JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

MOEJ/GEC JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014
Summary of the Final Report“Recovery and Utilization of Biogas from Mixed-treatment of Waste and Septage”( Implementing Entity: Kubota Corporation )1．Overview of the Proposed JCM Project
Nikken Sekkei Civil Engineering Ltd.
- [Cosponsor] Study on waste, study on relevant laws
The Japan Research Institute Ltd.
- [Cosponsor] Development of JCM methodologies
Study partners

Kubota Environmental Service Co., Ltd.
- [Subcontractor] Assisting evaluation of technologies implemented
Hanoi Urban Environment Co.,Ltd. (hereinafter called “URENCO”)- [Principal project operator]
Reporting to relevant organizations, study assistance
Research Institute for Water Supply,Sewerage and Environment (“IWASSE”)- [Technical consultant] Technical advice, study assistance, etc.

Project site

Cau Dien, Hanoi, Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

Category of
project

Waste and Biomass

Description ofproject

Expected project
implementer
Initial investment
Annualmaintenance cost
Willingness toinvestment
Financial plan ofproject

GHG emission
reductions

The project intends to introduce a “methane fermentation system” at the
CauDien institution which is an intermediate treatment facility in Hanoi City forthe purpose of mixed treatment of the garbage (27t/day) contained in themunicipal refuse which is collected and brought in to the same institution
together with the septage sludge (50 m3/day). The collected biogas is replacedwith the fossil fuel used at the medical waste treatment facility located in thesame premise.
Japan

KUBOTA

Host country

URENCO

Date ofSeptember, 2016
groundbreaking
Construction
12 months
33,000 (thousand yen)periodDate of project
Positive
September, 2017
commencement
As for financing, it is assumed [1] the capital requirement is fully funded by
URENCO with budget to be applied for to Hanoi City or [2] the capitalrequirement is partially shared by KUBOTA by a method involving usage fee
payment under a long-term agreement.
600,000 (thousand yen)

4,323 (tCO2/year) *10 year average amount[1] Methane emission avoided 4,049 (tCO2/year)[2] Internal fuel supply of light oil replaced 274 (tCO2/day)

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

2. Study Contents(1) Project development and implementation
1) Project planning
The project intends to introduce a “methane fermentation system” at the CauDien institution which is anintermediate treatment facility in Hanoi City and is under study by URENCO, as the principal project operator,
who controls the said institution. URENCO is a public corporation wholly owned by Hanoi City and is anorganization responsible for controlling the waste materials created in the city.
The project system assumes implementation by an international consortium consisting of KUBOTA as a
pre-appointed representative project operator together with URENCO in the JCM system and IWASSE as atechnical consultant on Viet Nam side with their willingness for participation having been confirmed among
the three parties.
[Figure 1] below shows the project implementation structure and sharing of roles. KUBOTA shall performoverall system designing/delivery of facilities, etc. based on a facility purchase agreement with URENCO.
URENCO plans to entrust URENCO7, one of their subsidiaries (and the operator of the existing facilities) withfacility operation as well as collecting and handling activities, which KUBOTA is expected to provide with
operational supervision relative to facility maintenance.
Figure 1: Project implementation structure (international consortium)
Technical consultant• Technical assessment

Principal project operator• Obtain approvals and licenses• Project operation andmanagement• Correspondence with theVietnamese government

Consulting agreement

IWASSE

Pre-appointed representative project
operator• Overall designing, delivery offacilities• Provide supervisors, perform
commissioning• Technical assistance• Applications and reporting on
Japanese side

