ICUS ߩᵴേ⸥㍳(2009-2010)

ICUS Report 58

2012.3᧲੩ᄢቇ↢↥ᛛⴚ⎇ⓥᚲㇺᏒၮ⋚቟ోᎿቇ࿖㓙⎇ⓥ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯

ICUS の活動記録(2009-2010)
目次
1 はじめに······································································································································1
2 大学における都市基盤安全工学と ICUS ·················································································13ICUS の取り組んできた活動 ····································································································2
3.1

ICUS の 2009 年 4 月から 2011 年 3 月に至る 2 年間の活動年表··································2

3.2

都市基盤安全工学に向けた研究活動 ············································································11

3.2.1

ICUS 活動分野とメンバー·······················································································11

3.2.2

各部門及び ICUS としての活動 ··············································································14

3.2.2.1

サステナブル・エンジニアリング部門···························································14

3.2.2.2

都市防災・安全工学部門 ··················································································173.2.2.3

都市基盤情報・ダイナミクス部門 ··································································20

3.2.3

3.3

産学連携研究の活動·································································································23

3.2.3.1

RC62····················································································································23

3.2.3.2

RC67····················································································································24

3.2.3.3

東大病院・環境安全本部と連携した病院防災マニュアルに関する検討 ·····25

ICUS としての情報の共有化··························································································26

3.3.1

調査・モニタリング·································································································26

3.3.1.1

災害の調査 ·········································································································26

3.3.1.2

メモリコーダによる土材料の変形特性の調査 ···············································27

3.3.1.3

生研建物の地震モニタリングシステム···························································27

3.3.2

インターネットを活用した都市基盤安全工学情報の発信 ··································28

3.3.3

公開講演会 ················································································································29

3.3.4

国際シンポジウムの開催·························································································29

3.3.5

ICUS の刊行物 ··········································································································32

3.4

都市の安全性向上のためのネットワークの形成·······················································35

3.4.1

研究協力協定の締結·································································································35

3.4.2

Network Office for Urban Safety の活動 ··································································36

3.4.2.1

Regional Network Office for Urban Safety ··························································36

3.4.2.2

Bangladesh Network Office for Urban Safety ······················································38

3.5

スタッフの海外出張記録······························································································39

3.6

スタッフの受賞記録 ·····································································································41��A.

ICUS ������������

業績リスト······························································································································43

B. 研究論文 ··································································································································85
C.

NEWS LETTER ·····················································································································237

D.

人事一覧································································································································333

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1.

はじめに

2

大学における都市基盤安全工学と ICUS

東京大学生産技術研究所（以下では本所）国際災害軽減工学研究センター（INCEDE: International
Center for Disaster-Mitigation Engineering）の後継研究センターとして,2001 年 4 月に設立された都市基盤安全工学国際研究センター（ICUS: International Center for Urban Safety Engineering）も 2011 年 3 月
末で 10 年間の時限を迎えた. ICUS は設立以来,都市の安全性を向上させる「先端研究」,「ネットワー
クの形成」,「情報収集と配信」を活動の根幹として,様々な活動を展開してきた.
「先端研究」としては,「サステナブル･エンジニアリング部門」「都市防災・安全工学部門」「都市
基盤情報・ダイナミクス部門」を掲げ,本所で蓄積された過去の研究成果と新しい研究との融合によって,21 世紀の安全で快適な都市システムの実現に向けて活発な研究活動を展開してきた. これらの活動から,海外では,特にアジア諸国においては,ICUS は都市基盤の安全を研究するセンターとして,広く認知された存在になった. これまでの 10 年間にわたる ICUS の研究活動に対してご支援をいただいた国内外の多く研究機関と友人たちに深く感謝の意を表す.
ICUS では,設立以来の活動実績と設立 9 年目に実施した国内外の専門家による外部評価結果に基づいて,2011 年 4 月以降の研究センターのあり方について議論を続けてきた. そして,最終的に,本所執行部からの意見も頂戴した上で,研究活動の連続性と関連研究機関との信頼関係の持続性のために,新生
ICUS として活動を継続することになった.
研究センター継続のための活動実績評価をはじめとする本所が求める全ての条件をクリアし,晴れて 2011 年 4 月 1 日より,新生 ICUS として再スタートを切った. この度、新体制のスタートと共にICUSReport 2011-04(No.58)に 2009、2010 年の 2 年間をまとめ報告書とした。

わが国が高度経済成長期を経て,世界の経済大国になり得た要因の一つとして,社会基盤施設の充実があることは皆が認めるところである. しかし,膨大な道路,水道,港湾等の社会基盤施設を整備し,絶大な権力を誇ったローマ帝国は,これらの施設の維持管理費用の増大に伴って財政難に陥り,最後にはローマの再建を諦めてコンスタンティノープルに遷都したが,やがて滅んでしまった. この歴史が物語るように,社会基盤施設の充実は,社会の繁栄・成熟をもたらすとともに,衰退・滅亡へと導く,両刃の剣であることがわかる.
人々が豊かで安全に暮らす環境をもたらす社会基盤施設を取り巻く環境は,時代や社会情勢で変化するが,その役割自体が変化するのではない. 変化するのは,あるいは変化させなければならないのは,それらの整備・管理・運営法であることを,私たちは歴史から学ぶことができる.
新生 ICUS は,少子高齢化,財政健全化（緊縮財政）,高度技術社会,環境負荷低減,地方分権,縮小均衡などを特徴とする 21 世紀のわが国において,人々が豊かに安全に暮らす都市環境を実現し継続するための課題の抽出と解決策を提案すること,すなわち「持続可能な都市システムの構築」を目的としている. この目的は,先進国はもちろん,途上国においても将来確実に同様の課題を抱える状況の中で,課題先進国としてのわが国が国際的に期待される役割を果たすことでもあると考えている.
過去 10 年間の ICUS の活動を踏まえ,新生 ICUS は従来の研究 3 部門を見直して,「①災害安全社会実
現学」「②国土環境安全情報学」「③成熟社会基盤適応学」の３つを新たな研究分野のコアとして,「先端研究の推進」,「ネットワークの構築」,「情報の収集と配信」を通して,上記の目的を果たすべく国際的な活動を展開していく. また上記の 3 研究分野では,現代社会が抱える課題を踏まえた上で,それぞれ以下のような研究を実施していく.
① 各種のハザードから人々が豊かに安全に暮らす都市環境を実現し継続するための課題の抽出と解決策の提案.
② 頻発する異常気象に見られるような気候変動下の世界において,各種の広域ハザードの影響を軽減し,人々が豊かな自然環境を享受しながら共生する国土環境を実現し,持続させるための課
題の抽出と解決策の提案.
③ 成熟した社会基盤施設整備の先に訪れる危機（衰退・滅亡）から,人々の豊かな生活を守り抜くための課題の抽出と解決策の提案.

1

1

ICUS ACTIVITYREPORT
Summarizing the Activities of 2009&2010
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010

3.

ICUS 1234ん6789:

3.1

ICUS の 2009 年 4 月から 2011 年 3 月に至る 2 年間の活動年表

ICUS の 2009 年 4 月から 2011 年 3 月に至る 2 年間の学内，学外活動を示す．ICUS では，都市基盤の安全・安心に関する最新の研究報告や一般の方々への情報提供，さらに，海外の研究者との情報交換
や人的ネットワークの構築のため，国内において年に数回，公開講演会（オープンレクチャ），国外
において，アジア地域の巨大都市における安全性向上のため新技術に関する国際シンポジウムを年に1 回開催している．下記に ICUS の 2009 年 4 月から 2011 年 3 月に至る 2 年間の学内，学外活動を示
す．
ICUS の 2009 年 4 月から 2011 年 3 月に至る 2 年間の活動
2009 年
・第 16 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ「都市環境向上への地盤工学の取組み」(2009 年 4
月 6 日)
・日本リモートセンシング学会後援 (2009 年 5 月 21 日)
・生研公開 (2009 年 5 月 29-30 日)
・首都高ウォッチィング (2009 年 6 月 9 日)
・ICUS 学生セミナー (2009 年 6 月 25 日)
・第 2 回日韓タイ合同学生セミナー (2009 年 7 月 6-7 日)
・第三者評価委員会 (2009 年 8 月 4-5 日)
・第 8 回アジア地域の巨大都市における安全性向上のための新技術に関する国際シンポジウム(USMCA2009) 仁川市・韓国 (2009 年 10 月 15-16 日)
・第 17 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ「安全・安心だけでないまちづくり-重要伝統的建造物群保存地区の耐震対策-」(2009 年 11 月 4 日)
・大橋ジャンクション見学会 (2009 年 1 月 26 日)
2010 年・ナンヤン大学・ICUS セミナー (2010 年 4 月 26 日)
・第 18 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ「交通安全と ITS」(2010 年 4 月 27 日)
・生研公開 (2010 年 6 月 3-5 日)・ICUS 学生セミナー (2010 年 7 月 13 日)
・第 3 回日韓タイ合同学生セミナー (2010 年 7 月 29-30 日)
・第 9 回アジア地域の巨大都市における安全性向上のための新技術に関する
国際シンポジウム(USMCA2010) 神戸市・日本 (2010 年 10 月 13～15 日)
・第 19 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ「建設産業の将来像 ～海外・環境戦略と産業構造～」(2010 年 11 月 10 日)
・第３回タイ生研同窓会 (2010 年 11 月 27 日)
・モンゴル研究者来日 (2011 年 1 月 14-21 日)
第 16 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ｢都市環境向上への地盤工学の取組み｣(2009 年 4 月 6 日)

東畑郁生

教授

今村聡

2

土橋浩

氏

氏
2

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日本リモートセンシング学会(2009 年 5 月 21 日)

生研公開(2009 年 5 月 29-30 日)

首都高ウォッティング(2009 年 6 月 9 日)

3

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ICUS ACTIVITYREPORT
Summarizing the Activities of 2009&2010
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010

ICUS 学生セミナー(2009 年 6 月 25 日)

RC67 活動開始(2009 年 6 月~)

第 2 回日韓タイ合同学生セミナー(AIT・タイ 2009 年 7 月 6-7 日)

第三者評価委員会(2009 年 8 月 4-5 日)

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第 8 回アジア地域の巨大都市におる安全性向上のための新技術に関する国際シンポジウム
USMCA2009 仁川市・韓国(2009 年 10 月 15-16 日)

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Summarizing the Activities of 2009&2010
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010
第 17 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ「安心・安全でないまちづくり」(2009 年 11 月 4 日)

大橋ジャンクション見学(2009 年１月 29 日）

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ナンヤン大学（ｼﾝｶﾞﾎﾟｰﾙ）・ICUS セミ ナー(2010 年 4 月 26 日)

第 18 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ「交通安全と ITS」
(2010 年 4 月 27 日)

東大・清華ウィーク(2010 年 5 月 12-14 日)

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生研公開(2010 年 6 月 3-5 日)

ICUS 学生セミナー(2010 年 7 月 13 日)

第 3 回日・韓・タイ学生セミナー(AIT, タイ 2010 年 7 月 29 日)

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第 8 回アジア地域の巨大都市における安全性向上のための新技術に関する国際シンポジウム
USMCA2010 神戸市・日本 (2010 年 10 月 13-15 日)

第 19 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ「建設産業の将来像 ~海外・環境戦略と産業構造～」(2010 年 11 月 10 日)

堺孝司

教授

千葉利宏

小澤一雅

氏

教授
9

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Summarizing the Activities of 2009&2010
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010
RNUS/ICUS セミナー / タイ生研同窓会(2010 年 11 月 27 日)

モンゴル研究者来日,日本の防災施設等を見学(2011 年 1 月 14-21 日)

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ICUS
3.2 都市基盤安全工学に向けた研究活動
3.2.1 ICUS 活動分野とメンバー
ICUS の目的である国際的な視点から都市基盤技術の整備及び維持管理を含めた安全工学に関する研究を戦略的に進めるため，研究課題別に 3 部門に分かれている．また，学際的な研究を迅速に進めるため，ICUS の研究者以外に国内・国外から第一線の研究者を招聘している．ここに，各部門別の設立時からの現在に至る構成員とそれぞれの在籍期間を示す．

各部門の位置づけ

1) サステナブル・エンジニアリング部門
・横田 弘
客員教授
・加藤 佳孝准教授
・桑野 玲子准教授
・ヘンリーマイケル 特任研究員

横田

弘

加藤

佳孝

桑野

玲子

(2007 年 11 月 1 日～)
(2002 年 4 月 1 日～2011 年 3 月 31 日)(2006 年 4 月 1 日～)
(2010 年 4 月 1 日～)

Henry Michael Ward

11

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2) 都市防災・安全工学部門
・目黒 公郎教授
センター長
・市橋 康吉客員教授
・大原 美保准教授
・加藤 孝明准教授
・川崎 昭如
特任研究員
特任准教授
・沼田 宗純助教
・近藤 伸也
特任研究員

目黒

公郎

市橋

康吉

(2008 年 4 月 1 日～
(2009 年 5 月 1 日～
(2008 年 4 月 1 日～
(2010 年 4 月 1 日～
(2010 年 4 月 1 日～7 月 15 日
(2010 年 7 月 16 日～(2009 年 4 月 1 日～
(2010 年 4 月 1 日～

大原美保

3) 都市基盤情報・ダイナミクス部門
・沢田 治雄教授
・腰原 幹雄准教授
・黄 弘
准教授
・田中 伸治講師
・遠藤 貴宏助教
・プラナブ・バルア 特任助教

沢田治雄

5) 事務局
・吉本 英子
・森

主門

吉本

英子

12

腰原

幹雄

事務補佐員
学術支援職員

黄

加藤

孝明

川崎

昭如

)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

沼田

宗純

(2008 年 4 月 1 日～)
(2008 年 4 月 1 日～)
(2008 年 8 月 1 日～ 2009 年 6 月 30 日)(2007 年 3 月 1 日～)
(2003 年 4 月 1 日～)
(2008 年 11 月 1 日～2009 年 12 月 31 日)

弘

田中

伸治

遠藤

貴宏

Pranab J. Baruah(2002 年 9 月 1 日～ 2011 年 3 月 15 日 )(2011 年 3 月 16 日～)(2009 年 4 月 1 日～ 2009 年 10 月 31 日 )

12

近藤

伸也

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ICUS6) 顧問研究員
・魚本 健人・林 省吾
・高橋 健文魚本

健人独）土木研究所 理事長
財団法人 地域創造 理事長
不動産協会 理事

林

省吾

高橋

(2007 年 4 月 1 日～ )(2006 年 8 月 1 日～ )(2006 年 10 月 1 日～)健文

7) 研究員・瀬戸島 政博・天野 玲子・Sudhir Misra
・Ansary Mehedi Ahmed

日本測量協会 理事(2004 年 9 月 1 日～)
鹿島建設株式会社 知的財産部長(2007 年 4 月 1 日～)
IIT Kanpur 教授(2004 年 4 月 1 日～ )Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology 教授(2006 年 5 月 1 日～ )・Dushmanta Dutta
Monash University Senior lecture(2005 年 10 月 1 日～)・須崎 純一京都大学大学院工学研究科 准教授(2006 年 4 月 1 日～)・徳田 俊夫
株式会社大林組 タイ事務局(2005 年 5 月 1 日～)・鶴田 俊
秋田県立大学工学部 教授(2006 年 5 月 1 日～)
・Tan kiang
シンガポール大学 教授(2006 年 8 月 1 日～)
・Worsak Kanok-nukulchai アジア工科大学院 教授(2007 年 6 月 1 日～)・加藤 絵万（独）港湾空港技術研究所(2007 年 6 月 1 日～)

瀬戸島正博

天野 玲子

Sudhir Misra

Ansary Mehedi
Ahmed

Dutta
Dushmanta

徳田 俊夫

鶴田 俊

Tan kiang
Hwee

WorsakKanok-nukulchai

加藤 絵万

13

須崎 純一

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ICUS ACTIVITYREPORT
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ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010
3.2.2 各部門及び ICUS としての活動
3.2.2.1 サステナブル・エンジニアリング部門
1) 横田研究室（都市インフラのライフサイクルマネジメント）
都市インフラの性能を合理的かつ戦略的に維持するための考え方の一つに，ライフサイクルマ
ネジメントがある．ライフサイクルマネジメントは，定期的な点検診断の結果に基づいてインフラ（構造物）の性能を客観的に評価するとともに，性能の将来にわたる経年的な低下を予測し，最適の対策を立案する一連のシステムである．ライフサイクルマネジメントのシステムを確立す
るには，この「性能」をキーワードとして，上述の点検から対策に至る個別技術に内在する課題を解明し，実務に取り入れる価値のある有用な手法を提案して行かねばならない．この一環として，材料の経年劣化等に起因するインフラの老朽化に伴う性能低下を高精度に評価する技術の確立および劣化が時間的・空間的に変動して進行した場合の予測寿命の分布を確率モデルにより表現し，予測結果の精度に関する検討などを進めている．
維持管理計画の検討
経過年数
施設利用状況

定期的な点検・'(

入力・参照

設計条件
環境条件

保有性能評価と将来23
データベース

性能
入力・参照

・点 検
・予 測

現在

・対 策

時間

残存供用年数
施設利用計画対56（89・:期）の=>入力・参照

LCMシスEFLCCの削減・維持管理業務の合理化

ライフサイクルマネジメントの流れ

わが国の係留施設の劣化度代表値（DP）をパラメータとした予測寿命の分布

2) 加藤佳孝研究室 (建設材料マネジメント)
加藤佳孝研究室では，膨大な都市基盤ストックを戦略的に維持管理するために必要な技術開発，現象の解明，計画論に関する研究を行っている．都市基盤施設の劣化(エイジング)は，地震や台風に代表される災害のように，局所的な時空間軸で甚大な被害をもたらす現象ではないが，全ての施

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設で必ず生じる現象である．都市基盤施設にとって，災害をフィニッシュブローに例えれば劣化はボディーブローに，また，事故死に例えれば病死に例えることができる．人間の健康管理と同じように，施設の維持管理も，検査，診断，将来予測，対策等の様々なアクションを適切な時期に実施することが極めて重要である．特に，都市基盤施設において主要なコンクリート構造物の劣化は，環境，施工，材料非均質性などの影響による不確定性が多いため，適切な維持管理を実施することが難しいとされている．我々の研究室では，リスク評価による効率的な維持管理計画論，劣化外力評価，施工の定量評価，劣化機構解明とモデル化，効果的な検査手法の開発等の検討を実施している．

加藤佳孝研究室の研究対象

Management

Durability & QC

Framework for developing
Economic
Socialgreen concrete

Carbonation under cyclic
dry-wet exposure

Sustainability

Environmental

Carbonation progress
Recycled Aggregate

The examination of the inflection method ofwaste and recycling materials

New technologies

Segmented steel bar
Relations of macro-cell corrosion andcathodic area
Repair of fire-damaged concrete

Emergency retrofitting method
TST-FiSH

Automatic repair machine
Rubber chip in concrete“Green” concrete development

Fire damage
visualization
Collation of the durability of thestructural concrete which used Non
Destructive Inspection

研究成果の一例

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ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
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3) 桑野研究室 (地盤機能保全工学)
桑野研究室では, 高精度な室内試験による地盤材料の力学特性評価のような土質力学の基礎的研究,地中構造物や土構造物の長期挙動や合理的更新手法という持続性社会の確立に向けた実務的研究に加えて,土壌微生物を利用した地盤強化という異分野と協同した挑戦により地盤機能の新しい展開を模索している.
土構造物の健全性評価に関する研究では,都市部で頻発する道路陥没事故の主要因と考えられる地中埋設管の老朽化や破損に伴う周辺地盤のゆるみに着目し,実態調査や模型実験などにより地盤内
空洞と周辺のゆるみの生成・進展メカニズムについて調べた.本研究によって得られた知見は,浅層部の埋設管のみならず,深度 15ｍのシールドトンネル掘削時の上部地盤陥没の際の原因究明および対策検討でも活用された.今後は埋設管の地震時液状化対策と組合せた土砂流出対策として,長期に安定した低強度改良土を提案することが課題である.

地中埋設管の破損とそれに伴う路面陥没

地中埋設管の合理的更新方法に関する研究では,今後急激な増加が予想される老朽地中埋設管に対して,現状で必ずしも設計方法が確立していない非開削更新の設計合理化を検討している.そのためには,長期にわたって埋設された地中埋設管の残存耐力や土圧や荷重の作用状態を解明する必要がある.本課題は実務上の要請が特に強く,得られた成果は埋設管のライフサイクルコスト低減に寄与すると期待される.
微生物機能を利用した地盤機能向上に関する研究は,土壌や地下水内に生息する一般細菌を利用して地盤固化を試みるものでまだ緒についたばかりである.それほど強い改良強度を必要としない埋設管埋設材料や既存の土構造物の強化,液状化対策など,広範囲に安価な地盤改良が必要な場合の低エネルギー技術開発を目指している.

