Pattern Symbolizing Patterns
Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive
comprehension
SHIORI SHIBATA, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University
SAKURAKO KOGURE, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University
HITOM I SHIM IZU, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University
TAKASHI IBA, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University

In this paper, we present Pattern Symbolizing Patterns, which shows the content and value by
expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension. Pattern Symbolizing Patterns has 121 patterns,
which improve expressions: pattern name, pattern illustrations and presenting of the patternlanguage, to encourage intuitive comprehension. The experiences, which are the sources of thepatterns, are extracted from members of Iba Laboratory, whom have been making many patternlanguages based on human action. Here, we introduce these 6 patterns: Gulp the Pattern, List of
Pattern Names, Synonym Search, Image Search Check, New Viewpoint, Words of the Future, from
how to make a pattern name that shows the content and value of the pattern.
Categories and Subject Descriptors:
General Terms: Human Factors, Design
Additional Key Words and Phrases: Pattern Language, Pattern Writing, Pattern Illustrating
ACM Reference Format:
Shibata, S., Kogure, S.,Shimizu, H., and Iba, T. 2016. Pattern Symbolizing Patterns, ACM PLoP’16
1. INTRODUCTION
Pattern language puts the practice of the experienced into words in the form of patterns, making it
sharable to others. People can also practice it in daily life, compare your experience and make areflection, or use it as a vocabulary when communicating (Iba, 2015). Therefore, it is needed tomake it something the reader will think valuable and put into practice. However, long sentencescomposed by Context, Problem, Solution is hard to use in daily life, and difficult to express theattractiveness of the pattern. Therefore, it is important to show the content and value of thepattern by the expression of encouraging intuitive understanding. One of the examples is thepattern name.
So far, in papers that share the experience of pattern writing, some patterns to make an usefuland memorable pattern name has been put into words: Meaningful Metaphor Name, Noun Phrase
Name for example (Meszaros and Doble, 1997). On the other hand, keys to making pattern namesthat grasp the accurate essence of the pattern and enthuses the reader had not yet been put intowords thoroughly. So, we once again expose the keys to naming thoroughly, and tried shaped it in
40 patterns.
We have stated the pattern name, but the pattern illustration that can visually express thepatterns’ essence, which has the same importance as the pattern name (Miyazaki et al, 2015). Also,
it is very important to elaborate the presenting of pattern language: the value of editing and layoutof the booklet and so on, for increasing the value of the pattern itself. About this manner, many
ways of presenting have been introduced in the BootCamp, International Conference on Pattern
Language of Programs so far (Joseph et al, 2012).
As said above, we put the experiences that make Naming, Pattern Illustrating, and the way ofshowing the patterns better into words and made Pattern Symbolizing Patterns: composed by 121
patterns in all.
In the following, we state the planning process and overview of Pattern Symbolizing Patterns
after stating the importance of showing the content and value of the pattern by intuitive expression.

Also, we introduce 6 patterns that support making pattern names that express the content andvalue of the pattern.
2.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SHOWING THE PATTERS’ CONTENTS AND VALUE BY
INTUITIVE EXPRESSIONSAs noted above, patterns are for practicing experiences in daily life, and to share during
conversations. However, it is difficult to have the readers actually use the patterns by only sharing
the sentences composed by Context, Problem, Solution, Consequence and such.
There are 3 reasons for the difficulty. First of all, understanding the patterns’ contents byreading long sentences for the first time disables readers to discover the value of the pattern, which
increases no motivation. Also, long sentences are difficult to memorize the contents, leading to
drawing a blank when recalling the patterns in daily life. The second is when sharing the patterns
during th conversation, it becomes difficult to communicate by using it because we have to explain
the pattern from the beginning. Moreover, to make the patterns usable to readers in daily life, weneed to cause readers to want to put the patterns into practice. But with only sentences, patterns
may not be able to cause readers to want to put into practice since they have difficulty imagining
the good future clearly.
From this, to make pattern language actually usable to many people, showing the content andvalue of the pattern in an expression that intuitively encourages understanding besides sentences
is needed. In this paper, we present the three below as the expression to intuitively encourage
understanding that shows the content and value of the pattern with the format of Presentation
Patterns (Iba et al. 2012).
1. Pattern name: A pattern name is a word that expresses the content of the pattern in one word.
(Figure 1) Therefore, a pattern name makes the pattern sharable in the conversation(Wellhausen and Fiesser, 2011). Also, it helps the reader to recall the content of the pattern indaily life. A pattern name that has words with a positive image and can be used familiarly willallow the reader to be more enthusiastic in practicing the pattern.
2. Pattern illustration: A pattern illustration as with the pattern name, expresses the essence ofthe pattern (Miyazaki et al. 2015). (Figure 1) A pattern illustration: which expresses thepattern with one illustration, is something that encourages the readers’ intuitive
understanding. Thus, it not only expresses the content of the pattern, but also expresses thegood future that the practice of the pattern brings about. Based on this factor, the reader can
imagine the feeling when putting the pattern into practice, and can also imagine the good
future that the pattern brings about more clearly. Drawing a lively pattern illustration canmotivate the reader to practice the pattern.
3. Presenting the pattern language: Presenting the pattern language is to elaborate the editingof the book and booklet that records the pattern so as to improve the value and attractivenessof the pattern language. For example, Presentation Patterns is a rather short sentence with asimple format that has quite a blank space: presented differently from the format of thesoftware patterns. The pattern names in the Presentation Patterns used a font that made theoverall look of the pattern attractive to readers. Also, by inserting cases and quotes to make it
more persuasive adds value to the pattern. Furthermore, the layout of the pattern is designedwith the intent of making it easily readable. For instance, important parts are emphasized bybold or large words, making it recognizable for readers. (Figure 1)