Purchase agreement

URENCOKUBOTA

As to the schematic designing of the introduced system for the project plan, this study performs a field survey(survey on the existing facilities, sampling analyses on the waste materials, etc. laboratory testing to verify
system applicability and survey on relevant laws, etc.) for the purpose of specifying [1] characteristics of thematerials to be covered, [2] target values of performance/utilization of biogas and [3] design conditions.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report[Figure 2] below shows the system flow of the introduced system and the material balance. The processing
capacities are set at 45 t/day for the municipal solid waste and 50 m3/day for the septage and 27 t/day of
garbage after excluding from the municipal solid waste the unsuitable materials for fermentation shall becovered for treatment. The planned facilities consist of [1] the storage facility for the septage sludge, [2] theseparation facility for the garbage from the collected waste materials (combination of manual and mechanicalseparation), [3] the methane fermentation facility, [4] the biogas storage and supply facility and [5] thedewatering facility for the methane fermentation digestive fluid while it is assumed the existing facilities at thesaid business institution shall be utilized for receiving and separating the waste materials (manual separationyard), receiving the septage sludge, composting the dewatered sludge and treating the filtrate from sludge
dewatering.
The destination for utilizing the recovered biogas is planned to be the steam boiler (new construction) at thehospital waste treatment facility controlled by URENCO in the same CauDien institution. At present, thehospital waste treatment at the institution is handled by operating the incineration facility which happens to fallin the renewal time due to aging after starting the common use in 1999. URENCO plans to renew the facility
to an “evaporative sterilization processing facility (autoclave)” and start the common use within 2015, the newfacility being introduced under the guidance of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment which hasreceived an aid from the UNDP.
For the purpose of calculating the GHG reduction amount, however, the incinerating facility having operating
results shall be used for setting up the pre-implementation premises for the project.
Figure 2: System flow of introduced facility

As for the site where the introduced facility is installed, acquisition of a new land, etc. is not necessary becausesome ground adjacent to the existing facilities including the hospital waste treatment facility will expectedly bemade available (part of which is currently utilized as the storage yard for the compost). But, regarding actual
implementation of the construction, an appropriate erection planning must be formulated and performed not tojeopardize the operational management of the existing facilities as well as for sufficiently ensuring safe control
thereof.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

The project implementation process schedule is shown in [Figure 3]. A 12 month period is required for
obtaining the approval for construction start-up and concluding the contract through to the project completion,
which consists of the planned 3 months for detailed system designing, 4 months for fabrication and delivery of
the plant and equipment, 2 months for installation work and 3 months for commissioning and adjustment of
the facilities. With regard to the equipment export from Japan, mainly machinery and instrumentation being
assumed, will only be subject to ordinary customs procedures and delivery schedule to the site as they are
regarded as ordinary facilities, etc.

12

Figure 3: Project implementation process schedule
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10

11

12

Detailed system designing
Preparation
Des ign

Applic ation

Cons truc tion

Subcontracting

work

Civil and construction work
Fabrication, delivery

Installation work

Equipment/electrical work
Commissioning andadjustment[Table 1] shows the results of approximate calculation conducted by KUBOTA for estimating the initialinvestment for the introduced facility and the maintenance cost.
The initial costs for investment integrate those for constituent machinery exported from Japan and otheradjacent countries and their transportation and custom duties and those for constituent machinery procured inViet Nam and their local construction (including civil construction, equipment installation, piping andelectrical work) as well as those for the detailed system designing and overhead costs, etc. all put together.
Table 1: Results of approximate calculation for estimating the initial investment for the introduced facility and the maintenance cost
(1 US$ = 120 JPY)
Item
Content
Initial investment cost
Facility cost, local construction cost
Annualmaintenance Electrical, chemicals and water supply cost, personnel cost,
cost
facility maintenance cost and MRV expenses, etc.

Amount (US$)
5,000,000
270,000/yesr

As for financing plan as a result of the discussion with URENCO, in addition to [1] the total financing by
URENCO on the premise of the budget being applied to the Hanoi municipal government, a method isassumed where [2] KUBOTA shall share part of the construction cost and receive usage fee under a long-term
agreement, but as URENCO is taking time for such decision making, the basic policy decision would be madeby the end of the first half of 2015 as a target date. URENCO, in making its decision on investment from awaste disposal contractor’s standpoint is seemingly placing more emphasis on the consistency between the
project plan and the master plan of Hanoi City for waste materials treatment rather than considering projectviability such as the payout period of the investment as the judgment standard for contribution to the funding.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report2) Permits and Licenses for the project development and implementation
As URENCO, the principal project operator, is a public corporation under the control of Hanoi City, it isrequired to obtain approvals from the Hanoi municipal government for budget application and implementation
thereof. [Table 2] shows the approvals and licenses necessary for the implementation of the project and theirschedule for acquisition. It is understood that implementation of the environmental impact assessment issubject to compliance with governmental ordinances, etc. which are required for enforcing the environmental
protection law.
As the procedure for URENCO’s facility purchase contract may vary depending on the financing method,
further continuation of the discussions with URENCO may become necessary including coordination with the
JCM.
Table 2: Project approvals and licenses
No.

