Journal of Global Resources
doi.org/10.46587/JGR.2020.v06i02.016

Volume 6 (02)

July 2020
Page 115-122
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

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ANALYSIS OF SOCIO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN IN PUSHKAR (AJMER)
Monika Sharma1 and Monika Kannan2
Research Scholar, 2Associate Professor,
Dept. of Geography, Sophia Girls’ College, Ajmer (Rajasthan) India
Email: kannanmonika@gmail.com
1

Abstract: Socio-economic development and Empowerment of the individual leads to thedevelopment and well-being of an individual in all spheres of life. Improved education system isthe need of the hour. Development of education and literacy skills would help the people to gain
employment opportunity. Employment opportunity helps them generate source of income andraising their standard of living. The study “Analysis of Socio Economic Development of Womenin Pushkar (Ajmer) (2011)”, a base of which is data collection through Census of India and also
through official websites. Different indicators like sex ratio, literacy rate, working participation aretaken for socio economic development of women. In Socio-economic development of society,many factors plays significant role in which educational attainment is considered as animportant one. Education creates power to think rationally about every element in human beings
including females. With education women can perform their various family roles that are
daughter, wife, and mother with perfection as well as can become economically self-reliant andconsequently achieve the proper status in society equivalent to men. But still inequalities can befinding in male and female literacy. Females are lagging behind in literacy than males. Active
participation of women in economic activities is essential for the overall development of any
economy. The study presents correlation between female literacy rate and women work
participation rate. Karl Pearson method has been adopted to find out correlation between
female literacy rate and women work participation rate in the study area. The correlation matrix
between female literacy rate and women work participation rate shows strong and negative
correlation.
Key words: Empowerment, Literacy, Sex Ratio, Work participation, Karl Pearson Correlation.
Introduction
The word women is a symbol of an idea, knowledge, moral, sacrifice, affection and cooperation.
A country is said to be developed only when there is no discrimination between man andwoman, they enjoy equal status and they work together. A great woman, Eleanor Roosevelt,
once said, “A woman is like a tea bag- you can’t tell how strong she is until she steps into hotwater”. Woman has many qualities that allow them to think and act rationally when men strike atfirst sign of doubt. Women have ability to create life and create beauty. Every woman has ability
to achieve anything through hard work, dedication, love, trust and faith. The position of women
deteriorated during late Vedic Age. Women were made victims of social issues like childmarriage and dowry system. Indian women are facing many social problems regarding genderinequality, low mobility, illiteracy, female infanticide, high family responsibility and so on.
Economic growth of India is hindered because women did not have much freedom to makechoices and decision of their own. Though, of late, Government of India and State Governments
adopted various schemes in order to create space for the development of women. According toGlobal Human Development Report, 2013, India ranked 132nd among 148 countries all over theworld in terms of gender inequalities. It may be propounded that both gender equality andwomen empowerment constitute the vital force to bring about transfiguration revolution forachieving desired socio economic progress of India. Women are an important part of today’s life
as they participate in various social and cultural functions. Woman has proved themselves inevery field, whether in the past, in the present and has the mindset to do so in the future. Under115

the given circumstances, we need to deeply consider and discuss how our cultural, traditionalsocial rules affect women empowerment so that the same can be changed.
Objectives
The major objectives of the study are:
 To study spatial patterns of female literacy rate and sex ratio in Pushkar.
 To present a women work participation scenario of Pushkar (2011).
 To examine correlation between female literacy rate and women work participation rate in
the study area.
 To contribute in creating public awareness to invoke women participation in community andsociety more effectively; and to prepare them to be good women leaders.
Study Area
Pushkar is a town in the district of Ajmer which lies in the state of Rajasthan in India. It is about
10 km from Ajmer. Aravalli separates Pushkar from Ajmer. It is situated at the latitude of 26.50
North and the longitude of 74.550 East. Like most of the desert towns, Pushkar experiencessemi-arid with extremes of dry and hot summers and cold and freezing winters. May and June
are the hottest months with temperature of 450 C while January is the coldest month with 70-80 Cof temperature. According to census 2011, 21,626 people lives in Pushkar out of which 11,335
were males and 10,291 were females. Population has increased by 46.2 percent in last 10years. It recorded literacy of 79.11 percent of which male has literacy of 88.24 percent andfemale literacy is 69.07 percent. 34.9 percent of total population of the city constitutes theworking population of which main workers comprises 84 percent of population whereas marginal
workers comprise 16 percent of population. Tourism and cattle fair is the main economic source.
Garment manufacturing is an important industrial activity. Traditional handicrafts, Gulkand, Roseoil, Rose water etc. The production of handmade materials like clothes, bags, carpets etc. forsale and export has bloomed. Its main festivals and landmarks are Pushkar Fair, Sikh
Gurudwara, Pushkar Lake, Brahma Temple Savitri Temple, Tejaji Fair.
Figure 01: Location Map of Study Region