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 2

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3:quotes)
Figure 1: The pattern format of Presentation Patterns
The Pattern Symbolizing Patterns shares experimental rules that can be used in these three
expressions for creating patterns that can be understood easily and encourage the readers to put
the patterns into practice.
3.

CREATING THE PATTERNS

We created the Pattern Symbolizing Patterns by mining the experiences of members in the Iba
Laboratory, who have made pattern languages of human actions like Learning Patterns (Iba et al,2009), Presentation Patterns (Iba, T. et al, 2012), Collaboration Patterns (Iba et al, 2013),
Generative Beauty Patterns (Arao, et al, 2012), Personal Culture Patterns (Nakada et al, 2013),
and Pattern Language for the Art of Being with Dementia (Iba T. et al, 2015). Among them, wecreated it from Iba: the most long experienced in making patterns, and the members who createdPattern Illustrating Patterns (Miyazaki, et al, 2015) (Harasawa et al, 2015), and the members who
were involved in creating Student Build Campus Patterns(Iba et al, 2015), and Cooking
Patterns(Akado et al, 2015).
Pattern Symbolizing Patterns is sorted into three groups of forty: pattern name, pattern
illustration, and presenting the pattern language. And the patterns in each group are sorted in 4
layers on the level of abstracting (Figure 2). We used mining to apply the experience in thisstructure. For instance, to make a layer by the level of abstracting naturally, we first put out thehigher experience level of abstracting, and then thinking of the three experiences dangling from it.
When the more specific experience is extracted first, we used both top down and bottom up to put
out 121 pattern seeds by extracting abstract hints that comprehend it.
In Mining, we starting from the group of the pattern name, writing the characteristics of goodpattern names down on sticky notes. In doing so, we proceeded by comparing the unrevised patternname and the completed version. We also compared the pattern name made in the class of Pattern
Language by beginners, and the name made in Iba Laboratory. (Figure 3) The characteristics of thepattern names made in this way are listed as, “it captures the accurate content of the pattern”, “itis usable in daily life”, and “it enables us to experience the future it’s aiming”. After thecharacteristics of good pattern names were listed, we wrote down what we practice when we createa pattern name that has similar characteristics.
Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 3

Figure 2: The structure of Pattern Symbolizing Patterns

Figure 3: Pattern mining with some completed pattern booklet
We extracted 121 experiences, and wrote out the pattern name, context, problem, and solution
format. At this stage, Iba overlooked it entirely and brushed up the structure and pattern name.
Then, we wrote out the full patterns, and the group members revised it repeatedly. While revising,the illustrating members drew the pattern illustrations (Figure 4). Also, group members of pattern
illustration and presenting the pattern language worked on mining in the same method of pattern
names.

Figure 4: Drawing the pattern illustration
Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 4

4. PATTERN SYMBOLIZING PATTERNSIn this section, we explain the overview of Pattern Symbolizing Patterns. We will also
introduce six specific patterns to make good patterns that express the content and value ofpatterns.