Approval and licenses

Scheduled date of acquisition

1

Approval on preliminary feasibility study (pre-FS) for application of municipal budget

Submission by May, 2015

2

Approval on feasibility study (FS) for application of municipal budget

Submission by October, 2015

3

Environmental impact assessment

Submission by August, 2015

4

Budget approval by municipal council

June, 2015

5

Construction license

September, 2016

6

Pollution certificate, environmental certificate

September, 20173) Advantage of Japanese technology
The methane fermentation system to be introduced to the project should contribute not only to improving theinappropriate way of controlling waste materials prevalent in developing countries by treating/reducing thewaste materials but also to substantially curtailing the GHG emissions by use of low-carbon technologies, thesuperiority of which can be summarized as follows.
 The methane fermentation treatment method suitable for biomass with high moisture content such as
garbage and septage sludge would enable collection and utilization of biogas to replace fossil fuels. (Thecurrent project envisages biogas replacing the light oil now used for incinerating the hospital waste.) As against the current status where the municipal refuse including garbage, etc. is reclaimed as landfill
without separation and releases methane into the atmosphere, collection and utilization of biogas by meansof the methane fermentation would make it possible to reduce the GHG emissions.
 The diffusion rate of sewage treatment in Viet Nam is rather low with the main treatment method for thedomestic wastewater being the widely used septic tanks (simple and independent septic tanks to handle
human waste only). The septage sludge created from cleaning the septic tanks is handled in an
inappropriate way and discharged into the environment and such current status should be coped with by themethane fermentation method which can decompose, treat and stabilize the sludge in an appropriate way
making it possible to reduce the GHG emissions.
 The mixed treatment of the garbage and septage sludge should help enhance de-polymerization effect of the
low molecular compounds by solubilization and contribute to stabilizing the methane fermentation which
realizes an effective collection of biogas. That is to say, the collection efficiency of biogas is thus
enhanced.
 The fermentation liquor resulting from the methane fermentation can be used as recycled compost after
dewatering leaving the ultimate residue being only the substances unsuitable for fermentation createdduring pre-treatment process prior to fermentation. Therefore, this contributes to reducing GHG emissions
attributable to the transportation fuel used to transfer the materials to the final disposal site.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

The competing technologies selectable among others for introduction by the host country in the absence of the
support from the JCM can be assumed to be composting technologies. However, URENCO did introduce one
composting technology back in 1993 and has carried over a problem of business management due to thequality of the compost and the demand instability and the overall evaluation of the project is not necessarilyhigh.
Cases of other composting facilities introduced utilizing the sewage water sludge have been identified in otherareas of Viet Nam, but actual cases of the compost being recycled to the agricultural land seem to be limited
and even creating problems in the vicinity of the facilities requiring countermeasures for the offensive odor.
As the superiority of the methane fermentation as compared to the composting technologies, collection of
biogas and its utilization as energy can be pointed out. That is to say, the waste materials can be treatedsimultaneously while methane gas can be collected by decomposing organic materials which can be converted
to heat or electricity enabling utilization of energy and thus can be an effective and very promising option forcontrolling waste materials particularly in urban areas, etc. where utilization of compost is rather limited.

4) MRV structure
As a result of discussions with URENCO regarding the MRV structure required by the JCM structure, thestructure and the role sharing assumed at this time are shown in [Figure 4] below. It is planned URENCO shallhave overall control of the MRV structure, conduct monitoring and preparation of reports, etc., entrust a third
party entity with verification thereof and summarize the outcome. The candidate for the third party entity forverification shall be selected from the implementing agencies approved by the Japan-Viet Nam jointcommittee who have experience in examining and verifying the CDM validation. KUBOTA and IWASSE
shall support these activities as necessary and reporting to the Japanese government shall be conducted by
KUBOTA.
Figure 4: MRV structure
Joint committee

Third party entity
for verification

DOE, etc.

