systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Dunne EF, J Infect
Dis 2006; 194: 1044, Smith JS, J Adolesc Health 2011; 48: 540, Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 2014;
90: 455, and Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014; 11: 2630) up to October 31, 2015. The search terms for thereview were human papillomavirus, men, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybrid capture (HC), andviral DNA. References cited in selected articles were also investigated. Inclusion criteria were: HPV
DNA detection by means of PCR or HC (ISH if data are not available for the country), and a detailed
description of HPV DNA detection and genotyping techniques used. The number of cases tested andHPV positive cases were extracted for each study to estimate the anogenital prevalence of HPV DNA.
Binomial 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each anogenital HPV prevalence.
Table 39: Studies on HPV prevalence among men in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

Australia

Vardas
2011b

Penis

BrazilFranceschi
2002
Giuliano
2008

Glans, corona,urethraCorona sulcus,
glans, shaft andscrotum

HPV detection
methodRT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexPCR-GP5+/6+
PCRPGMY09/11
and GP5/6+

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

Rosenblatt
2004

Shaft, dorsal andprebalanic area,
prepuce, urethralmeatusHC2 HR

Vardas
2011b

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexCanadaVardas
2011b

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexChile

Guzmán2008

Corona and shaft

PCR-GP5+/6+

Population
Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial
Husbands ofcontrol women
Generalpopulation
HIV- MSW fromgeneralpopulation andpopulation froma STD clinic
HIV- MSM fromgeneralpopulation andpopulation froma STD clinic
Partners of
women without
CIN
Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial
Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial
University
students

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)aMedian 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

24-81

56

39.3

(26.5-53.2)

18-70

382

72.3

(67.5-76.7)

18-70

1305

12.2

(10.5-14.1)

18-70

176

47.2

(39.6-54.8)

-

60

15.0

(7.1-26.6)

Median 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

Median 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

20-51

61

83.6

(71.9-91.8)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 206 -

Table 39 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Study

Anatomic sites
samplesChina

Liu 2015

Coronal sulcus,
shaft, glans, andscrotum

PCRSPF1/GP6+

Colombia

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Croatia

Vardas
2011b

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex

Grce 1996

UrethraFilterhybridization(slot-blot, TS
6,11,16,18)

Country

Denmark

Hebnes2015

Hebnes
2015
Kjaer 2005

Coronal sulcus,
glans, preputial
cavity, scrotum,
shaft and perineum
Coronal sulcus,
glans, preputial
cavity, scrotum,
shaft and perineum
Glans and corona
sulcusHPV detection
methodHC2

PCR-LIPAv2
PCR-GP5+/6+
TS oligoprobes

Population
Populationbased
esophageal
cancer cohort
study
Husbands ofcontrol women
Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial
Familyplanning clinic
attendees
Male employees
and conscripts
at military
barracks
Male employees
and conscripts
at military
barracks
Military
conscripts
Sexual partners
of pregnant
women

Age
(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

25-65

2228

16.9

(15.3-18.5)

23-82

128

18.8

(12.4-26.6)

Median 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

-

79

26.6

(17.3-37.7)

Mean 23(18-65)

2436

22.2

(20.6-24.0)

Mean 23(18-65)

2436

41.8

(39.9-43.8)

18-29

337

33.8

(28.8-39.2)

19-46

128

22.7

(15.7-30.9)

Mean 20285

16.5(12.4-21.3)

Median 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

16-79

530

5.8

(4.0-8.2)

Kero 2011

Urethra

PCR-MY09/11
and GP5+/6+

Hippeläinen
1993

Glans, prepuce,
corona sulcus,
urethral meatus

PCR-MY09/11
TS
6,11,16,18,31,33

Vardas
2011b

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex

GrussendorfConen
1987

Coronal sulcus and
glans

ISH

India

Gupta 2006

Coronal sulcus,
distal andintrameatal urethra
and glans

PCR-L1 and TS
16,18

Partners of
women withnormal cytology

Mean 46.9

30

26.7

(12.3-45.9)

Italy

Lorenzon
2014

Coronal sulcus,
shaft, prepuce, andurethral

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

Heterosexual
men for routine
HPV testing

18-68

378

40.5

(35.5-45.6)

27-79

46

8.7

(2.4-20.8)

18-35

75

1.3

(0.0-7.2)

18-63

250

57.6

(51.2-63.8)

17-28

2705

51.1

(49.2-53.0)

18-70

362

61.9

(56.7-66.9)

FinlandGermany

Nasca 2006

Penis

Japan

Takahashi
2003

Kenya

Ng’ayo2008

Glans, corona,
prepuceGlans, corona
sulcus, shaft of thepenis, scrotum andthe perianal region
Shaft, glans, coronalsulcus, and innerand external
foreskin tissue

Smith 2010

MexicoGiuliano
2008

Corona sulcus,
glans, shaft andscrotum

PCR-MY09/11
and GP5+/6+

HC2 HR, LR
PCRPGMY09/MY11
and HMB01

PCR-GP5+/6+

PCRPGMY09/11
and GP5/6+

Voluntary
conscripts
Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial
Blood donors or
patients fromdepartment ofdermatology

Hospital based
controls
attending clinic
for nongenitalcomplaints
University
students
Men working in
the fishingindustry
Men screened toparticipate inan RCT of malecircumcision
Generalpopulation andorganized
health caresystems

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 207 -

Table 39 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Anatomic sites
samplesCorona, shaft, upper
third of the scrotum,
urethral meatus,
urethraHPV detection
methodPCR-BGH 20
and BPCO4

LazcanoPonce
2001

Corona, urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

SánchezAlemán
2002

Glans and prepuce

HC2 HR

Vaccarella
2006

Scrotum, coronalsulcus, the glans
and the opening of
the meatus

PCRPGMY09/11

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexStudy

Lajous 2005

Vardas
2011b
Philippines

Franceschi
2002

Republic of
Korea

Shin 2004

RwandaSouth
AfricaSpain

Glans, corona,urethraGlans, corona,scrotum, prepuce,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+
PCR-SPF10

Veldhuijzen
2012

Shaft, scrotum,
glans/sulcus corona,and foreskin in
uncircumcised men

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test
(HR-HPV types)

Veldhuijzen
2012

Shaft, scrotum,
glans/sulcus corona,and foreskin in
uncircumcised men

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test
(LR-HPV types)

Mbulawa
2010

Shaft and glans,
and the foreskin in
uncircumcised men

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

Auvert2010

Urethra

PCR-Roche
Amplicor HPV
test

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Vardas
2011b

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex

Population

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

Military
conscripts

16-40

1030

44.6

(41.5-47.7)

14-55

96

42.7

(32.7-53.2)

18-70

1305

12.2

(10.5-14.1)

18-70

176

47.2

(39.6-54.8)

University
students

>=18

71

8.5

(3.2-17.5)

Men whorequested avasectomy

Mean 34779

8.7(6.8-10.9)

Median 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

19-71

106

4.7

(1.5-10.7)

Median 22

381

8.7

(6.0-11.9)

Median 31(IQR=2738)

166

26.5

(20.0-33.9)

Median 31(IQR=2738)

166

31.3

(24.4-39.0)

18-66

313

50.8

(45.1-56.5)

IQR=1922

1683

19.1

(17.2-21.0)

24-78

168

3.6

(1.3-7.6)

Median 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

Sexually active
college students
and industry
workers
HIV- MSW fromorganized
health caresystems,
factories andmilitaryHIV- MSM fromorganized
health caresystems,
factories andmilitary

Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial
Husbands ofcontrol women
Male students
Menparticipating ina case–control
study assessing
risk factors for
infertility
Menparticipating ina case–control
study assessing
risk factors for
infertility
HIVheterosexual
men recruitedforinvestigationsof genital HPVtransmission
Men recruitedfrom thegeneralpopulation for
an RCT of malecircumcision
Husbands ofcontrol women
Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 208 -

Table 39 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

SwedenKataoka
1991

UrethraForslund1993

UrethraHPV detection
methodPCR-TS
6,11,16,18,33

Population

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

Army conscripts
with normal
epithelium

18-23

66

12.1

(5.4-22.5)

Military
conscripts

20-23

138

8.7

(4.6-14.7)

Men from thegeneralpopulation

Mean 34.2

1813

20.5

(18.7-22.5)

28-78

75

17.3

(9.6-27.8)

15-49

978

60.9

(57.8-64.0)

PCR-TS
(6,11,16,18,31,33,35)
andunespecified
consensus
primerTanzania

Olesen2013

ThailandFranceschi
2002

Glans, preputial
cavity(uncircumcisedmen), coronal sulcus(circumcised men),shaft, corpus
Glans, corona,urethraUgandaTobian2013

Coronal sulcus andglans

PCRPGMY09/11

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Giuliano
2008

Corona sulcus,
glans, shaft andscrotum

PCRPGMY09/11

Generalpopulation

18-44

290

30.0

(24.8-35.6)

Giuliano
2008

Corona sulcus,
glans, shaft andscrotum

PCRPGMY09/11
and GP5/6+

Generalpopulation andpopulation from
University

18-70

416

61.3

(56.4-66.0)

Hernandez
2008

Glans, corona
sulcus, penile shaft,scrotum

PCRPGMY09/11

University
population

Mean 29300

35.3(29.9-41.0)

Nielson2007

Glans, corona
sulcus, penile shaft
and scrotum,
perianal area, anus

PCRPGMY09/11

18-40

463

65.4

(60.9-69.8)

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

18-70

1305

12.2

(10.5-14.1)

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

18-70

176

47.2

(39.6-54.8)

Partridge
2007

Glans, urethralmeatus, penile shaft
and scrotum

PCR-MY09/11
HMB 01

18-20

240

25.8

(20.4-31.9)

Vardas
2011b

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexMedian 20(15-24)

3132

21.2

(19.8-22.7)

Weaver2004

Glans, prepuce,
shaft, scrotum

PCR-MY09/11
HMB 01

18-25

283

35.0

(29.4-40.9)

PCR-LIPA and
HC2

PCR-GP5+/6+

Husbands ofcontrol women
HIVheterosexualmen

Generalpopulation
volunteers and
STD clinic
attendeesHIV- MSW fromgeneralpopulation andpopulation from
University
HIV- MSM fromgeneralpopulation andpopulation from
University
Heterosexual
university
students
Heterosexual
men enrolled ina HPV vaccine
trial
University
students

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 31 Oct 2015)
HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
MSM: Men who have sex with men; MSW:Men who have sex with women; STD: sexually transmitted diseases
a 95% Confidence Intervalb Includes cases from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Mexico, Spain, and USA.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 40: Studies on HPV prevalence among men from special subgroups in the WorldHPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

Argentina

Pando 2012

Anus

HPV detection
methodGP-PCR
Reverse line
blot
hybridization

Population

Age(years)No.
TestedHIV- MSM

Mean/Median69
31 years%(95% CI)a79.7(68.3-88.4)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 209 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Australia

BrazilCanadaStudy

Anatomic sites
samples

HPV detection
methodGP-PCR
Reverse line
blot
hybridization

Pando 2012

Anus

Vajdic 2009

Anal canal

HC2HIV- MSM

Anderson
2008

Anal canalHC2 HR

HIV+ MSM

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

Goldstone
2011b

Anus

Ong 2016

Anus

Vajdic 2009

Anal canal

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex
RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexPCR-Linear
Array
HC2

Population

Age(years)HIV+ MSM

Mean/Median39
31 years
IQR=3648
Median 45(28-59)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a92.3(79.1-98.4)

193

69.9

(62.9-76.3)

123

86.2

(78.8-91.7)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

281

79.7

(74.5-84.3)

123

94.3

(88.6-97.7)

18-70

176

47.2

(39.6-54.8)

18-60

43

51.2

(35.5-66.7)

27-79

53

35.8

(23.1-50.2)

18-81

355

72.1

(67.1-76.7)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

HIV+ MSM
HIV+ MSM
HIV- MSM fromgeneralpopulation andpopulation froma STD clinic
Sexual partners
of women withcervical HPV
infection
Husbands ofwomen withinvasive
cervical cancer
Men referred to
the Urological
Division

Mean 51(35-82)
IQR=3749

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

de LimaRocha 2012

Coronal sulcus,
glans, and prepuce

PCR-GP5+/6+

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Freire 2014

Shaft, glans,balanopreputial
sulcus and urethral

PCRPapillocheck

Goldstone
2011b

Anus

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

Guimarães
2011

Anus

PCR-DBH

HIV+

>=18

445

65.6

(61.0-70.0)

Rosenblatt
2004

Shaft, dorsal andprebalanic area,
prepuce, urethralmeatusHC2 HR

Partners of
women with
CIN

-

30

76.7

(57.7-90.1)

Rombaldi
2006

Prepuce, preglans,
shaft, urethral canal

PCR-L1,
MY09/11

Partners of
women with
CIN

18-56

99

54.5

(44.2-64.6)

Nicolau
2005

Glans, urethra,internal andexternal prepuce,
scrotum, anus

HC2 HR, LR

Partners of
women with
HPV

19-53

50

70.0

(55.4-82.1)

dePokomandy
2009

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

HIV+ MSMMedian 43(21-66)241

97.9(95.2-99.3)

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

Goldstone
2011b

Anus

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

Ogilvie2009

Shaft, scrotum

PCR-Roche
Amplicor HPV
test

16-69

262

69.8

(63.9-75.3)

Salit 2009

Anus

PCRPGMY09/11

38-50

224

93.3

(89.2-96.2)

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex
RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex
RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexHeterosexual
men attending
provincial STD
clinicHIV+ MSM
participants in
TRACE study

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 210 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

China

Colombia

Croatia

Denmark

FranceStudy

HPV detection
methodSalit 2010

Anal canalGao 2010

Anal canalGao 2010

Anal canal

Li 2015

Anus

Yang 2012

Anus

Zhang 2014

Anus

PCR-GenoArray

Zhang 2014

Anus

PCR-GenoArray

Tang 2006

Urethral meatus

PCR-MY09/11

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Goldstone
2011b

Anus

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

Svare 2002

Coronal sulcus,
glans, perianal area,
scrotum, and shaft

HC2
PCRTellgenplexTM
HPV DNA Test
PCRTellgenplexTM
HPV DNA Test
PCR-GenoArray
PCRTellgenplexTM
HPV DNA Test

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex
RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexPCR-GP5+/6+
and TS
6,11,16,18,31,33

Population

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

HIV+ MSMMedian44.4(IQR=39.450.6)

400

93.0

(90.0-95.3)

HIV+ MSM>=18 (70%<30 years)

50

96.0

(86.3-99.5)

HIV- MSM>=18 (70%<30 years)

528

58.9

(54.6-63.1)

HIV+ MSM

18-60

193

99.0

(96.3-99.9)

HIV+ MSM

>=18

91

70.3

(59.8-79.5)

IQR=2534.8

380

33.7

(28.9-38.7)

IQR=2534.8

28

71.4

(51.3-86.8)

18-70

305

13.8

(10.1-18.2)

24-79

50

32.0

(19.5-46.7)

23-76

63

20.6

(11.5-32.7)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

STD clinic
attendees

>=18

198

44.9

(37.9-52.2)

Mean 2955

87.3(75.5-94.7)

Mean 3034

2.9(0.1-15.3)

Mean 46.4(SD=9.4)

82

76.8(66.2-85.4)

27-62

45

80.0

(65.4-90.4)

67

74.6

(62.5-84.5)

16

75.0

(47.6-92.7)

HIV- MSM,
STD clinic
attendees
HIV+ MSM
STD clinic
attendees
STD clinic
attendees
Husbands ofwomen withinvasive
cervical cancer
Husbands ofwomen withcervicalcarcinoma insitu

Men with penile
and urethrallesions whose
female partners
have genital
HPV lesions
Men with
normalpeniscopy
whose female
partners have
genital HPV
lesions

Aynaud2003

Meatal urethra

PCR-TS
6,11,42,16,18,33

Aynaud2003

Meatal urethra

PCR-TS
6,11,42,16,18,33

Anus

PCR-Cobas
HR-HPV

HIV+ MSM

Anal canal

PCR-MY09/11

HIV+ MSM

Philibert
2014
Piketty
2004
Damay
2010
Philibert
2014

Germany

Anatomic sites
samples

Anal canal
Anus

PCRPapilloCheck®
PCR-Cobas
HR-HPV

HIV+ MSM
HIV- MSMMedian 45(39-49.5)
Mean 46.4(SD=9.4)

Schneider
1988

Glans, prepuce,
fossa navicularis,
shaft

Filterhybridization
DNA/DNA

Sexual partners
of women with
HPV associatedlesions of thecervixMean 36.5

156

39.1

(31.4-47.2)

Goldstone
2011b

Anus

RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexHIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 211 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

Wieland2015

Anus

HPV detection
methodRT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex
PCR-Multiplex
andhybridization

Population

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

HIV+ MSM

18-80

801

91.5

(89.4-93.3)

15-65

64

20.3

(11.3-32.2)

Mean 46.4

30

66.7

(47.2-82.7)

83

77.1

(66.6-85.6)

80

61.3

(49.7-71.9)

23-58

47

68.1

(52.9-80.9)

20-61

71

35.2

(24.2-47.5)

-

247

31.2

(25.5-37.4)

-

64

21.9

(12.5-34.0)

172

93.0

(88.1-96.3)

437

72.1

(67.6-76.2)

220

88.6

(83.7-92.5)

233

87.1

(82.1-91.1)

20-72

947

41.7

(38.5-44.9)

28-62

9

88.9

(51.8-99.7)

50

22.0

(11.5-36.0)

50

10.0

(3.3-21.8)

50

56.0

(41.3-70.0)

94.4(72.7-99.9)

GreeceHadjivassiliou
2007

UrethraHC2 HR, LR

HIV- STD clinic
attendees
without genital
warts andsexual partners
of women withgenital warts

India

Gupta 2006

Coronal sulcus,
distal andintrameatal urethra
and glans

PCR-L1 and TS
16,18

Partners of
women withcervical cancer

Ireland

Italy

Sadlier
2014
Sadlier
2014

Anus
Anus

PCR-TS
16,18,31
PCR-TS
16,18,31
PCR-LiPA,
GP5+/6+ andMY09/11

HIV+ MSM
HIV- MSM

Giovannelli
2007

Coronal sulcus,
frenulum, glans,
prepuce, shaft

Benevolo
2008

Coronal sulcus,
urethra, prepuce,
shaft

PCR-L1

Chiarini
1998

Urethra

PCR-Genericprimers in E1

Della Torre
1992

UrethraPCR-TS
6,11,16,18

Dona 2015

Anus

PCR-Linear
Array

HIV+ MSM

Dona 2015

Anus

PCR-Linear
Array

HIV- MSM

Garbuglia
2015

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

HIV+ MSM

Orlando
2008

Anus

HC2

HIV+

PCR-Generalprimers for L1(MY09/11, GP5+ /6+)

Men referredfor HPV testing.
Indications fortesting: STD
screening, HPV
suspected
lesions,
HPV-positive
partners

PCR-MY09/11

HIV- MSM

Barzon2010

Glans, corona, shaft,perianal area,
urethra, and semen

Pierangeli
2008

Anal canalSammarco
2016

Coronal sulcus

Sammarco
2016

UrethraSammarco
2016

Anus

Pierangeli
2008

Anal canal

PCR-Multiplex
and RFLP andsequencing
PCR-Multiplex
and RFLP andsequencing
PCR-Multiplex
and RFLP andsequencing
PCR-MY09/11

Partners of
women with
HPV
Male partners
of women with
CIN and/or
positive HPV
Men with
symptoms of
nongonococcal
urethritis
Partners of
women with
HPV

HIV+ MSM

HIV+ MSM

HIV+ MSM
HIV+ MSM

Mean 40(SD=10)Mean 32(SD=8)Median 41(IQR=3347)
Median 32(IQR=2739)
Median 39(IQR=3344)
Median 34(IQR=3042)

Mean 38(IQR=2053)
Mean 38(IQR=2053)
Mean 38(IQR=2053)
25-65

18

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 212 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samplesJapan

Nagata2015

Anus

PCR-InvaderHIV+heterosexualmen

Nagata2015

Anus

PCR-Invader

HIV+ MSM

PCR-HPV
GenoArray

Men with
urethritis

Shigehara
2010

MexicoNetherlands

Takahashi
2003
Takahashi
2005
TorresIbarra
2014

Coronal sulcus,
glans, prepuce,urethra, and urine
Coronal sulcus,
glans, prepuce
Glans, corona, innersurface of prepuce
Anus

Nyitray
2011

Anal canalGoldstone
2011b

Anus

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

LeyvaLópez
2003
MendezMartinez
2014
Van
Doornum
1994

HPV detection
methodPopulation

HC2 HR, LR
HC2 HR, LR

Patients withurethritis
STD clinic
attendees

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

34

20.6

(8.7-37.9)

361

75.9

(71.1-80.2)

Mean 35.2(19-62)142

47.9(39.4-56.4)

17-49

130

18.5

(12.2-26.2)

18-35

204

5.9

(3.1-10.0)

Median 44(IQR=3955)
Median 44(IQR=3955)

PCRPGMY09/11

HIV+ MSM

18-69

446

93.0

(90.3-95.2)

PCRPGMY09/11

HIV- MSM fromorganized
health caresystems,
factories andmilitary

18-70

176

47.2

(39.6-54.8)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex
RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexUrethral meatus

PCR-L1

Partners of
women with
CIN

17-64

187

2.1

(0.6-5.4)

Anus

PCR-INNOLIPA

HIV+ MSMMedian 39(IQR=3345)

324

86.1

(81.9-89.7)

Corona, urethra,anus, rectum

PCR-TS
6/11,16,18,33

STD clinic
attendees

Mean 3785

28.2(19.0-39.0)

van der
Snoek 2003

Perianal area

PCR-TS
primers and
LiPA

HIV+ MSM

29-59

17

64.7

(38.3-85.8)

Bleeker
2005

Corona, frenulum,
glans, inner prepuce

PCR-GP5+/6+

Partners of
women withdyskaryosis
and/or CIN

22.5-57.7

181

72.9

(65.8-79.3)

van der
Snoek 2003

Coronal sulcus

PCR-TS
primers and
LiPA

HIV+ MSM

29-59

17

23.5

(6.8-49.9)

22.8-73.2

83

25.3

(16.4-36.0)

24-58

119

58.8

(49.4-67.8)

19-76

241

32.8

(26.9-39.1)

Median45.6(IQR=39.452.5)

306

56.9

(51.1-62.5)

19-76

241

15.8

(11.4-21.0)

Median45.6(IQR=39.452.5)

306

23.2

(18.6-28.3)

Bleeker
2005

Corona, frenulum,
glans, inner prepuce

PCR-GP5+/6+

Bleeker
2002

Glans, corona,
frenulum, prepuce

PCR-GP5+/6+

van der
Snoek 2003

Perianal area

PCR-TS
primers and
LiPA

van Rijn
2014

Anal canalvan der
Snoek 2003

Coronal sulcus

van Rijn
2014

Penile shaft

Men visiting
department ofdermatology for
non-STI
complaints
Partners of
women with
CIN
HIV- MSM

PCR-LIPA TS
HIV+ MSM
16,18,31,33,45,52,58
PCR-TS
primers and
LiPAHIV- MSM

PCR-LIPA TS
HIV+ MSM
16,18,31,33,45,52,58

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 213 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

HPV detection
methodPopulation

Welling
2015

Penis

PCR-SPF DEIA
LIPA

HIV- MSM

Welling
2015

Anus

PCR-SPF DEIA
LIPA

HIV- MSM

Welling
2015

Anus

PCR-SPF DEIA
LIPA

HIV+ MSM

Welling
2015

Penis

PCR-SPF DEIA
LIPA

HIV+ MSM

Anal canal

PCR-LIPA

Penis

PCR-LIPA

Anal canal

PCR-LIPA

Penis

PCR-LIPA

Vriend2013
Vriend2013
Vriend2013
Vriend2013

MSW STD
clinic attendees
MSW STD
clinic attendees
MSM STD
clinic attendees
MSM STD
clinic attendees

van Rijn
2014

Penile shaft

PCR-LIPA TS
16,18,31,33,45,52,58

HIV- MSM

van Rijn
2014

Anal canal

PCR-LIPA TS
16,18,31,33,45,52,58

HIV- MSM

Blas 2015

Coronal sulcus,
glans, penis shaft,and scrotum

PCR-Linear
Array

HIV- MSM

Blas 2015

Anal canal

PCR-Linear
Array

HIV- MSM

Quinn 2012

Anus

PCR-Line blot

MSM

Philippines

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Husbands ofwomen withinvasive
cervical cancer

RussianFederation

Wirtz 2015

Anus

Wirtz 2015

Anus

Golob 2014

Penis

Peru

Slovenia

Milosevic
2010
Milosevic
2010
South
AfricaAnal canal
Anal canal

PCR-TS
6,11,16,18,31,33
PCR-TS
6,11,16,18,31,33
PCR-Linear
Array
PCR-Linear
Array
PCR-Linear
Array

Müller2010

Glans penis, coronalsulcus, penile shaft
and anogenital
warts

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

Müller2010

Glans penis, coronalsulcus and penile
shaft

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

Müller2010

Glans penis, coronalsulcus and penile
shaft

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

HIV+ MSM
HIV- MSM

Age(years)Median 38(IQR=3342)
Median 38(IQR=3342)
Median 46(IQR=3953)
Median 46(IQR=3953)
Median 22(16-24)
Median 22(16-24)
Median 22(16-24)
Median 22(16-24)
Median37.6(IQR=33.642.2)
Median37.6(IQR=33.642.2)
Mean 34(18-59)Mean 34(18-59)Mean 33(SD=10.1)
22-77Median 29(19-50)Median 29(19-50)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

461

29.5

(25.4-33.9)

461

60.1

(55.5-64.6)

317

78.2

(73.3-82.7)

317

49.5

(43.9-55.2)

124

33.1

(24.9-42.1)

124

16.1

(10.1-23.8)

56

3.6

(0.4-12.3)

56

26.8

(15.8-40.3)

441

11.1

(8.3-14.4)

441

33.6

(29.2-38.2)

101

40.6

(30.9-50.8)

101

76.2

(66.7-84.1)

105

77.1

(67.9-84.8)

149

6.0

(2.8-11.2)

58

50.0

(36.6-63.4)

65

30.8

(19.9-43.4)

Men from
infertile couples

Mean 33299

37.1(31.6-42.9)

HIV- MSM

16-80

116

75.0

(66.1-82.6)

HIV+ MSM

20-57

20

95.0

(75.1-99.9)

Mean 29.8

108

100.0

(96.6-100.0)

Mean 29.8

50

62.0

(47.2-75.3)

Mean 29.8

56

48.2

(34.7-62.0)

Men withanogenital wart
attending asexual healthclinicAsymptomaticmen attendingfor HIV
voluntarycounselling andtesting a sexual
health clinic
Men with
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 214 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Spain

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

HPV detection
methodAge(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

Firnhaber
2011

Prepuce, penile
shaft and genital
wart areas of thepenis

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

Mean 36.0

73

100.0

(95.1-100.0)

Vogt 2013

Coronal sulcus,
glans and shaft

PCRPGMY09/11

IQR=293734

58.8(40.7-75.4)

Mbulawa
2010

Shaft and glans,
and the foreskin in
uncircumcised men

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

19-67

158

77.2

(69.9-83.5)

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

RT-PCRMultiplex or
BiplexHIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Husbands ofwomen withcervicalcarcinoma in
situ

22-76

102

21.6

(14.0-30.8)

HidalgoTenorio
2015

Anus

PCR-GeneAmp
HR-HPV

HIV+ MSM

Mean 37.4(SD=9.5)

197

80.2

(73.9-85.5)

Sendagorta
2014

Anus

PCR-Genomic
amplification

HIV+
MSM/bisexual
men

>=18

298

93.0

(89.4-95.6)

Sendagorta
2015

Anus

PCR-HR Clart
HPV2HIV+ MSMMedian 42(IQR=3350)

101

82.2

(73.3-89.1)

HIV+ MSM

IQR=28.240.1

1439

95.8

(94.6-96.7)

HIV+
Heterosexual
men attending
an outpatient
HIV clinic

40-48

195

41.5

(34.5-48.8)

HIV+
Heterosexual
men attending
an outpatient
HIV clinic

40-48

191

27.2

(21.0-34.1)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

Torres 2013

Anus

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test
PCR-TS
primers in
E6/E7
F-HPVTMtyping(Molgentix SL,
Spain)
PCR-TS
primers in
E6/E7
F-HPVTMtyping(Molgentix SL,
Spain)
RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex

Population
Men with penile
warts attendinga public sector
antiretroviraltreatment clinic
Heterosexual
men attending
an HIV testing
centreHIV+heterosexual
men recruitedforinvestigationsof genital HPVtransmission

Videla 2013

Anus

Videla 2013

Coronal sulcus,
glans, urethra, shaft

Goldstone
2011b

Anus

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Husbands ofwomen withinvasive
cervical cancer

25-74

84

11.9

(5.9-20.8)

Anus

PCR-TS
primers in
E6/E7
F-HPVTMtyping(Molgentix SL,
Spain)

HIV+ MSM
attending an
outpatient HIV
clinic

36-47

538

84.2

(80.8-87.2)

Videla 2013

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 215 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

SwedenThailand

Study

Anatomic sites
samplesÁlvarezArgüelles
2013

BalanopreputialÁlvarezArgüelles
2013

Anus

Videla 2013

Coronal sulcus,
glans, urethra, shaft

HPV detection
methodPCR-Generalprimers in L1(MY09/11, GP5+ /6+), PCR
with TS primers
in E6/E7 fortyping
PCR-Generalprimers in L1(MY09/11, GP5+ /6+), PCR
with TS primers
in E6/E7 fortyping
PCR-TS
primers in
E6/E7
F-HPVTMtyping(Molgentix SL,
Spain)

Population

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

STD clinic
attendees

17-87

1318

36.9

(34.3-39.5)

STD clinic
attendees

17-87

123

49.6

(40.5-58.8)

HIV+ MSM
attending an
outpatient HIV
clinic

36-47

457

24.9

(21.0-29.2)

Army conscripts
withaceto-white
epithelium

18-23

39

25.6

(13.0-42.1)

Kataoka
1991

UrethraPCR-TS
6,11,16,18,33

Löwhagen
1999

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

HIV- MSM

26-62

13

53.8

(25.1-80.8)

Strand1993

Coronal sulcus,
glans, preputium,and shaft

PCR-MY09/11
and GP5+/6+

STD clinic
attendees

20-53

65

29.2

(18.6-41.8)

Löwhagen
1999

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

HIV+ MSM

27-54

17

94.1

(71.3-99.9)

Wikström
1991

Coronal sulcus,
inner part of the
prepuce, urethra

PCR-TS
primers
followed by dot
blot

STD clinic
attendees

17-58

228

53.9

(47.2-60.5)

Wikström
2000

Corona, glans, andprepuce

PCR-GP5+/6+

18-54

235

13.2

(9.1-18.2)

Voog 1997

Glans and prepuce

PCR-MY09/11
and GP5+/6+

19-67

20

25.0

(8.7-49.1)

Supindham
2015

Anus

PCR-Linear
Array

18-54

85

89.4

(80.8-95.0)

Median 26

50

30.0

(17.9-44.6)

HIV- MSMMedian 33

50

30.0

(17.9-44.6)

HIV- MSM

>=18

123

58.5

(49.3-67.3)

MSM-Bisexual
men whoself-identify as
men and engage
in insertive
and/or receptive
anal sex withmen and women

18-36

29

48.3

(29.4-67.5)

Leaungwutiwong
2015
Leaungwutiwong
2015
Phanuphak2013

Supindham
2015

Anus
Anus

Anus

Anus

Nested-PCR
and sequencing
Nested-PCR
and sequencing
PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