尿素分解菌の代謝により粒子表面に生成した炭酸カルシウム

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3.2.2.2 都市防災・安全工学部門
1)目黒研究室 (都市震災軽減工学)
目黒研究室研究テーマは，地震を中心としたハザードを原因として発生する人的・物的な被害や社会機能の障害を，ハードとソフトの両面からのバランスのとれた対策で，最小限に押さえる戦略研究である．目黒研究室では，「現場を見る」「実践的な研究」「最重要課題から取り組む」を研究上のモットーに，被害や事故の現地調査を実施するとともに，その結果に基づいて表に示す様々なテーマの研究を行っている．
目黒研究室の研究テーマ
ハードに関係するもの◆構造物の高精度破壊解析手法の開発，◆地震時の構造物の破壊/崩壊メカニズム，◆地震断層と地表断層の関係の解明と活断層法の可能性検討，◆高信頼性・高精度耐震診断法の開発，◆非連続体の力学，◆組積造構造物の地震被害メカニズム，◆100 ドル耐震補強策，◆インド洋沿岸諸国の地域特性を踏まえた津波被害軽減システムなどソフトに関係するもの◆都市ライフラインの災害対策（電力，ガス，水道，etc.），◆利用者の避難安全性に基づく新しい都市空間設計法と安全管理システム，◆緊急地震情報システム，◆最適「事前」「最中/直後」「事後」災害対策システム，◆既存不適格構造物の耐震補強対策の推進制度/システム,◆次世代危機管理/防災マニュアル，◆災害時の最適人材運用法，◆電力需要モニタリングによる高精度被害・復旧/復興過程評価，◆相互影響を考えた最適復旧・復興戦略のあり方，◆日本社会に適した BCP/BCM のあり方，◆地震予知情報の工学的な利用法，◆防災拠点病院の地震対策，◆災害情報プラットフォーム(オール霞ヶ関＋霞ヶ関～末端市町村)，など

研究全体の基礎検討と成果の集大成として◆災害と事故の現地調査，◆災害イマジネーション向上ツールの開発，◆危機管理/防災情報ステーションの開発

新しく提案した IT トリアージシステム（TRACY）を用いた実証訓練

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ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
ActivitiesREPORTof 2009&2010

首都直下地震時の震度分布と鉄道利用者の分布の関係
中央防災会議想定の東京湾北端地震による震度分布と時間帯別の鉄道利用者の分布を比較すると,ピークの時間帯（午前 8～9 時）で, 震度６以上の地域に約 178 万人の鉄道利用客が存在していることが判明した.

2) 大原研究室 (総合防災管理工学)
近年，首都直下地震をはじめとして，東海地震・東南海地震，南海地震などの大地震の発生が危惧されている．地震以外にも，都市が抱える災害リスクは洪水・土砂災害などの自然災害，テロなどの人為災害と多岐に渡る．大原美保研究室では，「情報」を活用し災害による被害を最小化するための方
法論の研究を目指しており,近年は，災害予警報の効果的な活用法に関する研究や,災害対応における情報利用に関する研究に取り組んでいる.
災害予警報の一つに,2007 年 10 月から一般提供が開始されている緊急地震速報がある.緊急地震速報
は予想最大震度が 5 弱以上の地震の際に発表されるため，実際に緊急地震速報が提供される機会が限られ，将来的な緊急地震速報の減災効果を理解しづらい状況にある．そこで，大原研究室では，過去に観測された地震データを用いて，緊急地震速報の導入により期待される猶予時間創出効果を全国的に評価することにより,情報の生産から利用までの総合的な戦略の研究を行っている.海溝型地震や活断層型地震などの地域における地震発生特性を踏まえた上で,緊急地震速報による効果が特に高い地域を抽出するとともに,将来的な地震計の増設や解析時間の短縮などの技術革新により,緊急地震速報の効果がどのように変化しうるかも評価した.これらの結果に基づき,緊急地震速報の効果を最大限に活用するための戦略を提案している.また,2008 年岩手・宮城内陸地震などの近年の地震発生の際には,緊急地震速報の発表状況を調査し,緊急地震速報受信者を対象とした受信後の対応行動に関する意識調査も行っており,情報の受け手側の課題に関する研究も行っている.情報の生産から利用までの過程を総合的に管理することで,防災情報の効果的な活用方策につながると考える.

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北海道

岩手
< Intensity >4(a)< Intensity >
4(a)

4(b)
5 Lower
5Upper4(b)5 Lower
5Upper

6 Lower
6Upper

6 Lower
6Upper

7

7

長野

神奈川
< Intensity >4(a)< Intensity >
4(a)

4(b)
5 Lower
5Upper4(b)5 Lower
5Upper

6 Lower
6Upper

6 Lower
6Upper7

7

緊急地震速報により期待される猶予時間

3) 加藤孝明研究室 (地域安全システム学)
加藤孝明研究室の研究テーマは，地域の安全を支えるシステムの構築にある．大きく以下の４つに大別できる．①都市の脆弱性の構造を解明する理論研究，②対策を社会の中で考える実践研究，③計画者（プランナー）の立場からの災害復興準備・復興計画に関する研究，④安全・安心社会の実現を支援する技術の開発，である．
対象とするハザードは，地震，及び，気候変動に伴う水害ハザードとし，都市計画の視点を主軸に据え，研究を進めている．実用的視点を重視し，いずれの研究テーマも社会の中で明確に位置づけ，実用化を視野に入れる．自治体，NPO，民間等，学外組織との協働・連携による研究も多い．
加藤孝明研究室の研究テーマ構成

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ICUStheACTIVITYREPORT
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ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
Activities of
2009&20104) 川崎研究室 (流域環境変化適応学)
防災と流域環境管理の両面からの研究アプローチにより,世界規模での気候変動や人間活動の変化をふまえた,流域～都市～人のの空間スケールでの適応策や地域計画の立案に資する,問題解決型の研究を推進している.生研 ICUS,タイのアジア工科大学（AIT）,そして,国際連合大学という国際研究ネットワークを活かして,東南アジアを対象として,環境と防災の両面からの幅広い研究活動を展開している. 現在は,大メコン流域圏(GMS)による地域統合構想や多数のダム開発,土地利用改変などの環境変動を踏まえた流域国家間のエネルギー融通や国際協力,地域開発について研究している.一例として,3 つの越境支流域をまたがるラオス・カンボジア・ベトナムの 3 カ国における 2040 年までの土地利用変化モデルを構築し,将来のエネルギー需要を加味した,ダム開発における最適協調策をゲーム理論により分析した（下図）.
また,災害リスクの軽減と都市熱環境の改善のための都市空間デザイン研究として,環境・エネルギ
ーと防災の問題を融合的に捉え,住宅への耐震性雨水貯留槽の設置による環境・防災・経済面での総合評価手法を開発している（対象地：神奈川県伊勢原市）.

2010年中国北京で開催（主催：国際連合大学）。
メコン流域5カ国および開発関連国10カ国の専門家が集結

3.2.2.3 都市基盤情報・ダイナミクス部門
1)沢田研究室 (応用リモートセンシング工学)
沢田研究室ではリモートセンシング技術を利用し，陸域生態系や都市環境の評価手法,自然災害の監視技術などの実用化研究を行っている．これには，対象物に応じた様々なセンサによる計測(モニタリング)と，取得したデータから有用な情報を抽出するためのモデル構築(モデリング)が含まれる．対象としている空間スケールは，実験室レベルから都市・地域レベル，さらには大陸・全球レベルまで幅広い．また，可視・近赤外・熱赤外の波長帯をはじめ,波長分解能の高いハイパースペクトルセンサやレーザース
キャナによる計測，高解像度航空デジタル写真など，対象物に応じて様々な波長帯のデータを利用して
いる．

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MODIS 衛星センサによるインドシナ半島の森林開発自動検知（タイ・AIT 受信データによる）
Aqua 人工衛星 MODIS センサによる大陸レベルの衛星画像（生産技術研究所受信データ）

2)腰原研究室 (木質構造学)
日本では，古くから木材を使用して構造物を建築し続けてきたため，構造工学でありながら時間軸を持っている．古い技術は伝統技術（文化）として，新しい技術と同様に評価する必要がある．一方で，社会的には，地震災害など木造建物の耐震性能の向上が望まれている．当研究室では，伝統木造建築などの文化財の保存・改修や既存木造住宅の耐震診断・耐震補強技術の開発・整備を行うとともに，森林資源の有効活用としての新しい木質構造建築の可能性を探求している．

腰原研究室の研究テーマ

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木質構造建築3) 黄研究室 (都市建築安全環境工学)
近年，グローバルな気候変動，高度な都市化の進展，内外情勢等により，都市自然災害，人為災害，
ヒートアイランド，大気汚染等様々な都市安全・環境・社会問題が深刻化になっており，その改善が緊急な課題になる．そこで，当研究室では，数値流体力学と実測・実験を中心とした物理環境シミュ
レーションによる都市・建築空間の温熱・空気・風環境・火災安全解析に関する研究を行っており，
21 世紀へ向かう安全，健康，快適，省エネ的で，持続性のある都市社会のデザインを目指している．
マルチスケール・マルチマルチフィジックスに渡る都市・建築内外空間の安全と環境に関する研究をチャレンジしている．

大空間火災%&

有()険物質拡散%&

火災延焼風洞:;/0暴露時間45

都市建築安全22

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60.0
°C
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0

/0>熱環境:5 20.0<=8環境%&<=>熱環境%&

BC

気汚染45

都市建築環境4) 田中研究室 (都市交通マネジメント)
交通は都市の社会・経済活動を維持する上で不可欠な存在であるが，交通事故・交通渋滞・排出ガスなど解決すべき課題は多い．また，近年の社会情勢の変化に伴い，交通基盤施設を「つくる」技
術のみならずそれをうまく「つかう」工夫が求められている．さらに，災害時に交通は避難・救援・支援・復旧・復興の各段階で極めて重要な役割を担うものであり,この機能を災害時にも最低限維持することは重要な課題である.当研究室では交通施設の管理・運用や利用者の誘導といったマネジメ
ントを通じて，交通に関わる諸問題を解決する方策を見出すため,観測調査やシミュレーション等の手法を用いた研究を実施している.また，交通施設を有効に活用するための有力なツールである，ITS
に関する研究にも積極的に取り組んでいる．

DCA
1,2,3,5,9
4,6,7,8,10

B

⑧
C

⑥

⑦

⑤B ④

駐
車
車
両

⑨D
⑩
基準点
(0,0)

①
②A
③

通
過
車
両

研究対象と分析の一例

3.2.3

産学連携研究の活動

3.2.3.1 RC62(財)生産技術研究奨励会の特別研究会として平成 20 年度に発足した「社会基盤施設の老朽化に伴う性能
2323ICUS ACTIVITYREPORT
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ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010
低下の評価技術に関する研究会 RC-62」の活動を，平成 21，22 年度も継続した.変状機構検討 WG (WG1)と点検・計測技術検討 WG (WG2) に分けて活動した．WG1 では，具体的な構造物 （地下埋没ボックスカル
バート構造物，テールアルメ擁壁）を対象として，「地盤と構造物の相互作用を考慮した変状機構（変状原
因・作用機構・劣化機構）の整理」，「地盤と構造物の相互作用を考慮した性能評価および劣化予測に必要となる情報の整理」を実施した．WG2 は，WG1 での検討結果に基づき，想定される変状を評価するための計測，モニタリング手法に関する調査・検討をおこなった. 調査結果等は，平成 21－22 年度報告書としてまとめた.
参加企業一覧
平成 21,22 年度
OSMOS 技術協会㈱建設技術研究所
ジオ・サーチ㈱㈱ジャスト
住友大阪セメント㈱
中央開発㈱
東急建設㈱
㈱保全工学研究所㈱K&T こんさるたんと
三協㈱
清水建設㈱
大成建設㈱
㈱竹中土木
東亜建設工業㈱東電設計㈱りんかい日産建設㈱16 社

RC62 研究会の様子

3.2.3.2 RC67
平成 21 年度に，新たに「環境にやさしい」は法当か？「環境配慮型社会への CSR 活動とその評価に関する研究会 RC-67」を発足した. 研究会の目的は，企業の社会的責任と訳される CSR (Corporate Social
Responsibility) の活動は，企業が自発的に，企業が自ら永続性の実現とともに，持続可能な未来を社会とともに築いていく活動である，企業経営の根幹にかかわる姿勢の現れを示す．日本では社会とともにどのような視点で CSR を捉え，いかに具体的な活動を展開するべきか，確立した考え方を持つ企業はまだまだ少な
いと言える． RC67 では，世界的に通じる CSR の考え方に立ちながら，特に，近年関心が高まっている地球環境問題に関わる日本企業の国内外での CSR 活動の実態を調査，検討し，CSR 活動の指針をしますことを目標としている． 平成 21 年度は，CSR 活動を各社の環境報告書から読み込み，そのリストを作成して特徴を業種別に検討した．その中から森林を対象とする CSR 活動に着目して研究会をすすめた． 平成 22 年度
は，代表的な企業にヒアリングに伺い，森林に関する CSR 担当者の生の声を聴くことを心掛けた．活動の規模，継続性，活動の評価(PDCA)，環境教育，地域貢献，林業経営支援，水土保全，生物多様性などのキー
ワードを用いて活動を評価し，活動の向上に資する評価シートを提案した．21 年度，22 年度それぞれ報告書としてまとめた．
参加企業一覧
平成 21 年度
三菱製紙株式会社
中日本高速道路株式会社

東日本高速道路株式会社
株式会社 高速道路総合技術研究所
4社

24

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ICUS Report
Report 58
ICUS
平成 22 年度
三菱製紙株式会社
中日本高速道路株式会社

株式会社

高速道路総合技術研究所

3社

講演題目と講演者所属 (報告会)
氏名・所属2011 年 5 月 大川幸樹氏 林野庁計画課長補佐

講演題目
国際森林年の意義と森林の重要性

RC67 研究会の様子

3.2.3.3 東大病院・環境安全本部と連携した病院防災マニュアルに関する検討
ICUS では，2007 年～2009 年度にかけて,東京大学医学部附属病院(以下，東大病院とする)・環境安
全本部とともに「防災対策マニュアル及び地震時の東大病院の防災拠点としてのあり方に関するワー
キンググループ(WG)を結成し，医学部附属病院の災害拠点病院としての機能を高めるための実行力のある防災マニュアルの開発を行った.災害拠点病院は,災害時に地域の救護所等で対応できない重症者に対処する義務を負う.東大病院は,災害時の広域避難場所である東京大学キャンパス内に立地している点で,他の災害拠点病院とは異なる特殊性も有している.そこで,東大病院の状況を踏まえた上で,東大病院の防災マニュアルのあり方を検討するとともに，次世代型の防災マニュアルシステムの基本設計を行った．リーダー医師・看護師および一般の医師・看護師は,災害時の対応について,アクショ
ンカード形式でマニュアルを理解することができる.アクションカードの一つ一つのアクションをクリックすると,タスクカード画面に遷移し,その詳細を画面でみることができる.マニュアルの内容
は,WEB 上で更新・追加することができ,自分に関わる部分を抽出して自分専用のマニュアルを作成することもできる.

東京"#病院&世()*マ,ュ./東京"#病院&世()*マ,ュ./本システムの使い方

The University of Tokyo Ho spital Disaster Manual System

トップページ

防災 マニュアルMy Manual

防災様 式集The University of Tokyo Ho spital Disaster Manual System

トップ ページ

防災 資料 集防災 マニュアルMy Manual

防災 様式 集防災 資料 集

トップページ→MyManual作成→ MyManu al表示

◆事務局 からのお知 らせ◆マニ ュアル更新 履歴

日時 ：2010 /3/5 15:15（ 最新10件）

日時

平成 ２２年 ○月× 日、○階 フロアにおいて病 棟防 災訓練 を行いま す。詳しくは こ
ちらのU RLを ご確 認ください。
（http:// www .h.utokyo.ac.jp/*** */*** /）過去のお知らせをOP【入院医療班・リーダー医師の体制確立期のアクションカード】

内容

201 0/3/5 15 :2 5

総 務班 がタ スク「災 害対策 本部 確立」 を更新 しました。

201 0/3/5 15 :2 0

災 害対 策本 部がタスク「被 害情 報の集 計」を 更新 しまし た。

201 0/3/5 15 :1 5

防 災資 料集 に「防災 業務計 画」が 登録 されました。

201 0/3/5 15 :1 0

入 院医 療班 共通が タスク「フロア被 害情 報の収 集」 を更新 しまし た。

201 0/3/5 15 :0 5

防 災資 料集 に「関係 連絡先 一覧 」が登 録され ました。

201 0/3/5 15 :0 0

総 務班 がタ スク「災 害対策 本部 確立」 を更新 しました。

201 0/3/5 14 :5 5

防 災様 式集 の「本 部報告 様式 」が更 新され まし た。

201 0/3/5 14 :5 0

防 災様 式集 に「本部 報告様 式」が 登録 されました。

201 0/3/5 14 :4 5

総 務班 がタ スク「災 害対策 本部 確立」 を更新 しました。

●災害カテゴリ変更●表示 チー ムの変更
●災害カテゴリ設定 ：防災マニュアルMy Manual

防災様式 集

防災資料集

更 新履歴

自身の班 ・チームを 入
力することで、自分用 のマニュア ルが作 成できます。

災 害時に用いる 報告様式 が確認 できます。

要 領・基準 ・規約や 連絡
先 一覧などの防 災関連
資 料が確認 できます。

マニュアル の更新 履歴を表示 します

被 害報告システム

システム管理災害時 に各 フロアの被害報告 を行います。

シ ステム 管理者用 のページです。

体制確 立期初動対 応期

応 急対 応期（発災～３時間）（３時間～24時間）（24時間～72時間）○集合及び任務・役割の確認□ スタッフステ ーションに集合する。
□ リーダー医 師であるこ とを集 合したスタッフに知らせる。（不在の 場
合は集合した医師から選ぶ ）□ リーダー看 護師と連携する。
□ 対応可能な医師の数に応じて、各医師 に担当 の区域を割り当てる◆コンテンツ一覧

東京大 学病院防 災マニュアル の閲覧 ・更新を行います。

大規模地震災害○病棟内の被災状況確認・報告□ 各病室の被 害状況確認を病室担当看 護師に指 示する。
□ 火災・ガス漏 れ・窓枠の 歪み・壁 のひび割れなどの異常を見つけた
場合は直ちに報告する。
□ 各病室の被 害状況とりまとめを情報 担当看護師に指示する。
関連 様式：病室チェックリスト 病棟 チェックリスト○・・・・・・・・・・・・□□□□

トップページ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

アクションカード画面

25

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ICUS ACTIVITYREPORT
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ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010

東京大学病院次世代)災マ,ュ./

東京大学病院次世代)災マ,ュ./The University of Tokyo Ho spital Disaster Manual System

トップ ページ

防災 マニュ アル

My Manual

防災 様式集The University of Tokyo Ho spital Disa ster Manual System

防災 資料集トップ ページ

トップページ→タスクマ トリクス→班別トップ（入院医療班）→タスクカード（病棟内の被災状況確認・報告）My Manual

防災 様式 集防災 資料 集最終更 新日3y2009/**/**

病棟内の被災状況確認・bc
入院医療 班

実施主体

タス ク名 称対策期

体制確立 期活動分類

Command(任務・役 割） Safety（安全 ） C ommuni cation（情報伝 達）

入{| }~

実施主 体
対 策期

入院Ａ棟７Ｆ

活動場所

アクシ ョンリスト
アクショ ン

防災 マニュアル

トップページ→タスクマトリクス→班別トップ（入院医療班）→タスクカード（病棟内の被災状況確認・報告）

最終更新日3y2009/**/**
タスク名 称チーム

各 病室 の被 害状 況確 認を 病室 担当 看護 師に指 示する 。
医師リーダー
火 災・ ガス漏 れ・窓 枠 の歪 み・壁 のひび割 れなど の異 常を見 つけた場合 は直 ちに報 告する 。
すべて

活動分 類

各 病室 の被 害状 況と りま とめを 情報 担当 看護 師に指 示する 。

活動場 所

関連様式 類病棟 チェックシート

解説

タスクの詳細な解説 、関連リンク等

看護師リーダーア クショ ンリスト

チ ーム

各病室の被害状況確認を病室担当看護師に指示する。
医師リーダー

アク ショ ン

カテゴリ別の対 応

関連タス ク

大規 模地震 災害

実施 する

院内 火災・ 事故

実施 する

院外 火災・ 事故

実施 しない

各病室の被害状況とりまとめを情報担当看護師に指示する。

先 行タス ク

後続タスク

集合及 び任務・役割 の確認

ミ ニト リアージ の:r

実施期間

開始 時間

関連 様式 類終了時間15分

必要人員 数

火災・ガス漏れ・窓枠の歪み・壁のひび割れなどの異常を見つけた場合は直ちに報告する。

解説

30分

タスクの詳細な解説、関連 リン ク等

10名

タスクカード画面

タスクカード更新画面

病院向け次世代型防災マニュアルの仕様設計

3.3

ICUS としての情報の共有化

3.3.1 調査・モニタリング
3.3.1.1 災害の調査
日本ならびに海外で災害が発生した際には，被害状況に関する情報収集と現地への研究成果の普及を目的として，災害被害調査を実施している．2009 年度から 2010 年度にかけて実施した災害調査の実施期間，対象地域，調査参加者は以下の通りである．
調査内容

調査期間

2008 年四川大地震の復興
2008.8.13-17
調査
安平町陥没孔調査(警察による現場検証（ゴルフ場陥没孔の開削調査）の立ち会い)
銀座空洞調査(路面下空洞が危ぶまれる箇所にて，レーダー探査及びボーリング調査)対象地域
参加者
四川省・成都・都江堰 (中華 加藤孝明
人民共和国)

2009.5.21-22

北海道苫小牧

桑野玲子，木幡(室蘭工大)，警察より多数

2009.6.14

東京都中央区
銀座

桑野玲子が国土交通省路面保全検討委員
会メンバーとして参加

カウラック地区における被災地復興調査2009.9.19-24

プーケット
(タイ王)

目黒公郎

パダンの災害調査

2009.10.15-20

パダン (イン
ドネシア)

沼田宗純

2010.9.25-10.4

バンダアチェ・ジョグジャ目黒公郎
カルタ (インドネシア)

ジョグジャカルタで当該地に適した PP-バンド耐震補強法の開発と普及のための現地調査2626

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ICUS

2008 年四川大地震の復興
2011.3.7-13
調査

四川省・成都・都江堰 (中華 加藤孝明
人民共和国)