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Methodology
The main source to obtain necessary data for present study is secondary data. The present
study is based on secondary data collected by Census of India 2011. Census of India is themain source of information on population tables provided in the A and B series. Karl Pearson
Correlation method has been used to analyze the data. This method is used in calculating thecorrelation between the two variables; which are female literacy rate and women work
participation rate in Pushkar. This method is useful in the calculation of correlation between
female literacy rate and women work participation rate in Pushkar.
𝒓=𝚺𝒙𝒚√𝒙𝟐 ∗ 𝐲 𝟐

The spatial as well non-spatial data was taken consideration to prepare thematic maps and datatabulation. The Pushkar ward boundary was digitized and analytical maps were made.
Figure 02: Sources of Data Collection

Data

Spatial Data

Non-Spatial Data

Census of India, 2001&2011

Ward Map of Pushkar

Nagar Palika of Pushkar

Thematic Map

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Results and Conclusion

Result and discussion
The demographic data was analyzed to understand which wards in Pushkar had more sex
ration, where the literacy rate was high and whether there exists a relationship between literacy
levels and work participation rates amongst woman in the region. According to census 2011,Pushkar has a population of 21,626 of which 11,335 were males and 10,291 were females. The
following table shows the Sex Ratio and Literacy levels in Pushkar in the year 2011, to monitor
the decadal changes in the population (Table 1).

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Table 01: Ward Wise Sex Ratio and Literacy Rate of Females (2011)
Wards of Pushkar
Sex Ratio
1969
2919
3868
4839
5822
6948
7
978
8
1066
9969
10932
11893
12901
13
978
14821
15788
16854
17950
18964
1991920849
Total908
Source: Census of India, 2011, (www.indikosh.com)

Literacy Rate ( percent)
56.00
52.00
84.00
61.00
91.00
91.00
77.00
81.00
83.00
90.00
83.00
85.00
79.00
67.00
73.00
68.00
34.00
44.00
42.00
72.00
69.10

Total about 15 thousand people in the city are literate, among them 6123 are female. As
India is a patriarchal society, it is an important factor of low female literacy rate. W-(6) has
highest female literacy rate (91 percent) while W-(17) has recorded the lowest female literacy
rate. Total 829 people in the ward no.6 are literate, among them 389 are female. 91 percent offemale population is literate here. As of 2011 census there are 908 females per 1000 male inthe city. Overall sex ratio in the city has increased by 49 females per 1000 male during theyears from 2001 to 2011 (Table 1).
Figure 03: Ward Wise Literacy Rate and Sex Ratio of Pushkar (2011)
WARD WISE FEMALE LITERACY RATE OF PUSHKAR 2011
LITERACY

91.00% 91.00%

90.00%

84.00%

81.00%

83.00%

83.00%

85.00%
79.00%

77.00%

73.00%

72.00%
68.00%

67.00%
61.00%56.00%
52.00%

44.00%

42.00%

34.00%

1234567891011118

121314151617181920

WARD WISE SEX RATIO OF PUSHKAR 2011
SEX RATIO
1066969

1919

2948
868

3839

822

45978969

932

978
893

950

901
821

67891011121314964

919

854

849

788

151617181920

Spatial Pattern of Female Literacy Rate
Fig.3 indicates Female literacy rate are high in some wards while low in the others. Ward 5 has
highest female literacy rate (91 percent) followed by ward 6 (91 percent) and ward 10 (90percent) while ward 17 (34 percent) has lowest female literacy rate followed by W-19 (42percent) and W-8 (44 percent).There are many reasons for low literacy rate - As India is apatriarchal society, it is an important factor of low female literacy rate. Parents do not want tosend their girls to long distance. Lack of proper school facility also becomes an obstacle.
Figure 04: Ward Wise Sex Ratio of Pushkar (2011)