PCR-Linear
Array

STD clinic
attendees
STD clinic
attendees
MSM-Gay men
whoself-identify as
men and preferinsertive and/or
receptive anal
sex with othermen
HIV- MSM sex
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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 216 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

HPV detection
methodSupindham
2015

Anus

PCR-Linear
Array

Franceschi
2002

Glans, corona,urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

Phanuphak
2013

Anus

PCR-RocheLinear ArrayHPVGenotyping test

UgandaTobian2013

Coronal sulcus andglans

PCRPGMY09/11

UnitedKingdom

Cuschieri
2011

Shaft

PCR-INNOLiPA

Hillman
1993

Urethra

PCR-GP5+/6+

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Jalal 2007

UrethraKing 2015

Anus

King 2015

Coronal sulcus,
glans, penis shaft,scrotum andperianal area

Lacey 1999

Anal canal

PCR-Generalprimers for L1(MY09/11, GP5+ /6+) and RLH
PCR-Multiplex
and Bio-Plex
Any nonavalentvaccine HPV
types
PCR-Multiplex
and Bio-Plex
Any nonavalentvaccine HPV
types
PCR-GP5+/6+

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

18-48

83

80.7

(70.6-88.6)

25-77

109

22.0

(14.6-31.0)

>=18

123

85.4

(77.9-91.1)

15-49

421

90.7

(87.6-93.3)

16-25

117

29.1

(21.0-38.2)

17-55.6100

18.0(11.0-26.9)

Genitourinary
clinic attendees

15-77

437

20.8

(17.1-24.9)

MSM

Median 30(IQR=2535)

454

40.1

(35.5-44.8)

MSMMedian 30(IQR=2535)

446

36.1

(31.6-40.7)

HIV+ MSM
Genitourinary
clinic attendees
with multiple
sexual partners
or diagnosis ofgenital warts
within 6 months

19-62

57

84.2

(72.1-92.5)

-

87

49.4

(38.5-60.4)

Population
MSMTransgenderwomen who areborn asanatomicalmales (and who
may or may nothave undergone
genitalsurgery), but
who
self-identify as
women andprefer receptive
anal sex withmen
Husbands ofwomen withinvasive
cervical cancer
HIV+ MSM
HIV+
heterosexualmen
Drop-in sexual
health service
attendees
Men infectedwith gonorrhea

Bissett
2011

Glans, prepuce,
shaft, scrotum

PCR-Generalprimers (GP5 +/6+), Bio-Plex
arraytechnology fortypingWiley 2013

Anus

PCRPGMY09/11

HIV+ MSM

Mean 55579

90.7(88.0-92.9)

Wiley 2013

Anus

PCRPGMY09/11

HIV- MSM

Mean 55683

70.3(66.7-73.7)

Baken 1995

Penis

>17

48

62.5

(47.4-76.0)

Baldwin2003
Berry 2009
Berry 2009

Glans, corona,urethraAnal canal
Anal canal

18-70

393

28.2

(23.8-33.0)

26-75
26-75

32
81

90.6
56.8

(75.0-98.0)(45.3-67.8)

Caussy1990

Anus

Mean 40.6

105

39.0

(29.7-49.1)

Heterosexual
partners of STD
clinic attendees
PCRSTD clinic
PGMY09/11
attendees
PCR-MY09/11
HIV+ MSM
PCR-MY09/11
HIV- MSM
HIV+ and HIVPCR-TS
homosexual
6,11,16,18,31,33,35
men
PCR-MY09/11

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 217 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

HPV detection
methodAge(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

Chin-Hong
2004

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

18-89

1218

56.8

(54.0-59.6)

Chin-Hong
2008

Anus

24-73

87

57.5

(46.4-68.0)

Chin-Hong
2008

Anus

24-73

38

86.8

(71.9-95.6)

ColónLópez
2014

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

>=18

192

57.8

(50.5-64.9)

Conley2010

Anal canal

PCR-Linear
Array

HIV+ MSW

92

58.7(47.9-68.9)

Conley2010

Anal canal

PCR-Linear
Array

HIV+ MSM

379

95.8

(93.2-97.6)

Critchlow
1998

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

HIV+homosexualmen

Mean 34322

91.6(88.0-94.4)

Wilkin 2004

Anal canal

HC2

HIV+ MSM

90% > 30
years

55

78.2

(65.0-88.2)

Fife 2003

Glans, corona, shaft,inguinal skin,scrotum, perineum,
perianal, urine

PCR-TS 6,11

STD clinic
attendees

18-50

20

10.0

(1.2-31.7)

Friedman
1998

Anal canal

PCR-MY09/11,
HMB01, andHC

HIV- MSM<40 years

46

69.6

(54.2-82.3)

Critchlow
1998

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

Gandra
2015

Anus

HC2

Palefsky2005

Anal canal

Palefsky
1998

PCR- genericprobe set by
DBH
PCR- genericprobe set by
DBH

Population
HIV- MSM in
EXPLORE
cohortHIVhomosexual orbisexual men
HIV+homosexual orbisexual men
STD clinic
attendees(29.8% MSM)Median 42(IQR=3848)
Median 42(IQR=3648)

HIVhomosexualmenHIV+heterosexualmen

Mean 34284

66.5(60.7-72.0)

Median 55(IQR=4960)

40

27.5

(14.6-43.9)

PCR-L1consensus
primers

HIV+ MSM

-

323

95.4

(92.5-97.4)

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

HIVhomosexual orbisexual men

26-73

200

61.0

(53.9-67.8)

Friedman
1998

Anal canal

PCR-MY09/11,
HMB01, andHC

HIV+ MSM<40 years

135

90.4

(84.1-94.8)

Palefsky
1998

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

24-64

289

93.1

(89.5-95.7)

Palefsky
1997

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

24-66

118

93.2

(87.1-97.0)

Nyitray
2011

Anal canal

PCRPGMY09/11

18-70

176

47.2

(39.6-54.8)

Palefsky
1998

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

24-73

489

80.0

(76.1-83.4)

Kiviat 1993

Anal canal

PCR-MY09/11

16-50

241

91.7

(87.5-94.9)

Kiviat 1993

Anal canal

PCR-MY09/11

16-50

152

78.3

(70.9-84.6)

Hood 2016

Anus

PCR-MY09/11

Mean 39.5(SD=7.8)

309

92.6

(89.0-95.2)

HIV+homosexual orbisexual men
HIV+homosexual orbisexual men
HIV- MSM fromgeneralpopulation andpopulation from
University
HIV+ and HIVhomosexual orbisexual men
HIV+
MSM/bisexual
men
HIVMSM/bisexualmen
HIV+ MSM

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 218 -

Table 40 – continued from previous page
HPV Prevalence
Country

Study

Anatomic sites
samples

Goldstone
2011b

Anus

Goldstone
2011b

Penis

Gandra
2015

Anus

HC2

HIV+ MSMMedian 49(IQR=4157)

107

54.2

(44.3-63.9)

Anus

PCR-MY09/11
and HMB01

High-risk
adolescent boys
in REACH
cohort

13-18

83

44.6

(33.7-55.9)

Moscicki
2003

HPV detection
methodRT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex
RT-PCRMultiplex or
Biplex

Population

Age(years)No.
Tested%(95% CI)a

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

42.4(38.4-46.4)

HIV- MSMMedian 22(16-27)602

18.4(15.4-21.8)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 31 Oct 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism; RLH: Reverse Line Hybridisation; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific; MSM: Men who have sex with men;
MSW:Men who have sex with women; STD: sexually transmitted diseases
a 95% Confidence Intervalb Includes cases from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Mexico, Spain, and USA.
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.4- 219 -

HPV burden in the head and neck

The last evaluation of the International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) on the carcinogenicity of
HPV in humans concluded that (a) there is enough evidence for the carcinogenicity of HPV type 16 in
the oral cavity, oropharynx (including tonsil cancer, base of tongue cancer and other oropharyngeal cancer sites), and (b) limited evidence for laryngeal cancer (IARC Monograph Vol 100B). There is increasing
evidence that HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers constitute an epidemiological, molecular and clinicaldistinct form as compared to non HPV-related ones. Some studies indicate that the most likely explanation for the origin of this distinct form of head and neck cancers associated with HPV is a sexuallyacquired oral HPV infection that is not cleared, persists and evolves into a neoplastic lesion. Around
30% of oropharyngeal cancers (which mainly comprises the tonsils and base of tongue sites) are causedby HPV with HPV16 being the most frequent type (de Martel C et al. Int J Cancer 2017;141(4):664670). Attributable fraction varies greatly worldwide, being highest in more developed countries (60% in
Republic of Korea, 51% in North America, 50% in Eastern Europe, 46% in Japan, 42% in North-Western
Europe, 41% in Australia/New Zealand, 24% in South Europe, 23% in China, 22% in India, and 13%
in elsewhere) (de Martel C et al. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8(2):e180-e190). In this section, the HPVburden in the head and neck in the World is presented.
4.4.1

Burden of oral HPV infection in healthy population
Table 41: Studies on oral HPV prevalence among healthy in the World

Study

Specimencollection
method /anatomic site

HPV
detecPopulationtionamethodEike
1995

Brush/swab /Most parts ofmouth

PCRMY09/11

LeimolaVirtanen
1996

Brush/swab /Most parts ofmouth

PCRGP5/6

0

20-79

61

0 (0.0-5.9)

-

-

-

-

50

14-85

169

9.5 (9.5-14.8)-

HPV6 (6);X (5); 16(4); 11 (1)

63

18-65

435

9.19 (6.8-12.3)

-

-

40

0-20

268

6 (3.7-9.5)

3.4 (1.8-6.3)

HPV16(8); X (4);
6 (2); 17(1); 18 (1)

0

18-20

318

1.9 (0.9-4.1)-

HPVX (6)PCRGP5+/6+

Agematched
controls

56.9

17-78

364

4.1 (2.5-6.7)--

PCRGP5+/6+

Agematched
controls

86

20-85

114

12.3 (7.5-19.6)--

PCRGP5+/6+

Agematched
controls

50

28-73

50

6 (2.1-16.2)--

PCRMY09/11
GP5+

Winer
2003

PCRMY09/11
HMB01

Herrero2003

5 mostfrequent
HPVs,
HPV
type (n)d10.7 (6.5-17.1)

SummersgillOral rinse / Oral
2001
mucosaHerrero2003

High-Risk
HPV
prevalence %(95% CI)131

PCRMY09/11
TS-E6

Brush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatBrush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatBrush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oral &oropharyngeal
mucosaHPV
prevalence %(95% CI)

55

Brush/swab &oral rinse / OralmucosaHerrero2003

No.
tested c

0

PCRMY09/11

Brush / swab /Oral mucosa

Age(years)b

Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients
Convenient
samplesfromgeneralpopulation
Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients
Agematched
controls
Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients
Generalpopulation

Brush/swab /Lambropoulos
Most parts of
1997
mouth
Schwartz
1998

%
males

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 220 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

Study

Specimencollection
method /anatomic site

HPV
detecPopulationtionamethodConvenient
samplesfromgeneralpopulation
Agematched
controls
Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients

Smith
2004

Oral rinse / OralmucosaPCRMY09/11
TS-E6

Smith
2004

Oral rinse / OralmucosaPCRGP5+/6+
MY09/11

Kurose2004

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

PCRMY09/11

Koppikar
2005

Oral rinse / OralmucosaPCRCP
FAP

Hansson2005

Brush/swab /Tonsillar fossa

PCRGP5+/6+
MY09/11

do 2006

Brush/swab /Most parts ofOropharynx

PCRMY09/11

Marais2006

Brush/swab /OralmucosaRose
2006

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

Pintos2008

Brush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatAgePCRmatched
PGMY09/11
controls

Montaldo
2007

Saliva / OralmucosaGP5 +N/MY09

Ragin
2007

Oral rinse andgargle / Oralmucosa andthroatPCRGeneral
GP5+/6+
populaPGMY09/11
tion
HMB01

Smith
2007

Oral rinse / OralmucosaPCRMY09/11
GP5+

Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

PCRGP5+/6+
MY09/11

Agematched
controls

AnayaSaavedra
2008

D’Souza2009

Oral rinse / OralmucosaHigh-Risk
HPV
prevalence %(95% CI)

5 mostfrequent
HPVs,
HPV
type (n)d

%
males

Age
(years)bNo.
tested cHPVprevalence %(95% CI)

100

-

68

5.9 (2.3-14.2)

4.4 (1.5-12.2)

HPV31(2); 13 (1);39 (1)

59

-

333

18.3
(14.5-22.8)

10.8 (7.9-14.6)

HPV16
(33)
HPV12
(1); 16 (1);53 (1); 71
(1)
HPV20
(2); 12 (1);48 (1); 23
(1)
HPV76
(3); 75 (2);
13 (2); 16(1); 25 (1);54 (1); 44(1); 62 (1);
67 (1); 68(1); 87 (1);
X (1)
HPV61
(2); X (2);
16 (1); 18(1); 52 (1)HPV13(6); 32 (4);
11 (2); 72(2); 16 (1)

42

3-85

662

0.3 (0.1-1.1)

0.2 (0.0-0.9)

Agematched
controls

80

-

102

0 (0.0-3.6)

0 (0.0-3.6)

Agematched
controls

67

33-89

320

2.5 (1.3-4.9)

0.3 (0.1-1.7)

57.9

16-52

50

10 (4.3-21.4)

6 (2.1-16.2)

45

1-61

307

4.6 (2.7-7.5)

0.7 (0.2-2.3)

44

22-85

88

1.1 (0.2-6.2)--

Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients
PCRConvenient
L1
samplesconsenfrom outsus
patients
PCRAgeMY09/11
matched
FAP59/64 controls

Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients

Convenient
samples
PCRfrom
PGMY09/11 general
population

71

26-84

129

4.7 (2.1-9.8)

3.1 (1.2-7.7)

HPV58(3); 11 (1);
44 (1); 56(1); 66 (1)

42

4-77

164

18.3
(13.1-24.9)

18.3(13.1-24.9)

HPV16(23); 31
(7)

0

18-65

212

5.7 (3.3-9.6)

1.4 (0.5-4.1)

HPV70(8); 16 (2);62 (2); 31(1); 32 (1);66 (1)

45

0-20

1235

5.9 (2.3-14.2)

-

-

248

16.1
(12.1-21.2)

HPV16(15); 119.69999999999999(7); 18 (5);(6.6-14.0)
6 (4); 13(4)2.9 (1.3-6.1)

HPV16(1); 35 (1);39 (1); 51(1); 66 (1);84 (1)

53

100

27-86

18-23

210

1.9 (0.7-4.8)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 221 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

Study

Specimencollection
method /anatomic site

HPV
detecPopulationtionamethod

%
males

Age
(years)b

D’Souza2009

Oral rinse / OralmucosaAgePCRmatched
PGMY09/11
controls

76

Szarka2009

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

PCRGP5+/6+
MY09/11

Agematched
controls
Convenient
samplesfromgeneralpopulation

Brush/swab /Esquenazi
Oral mucosa and2010
mastication sites

PCRGP5+/6+
MY09/11

Kreimer
2011

Convenient
samples
PCRfrom
PGMY09/11 general
population

Kreimer
2011

Kreimer
2011

Ribeiro2011

Ribeiro2011

Ribeiro
2011

Ragin
2011

Oral rinse / OralmucosaOral rinse / OralmucosaOral rinse / OralmucosaBrush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatBrush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatBrush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatBrush/swab &oral rinse / Oralmucosa andtonsilConvenient
samplesfrom
PCRPGMY09/11 general
population
Convenient
samplesfrom
PCRPGMY09/11 general
population

5 mostfrequent
HPVs,
HPV
type (n)dHPV62(3); 58 (2);
6 (1); 11(1); 16 (1);42 (1); 51(1); 52 (1);56 (1); 58(1); 59 (1);61 (1); 62(1); 66 (1);68 (1); 73(1); 83 (1);89 (1)

No.
tested cHPVprevalence %(95% CI)

High-Risk
HPV
prevalence %(95% CI)

25-87

332

4.8 (3.0-7.7)

2.1 (1.0-4.3)

26

22-77

72

4.2 (1.4-11.5)

2.8 (0.8-9.6)

HPV16(2); 11 (1)

40

20-31

100

0 (0.0-3.7)

-

-

100

18-74

499

2.8 (1.7-4.7)

1.4 (0.7-2.9)HPV16(4); 51 (2);61 (2); 6(1); 58 (1)62(1); 66(1); 70 (1);83 (1); 84
(1)

100

18-74

570

4.2 (2.8-6.2)

1.4 (0.7-2.7)

HPV16(3); 6 (3);66 (3); 72(3); 84 (3)

100

18-74

557

5.9 (4.2-8.2)

1.3 (0.3-2.6)

HPV44(15); 16(3); 61 (3);
11 (2); 62(2); 71 (2);82 (2)

AgePCRmatched
PGMY09/11
controls

-

-

898

0.2 (0.1-0.8)--

AgePCRmatched
PGMY09/11
controls

-

-

898

0.2 (0.1-0.8)--

AgePCRmatched
PGMY09/11
controls

-

-

898

0.2 (0.1-0.8)--

2.1 (0.9-4.9)

HPV84(3); 83 (2);52 (1); 54(1); 61 (1);82 (1); 16(1); 33 (1);35 (1); 52(1); 66 (1);70 (1)

General
PCRpopulaPGMY09/11
tion

0

24-78

118

10.2 (5.9-16.9)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 222 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

Study

Specimencollection
method /anatomic site

HPV
detecPopulationtionamethodMigaldi2012

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

PCRMY09/11
TSE6/E7

Pickard2012

Oral rinse / OralmucosaConvenient
samplesfrom outpatients
Convenient
samples
PCRfrom
PGMY09/11 general
population
Convenient
samplesfromgeneralpopulation

Age(years)bNo.
tested c

50

49-77

81

0 (0.0-4.5)

0 (0.0-4.5)

HPV90 (1)

60

18-30

766

2.6 (1.7-4.0)

-

-

100

19-46

131

18.3
(12.6-25.8)

13 (8.3-19.8)

HPV16(12); 33(3); 82 (3);
6 (1); 11(1); 18 (1);31 (1); 43(1); 70 (1)

100

18-25

212

7.5 (4.7-11.9)

13.2 (9.3-18.4)

HPV16(6); 18 (5);33 (4); 39(4); 31 (3)

43

21-NS

320

2.5 (1.3-4.9)

2.5 (1.3-4.9)

HPV18(6); 16 (2)

46

16-61

114

6.1 (3.0-12.1)

4.4 (1.9-9.9)HPV18(5); 6 (1);66 (1)

52

17-21

335

1.8 (0.8-3.9)

1.8 (0.8-3.9)

HPV16(4); 56 (1);58

Brush/swab /Most parts ofmouth

PCRGP5+/6+
MY09/11

Edelstein
2012

Brush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatPCRGeneral
PGMY09/11 populaHMB01
tion

GonzalezRamirez
2013

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

Seifi
2013

Saliva / OralmucosaNordfors
2013

Oral rinse andgargle / Oralmucosa andthroatLang
2013

Oral rinse andgargle / Oralmucosa andthroatPCRSPF10TS
16/18

Morbini2013

Brush/swab /CheeksPCRSPF10

Cavenaghi
2013

Oral rinse andgargle / Oralmucosa andthroatPCRMY09/11

Meyer
2014

Brush/swab &oral rinse / Oralmucosa andtonsils

PCRA5/A10
A6/A8

Machado2014

Brush/swab /Most parts ofmouth

Convenient
PCRsamples
PGMY09/11 from outpatients

100

18-68

514

Convenient
samplesfromgeneralpopulation

-

18-35

199

Antonsson Oral rinse / Oral2014
mucosaPCRGP5+/6+

Agematched
controls
Agematched
controls
Convenient
samplesfromgeneralpopulation
Generalpopulation

5 mostfrequent
HPVs,
HPV
type (n)d

%
males

Kero
2012

PCRAgeGP5+/6+
matched
MY09/11controls
L1C1/L1C2
Convenient
PCRsamples
GP5+/6+from outMY09/11
patients
Convenient
samplesfrom
PCRgeneralMultiplex
population

High-Risk
HPV
prevalence %(95% CI)

HPV
prevalence %(95% CI)

0

22-29

2926

5.4 (4.6-6.2)

1.5 (1.1-2.0)

HPVX(102); 16(12); 51
(10); 52(7); 66 (6)

84

31-NS

51

15.7 (8.2-28.0)

2 (0.3-10.3)

HPVX (7);16 (1)

39

4-89

145

2.1 (0.7-5.9)

0.7 (0.1-3.8)

HPV44(2); 58 (1)

0

-

129

5.4 (2.7-10.8)--

1.2 (0.5-2.5)

0.2 (0.0-1.1)

HPVX (2);
6 (1); 11(1); 52 (1);53 (1); 89(1)

3.5 (1.7-7.1)--

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HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 223 -

Table 41 – continued from previous page

Study

Specimencollection
method /anatomic site

HPV
detecPopulationtionamethodAraujo2014

Brush/swab /Most parts ofmouth

PCRMY09/11

Cook
2014

Oral rinse andgargle / Oralmucosa andthroatConvenient
samplesfrom outpatients
Convenient
samples
PCRfrom
PGMY09/11 general
population
PCRSPF1GP6+

Generalpopulation

5 mostfrequent
HPVs,
HPV
type (n)d

%
males

Age
(years)bNo.
tested c

38

18-79

166

24.1
(18.2-31.1)

-

HPV18
(5); 6 (3);58 (1)

0

18-54

475

2.5 (1.5-4.4)

0.8 (0.3-2.1)

HPVX (7);16 (2); 51(1); 59 (1);84 (1)

0.6 (0.4-1.0)

HPV3(223); 10(23); 57(25); 16(23); 75(6)0.8 (0.1-4.4)

HPV72(2); 16 (1);
44 (1); 62
(1)

Hang
2014

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

Davidson
2014

Oral rinse &gargle / Oral &oropharyngeal
mucosaDahlstrom
2014

Brush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatSaini
2011

Brush/swab /Oral mucosa

Tatar
2015

Brush/swab /Most parts ofmouth

PCRGP5+/6+
MY09/11

Convenient
samplesfrom outpatients

21

10-82

209

Sauter2015

Brush/swab &oral rinse &gargle / Oralmucosa andthroatConvenient
samplesfrom
PCRPGMY09/11 general
population

35

0-79

Chaturvedi
2015

Oral rinse andgargle / Oralmucosa andthroatGeneral
PCRpopulaPGMY09/11
tion

51

14-69

Convenient
samples
PCRfrom
PGMY09/11 general
population
Convenient
samplesfrom
PCRPGMY09/11 general
population
Convenient
PCRsamples
GP5+/6+from outMY09/11
patients

High-Risk
HPV
prevalence %(95% CI)

HPV
prevalence %(95% CI)

47

100

25-65

15-65

5351

125

0.7 (0.4-1.1)

3.2 (1.3-7.9)

50

18-50

442

4.1 (2.1-7.5)

4.1 (2.1-7.5)

HPV16(5); 66 (5);89 (5); 39(2); 51 (2)56 (2); 84
(2)

56.9

30-NS

72

23.6
(15.3-34.6)

5.6 (2.2-13.4)-

5.7 (3.3-9.8)

2.4 (1.0-5.5)

HPVX (4);
16 (3); 44(2); 11 (1);33 (1); 35(1); 66 (1)153

2.6 (1.0-6.5)

-

-

9480

6.9 (6.4-7.4)--

Data updated on 19 Oct 2021 (data as of 19 May 2015)(95% CI): 95% Confidence Intervala TS: type-specific; RT-PCR: real-time PCR; qPCR: quantitative PCR
b NS: not specified
c number of cases tested for HPV DNA
d number of cases positive for the specific HPV-type
Data Sources:
Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008;39(2):189-97 | Antonsson A, PLoS One 2014;9(3):e91761 | Araujo MV, Cad Saude Publica 2014;30(5):1115-9 | Cavenaghi VB, Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2013;79(5):599-602 | Cook RL, Sex Transm Dis 2014;41(8):486-92 | Chaturvedi AK, Cancer Res 2015;75(12):2468-77 | Dahlstrom KR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2014;23(12):2959-64 | Davidson CL, S Afr Med J 2014;104(5):358-61 | do Sacramento PR, J Med Virol 2006;78(5):614-8 | D’Souza G, J Infect Dis 2009;199(9):1263-9 | D’Souza G, J Infect
Dis 2009;199(9):1263-9 | Edelstein ZR, Sex Transm Dis 2012;39(11):860-7 | Eike A, Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1995;20(2):171-3 | Esquenazi D, Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2010;76(1):78-84| Gonzalez-Ramirez I, Oral Dis 2013;19(8):796-804 | Hang D, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(10):2101-10 | Hansson BG, Acta Otolaryngol 2005;125(12):1337-44 | Herrero R,
J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95(23):1772-83 | Kero K, Eur Urol 2012;62(6):1063-70| Koppikar P, Int J Cancer 2005;113(6):946-50 | Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82 | Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82| Kreimer AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(1):172-82 | Kurose K, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004;98(1):91-6 | Lambropoulos AF, Eur J Oral Sci
1997;105(4):294-7 | Lang Kuhs KA, J Infect Dis 2013;208(10):1643-52 | Leimola-Virtanen R, Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(3):593-4 | Machado AP, Braz J Infect Dis 2014;18(3):266-70 | Marais
DJ, BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:95 | Meyer MF, Oral Oncol 2014;50(1):27-31 | Migaldi M, J Oral Pathol Med 2012;41(1):16-20 | Montaldo C, J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36(8):482-7 | Morbini
P, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;116(4):474-84 | Nordfors C, Scand J Infect Dis 2013;45(11):878-81 | Pickard RK, Sex Transm Dis 2012;39(7):559-66 | Pintos J, Oral
Oncol 2008;44(3):242-50 | Ragin C, Int J Mol Sci 2011;12(6):3928-40 | Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007;12(5):510-22 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502 | Ribeiro KB, Int J
Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011;40(2):489-502 | Rose B, Transplantation 2006;82(4):570-3 | Saini R, J Investig Clin Dent 2011;2(4):241-7 | Sauter SL,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(5):864-72 | Schwartz SM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90(21):1626-36 | Seifi S, Iran J Public Health 2013;42(1):79-85 | Smith EM, J Natl Cancer
Inst 2004;96(6):449-55 | Smith EM, Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26(9):836-40 | Smith EM, Sex Transm Dis 2004;31(1):57-62 | Summersgill KF, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol
Endod 2001;91(1):62-9 | Szarka K, Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009;24(4):314-8 | Tatar TZ, J Oral Pathol Med 2015;44(9):722-7 | Winer RL, Am J Epidemiol 2003;157(3):218-26
Systematic review and meta-analysis was performed by ICO HPV Information Centre until May 19, 2015. Reference publication: Mena M et al. J Infect Dis 2019;219(10):1574-1585.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS

4.4.2- 224 -

HPV burden in head and neck cancers
Table 42: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oral cavity cancer in the WorldHPV Prevalence

CountryStudy

HPV detection method and targeted
HPV types

No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

31.6(21.0-44.5)

-

11.8

(3.3-34.3)

HPV 16 (11.8)

57.1(25.0-84.2)

HPV 18 (57.1) HPV 16 (14.3)

81.3(68.1-89.8)

-

0

-

-

8.9

(3.9-19.3)

-

44.8

(33.5-56.6)-

74(60.4-84.1)

-

33.6

(26.4-41.6)

HPV 16 (33.6)

12.7(6.8-22.4)

HPV 16 (12.7)

4.7(2.2-9.9)

HPV 16 (3.9) HPV 18 (0.8) HPV 35
(0.8)

0

-

-

0

-

-

4.5

(0.8-21.8)

HPV 16 (4.5)

0

-

-

26.3

(11.8-48.8)

HPV 16 (26.3)

27.3(13.2-48.2)

HPV 16 (27.3)

15.4(4.3-42.2)

HPV 120 (7.7) HPV 58 (7.7)

52.9(39.5-65.9)

HPV 16 (33.3) HPV 18 (33.3) HPV 6(11.8) HPV 11 (2.0)

41.7(27.1-57.8)

-

22

63.6

(43.0-80.3)

HPV 16 (54.5) HPV 6 (4.5)

53

0

-

-

76

9.2

(4.5-17.8)

HPV 18 (6.6) HPV 16 (1.3) HPV 33
(1.3)

42

61.9

(46.8-75.0)

-

48

4.2

(1.2-14.0)

HPV 33 (2.1) HPV 58 (2.1)

22

9.1

(2.5-27.8)

HPV 18 (9.1)

140

5.7

(2.9-10.9)

HPV 16 (5.7)

19

47.4

(27.3-68.3)

-

28

3.6

(0.6-17.7)

HPV 16 (3.6)

MEN
BrazilOliveira 2009

CanadaHerrero 2003

CanadaNoble-Topham 1993

China

Zhang 2004

Cuba

Herrero 2003

GermanyKrüger 2014

Hungary

Nemes 2006

India

Balaram 1995

India

Chaudhary 2010

India

D’Costa 1998

India

Herrero 2003

India

Laprise 2016

Iran

Saghravanian 2011

IrelandHerrero 2003

Italy

Herrero 2003

Japan

Bhawal 2008

Japan

Chiba 1996

Japan

Shimizu 2004

Japan

Tsuhako 2000

MexicoIbieta 2005

Netherlands

PolandRepublic of
Korea

Cruz 1996

Herrero 2003

Shin 2002

SerbiaKozomara 2005

Slovenia

Kansky 2003

South
AfricaBoy 2006

Spain

Herrero 2003

Spain

Llamas-Martínez 2008

Sudan

Herrero 2003

GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
57
33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
54. 56. 58)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
17
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16.
7
18)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with48
TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
53
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33,
56
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS
67probes (16. 18. 31. 33. 45. 51. 52. 58)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+50(L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
146
primers (16)MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
71
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
127
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 51, 53,
196
54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
8primers HPV E6/7 (16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
22
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
32
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic
analysis using SiHa DNA as positive
19
control for HPV-16
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
Restriction enzyme digestion (6. 11. 16.
22
18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
TS-PCR L1 for
16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/8213
Sequencing
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11
Amplification with TS primers
51(6.11.16.18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)36
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers andhybridization with TS probes (2. 4. 6. 10.
11. 13. 16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification
with TS primers (16. 18. 33)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4 for 31
and E1 for 33 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 31. 33)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) andWD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) RFLP
TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18
Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP
(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)

Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

SwedenDahlgren 2004

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Lohavanichbutr 2009

Venezuela

Miller 1994

- 225 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedGP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)51
3.9
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18.
33) and sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
56
19.6
18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
14
78.6
TS probes (16. 18)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)(1.1-13.2)-(11.3-31.8)-(52.4-92.4)

HPV 16 (71.4) HPV 18 (42.9)

25.8(13.7-43.2)-

9.1(1.6-37.7)

HPV 16 (9.1)

46.2(23.2-70.9)

HPV 18 (30.8) HPV 16 (7.7)

60(40.7-76.6)-

4(0.7-19.5)

HPV 16 (4.0)

0

-

-

25

(8.9-53.2)

-

68.3

(53.0-80.4)

-

30.3

(21.1-41.3)

HPV 16 (30.3)

20(3.6-62.4)-

1.5(0.4-5.2)

HPV 16 (1.5) HPV 18 (0.7)

0

-

-

23.1

(8.2-50.3)

HPV 16 (23.1) HPV 18 (23.1)

25(7.1-59.1)

HPV 16 (25.0)

9.5(2.7-28.9)

HPV 16 (9.5)

55.6(26.7-81.1)

HPV 16 (55.6)

0

-

-

18.2

(5.1-47.7)

HPV 75 (9.1) HPV 76 (9.1)