東北関東大震災被害調査

2011.3.26-27

岩手県内

東北関東大震災被害調査

2011.3.29-4.3

宮城県内・岩手目黒公郎
県内

東北関東大震災現地調査

2011.3.11-4.1

福島県立医科
大学病院

沼田宗純

大原美保

3.3.1.2 メモリコーダによる土材料の変形特性の調査
様々な土材料の変形特性を調べるために，土質試験中に供試体内を伝播する弾性波速度の測定を実施し，その送受信の波形を記録するために用いている．また，その知見を模型実験で応用するために，
現在模型実験土槽内における弾性波トモグラフィー，および電気探査トモグラフィーの試行を計画している．多点同時の波形サンプリングが必要になるため同機種を追加購入した．本機種を用いた成果の例をいくつか示す．
Wicaksono, R.I. and Kuwano, R. (2009), “Small Strain Stiffness of Toyoura Sand Obtained from Various
Techniques in Laboratory Measurements”, Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Satellite Conference, TC4
of ISSMGE
Wicaksono, R.I. and Kuwano,R. (2009), “Small Strain Stiffness of Uniform Granular Materials Based on
Dynamic and Static Measurements”, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics
and Geotechnical Engineering, ICSMGE 2009, Alexandria, pp.287-290.
Kuwano,R. and Ebizuka,H. (2010), Trapdoor tests for the evaluation of earth pressure acting on a buried
structure in an embankment, Proc. 9th International symposium on new technologies for urban safety ofmega cities in Asia, USMCA, Kobe, October 2010, CD-ROM.
Suwal,L.P., Kuwano,R. and Sato,T. (2010), Introduction of Trigger Bimorph Method: Transducer for Elastic
Wave Measurement in Laboratory Specimens, Proc. of 12th International Summer Symposium,
International Activities Committee, JSCE, pp.151-154.
Suwal, L.P. and Kuwano,R. (2011), Small Strain Stiffness Measurement of Sand and Gravel Using Disk
Shaped Piezo-Electric Transducer, Proceeding of 5th International Conference on Earthquake GeotechnicalEngineering, CD-ROM.
3.3.1.3 生研建物の地震モニタリングシステム
ICUS では，2007 年度から IT 強震計による生研建物の地震時挙動モニタリングシステムを導入した．生研建物は，B・C・D 棟と E・F 棟，および高層棟(西側)と中層棟(東側)の 4 つに分けられる．
これらの建物の地震時の挙動を把握するため，B1・2・4・6・8 階の共有スペースに合計 18 個の IT強震計を設置した．測定されたデータは，LAN を介して ICUS モニタリング室内のサーバーに転送され，各階での揺れをリアルタイムに把握することができる．
2009 年 8 月 11 日 5 時 7 分頃に,静岡県の駿河湾（御前崎の北東,約 40ｋｍ付近）を震央とする震源深さ約 23km,マグニチュード 6.5 の地震が発生し,最大震度 6 弱(静岡県伊豆市,焼津市,牧之原市,御前崎
市)が観測された． Ｆ棟高層棟の 8 階に設置した IT 強震計では,東西方向で最大加速度 62.28gal を記録し,計測震度は 4.0 となった．グランドの地表において地震応答観測・解析装置が観測した地震波形
では,最大加速度は東西方向で 28.67gal である．
2011 年 3 月 11 日 14 時 46 分頃に，三陸沖（牡鹿半島の東南東，約 130 ㎞付近）を震源とする震源深さ約 24 ㎞，マグニチュード 9.0 の地震が発生した．この地震により，宮城県栗原市では最大震度 7が観測され，東北・関東地方に甚大な被害が生じた．F 棟高層棟の地上 8 階に設置した IT 強震計では,東西方向で最大加速度 533.82gal を記録し,計測震度は 6 弱（計測震度 5.8）となり，地震計設置後に最も大きな加速度となった．グランドの地表では,最大加速度は東西方向で 252.04gal であった．以27

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下に,記録された波形を示す.本地震以降も,引き続き観測を続けている.

地上での加速度波形

F 棟 8 階での加速度波形

2009 年地上（左）と F 棟 8 階（右）で観測された地震動

3.3.2 インターネットを活用した都市基盤安全工学情報の発信
ICUS の Activities を Web サイトで公開してる. 日本語版と英語版が準備されており，各種行事の案内，活動報告,出版物の案内,Newsletter の掲載をおこなっている．RNUS, BNUS の web サイトともリンクし，海外経典での成果も閲覧可能となっている．アドレスは，http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

ICUS

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ICUS
3.3.3 公開講演会
公開講座の目的は，一般の市民と直接知識と情報を共有することである．ICUS では，さらにその考えを進め，我々の生活圏として，特に都市の安全に関する問題を取り上げ，年に約 2 回の頻度で公開講座を続けている．2009 年 3 月から 2011 年 3 月の 2 年間では，「都市環境向上への地盤工学の取組
み」，「安全・安心だけでないまちづくり-重要伝統的建造物群保存地区の耐震対策-」，「交通安全と ITS」，「建設産業の将来像 ～海外・環境戦略と産業構造～」という幅広いテーマで，都市を取り巻く問題に関して公開講演会を開催した．
ここに，今までに開催された ICUS 公開講座の講演題目および講演者リストを示す．
日時
主催タイトル
講演者氏名
所属
題目
東畑郁生
東京大学教授廃棄物地盤の工学的特性とその利
用可能性
首都高速道路㈱2009 年
都市環境向上への 土橋 浩
首都高速中央環状線プロジェクト
4月3日
地盤工学の取組み
今村 聡
大成建設㈱二酸化炭素削減に向けた技術開発
の取組み
苅谷勇雅
小山工業高等専門 文化財として保存すべきもの
学校長
2009 年
安全・安心だけで河合直人
住宅として守るべきもの
11 月 4 日 ないまちづくり
建築研究所
後藤 治
桑原雅夫
西田 泰
2010 年4 月 27 日

交通安全と ITS

赤羽 弘和
山田 勝規
堺

建設産業の将来像
2010 年～海外・環境戦略
11 月 10 日と産業構造～

孝司

文化財保存と安全性の両立
先進モビリティ研究センターの交通安全への取り組み
交通事故分析に基づくＩＴＳへの期待
情報化と市民参加による地域交通
安全
日 産 自 動 車 ITS 自立型・強調型運転支援システ
IT&ITS 開発部
ムの最新動向香川大学教授21 世紀における建設産業の役割－
地球環境問題の視点から－工学院大学教授
東北大学教授/前 ITS センター長
科学警察研究所
交通科学部長千葉工業大学教授

千葉利宏( 有 ) エ フ プ ラ ン ニ 建設産業の明日を考える
ング

小澤一雅

東京大学教授インフラチームジャパンを世界へ

3.3.4 国際シンポジウムの開催
世界人口の半分以上が地球表面の約 4 パーセントしかない都市部に集中して暮らしている．その傾向はアジア地域で著しく顕著であり，2015 年までにはアジア地域が世界の巨大都市(1000 万の人口を超える)の 50%以上を有する地域になるとの報告もある．アジア地域の巨大都市の特徴は，高い人口密度を支えるだけの社会基盤資本やシステムが脆弱であることである．現時点においてアジア地域の巨大都市で災害が発生した場合，人命，社会基盤施設，社会基盤ネットワークに甚大な被害を与えることは明白である.
一方，科学技術の進歩は著しく，最先端の材料や補強技術，災害低減技術，地理空間情報システムなどの様々な技術がアジア地域でも利用可能になりつつある．
それら技術を効率よく活用できる技術的，人的ネットワークをアジア地域で構築することが，巨大都市での災害被害を低減できる最善の方法であると我々は考えている．つまり，研究者，実務担当者，意思決定者を含むグループ間で関心と専門後術を共有できた時だけ，災害被害を低減できる.
そこで，ICUS は，2002 年から毎年，アジア地域の巨大都市における安全性向上のため新技術に関する国際シンポジウムを国内外の学術的な研究機関と共にアジア地域で開催している．本シンポジウ
ムでは，下記のテーマに特に注目して開催している．
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Urban Disaster Mitigation
Safety and Security Assessment of Urban InfrastructureSpace Technologies and GIS for Monitoring and Assessment of Urban Safety
Planning and development of urban infrastructure
Threat reduction and consequence management
Environmental impact assessment of urbanization
Rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures against natural and manmade disasters

以下に, 2009 年 4 月から 2 年間に開催したシンポジウムの概要を記す．
・2009 年・概要
第 8 回 アジ ア地 域の巨 大都 市にお ける 安全性 向上 のため 新技 術に関 する 国際シ ンポ ジウム(USMCA2009)
Venue
Ramada Songdo Hotel, Incheon, Korea
Date
Oct. 15-16, 2009
Co-organizers・ National Institute for Disaster Prevention (NIDP), Seoul, Korea
・ Korea Disaster Prevention Association (KDPA), Seoul, Korea
・ Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation (KOSHAM), Seoul, Korea
Sponsors
・ Incheon Metropolitan City Government, Incheon, Korea
・ Incheon Urban Development Corporation, Incheon, Korea
・ The Foundation for the Promotion of Industrial Science, Japan・ Global Center of Excellence for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, The Univ. ofTokyo
・第 8 回ICUS シンポジウム開催案内パンフレット

パンフ
・総参加人数：216 名
日本：42 名
他国：174 名

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・2010 年・概要
第 9 回 アジア地域の巨大都市における安全性向上のため新技術に関する国際ンポジウム(USMCA2010)
Venue
Kobe International Conferece Center, Kobe, Japan
Date
Oct. 13-15, 2010
Co-organizers none
Sponsors
・Global Center of Excellence for Sustainable Urban Regenearaion, The University of Tokyo,
Japan・The Foundation for the Promotion of Indsutrial Science, Japan・Meet in Kobe 21, Japan・第 9 回ICUS シンポジウム開催案内パンフレット

パンフ・ 総参加人数：125 名
日本：65 名 他国：60 名31

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3.3.5 ICUS の刊行物
ICUS では，国内外のより多くの研究者と最新の情報を共有するために，多くの刊行物を発行している．その中でも 1 年に 4 回発行される ICUS Newsletter と不定期の研究レポートは，世界 70 余ケ国，在日本大使館・領事館および約 1300 の研究者と研究機関に送付している．これらは，ICUS のホームページ(http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/)からもダウンロードすることができるようにしている．
また，ICUS の活動を理解して頂くために ICUS 活動報告(日本語版／英語版)および ICUS 紹介ビデオ(日本語版／英語版)を作成している．
以下に 2009 年 4 月から 2011 年 3 月までに発行した刊行物のリストを記す．

・ICUS Newsletter Volume 9, Number 1－ Volume 10, Number 4
・ICUS Report No. 37-54
・SEIKIEN SYMPOSIUM
・RC62
・RC67
・Annual Report
・ICUS パンフレット
・ICUS カレンダー
ICUS Newsletter
2009
VOLUME9 NUMBER 1, APRIL - JUNE 2009
Satoshi Imamura and Hajime Yamamoto, Taisei
Massively Parallel Simulation of CO2 Geologic Storage
Corporation Ltd.

Ground Cave-in in Golf Course
Reiko Kuwano,ICUS
VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2, JULY - SEPTEMBER 2009
Christina Magill, Risk Frontiners, Macquarie
Modeling Volcanic Risk in Tokyo
University, Sydney, Australia

Flood Damage in Japan
Report on the West Java Earthquake on September 2, 2009
Report on Suruga Bay Earthquake, Japan
Robust Optimum Design for Smoke Control System using
CFD and Genetic Algorithms
Survey on a New Tsunami Disaster Mitigation System

Miho Ohara, ICUS

Teddy Boen, World Seismic Safety Insitiative /Danny Hilman Natawidjaja, Indonesian
Institute of Sciences
Muneyoshi Numada, ICUS
Hong Huang, Center for Public Safety Research,
Tsinghua University, China
Kimiro Meguro, ICUS

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 3, OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2009
Preservation of Historical Architecture and Compliance with Osamu Goto, Professor, Kogakuin University
Today’s Safety Laws
S. Koshimura, Professor, Tohoku University
The 2009 Samoa Earthquake Induced Tsunami: A Quick
Survey from the Field
Japan’s Expected Role for Transboundary Collaboration in
Akiyuki Kawasaki,ICUS
the Mekong Region
Survey of September 30, 2009 Sumatra Earthquake
Muneyoshi Numada, ICUS
VOLUME 9 NUMBER 4, JANUARY - MARCH 2010
Waon-Ho Yi, Director, National Institute for
Earthquake Countermeasures for Safer future in Korea
Disaster Prevention/Prof. , Kwangwoon
University, Korea

Integration of Advanced Technologies for Construction,
Environmental Protection, and Safety in the Yamate Tunnel
Tour of the Uemachi Terrace, a Potential Disaster Area
15 years after the Kobe Earthquake: Basic Step for
Earthquake Disaster Reduction and the Necessity for an
Integrated Disaster Management Strategy

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H. Dobashi
Muneyoshi Numada, ICUS
Kimiro Meguro, ICUS

ICUS Report
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2010
VOLUME 10 NUMBER 1, APRIL - JUNE 2010
Yasushi Nishida, Director, Department of Traffic
Expectations for its Based on Traffic Accident Analysis
Science, National Research Institute of Police
ScienceAkiyuki Kawasaki, ICUS

Exploring Environmental Change Adaptation Covering Disaster
Management Aspects using Watershed as a Unit
VOLUME 10 NUMBER 2, JULY - SEPTEMBER 2010
Restructuring of Urban Areas and Modernization of Rural
Takaaki Kato, ICUS
Areas during Post-Earthquake Reconstruction
Flooding of the Indus River in Pakistan
S. Nazir
G. MacRae, Professor, University of Canterbury
2010 Darfield (Canterbury) Earthquake – Initial Report
VOLUME 10 NUMBER 3, OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2010
Koji sakai, Professor, Kagawa University,
The Role of the Construction Industry in the 21st Century
Takamatsu, Japan
Considering Global Environmental Issues
Silvia F. Herina, Research Institute for Human
Volcanic Eruption in Merapi, Indonesia, on October 26,2010Settlements, Agency for Research, Indonesia
Ministry of Public Works
Michael Henry, ICUS

Sustainable Concrete Considering the Japanese Context
VOLUME 10 NUMBER 4, JANUARY - MARCH 2011
Kimiro Meguro, ICUS
Eastern Japan Struck by Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake andMassive Tsunami
Kenzo Toki, Professor and Director, Research
Risk management of cultural heritage in Kyoto
2011 Christchurch Earthquake – quick report from the field
Seminar on "Current Seismology and Related Urban Safety
Engineering Researches in Mongolia
Symposium on forefront and challenges of water resourcesmanagement in Bangkok, Thailand

Center for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural
Heritage, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
Yoshiaki Nakano, Prpfessor, IIS, The University ofTokyo
Y. Ichihashi, ICUS
A. Kawasaki, ICUS

・ICUS Report
2009
ICUS REPORT2009-01
2nd Joint Student Seminar on Civil Infrastructures July 6, 2009
ICUS REPORT2009-02
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing the Activity of Triennuium (2006-2008)
ICUS REPORT2009-03
ICUS 第三者評価委員会報告書
ICUS REPORT2009-04
RNUS Annual Report 2008 Seismic Hazard Assessment in Thailand
ICUS REPROT2009-05
2009 New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Aisa
ICUS REPORT2009-06
第 16 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ 都市環境向上への地盤工学の取組み
ICUS REPORT2009-08
第 17 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ 安全・安心だけでないまちづくり-重要伝統的建造物群
保存地区の耐震対策ICUS REPORT2009-10
長期的津波監視の維持を重視した相互的津波防災戦略モデルの提案と発展途上国への導入
ICUS REPORT2009-12
BNUS Annual Report-2009
2010
ICUS REPORT2010-01
3rd Joint Student Seminar on Civil Infrastructures July 30-31, 2010
ICUS REPORT2010-02
ICUS External Evaluation Committee Report / ICUS 第三者評価委委員会報告書
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ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
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ICUS REPORT2010-03
Forefront and Challenges of Geospatial Technologies for Environment and Disaster Management inSoutheast Asia
ICUS REPORT2010-04
2010 New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia
ICUS REPROT2010-05
加藤（佳）研究室 研究活動リポート 2002 年―2011 年
ICUS REPORT2010-06
Properties and sustainablility evaluation of green concrete utllizing waste and recycled materials
ICUS REPORT2010-07
第 18 回 ICUS オープンレクチャ 交通安全と ITS
ICUS REPORT2010-08
Forefront and Challenges of Water Resources Management in Southeast Asia
ICUS REPORT2010-09
BNUS Annual Report-2010
RC62, RC67
2009
ICUS COMMITTEE REPORT2009-01
社会基盤施設の老朽化に伴う性能低下の評価技術に関する研究会 平成 20 年度報告書
ICUS COMMITTEE REPORT2009-02
環境配慮型社会への CSR 活動とその評価に関する研究会 平成 21 年度報告書
2010
ICUS COMMITTEE REPORT2010-01
社会基盤施設の老朽化に伴う性能低下の評価技術に関する研究会 平成 21-22 年度報告書
ICUS COMMITTEE REPORT 2010-02
環境配慮型社会への CSR 活動とその評価に関する研究会 平成 22 年度報告書

Annual Report
Annual Report 2008 年度 日本語版
Annual Report 2009 年度 日本語版

Annual Report 2008 年度 英語版- ICUS !"#$%(&'(/)()

ICUS 紹介ビデオ

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3.4 都市の安全性向上のためのネットワークの形成
ICUS は，
インフラと都市の安全性に関わる世界の人材ネットワーク(ICUS ネットワーク)を構築し，都市の安全性向上を目的にネットワークの形成にかかわる各種の活動を国内外で実施している．

ICUS
ICUS のネットワーク

3.4.1 研究協力協定の締結
2011 年 3 月末現在，ICUS は，AIT/RNUS(タイ)，シンガポール大学(シンガポール)，ナンヤン工科
大学/PTRC(シンガポール)，インド工科大学・カンプール校(インド)，バングラディシュ工科大学/BNUS(バングラディシュ)，バングラディシュ工科大学/地震工学センター(バングラディシュ)，バン
グラディシュ地震協会(バングラディシュ)，モナシュ大学(オーストラリア)，Global U-City Construction& Information (GUCCI) Hub(韓国)，国立高雄第一科技大学/建設工学科(台湾)，清華大学/公共安全研究センター(中国)港湾技術研究所/LCM センター(日本)，芝浦工業大学/工学部建設系土木工学科(日本),
タマサート大学（タイ）,韓国防災研究所（韓国）と研究協力協定を締結している．

ICUS の研究協力協定先35

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協定先一覧
調印日

協定側

代表者

2002.10.29

School of Civil Engineering,
Asian Insititute of Technology

2003.2.21

Bangladesh Earthquake Society (BES)

Dean
Worsak Kanok-NukulchaiMember Secretary
Mehedi Ahmed Ansary

2003.2.21

National Center for Earthquake Engineering (NCEE)
Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh
University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)

2004.10.20
protocol

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

2005.3.28

Co-cordinatior
Mehedi Ahmed Ansary

国名ThailandBangladesh
Bangladesh

Department of Civil Engineering,
National University of Singapore

Director
Sanjay GDhande
Head
Fwa Tien Fang

Republic ofSingapore2005.3.29

College of Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University

Dean
Lim Mong King

Republic ofSingapore2005.3.29

Protective Technology Research Centre,
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University

Director
Pan Tso-Chien

Republic ofSingapore2006.1.18

港湾空港技術研究所 LCM 研究センター

センター長
横田弘

日本

Head
Md. Mazharul Hoque

Bangladesh

2006.6.14

2006.10.18

Bangladesh Network Office For Urban Safety(BNUS)At Department of Civil Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology(BUET)
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Thammasat University

2007.2.5

芝浦工業大学工学部 建設系土木工学科

2007.2.22

Global U-City Construction & Informaiton (Gucci)
Hub Department of Civil Engineering (BK21)
Han Yang University

2007．3.6

Director
Sawasd Tantaratana
学科主任
岩倉 成志

India

Thailand日本

Director
Byung-Wan Jo

Korea

Department of Construction Engineering,
National Kaohsiung First University of Science andTechnology

Chairman
Tai-Ping Chang

Chinese Taipei

2007.6.29

Center for Public Safety Research, Tsinghua
University

Director
Weicheng Fan

People’sRepublic of
China

2008. 3.18

School of Applied Sciences and Engineering
Monash University, Gippsland Campus
National Institute for Disaster Preventin (NIDP),
National Emergency Management Agency

Head
Samuel B. Adeloju
Director
Waon-Ho Yi

2009. 6.30

3.4.2

Australia
Korea

Network Office for Urban Safety の活動

3.4.2.1 Regional Network Office for Urban Safety: RNS
RNUS は，アジア諸国の都市化地域を対象とした構造物を含めた地域脆弱性の継続的定量評価手法の提案とそのためのデータベースの構築という研究を効果的に進めるため，2002 年 10 月 AIT 内に設立された．本研究の対象エリアである東アジアや東南アジア地域では，設計基準の不備，不十分な施工管理
や維持管理等を理由として，都市を構成する各種の構造物の脆弱性が大きな問題となっている．この問
題の重要性は，地震などの特別な外力が作用しない状態でも構造物が崩壊してしまう事故が多発している事実からもはっきりしている．また，これらの地域では急激な地域開発が行われていることが多く，品質に問題のある構造物が建設ラッシュ期に集中的に造られていることから，近い将来に時期を同じく