Spatial Pattern of Sex Ratio
 Wards with High Sex Ratio
W- 8 (1066) has highest sex ratio followed by W-7 & 13 (978), W-1&9 (969), W18 (964), W-17 (950) indicating high sex ratio (Fig.4).
Wards with Moderate Sex Ratio
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W-10 (932), W-12 (901), W-19 (919), W-11 (893), W-3 (868), W-6 (854), W-20(849), W-4 (839) indicating moderate sex ratio (Fig.4).
Wards with Low Sex Ratio
W-5 (822), W-14 (821), W-15 (788) indicating low sex ratio (Fig.4).

There are many reasons for low sex ratio – Dowry and young couple’s busy schedule leads todecreasing sex ratio. Many couples do not prefer second child. Many people seek female birth
as financial, social, emotional and mental a burden on family. The following table presents thewomen work participation scenario of Pushkar 2011 (Table 2.)
Table 02: Ward Wise Work Participation of Women (2011)
WardsWorkers(AmongTotal Population) %Main Worker (AmongWorkers) %Marginal Worker(Among Workers) %

12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

11.00
9.00
7.00
23.00
8.00
5.00
11.00
16.00
8.00
10.00
13.00
5.00
10.00
6.00
20.00
20.00
36.00
11.00
25.00
11.00
14.30

4.00
6.00
7.00
20.00
8.00
5.00
5.00
15.00
7.00
8.00
3.00
3.00
7.00
5.00
9.00
16.00
29.00
10.00
1.00
10.00
9.90

7.00
3.00
00
3.00
00
00
6.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
9.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
11.00
3.00
7.00
1.00
24.00
00
4.40

Total

Non Worker(Among TotalPopulation) %
89.00
91.00
93.00
77.00
92.00
95.00
89.00
84.00
92.00
90.00
87.00
95.00
90.00
94.00
80.00
80.00
64.00
89.00
75.00
89.00
85.70

Source: Census of India, 2011, (www.indikosh.com)

It clearly show from Table 2 that women work participation is very low in Pushkar as percensus 2011. There are more female non-workers as compared to workers in Pushkar. Only
14.3 percent are working women, among them 9.9 percent are main and 4.4 percent are
marginal workers. 85.50 percent are non-workers (Table 2). There are many reasons for low
working participation of women. Lack of equal economic opportunity women drop out of theirjobs due to the lack of sufficient and quality jobs in the market, Only males have access to thelimited job opportunities. Poor working conditions force women to leave their jobs. For example,safety and adequate facilities at the work place is of major concern. Pushkar has 35 percent(7554) population engaged in either main or marginal works. 14 percent female population isworking population.10 percent of total female population are main and 4 percent are marginalworkers. W-17 has highest female workers (36 percent), of which 29 percent are main and 7
percent are marginal workers. W-6 & 12 has lowest female workers (5 percent). W-19 is the
only ward which has more female workers engaged in marginal work (24 percent) (Fig.5)

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Table 03: Correlation between Female Literacy Rate and Women Work Participation Rate (2011)
Wards

Literacy Rate
(%)
56.00
52.00
84.00
61.00
91.00
91.00
77.00
81.00
83.00
90.00
83.00
85.00
79.00
67.00
73.00
68.00
34.00
44.00
42.00
72.00
X̅ =70.65

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Workers
(%)
11.00
9.00
7.00
23.00
8.00
5.00
11.00
16.00
8.00
10.00
13.00
5.00
10.00
6.00
20.00
20.00
36.00
11.00
25.00
11.00
Y̅ =13.25

x=X-X̅

y=Y-Y̅

x

2

y

2

xy

-14.65-18.65
13.35
-9.65
20.35
20.35
6.35
10.35
12.35
19.35
12.35
14.35
8.35
-3.65
2.35
-2.65
-36.65-26.65-28.65
1.35

