Star Formation
in a Barred Spiral Galaxyin Simulations
Shu Horie
Takashi Okamoto(Hokkaido University)

1. Introductionlog ⌃SFR [M yr 1 pc 2]

higher SFE

Σ"#$ = gas surface density
Σ&'( = SFR surface density

lower SFE

• Star formation efficiency<latexit sha1_base64="G8DtF65e40CEDKJkPXhFwA2CtXs=">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</latexit>

1
2
⌃
[M
yr
pc
]
SFR
1
SFE [yr ] =⌃gas [M pc 2 ]<latexit sha1_base64="3F35p+o7MxwTnOHNDQi9bzy7TZ0=">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</latexit>
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sha1_base64="1PW/hi+ITGYY29KIPvpOnyQDfkg=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="82wydB7Nv8dpwcg8bB2Hkw1SoAI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="UWXDvfmBDcyEmBctqFpjE2oX97g=">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</latexit>• SFE in bar is lower than inspiral arms.
log ⌃gas [M pc 2 ]<latexit sha1_base64="Um/QRuGKX1jUuphpROFEwnBc8qU=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="2TGomoIKdFpZZ/nbAE5HjglH3J4=">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</latexit>

Momose et al. (2010)ØThis mechanism is not wellunderstood yet.

1. Introduction
Perform a simulation of a barred spiral galaxy
the star formation criteria usedin cosmological simulations

Estimate SFE in bar and arm region

Investigate whether the star formation criteria
used in cosmological simulations can reproduce
the observational result of barred spiral galaxies.

2. Simulation• Code : GIZMO (Hopkins 2015)• Barred spiral galaxyØgalactic potentials
bulge +

disk +<latexit sha1_base64="VOOXJHgPgoxbI6JCxs36i7wSNmg=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="VOOXJHgPgoxbI6JCxs36i7wSNmg=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="bQwfMWYe/zg+YoL88Qr0l7wvp7w=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3SFJVnH6ef/OKTV+nUW3Da2OqsM=">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</latexit>

halo +<latexit sha1_base64="VOOXJHgPgoxbI6JCxs36i7wSNmg=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="c5lfvy+UXgTry2CGOVQ/s0/v8c8=">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</latexit>

bar+<latexit sha1_base64="VOOXJHgPgoxbI6JCxs36i7wSNmg=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="pr5LYfRctIEvwUi/b43wdmgz4l4=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="oYKpLYOhDvbpQrk8rXX17FEAW6Y=">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</latexit>arm• N"#$ : ~1.5 × 100• Mass per a gas particle : ~ 800 M⨀

bar & arm potentials

2. Simulation• Star formation criteria (Hopkins+ 2013, 2018)• virial parameter 𝛼56785 → locally gravitationally bound or not
gas velocity

sound speed2

gas particle size2

X ✓ @vi ◆2

kr ⌦ vk + (cs /h) kr ⌦ vk2 =,↵local =i,j8⇡G⇢<latexit sha1_base64="Xo5O6O26a5nbAussXhay56xrZSI=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="c20b2zsH/Vh8IxwqXQ/MQNeVuKU=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="FQKx6IZH1Y4ilQp3BOdZ3sGEdr8=">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</latexit>gas density• 𝛼56785 < 1 ⇒ gas is locally gravitationally bound.
• 𝛼56785 > 1 ⇒ gas is locally gravitationally unbound.