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して問題が顕在化してくる可能性が高く．早急にこの問題に対する解決策を提示しない限り，今後，これがアジア諸国に対して社会的・財政的に大きな問題を与えることは自明である．この問題に対処するには，構造物をはじめとする地域データ整備が不可欠であるが，アジア地域でこれが整備されているところは少なく，建物一棟ずつ調べてデータベース化するなどの手段は現実的ではない．そこで本研究では，これらの地域をカバーできる地球観測衛星データを活用して，地域における市街地化の時系列情報を収集するとともに，現地調査に基づいて市街地化の進行時期ごとの建築構造物をはじめとする地域のデータベース化を図る．さらに，このデータを活用して脆弱性評価モデルを構築する．このモデルにより，アジア諸都市の，どの地区が，将来のどの時期に構造的な危険が生ずるかを予測することが可能となる．この調査研究は，アジア諸国の中でも問題の切迫性の高いタイのバンコク市を対象として開始し，順次その対象を拡大する．
AIT に設置するオフィスを活動拠点として，宇宙の視点と地上の視点からアジア諸都市の構造物をはじめとする地域特性の情報をベータベース化するとともに，これらを活用した地域の脆弱性評価モデルを構築する．

RNUS のホームページ (http://www.sce.ait.ac.th/rnus/)

主な活動
2009 年度
プロジェクト- Seismic Hazard and Vulnerability Mapping of Dhaka, Chitagong & Sylhet City Corporation- Master Plan for Earthquake and Building Collapse Hazard Prevention and Mitigation (Phase 1)
セミナー- 2nd Joint Student Seminar on Civil Infrastructures on July 6-7, 2009
- Lecture on “Introduction of ICUS activities and remote sensing study in regional scale”
on December 18, 2009, Prof. H. Sawada, ICUS
出版物
- RNUS annual report 2008-20092010 年度
プロジェクト ・セミナー-RNUS Seminar on “ Fiber Reinforced Concrete ”on June 30, 2010 at AIT3737

ICUS ACTIVITYREPORT
Summarizing the Activities of 2009&2010
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
the Activitiesof 2009&2010- 3rd International Joint Student Seminar on Civil Infrastructures on July 29-30, 2010 at AIT- Forefront and Challenges of Geospatial Technologies for Environmental and Disaster Management inSoutheast Asia on November 27, 2010 at Phatumwan Princess Hotel, Bangkok- Forefront and Challenges of Water Resources Management in Southeast Asia on January 29, 2011 at Novotel
Bangkok Fenix Ploenchi, Bangkok
出版物- Forefront and Challenges of Water Resources Management in Southeast Asia
- Forefront and Challenges of Geospatial Technologies for Environment and Disaster Management inSoutheast Asia
- 3rd Joint Student Seminar on Civil Infrastructures
3.4.2.2 Bangladesh Network Office for Urban Safety: BNUS
BNUS は，南アジア諸国の都市化地域を対象とした構造物を含めた地域脆弱性の継続的定量評価手法の提案とそのためのデータベースの構築という研究を効果的に進めるため， 2006 年 1 月にバング
ラディシュ工科大学内に設立された．本センター設立の目的は「地震や洪水の被害を受ける南アジア
諸国の都市化地域を対象とした構造物を含めた地域脆弱性の継続的定量評価手法の提案とそのためのデータベースの構築」である．本センターの研究の対象エリアである南アジア地域では，設計基準の不備，不十分な施工管理や維持管理等を理由として，都市を構成する各種の構造物の脆弱性が大きな問題となっている．この問題の重要性は，地震やサイクロン(洪水)などの特別な外力が作用しない状態でも構造物が崩壊してしまう事故が多発している事実からもはっきりしている．またこれらの地域では急激な地域開発が行われていることが多く，品質に問題のある構造物が建設ラッシュ期に集中的に造られていることから，近い将来に時期を同じくして問題が顕在化してくる可能性が高い．早急にこの問題に対する解決策を提示しない限り，今後，南アジア諸国に対して社会的・財政的に大きな問題を与えることは自明である．
この問題に対処するには，構造物をはじめとする地域データ整備が不可欠であるが，南アジア地域
でこれが整備されているところは少なく，建物一棟ずつ調べてデータベース化するなどの手段は現実的ではない．そこで本センターを中心に，これらの地域をカバーできる地球観測衛星データを活用して，地域における市街地化の時系列情報を収集するとともに，現地調査に基づいて市街地化の進行時
期ごとの建築構造物をはじめとする地域のデータベース化を図る．さらに,このデータを活用して脆弱性評価モデルを構築する．このモデルにより，地震や洪水の影響を直接的に受ける南アジア諸国の大都市の，どの地区が，将来のどの時期に構造的な危険が生ずるかを予測すること目的としてセンターを設立した．
主な活動
2009 年度
プロジェクト- Seismic Microzonation for Cox’s Bazar Municipal Area
- Earthquake vulnerability assessment at Old Dhaka- Strong Motion Monitoring System in Bangladesh: 2007 to 2009
- Geophysical surveys at Srimangal area, Sylhet- Analysis of climate change phenomena in Bangladesh
ワークショップ- SAARC training course on “earthquake risk mitigation” on March 30- April 4, 2009
- SAAEC training program on “climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in south Asia on July
9-15, 2009
-Workshop on “disaster risk reduction through schools” on August 3-4, 2009-`Regional workshop on “reducing earthquake risk through comprehensive preparedness and mitigation
planning” on December 10-12, 2009-` One day workshop on “fire hazard in Bangladesh and remedial measures” on February 10, 2010
出版物
- BNUS annual report－ 20092010 年度

38

38

ICUS Report
Report 58
ICUS
プロジェクト- Assessment of RC bridges using Ground Penetrating Radar and Microtremor- Assessment of low lands of Dhaka city using CPT, Microtremor and SPT- Assessment of highrise buildings in Dhaka for Fire
- Strong Motion Monitoring System in Bangladesh: 2009 to 2011
ワークショップ- Training course on “ Application of GIS for natural hazard and risk assessment ” on September 25-29, 2010
-Workshop on “Risk resilient infrastructures: role of education and training” on November 13-14, 2010
- Lecture course and seminar on “Urban building fire mitigation and safety issues in Asian mega cities:
Bangladesh chapter” on December 21-23, 2010
- Workshop on “ Fundamental concepts of fire fighting and formulation of legislation regarding hazardous
fire ” on January 20, 2011
出版物
- BNUS annual report－ 2010
3.5 スタッフ海外出張記録
2009 年度
教官名
目黒公郎

期間
4/10-12場所
Incheon/Korea

用務
To attend a meeting on the management of USMCA2009

4/7-9
10/13-17
3/12-16
3/17-22Chengdu,/China
Incheon/ Korea
Jakarta/Indonesia
Dhaka/Bangladesh

7/5-8

Bangkok/Thailand

8/5-16

2/26-28
3/17-22

Sao Paulo, Manus/
BrasilHelsinki, Joesu/
Finland
Soul/Korea
Incheon/Korea
Beijing/China
Sao Paulo, Manus/
BrasilBeijing/China
Dhaka/Bangladesh

Invited lecture by Sichuan Provincial Government
USMCA2009
To promote low-cost retrofitting methods
To attend the ground-breaking ceremony and workshop at
BUET
To attend the Joint International Student Seminar on Civil
Infrstructure
To investigate on changes in carbon budget in Brasil
AmazonTo make a presentation at the Finnish-Japanese Seminar

市橋康吉

3/22-25
10/12-17
3/17-22

Bangkok/Thailand
Incheon/Korea
Dhaka/Bangladesh

桑野玲子

9/30-10/9

Alexandria/Egypt

10/13-16
10/12-17
7/11-20
10/13-16
4/10-12
6/24-29
7/5-12

Incheon/Korea
Incheon/Kora
Beijing/China
Incheon/Korea
Incheon/Korea
Istanbul/Turkey
Bangkok/Thailand

10/13-16

Incheon/Korea

沢田治雄

9/5-11
10/12-13
10/13-17
10/17-21
11/20-12/1

加藤佳孝
黄 弘
腰原幹雄
田中伸治

To make a presentation in Korea Forest Research Institute
USMCA2009
To attend the Asian Conference for Remote Sensing
To Attend CADAF project
To attend an international workshop
To attend the ground-breaking ceremony and workshop at
BUET
To visit RNUS and GISTDAUSMCA2009
To attend the ground-breaking ceremony and workshop at
BUET
To make a presentation at the 17th International
Conference on Soil Mechanics and GeotechnicalEngineering
USMCA2009
USMCA2009
To visit Tsinghua University
USMCA2009
To attend a meeting on the management of USMCA2009
International Symposium on Timber Structures
To attend the Joint International Student Seminar on Civil
Infrstructure
USMCA200939

39

ICUStheACTIVITYREPORT
Summarizing the Activities of 2009&2010
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
Activities of
2009&2010

沼田宗純

7/5-9

Dhaka/Bangladesh
Soul/Korea
Incheon/Korea
Sao Paulo, Manus/
BrasilBangkok/Thailand

Baruah吉本英子

10/13-14
10/15-20
10/12-17
10/12-17

Incheon/Korea
Padang/Indonesia
Incheon/Korea
Incheon/Korea

2010 年度
教官名
目黒公郎

期間
4/14-23場所
Lhasa,Harbin/China

沢田治雄

9/25-10/4
10/13-17
11/27-29
2/4-7
5/19-26
10/30-11/3

Jakarta/Indonesia
Incheon/ Korea
Bangkok/Thailand
Bangkok/Thailand
Sao Paulo, Manus/
BrasilHanoi/Vietnam

12/19-21
1/5-11
2/3-9

Beijing/China
Bangkok/Thailand
VientianeLaos

6/26-7/3

Zurich/Switzerland

1/8-17

Santiago/Chile

10/3-6

Delft/TheNetherlands

11/28-12/1

Taipei/Taiwan

8/13-18

Suchuan.China

3/7-12

7/10-15

Chengdu,Cichuan/
China
Bangkok/Thailand
Bangkok/Thailand
Bangkok/Thailand
Kunming,Jinghong/Chia, Vientian/Laos,
Phnom Penh/
Cambodia
Amsterdam/Holland,
London/England
Lisbon/Portugal

7/16

Bangkok/Thailand

5/19-6/2

Sao Paulo,Manus/
BrasilPusan/Korea

遠藤貴宏

桑野玲子

加藤佳孝

加藤孝明

川崎昭如

12/3-8
10/11-13
10/13-17
11/20-12/1

5/16-23
11/15-12/14
12/231/1-13

3/10-19田中伸治

遠藤貴宏

12/1-1/31

40

To make a presentation at the GCOE seminar
To make a presentation at Pukyong University
USMCA2009
To Attend CADAF project
To attend the Joint International Student Seminar on Civil
Infrstructure
USMCA2009
To investigate earthquake damage
USMCA2009
USMCA2009

用務
To site survey and teach of the PP-band retrofitting
methodTo survey on the development of PP-band method
USMCA2009
To attend a half day symposium and IIS alumni
To maek a lecture on earthquqke preparedness
To oversee the start of the project on carbon dynamics of
the Amazonian forest
To make a presentation at the 31st Asian Conference on
Remote Sensing
To visit Tsunghua University
To meet and investigate on foresets in the Mekong region
To attend the meeting of ofrest manatement and natural
disasters
To attend the 7th International symposium on PhysicalModeling in Geotechnics
To attend the 5th International Coference on Earthquake
Geotechnical Engineering
To attend the 2nd International Symposium on Service
Life Design for Infrastructure
To attend the 4th Asian Concrete Federation International
Conference
To investigate on the post-disaster reconstruction after the2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
To investigate
To oversee RNUS activites
To oversee RNUS activites
To oversee RNUS activites
To research investigation

To research works
To make a presentation at the World Conference on
Transportation Research 2010
To attend the Joint Student Seminar on Civil
Infrastructure
To oversee the start of the project on carbon dynamics of
the Amazonian forest and conduct equipment training
To investigate on the existing conditions of LiDAR

40

ICUS Report
Report 58
ICUS

沼田宗純

4/14-23

Lhasa,Harbin/China

research
To site survey and teach of the PP-band retrofitting
method

3.6 スタッフ受賞記録
2009 年度
名前
細尾誠
鈴木将充

研究室

桑野研究室

年月
2009.9

受賞名

授与機関名

第 64 回年次学術講演会
優秀講演者賞
第 64 回年次学術講演会
優秀講演者賞
第 64 回年次学術講演会
優秀講演者賞

社団法人土木学会

加藤佳研究
室
加藤佳研究
室

2009.9桑野研究室

2009. 9

Cokorda,B.P.D.

桑野研究室

2009. 9Pranab Jyoti
Baruah,
遠藤貴宏
櫻井光太郎

ICUS,
沢田研究室

2009.10

目黒研究室

2009.10

細尾誠

桑野研究室

2009.11

櫻井光太郎

目黒研究室

2010.32010 年度
名前
目黒公郎

研究室

目黒研究室

年月
2010.4

桑野玲子
高東熙

桑野研究室
桑野研究室

2010.52010.5早川健司

2010. 7

優秀講演賞

佐藤真理
牧之段浩平

加藤佳研究
室
桑野研究室
大原研究室

2010. 82010.9

牧之段浩平

大原研究室

2010.9

優秀発表賞
日本自然災害学会学術発
表優秀賞
優秀講演賞

マイケルヘ
ンリー
高石孟

ICUS

2010.9

優秀講演賞

社団法人土木学会

目黒研究室

2010.9

優秀講演賞

社団法人土木学会

GermanAlberto
Pardo
Beltran-Galvis, A.L.

2009.9

社団法人土木学会
社団法人土木学会

第 11 回 International
Summer Symposium 優秀
講演者賞
第 11 回 International
Summer Symposium 優秀
講演者賞
優秀論文賞

社団法人土木学会

Young Award USMCA
2009
第 44 回地盤工学研究発
表会優秀論文発表者賞
優秀講演者賞

USMCA 2009
社団法人地盤工学会

受賞名

授与機関名

平成 22 年度科学技術分
野の文部科学大臣表彰科学技術賞（開発部門）
地盤工学会論文賞
1st place in the poster
presentations

文部科学省

41

社団法人土木学会

紙パルプ技術協会

7thAnnual International
Conference on Urban Earthquake
Engineering

社団法人地盤工学会
The 7th International
Conference on PhysicalModeling in Geotechnics
社団法人日本コンクリート協会
社団法人地盤工学会
日本自然災害学会
社団法人土木学会

41

ICUStheACTIVITYREPORT
Summarizing the Activities of 2009&2010
ICUS ACTIVITY REPORT Summarizing
Activities of
2009&2010

川崎昭如

ICUS

2010.10

佐藤真理

桑野研究室

2010.10

細尾誠

桑野研究室

2011.03

地理情報システム学会賞（研究奨励部門）
Young AwardUSMCA2010
古市賞

佐藤真理

桑野研究室

2011.03

古市賞

沼田宗純

目黒研究室

2011.03

優秀発表賞（若手セッシ
ョン）

42

42

一般社団法人テム学会
USMCA2010

地理情報シス

東京大学社会基盤学専攻同窓会
東京大学社会基盤学専攻同窓会
第 8 回都市地震工学国際会議

ICUS Report 58*+
ICUS ,-./01234567
A. 業績リスト等
B. 研究論文
C
Newsletter
人事一覧

43

A. 業績リスト
2010 年度
生研��，生産研究�
1. 横田弘，古谷宏一：鉄筋腐食発生時期の予測に関する信頼性，生産研究，Vol.62，

No.4 (675)pp.55-58，2010 年 7 月
2. 加藤絵万，川端雄一郎，岩波光保，横田弘：長期供用した港湾構造物の確率論的保有性能評価方法，生産研究，Vol.62，No.4 (675)，pp.59～61，2010 年 7 月
3. Suwal,L.P. and Kuwano,R., Performance of Plate Transducer Having Different Surface
Conditions on Elasitc Wave Measurement, Bulletin of Earthquake Resistant Structure ResearchCenter, No.43, March 2010, pp.173-186.
4. 桑野玲子,海老塚裕明,盛土内埋設構造物の作用土圧の評価のための移動床土槽実験,生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, 通巻 675 号, pp.63-66, 2010.
5. 佐藤真理,桑野玲子,地中構造物躯体近傍の透水状況の変化に関する基礎的検討,生産研
究,Vol.62, No.4, 通巻 675 号, pp.67-70, 2010.
6. 細尾誠,桑野玲子,微生物を利用した砂供試体固化のシリンジ試験による基礎検討, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, 通巻 675 号, pp.71-76, 2010.
7. 高東熙,桑野玲子,二層構造管の模型実験とライニング設計への適用, 生産研究,Vol.62,
No.4, 通巻 675 号, pp.77-82, 2010.
8. Suwal,L.P., Kuwano,R. and Sato,T., A new receiver for elastic wave measurmeents in laboratory
soil specimens, Seisan Kenkyu, Bimonthly Journal of Institute of Industrial Science, The
University of Tokyo, Vol.62, No.6, pp.577-586, 2010.
9. 齊藤宗一郎,水上翔太,西村次男,加藤佳孝,勝木太:ひび割れ内部の水分挙動に関する実験的検討, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp51-54, 2010
10. 村上拡,ナナヤッカラ オミンダ,加藤佳孝,魚本健人:カソード領域がマクロセル腐食速度に及ぼす影響, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp47-50, 2010
11. 早川健司,加藤佳孝:施工に起因する構造体かぶりコンクリートの品質変動に関する研究, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp43-46, 201012. 樺山弘基,水上翔太,早川健司,加藤佳孝,魚本健人:コンクリートの圧縮強度と物質移動
抵抗性の関係に及ぼす施工条件の影響, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp39-42, 2010
13. 鈴木将充,小島文寛,北沢宏和,伊藤正憲,牧剛史,加藤佳孝,勝木太: 被災構造物の安全・簡易・迅速復旧工法の開発（その３）-実構造物への展開可能性-,生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp35-38,
2010
14. 鈴木将充,小嶋洋範,西村次男,伊藤正憲,加藤佳孝,魚本健人:被災構造物の安全・簡易・迅速復旧工法の開発（その２）-付着特性が補強後のせん断耐力に及ぼす影響, 生産研究
Vol.62,No.4,pp31-34, 201043

15. 小嶋洋範,鈴木将充,西村次男,伊藤正憲,加藤佳孝,魚本健人:被災構造物の安全・簡易・迅速復旧工法の開発（その１）-連続繊維シートが受け持つせん断耐力に含浸接着樹脂が及ぼす影響-,生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp27-30, 2010
16. 山下大道,ヘンリーマイケル,西村次男,加藤佳孝,勝木太:ゴムチップの混入量が廃棄物を多量に含んだコンクリートの基礎物性/環境負荷に及ぼす影響, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4,
pp21-26, 2010
17. German PARDO, Michael HENRY, Tsugio NISHIMURA and Yoshitaka KATO:SIMPLE
BEAM DESIGN,COST&CO2 ASSESSMENT FOR GREEN CONCRETE CONTAINING HIGH
VOLUME OF RECYCLED MATERIALS, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp17-20, 2010
18. Michael HENRY, Yoshitaka KATO:EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE
BASED SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES PART2 APPLICATION OF THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY
PROCESS, 生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp13-16, 2010
19. Michael HENRY, Yoshitaka KATO:EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE
BASED SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES PART1:SURVEY OF JAPANESE CONCRETE INDUSTRY,
生産研究,Vol.62, No.4, pp9-12, 2010
20. Michael HENRY， German PARDO， Tsugio NISHIMURA and Yoshitaka KATO：Effect ofReduced Cement Content and Aggregate Type on Green Concrete Performance Part 2:
Environmental Performance and Performance Comparison, 生産研究, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp.95-98,
2010
21. Michael HENRY, German PARDO, Tsugio NISHIMURA and Yoshitaka KATO：Effect ofReduced Cement Content and Aggregate Type on Green Concrete Performance Part 1: Mechanical
Performance, 生産研究, Vol. 62 No. 1, pp.91-94, 2010
22. 目黒公郎：持続可能な都市システムの構築を目指して,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.4, pp.
277-283, 2010.7
23. 高石孟, 沼田宗純, 高島正典, 目黒公郎：多目的海洋観測ブイを用いた津波警報システ
ムのための音響測深の検証,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.4, pp.359-362, 2010.7
24. 高石 孟, 沼田 宗純, 目黒 公郎：平塚沖で観測された 2010 年チリ地震による津波について,生産研究, Vol. 62, No 4, pp.363-366, 2010.7
25. 井原毅, 沼田宗純, 目黒公郎：列車衝撃時における乗客の挙動と危険度評価に関する研究,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.4, pp.367-370, 2010.7
26. 沼田宗純, 廣田るり子, 齋藤勝久, 目黒公郎：子供の防犯のための地域活動を支援する
防犯特性分析システムの開発,生産研究, Vol. 62, No 4, pp.387-391, 2010.7
27. 齋藤勝久, 沼田宗純, 目黒公郎：安全・安心メールの自動分類と警察統計との比較による対策利用価値の考察,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.4, pp.393-397, 2010.7
28. 大原美保, 目黒公郎：地震時の病院内被害情報収集システムの開発,生産研究, Vol. 62,
No.4, pp. 399-402, 2010.7

