Journal of Global Resources
Volume 4 (02)
July 2018
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

Page 166-172

21DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX OF SAGAR LAKE, DISTRICT SAGAR, M.P.
AND SURROUNDING AREAS
Navneet Franklin James
Department of Applied Geology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, M.P., India
Email: geo.navi17@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper presents a study on the influence of environmental parameters on water
quality of Sagar Lake and surrounding areas. Water samples were collected from different
points and their quality was compared on the basis of water quality index, which determines thestatus of water quality. WQI (water quality index) was determined on the basis of various
physical and chemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium,magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, iron, fluoride and BOD. These parameters were
determined for the calculation of water quality index (WQI). A quality of water from four different
locations around the lake and one from the lake is been taken. The analysis reveals that Sagar
Lake needs treatment as the water in the lake is polluted.
Key words: Environmental parameters, Water quality index, pH, Alkalinity, Calcium, Nitrate
Introduction
Sagar lake is natural shallow fresh water lake which is been surrounded by the colonies,
hospitals, bus stand, vehicle repairing shops, etc. from the three sides and the outlet is from thefourth side. The pollution of water in the lake is increasing steadily due to rapid population
growth, urbanization, increasing living standards, human activities and all the discharge from thesurrounding through nallas goes into the lake. Time is perhaps not too far when pure and cleanwater may be unavailable for maintaining the normal human life. There are several ways toassess the quality of water fit for drinking, irrigation and industrial use. A number of parameters
affect the usability of water for a particular purpose. Pollution of water has been reported tocauses human diseases. Keeping this in view, the present study aims to calculate the water
quality index (WQI) in order to assess the suitability of water for the people of Sagar city.
Study Area
Sagar district is located in the north central part of the state of Madhya Pradesh and occupiesas area of 10252 sq. km. The district extends between the latitude of 23010’ and 240 27’ north,longitude of 780 04’ and 790 21’ east (fig.1.). Sagar Lake is situated in the heart of Sagar city
(230 50’ N: 780 45’ E and 517 MSL) with an area of 82 hectares of which 68 hectare is coveredby main lake and the remaining 14 hectare with a small wetland. It falls on the topo sheets no.
55 I/9 and 55 I/13.It is a shallow natural lake which has been polluted due to ill-mannereddischarge of pollutant from surrounding areas.
Methodology
Water samples from five sampling locations namely: - Near Hospitals, Bus stand, Teen Madiya
Mandir, Chakra Ghat and Lake, were collected. The sample bottles were washed with nitric acidand after collection; analyses were performed as soon as the samples were carried to the166

laboratory. All the samples were stored in an ice chest. The samples were collected during postmonsoon season. Standard equipment and AR or GR chemicals were used in chemical analysis
following standard methods (APHA 1992).
Figure 1: Location Map

Water Quality Index Calculation
In this study for the calculation of water quality index thirteen important parameters werechosen. The W.Q.I. has been calculated by using the standards of drinking water quality
recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
The weighted arithmetic index method (Brown et. al.
al., 1972)) has been used for the calculation ofWQI of the lake. Further quality rating or sub index ((Qi)) was calculated using the following
expression.
Quality rating, Qi = 100 [(Vn -Vi)Vi) / (Vs -Vi)]
Where, Vn: actual amount of nth parameterVi: the ideal value
ue of this parameter
Vi = 0, Except for pH Vi = 7.0 for pH;
Vs: recommended WHO standard of corresponding parameter
Relative weight (Wi) was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the recommended
standard (Si) of the corresponding parameter:
Wi = k/ Sn
k = Constant of proportionality and it is calculated by using the expression given below

167k = [1 / (Ʃ 1/ Sn=1,2,..n) ]Generally, WQI are discussed for a specific and intended use of water. In this study the WQI iscalculated to know the quality of water and permissible WQI for the drinking water is taken as
100. The overall WQI was calculated by using Equation:
Water Quality Index (WQI) = Σ QiWi / ΣWi
Results and Discussion
Drinking Water Standards recommending Agency and Relative weights in Table 2, the values ofvarious physico-chemical parameters for calculation of WQI are presented in Table 3, quality
rating in Table 4, sub index values in Table 5, WQI values in Table 6, and status of water quality
based on WQI in Table 1.
Table 01: Water Quality Classification Based ON WQI Value
WQI
0-24
25-49
50-74
75-100>100