66.7(45.4-82.8)

HPV 18 (52.4) HPV 16 (28.6) HPV 6(19.0)

42.9(21.4-67.4)

-

38.5

(17.7-64.5)

HPV 16 (23.1)

0

-

-

5.3

(2.1-12.8)

HPV 16 (3.9) HPV 18 (3.9) HPV 33
(1.3)

75

(40.9-92.9)

-

14.3

(2.6-51.3)

HPV 16 (14.3)

13.5(5.9-28.0)

HPV 18 (13.5)

6.3(1.7-20.1)

HPV 16 (6.3)

35.7(16.3-61.2)

WOMEN
BrazilOliveira 2009

CanadaHerrero 2003

CanadaNoble-Topham 1993

China

Zhang 2004

Cuba

Herrero 2003

GermanyKrüger 2014

Hungary

Nemes 2006

India

Balaram 1995

India

Chaudhary 2010

India

D’Costa 1998

India

Herrero 2003

India

Laprise 2016

Iran

Saghravanian 2011

IrelandHerrero 2003

Italy

Herrero 2003

Japan

Bhawal 2008

Japan

Chiba 1996

Japan

Shimizu 2004

Japan

Tsuhako 2000

MexicoIbieta 2005

Netherlands

Cruz 1996

PolandRepublic of
Korea

Herrero 2003

Shin 2002

SerbiaKozomara 2005

Slovenia

Kansky 2003

South
AfricaBoy 2006

Spain

Herrero 2003

Spain

Llamas-Martínez 2008

GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
31
33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
54. 56. 58)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
11
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16.
13
18)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with25
TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
25
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33,
32
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TS
12probes (16. 18. 31. 33. 45. 51. 52. 58)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+(L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and41
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
76
primers (16)MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
5
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
135
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 51, 53,
154
54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
13
primers HPV E6/7 (16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
8
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
21
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic
analysis using SiHa DNA as positive9
control for HPV-16
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
Restriction enzyme digestion (6. 11. 16.
1
18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
TS-PCR L1 for
16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/8211
Sequencing
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11
Amplification with TS primers
21(6.11.16.18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)14
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers and13
hybridization with TS probes (2. 4. 6. 10.
11. 13. 16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
30
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification
76
with TS primers (16. 18. 33)
TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4 for 31
8
and E1 for 33 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 31. 33)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and7
WD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) RFLP
TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18
37
Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
32
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP
14
(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)

Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

Sudan

Herrero 2003

SwedenDahlgren 2004

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Lohavanichbutr 2009

Venezuela

Miller 1994

Venezuela

Premoli-De-Percoco 2001

- 226 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
150
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)340
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18.
33) and sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
32
21.9
18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with13
53.8
TS probes (16. 18)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

-

-

-

-

(11.0-38.8)-(29.1-76.8)

HPV 16 (46.2) HPV 18 (7.7)

50

60(46.2-72.4)

HPV 16 (50.0) HPV 18 (16.0)

25

60(40.7-76.6)

HPV 16 (48.0) HPV 11 (28.0) HPV 6(8.0) HPV 18 (4.0)

132

0

-

-

55

18.2

(10.2-30.3)

-

147

44.2

(36.4-52.3)

-

88

29.5

(21.0-39.8)

HPV 18 (28.4) HPV 16 (5.7)

132

0

-

-

40

0

-

-

28

10.7

(3.7-27.2)

HPV 16 (10.7)

409

5.9

(4.0-8.6)

-

23

43.5

(25.6-63.2)

HPV 18 (34.8) HPV 16 (8.7)

200

27.5

(21.8-34.1)

-

1002

19.4

(17.0-21.9)

-

30

46.7

(30.2-63.9)

HPV 16 (36.7) HPV 18 (16.7)

45

31.1

(19.5-45.7)

HPV 18 (24.4) HPV 16 (20.0)

73

74(62.9-82.7)

HPV 16 (58.9) HPV 18 (24.7)

78

1.3

(0.2-6.9)

HPV 16 (1.3) HPV 18 (1.3)

132

0

-

-

132

0

-

-

28

64.3

(45.8-79.3)

HPV 16 (46.4) HPV 33 (21.4)

91

7.7

(3.8-15.0)

HPV 16 (4.4) HPV 11 (1.1) HPV 33(1.1) HPV 6 (1.1)

22

18.2

(7.3-38.5)

HPV 16 (13.6) HPV 19 (4.5)

88

5.7

(2.5-12.6)

-

118

43.2

(34.6-52.2)

HPV 16 (29.7) HPV 18 (13.6)

34

2.9

(0.5-14.9)

HPV 16 (2.9)

81

49.4

(38.8-60.0)

HPV 18 (27.2) HPV 16 (6.2)

63

22.2

(13.7-33.9)

-

75

1.3

(0.2-7.2)

-

79

41.8

(31.5-52.8)

65

47.7

(36.0-59.6)

BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED
Argentina

González 2007

Argentina

Ribeiro 2011

Belarus

Gudleviciene 2014

Belgium

Duray 2012

BrazilOliveira 2009

BrazilRibeiro 2011

BrazilRivero 2006

CanadaHerrero 2003

CanadaLingen 2013

CanadaNoble-Topham 1993

China

Gan 2014

China

Lee 2015

China

Tang 2003

China

Wen 1997

China

Zhang 2004

Cuba

Herrero 2003

Cuba

Ribeiro 2011

Czechia

Ribeiro 2011

Finland

Koskinen 2003

FinlandMork 2001

Germany

Klussmann 2001

GermanyKrüger 2014

Germany

Ostwald 2003

Germany

Weiss 2011

GreeceAggelopoulou 1999

GreeceBlioumi 2014

GreeceRomanitan 2008

Hungary

Nemes 2006

Hungary

Szarka 2009

MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
RFLP and DBH
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCRMULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73,
82)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR L1-Consensus
primer, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, qPCR, TS (HPV
6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53,
56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
54. 56. 58)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)GP5+/GP6+ (L1) CSA-ISH (DAKO) (6. 11.
16. 18)GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16.
18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR L1-Consensus primer(HPV 6, 16, 18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18,
26, 31, 32, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,
52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Sequencing
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes (HPV16.18 E6)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16.
18. 33)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 16/18, 26, 31, 33,
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization
with TS probes (6/11. 16. 18)
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
TS probes (16)
L1 consensus primers and TS-PCR E7 for
16/18 Amplification with TS primers (16.
18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, Sequencing (HPV
16, 56, 66)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
TS primers (16)MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with TSprobes (16. 18. 31. 33. 45. 51. 52. 58)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)RFLP

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

HPV 16 (34.2) HPV 18 (6.3) HPV 31(3.8) HPV 33 (2.5)
HPV 16 (27.7) HPV 11 (6.2) HPV 18(6.2) HPV 33 (3.1) HPV 31 (1.5)
Continued on next page

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

India

Balaram 1995

India

Bhattacharya 2009

India

Chaudhary 2010

India

D’Costa 1998

India

Herrero 2003

India

Laprise 2016

India

Mishra 2006

India

Sebastian 2014

Iran

Saghravanian 2011

IrelandHerrero 2003

Italy

Badaracco 2000

Italy

Badaracco 2007

Italy

Herrero 2003

Italy

Rittà 2009

Italy

Scapoli 2009

Japan

Bhawal 2008

Japan

Chiba 1996

Japan

Deng 2013

Japan

Higa 2003

Japan

Kojima 2002

Japan

Shima 2000

Japan

Shimizu 2004

Japan

Sugiyama 2003

Japan

Tang 2003

Japan
Malaysia

Tsuhako 2000
Lim 2007

MexicoAnaya-Saavedra 2008

MexicoIbieta 2005

Netherlands

Braakhuis 2004

Netherlands

Cruz 1996

Netherlands

van Monsjou 2012

NorwayMatzow 1998

NorwayMork 2001- 227 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedMY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+91(L1)/GP17+/GP18+ (L1). Y1/Y2 and
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
193
primers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
222
primers (16)MY09/MY11 (L1) SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
99
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
262
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PCR-PGMY09/11, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16,
18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 51, 53,
350
54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TS
66
primers (16. 18)
PCR, LBA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33,
34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54,
2256, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
21
primers HPV E6/7 (16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
30
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6.16) and hybridization with TS
38probes (11.16.18.31.45.56.57)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)53
Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
53
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)25
Sequencing
RT-PCR for 16/18/31/45 Hybridization
247
with TS probes (16. 18. 31. 45)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Electrophoretic
28
analysis using SiHa DNA as positive
control for HPV-16
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
Restriction enzyme digestion (6. 11. 16.
32
18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22,
23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40,
42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,
31
59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 Amplification
46
with TS E6/E7 primers (6. 11. 16. 18)
TS-PCR L1 and E6 for 38 Sequencing
53
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
46
RFLP (16. 18)
TS-PCR L1 for
16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68/73/75/76/8224
Sequencing
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 Electrophoretic
analysis using SiHa DNA and Hela DNA
79
as positive controls for HPV-16 andHPV-18. respectively.
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Sequencing
30
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16/18 and E6 for 6/11
Amplification with TS primers
72(6.11.16.18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TS
20
primers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+GP6+ (L1)62
Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)50
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR RLBH (6.
11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42.
43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.
106
59. 61. 66. 68.70.72.73. 82/MM4. 83. 84.
82/IS39. 71/CP8061. 81/CP8304. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers and35
hybridization with TS probes (2. 4. 6. 10.
11. 13. 16. 18. 25. 31. 33. 46. 51. 52)
PCR, LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33,
35, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
20
58, 59, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 82)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR for 6/16/18/31/33 Amplification
30
with TS primers (6. 16. 18. 31. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16.
91
18. 33)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

73.6(63.7-81.6)

HPV 18 (47.3) HPV 16 (41.8) HPV 11(19.8) HPV 6 (14.3)

62.2(55.2-68.7)

HPV 16 (60.1) HPV 18 (5.2)

32.4(26.6-38.8)

HPV 16 (32.4)

15.2(9.4-23.5)

HPV 16 (15.2)

3.1(1.6-5.9)

HPV 16 (2.7) HPV 18 (0.8) HPV 35
(0.4)

0

-

-

27.3

(18.0-39.0)

HPV 16 (27.3)

0

-

-

14.3

(5.0-34.6)

HPV 16 (14.3) HPV 18 (14.3)

10(3.5-25.6)

HPV 16 (10.0)

26.3(15.0-42.0)

HPV 18 (13.2) HPV 16 (10.5) HPV 6(10.5) HPV 11 (5.3) HPV 56 (5.3)

11.3(5.3-22.6)

HPV 16 (7.5) HPV 33 (1.9) HPV 58
(1.9)

3.8

(1.0-12.8)

HPV 16 (3.8)

36(20.2-55.5)

HPV 16 (36.0)

1.2(0.4-3.5)

HPV 16 (1.2)

35.7(20.7-54.2)

HPV 16 (35.7)

18.8(8.9-35.3)

HPV 16 (18.8)

32.3(18.6-49.9)

-

80.4

(66.8-89.3)

66(52.6-77.3)

73.9(59.7-84.4)

HPV 18 (54.3) HPV 16 (19.6)

16.7(6.7-35.9)

HPV 120 (4.2) HPV 58 (4.2) HPV 75(4.2) HPV 76 (4.2)

35.4(25.8-46.4)

HPV 16 (32.9) HPV 18 (2.5)

50(33.2-66.8)

HPV 18 (33.3) HPV 16 (23.3)

56.9(45.4-67.7)

HPV 18 (38.9) HPV 16 (31.9) HPV 6(13.9) HPV 11 (1.4)

85(64.0-94.8)

HPV 18 (75.0) HPV 16 (30.0)

43.5(31.9-55.9)

HPV 16 (24.2) HPV 18 (8.1) HPV 33(3.2) HPV 11 (1.6) HPV 13 (1.6)

42(29.4-55.8)

HPV 16 (28.0)

9.4(5.2-16.5)

HPV 16 (9.4)

54.3(38.2-69.5)

HPV 16 (42.9) HPV 6 (2.9)

10(2.8-30.1)

-

0

-

-

7.7

(3.8-15.0)

HPV 16 (4.4) HPV 11 (1.1) HPV 33(1.1) HPV 6 (1.1)

HPV 16 (52.2) HPV 18 (52.2) HPV 6(21.7) HPV 11 (2.2)
HPV 38 (66.0)

Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

PolandHerrero 2003

PolandRibeiro 2011

PolandSnietura 2010

Republic of
Korea

Shin 2002

Romania

Ribeiro 2011

RussianFederation

Ribeiro 2011

SerbiaKozomara 2005

Slovakia

Ribeiro 2011

Slovenia

Kansky 2003

South
AfricaSouth
AfricaBoy 2006
Van Rensburg 1996

Spain

García-de Marcos 2014

Spain

Herrero 2003

Spain

Llamas-Martínez 2008

Sudan

Herrero 2003

SwedenDahlgren 2004

SwedenMork 2001

SwedenSand 2000

UnitedKingdom

Lopes 2011

UnitedKingdom

Snijders 1996

UnitedKingdom

Yeudall 1991

UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica- 228 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
83
0
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TS
132
0primers (16)Real-time High Risk HPV test (Abbott
Molecular) using L1 consensus primers
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 31.
45
4.4
33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 59. 66 and
68 - the technique only differentiates
16-18-other)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/33 Amplification
76
14.5
with TS primers (16. 18. 33)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)TS-PCR E6 for 16. L1 for 18. E4 for 31
and E1 for 33 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 31. 33)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) andWD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) RFLP
TS-PCR E1 for 16 and E7 for 18
Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization
with TS probes (4. 16. 18)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
EIA, LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35,
39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 74)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
WD-66/67/72/76/154 (E6) RFLP
(6.11.16.18.31.33.39.42.45.52)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18.
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16.
18. 33)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6b/11. 16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and qPCR for 16/18
Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TSprimers and SBH with TS probes (6. 11.
16. 18. 31. 33)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16. E6 for 18 andspecific for 4 Hybridization with TSprobes (4. 16. 18)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

-

-

-

-

(1.2-14.8)

HPV 16 (4.4)(8.3-24.1)

HPV 18 (10.5) HPV 16 (5.3) HPV 33
(2.6)

132

0

-

-

132

0

-

-

50

64

(50.1-75.9)

HPV 31 (32.0) HPV 16 (26.0) HPV 18(26.0)

1320-

HPV 16 (1.8) HPV 33 (1.8) HPV 58
(1.8)

55

5.5

(1.9-14.9)

59

11.9

(5.9-22.5)

HPV 18 (11.9)

146

1.4

(0.4-4.9)

HPV 11 (0.7) HPV 16 (0.7)

61

26.2

(16.8-38.4)

-

172

5.8

(3.2-10.4)

HPV 16 (5.8)

33

42.4

(27.2-59.2)

HPV 16 (33.3) HPV 6 (30.3) HPV 31
(9.1)

43

2.3

(0.4-12.1)

HPV 16 (2.3)

85

2.4

(0.6-8.2)

HPV 16 (2.4)

91

7.7

(3.8-15.0)

HPV 16 (4.4) HPV 11 (1.1) HPV 33(1.1) HPV 6 (1.1)

24

12.5

(4.3-31.0)

HPV 16 (4.2) HPV 18 (4.2)

142

3.5

(1.5-8.0)

HPV 16 (2.1) HPV 18 (2.1)

25

20(8.9-39.1)

HPV 16 (20.0)

39

46.2

(31.6-61.4)

HPV 16 (25.6) HPV 18 (20.5)

ofChuang 2008

RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
TS probes (16)

21

0

-

-

of

Furniss 2007

TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplification with TSprimers (16)

150

25.3

(19.0-32.8)

HPV 16 (25.3)

of

Ha 2002

RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
TS primers (16)

34

2.9

(0.5-14.9)

HPV 16 (2.9)

ofHarris 2011

MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+GP6+ (L1)
Sequencing

25

8(2.2-25.0)

HPV 16 (8.0)

ofHolladay 1993

L1 consensus primers Hybridization with
TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)

39

17.9

(9.0-32.7)

HPV 16 (17.9) HPV 18 (2.6)

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Hooper 2015

HC2, PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCRMULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31,
33, 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58,
59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 82)

24

8.3

(2.3-25.8)-

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Liang 2008

GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)51

2(0.3-10.3)

HPV 16 (2.0)

409

5.9

(4.0-8.6)

-

88

20.5

(13.3-30.0)

HPV 16 (18.2) HPV 32 (1.1) HPV 53
(1.1)

53

13.2

(6.5-24.8)

HPV 16 (9.4) HPV 6 (1.9) HPV 8 (1.9)

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Lingen 2013

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Lohavanichbutr 2009

UnitedStatesofAmericaPaz 1997

PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39,
40, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 81)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and IU/IWDO (E1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 16. 18)

Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

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HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmericaStudy- 229 -

Table 42 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedMY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1) DBH
36
13.9(40 HPV types including 16. 18. 31. 33.
35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for
193
21.2
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31/33/35)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)(6.1-28.7)

HPV 16 (11.1)(16.1-27.5)

HPV 16 (11.4) HPV 6 (6.2) HPV 11(3.6) HPV 18 (1.0)

ofSchlecht 2011of

Schwartz 1998

ofSmith 2004

MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1)
Sequencing

123

10.6

(6.3-17.2)

HPV 16 (8.1) HPV 33 (2.4)

ofWalline 2013

PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR L1-Consensus
primer, PCR-E6, PCR- MULTIPLEX(HPV 16, 31, 33, 35, 39, 58, 66)

108

25.9

(18.6-34.9)-

ofZhao 2005

RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
TS probes (16)

38

15.8

(7.4-30.4)

HPV 16 (15.8)

27

66.7

(47.8-81.4)

HPV 16 (59.3) HPV 18 (25.9)

50

60(46.2-72.4)

HPV 16 (50.0) HPV 18 (16.0)

Venezuela

Miller 1994

Venezuela

Premoli-De-Percoco 2001

TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes (16. 18)
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 31 Dec 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific;
Only for European countries
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 43: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of oropharyngeal cancer in the WorldHPV Prevalence
CountryStudy

HPV detection method and targeted
HPV types

No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

21

14.3

(5.0-34.6)

HPV 16 (14.3)

21

19.0

(7.7-40.0)

HPV 16 (19.0)

90

64.4

(54.2-73.6)

-

36

55.6

(39.6-70.5)

-

31

54.8

(37.8-70.8)

HPV 16 (51.6) HPV 35 (6.5)

83

25.3

(17.2-35.6)

-

30

23.3

(11.8-40.9)

HPV 16 (20.0) HPV 33 (3.3) HPV 35
(3.3)

99

56.6

(46.7-65.9)

-

40

5.0

(1.4-16.5)

HPV 16 (5.0)

65

75.4

(63.7-84.2)

-

18

44.4

(24.6-66.3)

-

145

48.3

(40.3-56.3)

-

76

81.6

(71.4-88.7)

-

75

8.0

(3.7-16.4)

-

210

47.6

(41.0-54.4)

-

MEN
China

Li 2007

Cuba

Herrero 2003

Czechia

Rotnáglová 2011

FranceCharfi 2008

Germany

Hoffmann 2010

Germany

Reimers 2007

Italy

Herrero 2003

NorwayHannisdal 2010

Spain

Herrero 2003

SwedenAttner 2010

SwedenDahlgren 2004

SwedenHammarstedt 2006

SwedenNäsman 2009

Switzerland
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica

Lindel 2001

UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
WOMEN

Chaturvedi 2011

GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct(L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68.
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Amplification with TSprimers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes - Multiplex luminex*
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18.
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
SPF10 (L1) Sequencing
SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)

Cohen 2008

GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for 16
Hybridization with TS probes (16)

27

70.4

(51.5-84.1)

HPV 16 (70.4)

Ernster 2007

TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)

51

72.5

(59.1-82.9)

HPV 16 (72.5)

Lohavanichbutr 2009

MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)

28

82.1

(64.4-92.1)-

Posner 2011

TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
TS primers (16)

89

50.6

(40.4-60.7)

HPV 16 (50.6)

Tezal 2009

TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 18)

26

76.9

(57.9-89.0)

HPV 16 (76.9)

Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

China

Li 2007

Cuba

Herrero 2003

Czechia

Rotnáglová 2011

FranceCharfi 2008

Germany

Hoffmann 2010

Germany

Reimers 2007

Italy

Herrero 2003

NorwayHannisdal 2010

Spain

Herrero 2003

SwedenAttner 2010

SwedenDahlgren 2004

SwedenHammarstedt 2006

SwedenNäsman 2009

Switzerland
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica

Lindel 2001

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Chaturvedi 2011

- 230 -

Table 43 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedGP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct
1060.0(L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
50.0
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
1968.4
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68.
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for
16
75.0
6/11/16/18/33 Amplification with TSprimers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and8
50.0
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes - Multiplex luminex*
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and23
39.1
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
60.0
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
38
39.5
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
4
50.0
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18.
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
SPF10 (L1) Sequencing
SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)(31.3-83.2)

HPV 16 (60.0)(0.0-43.4)-(46.0-84.6)-(50.5-89.8)-(21.5-78.5)

HPV 16 (50.0)(22.2-59.2)-(0.0-39.0)-(25.6-55.3)-(15.0-85.0)

HPV 16 (50.0)

30

73.3

(55.6-85.8)

-

7

28.6

(8.2-64.1)

-

58

50.0

(37.5-62.5)

-

22

95.5

(78.2-99.2)

-

24

33.3

(18.0-53.3)

-

53

30.2

(19.5-43.5)-

Cohen 2008

GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for 16
Hybridization with TS probes (16)

8

62.5

(30.6-86.3)

HPV 16 (62.5)

Ernster 2007

TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)

21

61.9

(40.9-79.2)

HPV 16 (61.9)

Lohavanichbutr 2009

MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)

30.0(0.0-56.1)-

TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
TS primers (16)

22

50.0

(30.7-69.3)

HPV 16 (50.0)

TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 18)

4

25.0

(4.6-69.9)

HPV 16 (25.0)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

302

47.7

(42.1-53.3)

HPV 16 (42.1) HPV 18 (1.7) HPV 35(1.7) HPV 39 (1.0) HPV 33 (0.7)

21

14.3

(5.0-34.6)

HPV 16 (14.3)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

31

29.0

(16.1-46.6)

HPV 16 (29.0)

26

15.4

(6.2-33.5)

HPV 16 (15.4)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

20

45.0

(25.8-65.8)

HPV 16 (40.0) HPV 33 (5.0)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

109

65.1

(55.8-73.4)

HPV 16 (60.6) HPV 33 (1.8) HPV 18(0.9) HPV 26 (0.9) HPV 52 (0.9)

52

61.5

(48.0-73.5)

HPV 16 (51.9) HPV 33 (1.9)

58

17.2

(9.6-28.9)

HPV 16 (15.5)

UnitedStatesofPosner 2011
America
UnitedStatesofTezal 2009
America
BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED
Argentina

Ribeiro 2011

Australia

Hong 2010

BrazilCortezzi 2004

BrazilRibeiro 2011

China

Li 2007

Cuba

Herrero 2003

Cuba

Ribeiro 2011

Czechia

Klozar 2008

Czechia

Ribeiro 2011

Czechia

Rotnáglová 2011

FranceCharfi 2008

FranceFouret 1997

PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)E6-based MT-PCR Amplification with
MT-PCR kit (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35.
39. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 70.
73. 82)GP5+/GP6+ (L1) DBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
33. 34. 39. 42. 45. 51. 52. 54. 56)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CP65/70ct-CP66/69ct(L1). FAP59/6415 (L1). A5/A10-A6/A8(L1) and TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RLBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68.
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)GP5+/GP6+ (L1) RBLH (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 61. 66. 68.
70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Amplification with TSprimers (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/31/33/45
Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18. 31.
33. 45)

Continued on next page

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

4

HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

Germany

Andl 1998

Germany

Hoffmann 1998

Germany

Hoffmann 2010

Germany

Klussmann 2001

Germany

Reimers 2007

Germany

Weiss 2011

Germany

Wittekindt 2005

GreeceRomanitan 2008

Italy

Boscolo-Rizzo 2009

Italy

Herrero 2003

Italy

Licitra 2006

Italy

Rittà 2009

Netherlands

Braakhuis 2004

NorwayHannisdal 2010

PolandRibeiro 2011

PolandSnietura 2010

PolandSzkaradkiewicz 2002

Republic of
Korea

Kim 2007

Republic of
Korea

Oh 2004

Romania

Ribeiro 2011

RussianFederation

Ribeiro 2011

Slovakia

Ribeiro 2011

Spain

Herrero 2003

SwedenAttner 2010

SwedenDahlgren 2004

SwedenHammarstedt 2006

SwedenLindquist 2012

SwedenNäsman 2009

Switzerland

Lindel 2001

UnitedKingdom

Anderson 2007

UnitedKingdom

Schache 2011

UnitedKingdom

Thavaraj 2011

- 231 -

Table 43 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedTS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18) and cycle
sequencing system of BRL
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). MY09/MY11 (L1) and
TS-PCR for 6/11/16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes - Multiplex luminex*
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
TS probes (16)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and (L1) Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
TS primers (16)MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP* andamplification with TS primers E6/E2 for
16
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
RT-PCR E1 for 16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR RLBH (6.
11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42.
43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58.
59. 61. 66. 68.70.72.73. 82/MM4. 83. 84.
82/IS39. 71/CP8061. 81/CP8304. 89)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)Real-time High Risk HPV test (Abbott
Molecular) using L1 consensus primers
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18. 31.
33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 59. 66 and
68 - the technique only differentiates
16-18-other)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
RT-PCR E2/E6 for 16 Hybridization with
HPV genotyping DNA chip arrayed bymultiple oligonucleotide probes(6.11.16.18.31.33.34.35.39.40.42.
43.44.45.51.52.56.58.59.66.68.69)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1)
Microarray hybridization (6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 34. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51.
52. 54. 56. 58. 59. 62. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
72)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with EIA
oligonucleotide probes (2. 6. 11. 16. 18.
31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/IIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6/7 for 16/33 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18.
33) and sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPIIG (E1)
Amplification with TS primers (16) andMultiplex Luminex (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31.
33. 35. 39. 42. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56.
58. 59. 66. 68. 70. 73. 82)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1). CPI/CPIIG (E1) and
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Sequencing
SPF10 (L1) Sequencing
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with
Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35.
39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58.
59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
TS-PCR E6 for 16 Amplification with TSprimers (16)GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Luminex 200 IS (16. 18.
26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56. 58.
59. 66. 68. 73. 82)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

21

52.4

(32.4-71.7)

HPV 16 (38.1) HPV 33 (4.8)

23

26.1

(12.5-46.5)

HPV 16 (8.7) HPV 45 (8.7) HPV 6 (4.3)

39

53.8

(38.6-68.4)

HPV 16 (51.3) HPV 35 (5.1)

33

45.5

(29.8-62.0)

HPV 16 (42.4) HPV 33 (3.0) HPV 5(3.0) HPV 96 (3.0)

106

28.3

(20.6-37.5)

HPV 16 (27.4) HPV 33 (0.9)

86

38.4

(28.8-48.9)

HPV 16 (38.4)

34

52.9

(36.7-68.5)

HPV 16 (50.0) HPV 33 (2.9)

28

42.9

(26.5-60.9)

HPV 16 (32.1)

22

18.2

(7.3-38.5)

HPV 16 (18.2)

36

19.4

(9.8-35.0)

HPV 16 (16.7) HPV 33 (2.8) HPV 35
(2.8)

90

18.9

(12.1-28.2)

HPV 16 (18.9)

22

50.0

(30.7-69.3)

HPV 16 (50.0)

37

37.8

(24.1-53.9)

HPV 16 (37.8)

137

51.8

(43.5-60.0)

HPV 16 (48.9) HPV 31 (2.9) HPV 18(2.2) HPV 33 (0.7) HPV 67 (0.7)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

14

50.0

(26.8-73.2)

HPV 16 (50.0)

28

10.7

(3.7-27.2)

-

52

73.1

(59.7-83.2)

HPV 16 (65.4) HPV 18 (1.9) HPV 33(1.9) HPV 35 (1.9) HPV 58 (1.9)

39

64.1

(48.4-77.3)

HPV 16 (59.0) HPV 33 (2.6) HPV 58(2.6) HPV 6 (2.6)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

136

0.7

(0.1-4.0)

HPV 16 (0.7)

44

9.1

(3.6-21.2)

HPV 16 (9.1)

95

74.7

(65.2-82.4)

HPV 16 (64.2) HPV 33 (7.4) HPV 35(2.1) HPV 58 (1.1)

25

40.0

(23.4-59.3)

HPV 16 (28.0) HPV 33 (4.0) HPV 35(4.0) HPV 38 (4.0)

203

48.8

(42.0-55.6)

HPV 16 (42.9) HPV 33 (1.5) HPV 35(0.5) HPV 45 (0.5)

56

64.3

(51.2-75.5)

HPV 16 (64.3)

98

84.7

(76.3-90.5)

99

14.1

(8.6-22.3)

36

22.2

(11.7-38.1)

HPV 16 (19.4) HPV 11 (2.8)

98

40.8

(31.6-50.7)

HPV 16 (40.8)

142

70.4

(62.5-77.3)

HPV 16 (64.1) HPV 33 (2.1) HPV 18(0.7) HPV 35 (0.7)

HPV 16 (78.6) HPV 33 (1.0) HPV 35(1.0) HPV 59 (1.0)
HPV 16 (11.1) HPV 33 (1.0) HPV 35(1.0) HPV 45 (1.0)

Continued on next page

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4

HPV RELATED STATISTICS- 232 -

Table 43 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
Tested(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

Agoston 2010

Generic L1 primers from Access Genetics
and TS-PCR E7 for 16 RFLP

102

90.2

(82.9-94.6)

HPV 16 (73.5) HPV 58 (1.0)

Chaturvedi 2011

SPF10 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26.
31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54.
56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74. 82)

263

44.1

(38.2-50.1)

HPV 16 (38.8) HPV 35 (1.5) HPV 33(1.1) HPV 58 (1.1) HPV 18 (0.8)

Cohen 2008

GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for 16
Hybridization with TS probes (16)

35

68.6

(52.0-81.4)

HPV 16 (68.6)

D’Souza 2007

MY09/MY11 (L1) Hybridization with
Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35.
39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58.
59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)

60

63.3

(50.7-74.4)

HPV 16 (58.3) HPV 33 (6.7) HPV 35(1.7)

Ernster 2007

TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)

72

69.4

(58.0-78.9)

HPV 16 (69.4)

Furniss 2007

TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplification with TSprimers (16)

43

34.9

(22.4-49.8)

HPV 16 (34.9)

UnitedStatesofAmerica

Kingma 2010

PGMY09/11 (L1) Inno-LiPA (6. 11. 16. 18.
26. 31. 33. 35. 40. 43. 44. 45. 51. 52. 53.
54. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68. 69-71. 70. 73. 74.
82)

61

86.9

(76.2-93.2)

HPV 16 (67.2) HPV 18 (14.8) HPV 33(4.9) HPV 45 (1.6) HPV 82 (1.6)

UnitedStatesofAmericaKong 2009

GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR Sequencing

49

67.3

(53.4-78.8)

HPV 16 (65.3) HPV 18 (2.0) HPV 33(2.0)

Lohavanichbutr 2009

MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Hybridization with Roche LBA (6. 11. 16.
18. 26. 31. 33. 35. 39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52.
53. 54. 55. 56. 58. 59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67.
68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)

31

74.2

(56.8-86.3)

HPV 16 (67.7) HPV 35 (3.2) HPV 45
(3.2)

of

Posner 2011

TS-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Amplification with
TS primers (16)

111

50.5

(41.3-59.6)

HPV 16 (50.5)ofSchlecht 2011

30

50.0

(33.2-66.8)