44

29. 藤生慎, 大原美保, 目黒公郎：大規模災害に向けた新しい建物被害認定トレーニング
システムに関する基礎的検討,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.4, pp.403-407, 2010.7
30. 川崎昭如, 目黒公郎：2010 年ハイチ地震で見られたウェブマッピングによる災害対応
支援の新動向,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.4, pp. 409-416, 2010.7
31. 高野佑, 目黒公郎：自然災害後の被災地周辺観光地への観光手控え行動に関する研究,
生産研究, Vol. 62, No 4, pp. 421-423, 2010.7
32. 牧之段浩平, 大原美保, 目黒公郎, 須見徹太郎：大規模水害時の江東デルタ地帯における危険性分析と避難方法の検討,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.4, pp.425-429, 2010.7
33. 目黒公郎：「耐震構造学研究グループ（ERS）」の紹介,生産研究, Vol. 62, No. 6, p. 631,
2010.1134. 下野大樹，大原美保，目黒公郎：首都圏の鉄道ネットワークを対象とした早期地震警報システムによる減災効果の検討,生産研究, Vol. 62, No.6, pp.633-636, 2010.11
35. 沼田宗純，太田賢治，小林明夫，小松高廣，目黒公郎：小型振動台による Smart Phone
内蔵加速度センサーの評価試験，生産研究，Vol.62, No.6, pp.637-642, 2011.11
36. 沼田宗純，秦康範，大原美保，目黒公郎：Felica を用いたトリアージシステムの開発と山梨大学医学部附属病院における検証，生産研究，Vol.62, No.6, pp.643-652, 2011.11
37. 近藤伸也，照本清峰，太田和良，片家康裕，高尾秀樹，河田惠昭：道路閉塞に着目した広域災害における集落の孤立危険度マップの検討，生産研究, Vol.62, No.4, 2010.
38. 塩崎由人，加藤孝明，中村仁他：自治体による既成市街地での規制・誘導による浸水対策に関する調査 (特集：持続可能な都市システムの構築をめざして(ICUS))，生産研究62(4)，381-386, 2010.07
39. 加藤孝明, 小林三昭，佐藤尚秀他：防災情報マッシュアップシステムの社会への実装に向けて(特集：持続可能な都市システムの構築をめざして(ICUS))，生産研究 62(4)，377-380，2010.07
40. 加藤孝明，石川金治：ワークショップを軸とする「広域ゼロメートル市街地」における大規模水害に備えた住民協働型の対策検討の取り組み--東京都葛飾区新小岩北地区での試行(特集：持続可能な都市システムの構築をめざして(ICUS))，生産研究 62(4)，371-376，
2010.0741. 遠藤貴宏, 沢田治雄：森林計測のための LiDAR シミュレーションシステムの開発, 生
産研究, Vol.62, No.4, pp.445-448
42. 澤田義人, 沢田治雄：高頻度観測衛星を利用した準リアルタイム土地被覆変動自動抽出システムの開発, 生産研究, Vol.62. No.4, pp. 449-453
43. 高達暁子,腰原幹雄：版築塀における面外方向の耐震性能と補強方法に関する研究, 生
産研究, Vol.62. No.4, pp. 439-443, 2010, 7 月号
44. 腰原幹雄：木造校舎の耐震改修, 生産研究, Vol.62, No.6, pp. 599-602, 2010, 11 月号
45. 田中伸治，片岡源宗：都心道路空間の有効活用による混雑緩和方策の検討，生産研究，

45

62 巻 4 号, pp155-158, 2010.7
46. 藤原直生，田中伸治，桑原雅夫：携帯電話からの GPS データを用いた歩行者の経路選択肢集合生成，生産研究，62 巻 4 号, pp159-162, 20010.7
47. 須田義大，池内克史，桑原雅夫，田中敏久，中野公彦，橋本秀紀，牧野浩志，坂本慎一，鈴木高宏，田中伸治：先進モビリティにおける分野融合研究の試み，生産研究, 63 巻
2 号，pp3-8, 2011.3
48. 小出勝亮，田中伸治，白石智良，飯島護久，堀口良太：グリッドコンピューティング
による日本全国交通シミュレーションシステムの開発，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号, pp29-32,
2011.349. 田中悠樹，田中伸治，桑原雅夫：交差点錯綜区間のドライバモデルの構築および検証，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号, pp33-36, 2011.3
50. 三浦久，洪性俊，割田博，田中伸治，桑原雅夫：首都高速道路における追突事故リス
ク予測に関するミクロ的分析，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号, pp37-41, 2011.3
51. Tian JIANG, Marc MISKA, Shinji TANAKA, Masao KUWAHARA : Analysis of Traffic Data
Collection Systems for Improving Sensor Placements，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号, pp43-47，2011.3
52. 中野寿男，田中伸治，桑原雅夫，國井康晴：錯綜区間における免役ネットワークを用いた車両間協調システムの有効性評価，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号, pp49-54, 2011.3
53. 桑原雅夫，堀口良太，平井洋，田中伸治，マーク・ミスカ，米沢三津夫，林誠司，金成修一，花房比佐友，小宮粋史，洪性俊，大口敬，小根山裕之：エネルギーITS プロジェ
クト－国際的に信頼される ITS 施策効果評価方法の確立－，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号,
pp103-108, 2011.3
54. 田中伸治，須田義大，牧野浩志，平沢隆之：駐車場 ITS の研究開発，生産研究, 63 巻
2 号, pp261-264, 2011.3
55. 牧野浩志，田中伸治，平沢隆之，服部有里子，齋藤卓，青木新二郎：車両 ID を活用した複数駐車場の連携管理システムの開発，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号, pp271-276, 2011.3
56. 中元達也，マーク・ミスカ，田中伸治：動的情報提供によるパーク&ライド適用可能性に関する研究，生産研究, 63 巻 2 号, pp281-286, 2011.3
57. 須田義大，中野公彦，田中伸治，平沢隆之，牧野浩志，中川智皓，平山遊喜：パーソ
ナルモビリティビークルの試作と環境・高齢社会への適応性に関する基礎的検討，生産研
究, 63 巻 2 号, pp291-296, 2011.3
�・協会�，論文��
58. 加藤絵万，岩波光保，横田弘：桟橋のライフサイクルマネジメントシステムの構築，

海洋開発論文集，Vol.26，pp.147-152，2010 年 6 月
59. 加藤絵万，立石晶洋，岩波光保，横田弘，小林朗：炭素繊維強化複合材を用いた

港湾鋼構造物の補修・補強工法に関する検討，港湾空港技術研究所資料，No.1217,2010 年

46

6月
60. 横田弘：港湾施設の健全度・劣化に関するデータと維持管理，2010 年度（第 46 回）

水工学に関する夏期研修会講義集，B コース，土木学会，2010 年 8 月
61. 古谷宏一，横田弘：コンクリート構造物における鉄筋腐食発生時期の予測に関する研究，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会講演概要集，V-183，pp.365-366，札幌，2010 年 9月
62. .松本直也，横田弘：RC 床版の鉄筋腐食と腐食による構造性能低下の予測，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会講演概要集，V-203，pp.405-406，札幌，2010 年 9 月
63. 佐藤亙，横田弘：LCC と NPV による最適維持管理シナリオの評価に関する研究，

土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会講演概要集，VI-435，pp.869-870，札幌，2010 年 9 月
64. 立石晶洋，岩波光保，加藤絵万，横田弘，小林朗：CFRP ストランドシート接着による腐食鋼管杭の補強実験，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会講演概要集，CS2-006，
pp.11-12，札幌，2010 年 9 月
65. Yokota H: Corrosion of reinforcement and its effect on structural capacity, Handbook ofConcrete Durability, Edited by S.H.Kim and K.Y.Ann, Middleton Publishing Inc., pp.515-576,
2010.
66. 加藤絵万，審良善和，岩波光保，横田弘：断面修復を施したコンクリート床版の鉄

筋腐食性状に関する検討，土木学会論文集 E，Vol.66，No.4，pp.399-412，2010 年 10 月
67. Dai J, Yokota H, Iwanami M and Kato E: Experimental Investigation of the Influence ofMoisture on the Bond Behavior of FRP to Concrete Interfaces, Journal of Composites forConstruction, ASCE, pp.834-844, Nov/Dec 2010.
68. 横田弘：港湾空港プロジェクトを支えてきた技術開発・研究ストーリー

ライフサ

イクルマネジメント，港湾，Vol.87，No.12（996 号），pp.38-41，2010 年 12 月
69. 橋本勝文，佐藤靖彦，横田弘，三浦泰人：凍結融解試験の温度履歴がモルタルの引張特性に及ぼす影響，平成 22 年度土木学会北海道支部論文報告集，第 67 号，E-08
70. 加藤絵万，川端雄一郎，岩波光保，横田弘：港湾 RC 構造物の確率論に基づく保有性能評価の試行，土木学会論文集 E2，Vol.67, No.1, pp.150-159，2011 年
71. 松林卓，岩波光保，横田弘，山田岳史，竹鼻直人：繰返し衝撃荷重を受ける二辺

支持鉄筋コンクリート版の破壊性状に関する実験的研究，
土木学会論文集 A1，Vol.67, No.1,
pp.149-164，2011 年
72. 桑野玲子,佐藤真理,瀬良良子,地盤陥没未然防止のための地盤内空洞・ゆるみの探知に向けた基礎的検討,地盤工学ジャーナル,Vol.5, No.2, pp.219-229,2010.
73. 桑野玲子,堀井俊孝,山内慶太,小橋秀俊,老朽下水管損傷部からの土砂流出に伴う地盤
内空洞・ゆるみ形成過程に関する検討,地盤工学ジャーナル, Vol.5, No.2, pp.349-361,2010.
74. 桑野玲子,頻発する地盤の陥没現象と社会基盤整備,地盤工学会誌,Vol.59, No.1, 通巻
636 号,pp.10-11, 2011.

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75. 槙島 修， 加藤 佳孝， 魚本 健人, コンクリート構造物の耐久性を考慮した断面修復工法の適用と断面修復材の性能評価に関する一考察，，土木学会論文集Ｆ，Vol. 66，No. 1，
pp.101-111，2010
76. 加藤佳孝，西村次男，魚本健人：骨材周囲の遷移帯厚さおよび空隙率の簡易算定手法の提案，セメント・コンクリート論文集，No.63，pp.308-315，2010.2
77. 鈴木将充，Michael HENRY，加藤佳孝，勝木太：高温加熱を受けたモルタルの物理化
学的性状に及ぼす再養生条件の影響，セメント・コンクリート論文集，No.63，pp.148-154，
2010.278. 水上翔太，西村次男，加藤佳孝，勝木太：ひび割れが中性化進行に及ぼす影響に関す
る実験的検討，コンクリート工学年次論文集 Vol.32，pp.599-604，2010.7
79. Ominda NANAYAKKARA，Yoshitaka KATO：ANALYTICAL METHODS TO EVALUATE
MACRO-CELL CORROSION CURRENTS IN CONCRETE，コンクリート工学年次論文集
Vol.32，pp.1061-1066，2010.7
80. 早川健司，加藤佳孝: 振動締固めによるかぶりコンクリートの充填挙動と品質変動に関する実験的研究，コンクリート工学年次論文集 Vol.32，pp.1325-1330，2010.7
81. Michael･HENRY，Yoshitaka･KATO：Assessment of concrete sustainability using social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process ， コ ン ク リ ー ト 工 学 年 次 論 文 集 Vol.32 ，pp1805-1810，2010.7
82. German PARDO，Michael HENRY，西村次男，加藤佳孝： Effect of binder and aggregate
type on mechanical and environmental performance of green concrete，コンクリート工学年次論
文集 Vol.32，pp.1811-1816，2010.7
83. 鈴木将充，伊藤正憲，牧剛史，加藤佳孝：含浸接着樹脂の物性値が RC 梁のせん断耐力に及ぼす影響， コンクリート工学年次論文集 Vol.32，pp.1841-1846，2010.7
84. 目黒公郎：高度防災技術の効果的な活用のために,地盤工学会誌,Vol.58, No.1, pp.54-55,
2010.1
85. 目黒公郎：地震に備えるために－予測情報を効果的に防災に活用するために,土木学

会誌, pp.26-28, 2010.11
86. 鈴木猛康，秦康範，目黒公郎，沼田宗純，野田五十樹，下羅弘樹：住民，行政，病院の情報システム連携による安否確認の試み，安全問題研究論文集，Vol.5, pp.31-36, 2010.11
87.下野大樹，大原美保，目黒公郎：首都圏の鉄道ネットワークにおける早期地震警報シ
ステムによる減災効果の検討，地域安全学会論文集，2010.11
88. 沼田宗純，秦康範，大原美保，目黒公郎：広域災害医療情報を共有するための IT ト
リアージシステム(TRACY)の開発，土木学会論文集 F5 分冊（土木技術者実践），2011.3
89. 大原美保，田中聡，重川希志依：構造被害写真から学ぶ住まいの耐震教育ツールの開発と効果分析，土木学会地震工学論文集，pp. 252 – 259，2010.12
90. 蛭間芳樹，秦康範，目黒公郎，近藤伸也：新潟県庁の危機管理における環境適応と組48

織能力の「カイゼン」-2004 年新潟県中越地震と 2007 年新潟県中越沖地震の事例から-，
地域安全学会論文集, No.14, 201191. 秦康範，近藤伸也，目黒公郎，鈴木猛康，野田五十樹，竹内郁雄：首都直下地震における情報連携デモンストレーションの実施，土木技術者実践論文集，第 2 号，2011
92. 加藤孝明：災害に備えるこれからのまちづくり，都市住宅，No.72，55-59，2011.1
93. 加藤孝明：「復興イメトレ」からみえる復興シナリオと復興課題，自治体危機管理研
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94. 中村仁・加藤孝明：地域災害対応力を考慮した自治体間の相対的な地震リスク評価，
地域安全学会論文集，No.14， 2011.3
95. 市古太郎・木村美瑛子・加藤孝明・石川金治・中林一樹：荒川下流左岸地域におけるハザードマップ認知と広域避難率の向上に関する研究，日本都市計画学会学術研究論文集
45，pp.289-294，2010.11
96. 龍甚良・加藤孝明・小出治・廣井悠：中国の都市地震防災対策における地震被害想定の活用の現状と課題－中国新疆ウイグル自治区ウルムチ市の事例として－，地域安全学会
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97. 加藤孝明：「四川大地震：巨大災害からの復興をみる」，消防科学と情報，No.102，2010.9
98. 加藤孝明：巻頭インタビュー「大規模災害における道路の役割」，道路，2010.9
99. 加藤孝明：中国四川汶川地震二周年－被災を契機とした更なる発展：都市の再構築と農村の抜本的近代化－，日本都市計画学会，2010.6
100. 加藤孝明：Widespread Built-up Area below Sea-level「気候変動と広域ゼロメートル市街地」，建築雑誌，日本建築学会，2010.5
101. Kawasaki, A., Takamatsu, M., He, J., Rogers, P., Herath, S.: An integrated approach toevaluate potential impact of precipitation and land-use change on streamflow in Srepok River
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102. 川崎昭如，目黒公郎: ウェブマッピングによる大規模災害対策支援の新動向：2010
年ハイチ地震の分析と考察．地域安全学会論文集, 12, 233-242, 2010.
103. 沢田治雄：遠隔探査と GIS を活用していくために, 林業技術, No.826,15021, 2011
104. 高達暁子,腰原幹雄：版築塀における面外方向の耐震性能と補強方法に関する研究,
日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（北陸）, A-1, p.467-468, 2010
105. 松田昌洋,腰原幹雄：白川郷合掌造り民家の振動特性, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗
概集（北陸）, C-1, p.601-602, 2010
106. 佐藤弘美,腰原幹雄：通し柱をもつ差鴨居架構の水平抵抗力, 日本建築学会大会学術
講演梗概集（北陸）, C-1, p.569-570, 2010107. 龍野壮平,津和佑子,佐藤弘美,千葉一樹,腰原幹雄：伝統的木造構法五重塔の組物二基における静加力実験, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（北陸）, C-1, p.557-558, 2010108. 林彦孝,五十田博,腰原幹雄,ジョンバンデリント,立花和樹,岡崎友也,清水秀丸：枠組壁49

工法 7 階建て震動台実験

その 2 実験結果, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（北陸）,

C-1, p.226-227
109. 五十田博,腰原幹雄,立花和樹,ジョンバンデリント,岡崎友也,清水秀丸,林彦孝：枠組壁工法 7 階建て震動台実験

その 1 試験体の設計・実験方法, 日本建築学会大会学術講演

梗概集（北陸）, C-1, p.225-226
110. 鈴木あさ美,安井昇,長谷見雄二,中嶋彩乃,腰原幹雄,田村佳英：軸組木造土壁構法による準耐火構造の開発

その 17

柱断面寸法の標準化と設計手続きの単純化を目的とする

設計指針の開発, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（北陸）, A-1, p.119-120
111. 安井昇,鈴木あさ美,長谷見雄二,中嶋彩乃,腰原幹雄,田村佳英：軸組木造土壁構法による準耐火構造の開発

その 16

設計ケーススタディに基づく柱の断面寸法の把握とその軽減可能性の検討, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（北陸）, A-1, p.117-118
112.田中伸治：路上駐車に関する法制度の整理と今後の展望，都市計画学会誌，Vol.60 No.1，
pp17-20，2011.2
��会�講演��集�
113. Yokota H, Kato E and Iwanami M: Simplified assessment on structural performance ofdeteriorated concrete members, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Fracture
Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, FraMCoS-7, pp.874-879, Jeju, Korea, 23-28 May2010.
114. Yokota H, Xue W and Jin W: Co-effects of initial and exposure environments on chloride
penetration, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Concrete under severe conditions,environment and loading, CONSEC 2010, pp.367-373, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 7-9 June 2010.
115. Kato E, Kawabata Y, Iwanami M and Yokota H: Development of maintenanceplanning program for port facilities based on life cycle management, Service Life
Design for Infrastructure, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium,
pp.461-468, Delft, The Netherlands, 4-6 October 2010.
116. Y. Kawabata, M. Iwanami, E. Kato, H. Yokota and M. Furuichi: New Design Proposal for
Simplified Maintenance of Open-type Wharf, Proceedings of the 34th International Symposium on
Bridge and Structural Engineering, 2010.
117. K. Hashimot, N. Otsuki, T. Saito and H. Yokota: Evaluation of continuous pore structure anddiffusion coefficient of cementitious materials, Advances in Concrete Structural Durability,
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures, pp.69-78,
2010.
118. E. Kato, Y. Kawabata, M. Iwanami and H. Yokota: Probabilistic approach for structural
performance evaluation of port structure, Advances in Concrete Structural Durability, Proceedingsof the 2nd International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures, pp.483-490, 2010.

50

119. H. Yokota and K. Hashimoto: Life-cycle management of concrete structures, Advances inConcrete Structural Durability, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Durability ofConcrete Structures, pp.567-573, 2010.
120. Yokota H, Iwanami M and Kato E: Strategic maintenance of infrastructure incoastal areas, Proceedings of International Symposium on Recent and Future
Technologies in Coastal Development, Yokohama, Japan, 14-16 December 2010.
121. Sato,M. and Kuwano,R., Model Tests for the Evaluation of Formation and Expansion of a
Cavity in the ground, Proc. of 7th International Conference on Physical Modellingin Geotechnics,
2010 June, Switzarland, pp.581-586, 2010.
122. Tsutsumi,Y., Kuwano,R. and Sato,M), Local Deformation Characteristics of Model Groundwith Cavity and Loosening, Proc. of 7th International Conference on Physical Modellingin
Geotechnics, 2010 June, Switzarland, pp.587-592, 2010.
123. Ko,D.H. and Kuwano,R.), Model tests on behavior of double-layered pipe in large soilchamber under cyclic loading, Proc. of 7th International Conference on Physical Modellingin
Geotechnics, 2010 June, Switzarland, pp.625-632, 2010.
124. Suwal, L.P. and Kuwano,R., Small Strain Stiffness Measurement of Sand and Gravel Using
Disk Shaped Piezo-Electric Transducer, Proceeding of 5th International Conference on Earthquake
Geotechnical Engineering, CD-ROM, 2011.
125. Suwal,L.P., Kuwano,R. and Sato,T., Introduction of Trigger Bimorph Method: Transducer for
Elastic Wave Measurement in Laboratory Specimens, Proc. of 12th International Summer
Symposium, International Activities Committee, JSCE, pp.151-154, 2010.
126.Tsutsumi,Y., Sato,M and Kuwano,R., Effect of Particle Size on Local Deformation
Characteristics of Model Ground with Cavity and Loosening, Proceedings of the 4th Japan-China
Geotechnical Symposium, Okinawa Japan, pp.116-121, 2010.
127. Kuwano,R. and Kohata,Y., "An Investigation on Ground Cave-in in Old Land Fill",
Proceedings of the 4th Japan-China Geotechnical Symposium, Okinawa Japan, pp.274-277, 2010.
128. Mori,H., Saito,Y., Soga,K. Kuwano,R. and Sasaki,T., The SPH method to simulate the model
test of a sandy river levee on seepage induced failures, Proc. of 5th International SPHERIC SPH
Workshop, June 2010, Manchester.
129. Kuwano,R. and Kohata,Y., A Case Study of Ground Cave-in Due to Subsurface Erosion in
Old Land Fill, Proceedings of the 3rd Korea-Japan Geotechnical Engineering Workshop -Current
Geotechnical issues in Easten Asia, September 2010, Ansan, Korea, pp.113-116.
130. Kuwano,R. and Ebizuka,H., Trapdoor tests for the evaluation of earth pressure acting on aburied structure in an embankment, Proc. 9th International symposium on new technologies forurban safety of mega cities in Asia, USMCA, Kobe, October 2010, CD-ROM.
131. Hosoo,M. and Kuwano,R., Effects of nutrient concentration on microbial cementation in51

