Journal of Global Resources
Volume 6 (02)doi.org/10.46587/JGR.2020.v06i02.015

July 2020
Page 110-114
ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)

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DISPARITIES IN LITERACY OF UDAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN
Shivani Swarnkar1 and Sandhya Pathania2
1
Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor,
Department of Geography, Govt. M.G. College Udaipur (Rajasthan) India
Email: pswarn7@gmail.com
Abstract: An individual is a social being and needs economic welfare. A healthy society in turn,needs healthy and literate individuals. In order to make literacy worthwhile, it must be functional.
Functional literacy signifies the ability of a person to discharge his economic, social and civic
duties in an efficient manner. The word 'Literacy' means an ability to read and write. The level ofdevelopment becomes higher if the population of the country is educated and firstly literate.
Education permits a higher degree of social mobility the ability to achieve a higher social level.
This paper is an effort to analyze the position of literacy in 11 tehsils of Udaipur district at social
level, gender level with the statistical techniques based on census data of 2011. The purpose of
the paper is to find out what are the causes of social and gender disparity in literacy regarding
the 11 tehsils of Udaipur district and the attempts that can be inculcated to make the females ofthe district and the social groups more literate.
Key words: Disparities, Education, Literacy, Social and Gender
Introduction
Education is must for both men and women equally as both together make a healthy andeducated society. It is an essential tool for getting bright future as well as plays an important rolein the development and progress of the country. Literacy is traditionally understood as the ability
to read, write and use arithmetic. The modern term meaning has been expanded to include theability to use language, members, images, and computers, other basic means to understand,communicate, and gain useful knowledge. UNESCO defines literacy as the ability to identify,understand, interpret, create, and communicate and computer using printed and writtenmaterials associated with varying contexts. In the present paper an attempt has been made tofind out the disparities of literacy in Udaipur district. Udaipur district has been taken as study
area. Schedule Tribe population is more here and literacy is less. Literacy percentage is less insome tehsils. For increasing educational development it is important to find out that which
regions have less percentage (percent) of literacy.
Study Area
Udaipur district is one of the 33 districts of Rajasthan state in Western India. It is one of theseven divisions in Rajasthan. It has its head quarter at Udaipur and has eleven tehsils namely
Bhinder, Girwa, Gogunda, Jhadol, Kherwara, Kotra, Lasadiya, Mavli, Rishabhdeo, Salumber,
Sarada. It has an area of 11,724 sq. km. and has a population of 3,068,420 (2011), density is
260 km2. Udaipur has an urban density of 19.83 percent, literacy 61.82 percent and sex ratio of958. National Highway 876 passes through it. Udaipur district is bounded by Aravali Range on
the North West (across which lie the districts of Sirohi and Pali). It is bounded on the North by
Rajsamand district, on the East by Chittorgarh district, on the South East by Banswara district,on the South by Dungarpur district, and on the South West by state of Gujarat. It is part ofMewar Region of Rajasthan. Udaipur district has latitudinal extension from 230 46' N to 250 5' Nand longitudinal extension is from 730 9' E to 740 35' E. In 2011, total population of Udaipur
district has been 30,68,000 comprising of 15,66,000 males and 15,02,000 females. Out of the110