HPV 16 (43.3) HPV 35 (3.3)

ofSchwartz 1998

55

41.8

(29.7-55.0)

HPV 16 (34.5) HPV 6 (12.7) HPV 11
(3.6)

of

Smith 2004

MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1)
Sequencing

62

40.3

(29.0-52.7)

HPV 16 (37.1) HPV 18 (1.6) HPV 33
(1.6)

of

Strome 2002

MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for
6/11/16/18 Sequencing

52

46.2

(33.3-59.5)

HPV 16 (40.4) HPV 12 (3.8) HPV 59
(1.9)

of

Tezal 2009

TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 18)

30

70.0

(52.1-83.3)

HPV 16 (70.0)

ofZhao 2005

RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
TS probes (16)

26

57.7

(38.9-74.5)

HPV 16 (57.7)

Country

Study

UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesofAmerica

UnitedStatesofAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica

MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1) DBH(40 HPV types including 16. 18. 31. 33.
35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS probes(6. 11. 16. 18. 31/33/35)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 31 Dec 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific
Only for European countries
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

Table 44: Studies on HPV prevalence among cases of hypopharyngeal or laryngeal cancer in the WorldHPV Prevalence
CountryStudy

HPV detection method and targeted
HPV types

No.
Tested%(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

28

46.4

(29.5-64.2)

HPV 16 (32.1) HPV 18 (32.1)

25

36.0

(20.2-55.5)

-

61

37.7

(26.6-50.3)

-

17

23.5

(9.6-47.3)

HPV 16 (23.5)

21

33.3

(17.2-54.6)

HPV 16 (19.0)

23

56.5

(36.8-74.4)

HPV 16 (43.5) HPV 18 (13.0)

70

30.0

(20.5-41.5)

-

36

0.0

-

-

MEN
CanadaFliss 1994

Chile

Torrente 2005

China

Liu 2010

Germany

Hoffmann 2006

Germany

Hoffmann 2009

Italy

Azzimonti 2004

Italy

Cattani 1998

Italy

Gallo 2009

TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16.
18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for
16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Hybridization with TS andconsensus probes and further
confirmation by SBH with TS andconsensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS andconsensus probes and further
confirmation by SBH with TS andconsensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for 33
Hybridization with TS probes(6.11.16.18.31) and amplification with TSprimer (33)
MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1. LCRF2.
LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1. E7R2. E7R3.
E7R4 (E6) and TS-PCR E1 for
6/11/16/18-31/33 Sequencing

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HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

Japan

Anwar 1993

Japan

Shidara 1994

NorwayLie 1996

PolandMorshed 2008

TurkeyBozdayi 2009

TurkeyDönmez 2000

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Table 44 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedTS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with
TS probes (4. 16. 18)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
42. 52. 58)
CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with
GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16
positive; For HPV16 negative cases.
sequencing was performed
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
33. 35. 39. 42. 51. 58)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

26

38.5

(22.4-57.5)

HPV 18 (34.6) HPV 16 (3.8) HPV 33
(3.8)

40

20.0

(10.5-34.8)

HPV 16 (17.5) HPV 18 (2.5)

38

7.9

(2.7-20.8)

HPV 16 (2.6)

78

34.6

(25.0-45.7)

-

62

43.5

(31.9-55.9)

-

55

12.7

(6.3-24.0)

HPV 11 (7.3) HPV 6 (5.5)

WOMEN
CanadaFliss 1994

Chile

Torrente 2005

China

Liu 2010

Germany

Hoffmann 2006

Germany

Hoffmann 2009

Italy

Azzimonti 2004

Italy

Cattani 1998

Italy

Gallo 2009

Japan

Anwar 1993

Japan

Shidara 1994

NorwayLie 1996

PolandMorshed 2008

TurkeyBozdayi 2009

TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16.
18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for
16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Hybridization with TS andconsensus probes and further
confirmation by SBH with TS andconsensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS andconsensus probes and further
confirmation by SBH with TS andconsensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for 33
Hybridization with TS probes(6.11.16.18.31) and amplification with TSprimer (33)
MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1. LCRF2.
LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1. E7R2. E7R3.
E7R4 (E6) and TS-PCR E1 for
6/11/16/18-31/33 Sequencing
TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with
TS probes (4. 16. 18)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
42. 52. 58)
CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with
GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16
positive; For HPV16 negative cases.
sequencing was performed

1

0.0

-

-

6

16.7

(3.0-56.4)

-

23

34.8

(18.8-55.1)

-

3

33.3

(6.1-79.2)

HPV 16 (33.3)

6

16.7

(3.0-56.4)

-

2

50.0

(9.5-90.5)

HPV 16 (50.0)

28

21.4

(10.2-39.5)

HPV 16 (21.4)

4

0.0

-

-

4

25.0

(4.6-69.9)

HPV 18 (25.0)

5

60.0

(23.1-88.2)

HPV 16 (40.0) HPV 18 (20.0)

10

0.0

-

-

15

40.0

(19.8-64.3)

-

3

0.0

-

-

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

34

5.9

(1.6-19.1)

HPV 6 (2.9) HPV 16 (2.9)

59

79.7

(67.7-88.0)

HPV 16 (62.7) HPV 18 (16.9) HPV 51(8.5) HPV 33 (5.1) HPV 66 (5.1)

27

7.4

(2.1-23.4)

HPV 16 (7.4) HPV 6 (3.7)

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

29

44.8

(28.4-62.5)

HPV 16 (31.0) HPV 18 (31.0)

32

12.5

(5.0-28.1)

HPV 31 (6.3) HPV 11 (3.1) HPV 59
(3.1)

31

32.3

(18.6-49.9)

HPV 16 (9.7) HPV 58 (6.5) HPV 38(3.2) HPV 39 (3.2) HPV 45 (3.2)

84

36.9

(27.4-47.6)

HPV 16 (34.5) HPV 18 (7.1)

102

58.8

(49.1-67.9)

33

48.5

(32.5-64.8)

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

30

3.3

(0.6-16.7)-

BOTH OR UNSPECIFIED
Argentina

Ribeiro 2011

Belarus

Gudleviciene 2014

Belgium

Duray 2011

BrazilMiranda 2009

BrazilRibeiro 2011

CanadaFliss 1994

Chile

Gheit 2014

Chile

Torrente 2005

China

Liu 2010

China

Ma 1998

Cuba

García-Milián 1998

Cuba

Ribeiro 2011

Czechia

Ribeiro 2011

Denmark

Lindeberg 1999

PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCRMULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73,82)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and RT-PCR E6/E7 for 6.
11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53.
56. 58. 59. 66. 67-L1. 68 TS real-time andconsensus PCR E6/E7 (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
33. 35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 53. 56. 58. 59. 66.
67-L1. 68)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18. 33) and sequencing
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6b/11/16/18
Amplification with TS primers (6b/11. 16.
18)
PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11,
16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56,
58, 59, 66, 68, 70, 73, 82)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and TS-PCR E6/E7 for
16 and E6 for 18 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
TS-PCR E6/E7 for 6/11/16/18/31/33/52b/58
SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52b. 58)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E6 for
6/11/16/18 SBH (6. 11. 16. 18)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and
CPII/II (L1) Hybridization with TS probes(6.11.16.18.30.31.33.35)

HPV 16 (29.4) HPV 6 (24.5) HPV 18(21.6) HPV 11 (2.0) HPV 33 (1.0)
HPV 16 (45.5) HPV 18 (3.0) HPV 6(3.0)

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HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

Finland

Koskinen 2003

Finland

Koskinen 2007

FinlandMork 2001

FranceFouret 1997

Germany

Fischer 2003

Germany

Hoffmann 1998

Germany

Hoffmann 2006

Germany

Hoffmann 2009

Germany

Kleist 2000

Germany

Klussmann 2001

Germany

Krupar 2014

GreeceGorgoulis 1999

GreeceVlachtsis 2005

Hungary

Major 2005

India

Jacob 2002

Italy

Azzimonti 2004

Italy

Badaracco 2000

Italy

Badaracco 2007

Italy

Boscolo-Rizzo 2009

Italy

Cattani 1998

Italy

Gallo 2009

Japan

Anwar 1993Japan

Deng 2013

Japan

Mineta 1998

Japan

Ogura 1991

Japan

Shidara 1994

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Table 44 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedSPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) andSPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16.
18. 33)TS-PCR E6 for 16/18/31/33/45
Hybridization with TS probes (16. 18. 31.
33. 45)
L1-CP65F. 66F. 69F. 70F Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 SBH (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18/33 Hybridization with TS andconsensus probes and further
confirmation by SBH with TS andconsensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for
6/11/16/18 Hybridization with TS andconsensus probes and further
confirmation by SBH with TS andconsensus probes (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
45)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
A10/A5-A6/A8 (L1) and
CP62/70-CP65/69a (L1) Sequencing
PCR-E6, PCR-E7, PCR- MULTIPLEX(HPV 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 42, 43, 44,
45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5/GP6 (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16.
18. 31. 33. 35) and confirmation by DBH
with TS probes (6.11.16.18. 31.33.35).
TS-PCR for 16/18 Amplification with TSprimers (16. 18)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18)
TS-PCR E1 for 6/11/18 and L1 for 16 SBH
with TS probes (6. 11. 16. 18)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6.16) and hybridization with TSprobes (11.16.18.31.45.56.57)
MY09/MY11 (L1) and GP5+/GP6+ (L1)
Sequencing
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP* andamplification with TS primers E6/E2 for
16
MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR for 33
Hybridization with TS probes(6.11.16.18.31) and amplification with TSprimer (33)
MY09/MY11 (L1). LCRF1. LCRF2.
LCRF3. LCRF4. E7R1. E7R2. E7R3.
E7R4 (E6) and TS-PCR E1 for
6/11/16/18-31/33 Sequencing
TS-PCR for 16/18/33 Hybridization with
TS probes (4. 16. 18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-MY09/11, TS,
Sequencing (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22,
23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40,
42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,
59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89,
90, 91)
TS-PCR E7 for 16/18 Amplification with
TS primers (16. 18)
TS-PCR E6 for 16/18 Hybridization with
TS probes (16. 18)
L1C1/L1C2 RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33.
42. 52. 58)
Consensus primers from Master Mix
Amplification with TS primers (16. 18)
PCR-GP5+/6+, PCR-PGMY09/11, PCR
L1-Consensus primer, PCR-E6, PCRMULTIPLEX (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33,
35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73,
82)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) andSPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
CP (E1). MY09/MY11 (L1) andGP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (6.11.16.18.31.33.35)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16.
18. 33)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

28

50.0

(32.6-67.4)

HPV 16 (46.4) HPV 33 (14.3) HPV 6(10.7) HPV 11 (3.6) HPV 51 (3.6)

69

4.3

(1.5-12.0)

HPV 16 (1.4)

40

2.5

(0.4-12.9)

HPV 16 (2.5)

103

6.8

(3.3-13.4)

HPV 16 (6.8)

47

34.0

(22.2-48.3)

HPV 73 (4.3) HPV 21 (2.1) HPV 22(2.1) HPV 38 (2.1) HPV 41 (2.1)

51

21.6

(12.5-34.6)

HPV 16 (3.9) HPV 18 (2.0) HPV 45
(2.0)

20

25.0

(11.2-46.9)

HPV 16 (25.0)

27

29.6

(15.9-48.5)

HPV 16 (14.8)

35

20.0

(10.0-35.9)

HPV 16 (8.6) HPV 18 (8.6)

30

16.7

(7.3-33.6)

HPV 16 (13.3) HPV 19 (3.3)

49

0.0

-

-

91

20.9

(13.8-30.3)

HPV 16 (14.3) HPV 18 (3.3) HPV 33(3.3) HPV 6 (3.3)

90

40.0

(30.5-50.3)

HPV 16 (34.4) HPV 18 (6.7)
HPV 11 (18.2) HPV 16 (13.6) HPV 6(13.6)

22

54.5(34.7-73.1)

44

34.1

(21.9-48.9)

HPV 16 (34.1)

25

56.0

(37.1-73.3)

HPV 16 (44.0) HPV 18 (12.0)

22

50.0

(30.7-69.3)

HPV 16 (27.3) HPV 6 (18.2) HPV 45
(4.5)

30

16.7

(7.3-33.6)

HPV 16 (10.0) HPV 6 (6.7)

45

4.4

(1.2-14.8)

HPV 16 (4.4)

75

29.3

(20.2-40.4)

HPV 16 (12.0) HPV 18 (10.7) HPV 33
(1.3)

40

0.0

-

-

30

36.7

(21.9-54.5)

HPV 18 (33.3) HPV 16 (3.3) HPV 33
(3.3)

26

15.4

(6.2-33.5)

HPV 16 (11.5) HPV 33 (3.8)

42

31.0

(19.1-46.0)

HPV 16 (26.2) HPV 18 (4.8)

28

10.7

(3.7-27.2)

HPV 16 (10.7) HPV 18 (3.6)

45

24.4

(14.2-38.7)

HPV 16 (20.0) HPV 18 (4.4)

25

32.0

(17.2-51.6)

HPV 16 (12.0)

53

20.8

(12.0-33.5)

HPV 6 (1.9) HPV 16 (1.9) HPV 31 (1.9)
HPV 39 (1.9) HPV 58 (1.9)

69

4.3

(1.5-12.0)

HPV 16 (1.4)

39

7.7

(2.7-20.3)

HPV 16 (2.6)

40

2.5

(0.4-12.9)

HPV 16 (2.5)

Lithuania

Gudleviciene 2009

Lithuania

Gudleviciene 2014

NorwayKoskinen 2007

NorwayLie 1996

NorwayMork 2001

PolandMorshed 2008

SPF10 (L1) LiPA 25

93

35.5

(26.5-45.6)

HPV 16 (30.1) HPV 18 (6.5) HPV 33(5.4)

Ribeiro 2011

PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

PolandContinued on next page

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HPV RELATED STATISTICSCountry

Study

PolandSnietura 2011

Romania

Ribeiro 2011

RussianFederation

Ribeiro 2011

Slovakia

Ribeiro 2011

Slovenia

Poljak 1997

Spain

Alvarez Alvarez 1997

Spain

Pérez-Ayala 1990

SwedenKoskinen 2007

SwedenMork 2001

Switzerland

Adams 1999

TurkeyBozdayi 2009

TurkeyDönmez 2000

TurkeyGungor 2007

UnitedKingdom

Anderson 2007

UnitedKingdom

Conway 2012

UnitedKingdom

Salam 1995

UnitedKingdom
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica
UnitedStatesAmerica

Snijders 1996

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Table 44 – continued from previous page
HPV detection method and targetedNo.
%
HPV types
TestedReal-time High Risk HPV test (Abbott
Molecular) using L1 consensus primers
RT-PCR (16. 18. 31. 33. 35. 39. 45. 51.
52. 56. 58. 59. 66. 68)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1) Amplification with TSprimers (16)
PGMY09/11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) andWD72/76/66/67/154 (E6) Amplification
with TS primers (6.11.16.18.31.33.51)
TS-PCR E6 and L1 for 6b/16/18
Amplification with TS primers (6b. 16. 18)
TS-PCR E6 for 6/11 Hybridization with
TS probes (11.16)
MY09/MY11 (L1). GP5+/GP6+ (L1) andSPF10 (L1) LiPA 25
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) and CPI/CPII (L1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 11. 16.
18. 33)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP
(6.11.16.18.31.33.35.51.53.56)
MY09/MY11 (L1) Amplification with
GP5+/6+ and TS primers for HPV16
positive; For HPV16 negative cases.
sequencing was performed
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 31.
33. 35. 39. 42. 51. 58)
SP10296 (L1) Amplification with mPCR
kit (6. 11. 16. 18. 31. 33. 52. 58)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Hybridization with
Roche LBA (6. 11. 16. 18. 26. 31. 33. 35.
39. 40. 42. 45. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 58.
59. 61. 62. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
73. 81. 82. 83. 84. 89)
PCR-GP5+/6+, TS, Sequencing (HPV 16,
18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53,
54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91)
MY09/MY11 (L1) RFLP (6. 11. 16. 18. 33)
GP5+/GP6+ (L1) Amplification with TSprimers and SBH with TS probes (6. 11.
16. 18. 31. 33)
Perkin Census L1 consensus primers
Hybridization with TS probes (6. 11. 16.
18. 31. 35. 51)
PCR L1-Consensus primer, PCR-SPF10,
LiPA (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51,
52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68)(95% CI)aPrevalence of 5 most frequent
HPVs, HPV type (%)

65

0.0

-

-

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

239

0.8

(0.2-3.0)

HPV 16 (0.8)

30

3.3

(0.6-16.7)

HPV 16 (3.3)

35

25.7

(14.2-42.1)

HPV 6 (22.9) HPV 16 (5.7)

51

56.9

(43.3-69.5)

HPV 16 (56.9)

69

4.3

(1.5-12.0)

HPV 16 (1.4)

40

2.5

(0.4-12.9)

HPV 16 (2.5)

36

16.7

(7.9-31.9)

HPV 16 (16.7)

65

41.5

(30.4-53.7)

HPV 16 (40.0) HPV 6 (1.5)

55

12.7

(6.3-24.0)

HPV 11 (7.3) HPV 6 (5.5)

95

7.4

(3.6-14.4)

HPV 11 (7.4) HPV 6 (2.1) HPV 16 (1.1)

64

0.0

-

-

12

0.0

-

-

36

22.2

(11.7-38.1)

HPV 6 (8.3) HPV 16 (5.6) HPV 11 (2.8)

31

19.4

(9.2-36.3)

HPV 16 (19.4)

40

7.5

(2.6-19.9)

HPV 16 (2.5)

76

17.1

(10.3-27.1)

HPV 16 (13.2) HPV 31 (10.5) HPV 53
(9.2)

of

Brandwein 1993

ofChernock 2013

ofFurniss 2007

TS-PCR L1 for 16 Amplification with TSprimers (16)

63

31.7

(21.6-44.0)

HPV 16 (31.7)

of

Paz 1997

MY09/MY11 (L1) and IU/IWDO (E1)
Amplification with TS primers (6. 16. 18)

43

4.7

(1.3-15.5)

HPV 16 (2.3)

ofSchlecht 2011

MY09/MY11 (L1) and HMB01 (L1) DBH(40 HPV types including 16. 18. 31. 33.
35. 39. 45. 51. 52. 56. 58. 66)

40

27.5

(16.1-42.8)

HPV 16 (27.5)

ofShen 1996

MY09/MY11 (L1) and TS-PCR E7 for
16/18 RFLP*

32

9.4

(3.2-24.2)

HPV 11 (3.1) HPV 18 (3.1) HPV 6 (3.1)

ofZhao 2005

RT-PCR E6/E7 for 16 Hybridization with
TS probes (16)

22

18.2

(7.3-38.5)

HPV 16 (18.2)

Data updated on 22 May 2023 (data as of 31 Dec 2015)
DBH: Dot Blot Hybridization; EIA: Enzyme ImmunoAssay; HC2: Hybrid Capture 2; ISH: In Situ Hybridization; LBA: Line-Blot Assay; LiPA: Line Probe Assay; PCR: Polymerase Chain
Reaction; RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; RLBH: Reverse Line Blot Hybridization; RT-PCR: Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SBH: Southern Blot Hybridization;
SPF: Short Primer Fragment; TS: Type Specific
Only for European countries
a 95% Confidence Interval
Data Sources: See references in Section 9 References.

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5

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER- 236 -

Factors contributing to cervical cancer

HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer, but it is not a sufficient cause. Other cofactors are necessary
for progression from cervical HPV infection to cancer. Tobacco smoking, high parity, long-term hormonal
contraceptive use, and co-infection with HIV have been identified as established cofactors. Co-infection
with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type-2, immunosuppression, and certain dietary
deficiencies are other probable cofactors. Genetic and immunological host factors and viral factors otherthan type, such as variants of type, viral load and viral integration, are likely to be important but havenot been clearly identified. (Muñoz N, Vaccine 2006; 24(S3): 1-10). In this section, the prevalence ofsmoking, parity (fertility), oral contraceptive use, and HIV in the World are presented.
Figure 124: Female smoking prevalence

No data available
<13
<2
<21
<6
>=21

Data accessed on 12 Nov 2019
Crude adjusted prevalence (%) estimates of tabacco use among people aged >= 15 years by country, for the year 2016.
Data Sources:
WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000–2025, third edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/

item/who-global-report-on-trends-in-prevalence-of-tobacco-use-2000-2025-third-edition

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FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER- 237 -

Figure 125: Total fertility rates

No data available
<1.60
<2.10
<2.60
<4.24
>=4.24

Data accessed on 13 Nov 2019Year of estimate: 2017
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition. Available at: https://www.un.org/
en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/fertility/wfd2017.asp. [Accessed on November 13, 2019].
Eurostat - Statistical office of the European Comission [web site]. Luxembourg: European Commission; 2017. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/demofrate. [Accessed on November 13, 2019].

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FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER- 238 -

Figure 126: Oral contraceptive use (%) among women who are married or in union in the WorldNo data available
<13.5
<21.0
<29.4
<6.6
>=29.4

Data accessed on 18 Nov 2019
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Contraceptive Use 2019 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2019). https://www.un.org/en/development/
desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2019.asp. Available at: [Accessed on November 18, 2019].

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FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CERVICAL CANCER- 239 -

Figure 127: World HIV prevalence

No data available
<0.1
<0.2
<0.4
<0.8
>=0.8

Data accessed on 21 Nov 2019
Data Sources:
UNAIDS database [internet]. Available at: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ [Accessed on November 21, 2019]

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6

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH INDICATORS- 240 -

Sexual behaviour and reproductive health indicators

Sexual intercourse is the primary route of transmission of genital HPV infection. Information about
sexual and reproductive health behaviours is essential to the design of effective preventive strategies
against anogenital cancers. In this section, we describe sexual and reproductive health indicators that
may be used as proxy measures of risk for HPV infection and anogenital cancers. Several studies
have reported that earlier sexual debut is a risk factor for HPV infection, although the reason for thisrelationship is still unclear. In this section, information on sexual and reproductive health behaviour in
the World are presented.
Figure 128: Percentage of 15-year-old girls who report sexual intercourse

No data available
<12
<16
<20
<6
>=20

Data accessed on 16 Mar 2017
Please refer to original source for methods of estimationa Year of estimation: 2013-2014
b Fifteen-year-olds teenagers only were asked whether they had ever had sexual intercourse.
c Indicates a significant gender difference (at p<0.05).
d Year of estimation: not reported
e The main sources of data were surveys by the MEASURE DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) project and published estimates from Reproductive National Health Surveys.

f Year of estimation: 2006
g Percentage of all 15- to 19-year-olds who report having had sex before the age of 15 years.
h Year of estimation: 2005-2010
i Percentage of all 15- to 19-year-olds who report having had sex before the age of 15 years in MEASURE DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys), STATcompiler (http://www.

statcompiler.com/) or HIV/AIDS Survey Indicator database (http://www.measuredhs.com/hivdata/).
j Year of estimation: 2010
k Year of estimation: 2000
l Year of estimation: 1997
m Year of estimation: 2011-2012
n Year of estimation: 2011o Year of estimation: 2012
p Year of estimation: 2013
q Year of estimation: 2014r Year of estimation: 2005-2006
s Year of estimation: 2012-2013
t Year of estimation: 2015-2016
u Year of estimation: 2014-2015
v Year of estimation: 2008-2009
w Year of estimation: 2011-2013

Data Sources:
1 Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences in young people’s health and well-being. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international reportfrom the 2013/2014 survey. Inchley J, Currie D, Young T, et al. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016 (Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 7). Available at:

http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/303438/HSBC-No.7-Growing-up-unequal-Full-Report.pdf?ua=1

2 Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Wellings K, Collumbien M, Slaymaker E, et al. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1706-28. Review. Erratum in: Lancet. 2007 Jan
27;369(9558):274. PMID:17098090.
3 ICF International, 2015. The DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) Program STATcompiler. Funded by USAID. http://www.statcompiler.com. Accessed on March 16 2017.
4 The sexual behaviour of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: patterns and trends from national surveys. Doyle AM, Mavedzenge SN, Plummer ML, Ross DA.Trop Med Int Health. 2012
Jul;17(7):796-807. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03005.x. Review. PMID:22594660.
5 CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2013. Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing of Teenagers Aged 15–19 in the United States. NCHS Data Brief No.
209, July 2015. Martinez G, Abma J. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db209.htm

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

7- 241 -

HPV preventive strategies

It is established that well-organised cervical screening programmes or widespread good quality cytology
can reduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality. The introduction of HPV vaccination could also
effectively reduce the burden of cervical cancer in the coming decades. This section presents indicators
on basic characteristics and performance of cervical cancer screening, status of HPV vaccine licensure
and introduction in the World.

7.1

Cervical cancer screening practices

Screening strategies differ between countries. Some countries have population-based programmes,
where in each round of screening women in the target population are individually identified and invited to attend screening. This type of programme can be implemented nationwide or only in specificregions of the country. In opportunistic screening, invitations depend on the individual’s decision or
on encounters with health-care providers. The most frequent method for cervical cancer screening iscytology, and there are alternative methods such as HPV DNA tests and visual inspection with acetic
acid (VIA). VIA is an alternative to cytology-based screening in low-resource settings (the ’see and treat’
approach). HPV DNA testing is being introduced into some countries as an adjunct to cytology screening (’co-testing’) or as the primary screening test to be followed by a secondary, more specific test, suchas cytology

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 242 -

Figure 129: Ever in lifetime cervical cancer screening coverage in women 25–65 years in 2019 by country

No data available
0 9%
10 19%
20 34%
35 49%
50 69%
70 89%
90 100%

Data accessed on 31 Aug 2022
Data Sources:
Bruni L, Serrano B, Roura E, Alemany L, Cowan M, Herrero R, et al. Cervical cancer screening programmes and age-specific coverage estimates for 202 countries and territories worldwide:a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(8):e1115.

Figure 130: Ever in lifetime cervical cancer screening coverage in women 30–49 years in 2019 by country

No data available
0 9%
10 19%
20 34%
35 49%
50 69%
70 89%
90 100%

Data accessed on 31 Aug 2022
Data Sources:
Bruni L, Serrano B, Roura E, Alemany L, Cowan M, Herrero R, et al. Cervical cancer screening programmes and age-specific coverage estimates for 202 countries and territories worldwide:a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(8):e1115.

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 243 -

Table 45: Main characteristics of cervical cancer screening
Country

AfricaAlgeria
AngolaBenin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
BurundiCabo Verde
Cameroon
CentralAfricanRepublic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d’Ivoire
Democratic
Republicofthe Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial
GuineaEritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
GambiaGhana
GuineaGuinea-Bissau
Kenya
LesothoLiberia
Libya
Madagascar
MalawiMali
Mauritania
Mauritius
MoroccoMozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
RwandaRegionExistence ofofficial national
recommendations

Starting year of
current recommendations

Activeinvitation toscreening

Screening ages (years),
primary screening test
used, and screening
interval or frequency of
screenings

Algeria
AngolaBenin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
BurundiCape Verde
Cameroon

Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No

2003
2016
-

No
No
-

25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-55 (VIA, 3 years)-

Central African
Republic

No

-

-

-

Chad
Comoros
Congo
Cote d’Ivoire

No
No
No
Yes

2010

No

25-55 (VIA, 3 years)

Congo, DR

No

-

-

-

Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial
GuineaEritrea
Swaziland
Ethiopia
Gabon
GambiaGhana
GuineaGuinea-Bissau

No
No

-

-

-

No

-

-

-

No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No

2015
2014
Unk
-

No
No
No
-

Kenya

Yes

2018

No

LesothoLiberia
Libya
Madagascar
MalawiMali
Mauritania
Mauritius
MoroccoMozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria

No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

2007
2004
2001
2010
2009
-

No
No
No
No
No
-

Rwanda

Yes

2013

No

30-49 (VIA, 5 years)
25-65 (VIA, 3 years)
25-65 (VIA, Unk years)
25-49 (VIA, 5 years); 25-30(cytology, 5 years); 30-49(HPV test, 5 years)
25-49 (VIA, NA years)
30-49 (VIA, 5 years)
30-60 (VIA, 5 years)
30-49 (VIA, 3 years)
30-55 (VIA, NA years)
35-45 (HPV test OR VIA, 7
years)

Sao Tome andPrincipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia

Sao Tome andPrincipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia

No

-

-

-

Yes
No
No
No

2018
-

No
-

South Africa

South Africa

Yes

2017

No

South Sudan
Sudan
Togo
TunisiaSouth Sudan
Sudan
Togo
Tunisia

No
No
No
Yes

2006

No

Uganda

Yes

2020

No

30-69 (VIA, 3 years)
25-55 (cytology, 5 years);
25-55 (HPV test, 10 years)
35-59 (cytology, 5 years)
25-49 (VIA, 3 years); 30-49(HPV test, Unk years)

UgandaContinued on next page

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 244 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Country

RegionUnited Republic of Tanzania
ZambiaZimbabwe
Americas

Existence ofofficial national
recommendations

Starting year of
current recommendations

Activeinvitation toscreening

Screening ages (years),
primary screening test
used, and screening
interval or frequency of
screenings

Tanzania

No

-

-

-

ZambiaZimbabwe

Yes
No

2006
-

No
-

>=18 (VIA, 3 years)-

Antigua andBarbuda

Yes

Unk

No

Argentina

Argentina

Yes

2015

No

BahamasBarbados

BahamasBarbados

Yes
No

Unk
-

No
-

Belize

Yes

2016

No

Bolivia

Yes

2009

No

25-64 (cytology, 3 years); Unk(VIA, Unk years)

Yes
Yes

2016
2016

No
Yes

25-64 (cytology, 3 years)
25-69 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

2017

Yes

25-69 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes
Yes

2018
2019

Yes
Yes

21-70 (cytology, 3 years)
21-69 (cytology, 2/3 years)

Yes

2020

Yes

21-70 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

2021

Yes

25-70 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

2022

Yes

21-69 (cytology, 2 years)

Yes

2023

Yes

Unk (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

2024

Yes

25-65 (cytology, 3 years)

CanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaBrazilAlberta
BritishColumbia
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Newfoundlandand Labrador
Nova Scotia
Northwest
territories
Ontario
Price Edward
islandQuebecSaskatchewan
Nuvanut
Yukon

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

2025
2026
2027
2028

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Chile

Chile

Yes

2015

No

Colombia

Colombia

Yes

2018

No

Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic

Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican
Republic

Yes
Yes
Yes

2007
2018
Unk

No
No
No

21-65 (cytology, 2/3 years)
21-69 (cytology, 3 years)
21-69 (cytology, 3 years)
25-69 (cytology, 3 years)
25-64 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years);
30-50 (VIA, 3 years)>=20 (cytology, 2 years)
25-64 (cytology, 3 years)
18-65 (cytology, Unk years)

Yes

2010

No

35-64 (cytology, 3 years)

EcuadorEcuador

Yes

2017

No

El Salvador

Yes

2015

No

GrenadaGrenada

Yes

Unk

No

Guatemala

Guatemala

Yes

2020

No

GuyanaGuyana

Yes

2010

No

Haiti

Haiti

Yes

2019

No

Honduras

Honduras

Yes

2015

No

Jamaica

Jamaica

Yes

2011

No

Antigua
BarbudaandBelizeBolivia (Plurinational Stateof)
BrazilCanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaEl Salvador

21-29 (cytology, 5 years);
30-65 (cytology and HPV test,
5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)>=18 (cytology, 1 year)
25-49 (cytology and VIA, 3
years); >=50 (cytology, 3
years)