A : Creating Words
A1 : Expressing the Essence A2 : Words for Daily Use A3 : Symbol of the Future
A11 : Essence Behind the Sentence

A21 : Imaginable Words

A31 : Atmosphere of the Word

A12 : New Words

A22 : Memorable Words

A32 : Push on the Back

A13 : Inquiry for the Perfect Expression A23 : Adaptable Words

A33 : Capture the World

A111 : Gulp the Pattern
A112 : Aim of the Act
A113 : Point of Emphasis

A311 : Positive Impression
A312 : Euphonious Expression
A313 : Visual Balance

A211 : Dynamic Names
A212 : Image Search Check
A213 : Preventing Misinterpretations

A121 : Meaningful Combinations
A122 : Mostly Noun Form
A123 : Straightforward Expressions

A321 : User-Friendly Expressions
A322 : Reachable Future
A323 : Charm for Change

A221 : Easily Read Names
A222 : Natural but Existent
A223 : Diﬀerentiation of Names

A131 : List of Pattern Names
A132 : Synonym Search
A133 : Via Another Language

A331 : New Viewpoint
A332 : Reminder of Good Habits
A333 : Words of the Future

A231 : Actual Usefulness
A232 : Universal Expressions
A233 : Expressions without Pronouns

B：Image Drawing
B1 : A Symbolic Piece

B2 : Paint a World

B3 : Breathe Life

B11 : From the Whole to the Parts

B21 : Image Depth

B31 : Natural Cuteness

B12 : Line of Expression

B22 : Stand in the Scene

B32 : Be in their Shoes

B13 : Intuitive Comprehension

B23 : Natural Expressions

B33 : Creating Excitement

B111 : Center Words
B112 : Image Overview
B113 : Starting Rough Sketch

B121 : Metaphoric Representation
B122 : Visualizing Motions
B123 : Associative Images
B131 : Focal Point
B132 : Simple Illustrations
B133 : Composition Diﬀerentiating

B211 : Three-Dimensional Elements
B212 : Camera Angle
B213 : Size in Relation to Depth

B311 : Simple Characters
B312 : Subtle Gestures
B313 : Static Aﬀection

B221 : Facing Direction and Posture
B222 : Relationship with Objects
B223 : Comprehensive Story
B231 : Lack of Unnaturalness
B232 : Balanced Placement
B233 : Meaningful Directions

B321 : Sympathetic Drawing
B322 : Emotional Actions
B323 : Drawing while Smiling
B331 : Positive Image
B332 : Spice of Playfulness
B333 : Perfect Moment

C：Editing Literature
C1 : Grabbing Hook

C2 : Quality Expansion

C3 : User-Friendly Layout

C11 : Meaning Reﬁnement

C21 : Wide Range

C31 : Layout with Contrast

C12 : Emotional Pull-in

C22 : Order of Development

C32 : Cushion Space

C13 : Poetic Softness

C23 : Borrowing Quality

C33 : Natural Flow

C111 : Interpretation Narrowing
C112 : Complementing Restatement
C113 : Added Action
C121 : Hint of Success
C122 : Attention-Grabbing Question
C123 : Lead to the Illustration

C131 : Interesting VoiceC132 : Grandness Mitigation
C133 : Pleasant Rhythm

C211 : Quantity brings Quality
C212 : Plenty of Candidates
C213 : Balanced Selection

C221 : Straightforward Fundamentals
C222 : Meaning Shift
C223 : Takeoﬀ Quote
C231 : Representative Figure
C232 : Elegant Quote
C233 : Everyday Stock

C311 : Separation of Logic and Intuition
C312 : Attractive Words
C313 : Guiding Marks
C321 : Placing it There
C322 : Framing Whitespace
C323 : Blank to Rest

C331 : Modest Illustrations
C332 : Smooth Eye Movement
C333 : Prototype Check

Figure 5: Overview of Pattern Symbolizing Patterns
Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 5