Quality of water
Excellent
GoodPoor
Very Poor
Unfit For Drinking

Table 02: Drinking Water Standards recommending Agency and Relative weights
Parameter
Conductivity at 25°
phTotal Alkalinity
TDS
Chloride at Cl
Nitrate as NO₃
Total Hardness as CaCO₃
Calcium as Ca++
Magnesium as Mg++
Iron as Fe
Sulphate as SO₄
Fluoride as F
BOD

Unit
(mS/cm)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)(mg/L)

Standard permissible value
(Si)
1000
8.5
200
500
25045300
75
30
0.3
200
16168

Relative weight(Wi)
0.000212
0.025
0.001063
0.000425
0.000850.004722
0.000708
0.002833
0.007083
0.708333
0.001063
0.21250.035417

Table 03: Observed Water Quality Parameters of Sagar Lake and Surrounding areas
Parameter
Unit
NearBus
Teen Madiya Chakra Lake
Hospitals
standMandir
Ghat
Conductivity
2050
750
770
890
525
pH
(mS/cm)
7.5
7.4
7.2
7.3
7.6
Total Alkalinity(mg/L)
750
280
235
330
220
TDS
(mg/L)
1150
470
410
550
320
Chloride(mg/L)
277.5
80
75.5
150.5190
Nitrate(mg/L)
32.5
35
34.5
31.5
32
Total Hardness(mg/L)
520
225
210
190
230
Calcium(mg/L)
90.5
52
60.5
47.5
76.5
Magnesium(mg/L)
50.5
23.44
15.5
21.46
25.24
Iron(mg/L)
0.5
2
0.6
0.8
1.2
Sulphate(mg/L)
25.6
20.4
18
20.8
20.5
Fluoride(mg/L)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
Bod(mg/L)
70.5
45.5
40.5
60
43.5
Table 04: Water Quality Rating (Qi) of Sagar Lake and Surrounding areas
Parameter
Unit
NearBus
Teen Madiya
ChakraLake
Hospitals
standMandir
GhatpH
205
75778952.5
Conductivity(mS/cm) 33.33333
26.66667
13.33333
2040
Alkalinity(mg/L)
375
140
117.5
165
110
Chloride(mg/L)
230
94
82
110
64
Nitrate(mg/L)
111
32
30.2
60.2
76
Total Hardness(mg/L)
72.22222
77.77778
76.6666770
71.11111
Calcium(mg/L)
173.3333
75
70
63.33333 76.66667
Magnesium(mg/L)
120.6667
69.33333
80.66667
63.33333
102
TDS(mg/L)
168.3333
78.13333
51.66667
71.53333 84.13333
Iron(mg/L)
166.6667
666.6667200
266.6667
400
Sulphate(mg/L)
12.8
10.2
9
10.4
10.25Fluoride(mg/L)
5050
50
5060
BOD
(mg/L)
1175
758.3333
675
1000
725

169

Table 05: Calculated sub index (QiWi) values of different parameters of Sagar Lake andSurrounding areas
Parameter
Unit
NearBus
Teen Madiya
ChakraLake
Hospitals
standMandirGhatpH
0.043553
0.015934
0.016359
0.018909 0.011154
Conductivity(mS/cm) 0.833333
0.666667
0.333333
0.5
1Alkalinity(mg/L)
0.398438
0.14875
0.124844
0.175313 0.116875
Chloride(mg/L)
0.09775
0.03995
0.034850.04675
0.0272
Nitrate(mg/L)
0.09435
0.02720.02567
0.051170.0646
Total Hardness(mg/L)
0.341049
0.367284
0.362037
0.330556 0.335802
Calcium(mg/L)
0.122778
0.0531250.049583
0.044861 0.054306
Magnesium(mg/L)
0.341889
0.196444
0.228556
0.179444
0.289
TDS(mg/L)
1.192361
0.553444
0.365972
0.506694 0.595944
Iron(mg/L)
118.0556
472.2222
141.6667
188.8889 283.3333
Sulphate(mg/L)
0.01360.010838
0.009563
0.01105 0.010891
Fluoride(mg/L)
10.62510.62510.62510.62512.75
BOD(mg/L)
41.61458
26.85764
23.90625
35.41667 25.67708
Table 06: Water quality index (WQI) of Sagar Lake and Surrounding Areas
Near Hospitals
Bus stand
Teen Madiya
Chakra Ghat
LakeMandir
173.74511.68177.71236.75324.2