@xj

2. Simulation• Star formation criteria
gas particle

probability

p=1

𝑛= > 1000 cm@A
𝑇 < 100 K
𝛼56785 < 1

exp<latexit sha1_base64="GxYoKiFeTQ1pRgkpO2t1ADnLU7I=">AAAClXichVHLShxBFD22j5iJ0dEsImQzZFBUUG6HgCIIkkjILr5GBVua7kr1WFjT3XTXDNFmfsAPSBZZRQgh+AvZhYT8QBZ+QsjSgJsscqenQRKJ3qKqTp2659apKj/WKjVEZz1Wb1//wK3B26U7Q3eHR8qjY1tp1EyErIlIR8mO76VSq1DWjDJa7sSJ9Bq+ltv+wdPO/nZLJqmKwk1zGMu9hlcPVaCEZ5hyyxQv2bOOfBU7WgZmala4M06QeCJzVqQ2XsW0M+NmQdBuO4mq75tpt1ylOcqjchXYBaiiiNWo/AEOXiKCQBMNSIQwjDU8pNx2YYMQM7eHjLmEkcr3JdoosbbJWZIzPGYPeKzzardgQ153aqa5WvApmnvCygom6Dt9pHP6Rqf0g37/t1aW1+h4OeTZ72pl7I4cj29c3Khq8Gywf6m61rNBgIXcq2Lvcc50biG6+tbRm/ONxfWJbJJO6Cf7f0dn9JlvELZ+ifdrcv0tSvwB9r/PfRVsPZqzGa89ri4/Kb5iEA/wEFP83vNYxnOsosbnvsYnfMFX6761ZK1Yz7qpVk+huYe/wnrxB9aQnIA=</latexit>
sha1_base64="1tqRKu4qqxHI8AQAeehg2wQidig=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="2Sp43+JsxBKPCj/Ip+rDffxgraI=">AAACinichVHLShxBFD22JjGjiaMbBTdDxGACyu1sFEEQFHHpI6OCLU13pXosrOluumsGtZkf8AN04cqAiPgL2QXFH8jCTwguFdxkkTs9AyGKyS2q6tSpOrdO1fVjrVJDdNNhdXa9ePmq+3Whp/fN275if+9aGtUSIcsi0lGy4Xup1CqUZaOMlhtxIr2qr+W6vzPX3F+vyyRVUfjZ7MVyq+pVQhUo4Rmm3CLFM/a4I3djR8vAjI0L96MTJJ7InHmpjVcyjcy4WRA0Gk6iKtvmg1scoQnKo/QU2G0wgnYsRcUzOPiCCAI1VCERwjDW8JBy24QNQszcFjLmEkYq35dooMDaGp+SfMJjdofHCq8222zI62bONFcLvkVzT1hZwij9oHO6o2u6oJ/069lcWZ6j6WWPZ7+llbHbdzC0+vBfVZVng+0/qn96NggwlXtV7D3OmeYrREtf3z+6W51eGc3e01e6Zf8ndEPf+QVh/V6cLsuVYxS4APbj734K1j5N2IyXCd0YxjuM8TdPYhaLWEKZrzvEN1ziyhq0Zqz5VqmsjnbNBvBXWAu/ARTzm38=</latexit>
sha1_base64="aNydBGXaOELEJ6hpWPTENZTiIQo=">AAAClXichVHLShxBFD12HppJjJO4MJDNkMGggnLbTUQQRCW4i4+MCrY03WX1WFjT3XTXDGozP5APSBauDAQRfyG7EPEHXPgJkqWBbLLInZ6GkIjJLarq1Kl7bp2q8mOtUkN02WPduXvvfm/fg9LDR/2PB8pPnq6lUTMRsiYiHSUbvpdKrUJZM8pouREn0mv4Wq77u/Od/fWWTFIVhW/Nfiy3Gl49VIESnmHKLVM8Y487ci92tAzMyLhwx5wg8UTmLEhtvIppZ8bNgqDddhJV3zGjbrlKE5RH5SawC1BFEUtR+RgOthFBoIkGJEIYxhoeUm6bsEGImdtCxlzCSOX7Em2UWNvkLMkZHrO7PNZ5tVmwIa87NdNcLfgUzT1hZQXDdEEndE3ndEpX9PPWWlleo+Nln2e/q5WxO/Du2eqP/6oaPBvs/Fb907NBgKncq2Lvcc50biG6+tbBh+vV6ZXh7CV9pG/s/4gu6QvfIGx9F5+W5cohSvwB9t/PfROsTU7YjJepOjtXfEUfnuMFRvi9X2EWi1hCjc99j8/4ijNryJqxFqzX3VSrp9AM4o+w3vwC1VCcfA==</latexit>✓c⇤ = 0.03 tf f =<latexit sha1_base64="9lIyeE+yfXx+a1ONddnddkc1KjA=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="xLE81kvkkjxZiy6JCWlwvK1d5mI=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="1tqRKu4qqxHI8AQAeehg2wQidig=">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</latexit>
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sha1_base64="xsEOMIJfsrl/0K9kBR1e5fo01PY=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="/UUzixUq3kSaZsb+GynSFDxmbFs=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="1tqRKu4qqxHI8AQAeehg2wQidig=">AAACVXichVG7TgJBFD2sL1xRIDYmNkSCsSIXG42ViY0lD3kkSMjuMuCGZXezu5Ag8QdoLSysNDHG+Bk2/oAFvY2xxMTGwstCYpSodzIzZ87MuXPmjmobuusRDQLSzOzc/EJwUV4Kycsr4Uio4FptRxN5zTIsp6QqrjB0U+Q93TNEyXaE0lINUVSbB6P9Ykc4rm6ZR17XFpWW0jD1uq4pHlPpaiROSfIjNg1SExDHJKzILY5RgwUNbbQgYMJjbECBy62MFAg2cxX0mHMY6f6+wBlk1rb5lOATCrNNHhu8Kk9Yk9ejnK6v1vgWg7vDyhgS9ER3NKRHuqcX+vg1V8/PMfLS5Vkda4VdDffXcu//qlo8ezj5Uv3p2UMdu75Xnb3bPjN6hTbWd04vhrm9bKK3Sdf0yv6vaEAP/AKz86bdZET2EjLXP/Wz2tOgsJ1MMc4QgljHBra4zDvYxyHSyPN1NfRxHniWZCk6/icpMPmwKL6FtPoJBguHtw==</latexit>
sha1_base64="t9zI3KgYMAs674KwOu59ZqWFCpM=">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</latexit>
sha1_base64="ub5vrtS3n5bP+XRo5ePR+PQdEmU=">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</latexit>