-2.25
-4.25
-6.25
9.75
-5.25
-8.25
-2.25
2.75
-5.25
-3.25
0.25
-8.25
-3.25
-7.25
6.75
6.75
22.75
-2.25
11.75
-2.25

214.62347.82
178.2293.12
414.12414.1240.32
107.12152.52374.42152.52205.92
69.72
13.32
5.52
7.02
1343.22710.22820.821.82
2∑x =5666.5

5.06
18.06
39.06
95.06
27.56
68.06
5.06
7.56
27.56
10.56
0.06
68.06
10.56
52.56
45.56
45.56
517.56
5.06
138.06
5.06
2∑y =1191.7

32.96
79.26
-83.43-94.08-106.83-167.88-14.2828.46-64.83-62.883.08-118.38-27.1326.46
15.86-17.88-833.7859.96-336.63-3.03∑xy=-1685

Source: Census of India, 2011, (www.indikosh.com)

W-17 (36 percent) has more working women followed by W-19 (25 percent), W-4 (23 percent),
W-16 (20 percent), W-15 (20 percent). There are 10 wards which have women working
participation rate from 8 percent to 16 percent only. W-6 (5 percent) has lowest rate of working
women followed by Ward12 (5 percent), W-14 (6 percent), W-3 (7 percent) Fig.5)𝒓=𝚺𝒙𝒚√𝒙𝟐 ∗𝐲 𝟐= -0.64

Karl Pearson Correlation method has been used to analyze the data. This method isused in calculating the correlation between the two variables; which are female literacy rate andwomen work participation rate in Pushkar. It is observed that there is a strong and negative
correlation between female literacy rate and women work participation rate i.e. r =-0.64. It
shows that as literacy increases, the tendency of work decreases and vice versa.
Figure 05: Ward Wise Work Participation of Women in Pushkar (2011)
WARD WISE WOMEN PARTICIPATION RATE OF PUSHKAR 2011
3530
2520
15
10501234

56789

Main Worker%

10111213

14

Marginal Worker%

121

15

1617181920

Figure 06: Ward Wise Female Work Participation Rate of Pushkar (2011)

Conclusion
Literacy and work participation are basic indicators of the level of development achieved by asociety. Work participation and literacy lead to a greater awareness and also contributes inimprovement of economic and social conditions. The average sex ratio of the region is low. The
literacy level is also lower than their male counterpart. The participation of women in the tertiary
sector such as medical, teaching, administrative and other official services is lower than themale population. Result of study shows that there is strong and negative correlation between
female literacy rate and women work participation i.e. r =-0.64. It is very important forgovernment to take initiatives towards girl’s education. Many awareness programmes andliteracy campaigns should be organized in rural areas for spreading awareness in the matter ofgirl’s education. Empowering women with focus on financial literacy is also important. Providing
maternity leave also help women return to their work. Government should take steps towards
digital literacy and in creating financial channels, establishing training centers for women
increase their work participation.
References

1. Census of India, (2011.) and Nagar Palika, Pushkar
2. Final Report- Preparation of development and management plan for Historic Temple Complexand Settlements of Rajasthan (prepared for Devasthan Dept., Govt. of Rajasthan, Udaipur
3. Goel Aruna (2004). Education and Socio-economic Perspectives of Women Development andEmpowerment, Deep and Deep Publications, pp349.
4. Jumani Usha, (1991). Self-employment for poor rural women, Sage Publication, New Delhi.
5. Khanka S. S., (1998) Entrepreneurship Development, S Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Kumar Hajira, Jaimon Varghese (2005). Women's Empowerment, Issues, Challenges, andStrategies: A Source Book, Daya Books, Feminism - 578 pages
7. Leela, P. (2000). “Women and the Changing Development Scenario”, in Chandu Subba Rao andFrancis D. “Development of Weaker Sections”, Ravat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi, pp–53–66.
8. Ṣiddiqui M. Idris (2004). Women Workers, Anamika Pub & Distributors, pp.76.
9. https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/
10. www.censusindia.gov.in
11. www.researchgate.net
12. www.travelogyindia.com
13. www.indikosh.com

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