Toyoura sand, Proc. 9th International symposium on new technologies for urban safety of mega
cities in Asia, USMCA, Kobe, October 2010, CD-ROM.
132. Sato,M. and Kuwano,R.), Fundamental study of permeability change around buried structuresin sandy ground, Proc. 9th International symposium on new technologies for urban safety of mega
cities in Asia, USMCA, Kobe, October 2010, CD-ROM.
133. S. Mizukami, K. Hayakawa, Y. Kato and F. Katsuki： INFLUENCE OF WATER CONTENTON AIR PERMEABILITY MESUREMENT OF COVER CONCRETE, The 4th Asian ConcreteFederation International Conference (ACF),Taipei TAIWAN,2010.11
134. Y. Kato, M. Suzuki, M. Ito and T. Maki：Influence of resin properties on the shear capacity of
RC beams repaired by fiber sheets containing hydraulic resin, The 4th Asian Concrete Federation
International Conference (ACF),Taipei TAIWAN,2010.11
135. M. Henry and Y. Kato：Regional context of sustainable concrete: A study considering Japanand Thailand, The 4th Asian Concrete Federation International Conference (ACF),Taipei
TAIWAN,2010.11
136. Yoshitaka KATO， Masamitsu SUZUKI， Masanori ITO and Takeshi MAKI:：Influence ofresin properties on the shear capacity of RC beams repaired by TST-FiSH，INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUM ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN SAFETY OF MEGA CITIES IN
ASIA，USMCA 2010，Kobe Japan，2010.10
137. Michael HENRY，Raktipong SAHAMITMONGKOL，Pakawat SANCHAROEN，Yoshitaka
KATO ： Potential strategies for promoting sustainable concrete practices in Thailand ，
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN SAFETY OF
MEGA CITIES IN ASIA，USMCA 2010，Kobe Japan，2010.10
138. Tae-Ho AHN， Michael Henry，Yoshitaka Kato，Toshiharu KISHI：Interaction between
degradation and self-healing behavior in high strength mortar exposed to high temperatures (up to500℃)，INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN SAFETY
OF MEGA CITIES IN ASIA，USMCA 2010，Kobe Japan，2010.10
139. Mitsuyoshi TSUNEKUNI， Yoshitaka KATO： Fatigue damage estimation of RC beams
under cyclic loading，INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES FORURBAN SAFETY OF MEGA CITIES IN ASIA，USMCA 2010，Kobe Japan，2010.10
140. Kenji HAYAKAWA，Yoshitaka KATO：Influence of segregation with execution for quality
variation of cover concrete，INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES FORURBAN SAFETY OF MEGA CITIES IN ASIA，USMCA 2010，Kobe Japan，2010.10
141. Shota MIZUKAMI， Kenji HAYAKAWA，Yoshitaka KATO，Futoshi KATSUKI：Evaluation
method of cover concrete air permeability considering water content ， INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUM ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN SAFETY OF MEGA CITIES IN
ASIA，USMCA 2010，Kobe Japan，2010.10

52

142. T.Shimomura S.Miyazato T.Yamamoto S.Saito Y.Kato and H.Tsuruta:SYSTEMATIC
RESEARCH ON STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE OF DETERIORATED CONCRETESTRUCTURES IN JAPAN，2nd International Symposium on Service Life Design for Infrastucture
4-6 October 2010，Delft，The Netherlands
143. S. Miyazato， T. Shimomura， T. Yamamoto and Y. Kato: Report on a research project by
JSCE-331， Marine Environment Damage to Atlantic Coastal and Historical Structures，
MEDACHS’10， France， pp.549-556， 2010， 4.28-30
144. M. Henry & Y. Kato: Formation of sustainable concrete by social perspectives in the Japanese
concrete industry， Society for Social Management Systems 2010， Kochi， Japan，2010.03
145. German Pardo， Michael Henry， Tsugio Nishimura， Michael Henry: Simple beam design，
cost & CO2 assessment for green concrete containing high volume of recycled materials， Society
for Social Management Systems 2010， Kochi， Japan，2010.03
146. Kimiro MEGURO, Miho OHARA, and Muneyoshi NUMADA: DEVELOPMENT OF ITSYSTEMS FOR EFFICIENT DISASTER/CRISIS MANAGEMENT -IT DISASTER MANUALAND IT TRIAGE SYSTEM-, Proceedings of Global Forum of Crisis Management and Crisis
Communication for Health Care, -Lesson From the Past Episodes of Patient Safety, Infectious
Disease and Disaster Around the World-, 2pages, 2010.11.
147. Kimiro MEGURO and Naoki SORIMACHI: Promotion systems for PP-band retrofitting of
weak masonry houses in developing countries, Proc. of the 9th International Symposium on New
Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, pp. 39-48, Kobe, 2010.10.
148. Muneyoshi NUMADA, Kenji OHTA, Akio KOBAYASHI, Takahiro KOMATSU, Kimiro
MEGURO: Development of a simple system for measuring vibration using smart phone
application and its evaluation by shaking table, Proc. of the 9th International Symposium on New
Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, pp. 63-72, Kobe, 2010.10.
149. Yu TAKANO and Kimiro MEGURO: A study on the decrease in tourism to affected regions
after natural disasters, Proc. of the 9th International Symposium on New Technologies for urban
Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, pp. 179-188, Kobe, 2010.10.
150. Rahman HIDAYAT, Kimiro MEGURO, Srikantha HERATH: Analyzing coastal community
resilience to earthquake-tsunamis with focus on arrangement of evacuation route and shelterbuilding, Proc. of the 9th International Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety ofMega Cities in Asia, pp. 199-209, Kobe, 2010.10.
151. Navaratnarajah SATHIPARAN and Kimiro MEGURO: Seismic behavior of ¼ scaleunreinforced masonry house models retrofitted by PP-band meshes, Proc. of the 9th International
Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, pp. 289-300, Kobe,
2010.10.
152. Akiyuki KAWASAKI and Kimiro MEGURO: Emerging web and geospatial technology

53

revolutionizes disaster response with public involvement, Proc. of the 9th International
Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, pp. 327-338, Kobe,
2010.10.
153. Kimiro MEGURO: Preface, New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, Proc.
of the 9th International Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia,
2pages, Kobe, 2010.10.
154. B. Ganzorig, S. Jargalan, D. Erdenebileg, Y. ICHIHASHI: Introduction to possible natural
disaster and problems of urban development in Mongolia, 2010 New Technologies for Urban
Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, pp.261-266, Kobe, 2010.10
155. Muneyoshi NUMADA, Yasunori HADA, Miho OHARA and Kimiro MEGURO:
Development of IT Triage System (Tracy) to Share Regional Disaster Medical Information, Proc.
of the 8th International Conference on Urban Earthquake Engineering, **pages, Tokyo, Japan,
2011.3.
156. Hidetoshi YOSHINARI, Miho OHARA and Kimiro MEGURO: A study on Expected
Distribution of Lead Time by Earthquake Early Warning in Japan, **pages, Tokyo, Japan, 2011.3.
157. S. Kondo, S. Nagamatsu, M. Kawanishi, M. Yasutomi: Development of simulation exercise
for emergency response headquarters focused on management of objectives, 9th New
Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, 2010.
158. T. ICHIKO, T. KATO, K. ISHIKAWA, Pre-resilience group activities against a forthcoming
big flood disaster in Tokyo Below-Sea-Level area，Korea, 2011.2
159. M. Kobayashi, K. Yoshida, J. Fukami, Y. Matsumoto, T. Kato: DEVELOPMENT OF“GEOSPATIAL DISASTER PREVENTION INFORMATION MASH-UP SERVICE, The 10th
International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality (CONVR2010), 2010.11
160. Cho-fang Tsai, O. Koide, T. Kato: The driving force of private sectors emerged in 1999
Taiwan Earthquake condominium reconstruction, 9th International Symposium on New
Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA2010), 2010.10
161. Y. Shiozaki，T. KATO, O. Koide: , A Study on flood disaster mitigation by local government
regulation and guidance in Japan, 9th International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban
Safety of Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA2010), 2010.10
162. T. KATO, H. NAKAMUA, Y. SHIOZAKI, K. ISHIKAWA: The Community-based Planningand Consideration of Countermeasures through Workshop in "Below-Sea-Level City" against
Forthcoming Flood Disasters– Case in Katsushika City in Tokyo, 9th International Symposium on
New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA2010), 2010.10
163. Kawasaki, A., Konishi, H., Herath, S.

Spatial data sharing for tansboundary basins:

Catering for climate and ecosystem change adaptation. Proceedings of the International workshop
on Climate Change Response for Asia International Rivers: Opportunities and Challenges, CD,

54

Beijing, China, Feb. 2010.
164. Sawada, H, Y. Sawada and Y. Matsuura, Observation of forest environment changes in siberia,International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science,
Vol.38(8), 605-608, Kyoto, Japan, 2010
165. Endo, T and H. Sawada, Development of an individual tree crown delineation method using
LIDAR data, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Science, Vol.38(8), 675-678, Kyoto, Japan, 2010
166. Sawada, Y and H. Sawada, Development of a discrete time-series model for vegetation
monitoring, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial
Information Science, Vol.38(8), 719-724, Kyoto, Japan, 2010
167. Koma, Hiroyuki, Comparative Study of Satellite Remote Sensing Systems for Earthquake
Disaster Mitigation, ACRS, Hanoi, 2010.11
168. Ram Avtar, Cashew Plants Growth Monitoring in Cambodia Using ALOS/PALSAR
Data,ACRS, Hanoi, 2010.11
169. Kishi, Hirotoshi, Refinement of Biomass Burning PM2.5 Emission Model by Quality Assured
MODIS Aerosol Mesurements,ACRS, Hanoi, 2010.11
170. Takeda, Ryotaro,Towards DTM Generation from ASTER GDEM and SRTM3 in Hilly
Terrain Using Wavelets,ACRS, Hanoi, 2010.11
171. Sawada, Haruo, Trend of international charter for environmental disasters, USMCA, Kobe,
2010.10172. Koma, Hiroyuki and Haruo Sawada, Comparative study of satellite remote sensing systems
for earthquake disaster mitigation, USMCA, Kobe, 2010.10
173. Mikio KOSHIHARA: The time change of shape of timber bridge, USMCA2010 Kobe,
International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, 2010,10
174. Kazuki Tachibana, Hiroshi Isoda, Tomoya
John W. van de Lindt, Steven

Okazaki, Mikio Koshihara, Hidemaru Shimizu,

E. Pryor: Evaluation of the Neeswood Capstone Test Specimen

Using Japanese Building Codes, WCTE2010, ID634
175. Hiroki Ishiyama, Mikio Koshihara: Experimental Study on the Performance of the Nailed
Joint with the Rust, WCTE2010, ID605
176. Hiroshi Isoda, Naohito Kawai, Mikio Koshihara: Case Study of Combination Ways of Timber
and Steel in Japanese Buildings, WCTE2010, ID784
177. Sunjoog HONG, Shinji TANAKA, Masao KUWAHARA : Evaluation Method of Variable
Channelization Strategy for Merging Sections and A Case Study, 12th World Conference on
Transport Research, 2010.7
178. Marc MISKA, Masao KUWAHARA, Shinji TANAKA : Online Platform for Sustainable
Traffic Data Storage, 12th World Conference on Transport Research, 2010.7

55

179. Hoang Thuy Linh, Marc MISKA, Masao KUWAHARA, Shinji TANAKA : Simulating
Motorbike Dominated Traffic, 12th World Conference on Transport Research, 2010.7
180. Mami MATSUMOTO, Marc MISKA, Masao KUWAHARA, Shinji TANAKA : Microscopic
Pedestrian Simulation Considering Heterogeneity, 12th World Conference on Transport Research,
2010.7181. Tian JIANG, Marc MISKA, Masao KUWAHARA, Shinji TANAKA : Assessment of Traffic
Detection in a Highway Network, 12th World Conference on Transport Research, 2010.7
182. Rui WANG, Ryota HORIGUCHI, Shinji TANAKA, Masao KUWAHARA : An Analytical
Method for Intersection Entering Traffic Flow Estimation, The 7th International Conference on
Traffic and Transportation Studies, 2010.8
183. Shinji TANAKA, Keshuang TANG, Sungjoon HONG : Analysis of traffic flow at bottleneckintersections in Dhaka and proposal of traffic control improvement plan, 9th International
Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, 2010.10
184. Shinji TANAKA, Takayuki HIRASAWA, Hiroshi MAKINO, Toshihisa TANAKA, Yoshihiro
SUDA, Masao KUWAHARA : ITS FOT Plan in Kashiwa City, JAPAN, 17th ITS World Congress,
CD-ROM, 2010.10
185. Takayuki HIRASAWA, Hiroshi MAKINO, Yoshihiro SUDA, Shinji TANAKA, Masao
KUWAHARA : Concept design of noble dynamic park and ride service using 5.8GHz DSRC for
ITS FOT in Kashiwa, 17th ITS World Congress, CD-ROM, 2010.10
186. Ryota HORIGUCHI, Hisatomo HANABUSA, Masao KUWAHARA, Shinji TANAKA,
Takashi OGUCHI, Hiroyuki ONEYAMA, Hiroshi HIRAI, Seiji HAYASHI : Validation scheme fortraffic simulation to estimate environmental impacts in ‘Energy-ITS project’, 17th ITS World
Congress, CD-ROM, 2010.10
187. Keshuang TANG, Masao KUWAHARA, Shinji TANAKA: Design of Intergreen Times basedon Safety Reliability, Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting, CD-ROM, 2011.1
�内学会������
188. 桑野玲子,Suwal, L.P., ディスク型圧電素子による砂供試体内の弾性波速度測定におけるセンサー表面特性の影響,第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会,松山,2010 年 8 月,pp.197-198.
189. 海老塚裕明,桑野玲子, 盛土内埋設構造物の作用土圧の評価のための移動床実験,第 45回地盤工学研究発表会,松山,2010 年 8 月,pp.709-710.
190. 佐藤真理,堤千佳,桑野玲子,土砂流出に伴う空洞形成模型実験におけるひずみ分布の解析,第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会,松山,2010 年 8 月,pp.463-464.
191. 細尾誠,桑野玲子, 微生物代謝を用いた地盤固化技術のシリンジ試験による基礎検討”,第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会,松山,2010 年 8 月, pp.986-987.
192. 森啓年,斉藤由紀子,桑野玲子,佐々木哲也, SPH 法による砂質土堤防の崩壊実験の再現,

56

第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会,松山,2010 年 8 月, pp.473-474.
193. 海老塚裕明,桑野玲子, 移動床土槽実験における弾性波トモグラフィーの適用,土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会,札幌,2010 年 9 月,論文 No.Ⅲ-178, pp.355-356.
194. 佐藤真理,桑野玲子, 定水位透水試験による地下構造物と地盤の境界面における透水性の検討,土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会,札幌,2010 年 9 月,論文 No.Ⅲ-109, pp.217-218.
195. 細尾誠,桑野玲子, 尿素分解菌を用いた地盤固化の栄養塩注入方法に関する実験的検討,土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会,札幌,2010 年 9 月,論文 No.Ⅲ-485, pp.969-970.
196. 恒国 光義,加藤 佳孝,魚本 健人:曲げひび割れが生じた PC 梁部材の残存プレストレ
ス力の推定手法に関する研究,プレストレストコンクリート技術協会

第 19 回シンポジウ

ム論文集,2010.10
197. 鈴木 将充，小島 文寛，北沢 宏和，伊藤 正憲，西村 次男，加藤 佳孝，牧 剛史：
水硬性樹脂の付着特性が RC 梁のせん断耐力に及ぼす影響，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会，Ⅴ-701，2010.9
198. 早川 健司，加藤 佳孝:振動締固めにより充填されたかぶりコンクリートの品質変動に関する研究：土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会，Ⅴ-684，2010.9
199. 山下 大道，マイケル ヘンリー，西村 次男，加藤 佳孝，勝木 太：ゴムチップの混入量が廃棄物を多量に含んだコンクリートの基礎物性・環境負荷に及ぼす影響，土木学会
第 65 回年次学術講演会，Ⅴ-479，2010.9
200. German Pardo，Michael Henry，Tsugio Nishimura，Yoshitaka Kato：BEAM DESIGN， COST
& CO2 ASSESSMENT FOR GREEN CONCRET CONTAINING HIGH VOLUME OFRECYCLED MATERIALS，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会，Ⅴ-466，2010.9
201. Michael Henry，Yoshitaka Kato：BARRIERS TO SUSTAINABLE PRACTICE AND
MATERIALS IN THE JAPANESE CONCRETE INDUSTRY，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演
会，Ⅴ-443，2010.9
202. 水上 翔太，早川 健司，西村 次男，加藤 佳孝，勝木 太：コンクリートの圧縮強度と物質移動抵抗性の関係に及ぼす養生条件の影響，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演，
Ⅴ-421，
2010.9203. 村上拡，Nanayakkara Ominda，加藤佳孝，魚本健人：カソード領域がマクロセル腐食
速度に及ぼす影響，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会，Ⅴ-206，2010.9
204. 山下大道，マイケルヘンリー，加藤佳孝，勝木太：ゴムチップの混入量が廃棄物を多量に含んだコンクリートの強度に及ぼす影響，第 37 回土木学会関東支部技術研究発表
会講演概要集 V-5，2010.3
205. 齊藤宗一郎，西村次男，加藤佳孝，勝木太：ひび割れ内部の水分挙動に関する実験的検討，第 37 回土木学会関東支部技術研究発表会講演概要集 V-8，2010.3
206. 樺山弘基，早川健司，加藤佳孝，魚本健人：コンクリートの圧縮強度と物質移動抵
抗性の関係に及ぼす養生条件の影響，第 37 回土木学会関東支部技術研究発表会講演概要

57

集 V-14，2010.3
207. 小嶋洋範，伊藤正憲，加藤佳孝，魚本健人：接着層における水硬性樹脂の力学的特性が補強効果に及ぼす影響，第 37 回土木学会関東支部技術研究発表会講演概要集，V-55，
2010.3208. 村上拡，ナナヤカラ

オミンダ，加藤佳孝，魚本健人：カソード領域がマクロセル

腐食速度に及ぼす影響，第 37 回土木学会関東支部技術研究発表会講演概要集，V-43，2010.3
209. 沼田宗純，大原美保，目黒公郎，秦康範：IT トリアージシステムを用いた山梨大学
医学部付属病院におけるトリアージ訓練の報告, 第 29 回日本自然災害学会学術講演会概要集，pp.197-198，2010.9.
210. 高野佑，目黒公郎：自然災害後の被災地周辺観光地への観光手控えを軽減するための方策について，第 29 回日本自然災害学会学術講演会講演概要集，pp.87-88，2010.9.
211. 牧之段浩平，目黒公郎，大原美保：江東デルタ地帯における大規模水害発生時の適切な避難方法に関する基礎的検討，第 29 回 日本自然災害学会 学術講演会，pp.？？，2010.9212. 高野佑，目黒公郎：自然災害後の被災地周辺観光地への観光手控え行動に関する研究，平成 22 年度土木学会全国大会 第 65 回年次学術講演会 DVD-ROM，2010.8.
213. 齋藤勝久，沼田宗純，目黒公郎：安全・安心メールの自動分類と警察統計との比較による対策利用価値の考察，土木学会

平成 22 年度土木学会全国大会 第 65 回年次学術講演会,CD-ROM,2010.08.
214. 牧之段浩平，目黒公郎，大原美保，須見徹太郎：首都圏大規模水害による危険性の分析と避難方法の検討-江東デルタ地帯を対象として-，平成 22 年度土木学会全国大会 第65 回年次学術講演会，2010,9.
215. 藤生慎，大原美保，目黒公郎：大規模地震災害時に向けた新しい建物被害認定トレ
ーニングシステムに関する一考察，平成 22 年度土木学会全国大会, 第 65 回年次学術講演
会, CD-ROM, 2010.9
216. 下野大樹，大原美保，目黒公郎：首都圏の鉄道ネットワークを対象とした早期地震
警報システムによる減災効果の検討，平成 22 年度土木学会全国大会, 第 65 回年次学術講演会, CD-ROM, 2010.9
217. 近藤伸也，照本清峰，太田和良，片家康裕，高尾秀樹，河田惠昭：広域災害時における集落の孤立危険度マップの検討，土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会講演概要集, Ⅳ-036, 2010.
218. 近藤伸也，永松伸吾，川西勝，安富信：目標管理型災害対応と戦略的な広報を身につけることをねらいとした図上訓練の開発，日本災害情報学会第 11 回研究発表大会予稿集,
pp.65-70, 2010.
219. 近藤伸也，目黒公郎：災害時における大学の SCM モデル構築に向けたワークショップの実施，地域安全学会梗概集 No.27，pp.19-20, 2010.
220. 近藤伸也，目黒公郎：情報システム導入による情報共有の有効性の評価に関する検討，

58

第 13 回日本地震工学シンポジウム論文集，pp, 649-654, 2010.
221. 秦康範，目黒公郎，大原美保，近藤伸也，座間信作，遠藤真，小林啓二，鈴木猛康，野田五十樹，下羅弘樹，竹内郁雄，小林悟史，荒川淳平，吉本健一：首都直下地震を想定した情報連携デモンストレーション，第 13 回日本地震工学シンポジウム論文集，pp.644-648, 2010.
222. 加藤孝明：木造密集市街地の被災特性と想定される復興シナリオ，第 4 回「広域巨大災
害と大震災に備える」公開研究会「これからの木造密集市街地の復興ビジョンと復興街づくり手法」，日本建築学会・広域巨大災害と大震災に備える特別研究委員会，1-3，2011.1
223. 加藤孝明・小林三昭・四柳照義・中村仁：「防災情報マッシュアップサービス」の実践的取組みとその可能性，第 2 回相互連関を考慮したライフライン減災対策に関するシンポジウム，
土木学会，2010.12
224. 秦康則・関沢愛・加藤孝明：1995 年兵庫県南部地震における電気火災分析のためのデー
タベース構築，第 2 回相互連関を考慮したライフライン減災対策に関するシンポジウム，土木学会，2010.1
225. 加藤孝明：四川地震の概要と復興の流れ，都市計画学会研究発表大会 WS「四川大地震の復興」，2010.11
226. 加藤孝明，小林三昭，四柳照義：防災情報マッシュアップサービス」の実践的取組みとその可能性，災害情報学会，2010.10
227. 加藤孝明，小林三昭，四柳照義：「防災情報マッシュアップシステム（GDMS）」の普及のための諸条件の整理，電気学会 C 部門大会，2010.9
228. 加藤孝明・カビリジャンウメル：四川大地震の被害の概要と復興の全体像，p1-18，第 70回空間研究小委員会研究会「四川大地震からの復興―都市から建築へ―」，日本建築学会，建築計画委員会計画基礎運営委員会／空間研究小委員会，2010.6
229. 加藤孝明・カビリジャンウメル：「四川地震の復興の流れ」，都市計画学会四川地震復興支援特別研究委員会報告会，2010.4.