c⇤
r

t
tf f

◆

star particle

3⇡
32G⇢

t : time-stepØ stellar feedbackΣ"#$ [M⊙ pc@F ]3. Result𝑡 = 560 Myr

Bar
Nucleus

Σ"#$ [M⊙ pc@F ]3. ResultArm𝑡 = 560 Myr

3. ResultArm• analysis (KS plot)
1. divide whole region into cells
whose size is comparable toobservational resolution(250 pc)
2. estimate Σ"#$ and Σ&'( ineach cell• 100 Myr constant SFR (Calzetti+ 2007)

Mstar (< 100 Myr)
SFR =100 Myr<latexit sha1_base64="HtdTY4e3RM/Phpa0RCnWP9lwr5c=">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</latexit>

Bar

250 pc3. Result

median SFE (Bar) ~ 2×10@N yr @P
median SFE (Arm) ~ 6×10@PQ yr @P

KS plot@PBar

Σ&'( [M⊙ yr @P pc @F ]

Arm

SF

E=

10

@P

yr

.O
@0

SF

E=
S

10

@

=
FE
SF

S

Σ"#$ [M⊙ pc

]

10

E=

=
FE

SF

@F

yr

@R

E=

@P
r
y
O
R.
@P
r
y
N
@

10

@N

10

.O y

SFE in bar is higher than in arm.

r

Q y
@P

10

@P
@P

r

SF criteria used in cosmologicalsimulations cannot reproduce
the observational results.
Need to introduce better models forstar formation in galaxy simulations

3. Result
total gas mass of each density

log gas mass [M⊙ ]7.0• 10A < 𝑛= < 10A.R [cm@A ]ArmØAlmost the same gas mass inbar and arm.

Bar

6.0

• 10A.R < 𝑛= [cm@A ]5.0ØMore gas in bar than in arm.

4.0

SFR in bar is higher than in arm.
3.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

log H number density [cm@A ]3. Result
How much cold dense gas is locally self-gravitationally bound100
80

Mgas (dense, cold, bound)⇥100 [%]
Mgas (dense, cold)<latexit sha1_base64="oihXhiWCj9XlozqJ6BLuJMcYO/E=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="tt/7DV48u7mt9jeYXSoCW2NRKqI=">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</latexit>

Almost all cold dense gas islocally self-gravitationally bound.

Arm𝑛= > 1000 cm@A ⟹ dense
𝑇 < 100 K ⟹ cold
𝛼56785 < 1 ⟹ bound

0
500

Bar
𝑡 [Myr]600

5. Conclusion• Recent observations of barred spiral galaxies
suggest that SFE in bar is lower than in arm.
• We perform the simulation to investigate whether
the star formation criteria used in cosmologicalsimulations can reproduce the observational
results of barred spiral galaxies.
• The star formation criteria cannot reproduce theobservational results.
• Almost all gas which is cold and dense in bar andarm is locally self-gravitationally bound.