pH Values: The pH values of the water ranges from 7.2 to 7.6.
Total dissolved solids: TDS values ranged from 320 to 1150 mg/L. Higher concentration ofdissolved solids may produce distress in cattle livestock and a saltiness to water.
Total hardness: Hardness values were recorded between 190 and 520 mg/L. Values ofhardness in the sample shows that the water is moderately hard to hard. The scale of hardness
from the consumer’s point of view may be taken as below:
0-50 mg/L
Soft
50-100 mg/L
Moderately soft
100-150 mg/L
Slightly hard150-250 mg/L
Moderately hardOver 250 mg/L
Hard
Calcium: Calcium occurs in water mainly due to the presence of limestone, gypsum, dolomite
and gypsiferrous minerals. The determination of calcium is usually required for potable water.
The values varied in the range of 47.5 to 90.5mg/L. High calcium contents in water are
undesirable for washing, bathing and laundering. It tends to create scales on utensils. The
permissible limit of calcium is 75 mg/L (ISI).

170

Magnesium: The values varied within range of 15.5 to 50.5 mg/L in the waters. The permissible
limit of magnesium is 30 mg/L (ISI). Magnesium is an essential element for man. However, at
higher levels, magnesium salts have a laxative effect.
Chloride: Concentrations of chloride were found to vary within 75.5 to 277.5 mg/L. Thoughchloride concentration is below permissible limit, except at near hospital, the concentration ishigh.
Sulphate: The values of sulphate ranged within 18 to 25.6 mg/L. Sulphate may have laxative
effect if magnesium is present at an equivalent concentration (Chatterjee & Raziuddin 2002). In
the present study sulphate in waters is below permissible limit.
Nitrate: Nitrates are the end products of decomposition of organic matter present in fully
oxidized waters and harmful above 45 mg/L. In the present study nitrate in waters is belowpermissible limit and ranges from 31.5 to 35 mg/L.
Iron: WHO International standards of iron recommended a permissible limit of 0.3 mg/L andexcessive limit of 0.1 mg/L in drinking water. The values ranged within 0.5 to 2 mg/L.
Conductivity: Conductivity is used to measure the concentration of dissolved solids which havebeen ionized in a polar solution such as water. The unit of measurement commonly used is one
millionth of a Siemen per centimeter (micro- Siemens per centimeter or μS/cm). The values
obtained are in the range 525 and 2050 mhos.
Alkalinity: Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize acids. The predominantchemical system present in natural waters is one where carbonates, bicarbonates andhydroxides are present. The bicarbonate ion is usually prevalent. In the present investigation thetotal alkalinity of the water samples is found in the Range 220 to 750 mg/L.
Fluoride: Fluoride is the simplest anion of fluorine. Its salts and minerals are important chemicalreagent. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion. Fluoride ionsoccur on earth in several minerals, particularly fluorite, but are only present in trace quantities inwater. Fluoride contributes a distinctive bitter taste. It contributes no color to fluoride salts. In
present study it varies in the range from0.5 to 0.6 mg/L.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved
oxygen needed (i.e., demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic
material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. Thisparameter values obtained in the present study are 40.5 to 70.5 mg/l.
Conclusion
From present observations, it may be concluded that water quality index (WQI) values of Sagar
Lake and surrounding areas are above 100, indicating that the source, i. e, lake water is
unsuitable for drinking purposes. This pollution is due to the disposal of domestic sewage fromthe colonies surrounding the lake and also from the vehicle repairing shops near the lake, cattle
grazing and washing of cloths. Therefore, the lake water is polluted and it is recommended thatwater should not be used for domestic purposes without treatment.

171

References
1. APHA (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American
Public Health Association, Washington DC.
2. BIS. (1993). Analysis of water and waste water. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
3. BIS (1993). Standards of water for drinking and other purposes Bureau of Indian Standards,New Delhi.
4. Chatterjee, C. and Raziuddin, M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of adegraded river in Asansol Industrial area, P.O. Raniganj, District Burdwan, West Bengal.
Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 1(2): 181-189.
5. Khare Pragati, A.K. Dube and R.K Bhatia, (2016). Assessment of Water Quality Index ofRobertson Lake Jabalpur and Use of Test Result in Remote Sensing Application, IRJET,
Volume: 03 Issue: 07 pp 704-708
6. James, N.F. and Rawat, R.K. (2015). Current Status of Pollution in Sagar Lake Using
Geoinformatics. IJETST. Vol. 02 Issue 07 Pages 2855-2859
7. Rawat, R.K. and James, N.F. (2013). Identification of Sources of Pollution in Sagar LakeUsing Remote Sensing Techniques, Indian Cartographer, Vol. XXXIII, pp 373-375
8. WHO. (1992). International Standards for Drinking Water. World Health Organization,Geneva, Switzerland.

172