230. 田中伸治，藤原直生，桑原雅夫：携帯電話からの GPS データを用いた歩行者の経路
選択肢集合の推定，第 41 回土木計画学研究発表会・講演集，CD-ROM，2010.6
231. 片岡源宗，熊谷靖彦，中川敏正，田中伸治，桑原雅夫：国道 32 号における車線変更による渋滞緩和実証実験，第 30 回交通工学研究発表会論文報告集，CD-ROM，2010.9
232. 松本麻美，マーク・ミスカ，桑原雅夫，田中伸治：異なる属性を考慮した錯綜環境
下の歩行者流動シミュレーションモデルの構築，第 42 回土木計画学研究発表会・講演集，
CD-ROM，2010.11
233. 片岡源宗，熊谷靖彦，田中伸治，桑原雅夫，中川敏正，山口大助，須田義大：道路
空間の有効活用による国道３２号渋滞緩和策の提案と実証，第 42 回土木計画学研究発表
会・講演集，CD-ROM，2010.11
234. 江天，マーク・ミスカ，田中伸治，桑原雅夫：Highway Detection Variation Analysis Basedon Traffic State，第 9 回 ITS シンポジウム 2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12

59235. 田中伸治，須田義大，牧野浩志，平沢隆之：駐車場 ITS の研究開発，第 9 回 ITS シ
ンポジウム 2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12
236. 牧野浩志，田中伸治，平沢隆之，服部有里子，齋藤卓，青木新二郎：車両 ID を活用した複数駐車場の連携管理システムの開発，第 9 回 ITS シンポジウム 2010 論文集，
CD-ROM，2010.12
237. 中元達也，マーク・ミスカ，田中伸治：動的情報提供による P&R 適用可能性に関する研究，第 9 回 ITS シンポジウム 2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12
238. 三浦久，洪性俊，田中伸治，桑原雅夫，割田博，田中淳，後藤秀典，高田潤一郎，
川崎洋輔：首都高速道路における多様なデータを用いた事故要因分析，第 9 回 ITS シンポ
ジウム 2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12
239. 田中悠樹，田中伸治，桑原雅夫，白石智良，花房比佐友：ミクロ交通シミュレーシ
ョンの交差点部ドライバモデルの構築および検証，第 9 回 ITS シンポジウム 2010 論文集，
CD-ROM，2010.12
240. 中野寿男，國井康晴，田中伸治，桑原雅夫：錯綜区間における免役ネットワークを用いた車両間協調システムの有効性評価，第 9 回 ITS シンポジウム 2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12241. 小出勝亮，白石智良，飯島護久，堀口良太，田中伸治：グリッドコンピューティン
グによる日本全国交通シミュレーションシステムの開発，第 9 回 ITS シンポジウム 2010
論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12
242. 桑原雅夫，平井洋，米沢三津夫，林誠司，金成修一，田中伸治，マーク・ミスカ，
洪性俊，堀口良太，花房比佐友，小宮粋史，大口敬，小根山裕之：エネルギーITS プロジ
ェクト－国際的に信頼される ITS 施策効果評価方法の確立－，第 9 回 ITS シンポジウム
2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12
243. 須田義大，中野公彦，田中伸治，平沢隆之，牧野浩志，平山遊喜：パーソナルモビ
リティビークルの試作と環境・高齢社会への適応性に関する基礎的検討，第 9 回 ITS シン
ポジウム 2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12
244. 須田義大，池内克史，田中敏久，中野公彦，橋本秀紀，牧野浩志，坂本慎一，田中
伸治，桑原雅夫，鈴木高宏：先進モビリティにおける分野融合研究の試み，第 9 回 ITS シ
ンポジウム 2010 論文集，CD-ROM，2010.12
一���
245. 桑野玲子,安心・安全な社会基盤の構築へ向けて,土木施行,Vol.51, No.2,pp.33, 2010.
246. 桑野玲子,2010 年 6 月 25 日,日経コンストラクション第 498 号,特別リポート,変わらな
きゃ女性活用－誰もが働きやすい産業への体質改善が活力生む－にてコメント
247. 桑野玲子,2010 年 7 月 26 日,Newton2010 年 9 月号,pp.120,プラネット・アース
マラでおきた巨大な陥没のなぞ,取材協力

60

グアテ

248. 桑野玲子,建設資材情報, 2010 年 9 月号,pp.40-43,シリーズ土木女子 Vol.1,土木技術者女
性の会,取材協力
249. 魚本健人,加藤佳孝,牧剛史,出雲淳一,勝木太：PC 構造物の復元設計研究委員会報告復 元 設 計 の 体 系 化 と 各 種 計 測 技 術 の 活 用 -, プ レ ス ト レ ス ト コ ン ク リ ート,vol.52,No.5,pp74-81,2010
250. 加藤佳孝，クリップボード

劣化診断（鋼材腐食を中心として）その 2，セメント・

コンクリート，No.757，pp.53-55，2010.3
251. 加藤佳孝，クリップボード

劣化診断（鋼材腐食を中心として）その 1，セメント・

コンクリート，No.756，pp.54-56，2010.2
252. Henry, M. (2011). A different perspective on Japanese civil engineering and technology /日本に来てから変化を遂げた日本の土木工学に対する考え. 土木技術 vol. 66 no. 3, 69-72.
253. 目黒公郎：間違いだらけの地震対策②

災害イマジネーション能力の重要性,p18,ぼうさい, No.55,内閣府,2010.1.
254. 目黒公郎：特集 なぜ,住宅の耐震化が進まないのか？,pp. 4-11,ぼうさい, No.56,内閣
府,2010.3.
255. 目黒公郎：間違いだらけの地震対策③「グラッときたら」どうするか？,p21,ぼうさい, No.57,内閣府,2010.5.
256. 目黒公郎：特別寄稿

防災対策のあるべき姿「Ideal Disaster Countermeasures for Total

Disaster Management」，日本無線技報, No.58, pp.6-7, 2010.5.
257. 目黒公郎：間違いだらけの地震対策④「健常者は潜在的災害弱者」誰もが簡単に災害弱者になる,p21,ぼうさい, No.59,内閣府,2010.9.
258. 目黒公郎：間違いだらけの地震対策⑤

災害時にどう行動するか？,p21,ぼうさい,

No.61,内閣府,2011.1.
259. 目黒公郎：間違いだらけの地震対策⑥

次世代型危機管理・防災マニュアルの作

り方,p21,ぼうさい, No.62,内閣府,2011.3.
260. 目黒公郎：「合わせ技一本」で進める耐震補強－耐震補強を促進する環境整備のあり方－,第 4 回日本耐震グランプリ資料集,pp.79-87, 2010.11.
261. 近藤伸也：目標管理型災害対応を可能とする組織的な災害対策本部運営のあり方～災害時のトップマネージメント 第２回～，「地震本部ニュース」平成 23 年（2011 年）2 月号, 2011.

262. T. Kato: Reconstruction of urban areas and modernization of rural areas during
post-earthquake reconstruction, ICUS Newsletter, IIS, the university of Tokyo, vol. 10-2, 2010.11
263. 地震防災教育 DVD ビデオ「あなたの街を襲う大地震－検証・震度６弱・被害軽減・
駿河湾の地震－」，映学社，加藤孝明・監修，2010.9
264. 防火防災教育 DVD ビデオ「阪神・淡路大震災から 15 年－伝えていきたい防災力」，
映学社，加藤孝明・監修，2010.9
265. 加藤孝明：「メガリスクの時代：都市が抱える自然災害リスクの構造の理解と社会の61

変化にあわせた備え」，自主防災，2010.8
266. 川崎昭如, スリカンタ・ヘラート：GIS でグローバルな課題の解決に挑む‐国際連合
大学サステイナビリティと平和研究所, GIS NEXT, 33, 12-15, 2010.
267. 大原美保: 地震時における病院のサービス継続に向けて, 土木技術, 2010.06
マスコ�，その�
桑野玲子：2010/12/15 朝日新聞夕刊, ”土木系女子（どぼじょ）増えてます”, にてコメント
2010/11/18 日刊建設産業新聞朝刊 5 面特集記事寄稿, 土木の仕事・意義と使命伝え理解促進
目黒公郎：
2011/03/01 週刊朝日

いざという時はこう生き延びろ!!

2011/03/15 TBS ひるおび

計画停電への対処

2011/02/26 朝日新聞 ニュージーランド地震について
2011/01/20 日刊木材新聞 阪神大震災に学ぶ（下）新しい住まい観づくりが大切

2011/01/18 日刊木材新聞 阪神大震災に学ぶ（中）「目黒の 3 点セット」を提案
2011/01/14 日刊木材新聞 阪神大震災に学ぶ（上）2010/12/31 静岡新聞

真の防災は建物の耐震性向上

1 面東大がトリアージシステムを開発

2010/10/24 産経新聞(朝刊)25 面 社会部オンデマンド
は？

機種で対応差携帯の緊急地震速報

受信の有無

普及向上が課題2010/10/15 読売新聞(夕刊)2 面 見聞録 2010 揺れに備えて
切 2010/05/31 読売新聞(夕刊)10 面 震災避難2010/04/13 建設通信新聞

7 「その時」のイメージ大会津の温泉へ

第二部 人口減少で災害に強い国づくり

2010/04/13 東京大学新聞 東大―清華大学ウィ－ク

21 の交流イベントを開催

加藤孝明：2010/07/10 TBS サンデーモーニング「豪雨災害特集」専門家の立場からコメント
2010/04/27 中日新聞「災害情報ネットに集約」, GDMS 研究会の取り組みを紹介
近藤伸也：
2010/09/01 NHK 首都圏ネットワーク, 九都県市防災訓練「孤立地域からの救出・救護訓練」

腰原幹雄：
2010/09/10 日刊建設工業新聞, 木造建築どう広げる
2010/08/20 日韓建設工業新聞, 「木」のインスタレーション「喫茶」展
2010/07/25 静岡新聞, 住宅から高層ビル

木造の可能性紹介

2010/07/23 日刊木材新聞, 部材・モジュールの標準化の必要性指摘
2010/05/24 J-WAVE, ティンバライズ建築展

62

2009年度
生研��，生産研究�

1. Yokota H, Iwanami M and Kato E: Chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement andits effect on
performance of structures, International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control, Vol.7, No.2,
pp.179-184, 2009
2. Yokota H, Akira Y, Kato E and Dai J: Chloride ingress in cracked concrete with water
repellent treatment, 生産研究，Vol.61，No.4，pp.665-668，2009年7月
3. 川端雄一郎，岩波光保，加藤絵万，横田弘：高性能軽量コンクリートの海洋環境下における長期耐久性，生産研究，Vol.61，No.4，pp.669-672，2009年7月
4. 桑野玲子、佐藤真理、地盤陥没未然防止のための基礎的検討、生産研究、Vol.61、
No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.57-61, 2009
5. 佐藤真理、桑野玲子、下水管破損部からの水の流出入による空洞形成を想定した小型模型実験、生産研究、Vol.61、No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.62-65, 2009.
6. 杉本大輔、桑野玲子、微生物を利用した砂供試体固化の試行実験と固化進度の評価、生産研究、Vol.61、No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.66-69, 2009.
7. 桑野玲子、Beltran-Galvis, A.L.、細粒分混じり砂の繰返し浸水時の体積変化特性、生産研究、Vol.61、No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.70-73, 2009.
8. 桑野玲子、Cokorda, B.P.D.、異なる条件で養生した建設発生土リサイクル石灰改良土の短期挙動、生産研究、Vol.61、No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.74-77, 2009.
9. 桑野玲子、Wicaksono, R.I., 古関潤一、不撹乱砂試料の粒子間固結に及ぼす圧密圧力の影響、生産研究、Vol.61、No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.78-81, 2009.
10. 高東熙、桑野玲子、大型土槽を用いた繰返し載荷試験によるたわみ性埋設管の挙動特性、生産研究、Vol.61、No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.82-87, 2009.
11. 古関潤一、三上大道、桑野玲子、佐藤剛司、埋設管埋戻し土の液状化対策を兼ねた建設発生土の再利用に関する研究、生産研究、Vol.61、No.4、通巻 669 号、pp.88-92,
2009.
12. Wicaksono,R.I. and Kuwano,R., Study on Determination of Damping Ratio Based on Bender
Element, Trigger Accelerometer, and Cyclic Loading Measurements, Seisan Kenkyu, Bimonthly
Journal of Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Vol.61, No.6, pp.117-122,
2009.
13. Suwal, L.P and Kuwano, R., Development of Disk Shape Piezo-ceramic Transducer for
Elastic Wave Measurements in Laboratory Soil Specimens, Seisan Kenkyu, Bimonthly Journal of
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Vol.61, No.6, pp.123-128, 2009.
14. Suwal,L.P. and Kuwano,R., Performance of Plate Transducer Having Different Surface

63

Conditions on Elasitc Wave Measurement, Bulletin of Earthquake Resistant Structure ResearchCenter, No.43, March 2010, pp.173-186, 2010.
15. 桑野玲子、海老塚裕明、盛土内埋設構造物の作用土圧の評価のための移動床土槽実
験、生産研究、Vol.62、No.4、通巻 675 号、pp.63-66、2010.
16. 佐藤真理、桑野玲子、地中構造物躯体近傍の透水状況の変化に関する基礎的検討、生産研究、Vol.62、No.4、通巻 675 号、pp.67-70、2010.
17. 細尾誠、桑野玲子、微生物を利用した砂供試体固化のシリンジ試験による基礎検討,
生産研究、Vol.62、No.4、通巻 675 号、pp.71-76、2010.
18. 高東熙、桑野玲子、二層構造管の模型実験とライニング設計への適用, 生産研究、
Vol.62、No.4、通巻 675 号、pp.77-82、2010.
19. Suwal,L.P., Kuwano,R. and Sato,T., A new receiver for elastic wave measurements inlaboratory soil specimens, Seisan Kenkyu, Bimonthly Journal of Institute of Industrial Science,
The University of Tokyo, Vol.62, No.6, pp.577-586, 2010.
20. 山崎 啓司， 加藤 佳孝：土木系学科に所属する学生の建設業界に対する就職志望
度低下の要因分析—大学教育と建設業界が学生に与える影響について—，生産研究，
Vol.61， No.4， pp.629-632，2009.5
21. 山崎 啓司， 加藤 佳孝: 土木系学科に所属する学生の建設業界に対する就職志望度低下の要因分析—メディアの報道が学生に与える影響について—，生産研究， Vol.61，
No.4， pp.625-628，2009.5
22. Michael HENRY and Yoshitaka KATO: Green Concrete Material Design Philosophy for Use
in Port Structures， Bimonthly Journal of Institute of Industrial Science， The University ofTokyo， SEISAN KENKYU， 2009，Vol. 61 No. 5， pp.949-950
23. Michael HENRY and Yoshitaka KATO: Defining “Green Concrete” ，Bimonthly Journal of
Institute of Industrial Science， The University of Tokyo， SEISAN KENKYU， 2009， Vol.
61 No. 6 ，pp.1085-1086
24. 小林良輔，西村次男，蔵重勲，加藤佳孝：ひび割れと鉄筋界面からの中性化進行に及ぼす乾湿繰返しの影響，生産研究，Vol.61 No.4，pp.649-652，2009.5
25, 平田渉，ヘンリーマイケル，加藤佳孝，勝木太：繊維補強モルタルへの廃棄物とリサイクル材料の活用，生産研究，Vol.61 No.4，pp.637-640，2009.5
26. 水上翔太，西村次男，加藤佳孝，勝木太：構造体コンクリートの品質確保のための受入れ検査に関する基礎的検討，生産研究，Vol.61 No.4，pp.645-648，2009.5
27. 山崎孝史，鈴木将充，笠倉亮太，小島文寛，伊藤正憲，加藤佳孝，勝木太：迅速復旧工法開発のための TST-FiSH の基礎物性と補修効果の実験的検討，生産研究，Vol.61
No.4，pp.641-644，2009.5
28. Ominda Nanayakkara， Atsushi Kikuchi and Yoshitaka Kato : Simplified theoretical
approaches for estimating macro-cell corrosion in chloride-attacked reinforcement ，

64

Seisan-Kenkyu， Journal of Institute of Industrial Science， The University of Tokyo， 2009，Vol. 61， No. 4， pp 653-656
29. Vu Viet Hung， Ominda Nanayakkara and Yoshitaka Kato : Effective length of steel element
for time-dependent macro-cell corrosion， Seisan-Kenkyu， Journal of Institute of Industrial
Science， The University of Tokyo， 2009， Vol. 61， No. 4， pp 657-660
30. 菊池 厚， ナナヤカラ オミンダ， 加藤 佳孝， 魚本 健人マクロセル腐食が電気化学的測定結果に及ぼす影響， 生産研究， Vol. 61， No. 4， pp 661-664，2009
31. Michael HENRY， Wataru HIRATA， Yoshitaka KATO : Environmental performanceindicators for concrete containing high volume of recycled materials. Bimonthly Journal of
Institute of Industrial Science， the University of Tokyo， SEISAN KENKYU Vol. 61 No. 4，
pp.633-636.
32. 目黒公郎, センター通史・都市基盤安全工学国際研究センター都市基盤の適切な整備と維持管理を含めた安全工学を国際的な視点から研究する, 生産研究, Vol. 61, No. 3,
pp.213-217, 2009.5
33. 目黒公郎, 目黒研究室（都市震災軽減工学), 生産研究, Vol. 61, No. 3, p.378, 2009. 07
34. 目黒公郎, 持続可能な都市システムの構築を目指して, 生産研究, Vol. 61, No. 4,
pp.617-623, 2009,07
35. 康 泰樹,目黒公郎, バングラデシュ災害対応計画と実対応の比較分析, 生産研究, Vol.
61 , No. 4, pp.717-721, 2009-07
36. 齋藤勝久, 近藤伸也, 目黒公郎, 子どもの防犯データベース設計に関する研究, 生産
研究,Vol. 61, No. 4, pp.722-725, 2009-07

37. 野村浩司, 大原美保, 目黒公郎, 都市直下型地震が地価に及ぼす影響に関する一考察−1995年兵庫県南部地震の被災地を対象として−, 生産研究, Vol.61, No.4, pp.709-712,
2009-0738. 岸田幸子, 大原美保, 目黒公郎, 義務教育課程における防災教育カリキュラムの開発に向けた基礎的研究, 生産研究, Vol.61, No.4, pp.713-716, 2009-07
39. Pranab J. BARUAH, Kimiro MEGURO, The Business Case for Sustainability: With a Focus
on LEED&reg; Green Building Assessment System, 生産研究, Vol.61, No.4, pp.737-741,
2009-0740. 沼田宗純、野村浩司、大原美保、目黒公郎、鷹野澄, 2009年8月11日駿河湾を震源とする地震による生研の観測記録, 生産研究, Vol.61, No.6, pp.90-94, 2009-11
41. 櫻井光太郎、Navaratnarajah SATHIPARAN、目黒公郎, 不整形石積み組積造壁のPP-band耐震補強法に関する実験的研究、生産研究,Vol.61, No.6, pp.95-98, 2009.11.
42. N. Sathiparan, K. Sakurai, K. Meguro, Experimental Study of PP-band Retrofitted Masonry
Structure made of Shapeless Stones, 生産研究, Vol.61, No.6, pp.99-102, 2009-11
43. 大原美保, 地引康人、関谷直也、須見徹太郎、目黒公郎、田中淳, J-ALERTによる緊

65

急地震速報の防災行政無線放送雄効果に関する調査研究, 生産研究, Vol.61, No.6,
pp.103-108, 2009-11
44. 大原美保，田中聡，重川希志依, 構造被害写真から学ぶ住まいの耐震教育の効果に関する分析, 生産研究, Vol.61, No.6, pp.110-115, 2009-11
45. Supannika Potithep, Takahiro Endo, Wataru Takeuchi, Haruo Sawada and Yoshifumi Yasuoka,
2009, Coupling Remote Sensing with Spatial 3-PG Model for Gross Primary Productivity
Estimation in Deciduous Broadleaf Forest: Hokkaido, Japan, 生産研究,vol.4, 61, pp. 139-143,
2009.07
46. 小林優介、沢田治雄、安岡善文、樹林地創出効果の評価と緑地政策への適用の検討, 生
産研究,vol.4, 61, pp.144-147, 2009.07
47. 田口仁, 遠藤貴宏, 沢田治雄, 安岡善文, 森林の3次元構造リモートセンシングと生態系プロセスモデルの統合に関する研究, 生産研究, vol. 4, 61, pp. 48-152, 2009.07.
48. 遠藤貴宏,田口仁，ﾊﾞﾙｱ ﾌﾟﾗﾅﾌﾞ