Report on
monitoring• Validation andverification

IWASSE
Support MRV• Support monitoring

URENCO
Responsible person for overall
control of MRV• Monitoring• Data recording and control• Preparation of report

KUBOTA
Support MRV• Support capacity building• Support preparation ofreport• Reporting to Japanese
government

The required monitoring parameters and methods thereof are shown in [Table 3] in accordance with themethodology as proposed by this study.
For collection and analysis of the monitoring data, part of the existing facilities shall be utilized and automatic
measuring instruments shall also be introduced to ensure continuous measurement and recording which shallbe controlled by a person in charge of operation at URENCO7. The types of measuring instruments shall beselected on condition that they have good track record in Japan and are being calibrated by the certifying
bodies in the host country.
As for the OJT (capacity building program) on MRV, it is assumed KUBOTA shall be responsible for thetechnical training along with the operational education/training on the facility operation and maintenance and

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

the practical routine for measuring and monitoring shall be acquired by URENCO7 through the OJT and so
managed thereby. Also, for the purpose of ensuring a reliable performance of monitoring, it is assumed
KUBOTA shall conduct periodical verification of the status of performance by checking the operational data,etc. under the facility maintenance agreement to be concluded with URENCO.
Table 3: Monitoring item and its method
No.

Monitoring parameters

Coverage

Measuring method

1
2

Amount of garbage input to anaerobic digester
Amount of septage input to anaerobic digester

Anaerobic digester
Anaerobic digester

3
4

Amount of heat generated by the project activity
Amount of electricity generated by the project activity

5

Amount of electricity consumption of project activities

Heat generating facility Calorimeter (constant)
Electricity
generating Wattmeter (constant)facility
Substation facility
Wattmeter (constant)6

Ratios of methane collected at landfill and allotted to Final disposal site
flaring/combustion/utilization
Percentage of moisture in septage
Analytical laboratory

Hearing from proprietors/
public administration
Sampling analysis(Where quantity of garbage charged into anaerobic Waste collection/
digester cannot be measured) Quantity of delivered receiving facility
waste(Where amount of heat supplied by heat recovery Biogas supply facility
system cannot be measured) Quantity and concentrationof biogas supplied by project facility

Truck scale (total inspection)

7
8

9

Flowmeter (constant)
Flowmeter (constant)Gas flowmeter/densitometer(constant)5) Environmental integrity and Sustainable development in host country
As it is assumed the superiority of the Japanese technologies contributes to “improving the inappropriate waste
management for garbage and septage”, an issue Viet Nam, the host country is subjected to and thus brings
about environmentally favorable impacts, the implementation of the project can be regarded as a businessmodel for diffusing the methane fermentation system made in Japan in Viet Nam (sales promotion). For
ensuring such favorable impacts, it is important to secure organic waste materials which are used as the raw
materials as well as establishing a business management structure which is capable of maintaining the facilities
under an appropriate maintenance plan, which necessitates establishing a management structure and selecting
the responsible official performing the management through close communication with URENCO for the
purpose of determining the business implementation plan.
In addition, the following effects can be brought about expectedly as to the contribution to the sustainable
development.
 Providing an “effective and inexpensive intermediate treatment technology” consistent with the regional
characteristics of Viet Nam in the light of improved waste management and reduction of solid waste.
 Life extension of the final disposal site can be achieved by volume reduction treatment of waste.
 Environmental protection and public health are ensured by reducing inappropriate treatment of septage
sludge.
 Investment payout is realized by the benefit of biogas produced by methane fermentation.
 The fermentation liquor resulting from the methane fermentation can be made into compost by dewatering
contributing to realizing a recycling-oriented social shaping. (Compared to compositing garbage alone, themixed treatment of waste and septage sludge effectively helps create high quality compost by decreasing
salt content, etc.)
 Facility improvement and maintenance should favorably enhance personnel employment, etc.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report6) Toward project realization (planned schedule and possible obstacles to be overcome)This study has so far verified the sufficient feasibility of introducing the “methane fermentation system” to
CauDien institution which is an intermediate treatment facility in Hanoi City but on the other hand further
issues yet to be studied and verified have been identified such as [1] the financing method by URENCO is yet
to be determined and [2] uncertainties still exist in the approval and licensing procedure including application
for budget, etc. These issues shall continue to be studied in more details with URENCO even after completionof this study.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report(2) JCM methodology development
1) Eligibility criteria
The eligibility criteria for the JCM methodology(ies) are as follows.
Table 4: Eligibility criteria
Criteria 1
Criteria 2
Criteria 3
Criteria 4
Criteria 5
Criteria 6