4.1 The Structure of Pattern Symbolizing Patterns
As you can see in Figure 3, Pattern Symbolizing Patterns are composed of 5 structures basedon the abstraction level of tips, and on the top of the structure, there is a pattern that embodies thecentral idea. And the structure below is split into three groups of A, B, C, based on the types ofpatterns. In A, there are forty patterns of naming a pattern name that expresses the content
accurately, and can make readers eager to put into practice. And in B, there are forty patterns ofdrawing a pattern illustration that makes the good future imaginable. B is made by taking in apart of Pattern Illustrating Patterns (Miyazaki et al, 2015). And in C, there are forty patterns ofpolishing up the pattern language to an attractive piece of work. Each A, B, C group is split into
four layers. For example, there is A1, and an one level understandable pattern is A11, A12, A13,and the pattern of the level below that is A111, A112, A113: the shape of the dangling threepatterns (Figure 5).
4.2 Some of The Patterns
This paper introduces 6 patterns bellow which pattern name expresses the content of thepattern accurately, and can make readers eager to put into practice. We chose the patterns thatwere easy to put into practice, and patterns that were thought especially heuristic: A111 Gulp thePattern, A131 List of Pattern Names, A132 Synonym Search, A212 Image Search Check, A331
New Viewpoint, A333 Words of the Future.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 6

A111

Imagining the Situation
Sensitively grasp the essence of the pattern with your intuition

You want to grasp the essence of the pattern name.
▼In this context
If you name patterns by words used in the solution, we might not fully understand themeaning of the pattern in detail, or may misunderstand the outlook. As a result, thesubstance of the pattern may be left out of the pattern name. When naming the patterns, it
seems reasonable to just pick out keywords from the description of the solution. However, since one
word does not describe the entire substance of the document, the Pattern Name chosen in this way
will not cover the whole meaning of the pattern.
▼Therefore
Read the pattern, and understand the content by imagining the situation of putting
the pattern into practice. First, reading the pattern, imagine the context, problem, and solution
clearly. If hard to imagine, see if any of your own experience fits. When thinking of the patternname in groups, explain the pattern to other group members in your own words and deepen theunderstanding of the pattern.
▼Consequently
By seeking the patterns’ meaning until you fully understand it, you have a foundation for making apattern name that covers all the essential concepts of the pattern. Also, fully comprehending thepattern helps with more ideas for illustration.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 7

A131

List of Pattern Names
Focus on the pattern name by only
looking at the pattern name list.

You are looking at the patterns’ sentences for clues of the pattern name.
▼In this context
If you’re thinking of the pattern name within the sentences of the pattern, it becomesa superficial pattern nam e that misses the pattern’s essential core. When naming thepatterns, we tend to look at the sentence to put every single essence into it. However, we tend to getcaught in the words and phrases in the sentence when thinking by paper and computers in front of
us. Therefore, we become inflexible and may think only from the words in the sentence.
▼Therefore
M ake a list of only the pattern nam es so you can gaze over the whole list separated
from the sentences and think of better names. First, make a list of all the pattern names. By
Gulp the Pattern, try not to look at the sentence itself and think of the pattern name among the list.
You may look back at the pattern’s sentences when the pattern name is completed to some extent,
but at first, concentrate on making the names inside the world of pattern names.
▼Consequently
By thinking away from the sentences, it broadens our ideas and views, which enables you to freely
express a pattern name. Also, by making brand new words without using words from sentences,
revising the sentence itself much better will become possible and the quality of the pattern all
together can be raised.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 8

A132

Synonym Search
Have wide knowledge from the Internet
and dictionaries on your team.

You’re on the stage of brushing up the pattern name, trying to find a better expression.
▼In this context
You are unable to raise the quality due to limitations in your ideas and knowledge. A
pattern name represents a pattern, and must be understandable from others by just the name itself.
The pattern name will be the part that is used for communication, so you must check the ease ofuse and the wording of the name in detail. However, the expression is narrowed by thinking in
one’s limited ideas and vocabularies, which makes it difficult to make words in high quality.
▼Therefore
Search for synonyms and similar expressions for the words that you are trying to use,and choose the best one through com parison. For example, search thoroughly for synonyms
on the Internet for the best word by comparing conditions like pronounceable, memorable,
appearance, suitable, and such. You may as well look at books referring to the theme of the patternlanguage to find not only synonyms but also words.
▼Consequently
By searching for words above your knowledge, it approaches to a symbolic pattern name that ismore usable and seizes the essence. In this way the pattern name will be brushed up carefully andbecome an extremely precise one that will be agreed and used by many people.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 9

A212

Image Search Check
Touch of the word by image.