21-65 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
20-29 (cytology, 2 years);
30-59 (cytology, 2 years);
30-59 (HPV test, 5 years);
60-65 (cytology, 2 years)>=21 (cytology, 3 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
50-54 (cytology, 3 years);
30-49 (cytology, 3 years);
30-39 (HPV test, 5 years);
40-49 (VIA, 3 years)
25-49 (cytology and VIA, 3
years)
35-59 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (VIA, 3 years); 30-64(HPV test, 5 years)
18-65 (cytology, 3 years)
Continued on next page

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 245 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page
Screening ages (years),
primary screening test
used, and screening
interval or frequency of
screenings
25-64 (cytology, 3 years);
35-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-64 (cytology, 3 years);
30-50 (VIA, 1 year)
21-70 (cytology, 2 years);
25-64 (HPV test, 3 years);
30-64 (cytology and HPV test,
3 years); Unk (VIA, unk)
21-65 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-64 (cytology, 2 years);
30-49 (VIA, 2 years); 30-49(HPV test, 5 years);Country

RegionExistence ofofficial national
recommendations

MexicoMexico

Yes

2013

No

Nicaragua

Nicaragua

Yes

2010

No

PanamaPanama

Yes

2017

No

Paraguay

Paraguay

Yes

2017

No

Peru

Yes

2017

No

Yes

Unk

No

18-55 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

Unk

No

18-55 (cytology, 1 year)

Yes

Unk

No

18-60 (cytology and VIA, 3
years)

No

-

-

-

Yes

Unk

No

21-65 (cytology, 3 years)

Peru
Saint
Kitts
and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint
Vincent and the
Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad andTobagoSt Kitts andNevis
St Lucia
St Vincent and
The Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad andTobagoStarting year of
current recommendations

Activeinvitation toscreening

United Statesof America

United Statesof America

Yes

2018

No

Uruguay
Venezuela(Bolivarian
Republic of)
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh

Urugay

Yes

2014

No

21-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years);
30-65 (cytology OR HPV test,
5 years)
21-69 (cytology, 3 years)

Venezuela

Yes

Unk

No

25-64 (cytology, 3 years)

Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh

No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

2007
Unk
2018

No
No
No

BhutanBhutan

Yes

2006

No

Brunei Darussalam

Brunei

Yes

2019

Yes

Cambodia

Yes

2018

No

China

Yes

2019

No

30-60 (cytology, 3 years)
30-65 (cytology, 3 years)
30-60 (VIA, 5 years)
25-30 (cytology, 3 years);
46-65 (cytology, 3 years);
30-45 (cytology OR VIA, 3
years)
20-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years);
30-65 (cytology OR HPV test,
5 years)
30-49 (VIA, 3 years)
35-64 (cytology or HPV test
and VIA, 3 years)

Korea, DPR

Yes

Unk

No

30-60 (cytology, 1 year)

Georgia
India
Indonesia

Yes
Yes
Yes

2011
2016
2008

Yes
No
No

25-60 (cytology, 3 years)
30-65 (VIA, 5 years)
30-50 (VIA, 5 years)

Iran

Yes

2018

No

30-49 (HPV test, 10 years)

Iraq
IsraelJapan
JordanKazakhstan
KuwaitKyrgyzstan

No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No

2019
2008
2018
-

No
Yes
Yes
-

30-54 (cytology, 3 years)>=20 (cytology, 2 years)
30-70 (cytology, 4 years)-

Cambodia
China
Democratic
People’sRepublicof
Korea
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran (Islamic
Republic of)
Iraq
IsraelJapan
JordanKazakhstan
KuwaitKyrgyzstan

Continued on next page

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 246 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Country

RegionExistence ofofficial national
recommendations

Starting year of
current recommendations

Activeinvitation toscreening

Screening ages (years),
primary screening test
used, and screening
interval or frequency of
screenings

Lao People’s
Democratic
Republic
Lebanon

Laos

No

-

-

-

LebanonNo--

Malaysia

Malaysia

Yes

2019

No

Maldives
Mongolia

Maldives
Mongolia

Yes
Yes

2014
2012

No
Yes

Myanmar

Myanmar

Yes

2018

No

Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines

Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines

Yes
No
No
Yes

2010
2009

No
No

Qatar

Yes

2012

No

30-65 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
30-50 (VIA, 5 years)
30-60 (cytology, 3 years)
30-49 (HPV test, 5 years);
30-49 (VIA, 5 years)
30-60 (VIA, 5 years)
25-55 (VIA, 5 years)
21-49 (cytology, 3 years);
50-65 (cytology, 5 years)

Yes

2016

Yes

20-100 (cytology, 2 years)

No

-

-

Qatar
Republicof
Korea
Saudi Arabia

Korea, RepublicofSaudi Arabia

Singapore

Singapore

Yes

2019

No

Sri Lanka
Syrian Arab
Republic
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste

Sri Lanka

Yes

2017

Yes

25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-69 (HPV test, 5 years)
35-45 (cytology, Unk years)

Syria

Yes

2019

No

30-49 (cytology, Unk years)

Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste

No
Yes
Yes

2020
Unk

No
No

Turkey

Yes

2014

Yes

Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan

Yes

2018

No

United ArabEmirates

Abu-Dabi

Yes

2003

No

Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan

No

-

-

Viet Nam

Viet Nam

Yes

2011

No

Yemen
EuropeAlbania
AndorraAustria
BelarusBelgium

Yemen

No

-

-

30-60 (cytology, 5 years)
18-60 (VIA, Unk years)
30-65 (cytology and HPV test,
5 years)
21-69 (cytology, 3 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (cytology OR HPV test,
5 years)
21-70 (cytology and VIA, 3
years)-

Albania
AndorraAustria
Belarus
Flemish region
Walloon region,
Brussels-capitalregionBosnia andHerzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
CyprusCzech Republic

Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

2019
1970
2019
2013

Yes
No
No
Yes

40-50 (HPV test, 5 years)>=18 (cytology, 1 year)>=18 (cytology, 2 years)
25-64 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

1992

No

25-64 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

Unk

No

25-60 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Unk
2012
Unk
2014

No
Yes
No
Yes

Denmark

Denmark

Yes

2012

Yes

Estonia
Finland

Estonia
Finland

Yes
Yes

2015
2017

Yes
Yes

FranceFrance

Yes

2020

Yes

Germany

Germany

Yes

2020

-

GreeceGreece

Yes

2018

No

30-40 (cytology, 3 years)
25-64 (cytology, 3 years)>=18 (cytology, Unk years)
25-60 (cytology, 1 year)
23-49 (cytology, 3 years);
50-59 (cytology, 5 years);
60-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
30-59 (cytology, 5 years)
30-60 (cytology, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
20-34 (cytology, 1 year); 35-65(cytology OR HPV test, 3
years)>=18 (cytology, 1 year); 21-60(HPV test, 5 years)

TurkeyBelgium
BosniaandHerzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
CyprusCzechia

Continued on next page

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 247 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page
Screening ages (years),
primary screening test
used, and screening
interval or frequency of
screenings
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
23-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-29 (HPV test, 3 years);
30-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-30 (cytology, 3 years);
31-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)

Country

RegionExistence ofofficial national
recommendations

Hungary
Iceland

Hungary
Iceland

Yes
Yes

2003
2015

Yes
Yes

Ireland

Ireland

Yes

2020

Yes

Italy

Piemonte

Yes

2013

Yes

Italy

Trento

Yes

2017

Yes

Italy

Veneto

Yes

2014

Yes

Italy

Liguria

Yes

2013

Yes

Italy

EmiliaRomagna

Yes

2013

Yes

Italy

Toscana

Yes

2013

Yes

Italy

Umbria

Yes

2013

Yes

Italy

Lazio

Yes

2017

Yes

Italy

Abbruzzo

Yes

2015

Yes

Italy

Campania,
Friuli-Venezia
Giulia,Lombardia,
Marche, Molise,
Val d’Aoste

Yes

1996

Yes

Italy

Puglia

Yes

2018

Yes

Italy

Basilicata

Yes

2012

Yes

Italy

Calabria

Yes

2016

Yes

Italy

Sicilia

Yes

2017

Yes

Italy

Sardegna

Yes

2018

Yes

LatviaLithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
MonacoMontenegro
Netherlands

Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

2009
2008
2016
Unk
2018
2017

Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

NorwayNorway

Yes

2019

Yes

PolandPortugalPortugalPortugal

PolandARS Centro
ARS Alentejo
ARS Norte
ARS de Lisboa
e Vale do Tejo
AzoresMadeiraARS Algarve
Republic ofMoldova

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

2016
2019
2020
2017

No
Yes
Yes
Yes

25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-33 (cytology, 3 years);
34-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-69 (cytology, 3 years)
25-60 (cytology, 3 years)
25-35 (cytology, 3 years)
21-65 (cytology, 3 years)
30-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
30-60 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-69 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-59 (cytology, 3 years)
25-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-64 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-64 (HPV test, 5 years)

Yes

2017

Yes

25-64 (HPV test, 5 years)

Yes
Yes
Yes

2010
Unk
2019

Yes
No
Yes

25-64 (cytology, 3 years)
25-60 (cytology, 3 years)
25-64 (HPV test, 5 years)

Yes

2017

No

25-61 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

2006

Yes

24-60 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

2012

No

25-64 (cytology, 5 years)

Yes

2019

No

18-64 (cytology, 3 years)

LatviaLithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
MonacoMontenegro
Netherlands

PortugalPortugalPortugalPortugal
Republicof
Moldova
RepublicofNorth Macedonia
Romania
Russian Federation

Macedonia,
TFYR
Romania
RussianFederation

Starting year of
current recommendations

Activeinvitation toscreening

25-64 (cytology, 3 years)

Continued on next page

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 248 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

Country

RegionExistence ofofficial national
recommendations

San Marino

San Marino

Yes

2006

Yes

SerbiaSlovakia
Slovenia
Spain

SerbiaSlovakia
Slovenia
Andalucia

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

2013
2020
2011
Unk

Yes
No
Yes
No

Spain

Aragon

Yes

2019

No

Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain

Asturias
Baleares
Canarias
Cantabria
Castilla laMancha

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

2017
2004
2013
2015

No
No
No
No

Yes

2019

Yes

Spain

Castilla y Leon

Yes

2008

Yes

Spain
Spain

Yes
Yes

2006
Unk

No
No

Yes

2019

No

20-65 (cytology, 3 years)

Spain

Cataluña
Ceuta
Comunidad
Valenciana
Extremadura

Screening ages (years),
primary screening test
used, and screening
interval or frequency of
screenings
25-30 (cytology, 3 years);
31-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-64 (cytology, 3 years)
23-64 (cytology, 3 years)
20-64 (cytology, 3 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-64 (cytology, 3 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
35-64 (cytology OR HPV test,
5 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)

Yes

2017

No

Spain

Galicia

Yes

2019

Yes

Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain

La Rioja
MadridMelillaMurciaNavarra

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

2018
2019
Unk
2012
2000

Yes
No
No
No
No

Spain

País Vasco

Yes

2018

Yes

SwedenSweden

Yes

2015

Yes

Switzerland

Switzerland

Yes

2018

No

UkraineUnited Kingdom of GreatBritainandNorthern
IrelandUnited Kingdom of GreatBritainandNorthern
IrelandUnited Kingdom of GreatBritainandNorthern
IrelandUnited Kingdom of GreatBritainandNorthern
Ireland
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
MarshallIslands

Ukraine

Yes

2014

No

20-65 (cytology, 2 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
35-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
14-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
25-34 (cytology, 3 years);
35-65 (HPV test, 5 years)
23-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-50 (HPV test, 3 years);
51-70 (HPV test, 7 years)
21-29 (cytology, 3 years);
30-70 (cytology and HPV test,
3 years)
18-65 (cytology, 3 years)

England

Yes

2020

Yes

25-49 (HPV test, 3 years);
50-64 (HPV test, 5 years)

Northern
Ireland

Yes

2011

Yes

25-49 (cytology, 3 years);
50-64 (cytology, 5 years)

Scotland

Yes

2020

Yes

25-64 (HPV test, 5 years)

Wales

Yes

2019

Yes

25-49 (HPV test, 3 years);
50-64 (HPV test, 5 years)

Australia
Fiji
Kiribati
MarshallIslands

Yes
Yes
Yes

2018
2015
2017

Yes
No
No

Yes

2014

No

Spain

Spain

Starting year of
current recommendations

Activeinvitation toscreening

25-74 (HPV test, 5 years)
30-49 (VIA, 3 years)
25-65 (cytology, 3 years)
21-49 (VIA, 2 years); 50-60(cytology, 2 years)
Continued on next page

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HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 249 -

Table 45 – continued from previous page

RegionExistence ofofficial national
recommendations

Starting year of
current recommendations

Activeinvitation toscreening

Screening ages (years),
primary screening test
used, and screening
interval or frequency of
screenings

Micronesia, FS

Yes

2010

No

25-45 (cytology, 10 years);
25-45 (VIA, 10 years)

Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New
GuineaSamoa
SolomonIslands
Tonga
TuvaluVanuatu

No
Yes
Yes

2019
2012

Yes
No

25-69 (cytology, 3 years)
21-64 (cytology, 3 years)

No

-

-

-

No

-

-

-

No

-

-

-

No
No
Yes

Unk

No

30-65 (cytology, Unk years)

Country

Micronesia(Federated
States of)
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua
New
GuineaSamoa
SolomonIslands
Tonga
TuvaluVanuatu

Data accessed on 31 Aug 2022
Data Sources:
Bruni L, Serrano B, Roura E, Alemany L, Cowan M, Herrero R, et al. Cervical cancer screening programmes and age-specific coverage estimates for 202 countries and territories worldwide:a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10(8):e1115.

7.2

HPV vaccination

7.2.1

HPV vaccine licensure and introduction

Figure 131: Countries with HPV vaccine in the national immunization programme in the WorldNo data available
Introduced
Not Available/Not Introduced

Data accessed on 24 Oct 2022
Data Sources:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage. World Health Organization. 2022. Available from: https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/hpv.html, accessed [24Oct 2022]
Bruni L, Saura-Lázaro A, Montoliu A, Brotons M, Alemany L, Diallo MS, et al. HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization
coverage 2010-2019. Prev Med. 2021;144(106399):106399.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7

HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 250 -

Table 46: HPV vaccination policies in the WorldCountry

EuropeAndorraAustria
Austria
Belgium
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Croatia
CyprusCzechia
Czechia
Denmark
Denmark
Estonia
FinlandFinlandFranceGermany
Germany
GreeceHungary
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
IrelandItaly
Italy
LatviaLithuania
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Malta
MonacoNetherlands
NorwayNorwayPortugalPortugal
Republicof
Moldova
RepublicofNorth Macedonia
San Marino
Slovenia
Spain
SwedenSwedenSwitzerland
Switzerland
United Kingdomof Great Britain
andNorthern
IrelandUnited Kingdomof Great Britain
andNorthern
IrelandAfricaBotswana
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Cameroon

Year ofestimation of
HPV
vaccination
coverage

HPV coverage– first dose (%)

HPV coverage– last dose (%)

Sex

Programme

Introduction
year

FemaleFemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleFemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleMale
FemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2014
2014
2014
2007
2019
2012
2016
2016
2016
2012
2018
2009
2019
2018
2013
2020
2007
2007
2019
2008
2014
2020
2011
2010
2019
2008
2018
2010
2016
2008
2019
2013
2011
2010
2009
2018
2008
2020

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

83
70
64
3
80
78
57
37
47
5
82
69
90
71
67
42
66
99
66
93
91
76
53

83
78
71
8
92
89
64
71
62
46
63
20
78
64
86
74
70
43
61
94
66
93
92
91
81

FemaleIntroduced

2018

2021

35

39

FemaleIntroduced

2009

2021

21

32

FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleMale
FemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2008
2009
2007
2010
2020
2008
2016

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

23
50
77
83
77
71
49

46
50
83
87
83
74
52

FemaleIntroduced

2008

2021

59

77

Male

Introduced

2019

2021

48

71

FemaleFemaleFemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2015
2021
2020
2020

2021
2021
2021
2021

22
5
-

90
20
Continued on next page

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7

HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIESCountryCôte d’Ivoire
Ethiopia
GambiaKenya
Liberia
Libya
Malawi
Mauritania
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
RwandaSenegal
Seychelles
South Africa
UgandaUnited Republicof Tanzania
ZambiaZimbabwe
Oceania
Australia
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Marshall Islands
Micronesia (Federated States of)
New Zealand
New Zealand
Niue
Niue
Palau
Solomon Islands
TuvaluAmericas
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Argentina
BahamasBahamasBarbados
Barbados
BelizeBelizeBolivia (Plurinational State of)BrazilBrazilCanadaCanadaChile
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominica
Dominica
Dominican Republic- 251 -

FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleTable 46 – continued from previous page
Year ofestimation ofIntroduction
Programme
HPV
year
vaccination
coverage
Introduced
2019
2021
Introduced
2018
2021
Introduced
2019
2021
Introduced
2019
2021
Introduced
2019
2021
Introduced
2013
2021
Introduced
2019
2021
Introduced
2021
2021
Introduced
2021
2021
Introduced
2016
2021
Introduced
2021
2021
Introduced
2011
2021
Introduced
2018
2021
Introduced
2014
2021
Introduced
2014
2021
Introduced
2015
2021

FemaleIntroduced

2018

2021

57

73

FemaleFemaleIntroduced
Introduced

2019
2018

2021
2021

33
40

45
67

FemaleMale
FemaleFemaleFemaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2007
2013
2011
2013
2009

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

66
62
27

74
73
-

FemaleIntroduced

2010

2021

32

-

FemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleFemaleFemaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2008
2017
2021
2021
2008
2019
2021

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

48
46
76
76
21
27

68
68
76
76
36
15
79

FemaleIntroduced

2018

2021

2

-

Male

Introduced

2018

2021

1

-

FemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2011
2017
2015
2015
2014
2017
2016
2019

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

53
42
28
26
4
4

79
67
39
36
5
5

FemaleIntroduced

2017

2021

36

60

FemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleMale
FemaleFemaleFemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2014
2017
2008
2017
2014
2019
2012
2019
2019
2019

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

67
44
87
73
57
60
11
59
68
68

81
58
87
73
67
70
39
77
68
68

FemaleIntroduced

2017

2021

8

27

Sex

HPV coverage– first dose (%)

HPV coverage– last dose (%)

41
75
30
44
30
12
55
73
21
39
34
44

34
86
34
29
43
14
39
78
57
78
39
84
37
75

Continued on next page

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7

HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIESCountry

Dominican Republic
EcuadorEl Salvador
GrenadaGuatemala
GuyanaGuyanaHonduras
Jamaica
MexicoPanamaPanamaParaguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and
Nevis
Saint Kitts and
Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia
Saint
Vincent and the
Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
United States ofAmerica
United States ofAmerica
Uruguay
Uruguay
Asia
Armenia
BhutanBhutanBrunei
Darussalam
Georgia
Indonesia
IsraelIsraelJapan
LaoPeople’s
Democratic
Republic
Malaysia
Maldives
MyanmarPhilippines
Republic of Korea
Singapore
Sri Lanka
ThailandTurkmenistan
Turkmenistan
UnitedArab
Emirates
Uzbekistan

Sex- 252 -

Table 46 – continued from previous page
Year ofestimation ofIntroduction
Programme
HPV
year
vaccination
coverage

HPV coverage– first dose (%)

HPV coverage– last dose (%)

MaleIntroduced

2019

2021

-

-

FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleMale
FemaleFemaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2014
2020
2019
2018
2011
2019
2016
2017
2012
2008
2016
2013
2011

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

3
24
15
2
2
53
2
1
17
53

30
43
34
3
3
75
1
1
23
-

FemaleIntroduced

2019

2021

84

71

Male

Introduced

2019

2021

84

74

FemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced

2019
2019

2021
2021

62
56

83
76

FemaleIntroduced

2017

2021

-

-

FemaleIntroduced

2013

2021

2

3

FemaleIntroduced

2013

2021

8

19

Male

Introduced

2015

2021

8

19

FemaleIntroduced

2006

2021

48

71

Male

Introduced

2011

2021

43

68

FemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced

2013
2019

2021
2021

17
11

55
44

FemaleFemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced

2017
2010
2021

2021
2021
2021

8
88
89

9
89
90

FemaleIntroduced

2012

2021

89

97

FemaleFemaleFemaleMale
FemaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2018
2017
2013
2015
2011

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

12
5
55
49
-

14
6
66
61
-

FemaleIntroduced

2020

2021

42

37

FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2010
2019
2020
2015

2021
2021
2021
2021

14
41
0

15
60
4

FemaleIntroduced

2016

2021

-

-

FemaleFemaleFemaleFemaleMaleIntroduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced
Introduced

2010
2017
2017
2016
2016

2021
2021
2021
2021
2021

46
99
99

71
99
99

FemaleIntroduced

2008

2021

-

-

FemaleIntroduced

2019

2021

87

99

Data accessed on 24 Oct 2022
Data Sources:

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

7

HPV PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES- 253 -

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage. World Health Organization. 2022. Available from: https://immunizationdata.who.int/pages/coverage/hpv.html, accessed [24Oct 2022]
Bruni L, Saura-Lázaro A, Montoliu A, Brotons M, Alemany L, Diallo MS, et al. HPV vaccination introduction worldwide and WHO and UNICEF estimates of national HPV immunization
coverage 2010-2019. Prev Med. 2021;144(106399):106399.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

8

8

PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR CERVICAL CANCER- 254 -

Protective factors for cervical cancer

Male circumcision and the use of condoms have shown a significant protective effect against HPV transmission.
Figure 132: World prevalence of male circumcision

No data available
20-80
<20
>80

Data accessed on 31 Aug 2015
Data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and other publications to categorise the country-wide prevalence of male circumcision as <20%, 20-80%, or >80%.
Data Sources:
Please refer to country-specific reference(s) for full methodologies.

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

8

PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR CERVICAL CANCER- 255 -

Figure 133: Worldwide prevalence of condom use

No data available
0<10.86<21.72>=32.58

Data accessed on 18 Nov 2019
Please refer to original source for methods of estimation.
Data Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Contraceptive Use 2019 (POP/DB/CP/Rev2019). https://www.un.org/en/development/
desa/population/publications/dataset/contraception/wcu2019.asp. Available at: [Accessed on November 18, 2019].

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

9

REFERENCES

9- 256 -

References

HPV-related statistics were gathered from specific databases created at the Institut Català d’Oncologia
and the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Systematic collection of published literature from peer-reviewed journals is stored in these databases.
Data correspond to results from the following reference papers as well as updated results from continuous monitoring of the literature by the HPV Information Centre:
Table 47: References of studies included
Country

Study

HPV prevalence and HPV type distribution for cytologically normal women
Based on systematic reviews and meta-analysis performed by ICO. The ICO HPV Information Centre
General sources
has updated data until June 2014. Reference publications: 1) Bruni L, J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1789. 2)
De Sanjosé S, Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7: 453
AfricaAlgeria
Benin
Cameroon
Congo

Côte d’Ivoire
Egypt
Ethiopia
Gabon
GambiaGuinea

Kenya

Mali

MoroccoMozambique

Nigeria

RwandaSenegalSouth Africa

Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 483 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda
D, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 483 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda D, Int J
Cancer 2005; 113: 483, Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 483 | Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011;
128: 2224
Piras F, Virol J 2011; 8: 514, Piras F, Virol J 2011; 8: 514, Piras F, Virol J 2011; 8: 514
Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911
Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957 | Sangwa-Lugoma G, Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 308, SangwaLugoma G, Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 308, Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957 | Sangwa-Lugoma
G, Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38: 308
Adjorlolo-Johnson G, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 242 | La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, AdjorloloJohnson G, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 242 | La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, Adjorlolo-Johnson
G, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 242
Abdel Aziz MT, Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT43, Abdel Aziz MT, Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT43, Abdel
Aziz MT, Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT43
Leyh-Bannurah SR, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 33 | Ruland R, Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 21: 727
Si-Mohamed A, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 430
Wall SR, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 1068, Wall SR, Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 1068
Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009;
101: 202
De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137 |Maranga IO, Open Virol J 2013; 7: 19 | Temmerman M, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 65: 171 | Yamada
R, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 847, De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Sex
Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137 | Maranga IO, Open Virol J 2013; 7: 19, De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003;
30: 137, De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30:
137
Schluterman NH, BMC Womens Health 2013; 13: 4 | Tracy JK, Trop Med Int Health 2011; 16: 1432
Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732 | Amrani M, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 286 | Bennani B, J
Infect Dev Ctries 2012; 6: 543 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546, Bennani B, J Infect Dev Ctries
2012; 6: 543 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546, Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732 |Amrani M, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 286 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546, Alhamany Z, J InfectDev Ctries 2010; 4: 732 | Amrani M, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 286 | Bennani B, J Infect Dev Ctries 2012;
6: 543 | Chaouki N, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 546
Castellsagué X, Lancet 2001; 358: 1429 | Naucler P, J Gen Virol 2011; 92: 2784, Castellsagué X, Lancet
2001; 358: 1429, Castellsagué X, Lancet 2001; 358: 1429, Castellsagué X, Lancet 2001; 358: 1429
Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 2111 | Pimentel VM, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17: 203 | Thomas
JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Akarolo-Anthony SN, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 521 | Gage JC, Int
J Cancer 2012; 130: 2111 | Pimentel VM, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17: 203 | Thomas JO, Br J
Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 2111
| Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638
Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851 | Veldhuijzen NJ, Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39: 128
Astori G, Intervirology 1999; 42: 221 | Hanisch RA, J Clin Virol 2013; 58: 696 | Hawes SE, J Infect Dis
2003; 188: 555 | Mbaye el HS, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 248 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Astori
G, Intervirology 1999; 42: 221 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Astori G, Intervirology 1999; 42:
221 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803, Astori G, Intervirology 1999; 42: 221 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer
2003; 103: 803
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | Jones HE, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1679 | Mbulawa ZZ,
J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023 | McDonald AC, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e44332 | Wright TC, JAMA 2000;
283: 81, Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | Denny L, JAMA 2005; 294: 2173 | Jones HE, J Clin
Microbiol 2007; 45: 1679 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023 | McDonald AC, PLoS ONE 2012;
7: e44332 | Richter K, S Afr Med J 2013; 103: 313 | Wright TC, JAMA 2000; 283: 81, Allan B, J Clin
Microbiol 2008; 46: 740, Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | Jones HE, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:1679 | McDonald AC, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e44332
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REFERENCESCountry

Tanzania

Tunisia

UgandaZimbabwe- 257 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896 | Vidal AC, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 20 | Watson-Jones
D, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 358, Watson-Jones D, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 358, Dartell MA, Int
J Cancer 2014; 135: 896 | Vidal AC, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 20 | Watson-Jones D, Sex Transm
Infect 2013; 89: 358, Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896 | Watson-Jones D, Sex Transm Infect2013; 89: 358
Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31: 143, Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31: 143, Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31:
143, Hassen E, Infection 2003; 31: 143
Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576 | Odida M, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 8 | Taube
JM, Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38: 555, Odida M, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 8, Asiimwe S, Int J STD
AIDS 2008; 19: 605 | Banura C, J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 555 | Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014;
24: 576 | Odida M, Infect Agents Cancer 2011; 6: 8 | Safaeian M, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 429 |Taube JM, Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 38: 555
Baay MF, J Med Virol 2004; 73: 481 | Fukuchi E, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36: 305 | Nowak RG, J Infect
Dis 2011; 203: 1182 | Womack SD, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 206, Womack SD, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 206

Americas

Argentina

BelizeBolivia

BrazilCanadaAbba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Badano I, Rev Argent Microbiol 2011; 43: 263 | Chouhy
D, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 655 | Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 593, Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003;
30: 593, Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Badano I, Rev Argent Microbiol 2011; 43: 263 |Chouhy D, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 655 | Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 593, Abba MC, Rev Argent
Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Badano I, Rev Argent Microbiol 2011; 43: 263 | Chouhy D, J Med Virol 2013;
85: 655 | Matos E, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 593
Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Cathro HP, Hum Pathol
2009; 40: 942
Cervantes J, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2003; 45: 131
Augusto EF, Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2014; 22: 100 | Carestiato FN, Braz J Infect Dis 2006; 10: 331 |Cassel AP, Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37: 360 | Coser J, Genet Mol Res 2013; 12: 4276 | da Silva MC, Arch
Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 | de Abreu AL, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 1149 | Entiauspe LG,
Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45: 689 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Girianelli VR,
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 39 | Lippman SA, Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21: 105 | Lorenzato F, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Lorenzi AT, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131: 131 | Miranda PM, Genet Mol
Res 2012; 11: 1752 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL, DST J Bras Doenças Sex
Transm 2005; 17: 49 | Oliveira LH, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43: 4 | Rocha DA, Infect Dis Obstet
Gynecol 2013; 2013: 514859 | Silva KC, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104: 885 | Tamegão-Lopes BP,
Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 25 | Trottier H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1274, daSilva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 |Miranda PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL,
DST J Bras Doenças Sex Transm 2005; 17: 49 | Rama CH, Rev Saude Publica 2008; 42: 123 | Trottier
H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1274, Augusto EF, Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2014; 22:
100 | Cassel AP, Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37: 360 | da Silva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 | de
Abreu AL, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 1149 | Fernandes J, Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013; 3: 504 |Girianelli VR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 39 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143| Miranda PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha
VL, DST J Bras Doenças Sex Transm 2005; 17: 49 | Rocha DA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013:
514859 | Tamegão-Lopes BP, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 25, Augusto EF, Rev Lat Am Enfermagem
2014; 22: 100 | Carestiato FN, Braz J Infect Dis 2006; 10: 331 | Cassel AP, Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:
360 | Coser J, Genet Mol Res 2013; 12: 4276 | da Silva MC, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 1015 |de Abreu AL, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87: 1149 | de Oliveira GR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2013;35: 226 | Entiauspe LG, Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45: 689 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;
105: 21 | Figueiredo Alves RR, BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1041 | Franco EL, J Infect Dis 1995; 172:756 | Girianelli VR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 39 | Lippman SA, Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21:
105 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Lorenzi AT, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131: 131 |Miranda PM, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 1752 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Noronha VL,
DST J Bras Doenças Sex Transm 2005; 17: 49 | Oliveira FA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102: 751| Oliveira LH, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43: 4 | Pinto Dda S, Cad Saude Publica 2011; 27: 769 |Rocha DA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013: 514859 | Roteli-Martins CM, Int J Gynecol Pathol
2011; 30: 173 | Silva KC, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104: 885 | Tamegão-Lopes BP, Infect Agents
Cancer 2014; 9: 25 | Trottier H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1274
Demers AA, Chronic Dis Inj Can 2012; 32: 177 | Jiang Y, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 25 | Kapala J,
J Virol Methods 2007; 142: 223 | Louvanto K, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210: 474.e1 | Mayrand MH,
Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 615 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Ogilvie GS, Vaccine
2013; 31: 1129 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485 | Roteli-Martins
CM, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 173 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Young TK, Sex Transm
Dis 1997; 24: 293, Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Kapala J, J Virol Methods 2007; 142:
223 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485, Demers AA, Chronic Dis Inj
Can 2012; 32: 177 | Jiang Y, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 25 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control
2009; 20: 1387, Demers AA, Chronic Dis Inj Can 2012; 32: 177 | Jiang Y, Infect Agents Cancer 2013;
8: 25 | Kapala J, J Virol Methods 2007; 142: 223 | Mayrand MH, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 615 | Moore
RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;
12: 485 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Young TK, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 293
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REFERENCESCountry

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica
Cuba
EcuadorGuatemala
GuyanaHonduras