Anaerobic digesters and system that is fuelled by the biogas are to be installed.
The materials to be fed into the anaerobic digesters are garbage that would be disposed at a landfill siteand septage that would not be properly treated in the absence of the project activity.
The project secures the materials of the project activity and has a proper maintenance system that outlines
a maintenance plan and equipment for monitoring activities.
Anaerobic digester for wet mesophilic fermentation (30 to 38 degree Celsius) or wet thermophilic
fermentation (50 to 55 degree Celsius) is to be installed.
Biogas recovery rate is not less than 40 Nm3 per a tonne of garbage.
Track record of installing anaerobic digester, which is used in the project activity is satisfied with the bothcriteria below.
[1]More than two (2) projects to treat garbage or mix of garbage and septage (amount of thoseare more than 10 tonne per day)[2]
More than two (2) projects of which fermentation method is equivalent to the one of the
project.

The policy for establishing the above eligibility criteria is described as follows.
Table 5: Policy for establishing eligibility criteria
Criteria 1

Criteria 2
Criteria 3
Criteria 4

Criteria 5
Criteria 6

Grounds for setup
To identify the target technology covered by this methodology. As for effective utilization method for biogas, theindividual project covered by this study assumes an autoclave (evaporative sterilization processing of hospitalwaste), but in anticipation of the same methodology being applied to similar projects in Viet Nam, it is provided
that use of biogas shall not be limited to thermal utilization alone.
To specify the raw materials put into the anaerobic digester which is introduced to the project.
To ensure reduction of GHG emission by realizing continued maintenance of the project.
To identify the target technology covered by this methodology. The individual project covered by this study plans toassume introducing a wet thermophilic (50ºC55ºC) anaerobic digester but in anticipation of the same methodology
being applied to similar projects in Viet Nam, it is provided that a wet mesophilic (30ºC38ºC) system can be
designated as the JCM project.
To make the GHG emission reduction effective through project activities.
To make the GHG emission reduction ensured through project activities.

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

2) Calculation of GHG emissions (including reference and project emissions)
In this study the methodology was developed with reference to UNFCC’s Approved consolidated methodology,
ACM0022 (Version 1.0.0), Small-scale methodologies, AMS-III.AO (Version 1.0), AMS-I.C (Version 20.0)
and Methodology Tool, “Emissions from solid waste disposal sites (Version 06.0.1). Also, attention has been
paid to ensuring consistency with the methodology under development relative to the similar precedent projectin Viet Nam.
In Hanoi City, the area covered by this project, the collected garbage are reclaimed in the landfill without any
intermediate treatment and the septage sludge collected from households is disposed of in an inappropriatemanner. This is reality of the situation regarding the municipal solid waste treatment and it is anticipated thissituation should remain unchanged for some time for economic reasons.
Therefore, this study has considered methodologies with an established reference scenario i.e. “Should thisproject be not implemented, the garbage and septage sludge should continue to be disposed of by theabove-mentioned methods releasing methane gas into the atmosphere as it is”. However, as a result of the fieldsurvey, it has been known that the septage sludge has very high moisture content and very little degradableorganic carbon content and, therefore, the subsequent methodology have eliminated it from GHG source
coverage (but as mentioned above, its moisture content shall continue to be monitored).
(Calculation method for reference emissions) The calculation method for the reference emissions is shown
below.
REy = RECH4,SWDS,y + (EGthermal,y / thermal)*EFFF,CO2 + REEC,y × EFe,yREy
Reference CO2 emissions during the period of year y (tCO2/y)
RECH4,SWDS,yReference emission occurring in year y generated from waste disposal at a SWDS
during a time period ending in year y (tCO2/y)

EGthermal,ythermalThe net quantity of steam/heat supplied by the project activity during the year y (TJ)
The efficiency of the plant using fossil fuel that would have been used in the absence ofthe project activity

EFFF,CO2

CO2 emissions factor of the fossil fuel that would have been used in the reference plant(tCO2/TJ)

REEC,yThe quantity of net electricity generation that is produced by the project activity in year
y (MWh/y)EFe,yCO2 emissions factor of electricity in year y (tCO2/MWh)yYears of the crediting period for which methane emissions are calculated (y is aconsecutive period of 12 months)