total population 1,89,000 are schedule caste and 15,25,000 are schedule tribes. Schedule caste
contributes 11.55 percent of the state and schedule tribe 16.51 percent.
Udaipur district comprises eight sub divisions - Girwa, Kherwada, Mavli, Vallabhnagar,Kotda, Jhadol, Rishabhdeo and Salumber which are further divided into 11 tehsils, Girwa subdivision consists of two tehsils - Girwa and Gogunda, Kherwara also comprises of two tehsils Kherwara and Rishabhdeo. Salumber comprises of three tehsils - Lasadia, Salumber andSarada and rest have only one tehsil. Udaipur district has a population of 3,068,420 having 90
percent Hindu, 9 percent Muslim and 1 percent others. This gives it a ranking of 118th in India(out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 242 inhabitants per square
kilometer. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 has been 2366. Udaipur has asex ratio of 958 females per thousand males and a literacy rate of 62.74 percent. Its population
comprises 4.48 percent of the state.
Objectives
1. To find out gender wise disparity in literacy.
2. To find out social group wise disparity in literacy.
Methodology
The collection of data of 11 tehsils of Udaipur district is done at district secondary level fromvarious government organizations. Data related to demographic status, literacy is collected fromCensus - 2011. The representation of data has been done by using cartographic techniques liketables, maps, helped in data representation. Maps are prepared using Arc GIS 10.1. Present
paper is an attempt to throw light on the role of literacy in socio economic development ofUdaipur district at Tehsil level. Literacy rate in 2011 of Udaipur district has been 51.58 percent,62.12 percent in males and 40.56 percent in females.
Literacy an Overview
Regarding literacy the world include people of age group above 15 who can read and write. 86.1
percent of total population is literate out of which 89.9 percent of male are literate and 82.2
percent of females are literate (2015). More than three quarters of the worlds (758 millions)
illiterate adults are found in South Asia and East Saharan Africa of all the illiterate adults in theworld, almost two third are women (2014). Literacy in India is a key for socio economic progress
and the Indian Literacy rate has grown to 74 percent as per census 2011 from 12 percent at theend of British rule in 1947. The level of literacy is below the world average literacy rate of 84
percent and of all the nations, India currently has the largest illiterate population. There is a wide
gender disparity in the literacy rate in India effective literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011
has been 82.14 percent for men and 65.46 percent for women.
Rajasthan's literacy rate of Rajasthan has witnessed aloft tendency and it has been
66.11 percent as per 2011 census. Literacy rate in males has been 79.19 percent and infemales 52.12 percent. Cities of Rajasthan having high literacy rate as per census 2011 areKota, Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Alwar where literacy rate falls in between 70 to 77 percent andcities having lowest literacy rate are Jalore, Sirohi, Pratapgarh, Banswara and Barmer whereliteracy rate is from 54 to 57 percent. In present paper the calculation of literacy is done fromage 7 onwards of 11 tehsils of Udaipur district. Table no. 1. and Map No. 1. Clearly shows
disparities in Average literacy rate among different block of Udaipur District. Total population
literacy is divided into three categories below 40 in which two tehsils of Jhadol and Kotra come,than from 40-70 in this category 8 tehsils are coming namely; Kherwara, Rishabhdeo,
Vallabhnagar, Sarada, Mavli, Salumber, Lasadiya and Gogunda, Girwa has literacy percentage
above 70.
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Table 01: Literacy (Percent) Rate in Udaipur District, 2011
TehsilLiteracy
Total Male