Jamaica

MexicoNicaraguaParaguay

Peru

Trinidad and Tobago- 258 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Ferreccio C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2271, Ferreccio C, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2271, Ferreccio C, BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 78 | Ferreccio C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2271 | Ferreccio C, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 916 | Montalvo
MT, Oncol Lett 2011; 2: 701, Ferreccio C, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 2271 | Ferreccio
C, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 916 | Montalvo MT, Oncol Lett 2011; 2: 701
Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 324 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504, Molano M, Br J
Cancer 2002; 87: 324 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504, Leon S, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36:
290 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 324 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Soto-De Leon
S, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e14705, Leon S, Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36: 290 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002;
87: 324 | Muñoz N, Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23: 504 | Soto-De Leon S, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e14705
Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796 | Safaeian M, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1447, Herrero R, J
Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191:
1796 | Safaeian M, J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 1447
Soto Y, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 210, Soto Y, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 210, Soto Y, J Low
Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 210
Brown CR, Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42: 629, Brown CR, Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42: 629
Vallès X, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1161, Vallès X, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1161, Vallès X, Int J Cancer
2009; 125: 1161, Vallès X, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1161
Kightlinger RS, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202: 626.e1, Kightlinger RS, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010;202: 626.e1
Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73: 50 | Tábora N, Cancer
Causes Control 2009; 20: 1663, Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N, Am J Trop Med Hyg
2005; 73: 50 | Tábora N, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1663, Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799| Tábora N, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73: 50, Ferrera A, Int J Cancer 1999; 82: 799 | Tábora N, Am
J Trop Med Hyg 2005; 73: 50
Lewis-Bell K, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 159, Lewis-Bell K, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013;
33: 159, Lewis-Bell K, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 159 | Watt A, Infect Agents Cancer 2009; 4
Suppl 1: S11
Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 247 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 |Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 412 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041
| Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 27, Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534| Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS
2005; 16: 247 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol
2010; 117: 291 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 412 | López Rivera MG, Infect Dis Obstet
Gynecol 2012; 2012: 384758 | Monroy OL, J Clin Virol 2010; 47: 43 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Rojo Contreras W, Ginecol Obstet Mex 2008; 76: 9 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF,
BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 27 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41: 749, Carrillo-García
A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 |Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 247 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 |Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1693 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91: 412 | López Rivera MG, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol
2012; 2012: 384758 | Monroy OL, J Clin Virol 2010; 47: 43 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2006; 16: 1041 | Rojo Contreras W, Ginecol Obstet Mex 2008; 76: 9 | Salmerón J, Cancer Causes
Control 2003; 14: 505 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6: 27 | Velázquez-Márquez
N, Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41: 749, Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Giuliano AR,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Giuliano AR, Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 247 |Hernández-Avila M, Arch Med Res 1997; 28: 265 | Hernández-Girón C, Sex Transm Dis 2005; 32: 613| Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291| Lazcano-Ponce E, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 1693 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Int J Cancer 2001; 91:
412 | López Rivera MG, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012: 384758 | Monroy OL, J Clin Virol 2010;
47: 43 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Rojo Contreras W, Ginecol Obstet Mex
2008; 76: 9 | Salmerón J, Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 505 | Sánchez-Anguiano LF, BMC Infect
Dis 2006; 6: 27 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41: 749
Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576, Jeronimo J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24: 576
Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486 | Torres LM, BrazJ Infect Dis 2009; 13: 203, Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486, Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83:
1351 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486, Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Rolón PA, Int
J Cancer 2000; 85: 486 | Torres LM, Braz J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 203
Almonte M, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 796 | García PJ, Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82: 483 |Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966 | Silva-Caso W,
Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7S1: S121, Almonte M, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 796 | García PJ, Bull
World Health Organ 2004; 82: 483 | Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J
Cancer 2001; 85: 966 | Silva-Caso W, Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014; 7S1: S121, García PJ, Bull World
Health Organ 2004; 82: 483 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966, García PJ, Bull World HealthOrgan 2004; 82: 483 | Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85:966
Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007; 12: 510, Ragin CC, Biomarkers 2007; 12: 510, Ragin CC, Biomarkers
2007; 12: 510
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REFERENCESCountry

United States of America

Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan- 259 -

Table 47 – continued from previous pageStudy
Chaturvedi AK, J Med Virol 2005; 75: 105 | Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 702 | Dunne EF,
Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 403 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Giuliano AR, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Goodman MT, Cancer Res 2008; 68: 8813 | Hernandez
BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 | Insinga RP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 709 |Moscicki AB, JAMA 2001; 285: 2995 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1398 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 |Wideroff L, Nutr Cancer 1998; 30: 130, Castle PE, Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 880 | Castle PE, Obstet
Gynecol 2009; 113: 595 | Chaturvedi AK, J Med Virol 2005; 75: 105 | Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007;
104: 702 | Datta SD, Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 493 | Dunne EF, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 403| Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 615 |Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Goodman MT, Cancer Res 2008; 68:8813 | Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 | Insinga RP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2007; 16: 709 | Khanna N, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 615 | Kotloff KL, Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25:
243 | Moscicki AB, JAMA 2001; 285: 2995 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;
20: 1398 | Sherman ME, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 46 | Smith EM, Cancer Detect Prev 2003; 27:472 | Smith EM, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 87: 131 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 |Tarkowski TA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 46 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 | Zhao C, Cancer
2007; 111: 292, Castle PE, J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 3044 | Castle PE, Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 880 | Castle
PE, Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 595 | Chaturvedi AK, J Med Virol 2005; 75: 105 | Cibas ES, Gynecol
Oncol 2007; 104: 702 | Datta SD, Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 493 | Dunne EF, Cancer Causes Control
2013; 24: 403 | Dunne EF, JAMA 2007; 297: 813 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Giuliano AR,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1999; 8: 615 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2001; 10: 1129 | Goodman MT, Cancer Res 2008; 68: 8813 | Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49:
109 | Insinga RP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 709 | Kahn JA, Obstet Gynecol 2008;
111: 1103 | Khanna N, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 615 | Kotloff KL, Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25:
243 | Moscicki AB, JAMA 2001; 285: 2995 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;
20: 1398 | Sherman ME, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 46 | Smith EM, Cancer Detect Prev 2003; 27:472 | Smith EM, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 87: 131 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 |Tarkowski TA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 46 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 | Winer RL, Am
J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 218 | Zhao C, Cancer 2007; 111: 292, Castle PE, Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 595| Cibas ES, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 702 | Datta SD, Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 493 | Evans MF,
Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Hernandez BY, Nutr Cancer 2004; 49: 109 | Schiffman M, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 1398 | Smith EM, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 87: 131 | Swan DC, J Clin
Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 | Wheeler CM, Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 198 | Wideroff L, Nutr Cancer 1998;
30: 130 | Zhao C, Cancer 2007; 111: 292
Berois N, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 647 | Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845, Berois N, J Med Virol 2014;
86: 647 | Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845, Berois N, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 647 | Ramas V, J Med
Virol 2013; 85: 845, Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845
Michelli E, Invest Clin 2011; 52: 344, Michelli E, Invest Clin 2011; 52: 344
Hajjaj AA, Saudi Med J 2006; 27: 487, Hajjaj AA, Saudi Med J 2006; 27: 487, Hajjaj AA, Saudi Med J
2006; 27: 487
Nahar Q, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e107675
Tshomo U, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 408, Tshomo U, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 408, Tshomo U, BMC
Infect Dis 2014; 14: 408
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REFERENCESCountry

China

Georgia

India

Indonesia- 260 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Belinson J, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 83: 439 | Dai M, Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 96 | Li LK, Br J Cancer 2006;
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REFERENCESCountry

Iran

Japan

Kazakhstan
KuwaitLaos
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REFERENCESCountry
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EuropeBelarusBelgium

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Czechia

Denmark

Estonia
FinlandFranceGermany

GreeceHungary
Ireland

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8: 157 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989, Baudu A, J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 4:
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V, Int J Cancer 2003; 106: 396 | Heard I, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e79372 | Monsonego J, Gynecol Oncol
2005; 99: 160 | Monsonego J, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 691 | Pannier-Stockman C, J Clin Virol 2008;
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989
de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Iftner T, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1928 | Luyten A, J Clin Virol
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E, Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 53 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol
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Nyári T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 126: 246, Nyári T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
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Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 18, Anderson L, J Med
Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 18, Keegan H, Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64:
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REFERENCES- 264 -

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Italy

LatviaLithuania

Netherlands

NorwayPolandPortugal

Romania

Russian Federation

Slovenia

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REFERENCESCountry

Spain

SwedenSwitzerland

United Kingdom- 265 -

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Foliaki S, Infect Agents Cancer 2014; 9: 14
HPV type distribution for invasive cervical cancer (ICC)
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AfricaAlgeria

Botswana
Ethiopia

Ghana

Guinea

Kenya

Mali

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REFERENCESCountry
MoroccoMozambique

Nigeria

SenegalSouth Africa

Sudan

Tanzania

Tunisia

UgandaZimbabwe- 266 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
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2189
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Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
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2003; 82: 762

Americas

Argentina

Bolivia

BrazilCanadaChile

Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Golijow CD,
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studies: Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Golijow
CD, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 181 | Turazza E, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 271, Contributing
studies: Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Golijow
CD, Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96: 181 | Turazza E, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 271
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;
87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796
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Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Cambruzzi E, Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11: 114 | de Oliveira CM, BMC Cancer
2013; 13: 357 | Eluf-Neto J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 114 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10:
143 | Rabelo-Santos SH, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 181 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014
| Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Duggan MA, Hum Pathol 1995;
26: 319 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J NatlCancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Duggan MA, Hum Pathol 1995; 26: 319 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet
Gynecol 2003; 188: 129, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Duggan MA, Hum Pathol 1995;
26: 319 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Roa JC, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2009; 105: 150 | Valdivia L IM, Rev Chilena Infectol 2010; 27: 11, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J
Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Roa JC, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 150 | Valdivia L IM, Rev
Chilena Infectol 2010; 27: 11, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Roa JC, Int J Gynaecol
Obstet 2009; 105: 150 | Valdivia L IM, Rev Chilena Infectol 2010; 27: 11
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REFERENCESCountry

Colombia

Costa Rica
Cuba
EcuadorHonduras
Jamaica

MexicoNicaragua
PanamaParaguay

Peru
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago- 267 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Moreno-Acosta P, Virus Genes
2008; 37: 22 | Murillo R, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 653598 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992;
52: 743, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Moreno-Acosta P, Virus
Genes 2008; 37: 22 | Murillo R, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 653598 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer
1992; 52: 743, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Moreno-Acosta P, Virus Genes 2008; 37:
22 | Murillo R, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 653598 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
Contributing studies: Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796,
Contributing studies: Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J
Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796
Contributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144, Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144, Contributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144
Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968,
Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Contributing studies: Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60, Contributing studies: Strickler HD, J
Med Virol 1999; 59: 60, Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60
Aguilar-Lemarroy A, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 871 | Alarcón-Romero Ldel C, Salud Publica Mex 2009;
51: 134 | Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Flores-Miramontes MG, Virol J 2015; 12:
161 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Guardado-Estrada M, PLoS ONE 2014; 9:e109406 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Meyer T, J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 252 |Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | TorroellaKouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115, Contributing studies: Aguilar-Lemarroy A, J Med Virol 2015;
87: 871 | Alarcón-Romero Ldel C, Salud Publica Mex 2009; 51: 134 | Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol
2014; 134: 534 | Flores-Miramontes MG, Virol J 2015; 12: 161 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol
2004; 29: 202 | Guardado-Estrada M, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e109406 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect
Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Meyer T, J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 252 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2006; 16: 1041 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115,
Contributing studies: Aguilar-Lemarroy A, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 871 | Alarcón-Romero Ldel C, Salud
Publica Mex 2009; 51: 134 | Carrillo-García A, Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134: 534 | Flores-Miramontes
MG, Virol J 2015; 12: 161 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Guardado-Estrada
M, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e109406 | Illades-Aguiar B, Cancer Detect Prev 2009; 32: 300 | Meyer T, J
Infect Dis 1998; 178: 252 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Serrano B, Cancer
Epidemiol 2014 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115
Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334, Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect2006; 82: 334, Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;
87: 796, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796
Contributing studies: Kasamatsu E, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1628 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85:486, Kasamatsu E, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1628 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486, Contributing
studies: Kasamatsu E, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1628 | Rolón PA, Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 486
Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966, Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966, Contributing
studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099 | Santos C, Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 966
Contributing studies: De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422, Contributing studies: De Boer MA,
Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422, De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422
Hosein F, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 267, Contributing studies: Hosein F, Rev Panam Salud
Publica 2013; 33: 267, Contributing studies: Hosein F, Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33: 267
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REFERENCESCountry

United States of America

Venezuela- 268 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Bryan JT, J Med Virol 2006; 78:
117 | Burger RA, J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1361 | Burnett AF, Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 343 | de
Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Ferguson AW, Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 11 | Guo M, Mod Pathol
2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hopenhayn C, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014;
18: 182 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Paquette RL, Cancer 1993;
72: 1272 | Patel DA, J Virol Methods 2009; 160: 78 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055 | Quint
KD, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 390 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Schwartz SM, J
Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1906 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer
2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Wistuba II, Cancer Res 1997; 57:3154 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Bryan JT, J
Med Virol 2006; 78: 117 | Burger RA, J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 1361 | Burnett AF, Gynecol Oncol
1992; 47: 343 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Ferguson AW, Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 11 |Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hopenhayn C, J Low Genit
Tract Dis 2014; 18: 182 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Paquette RL,
Cancer 1993; 72: 1272 | Patel DA, J Virol Methods 2009; 160: 78 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157:
1055 | Quint KD, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 390 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 |Schwartz SM, J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1906 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121 | Wentzensen
N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Wistuba II, Cancer
Res 1997; 57: 3154 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J NatlCancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Bryan JT, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 117 | Burger RA, J Natl Cancer Inst
1996; 88: 1361 | Burnett AF, Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 343 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048
| Ferguson AW, Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 11 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, PLoS ONE
2012; 7: e34044 | Hopenhayn C, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014; 18: 182 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Paquette RL, Cancer 1993; 72: 1272 | Patel DA, J Virol Methods
2009; 160: 78 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055 | Quint KD, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 390 |Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Schwartz SM, J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1906 | Sebbelov
AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J NatlCancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Wistuba II, Cancer Res 1997; 57: 3154 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20:
167
Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284, Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer
Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284, Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284

Asia

China

Georgia

Cai HB, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 29: 72 | Cai HB, Oncology 2009; 76: 157 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer
2009; 125: 1671 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chen W, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1705 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Gao YE, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao
2003; 35: 1029 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Huang S, Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 408| Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Lin QQ, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 484 | Liu
GB, J First Mil Med Univ 2005; 25: 1236 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol
2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Lo KW, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001; 51:
202 | Lo KW, Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 327 | Peng HQ, Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711 | Qiu AD, Gynecol
Oncol 2007; 104: 77 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Shah W, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009;
21: 768 | Stephen AL, Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 695 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41:
43 | Wang L, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 516 | Wu EQ, BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 202 | Wu EQ, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2009; 19: 919 | Wu Y, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1808 | Yu MY, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 204 | Yuan
X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643, Contributing studies: Cai
HB, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 29: 72 | Cai HB, Oncology 2009; 76: 157 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer
2009; 125: 1671 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chen W, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1705 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Gao YE, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao
2003; 35: 1029 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Huang S, Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 408| Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Lin QQ, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 484 | Liu
GB, J First Mil Med Univ 2005; 25: 1236 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol
2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Lo KW, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001; 51:
202 | Lo KW, Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 327 | Peng HQ, Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711 | Qiu AD, Gynecol
Oncol 2007; 104: 77 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Shah W, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009;
21: 768 | Stephen AL, Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 695 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41:
43 | Wang L, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 516 | Wu EQ, BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 202 | Wu EQ, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2009; 19: 919 | Wu Y, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1808 | Yu MY, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 204 | Yuan
X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643, Contributing studies: Cai
HB, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2008; 29: 72 | Cai HB, Oncology 2009; 76: 157 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer
2009; 125: 1671 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chen W, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1705 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Gao YE, Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao
2003; 35: 1029 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Huang S, Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 408| Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Lin QQ, Int J Cancer 1998; 75: 484 | Liu
GB, J First Mil Med Univ 2005; 25: 1236 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol
2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Lo KW, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001; 51:
202 | Lo KW, Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 327 | Peng HQ, Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 711 | Qiu AD, Gynecol
Oncol 2007; 104: 77 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Shah W, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009;
21: 768 | Stephen AL, Int J Cancer 2000; 86: 695 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41:
43 | Wang L, J Med Virol 2015; 87: 516 | Wu EQ, BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 202 | Wu EQ, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2009; 19: 919 | Wu Y, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1808 | Yu MY, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 204 | Yuan
X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643
Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465, Contributing studies: Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465, Contributing studies: Alibegashvili T, Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: 465
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REFERENCES- 269 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country

India

Indonesia

Iran

IsraelStudy
Contributing studies: Basu P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 27 | Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol
2006; 25: 398 | Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 127| Gheit T, Vaccine 2009; 27: 636 | Munagala R, Int J Oncol 2009; 34: 263 | Munirajan AK, Gynecol
Oncol 1998; 69: 205 | Munjal K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 33: 531 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest
2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Nambaru L, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009;10: 355 | Neyaz MK, Biomarkers 2008; 13: 597 | Peedicayil A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1591
| Peedicayil A, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009; 13: 102 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Sowjanya
AP, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 116, Basu P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 27 | Bhatla N, Int J
Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 398 | Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, Int J Cancer
2003; 107: 127 | Gheit T, Vaccine 2009; 27: 636 | Munagala R, Int J Oncol 2009; 34: 263 | Munirajan
AK, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69: 205 | Munjal K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 33: 531 | Nagpal JK, Eur J
Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Nambaru L, Asian Pac J Cancer
Prev 2009; 10: 355 | Neyaz MK, Biomarkers 2008; 13: 597 | Peedicayil A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;
16: 1591 | Peedicayil A, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009; 13: 102 | Serrano B, Cancer Epidemiol 2014 |Sowjanya AP, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 116, Contributing studies: Basu P, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2009; 10: 27 | Bhatla N, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 398 | Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 |Franceschi S, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 127 | Gheit T, Vaccine 2009; 27: 636 | Munagala R, Int J Oncol
2009; 34: 263 | Munirajan AK, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 69: 205 | Munjal K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2014; 33:
531 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 | Nambaru
L, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 355 | Neyaz MK, Biomarkers 2008; 13: 597 | Peedicayil A, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1591 | Peedicayil A, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2009; 13: 102 | Serrano B,
Cancer Epidemiol 2014 | Sowjanya AP, BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 116
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005;
114: 422 | Schellekens MC, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 49 | Tobing MD, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;
15: 5781, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 |Schellekens MC, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 49 | Tobing MD, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5781,
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005;
114: 422 | Schellekens MC, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 49 | Tobing MD, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;
15: 5781
Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Hamkar R, East Mediterr
Health J 2002; 8: 805 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Mortazavi S, Asian Pac
J Cancer Prev 2002; 3: 69 | Salehi-Vaziri M, Arch Virol 2015; 160: 1181, Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Hamkar R, East Mediterr Health J 2002; 8: 805 |Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Mortazavi S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2002; 3: 69 |Salehi-Vaziri M, Arch Virol 2015; 160: 1181, Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Hamkar
R, East Mediterr Health J 2002; 8: 805 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156 | Mortazavi
S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2002; 3: 69 | Salehi-Vaziri M, Arch Virol 2015; 160: 1181
Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2013; 23: 730, Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J
Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 730, Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2013; 23: 730
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REFERENCESCountryJapan

Jordan

Malaysia

Mongolia
Nepal
Pakistan

Philippines

Republic of Korea- 270 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Fujinaga Y, J Gen Virol 1991;
72 ( Pt 5): 1039 | Harima Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 52: 1345 | Imajoh M, Virol J 2012;
9: 154 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishikawa H, Cancer 2001; 91: 80 | Kanao
H, Cancer Lett 2004; 213: 31 | Kashiwabara K, Acta Pathol Jpn 1992; 42: 876 | Maehama T, Infect
Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Maki H, Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82: 411 | Nakagawa H, Anticancer
Res 2002; 22: 1655 | Nakagawa S, Cancer 1996; 78: 1935 | Nawa A, Cancer 1995; 75: 518 | Onuki
M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 190 | Sasagawa T, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda
H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Watari H, Pathobiology 2011; 78: 220 | Yamakawa Y, Gynecol Oncol
1994; 53: 190 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100| Yoshida T, Virchows Arch 2009; 455: 253, Contributing studies: Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829
| Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Fujinaga Y, J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 5): 1039 | Harima Y, Int
J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 52: 1345 | Imajoh M, Virol J 2012; 9: 154 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Ishikawa H, Cancer 2001; 91: 80 | Kanao H, Cancer Lett 2004; 213: 31 |Kashiwabara K, Acta Pathol Jpn 1992; 42: 876 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 |Maki H, Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82: 411 | Nakagawa H, Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 1655 | Nakagawa
S, Cancer 1996; 78: 1935 | Nawa A, Cancer 1995; 75: 518 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 |Saito J, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2000; 49: 190 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001;
10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 |Watari H, Pathobiology 2011; 78: 220 | Yamakawa Y, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 190 | Yamasaki K, J
Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100 | Yoshida T, Virchows Arch
2009; 455: 253, Contributing studies: Asato T, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1829 | Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin
Oncol 2014 | Fujinaga Y, J Gen Virol 1991; 72 ( Pt 5): 1039 | Harima Y, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
2002; 52: 1345 | Imajoh M, Virol J 2012; 9: 154 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 |Ishikawa H, Cancer 2001; 91: 80 | Kanao H, Cancer Lett 2004; 213: 31 | Kashiwabara K, Acta Pathol
Jpn 1992; 42: 876 | Maehama T, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2005; 13: 77 | Maki H, Jpn J Cancer Res
1991; 82: 411 | Nakagawa H, Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 1655 | Nakagawa S, Cancer 1996; 78: 1935 |Nawa A, Cancer 1995; 75: 518 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Gynecol Obstet Invest
2000; 49: 190 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog
Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Watari H, Pathobiology 2011;
78: 220 | Yamakawa Y, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 190 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:
1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100 | Yoshida T, Virchows Arch 2009; 455: 253
Contributing studies: Sughayer MA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 108: 74, Sughayer MA, Int J Gynaecol
Obstet 2010; 108: 74, Contributing studies: Sughayer MA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2010; 108: 74
Contributing studies: Cheah PL, Malays J Pathol 2008; 30: 37 | Hamzi Abdul Raub S, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 651 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Sharifah NA, Asian Pac
J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303 | Yadav M, Med J Malaysia 1995; 50: 64, Contributing studies: Cheah
PL, Malays J Pathol 2008; 30: 37 | Hamzi Abdul Raub S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 651 |Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303 |Yadav M, Med J Malaysia 1995; 50: 64, Cheah PL, Malays J Pathol 2008; 30: 37 | Hamzi Abdul Raub
S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 651 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Sharifah
NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303 | Yadav M, Med J Malaysia 1995; 50: 64
Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563, Contributing studies: Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563, Contributing studies: Chimeddorj B, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 563
Contributing studies: Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323, Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes
Control 2010; 21: 323, Contributing studies: Sherpa AT, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 323
Khan S, Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 313 | Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Contributing studies:
Khan S, Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 313 | Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Contributing studies:
Khan S, Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11: 313 | Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010;
11: 1048 | Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23:148, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol
2010; 11: 1048 | Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;
23: 148, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol
2010; 11: 1048 | Ngelangel C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 43 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013;
23: 148
Contributing studies: An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | An HJ, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 528 | Cho NH,
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang T, J Korean Med Sci 1999; 14: 593 | Hwang TS, Gynecol
Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kim JY, J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5088 | Kim KH, Yonsei Med J 1995; 36: 412 | Lee
HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh JK, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 993 | Quek SC,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Song ES, J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 99 | Tong SY, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2007; 17: 1307, An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | An HJ, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 528 | Cho NH,
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang T, J Korean Med Sci 1999; 14: 593 | Hwang TS, Gynecol
Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kim JY, J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5088 | Kim KH, Yonsei Med J 1995; 36: 412 | Lee
HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh JK, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 993 | Quek SC,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Song ES, J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 99 | Tong SY, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2007; 17: 1307, Contributing studies: An HJ, Cancer 2003; 97: 1672 | An HJ, Mod Pathol 2005;
18: 528 | Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang T, J Korean Med Sci 1999; 14: 593 |Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kim JY, J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5088 | Kim KH, Yonsei Med
J 1995; 36: 412 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh JK, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010;
11: 993 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148 | Song ES, J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22: 99 |Tong SY, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 1307
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REFERENCESCountry
Saudi Arabia
Singapore

Sri Lanka

Syria

ThailandTurkeyViet Nam- 271 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Contributing studies: Alsbeih G, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 522, Alsbeih G, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:
522, Contributing studies: Alsbeih G, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 522
Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148
Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116 | Samarawickrema NA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 115:
180, Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116 | Samarawickrema NA, Int J
Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 115: 180, Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116 |Samarawickrema NA, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 115: 180
Contributing studies: Darnel AD, Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 262, Darnel AD, Clin Microbiol Infect2010; 16: 262, Contributing studies: Darnel AD, Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16: 262
Contributing studies: Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 1996; 79 Suppl 1: S56 | Bosch FX, J NatlCancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer
Inst 1998; 90: 50 | Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2013; 14: 6961 | Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Gynecol
Oncol 2008; 108: 555 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707,
Contributing studies: Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 1996; 79 Suppl 1: S56 | Bosch FX, J NatlCancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer
Inst 1998; 90: 50 | Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
2013; 14: 6961 | Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Gynecol
Oncol 2008; 108: 555 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707,
Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 1996; 79 Suppl 1: S56 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87:796 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Chichareon S, J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 50 |Chopjitt P, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 212 | Natphopsuk S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 6961 |Settheetham-Ishida W, Microbiol Immunol 2005; 49: 417 | Siriaunkgul S, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 108:555 | Siritantikorn S, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1997; 28: 707
Contributing studies: Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Usubütün A, Int J Gynecol
Pathol 2009; 28: 541, Contributing studies: Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Usubütün
A, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009; 28: 541, Ozgul N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Usubütün A,
Int J Gynecol Pathol 2009; 28: 541
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148

EuropeAustria

BelarusBelgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria

Croatia

Czechia

Denmark

FinlandFranceGermany

Bachtiary B, Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 237 | Widschwendter A, Cancer Lett 2003; 202: 231, Contributing
studies: Bachtiary B, Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 237 | Widschwendter A, Cancer Lett 2003; 202: 231,
Contributing studies: Bachtiary B, Int J Cancer 2002; 102: 237 | Widschwendter A, Cancer Lett 2003;
202: 231
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771,
Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204, Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol
2001; 22: 204, Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204
Contributing studies: Iljazovic E, Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38: 504, Iljazović E, Cancer Epidemiol 2014;
38: 504, Contributing studies: Iljazovic E, Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38: 504
Contributing studies: Todorova I, J Clin Pathol 2010; 63: 1121, Contributing studies: Todorova I, J
Clin Pathol 2010; 63: 1121, Todorova I, J Clin Pathol 2010; 63: 1121
Contributing studies: Dabic MM, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 366 | Hadzisejdic I, Coll
Antropol 2006; 30: 879, Dabic MM, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 366 | Hadzisejdic I, Coll
Antropol 2006; 30: 879, Contributing studies: Dabic MM, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2008; 87: 366 |Hadzisejdic I, Coll Antropol 2006; 30: 879
Contributing studies: Slama J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 703 | Tachezy R, J Med Virol 1999; 58:378 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, Contributing studies: Slama J, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2009; 19: 703 | Tachezy R, J Med Virol 1999; 58: 378 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, Slama
J, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 703 | Tachezy R, J Med Virol 1999; 58: 378 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE
2011; 6: e21913
Contributing studies: Hording U, APMIS 1997; 105: 313 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2013; 92: 1023 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000;
2: 121, Contributing studies: Hording U, APMIS 1997; 105: 313 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol
Scand 2013; 92: 1023 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect2000; 2: 121, Hording U, APMIS 1997; 105: 313 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:1023 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Microbes Infect 2000; 2: 121
Iwasawa A, Cancer 1996; 77: 2275, Contributing studies: Iwasawa A, Cancer 1996; 77: 2275, Contributing studies: Iwasawa A, Cancer 1996; 77: 2275
Contributing studies: de Cremoux P, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 778 | Lombard I, J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:2613 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Riou G, Lancet 1990; 335: 1171, de Cremoux P, Int
J Cancer 2009; 124: 778 | Lombard I, J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2613 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008;
122: 424 | Riou G, Lancet 1990; 335: 1171, Contributing studies: de Cremoux P, Int J Cancer 2009;
124: 778 | Lombard I, J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2613 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Riou G,
Lancet 1990; 335: 1171
Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J Cancer
1995; 63: 639, Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J Cancer 1995;
63: 639, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J
Cancer 1995; 63: 639
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REFERENCESCountry

GreeceHungary
Iceland

IrelandItaly

LatviaLithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

NorwayPoland- 272 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Dokianakis DN, Oncol Rep
1999; 6: 1327 | Koffa M, Int J Oncol 1994; 5: 189 | Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898, Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009;
29: 3401 | Dokianakis DN, Oncol Rep 1999; 6: 1327 | Koffa M, Int J Oncol 1994; 5: 189 | Labropoulou
V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898, Adamopoulou M,
Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Dokianakis DN, Oncol Rep 1999; 6: 1327 | Koffa M, Int J Oncol 1994;
5: 189 | Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898
Kónya J, J Med Virol 1995; 46: 1, Contributing studies: Kónya J, J Med Virol 1995; 46: 1, Contributing
studies: Kónya J, J Med Virol 1995; 46: 1
Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682, Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007;
121: 2682, Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682
Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Fay J, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 897 | O’LearyJJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675, Contributing studies:
Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Fay J, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 897 | O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998;
51: 576 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675, Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Fay J, J Med
Virol 2009; 81: 897 | O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12:675
Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 | Ciotti M, Oncol Rep 2006; 15: 143 |Del Mistro A, Infect Agents Cancer 2006; 1: 9 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Garzetti GG,
Cancer 1998; 82: 886 | Mariani L, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 259 | Rolla M, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009;30: 557 | Sideri M, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A30 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello
ML, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 32 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Voglino G, Pathologica
2000; 92: 516, Contributing studies: Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 |Ciotti M, Oncol Rep 2006; 15: 143 | Del Mistro A, Infect Agents Cancer 2006; 1: 9 | Gargiulo F, Virus
Res 2007; 125: 176 | Garzetti GG, Cancer 1998; 82: 886 | Mariani L, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 259 |Rolla M, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 557 | Sideri M, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A30 | Spinillo
A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 32 | Tornesello ML, J Med
Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92: 516, Contributing studies: Carozzi FM, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 | Ciotti M, Oncol Rep 2006; 15: 143 | Del Mistro A, InfectAgents Cancer 2006; 1: 9 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Garzetti GG, Cancer 1998; 82: 886| Mariani L, BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 259 | Rolla M, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 557 | Sideri M,
Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A30 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, Gynecol Oncol
2011; 121: 32 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92: 516
Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771 | Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484,
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771 | Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484, Contributing studies:
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771 | Silins I, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93: 484
Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med
Virol 2014, Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene
V, J Med Virol 2014, Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol2014
Ressler S, Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 7067, Contributing studies: Ressler S, Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7067, Contributing studies: Ressler S, Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 7067
Contributing studies: Baalbergen A, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128: 530 | Baay MF, J Clin Microbiol 1996;
34: 745 | Bulk S, Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 171 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Krul EJ, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 206 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Tang N, J Clin Virol
2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | Van Den Brule AJ, Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 404 | Zielinski GD, J Pathol 2003;
201: 535, Baalbergen A, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128: 530 | Baay MF, J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 745 |Bulk S, Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 171 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Krul EJ, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 1999; 9: 206 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Tang N, J Clin Virol 2009; 45
Suppl 1: S25 | Van Den Brule AJ, Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 404 | Zielinski GD, J Pathol 2003; 201: 535,
Contributing studies: Baalbergen A, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128: 530 | Baay MF, J Clin Microbiol 1996;
34: 745 | Bulk S, Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 171 | De Boer MA, Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 422 | Krul EJ, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 1999; 9: 206 | Resnick RM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 1477 | Tang N, J Clin Virol
2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | Van Den Brule AJ, Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 404 | Zielinski GD, J Pathol 2003;
201: 535
Bertelsen BI, Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 141 | Karlsen F, J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2095, Contributing
studies: Bertelsen BI, Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 141 | Karlsen F, J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2095,
Contributing studies: Bertelsen BI, Virchows Arch 2006; 449: 141 | Karlsen F, J Clin Microbiol 1996;
34: 2095
Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 162 | Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557 | Biesaga B,
Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012; 50: 239 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Dybikowska A,
Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 871 | Kwasniewska A, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 65 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol
2000; 157: 1055, Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 162 | Bardin A, Eur
J Cancer 2008; 44: 557 | Biesaga B, Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012; 50: 239 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer
Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Dybikowska A, Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 871 | Kwasniewska A, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol
2009; 30: 65 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055, Contributing studies: Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol
Oncol 2009; 30: 162 | Bardin A, Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 557 | Biesaga B, Folia Histochem Cytobiol
2012; 50: 239 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Dybikowska A, Oncol Rep 2002; 9: 871 |Kwasniewska A, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2009; 30: 65 | Pirog EC, Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 1055
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REFERENCESCountry