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report

RECH4,SWDS,y =yy × (1fy) × GWPCH4 × (1OX) × 16/12 × F × DOCf,y × MCFy ×

Wj,x × DOCj × e kj(y x) × (1 e kj)
x1 j

y

fy

Model correction factor account for model uncertainties for year y
Fraction of methane captured at the SWDS and flared, combusted or used in anothermanner that prevents the emissions of methane to the atmosphere in year y

GWPCH4Global Warming Potential of methane

OX

Oxidation factor (reflecting the amount of methane from SWDS that is oxidized in thesoil or other material covering the waste)

16/12

Ratio of molar mass of carbon against methaneF

Fraction of methane in the SWDS gas (volume fraction)

DOCf,yFraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC) that decomposes under specific conditions
occurring in the SWDS for year y(weight fraction)

MCFy

Methane correction factor for year y

Wj,xAmount of organic waste type j disposed or prevented from disposal in the SWDS in theyear x (t)DOCjFraction of degradable organic carbon (by weight) in the organic waste type j(weightfraction)kj

Decay rate for the organic waste type j(1/year)jType of residual organic waste or types of organic waste in the MSW

xYears in the time period in which organic waste is landfilled, extending from the firstyear in the time period (x=1) to year y(x=y)(Calculation method for project emissions) The calculation method for the project emissions is shown below.
PEy = PECy * EFe,yPEy

Project emissions in the year y(tCO2)

PECy

Project electricity consumption by applicable equipment (MWh/y)EFe,yCO2 emissions factor of electricity in year y (tCO2/ MWh)

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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report3) Data and parameters fixed ex ante
The source of each data and parameter fixed ex ante is listed below.
Table 6: Parameters fixed ex ante

No.

Parameter

1

EFe,y

Description of data

Value

SourceCO2 emissions factor of electricity (tCO2/ 0.5408 Ministry
MWh)

of

NaturalResourcesandEnvironment, Viet Nam
2

EFFFco2CO2emission factor of the fossil fuel that would

72.6

IPCC2006 guidelines

1.0

Default value

0.85

Methodologicalhave been used in the reference plant (tCO2/ TJ)
3thermalThe efficiency of the plant using fossil fuel thatwould have been used in the absence of the
project activity

4yModel correction factor account for model

Tool ”Emissions from solid

uncertainties

waste

disposalsites”(version 06.0.1)
5GWPCH4Global Warming Potential of methane

21

IPCC2006 guidelines

6fFraction of methane captured at the SWDS and0

Measures Value no less

7

OX

flared, combusted or used in another mannerthan regulatory value set bythat prevents the emissions of methane to thethe government of Viet

atmosphere

Nam

Oxidation factor (reflecting the amount of

0.1

IPCC2006 guidelines

0.5

IPCC2006 guidelines

0.5

IPCC2006 guidelines

methane from SWDS that is oxidized in the soil
or other material covering the waste)
8F

Fraction of methane in the SWDS gas (volume
fraction)9

DOCf

Fraction of degradable organic carbon (DOC)
that decomposes under specific conditions
occurring in the SWDS (weight fraction)

10

MCF

Methane correction factor

1.0

IPCC2006 guidelines

11

DOCj

Fraction of degradable organic carbon (by15%Default value

0.17

Default value

weight) in the organic waste type j(weightfraction)
12

Kj

Decay rate for the organic waste type j(1/year)

13jComposition of organic waste type j(weight 100% Default value

fraction)
Among the above, the composition of degradable organic carbon (DOCj) of the organic waste, the default
value of the decay rate (Kj) have been selected from the values indicated by the GHG emission listing
guideline IPC20006 (see listing below) so that the reference emission can be derived in a conservative manner.
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JCM Feasibility Study (FS) 2014 – Final Report
Table 7: Composition of degradable organic carbon and decay rate of waste indicated by IPC2006 guideline

11

DOCj

Fractionofdegradableorganic Wood and wooden product 43%

carbon (by weight) in the organic Paper 40%
waste type j (weight fraction)

Food waste 15%
Fabric 24%
Garden and park waste 20%
Inorganic matters such as glass and plastic 0%

12

Kj

Decay rate for the organic waste type Wood and wooden product 0.035
j (1/year)

Food waste 0.4
Paper and fiber 0.07
Others, organic waste other than food 0.17
IPCC (Tropical (MAT > 20C) Wet, MAP >1000 mm)Ⅰ-24