Schedule Cast

Female Total Male

Schedule Tribes

Female Total MaleGeneral

Female Total Male

FemaleGirwa

77.18 86.54 67.30

78.16 88.09 67.52

53.06 68.60 37.01

86.49 93.27 79.28

Gogunda51.14 66.60 35.12

59.52 74.08 44.29

35.80 50.02 21.13

65.79 82.64 48.26

Jhadol52.42 66.43 38.14

62.86 75.76 49.17

48.04 61.98 34.02

65.29 79.29 50.46

Kherwara

65.89 81.11 50.27

69.21 82.85 54.97

63.59 79.34 47.46

72.36 86.22 58.06

Kotra

26.58 36.43 16.49

41.72 57.08 25.08

24.88 34.55 15.03

67.08 78.03 54.57

Lasadiya35.49 48.86 21.72

54.79 68.53 40.72

31.79 44.96 18.26

62.18 76.79 46.74

Mavli

61.96 76.83 46.75

62.94 78.24 47.16

40.79 56.83 24.42

67.65 82.14 52.86

Rishabhdeo

63.62 78.76 47.97

66.13 78.26 52.76

60.67 76.62 44.34

80.39 91.16 68.85

Salumbar

57.12 71.92 42.08

67.34 81.21 52.79

44.72 59.76 29.57

70.57 85.09 55.72

Sarada60.21 75.24 44.65

62.06 75.32 48.00

55.22 70.17 39.80

69.02 84.41 53.05

Vallabhnagar 62.68 77.87 46.95

63.15 79.10 46.67

45.55 61.45 29.42

66.84 81.72 51.37

Source: District Census Abstract, GOI, 2011

Gender Disparity in Literacy
Table 1 clearly shows gender wise disparities in literacy rate among different block of Udaipur
District. Amongst the eleven tehsils of Udaipur district regarding male literacy below 60 percent
is in Lasadiya. Kotra, Jhadol, Gogunda, Salumber, Sarada, Mavli, Vallabhnagar, Rishabhdeo
fall in middle category of literacy which has been taken from 60 to 80, two tehsils namely
Kherwara and Girwa have literacy more than 80 percent. Lasadiya, Kotra tehsils of Udaipur
district have literacy percentage below 30. Seven tehsils namely Gogunda, Jhadol, Salumber,Sarada, Mavli, Vallabhnagar, Rishabhdeo have literacy rate between 30-50 percent, above 50
percent literacy rate in females are of Kherwara and Girwa tehsil. While ranking after computing,
Sarada tehsil ranks 5th in total literacy but sixth in male and female literacy, percentage, on theother hand Mavli ranks fifth in total population literacy rate but ranks fifth in male and female
literacy percentage. In total literacy population Lasadiya rank 8th, Gogunda 9th and Jhadol at 10thplace whereas in male literacy percentage Gogunda rank 8th, Jhadol at 9th position andLasadiya at 10th place. The change again came in 8th, 9th and 10th position of Jhadol, Gogunda,
Lasadiya respectively in female literacy percentage.
Disparities in Social GroupA group becomes social when interaction interplays among its participants. Over an appreciable
period of time and who act in accordance with common function or purpose. In Udaipur districts,
social groups mainly include schedule caste, schedule tribes and general caste. Table no. 1 andMap No. 2. shows social group wise disparities in literacy rate among different block of Udaipur
District. According to 2011 census, Kotra tehsil has lowest literacy rate i.e. below 50 in relation
to total schedule caste population residing in Kotra tehsil, Girwa has highest schedule caste
literacy rate, in the remaining tehsils of Lasadiya, Gogunda, Sarada, Jhadol, Mavli,Vallabhnagar, Rishabhdeo, Salumber and Kherwara literacy rate lies between 50 to 70 percent.
In relation to schedule tribes literacy rate, Kotra tehsil has literacy below 30 percent amongst thethree categories made Lasadiya, Gogunda, Mavli, Salumber, Vallabhnagar, Jhadol have comein the category which literacy rate in between to 30 to 50 percent. In above 50 percent literacy
rate category comes four tehsils of Udaipur district namely Girwa, Sarada, Rishabhdeo andKherwara. Besides schedule caste and schedule tribes, the literacy rate in general caste has
also been categorized into three types, below 65 in which Lasadiya tehsil has come between 65
to 80 percent, in which this category 8 tehsils have come namely Jhadol, Gogunda,Vallabhnagar, Kotra, Mavli, Sarada, Salumber, Kherwara and lastly is above 80 percent
category having Rishabhdeo and Girwa tehsil in it.

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Figure 01: Level of Literacy, 2011

Figure 02: Total Literacy by Social Groups, 2011.
Looking at the literacy rate in the three categories of social group of Udaipur district,tehsil wise literacy rate is showing a different pattern. Kotra tehsil has minimum schedule casteand schedule tribe’s literacy rate but ranks at 7th place in general literacy rate. Girwa tehsils
stands at first place in schedule caste literacy rate and general literacy rate at 4th place inschedule tribe’s literacy rate. Even in education of literacy rate of these social groups 0-6 age
group is not taken. Eastern part of this district is more developed then western part and thisdevelopment impact. The reasons for less literacy percentage in the tehsils are.
1. Geographical Cause: Eastern part of this district is more developed then western part andits impact seen on literacy. Kotra tehsil is tehsil with more of schedule tribes population
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2.

3.

4.

5.

where till today nuclear families reside far for on mountains. In this situation the people ofthis district have not developed connectivity and the desired results are not achieved.
Social Causes: The social structure in the tribal belt is such that males of the tribes areengaged in agriculture, no. n agriculture, and labour work. The females of the district areengaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, family and social causes because of which theylose interest in education. Besides this Udaipur district tribal district has various social
problems like child marriage, parda pratha, liquor and other addiction.
Economic Causes: The district has scarcity of employment sources. For livelihood,
population depends on labour and agriculture. Due to insufficient sources of irrigation
agriculture is dependent on monsoon and the agriculture fields are very small as a result of
which the produce is also not adequate therefore whole family is involved in labour.
Lack of Transportation Facilities: Udaipur district lies in Aravali region because of
mountainous region the district has lacks in means of transportation which is a very big
reason of the isolation of the residents of this district. Being is less contact due to lagging
behind in transportation the population of this district has their own culture and is unawareof the urban culture and new technology.
Migration: The boundary of the district is joining Gujarat state boundaries at many places
which makes the people of this district migrate to Gujarat for employment purpose.

Efforts to be done for increasing Literacy Rate
Following efforts can be made in the various tehsil of Udaipur district for increasing literacy rate:
1. Organizing various educational camps for females of the district.
2. Each one teaches one system should be adopted in tehsils with geographical dissimilarity.
In this system by the teachers and students of the schools efforts can be made to educate
the uneducated/illiterate mass of the tehsils lacking in literacy.
3. Responsibility of Educating by B.Ed. Trainees: B.Ed. trainees can educate two uneducated.
4. The motivator propagators of education should be given an aim to meet after which theyshould be given remuneration which will help in the success of the program.
5. Arrangements for educating at working place within employment guarantying programs: InUdaipur district employment oriented programme are being organized where large numberof female labourers are working. To educate them, the motivators of these education
centers are given the responsibility, who do the teaching at the work place for an hour.
6. Remuneration on the basis of work: earlier the motivators of the education centers had toeducate 10 illiterate monthly. After training only the remuneration was provided.
In nut shell this research paper gives the spatial framework for reducing disparities in literacy.
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