Portugal

Russian Federation

Slovenia

Spain

SwedenUnited Kingdom- 273 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500, Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467| Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500, Contributing
studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista
A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500
Contributing studies: Kleter B, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2508 | Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79:
771, Kleter B, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2508 | Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing
studies: Kleter B, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2508 | Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Contributing studies: Jancar N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 184, Jancar N, Eur J
Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 184, Contributing studies: Jancar N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2009; 145: 184
Contributing studies: Alemany L, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124: 512 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;
87: 796 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1486 | González-Bosquet E, Gynecol Oncol 2008;
111: 9 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martró E, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin
2012; 30: 225 | Mazarico E, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 181 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743 |Rodriguez JA, Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 276, Contributing studies: Alemany L, Gynecol Oncol 2012;124: 512 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:1486 | González-Bosquet E, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111: 9 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013;
193: 9 | Martró E, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30: 225 | Mazarico E, Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125:
181 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743 | Rodriguez JA, Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 276, Alemany L,
Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124: 512 | Bosch FX, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 796 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2011; 21: 1486 | González-Bosquet E, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111: 9 | Herraez-Hernandez E,
J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martró E, Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 30: 225 | Mazarico E,
Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 181 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743 | Rodriguez JA, Diagn Mol Pathol
1998; 7: 276
Contributing studies: Andersson S, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 960 | Andersson S, Cancer
Detect Prev 2005; 29: 37 | Andersson S, Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 246 | Du J, Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 1215
| Graflund M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14: 896 | Hagmar B, Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1992;
9: 113 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675 | Wallin KL, N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1633 | Zehbe
I, J Pathol 1997; 181: 270, Contributing studies: Andersson S, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82:
960 | Andersson S, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 37 | Andersson S, Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 246 | Du J,
Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 1215 | Graflund M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14: 896 | Hagmar B, Med Oncol
Tumor Pharmacother 1992; 9: 113 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675 | Wallin KL, N Engl
J Med 1999; 341: 1633 | Zehbe I, J Pathol 1997; 181: 270, Andersson S, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2003; 82: 960 | Andersson S, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 37 | Andersson S, Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:
246 | Du J, Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 1215 | Graflund M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14: 896 | Hagmar B,
Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1992; 9: 113 | Skyldberg BM, Mod Pathol 1999; 12: 675 | Wallin KL,
N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1633 | Zehbe I, J Pathol 1997; 181: 270
Contributing studies: Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Crook T, Lancet 1992; 339: 1070 |Cuschieri K, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 930 | Cuschieri K, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2721 | Cuzick J, Br
J Cancer 2000; 82: 1348 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer
2010; 103: 209 | Mesher D, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 135 | Powell N, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 2425 |Tawfik El-Mansi M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1025, Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 |Crook T, Lancet 1992; 339: 1070 | Cuschieri K, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 930 | Cuschieri K, Int J Cancer
2014; 135: 2721 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 2000; 82: 1348 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 |Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Mesher D, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 135 | Powell N, Int
J Cancer 2009; 125: 2425 | Tawfik El-Mansi M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1025, Contributing
studies: Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Crook T, Lancet 1992; 339: 1070 | Cuschieri K, Br
J Cancer 2010; 102: 930 | Cuschieri K, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2721 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 2000;
82: 1348 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 |Mesher D, J Clin Pathol 2015; 68: 135 | Powell N, Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 2425 | Tawfik El-Mansi M,
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1025

Oceania
Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Chen S, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 67:
163 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Plunkett M,
Pathology 2003; 35: 397 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Thompson CH, Gynecol
Oncol 1994; 54: 40, Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Chen S, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 67:
163 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94: 803 | Plunkett M,
Australia
Pathology 2003; 35: 397 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Thompson CH, Gynecol
Oncol 1994; 54: 40, Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Chen S, Int J
Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 67: 163 | de Sanjose S, Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 1048 | Liu J, Gynecol Oncol
2004; 94: 803 | Plunkett M, Pathology 2003; 35: 397 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:1017 | Thompson CH, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 54: 40
HPV type distribution for cervical high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions
Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group up to November 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2014. Reference publications:
General sources
1) Guan P, Int J Cancer 2012;131:2349 2) Li N, Int J Cancer 2011;128:927 3) Smith JS, Int J Cancer
2007;121:621 4) Clifford GM, Br J Cancer 2003;88:63 5) Clifford GM, Br J Cancer 2003;89:101.
AfricaAlgeria
Cameroon

Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Contributing studies: Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011;
128: 2224
Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911, Contributing studies: Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911
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REFERENCES- 274 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country

Study

Côte d’Ivoire
DR Congo

La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, Contributing studies: La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480
Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957, Contributing studies: Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957
García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2009; 4: 31, Contributing studies: García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol
2009; 4: 31
Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Contributing studies: Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202
De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De
Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137, Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control
2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137
Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732, Contributing studies: Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries
2010; 4: 732
Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Haghshenas M, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 20, Contributing
studies: Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Haghshenas M, Infect Agents Cancer 2013; 8: 20
Contributing studies: Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851, Singh DK, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1851
Contributing studies: Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803,
Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Said HM, J
Clin Virol 2009; 44: 318 | van Aardt MC, Personal communication Unpublished, Contributing studies:
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | Said HM, J Clin
Virol 2009; 44: 318 | van Aardt MC, Personal communication Unpublished
Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
Contributing studies: Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 896, Dartell MA, Int J Cancer 2014; 135:
896
Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 990, Contributing studies: Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008;
112: 990

Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
GuineaKenya
MoroccoNigeria
RwandaSenegalSouth Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Americas

Argentina

BelizeBrazilCanadaChile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
EcuadorHonduras
Jamaica

MexicoNicaraguaParaguay

Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Chouhy D, Int
J Mol Med 2006; 18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Venezuela RF, Rev
Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11, Contributing studies: Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35:
74 | Alonio LV, J Clin Virol 2003; 27: 263 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006; 18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev
Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11
Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Contributing studies: Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942
Camara GN, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98: 879 | Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006;
39: 428 | Chagas BS, PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0132570 | Fernandes JV, BMC Res Notes 2010; 3: 96 |Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Freitas TP, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007;
49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 315 | Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014;
14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 288 | Terra AP, Tumori 2007; 93: 572 | Tomita
LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703, Contributing studies: Camara GN, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003;
98: 879 | Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 | Chagas BS, PLoS ONE 2015; 10:e0132570 | Fernandes JV, BMC Res Notes 2010; 3: 96 | Fernandes JV, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;
105: 21 | Freitas TP, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet
Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol
Obstet 2010; 32: 315 | Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol
2011; 30: 288 | Terra AP, Tumori 2007; 93: 572 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54 | Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang Y,
J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387, Contributing
studies: Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54 | Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 |Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387
Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833, Contributing studies: Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833
Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2: 415 | García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 |Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 1993; 2: 415 | García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796, Contributing studies: Herrero R, J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1796
Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974, Contributing studies: Soto Y, Sex Transm Dis 2007; 34: 974
Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144, Contributing studies: Mejía L, J Med Virol 2016; 88: 144
Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60, Contributing studies:
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60
Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol
2010; 117: 291 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol
Oncol 1998; 70: 115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690, Contributing studies:
Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol
2010; 117: 291 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol
Oncol 1998; 70: 115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690
Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334, Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect2006; 82: 334
Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351, Contributing studies: Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83:
1351
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REFERENCESCountry
Peru

United States of America

Venezuela
Asia
Bangladesh

China

India

Iran

IsraelJapan- 275 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099, Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012;
11: 2099
Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 1235 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Castle PE,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1675 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2011; 20: 946 | Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans
MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2003; 24: 373 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1878 | Hariri S, PLoS
ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;
105: 210 | Moscicki AB, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468| Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208| Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler
CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Contributing studies:
Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 1235 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Castle PE,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 1675 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2011; 20: 946 | Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans
MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2003; 24: 373 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hariri S, J Infect Dis 2012; 206: 1878 | Hariri S, PLoS
ONE 2012; 7: e34044 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267 | Joste NE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2015; 24: 230 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;
105: 210 | Moscicki AB, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468| Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208| Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler
CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167
Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284, Contributing studies: Sánchez-Lander J, Cancer
Epidemiol 2012; 36: e284
Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14, Contributing studies: Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14
Chan MK, Gynecol Oncol 1996; 60: 217 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J
Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chan PK, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937
| Guo J, Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42: 72 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 112: 131 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol
2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 | Singh S, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8: 11901| Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1027 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu CH,
Sex Transm Dis 1994; 21: 309 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol
Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhang R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135:
2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643, Contributing studies: Chan MK, Gynecol Oncol 1996; 60: 217| Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 | Chan PK, J Med
Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand J Infect Dis 2010; 42: 72 |Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J,
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 112: 131 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS, Tumour Biol
2008; 29: 105 | Singh S, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8: 11901 | Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159: 1027
| Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu CH, Sex Transm Dis 1994; 21: 309 | Wu
EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 283: 1385 | Zhang R,
Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao Y, Pathol Int 2008;
58: 643
Deodhar K, J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur
J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276, Contributing studies: Deodhar K,
J Med Virol 2012; 84: 1054 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest
2002; 32: 943 | Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276
Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529| Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156, Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet
Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int J
Cancer 2012; 131: E156
Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 730,
Contributing studies: Bassal R, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2015; 19: 161 | Laskov I, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2013; 23: 730
Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Ichimura H, Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8: 322 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011;
128: 2898 | Nagai Y, Gynecol Oncol 2000; 79: 294 | Nakamura Y, Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20: 974 |Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Niwa K, Oncol Rep 2003; 10: 1437 | Okadome M,
J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40: 561 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Sasagawa T, Cancer
Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda
H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T,
Cancer 2004; 102: 100, Contributing studies: Azuma Y, Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014 | Ichimura H, Int J Clin
Oncol 2003; 8: 322 | Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102:877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 | Nagai Y, Gynecol Oncol 2000; 79: 294 | Nakamura
Y, Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20: 974 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 | Niwa K, Oncol Rep
2003; 10: 1437 | Okadome M, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40: 561 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100:
1312 | Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int
2011; 2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res
2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100
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REFERENCES- 276 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country
KuwaitMalaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philippines

Republic of Korea

Singapore
Sri Lanka

ThailandTurkeyViet NamStudy
Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453, Contributing
studies: Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2013; 23: 148
Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med Okayama 2014; 68: 79, Contributing studies: Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med
Okayama 2014; 68: 79
Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Contributing studies: Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657
Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2013; 23: 148
Cho NH, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kahng J, Ann
Lab Med 2014; 34: 127 | Kang WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001;
12: 75 | Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Cho NH, Am J Obstet
Gynecol 2003; 188: 56 | Hwang TS, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kahng J, Ann Lab Med 2014; 34: 127| Kang WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Oh YL, Cytopathology 2001; 12: 75 | Quek SC, Int
J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148
Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2013; 23: 148
Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 116, Contributing studies: Karunaratne K, BMC Cancer 2014;
14: 116Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601| Limpaiboon T, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000; 31: 66 | Sukasem C, J Med Virol
2011; 83: 119 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56 | Swangvaree SS, Asian Pac J Cancer
Prev 2013; 14: 1023, Contributing studies: Chansaenroj J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 117 |Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Limpaiboon T, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health
2000; 31: 66 | Sukasem C, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 119 | Suwannarurk K, Cancer Epidemiol 2009; 33:
56 | Swangvaree SS, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 1023
Baser E, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 125: 275 | Sahiner F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 | Tezcan S,
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203, Contributing
studies: Baser E, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2014; 125: 275 | Sahiner F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 |Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203
Contributing studies: Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 148, Quek SC, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2013; 23: 148

EuropeAustria
BelarusBelgium

Croatia
Czechia

Denmark

FranceGermany

GreeceHungary
Iceland

Rössler L, Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125: 591, Contributing studies: Rössler L, Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125: 591
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22:
204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology 2005; 16: 199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560, Contributing
studies: Arbyn M, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol
2001; 22: 204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology 2005; 16: 199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560
Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341, Contributing studies:
Grce M, Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 579 | Grce M, J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 1341
Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, Contributing studies: Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Hording U, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49| Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 1032 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 |Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 | Sebbelov AM, Res Virol 1994; 145: 83 | Thomsen LT,
Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 193, Contributing studies: Bonde J, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 413 | Hording
U, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995; 62: 49 | Kirschner B, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:1032 | Kjaer SK, Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1864 | Kjær SK, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 179 |Sebbelov AM, Res Virol 1994; 145: 83 | Thomsen LT, Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 193
Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Vaucel E, Arch
Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989, Contributing studies: Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 385 |Prétet JL, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 424 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989
de Jonge M, Acta Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 616 | Merkelbach-Bruse S,
Diagn Mol Pathol 1999; 8: 32 | Meyer T, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11: 198 | Nindl I, Int J Gynecol
Pathol 1997; 16: 197 | Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17, Contributing studies: de Jonge M, Acta
Cytol 2013; 57: 591 | Klug SJ, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 616 | Merkelbach-Bruse S, Diagn Mol Pathol
1999; 8: 32 | Meyer T, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2001; 11: 198 | Nindl I, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1997; 16:
197 | Nindl I, J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 17
Agorastos T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121: 99 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53| Daponte A, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 189 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou
V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Paraskevaidis E,
Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185, Contributing studies:
Agorastos T, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 121: 99 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53| Daponte A, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 189 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou
V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 1898 | Paraskevaidis E,
Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 355 | Tsiodras S, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 1185
Szoke K, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 585, Contributing studies: Szoke K, J Med Virol 2003; 71: 585
Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2682, Contributing studies: Sigurdsson K, Int J Cancer 2007;
121: 2682
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REFERENCESCountry
IrelandItaly

LatviaLithuania

Netherlands

NorwayPortugal

Romania
Russian Federation
Slovenia

Spain

SwedenSwitzerland

United Kingdom- 277 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods 2014; 201: 93 | Murphy N, J Clin
Pathol 2003; 56: 56 | O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576, Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol
2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods 2014; 201: 93 | Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56 |O’Leary JJ, J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 576
Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133: 195 | Carozzi F, J Clin Virol
2014; 60: 257 | Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19: 2389 | Gargiulo F, Virus
Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S, Pathologica 2000; 92:524 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML,
J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Zerbini M, J Clin Pathol 2001;
54: 377, Contributing studies: Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133:
195 | Carozzi F, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 257 | Carozzi FM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2389 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S,
Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86:1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Zerbini
M, J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014, Contributing
studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910 | Simanaviciene V, J Med Virol 2014
Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 177 | Cornelissen MT, Virchows Arch, B, Cell Pathol 1992; 62:
167 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001;
98: 199 | Tang N, J Clin Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | van Duin M, Int J Cancer 2003; 105: 577,
Contributing studies: Bulkmans NW, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 177 | Cornelissen MT, Virchows Arch,B, Cell Pathol 1992; 62: 167 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 199 | Tang N, J Clin Virol 2009; 45 Suppl 1: S25 | van Duin M, Int J
Cancer 2003; 105: 577
Contributing studies: Kraus I, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1407 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Roberts CC, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 277 | Sjoeborg KD, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118:
29, Kraus I, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1407 | Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367| Roberts CC, J Clin Virol 2006; 36: 277 | Sjoeborg KD, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 118: 29
Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010;
82: 1024 | Pista A, Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 941 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500,
Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024 | Pista A, Clin
Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 941 | Pista A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 23: 500
Contributing studies: Anton G, APMIS 2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558, Anton G, APMIS
2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Kovanda A, Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2009; 18: 47, Contributing studies: Kovanda
A, Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat 2009; 18: 47
Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2: 415 | Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009;
9: 124 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 1486 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540| de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | García-Sierra N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 | HerraezHernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín P, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316 | Muñoz N, Int
J Cancer 1992; 52: 743, Contributing studies: Bosch FX, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2:
415 | Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 124 | Darwich L, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:1486 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | García-Sierra
N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín P,
BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316 | Muñoz N, Int J Cancer 1992; 52: 743
Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 | Kalantari M, Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Zehbe I, VirchowsArch 1996; 428: 151, Contributing studies: Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 | Kalantari M,
Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Zehbe I, Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151
Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370, Contributing studies: Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370
Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Cuschieri KS, J
Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 44 |Geraets DT, J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3996 | Herrington CS, Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 206 | Hibbitts S,
Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison J, Cytopathology
2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704 | Southern SA, Diagn Mol Pathol 1998; 7: 114,
Contributing studies: Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 |Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, J Clin Virol
2014; 60: 44 | Geraets DT, J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52: 3996 | Herrington CS, Br J Cancer 1995; 71:
206 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison
J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704 | Southern SA, Diagn Mol
Pathol 1998; 7: 114

Oceania
Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Callegari ET, Vaccine 2014; 32: 4082 | Garland SM, BMC
Med 2011; 9: 104 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 | Stevens MP, J Med Virol 2009;
Australia
81: 1283, Contributing studies: Brestovac B, J Med Virol 2005; 76: 106 | Callegari ET, Vaccine 2014;
32: 4082 | Garland SM, BMC Med 2011; 9: 104 | Stevens MP, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1017 |Stevens MP, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1283
Fiji
Tabrizi SN, Sex Health 2011; 8: 338, Contributing studies: Tabrizi SN, Sex Health 2011; 8: 338
HPV type distribution for cervical low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions
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REFERENCESCountry
General sources- 278 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Based on meta-analysis performed by IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology Group up to November 2011, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications: 1) Guan P, Int J Cancer 2012;131:2349 2) Clifford GM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2005;14:1157

AfricaAlgeria
Cameroon
Côte d’Ivoire
DR Congo
Ethiopia
GuineaKenya
MoroccoNigeria
SenegalSouth Africa
Zimbabwe

Contributing studies: Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2224, Hammouda D, Int J Cancer 2011;
128: 2224
Contributing studies: Untiet S, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1911
La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480, Contributing studies: La Ruche G, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 480
Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957, Contributing studies: Hovland S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 957
Contributing studies: Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282, Abate E, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 282
Contributing studies: Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202, Keita N, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 202
De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De
Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137, Contributing studies: De Vuyst H, Cancer Causes Control
2010; 21: 2309 | De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 949 | De Vuyst H, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 137
Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries 2010; 4: 732, Contributing studies: Alhamany Z, J Infect Dev Ctries
2010; 4: 732
Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638, Contributing studies:
Gage JC, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2903 | Thomas JO, Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 638
Contributing studies: Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803,
Chabaud M, J Med Virol 1996; 49: 259 | Xi LF, Int J Cancer 2003; 103: 803
Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740, Contributing studies: Allan B, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 740| van Aardt MC, Personal communication Unpublished
Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 990, Contributing studies: Sawaya GF, Obstet Gynecol 2008;
112: 990

Americas

Argentina

BelizeBrazilCanadaChile
Colombia
Cuba
EcuadorHonduras
Jamaica

Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006; 18: 995 | Deluca GD,
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Eiguchi K, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2008; 12: 262 | Tonon
SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11,
Contributing studies: Abba MC, Rev Argent Microbiol 2003; 35: 74 | Chouhy D, Int J Mol Med 2006;
18: 995 | Deluca GD, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46: 9 | Eiguchi K, J Low Genit Tract Dis
2008; 12: 262 | Tonon SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237 | Venezuela RF, Rev Inst Med Trop
Sao Paulo 2012; 54: 11
Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942, Contributing studies: Cathro HP, Hum Pathol 2009; 40: 942
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105: 21 | Franco E, Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999; 6: 223 | Freitas TP, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo
2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 | Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol
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Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 288 | Tomita LY, Int J Cancer 2010;
126: 703, Contributing studies: Carestiato FN, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2006; 39: 428 | Fernandes JV,
Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 21 | Franco E, Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999; 6: 223 | Freitas TP,
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49: 297 | Krambeck WM, Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2008; 35: 175 |Lorenzato F, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2000; 10: 143 | Pitta DR, Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2010; 32: 315 |Resende LS, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 214 | Ribeiro AA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 288 | Tomita
LY, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 703
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2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Koushik A, Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29:
307 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Richardson H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers
Prev 2003; 12: 485 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 513 | TranThanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129, Antonishyn NA, Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132: 54| Coutlée F, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1034 | Jiang Y, J Infect Public Health 2011; 4: 219 | Koushik A,
Cancer Detect Prev 2005; 29: 307 | Moore RA, Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20: 1387 | Richardson
H, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12: 485 | Sellors JW, CMAJ 2000; 163: 503 | Sellors JW,
CMAJ 2000; 163: 513 | Tran-Thanh D, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 129
Ili CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833 | López M J, Rev Med Chil 2010; 138: 1343, Contributing studies: Ili
CG, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 833 | López M J, Rev Med Chil 2010; 138: 1343
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García DA, Open Virol J 2011; 5: 70 | Molano M, Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1417
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1959
Contributing studies: Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60, Contributing studies:
Rattray C, J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 718 | Strickler HD, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 60
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REFERENCESCountry

MexicoNicaraguaParaguay
Peru

United States of America

Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bangladesh

China

India

Iran

- 279 -

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Study
Contributing studies: Carrillo A, Salud Publica Mex 2004; 46: 7 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Illades-Aguiar
B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291 | Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | TorroellaKouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70: 115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690, Carrillo
A, Salud Publica Mex 2004; 46: 7 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129
| González-Losa Mdel R, J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 202 | Illades-Aguiar B, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 291| Piña-Sánchez P, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1041 | Torroella-Kouri M, Gynecol Oncol 1998; 70:
115 | Velázquez-Márquez N, Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 690
Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82: 334, Contributing studies: Hindryckx P, Sex Transm Infect2006; 82: 334
Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Tonon SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 237, Contributing studies: Mendoza LP, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1351 | Tonon SA, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol
1999; 7: 237
Contributing studies: Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012; 11: 2099, Martorell M, Genet Mol Res 2012;
11: 2099
Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 257 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Brown
DR, Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 763 | Castle PE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 946| Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans MF, Mod
Pathol 2002; 15: 1339 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Guo M,
Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267 | Jarboe EA, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 396| Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Kulasingam SL, JAMA 2002; 288: 1749 | Lee SH, Int J
Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 210 | Liaw KL, J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 954 | Moscicki AB, Obstet
Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Park K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007; 26: 457 | Schiff M, Am J Epidemiol
2000; 152: 716 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468 | Swan DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:
1030 | Tortolero-Luna G, Cad Saude Publica 1998; 14 Suppl 3: 149 | Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control
2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208 | Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009;
124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler CM, J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475| Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167, Contributing studies: Adam E, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:
257 | Bell MC, Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107: 236 | Brown DR, Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29: 763 | Castle PE,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20: 946 | Einstein MH, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 55 | Evans
MF, Cancer 2006; 106: 1054 | Evans MF, Mod Pathol 2002; 15: 1339 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 1129 | Guo M, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 256 | Hu L, Mod Pathol 2005; 18: 267| Jarboe EA, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 396 | Kong CS, Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 33 | Kulasingam SL,
JAMA 2002; 288: 1749 | Lee SH, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 105: 210 | Liaw KL, J Natl Cancer Inst
1999; 91: 954 | Moscicki AB, Obstet Gynecol 2008; 112: 1335 | Park K, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007; 26:457 | Schiff M, Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 716 | Stoler MH, Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135: 468 | Swan
DC, J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 1030 | Tortolero-Luna G, Cad Saude Publica 1998; 14 Suppl 3: 149 |Vidal AC, Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25: 1055 | Voss JS, Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2009; 31: 208 |Wentzensen N, Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 964 | Wheeler CM, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1291 | Wheeler CM,
J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 475 | Zuna RE, Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 167
Contributing studies: Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845, Ramas V, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 845
Correnti M, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121: 527, Contributing studies: Correnti M, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:
527
Contributing studies: Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14, Banik U, Cytojournal 2013; 10: 14
Contributing studies: Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 692 |Chan PK, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand J Infect Dis
2010; 42: 72 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 | Li
H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS,
Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159:
1027 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu D, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
2010; 151: 86 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;
283: 1385 | Zhang R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao
Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643, Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 243 | Chan PK, Int J Cancer 2012; 131:692 | Chan PK, J Med Virol 1999; 59: 232 | Ding X, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1937 | Guo J, Scand J Infect
Dis 2010; 42: 72 | Hong D, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 104 | Jin Q, Chin Med J 2010; 123: 2004 |Li H, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 170: 202 | Li J, J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1079 | Liu SS,
Tumour Biol 2008; 29: 105 | Liu X, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 147 | Sun B, Arch Virol 2014; 159:
1027 | Tao PP, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2006; 41: 43 | Wu D, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
2010; 151: 86 | Wu EQ, Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 795 | Yuan X, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;
283: 1385 | Zhang R, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 939 | Zhao FH, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 2604 | Zhao
Y, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 643
Contributing studies: Berlin Grace VM, Indian J Cancer 2009; 46: 203 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer
2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5: 95 |Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276, Berlin Grace VM, Indian J Cancer 2009; 46: 203 | Franceschi S,
Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 601 | Nagpal JK, Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32: 943 | Nair P, Pathol Oncol Res
1999; 5: 95 | Singh M, Tumour Biol 2009; 30: 276
Contributing studies: Esmaeili M, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int J Cancer 2012; 131: E156, Esmaeili M, Gynecol
Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 68 | Ghaffari SR, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 529 | Khodakarami N, Int
J Cancer 2012; 131: E156
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REFERENCESCountryJapan

KuwaitMalaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan

Republic of Korea

ThailandTurkeyEuropeBelarusBelgium

Croatia
Czechia
Denmark

FranceGermany

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Contributing studies: Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011; 102:877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 1161 |Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Jap J Obstet Gynecol Pract 2001; 50: 871 | Sasagawa T,
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011; 2011: 246936 |Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1666 | Yoshida
T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100, Inoue M, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16: 1007 | Konno R, Cancer Sci 2011;
102: 877 | Matsumoto K, Int J Cancer 2011; 128: 2898 | Nishiwaki M, J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1161 | Onuki M, Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1312 | Saito J, Jap J Obstet Gynecol Pract 2001; 50: 871 |Sasagawa T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 45 | Takehara K, Patholog Res Int 2011;2011: 246936 | Tsuda H, Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91: 476 | Yamasaki K, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37:
1666 | Yoshida T, Cancer 2004; 102: 100
Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453, Contributing
studies: Al-Awadhi R, Diagn Cytopathol 2013; 41: 107 | Al-Awadhi R, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 453
Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303, Contributing studies: Sharifah NA, Asian Pac J
Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 303
Contributing studies: Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med Okayama 2014; 68: 79, Mu-Mu-Shwe, Acta Med
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Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657, Contributing studies: Raza SA, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1657
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Oncol 2003; 90: 51 | Kang WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer
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WD, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 924 | Lee HS, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 497 | Oh YL,
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Epidemiol 2009; 33: 56, Contributing studies: Bhattarakosol P, J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 Suppl 1:
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Prev 2010; 11: 117 | Chansaenroj J, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 601 | Ekalaksananan T, J Obstet Gynaecol
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F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 | Tezcan S, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 3997 | Yuce K, Arch
Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286: 203, Contributing studies: Ergünay K, Mikrobiyol Bul 2008; 42: 273 | Ozgul
N, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 865 | Sahiner F, Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 624 | Tezcan S, Asian
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2009; 18: 321 | Baay MF, Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2001; 22: 204 | Beerens E, Cytopathology 2005; 16:
199 | Depuydt CE, Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 560 | Weyn C, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 457
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Control 2014; 25: 179
Bergeron C, Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 641 | Humbey O, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;
103: 60 | Monsonego J, Int J STD AIDS 2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110: 179 |Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 284: 989, Contributing studies: Bergeron C, Am J Surg Pathol
1992; 16: 641 | Humbey O, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 103: 60 | Monsonego J, Int J STD
AIDS 2008; 19: 385 | Prétet JL, Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110: 179 | Vaucel E, Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284: 989
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Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Argyri E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Kroupis
C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou V, Sex Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Mammas IN,
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Infect 2011; 17: 1185, Contributing studies: Adamopoulou M, Anticancer Res 2009; 29: 3401 | Argyri
E, BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 53 | Kroupis C, Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135: 943 | Labropoulou V, Sex
Transm Dis 1997; 24: 469 | Mammas IN, Oncol Rep 2008; 20: 141 | Panotopoulou E, J Med Virol 2007;
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Contributing studies: Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods 2014; 201: 93 |Ireland
Murphy N, J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 56, Butler D, J Pathol 2000; 192: 502 | Keegan H, J Virol Methods
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Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Agodi A, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 1094 | Astori G, Virus
Res 1997; 50: 57 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133: 195 | Chironna M, J Prev Med Hyg 2010; 51: 139| Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S,
Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Menegazzi P, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009; 2009: 198425 | Sandri MT, J
Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 115 | Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86:1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J Clin Virol 2002; 25: 177 | Venturoli
S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92: 516 | Zerbini M, J Clin Pathol 2001;
Italy
54: 377, Contributing studies: Agarossi A, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 529 | Agodi A, Int J Gynecol Cancer
2009; 19: 1094 | Astori G, Virus Res 1997; 50: 57 | Capra G, Virus Res 2008; 133: 195 | Chironna M,
J Prev Med Hyg 2010; 51: 139 | Gargiulo F, Virus Res 2007; 125: 176 | Giorgi Rossi P, BMC Infect Dis
2010; 10: 214 | Laconi S, Pathologica 2000; 92: 524 | Menegazzi P, Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2009;
2009: 198425 | Sandri MT, J Med Virol 2009; 81: 271 | Spinillo A, Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 115 |Spinillo A, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 1145 | Tornesello ML, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1663 | Venturoli S, J
Clin Virol 2002; 25: 177 | Venturoli S, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1434 | Voglino G, Pathologica 2000; 92:
516 | Zerbini M, J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 377
LatviaContributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Gudleviciene Z, Medicina (Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910, Contributing studies: Gudleviciene Z, Medicina
Lithuania(Kaunas) 2005; 41: 910
Contributing studies: Bollen LJ, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177: 548 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114:
951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 199, Bollen LJ, Am J Obstet
Netherlands
Gynecol 1997; 177: 548 | Prinsen CF, BJOG 2007; 114: 951 | Reesink-Peters N, Eur J Obstet Gynecol
Reprod Biol 2001; 98: 199
Contributing studies: Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Roberts CC, J Clin
NorwayVirol 2006; 36: 277, Molden T, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 367 | Roberts CC, J Clin
Virol 2006; 36: 277
Contributing studies: Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82:
Portugal
1024, Medeiros R, Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 467 | Nobre RJ, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1024
Contributing studies: Anton G, APMIS 2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558, Anton G, APMISRomania
2011; 119: 1 | Ursu RG, Virol J 2011; 8: 558
Russian Federation
Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771, Contributing studies: Kulmala SM, J Med Virol 2007; 79: 771
Contributing studies: Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9: 124 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol
2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | Doménech-Peris A, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010;
70: 113 | García-Sierra N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 | Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods
2013; 193: 9 | Martín P, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316, Conesa-Zamora P, BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:
Spain
124 | de Méndez MT, Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 540 | de Oña M, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 597 | DoménechPeris A, Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010; 70: 113 | García-Sierra N, J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 2165 |Herraez-Hernandez E, J Virol Methods 2013; 193: 9 | Martín P, BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11: 316
Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 | Brismar-Wendel S, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 511 | Kalantari
M, Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | Söderlund-Strand A, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 145.e1 | Zehbe
I, Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151, Contributing studies: Andersson S, Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 2195 |SwedenBrismar-Wendel S, Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 511 | Kalantari M, Hum Pathol 1997; 28: 899 | SöderlundStrand A, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205: 145.e1 | Zehbe I, Virchows Arch 1996; 428: 151
Switzerland
Contributing studies: Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370, Dobec M, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1370
Contributing studies: Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 |Cuschieri KS, J Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer
1999; 81: 554 | Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 |Howell-Jones R, Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br
J Cancer 2008; 98: 1704 | Southern SA, Hum Pathol 2001; 32: 1351 | Woo YL, Int J Cancer 2010; 126:
United Kingdom
133, Anderson L, J Med Virol 2013; 85: 295 | Arends MJ, Hum Pathol 1993; 24: 432 | Cuschieri KS, J
Clin Pathol 2004; 57: 68 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 167 | Cuzick J, Br J Cancer 1999; 81: 554| Giannoudis A, Int J Cancer 1999; 83: 66 | Hibbitts S, Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 1929 | Howell-Jones R,
Br J Cancer 2010; 103: 209 | Jamison J, Cytopathology 2009; 20: 242 | Sargent A, Br J Cancer 2008;
98: 1704 | Southern SA, Hum Pathol 2001; 32: 1351 | Woo YL, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 133
HPV type distribution for invasive anal cancer
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sourcesGroup. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Country