You want your pattern name to reflect the meaning of the pattern precisely.
▼In this context
There is an uncomfortable feeling when reading it through because the touch of thepattern name and the sentence does not relate to each other. Since each word has aunique touch, even if the meaning is roughly grasped, how you choose the words may cause thetouch you want to express to be slightly different. For example, the word “warm” and “hot” is very
similar, but “warm” has a soft touch, and “hot” has a very strong and urgent touch. In this way,
when the nuance of the words used in the pattern name does not match, you cannot give the correct
image to the reader.
▼Therefore
Do image search on the words used in the patterns to make sure that its generic image
matches the one you want for your pattern. For example, to see the nuance and the touchthat the abstract word “search” has, look the image up on the Internet. You can see what kind ofimage the reader has by the number of the similar images on the word “search”, and imagine whatkind of image the reader has. Check the view that the reader has, and see if the word to make thepattern name fits the image.
▼Consequently
By not only thinking of the meaning from the word itself but by thinking via visual images, the idea
widens and will become easier to choose the more accurate word despite the slightly different
nuances. Also, sense of unity will be produced if you can name the pattern that matches the touchof the pattern as a whole, which leads the reader to be imaginable and memorable of it.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 10

A331

New Viewpoint
Change the readers’ stereotype in a good way.

You want to widen the vision of the reader by pattern language.
▼In this context
Even if the detail of the pattern produces a heuristic vision, the word becomes very
plain and cannot change the readers’ recognition. Since pattern names are a short word,
furthermore will fit in your daily life, it tends to become an ordinary word. In this case, readerscannot discover a new point of view and cannot be motivated to read the pattern. This disables
readers to widen their views, which means the pattern language cannot play the role of conveying
the feeling of a better future.
▼Therefore
Provide new viewpoints that would change the perspectives of people to look at theworld around them . We can provide a new point of view to the reader by a combination of words
used in our daily life. For example, there is a pattern name called Small Accomplishment, sounds
like you “accomplished” something really big, but by combining the word ”small”, we can soften theimpression.
▼Consequently
It will become a heuristic pattern name that changes a bit of the readers’ point of view. The reader
can think over the problem they are holding at present in a new viewpoint, and will be able toproceed to a good future that the pattern produces.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 11

A333

Words of the Future
The pattern name you made will become
a common language used in the future you head for.

You are thinking of a pattern name that covers the identity of the pattern language.
▼In this context
You don't know the standard of how much you can push out “identity”, making thepattern nam e som ething with no unity in the touch all together. Pattern language is notjust an instruction on tips, but a piece of work to suggest a better world. For that reason, as every
pattern language aims a different world, the “identity” of the touch should be different too.
However, if you start wording without knowing how much you can push out “identity”, the unity all
together will become one-sided with the writers’ words.
▼Therefore
Choose pattern names with the vision of the words being naturally used in the futureworld that the pattern language is trying to achieve. Every pattern language has its own
ideal future. We must first make it clear, and choose words that fit into the world. For instance,
Generative Beauty Patterns, which leads you to live lively and beautifully, chooses sparkling words
like Make Magic! and Cinderella Makeover. Also, in the Pattern Language for the Art of Being with
Dementia, warm words such as Going together, and The Amusement Committee are chosen.
▼Consequently
The wording will become united, and the identity of the pattern language will appear. As a result,pattern language made this way can widen the readers’ world because it has a firmly world view asa piece of work, and can show the reader the world it aims.

Pattern Symbolizing Patterns- Showing the content and value by expressions to encourage intuitive comprehension - 12

5.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we proposed Pattern Symbolizing Patterns that show the content and value of thepattern that encourages expressing intuitive understanding. Pattern Symbolizing Patterns is apattern language structured by 121 patterns, which captures the essence of making pattern names,
pattern illustrations, and presenting the pattern languages.
In Iba laboratory and in classes of Faculty of Policy Management, and Faculty of Environment
and Information in Keio University, Pattern Symbolizing Patterns are already used to schedulemaking pattern languages, and to look back over experiences. In this way, we hope people writing
pattern languages will use Pattern Symbolizing Patterns, and by doing so, the reader will come towant to read more, and want to share the pattern language to others during conversation. We also
want pattern languages to actually be used by the readers, and as a result, make the tips sharable
and practicable between people to enhance liveliness in human action.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank all members of our project, Rika Sakuraba, Natsumi Miyazaki, Reiko Asanoand Yosuke Aiba for giving us constructive comments and illustrating the pattern illustrations,and Tomoki Kaneko for lending his hand when digitalizing. We would also like to thank othermembers of Iba laboratory for their helpful comments and advice. Lastly, we would like toappreciate Jason Yip for being such a supportive shepherd for our paper.
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