AfricaMali
Nigeria
SenegalAmericas
CanadaChile
Colombia
Ecuador

Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Ouhoummane N, Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37: 807
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Continued on next page

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REFERENCESCountry
GuatemalaHonduras
MexicoParaguay
United States of America
Asia
Bangladesh
India
Republic of Korea- 282 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Daling JR, Cancer 2004; 101: 270 | Palefsky JM, Cancer Res
1991; 51: 1014 | Zaki SR, Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 1345
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Yhim HY, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 1752 | Youk EG, Dis Colon
Rectum 2001; 44: 236

EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina
Czechia
Denmark

Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Serup-Hansen E, J Clin Oncol 2014; 32: 1812
Abramowitz L, Int J Cancer 2011; 129: 433 | Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Valmary-Degano
FranceS, Hum Pathol 2013; 44: 992 | Vincent-Salomon A, Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 614
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Rödel F, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 278 | Varnai AD, Int J
Germany
Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 135
Italy
Indinnimeo M, J Exp Clin Cancer Res 1999; 18: 47
PolandAlemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Portugal
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Slovenia
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Spain
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
SwedenLaytragoon-Lewin N, Anticancer Res 2007; 27: 4473
United Kingdom
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Baricevic I, Eur J Cancer 2015; 51: 776
HPV type distribution for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN)
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sourcesGroup. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Americas
CanadaChile
Colombia
EcuadorGuatemalaHonduras
MexicoParaguay
United States of America
Asia
ThailandEuropeBosnia and Herzegovina
Czechia
FranceGohy L, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49: 32 | Salit IE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2009; 18: 1986, Gohy L, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 49: 32 | Salit IE, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1986
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Sahasrabuddhe VV, J Infect Dis 2013; 207: 392, Sahasrabuddhe VV, J Infect Dis 2013; 207: 392
Phanuphak N, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e78291, Phanuphak N, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e78291

Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Silling S, J
Clin Virol 2012; 53: 325 | Varnai AD, Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 135 | Wieland U, Arch DermatolGermany
2006; 142: 1438, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 |Silling S, J Clin Virol 2012; 53: 325 | Varnai AD, Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21: 135 | Wieland U, Arch
Dermatol 2006; 142: 1438
Italy
Tanzi E, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A17, Tanzi E, Vaccine 2009; 27 Suppl 1: A17
Netherlands
Richel O, J Infect Dis 2014; 210: 111, Richel O, J Infect Dis 2014; 210: 111
PolandAlemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Portugal
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Slovenia
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2013; 8: 204 | Sirera G,
AIDS 2013; 27: 951 | Torres M, J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51: 3512, Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136:
Spain
98 | García-Espinosa B, Diagn Pathol 2013; 8: 204 | Sirera G, AIDS 2013; 27: 951 | Torres M, J Clin
Microbiol 2013; 51: 3512
Alemany L, Int J Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Fox PA, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 142, Alemany L, Int J
United Kingdom
Cancer 2015; 136: 98 | Fox PA, Sex Transm Infect 2005; 81: 142
HPV type distribution for invasive vulvar cancer
Continued on next page

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9

REFERENCESCountry
General sources

AfricaMali
Mozambique
Nigeria
SenegalAmericas
Argentina
BrazilChile
Colombia
EcuadorGuatemalaHonduras
MexicoParaguay
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bangladesh
India
IsraelJapan
KuwaitLebanonPhilippines
Republic of Korea
ThailandTurkeyEuropeAustria
BelarusBosnia and Herzegovina
Czechia
Denmark
FinlandFranceGermany
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
PolandPortugalSpain- 283 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
Group. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Pinto AP, Gynecol Oncol 1999; 74: 61
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Gargano JW, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 471 | Kim
YT, Hum Pathol 1996; 27: 389 | Madeleine MM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516 | Riethdorf S, Hum
Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | Sutton BC, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 345 | Tate JE, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 53: 78
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Nagano H, J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1996; 22: 1 | Osakabe M, Pathol Int 2007; 57: 322
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Ngamkham J, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 2355
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Bryndorf T, Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 106: 43 | Hørding U, Gynecol Oncol 1994; 52: 241 | Hørding
U, Int J Cancer 1993; 55: 394 | Madsen BS, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2827
Iwasawa A, Obstet Gynecol 1997; 89: 81
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Choschzick M, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2011; 30: 497 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl
M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Milde-Langosch K, Int J Cancer 1995; 63: 639 | Reuschenbach
M, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2013; 17: 289 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Bonvicini F, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Kagie MJ, Gynecol Oncol 1997; 67: 178 | Trietsch MD, Br J Cancer 2013; 109: 2259 | van de Nieuwenhof HP, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 2061 | van der Avoort IA, Int J Gynecol Pathol
2006; 25: 22
Bujko M, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91: 391 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Liss
J, Ginekol Pol 1998; 69: 330
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Alonso I, Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 509 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Guerrero D, Int
J Cancer 2011; 128: 2853 | Lerma E, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18: 191
Larsson GL, Int J Gynecol Cancer 2012; 22: 1413 | Lindell G, Gynecol Oncol 2010; 117: 312
Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450

SwedenUnited Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18
HPV type distribution for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sourcesGroup. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Americas
Argentina

de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Continued on next page

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9

REFERENCES- 284 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country

Study

BrazilChile
Colombia
EcuadorGuatemalaHonduras
MexicoParaguayde Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
Gargano JW, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 471 | Madeleine MM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516
| Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | Srodon M, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513, Gargano JW,
J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 471 | Madeleine MM, J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1516 | Riethdorf
S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477 | Srodon M, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450

United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bangladesh
India
Israel
KuwaitLebanonPhilippines
Republic of Korea
TurkeyEuropeAustria
BelarusBosnia and Herzegovina
Czechia
Denmark
FranceGermany
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
PolandPortugal
Spain

United Kingdom

de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913, de Sanjosé S, Eur
J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tachezy R, PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e21913
Junge J, APMIS 1995; 103: 501, Junge J, APMIS 1995; 103: 501
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361 | Riethdorf S,
Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol
2006; 108: 1361 | Riethdorf S, Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1477
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275, de Sanjosé S,
Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275
Bonvicini F, J Med Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, Bonvicini F, J Med
Virol 2005; 77: 102 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
van Beurden M, Cancer 1995; 75: 2879 | van der Avoort IA, Int J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 22 | vanEsch EM, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 830, van Beurden M, Cancer 1995; 75: 2879 | van der Avoort IA, Int
J Gynecol Pathol 2006; 25: 22 | van Esch EM, Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 830
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450, de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450
de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Lerma E, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18: 191, de Sanjosé
S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Lerma E, Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18: 191
Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192 | Baldwin PJ, Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 5205 | Bryant D,
J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1358 | Daayana S, Br J Cancer 2010; 102: 1129 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer
2013; 49: 3450 | Winters U, Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 5292, Abdel-Hady ES, Cancer Res 2001; 61: 192| Baldwin PJ, Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 5205 | Bryant D, J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1358 | Daayana S, Br
J Cancer 2010; 102: 1129 | de Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Winters U, Clin Cancer Res
2008; 14: 5292

Oceaniade Sanjosé S, Eur J Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18, de Sanjosé S, Eur J
Cancer 2013; 49: 3450 | Tan SE, Sex Health 2013; 10: 18
HPV type distribution for invasive vaginal cancer
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sourcesGroup. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Australia

AfricaMozambique
Nigeria
Americas
Argentina
BrazilChile
Colombia
Ecuador

Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Continued on next page

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9

REFERENCESCountry
GuatemalaMexicoParaguay
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bangladesh
India
Israel
KuwaitLebanonPhilippines
Republic of Korea
TurkeyEuropeAustria
Belarus
Czechia
Denmark
FranceGermany
GreecePolandPortugal- 285 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846

Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Madsen BS, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2827, Madsen BS, Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2827
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968, Ferreira M, Mod Pathol 2008; 21: 968
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Fuste V, Histopathology 2010; 57: 907, Alemany L, Eur J
Spain
Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Fuste V, Histopathology 2010; 57: 907
SwedenLarsson GL, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129: 406, Larsson GL, Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129: 406
United Kingdom
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
HPV type distribution for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
Based on systematic reviews (up to 2008) performed by ICO for the IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans volume 100B and IARC’s Infections and Cancer Epidemiology
General sourcesGroup. The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications:
1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) De Vuyst H, Int J Cancer 2009;124:1626
Americas
Argentina
BrazilChile
Colombia
EcuadorGuatemalaMexicoParaguay
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bangladesh
India
IsraelJapan
KuwaitLebanonPhilippines
Republic of Korea
TurkeyEuropeAustria
Belarus
Czechia
FranceGermany
GreeceAlemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Daling JR, Gynecol Oncol 2002; 84: 263 | Srodon M, Am
J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Daling JR, Gynecol Oncol
2002; 84: 263 | Srodon M, Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30: 1513
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Sugase M, Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 412, Sugase M, Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 412
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361, Alemany L, Eur
J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Hampl M, Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 1361
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275, Alemany L, Eur
J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846 | Tsimplaki E, J Oncol 2012; 2012: 893275
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Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country
Study
Italy
Frega A, Cancer Lett 2007; 249: 235, Frega A, Cancer Lett 2007; 249: 235
PolandAlemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
Spain
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
United Kingdom
Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846, Alemany L, Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 2846
HPV type distribution for invasive penile cancer
The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2015. Reference publications (up to
General sources
2008): 1) Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321 2) Miralles-Guri C,J Clin Pathol 2009;62:870
AfricaSouth Africa
UgandaAmericas
Argentina

BrazilCanadaMexicoParaguay

United States of America

Asia
China
Japan
Thailand
Viet Nam
EuropeLebelo RL, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 257, Lebelo RL, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 257
Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159, Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159
Picconi MA, J Med Virol 2000; 61: 65, Picconi MA, J Med Virol 2000; 61: 65
Afonso LA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107: 18 | Calmon MF, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e53260 | deSousa ID, BMC Urol 2015; 15: 13 | Fonseca AG, Int Braz J Urol 2013; 39: 542 | Scheiner MA, Int Braz
J Urol 2008; 34: 467, Afonso LA, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107: 18 | Bezerra AL, Cancer 2001;
91: 2315 | Calmon MF, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e53260 | Fonseca AG, Int Braz J Urol 2013; 39: 542 | Levi
JE, Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 779 | Scheiner MA, Int Braz J Urol 2008; 34: 467
Maden C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 19, Maden C, J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 19
López-Romero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409 | Salazar EL, Arch Androl 2005; 51: 327, LópezRomero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409
Cubilla AL, Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 104 | Rubin MA, Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1211, Cubilla AL,
Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34: 104 | Gregoire L, J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1705 | Rubin MA, Am J
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Alemany L, Eur Urol 2016; 69: 953 | Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024 | Daling JR, Int J Cancer 2005;
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MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024 | Daling JR, Int J Cancer 2005; 116: 606 | Gregoire L, J Natl Cancer Inst
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VA, Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 908
Chan KW, J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 823, Chan KW, J Clin Pathol 1994; 47: 823
Iwasawa A, J Urol 1993; 149: 59 | Suzuki H, Jpn J Clin Oncol 1994; 24: 1 | Yanagawa N, Pathol Int
2008; 58: 477, Iwasawa A, J Urol 1993; 149: 59 | Suzuki H, Jpn J Clin Oncol 1994; 24: 1 | Yanagawa
N, Pathol Int 2008; 58: 477
Senba M, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1341, Senba M, J Med Virol 2006; 78: 1341
Do HT, Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 229, Do HT, Br J Cancer 2013; 108: 229

Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73, Aumayr K, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:611 | Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73
Belgium
D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573, D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573
Denmark
Krustrup D, Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90: 182
Humbey O, Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 684 | Perceau G, Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 934, Humbey O, Eur J
FranceCancer 2003; 39: 684
Perceau G, Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 934 | Poetsch M, Virchows Arch 2011; 458: 221, Poetsch M,
Germany
Virchows Arch 2011; 458: 221
Barzon L, Am J Pathol 2014; 184: 3376 | Gentile V, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19: 209 |Italy
Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159, Gentile V, Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006; 19: 209 |Tornesello ML, Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 159
Heideman DA, J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4550 | Lont AP, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 1078, Heideman DA, J
Netherlands
Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4550
Ferrándiz-Pulido C, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 73 | Guerrero D, BJU Int 2008; 102: 747 | Pascual
Spain
A, Histol Histopathol 2007; 22: 177, Ferrándiz-Pulido C, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 73 | Guerrero
D, BJU Int 2008; 102: 747 | Pascual A, Histol Histopathol 2007; 22: 177
SwedenKirrander P, BJU Int 2011; 108: 355
HPV type distribution for penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PEIN)
The ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until June 2014. Reference publication (up to
General sources
2008): Bouvard V, Lancet Oncol 2009;10:321
Austria

AfricaSouth Africa
Sudan
Americas
Argentina
BrazilCanadaCuba
MexicoBoy S, J Oral Pathol Med 2006; 35: 86 | Van Rensburg EJ, Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 969
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772GonzÃ¡lez JV, Medicina (B Aires) 2007; 67: 363 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Oliveira MC, Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 36: 450 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Rivero
ER, Braz Oral Res 2006; 20: 21
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Noble-Topham
SE, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119: 1299
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
López-Romero R, Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409, Anaya-Saavedra G, Arch Med Res 2008; 39: 189| Ibieta BR, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005; 99: 311, López-Romero R, Int J
Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 1409
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Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country

United States of America

Venezuela

Study
Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024, Cupp MR, J Urol 1995; 154: 1024, Chuang AY, Oral Oncol 2008;
44: 915 | Furniss CS, Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 2386 | Ha PK, Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 1203 | Harris
SL, Head Neck 2011; 33: 1622 | Holladay EB, Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 100: 36 | Hooper JE, Appl
Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23: 266 | Liang XH, J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66: 1875 |Lingen MW, Oral Oncol 2013; 49: 1 | Lohavanichbutr P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135:
180 | Paz IB, Cancer 1997; 79: 595 | Schlecht NF, Mod Pathol 2011; 24: 1295 | Schwartz SM, J NatlCancer Inst 1998; 90: 1626 | Smith EM, Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 766 | Walline HM, JAMA Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg 2013; 139: 1320 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605
Miller CS, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77: 480 | Premoli-De-Percoco G, J Oral Pathol Med
2001; 30: 355

Asia
China

India
Iran

Japan

Malaysia
Republic of Korea
EuropeAustria
BelarusGan LL, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15: 5861 | Lee LA, Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94: e2069 |Tang X, J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Wen S, Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 307 | Zhang ZY, Int J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 2004; 33: 71
Balaram P, Int J Cancer 1995; 61: 450 | Bhattacharya N, J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38: 759 | Chaudhary
AK, Virol J 2010; 7: 253 | D’Costa J, Oral Oncol 1998; 34: 413 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:
1772 | Laprise C, Int J Cancer 2016; 138: 912 | Mishra A, Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2840 | SebastianP, J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43: 593
Saghravanian N, Acta Odontol Scand 2011; 69: 406
Bhawal UK, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 134: 1055 | Chiba I, Oncogene 1996; 12: 1663 |Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Higa M, Oral Oncol 2003; 39: 405 | Kojima A, Oral Oncol 2002;
38: 591 | Shima K, Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 38: 445 | Shimizu M, J Dermatol Sci 2004; 36:
33 | Sugiyama M, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 95: 594 | Tang X, J Oral
Pathol Med 2003; 32: 393 | Tsuhako K, J Oral Pathol Med 2000; 29: 70
Lim KP, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 1321
Shin KH, Int J Oncol 2002; 21: 297

Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73, Mannweiler S, J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: 73
Gudleviciene Z, J Med Virol 2014; 86: 531
D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573, D’Hauwers KW, Vaccine 2012; 30: 6573, Duray A, LaryngoBelgium
scope 2012; 122: 1558
Czechia
Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Finland
Koskinen WJ, Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 401 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Klussmann JP, Cancer 2001; 92: 2875 | KrÃ¼ger M, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2014; 42: 1506 | Ostwald
GermanyC, Med Microbiol Immunol 2003; 192: 145 | Weiss D, Head Neck 2011; 33: 856
Aggelopoulou EP, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1391 | Blioumi E, Oral Oncol 2014; 50: 840 | Romanitan
GreeceM, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2077
Nemes JA, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006; 102: 344 | Szarka K, Oral
Hungary
Microbiol Immunol 2009; 24: 314
IrelandHerrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772
Badaracco G, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1301 | Badaracco G, Oncol Rep 2007; 17: 931 | Herrero R, J
Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Rittà M, Head Neck 2009; 31: 318 | Scapoli L, Mod Pathol 2009;Italy
22: 366
Braakhuis BJ, J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 998 | Cruz IB, Eur J Cancer, B, Oral Oncol 1996; 32B: 55
Netherlands| van Monsjou HS, Int J Cancer 2012; 130: 1806
NorwayMatzow T, Acta Oncol 1998; 37: 73 | Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125
Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1772 | Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489 | Snietura
PolandM, Pol J Pathol 2010; 61: 133
Romania
Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Russian Federation
Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
SerbiaKozomara R, J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2005; 33: 342
Slovakia
Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
Slovenia
Kansky AA, Acta Virol 2003; 47: 11
GarcÃa-de Marcos JA, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43: 274 | Herrero R, J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;
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95: 1772 | Llamas-MartÃnez S, Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 3733
Wikström A, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 325, Kirrander P, BJU Int 2011; 108: 355 |SwedenWikström A, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 325, Dahlgren L, Int J Cancer 2004; 112: 1015 |Mork J, N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1125 | Sand L, Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 1183
The anogenital prevalence of HPV-DNA in men: HPV in men
Based on published systematic reviews, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until October 2015. Reference publications: 1) Dunne EF, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1044 2) Smith JS, J Adolesc
General sources
Health 2011; 48: 540 3) Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 455 4) Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014;
11: 2630.
AfricaKenya
RwandaSouth Africa
Tanzania
UgandaNg’ayo MO, Sex Transm Infect 2008; 84: 62 | Smith JS, Int J Cancer 2010; 126: 572
Veldhuijzen NJ, Sex Transm Dis 2012; 39: 128
Auvert B, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 53: 111 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023
Olesen TB, Sex Transm Dis 2013; 40: 592
Tobian AA, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 122
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Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country
AmericasBrazilCanadaChile
Colombia
MexicoUnited States of America
Asia
China
India
Japan
Philippines
Republic of Korea
ThailandEuropeCroatia

Study
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2036 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Rosenblatt C, Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 84: 156 |Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Guzmán P, Rev Med Chil 2008; 136: 1381
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 2036 | Lajous M, Cancer Epidemiol
Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 1710 | Lazcano-Ponce E, Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28: 277 | Nyitray AG,
J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Sánchez-Alemán MA, Salud Publica Mex 2002; 44: 442 | Vaccarella S, Int
J Cancer 2006; 119: 1934 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Giuliano AR, J Infect Dis 2008; 198: 827 | Giuliano AR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2036 | Hernandez BY, J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 787 | Nielson CM, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
2007; 16: 1107 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Partridge JM, J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 1128 |Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58 | Weaver BA, J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 677
Liu F, Sci Rep 2015; 5: 27
Gupta A, J Clin Virol 2006; 37: 190
Takahashi S, Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 629
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Shin HR, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 468
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705

Grce M, Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 1039 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
Hebnes JB, Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 463 | Kjaer SK, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14:
Denmark
1528
Finland
Hippeläinen M, Sex Transm Dis 1993; 20: 321 | Kero K, J Sex Med 2011; 8: 2522
Grussendorf-Conen EI, Arch Dermatol Res 1987; 279 Suppl: S73 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203:
Germany58
Italy
Lorenzon L, J Clin Virol 2014; 60: 264 | Nasca MR, Int J Dermatol 2006; 45: 681
Spain
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Vardas E, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 58
SwedenForslund O, J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1975 | Kataoka A, J Med Virol 1991; 33: 159
The anogenital prevalence of HPV-DNA in men: HPV in special subgroups (HIV, MSM, etc)
Based on published systematic reviews, the ICO HPV Information Centre has updated data until October 2015. Reference publications: 1) Dunne EF, J Infect Dis 2006; 194: 1044 2) Smith JS, J Adolesc
General sources
Health 2011; 48: 540 3) Olesen TB, Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 455 4) Hebnes JB, J Sex Med 2014;
11: 2630.
AfricaSouth Africa
UgandaAmericas
Argentina

BrazilCanadaColombia
MexicoPeru

United States of America

Firnhaber C, Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22: 107 | Mbulawa ZZ, J Gen Virol 2010; 91: 3023 | Müller EE,
Sex Transm Infect 2010; 86: 175 | Vogt SL, Front Oncol 2013; 3: 68
Tobian AA, Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89: 122
Pando MA, PLoS One 2012; 7: 127
de Lima Rocha MG, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: 128 | Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Freire MP, Int
Braz J Urol 2014; 40: 67 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Guimarães MD, J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr 2011; 57 Suppl 3: S217 | Nicolau SM, Urology 2005; 65: 251 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis
2011; 203: 49 | Rombaldi RL, Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39: 177 | Rosenblatt C, Int J Gynaecol Obstet
2004; 84: 156
de Pokomandy A, J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 965 | Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Ogilvie GS,
Sex Transm Infect 2009; 85: 221 | Salit IE, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1986 | Salit
IE, AIDS 2010; 24: 1307
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Leyva-López AG, Salud Publica Mex 2003; 45 Supp 5: S589
| Mendez-Martinez R, BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 104 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 |Torres-Ibarra L, Prev Med 2014; 69C: 157
Blas MM, PLoS One 2015; 10: 124 | Quinn R, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28: 1734
Baken LA, J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 429 | Baldwin SB, J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 1064 | Berry JM, Dis
Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 239 | Caussy D, Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 214 | Chin-Hong PV, J Infect Dis 2004;
190: 2070 | Chin-Hong PV, Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 300 | Colón-López V, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: 132| Conley L, J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1567 | Critchlow CW, AIDS 1998; 12: 1177 | Fife KH, Sex Transm
Dis 2003; 30: 246 | Friedman HB, J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 45 | Gandra S, HIV AIDS Auckl 2015; 7: 29| Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Hood JE, Int J STD AIDS 2016; 27: 353 | Kiviat NB, AIDS
1993; 7: 43 | Moscicki AB, AIDS 2003; 17: 311 | Nyitray AG, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 49 | Palefsky JM,
Genitourin Med 1997; 73: 174 | Palefsky JM, J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 361 | Palefsky JM, AIDS 2005;
19: 1407 | Wiley DJ, PLoS ONE 2013; 8: 131 | Wilkin TJ, J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1685

Asia
China
India

Gao L, PLoS ONE 2010; 5: 125 | Li Z, PLoS One 2015; 10: 122 | Tang X, Biomed Environ Sci 2006;
19: 153 | Yang Y, PLoS ONE 2012; 7: 126 | Zhang DY, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: 134
Gupta A, J Clin Virol 2006; 37: 190
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REFERENCESCountryJapan
Philippines
Thailand- 289 -

Table 47 – continued from previous page
Study
Nagata N, PLoS One 2015; 10: 123 | Shigehara K, Int J Urol 2010; 17: 563 | Takahashi S, Sex Transm
Dis 2003; 30: 629 | Takahashi S, J Infect Chemother 2005; 11: 270
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705
Franceschi S, Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 705 | Leaungwutiwong P, Sex Transm Dis 2015; 42: 208 |Phanuphak N, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63: 472 | Supindham T, PLoS One 2015; 10: 121

EuropeCroatia
Denmark

Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66
Svare EI, Sex Transm Infect 2002; 78: 215
Aynaud O, Urology 2003; 61: 1098 | Damay A, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 592 | Philibert P, J Clin Med
France2014; 3: 1386 | Piketty C, Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 96
Goldstone S, J Infect Dis 2011; 203: 66 | Schneider A, J Urol 1988; 140: 1431 | Wieland U, Int J Med
Germany
Microbiol 2015; 305: 689
GreeceHadjivassiliou M, Int J STD AIDS 2007; 18: 329
Ireland
Sadlier C, HIV Med 2014; 15: 499
Barzon L, J Med Virol 2010; 82: 1424 | Benevolo M, J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1275 | Chiarini F, Minerva
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HPV prevalence and type distribution in invasive hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
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REFERENCES- 293 -

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Americas
Argentina
BrazilCanadaChile
Cuba

United States of America

Study
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| Shen J, Mod Pathol 1996; 9: 15 | Zhao M, Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 605

Asia
China
India

Japan

TurkeyEuropeBelarusBelgium
Czechia
Denmark
FinlandFranceGermany

GreeceHungary

Italy

Lithuania
NorwayPolandRomania
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
SwedenLiu B, Neoplasma 2010; 57: 594 | Ma XL, J Med Virol 1998; 54: 186, Liu B, Neoplasma 2010; 57: 594| Ma XL, J Med Virol 1998; 54: 186
Jacob SE, J Surg Oncol 2002; 79: 142, Jacob SE, J Surg Oncol 2002; 79: 142
Anwar K, Int J Cancer 1993; 53: 22 | Deng Z, Head Neck 2013; 35: 800 | Mineta H, Anticancer Res
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Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489, Ribeiro KB, Int J Epidemiol 2011; 40: 489
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Table 47 – continued from previous page
Country

Study

Switzerland

Adams V, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1, Adams V, Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 1

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GLOSSARY10- 295 -

Glossary
Table 48: Glossary

TermIncidence

Mortality

Prevalence

Crude rate

ASR (age-standardised rate)

Cumulative risk
Cytologically normal women
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) / Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (SIL)
Low-gradecervical(LSIL/CIN-1)

lesions

High-grade cervical lesions(HSIL / CIN-2 / CIN-3 / CIS)
Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) /Cervical cancer
Adenocarcinoma

Definition
Incidence is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population. This information is collected routinely by cancer registries. It can be expressed as an absolute number of cases per
year or as a rate per 100,000 persons per year (see Crude rate and ASR below). The rate provides anapproximation of the average risk of developing a cancer.
Mortality is the number of deaths occurring in a given period in a specified population. It can be
expressed as an absolute number of deaths per year or as a rate per 100,000 persons per year.
The prevalence of a particular cancer can be defined as the number of persons in a defined population
who have been diagnosed with that type of cancer, and who are still alive at the end of a given year,
the survivors. Complete prevalence represents the number of persons alive at certain point in time
who previously had a diagnosis of the disease, regardless of how long ago the diagnosis was, or if thepatient is still under treatment or is considered cured. Partial prevalence , which limits the number ofpatients to those diagnosed during a fixed time in the past, is a particularly useful measure of cancer
burden. Prevalence of cancers based on cases diagnosed within one, three and five are presented asthey are likely to be of relevance to the different stages of cancer therapy, namely, initial treatment(one year), clinical follow-up (three years) and cure (five years). Patients who are still alive five years
after diagnosis are usually considered cured since the death rates of such patients are similar to thosein the general population. There are exceptions, particularly breast cancer. Prevalence is presented forthe adult population only (ages 15 and over), and is available both as numbers and as proportions per
100,000 persons.
Data on incidence or mortality are often presented as rates. For a specific tumour and population, acrude rate is calculated simply by dividing the number of new cancers or cancer deaths observed during
a given time period by the corresponding number of person years in the population at risk. For cancer,
the result is usually expressed as an annual rate per 100,000 persons at risk.
An age-standardised rate (ASR) is a summary measure of the rate that a population would have if
it had a standard age structure. Standardization is necessary when comparing several populations
that differ with respect to age because age has a powerful influence on the risk of cancer. The ASR isa weighted mean of the age-specific rates; the weights are taken from population distribution of thestandard population. The most frequently used standard population is the World Standard Population.
The calculated incidence or mortality rate is then called age-standardised incidence or mortality rate
(world). It is also expressed per 100,000. The world standard population used in GLOBOCAN is as
proposed by Segi [1] and modified by Doll and al. [2]. The age-standardised rate is calculated using 10
age-groups. The result may be slightly different from that computed using the same data categorisedusing the traditional 5 year age bands.
Cumulative incidence/mortality is the probability or risk of individuals getting/dying from the diseaseduring a specified period. For cancer, it is expressed as the number of new born children (out of 100,or 1000) who would be expected to develop/die from a particular cancer before the age of 75 if they had
the rates of cancer observed in the period in the absence of competing causes.
No abnormal cells are observed on the surface of their cervix upon cytology.
SIL and CIN are two commonly used terms to describe precancerous lesions or the abnormal growthof squamous cells observed in the cervix. SIL is an abnormal result derived from cervical cytologicalscreening or Pap smear testing. CIN is a histological diagnosis made upon analysis of cervical tissue
obtained by biopsy or surgical excision. The condition is graded as CIN 1, 2 or 3, according to thethickness of the abnormal epithelium (1/3, 2/3 or the entire thickness).
Low-grade cervical lesions are defined by early changes in size, shape, and number of ab-normal cells
formed on the surface of the cervix and may be referred to as mild dysplasia, LSIL, or CIN-1.
High-grade cervical lesions are defined by a large number of precancerous cells on the sur-face of thecervix that are distinctly different from normal cells. They have the potential to become cancerous
cells and invade deeper tissues of the cervix. These lesions may be referred to as moderate or severe
dysplasia, HSIL, CIN-2, CIN-3 or cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS).
Preinvasive malignancy limited to the epithelium without invasion of the basement membrane. CIN 3
encompasses the squamous carcinoma in situ.
If the high-grade precancerous cells invade the basement membrane is called ICC. ICC stages range
from stage I (cancer is in the cervix or uterus only) to stage IV (the cancer has spread to distant organs,such as the liver).
Invasive tumour with glandular and squamous elements intermingled

ICO/IARC HPV Information Centre

- 296 -Acknowledgments
This report has been developed by the Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research
Program, at the Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO, Catalan Institute of Oncology). This report was supported by a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spanish Government) through the projects
PI18/01137, PI21/00982, PI22/00219 and CIBERESP CB06/02/0073, and the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of Business and knowledge of the Government of Catalonia
grants to support the activities of research groups (SGR 2017–2021) (Grant number 2017SRG1718 and
2021SGR01029). The report has also received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 847845. We thank the CERCA Program /Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. The HPV Information Centre is being developed by
the ICO. The Centre was originally launched by ICO with the collaboration of WHO’s Immunisation,
Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB) department and support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Institutd’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), in alphabetic order
Albero G, Amarilla S, Bosch FX, Bruni L, Collado JJ, de Sanjosé S, Gómez D, Mena M, Muñoz J, Ruiz
FJ, Serrano B.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

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