ｼﾞｫﾃｨ、沢田治雄、2009, LIDARデータによるスギ人

工林の単木抽出手法の開発, 生産研究, vol. 4, 61, pp. 153-163, 2009.07
49. 熊谷考文, 腰原幹雄, 松田昌洋: 重要伝統的建造物群保存地区における地震防災計画
構築に関する研究, 生産研究, vol.4, pp. 732-736, 2009.07
50. 小野剛志，唐克双，田中伸治，桑原雅夫: 信号切り替わり時における右折車の損失時間の分析, 生産研究, vol.4, pp. 131-134, 2009, 07
51. 田中伸治，花房比佐友，堀口良太，桑原雅夫: 交通シミュレーションのグリッドロック問題解消策の検討, vol.4, pp. 135-138, 2009,07
学����，論文��
52. 横田弘：港湾施設の維持管理の考え方とその技術，コンクリート工学，Vol.47，

No.5，pp.120-123，2009年5月
53. 岩波光保，加藤絵万，横田弘：沿岸防災施設の戦略的維持管理のための基本的考

え方，海洋開発論文集，第25巻，pp.135-138，2009年6月
54. 加藤絵万，岩波光保，横田弘：桟橋のライフサイクルマネジメントシステムの構築に関する研究，港湾空港技術研究所報告，第48巻，第2号，pp.3-35，2009年6月
55. 審良善和，山路徹，岩波光保，横田弘：高炉セメントB種を用いた港湾コンクリ

ートの塩化物イオン拡散係数および表面塩化物イオン濃度について，コンクリート工学
年次論文集，Vol.31，No.1，pp.1033-1038，2009年7月
56. 川端雄一郎，岩波光保，加藤絵万，横田弘：高性能軽量コンクリートの材料分離

特性と海洋環境下における長期耐久性の評価，コンクリート工学年次論文集，Vol.31，
No.1，pp.1807-1812，2009年7月
57. 岩波光保，松林卓，横田弘，小野寺美昭：繰返し衝撃荷重を受ける二辺支持鉄筋コンクリート版の破壊挙動，コンクリート工学年次論文集，Vol.31，No.2，pp.799-804，

66

2009年7月
58. Dai J and Yokota H: Experimental study on durability of the bond between FRP and concrete
subjected to cyclic dry/wet action, 9th International Symposium on Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, FRPRCS-9, Sydney, Australia, 13-15 July 200959. 立石晶洋，小林朗，横田弘，岩波光保，加藤絵万：海洋環境下における鋼板のCFRPストランドシート接着補強効果に関する検討，第3回FRP複合構造・橋梁に関するシンポジウム論文報告集，土木学会，pp.85-90，2009年7月
60. 立石晶洋，横田弘，岩波光保，加藤絵万，小林朗，戴

建国：水中施工の可能

なFRP を用いた港湾鋼構造物の補強実験，構造工学論文集，Vol.56A，pp.644-655，2010
年3月
61. Tsutsumi,Y., Koseki,J., Kuwano,R., Kiyota,T. and Mikami,T., Survey on Damage to Roads in
Akita prefecture Caused by 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake, Bulletin of Earthquake
Resistant Structure Research Center, No.42, March 2009, pp.97-106 , 2009.
62. Wicaksono, R.I. and Kuwano,R., Small Strain Shear Stiffness of Toyoura Sand obtained fromvarious wave measurement techniques, Bulletin of Earthquake resistant structure research center,
No.42, March 2009, 107-119, 2009.
63. Kiyota, T., Koseki, J., Sato, T. and Kuwano, R., Aging effects on small strain shear moduli
and liquefaction properties of in-situ frozen and reconstituted sandy soils, Soils and Foundations,Vol.49, No.2, pp.259-274, 2009.
64. 畠俊郎、桑野玲子、安部廣史（2009）、微生物機能の制御による透水性の低下・復元手法に関する実験的検討, 土木学会論文集 G、Vol.65, No.3, pp.202-211.
65. Mukunoki,T., Kumano,N., Otani,J. and Kuwano,R., Visualization of three dimensional failurein sand due to water inflow and soil drainage from defected underground pipe using X-ray CT,
Soils and Foundations, Vol.49, No.6, pp.959-968, 2009.
66. Suwal,L.P. and Kuwano,R., Performance of Plate Transducer Having Different Surface
Conditions on Elasitc Wave Measurement, Bulletin of Earthquake Resistant Structure ResearchCenter, No.43, March 2010, pp.173-186 , 2010.
67. 桑野玲子、佐藤真理、瀬良良子、地盤陥没未然防止のための地盤内空洞・ゆるみの探知に向けた基礎的検討、地盤工学ジャーナル、Vol.5, No.2, pp.219-229、2010.
68. 桑野玲子、堀井俊孝、山内慶太、小橋秀俊、老朽下水管損傷部からの土砂流出に伴う 地 盤 内 空 洞 ・ ゆ る み 形 成 過 程 に 関 す る 検 討 、 地 盤 工 学 ジ ャ ー ナ ル , Vol.5, No.2,
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69.桑野玲子、頻発する地盤の陥没現象と社会基盤整備、地盤工学会誌、Vol.59, No.1, 通
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70. 鈴木将充，小島文寛，伊藤正憲，加藤佳孝：迅速復旧工法開発のための TST-FiSH の基礎物性と補修効果の検討，コンクリート工学年次論文集 Vol.31，2009.7

6771. 水上翔太，西村次男，加藤佳孝，勝木太：構造体コンクリートの品質確保のための受入れ検査に関する検討，コンクリート工学年次論文集 Vol.31，No.1，pp.793-798，
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72. Michael HENRY， Wataru HIRATA， Yoshitaka KATO : Utilizing waste and recycledmaterials in fly ash fiber-reinforced mortar， コンクリート工学年次論文集 Vol. 31 No. 1，
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73. Raktipong Sahamitmongkol and Yoshitaka Kato: Corroded Flexural RC Members with Patching
Repair， Lap Lambert Acad. Publ.， 2009.7
74. 笠倉亮太，鈴木将充，小島文寛，伊藤正憲，加藤佳孝，牧剛史：水硬性樹脂を含浸させた連続繊維シートを用いた迅速復旧工法の開発，コンクリート工学，Vol.47，No.12，
pp.18-25，2009.12
75. 加藤佳孝：学生・若手のモチベーションを高める!?，コンクリート工学，Vol.47 No.5，
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76. 久田嘉章、村上正浩、目黒公郎、鈴木猛康、座間信作: 特集号「情報共有による減災対策」の発刊にあたって, 日本地震工学論文集, 2009,02
77. 秦康範、鈴木猛康、下羅弘樹、目黒公郎、小玉乃理子: 新潟県中越地震における通れた道路マップの提供とプローブカー情報の減災利用実現に向けた課題と展望, 日本地震
工学論文集, 第9巻，第2号, pp.148-159, 2009-02
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兵庫県南部地震の被災地を対象として-,土木学会地震工学論文集, Vol.30, 655-660,
2009,0780. 蛭間芳樹，大原美保，近藤伸也，目黒公郎: 広域医療搬送における組織間情報共有の現状と防災情報共有プラットフォームの効果分析, 土木学会地震工学論文集, Vol.30,
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81. 橘田要一，矢作直樹，原田賢治，塚田博明，赤塚健一，大原美保，目黒公郎: 災害対策マニュアルの周知方法に関するE-Learningの効果と可能性, 日本集団災害医学会誌, 第14巻第2号, 81-190, 2009.10
82. 大原美保，地引泰人，関谷直也，須見徹太郎，目黒公郎，田中淳: J-ALERTによる緊
急地震速報の防災行政無線放送の効果に関する研究, 日本災害情報学会誌「災害情報」,
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83. 沢田治雄: 世界の森林リモートセンシングの現状, 山林, 1504:54-60, 2009
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6884. Huang, H., Ooka, R., Chen, H., Kato, S., Optimum design for smoke-control system inbuildings considering robustness using CFD and Genetic Algorithms, Building and Environment,
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85. Chen, H., Ooka, R., Huang, H., Tsuchiya, T., Study on mitigation measures for outdoor
thermal environment on present urban blocks in Tokyo using coupled simulation , Building andEnvironment, 44, 11, 2290-2299, 2009.
86. Mahmound, B., Kato, S., Huang, H., Identification of pollution sources in urban areas using
reverse simulation with Reversed Time Marching Method, Journal of Asian Architecture andBuilding Engineering, 8, 1, 275-282, 2009.
87. Huang, H., Ooka, R., Liu, N., Zhang, L., Deng, Z., Kato, S., Experimental study of fire
growth in a reduced-scale compartment under different approaching external wind conditions,Fire Safety Journal, 44, 3, 311-321, 2009.
88. 高達暁子,腰原幹雄: 竹の節を利用した接合部に関する実験的研究, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（東北）, C-1, p.91-92, 200989. 西川航太,腰原幹雄: 愛媛県八幡浜市に現存する近代木造校舎の構造性能に関する研究, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（東北）,C-1, p.221-222, 2009
90. 高穎,梶川久光,松下克也,平田俊次,鶴田修,大橋好光,坂本功,腰原幹雄: 木質住宅の被災度評価及び構造評価用データベース構築に関する実験的研究, 日本建築学会大会学術
講演梗概集（東北）, C-1, p.349-350, 200991. 比嘉静,林康裕,森井雄史,腰原幹雄,長谷見雄二: 歴史的町並み保存の防災計画手法の構築に関する研究その7 降伏ベースシア係数の簡易評価法, 日本建築学会大会学術

講演梗概集（東北）,C-1,p.513-514, 200992. 熊谷考文,腰原幹雄,松田昌洋,長谷見雄二: 歴史的町並み保存の防災計画手法の構築に関する研究その8 蔵の常時微動計測, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（東北）,C-1,p.543-544, 2009
93. 津和佑子,千葉一樹,腰原幹雄,杉本健一,新津靖,御子柴正,河合直人: 五重塔の耐震性に関する縮小模型実験

その10 対角線方向の加振による変形性状, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（東北）, C-1, p.547-548, 2009
94. 渡邊史郎,松村秀一,腰原幹雄,藤田香織,津和佑子: 世界の在来構法の現状とその脆弱性改善のための実験的研究, 日本建築学会大会学術講演梗概集（東北）, E-1, p.1135-1136,
2009
95. 石山央樹,腰原幹雄: 釘接合部の劣化時せん断性能に関する実験的研究

木造住宅の劣化時構造性能に関する研究（その１）, 日本建築学会構造系論文集, 第646号,
pp.2281-2289, 2009.12
96. 荒木康弘,腰原幹雄,五十田博,河合直人,坂本功: 木造住宅の接合部破壊を考慮した大変形時の構造性能に関する実験的研究, 日本建築学会構造系論文集, 第646号,

69pp.2291-2298, 2009.12
97. 角陸順香,清家剛,腰原幹雄: 木造戸建住宅の耐震改修における意思決定プロセス-

所有者の各段階での判断と設計・施工段階での課題の分析-,日本建築学会構造系論文集,
第644号, pp.1769-1776, 2009.10
98. 安井昇,長谷見雄二,平井宏幸,渡邊圭太,腰原幹雄: 横架材の加熱後曲げ応力度予測に基づく伝統木造床の防耐火設計と梁長さ・間隔の拡張可能性, 日本建築学会構造系論文
集, 第642号, pp.1523-1529, 2009.08
99. 綱友雄,篠原健次,松本敏夫,坂本功,腰原幹雄: GRGを用いた小開口付き耐力壁の面内せん断性能に関する研究, 日本建築学会構造系論文集, 第638号, pp.675-680, 2009.04
100. 田中伸治: バンコク・スワンナプーム国際空港アクセス鉄道の建設, 都市計画学会
誌, Vol.58 No.6, 84, 2009.6
101. 田中伸治: AIT（アジア工科大学院）における人材教育活動, 交通工学, Vol.45, No.1,
42-45, 2009.07
102. 田中伸治: ITS、セカンドステージの展開, 交通工学, Vol.45, No.1, 2010.01
国際学会��論文集�
103. Matsubayashi T, Iwanami M and Yokota H: Influence of reinforcement ratio on mechanicalbehaviour of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to repeated impact loads, Structures under
Extreme Loading, Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Performance, Protection,and Strengthening of Structures under Extreme Loading, PROTECT 2009, Hayama, Japan, 19-21
Aug 2009.
104. Kawabata Y, Iwanami M, Kato E and Yokota H: Long-term durability of super lightweightaggregate concrete exposed in marine environment, Proceedings of the 4th International
Conference on Construction Materials: Performance, Innovations and Structural Implications,
Nagoya, Japan, pp.681-686, 24-26 August 2009.
105. Kato E, Akira Y, Iwanami M and Yokota H: Chloride penetration in marine concrete
structures after 40 years in service, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on
Construction Materials: Performance, Innovations and Structural Implications, pp.807-814,
Nagoya, Japan, 24-26 August 2009.
106. Akira Y, Yamaji T, Iwanami M and Yokota H: Chloride ion diffusion coefficient andsurface chloride ion concentration of concrete of port structures, Proceedings of the 4thInternational Conference on Construction Materials: Performance, Innovations and Structural
Implications, pp.903-908, Nagoya, Japan, 24-26 August 2009.
107. Kawabata Y, Iwanami M, Kato E, Yokota H and Furuichi M: Replaceable slab of open-typepiers as new cost-effective technology, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on New
Technologies for Urban Safety in Maga Cities in Asia, USMCA2009, pp.333-342, Incheon,

70

Korea, 15-16 October 2009.
108. Kato E, Iwanami M and Yokota H: Development of life cycle management system foropen-type wharf, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on New Technologies for
Urban Safety in Maga Cities in Asia, pp.383-392, USMCA2009, Incheon, Korea, 15-16 October
2009.
109. Yokota H, Kato Y, Kuwano R, Endo T and Kato E: Evaluation on performance degradationof deteriorated civil infrastructure, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on New
Technologies for Urban Safety in Maga Cities in Asia, USMCA2009, pp.693-700, Incheon,
Korea, 15-16 October 2009.
110. Matsubayashi T, Iwanami M and Yokota H: Impact resistance of reinforced concrete wall of
breakwater caisson, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on New Technologies for
Urban Safety in Maga Cities in Asia, USMCA2009, Incheon, Korea, pp.747-756, 15-16 October
2009.
111. Yokota H: Examples of life-cycle management for coastal concrete structures, Proceedingsof US-Japan Workshop on Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Infrastructure Materials,
Sapporo, Japan, October 21-22, 2009.
112. Yokota H, Yamauchi H, Kato E and Iwanami M: Life-Cycle Cost Estimation of Open-Type
Wharf Based on Seismic Damage Risk, Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Urban
Earthquake Engineering (7CUEE) & 5th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering(5ICEE) , pp.2101-2107, Tokyo, Japan, 3-5 March 2010.
113. Wicaksono, R.I. and Kuwano,R., Small Strain Stiffness of Uniform Granular Materials
Based on Dynamic and Static Measurements, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ICSMGE 2009, Alexandria, pp.287-290 ,2009.
114. Wicaksono, R.I. and Kuwano, R., Small Strain Stiffness of Toyoura Sand Obtained from
Various Techniques in Laboratory Measurements, Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Satellite
Conference, TC4 of ISSMGE, 2009.
115. Kuwano,R. and Kohata,Y., A case study of ground cave-in caused by subsurface erosion inlarge scale fill ground, Proc. 8th International symposium on new technologies for urban safetyof mega cities in Asia, USMCA, Inchon, October 2009, pp.261-267, 2009.
116. Ebizuka,H. and Kuwano,R., Trap Door Tests for Evaluation of Stress Distribution around a
Buried Structure, Proc. 8th International symposium on new technologies for urban safety ofmega cities in Asia, USMCA, Inchon, October 2009, pp.245-250 , 2009.
117. Sato,M. and Kuwano,R., Model Tests for the Evaluation of Formation and Expansion of a
Cavity in the ground, Proc. of 7th International Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics,
2010 June, Switzerland, pp.581-586, 2010.

71118. Tsutsumi,Y., Kuwano,R. and Sato,M), Local Deformation Characteristics of Model Groundwith Cavity and Loosening, Proc. of 7th International Conference on Physical Modeling in
Geotechnics, 2010 June, Switzerland, pp.587-592, 2010.
119. Ko,D.H. and Kuwano,R., Model tests on behavior of double-layered pipe in large soilchamber under cyclic loading, Proc. of 7th International Conference on Physical Modeling in
Geotechnics, 2010 June, Switzerland, pp.625-632, 2010.
120. Suwal, L.P. and Kuwano,R., Small Strain Stiffness Measurement of Sand and Gravel Using
Disk Shaped Piezo-Electric Transducer, Proceeding of 5th International Conference on
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, CD-ROM, 2011.
121. Tsutsumi,Y., Sato,M and Kuwano,R., Effect of Particle Size on Local Deformation
Characteristics of Model Ground with Cavity and Loosening, Proceedings of the 4th Japan-China
Geotechnical Symposium, Okinawa Japan, pp.116-121, 2010.
122. Kuwano,R. and Kohata,Y., "An Investigation on Ground Cave-in in Old Land Fill",
Proceedings of the 4th Japan-China Geotechnical Symposium, Okinawa Japan, pp.274-277,
2010.
123. Mori,H., Saito,Y., Soga,K. Kuwano,R. and Sasaki,T., The SPH method to simulate themodel test of a sandy river levee on seepage induced failures, Proc. of 5th International
SPHERIC SPH Workshop, June 2010, Manchester.
124. Kuwano,R. and Kohata,Y., A Case Study of Ground Cave-in Due to Subsurface Erosion in
Old Land Fill, Proceedings of the 3rd Korea-Japan Geotechnical Engineering Workshop -Current
Geotechnical issues in Easten Asia, September 2010, Ansan, Korea, pp.113-116.
125. Kuwano,R. and Ebizuka,H., Trapdoor tests for the evaluation of earth pressure acting on aburied structure in an embankment, Proc. 9th International symposium on new technologies forurban safety of mega cities in Asia, USMCA, Kobe, October 2010, CD-ROM.
126. Hosoo,M. and Kuwano,R., Effects of nutrient concentration on microbial cementation in
Toyoura sand, Proc. 9th International symposium on new technologies for urban safety of mega
cities in Asia, USMCA, Kobe, October 2010, CD-ROM.
127. Sato,M. and Kuwano,R., Fundamental study of permeability change around buried
structures in sandy ground, Proc. 9th International symposium on new technologies for urban
safety of mega cities in Asia, USMCA, Kobe, October 2010, CD-ROM.
127. Hata,T., Tsukamoto,M., Inagaki,Y., Mori,H., Kuwano,R. and Gourc,J.P., Evaluation ofmultiple soil improvement techniques based on microbial functions, Proc. of Geo-frontiers 2011,
ASCE, pp.3945-3955. 2011.
129. Mizukami, S., Nishimura T, Kato Y. and Katsuki, F: EXAMINATION CONCERNING THE
ACCEPTANCEINSPECTIONFORQUALITY

ASSURANCEOFSTRUCTURALCONCRETE, 8th International Symposium on NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN SAFETY72

OF MEGA CITIES IN ASIA, Incheon, Korea, 2009.10
130. M. Henry & Y. Kato: Perspectives on sustainable practices and materials in the Japanese
concrete industry, 8th International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega
Cities in Asia, Incheon, Korea，2009.10
131. Yoshitaka Kato, Michael Henry and Masamitsu Suzuki: RECOVERY MECHANISM OF
FIRE-DAMAGED HIGH-STRENGTH MORTAR, 8th International Symposium on NEW
TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN SAFETY OF MEGA CITIES IN ASIA, Incheon, Korea,
2009.10132. Suzuki, M., Kasakura, R., Ito, M. and Kato, Y.：Experimental Examination on The Repair
Effect of Emergency Rapid Retrofitting Method TST-FiSH, 8th International Symposium on
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR URBAN SAFETY OF MEGA CITIES IN ASIA, Incheon, Korea,
2009.10133. Vu Viet Hung, Ominda Nanayakkara and Yoshitaka Kato : Effect of oxygen and water onmacro-cell corrosion, 11th International Summer Symposium of JSCE, 2009, Tokyo, Japan, pp
265-268134. Ominda Nanayakkara, Atsushi Kikuchi and Yoshitaka Kato : Comparison of theoreticallyand experimentally evaluated macro-cell corrosion currents in concrete, 11th International
Summer Symposium of JSCE, 2009, Tokyo, Japan, pp 269-272
135. Michael HENRY and Yoshitaka KATO : The role of new material technologies forsustainable practice in the concrete industry. PICMET’09, Portland, OR, USA, 2009.08.
136. Sathiparan N., Mayorca P., Meguro K.: Experimental Study on PP-band Mesh Seismic
Retrofitting for Low Earthquake Resistant Arch Shaped Roof Masonry Houses, 8th International
Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea,
2009.10.
137. Kotaro SAKURAI, Navaratnarajah SATHIPARAN, Kimiro MEGURO: Experimental Studyon masonry wallette made of shapeless stones retrofitted by PP-Band Mesh”, 8th International
Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea,
2009.10138. Muneyoshi NUMADA and Kazuo KONAGAI: Landslide movement and deformation fordifferent length and width of landslide mass, 8th International Symposium on New Technologies
for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea, 2009.10
139. Mariko Abe, Kimiro Meguro, Mari Yokoya: Introduction of Disaster Imagination Workshop
into Risk-Management Training for Nursery School Leaders, 8th International Symposium on
New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea, 2009.10
140. Taiki Kou, Kimiro MEGURO: Proposal for Continual Reviewing and Revision Process ofDisaster Management Plan in Bangladesh -2007 Cyclone Sidr as a Case Study-, 8th International

73

Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea,
2009.10141. Sathiparan N., Mayorca P., Meguro K: Experimental Study on PP-band Mesh Seismic
Retrofitting for Low Earthquake Resistant Arch Shaped Roof Masonry Houses, 8th International
Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea,
2009.10142. Kotaro SAKURAI, Navaratnarajah SATHIPARAN, Kimiro MEGURO: Experimental Studyon masonry wallette made of shapeless stones retrofitted by PP-Band Mesh, 8th International
Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea,
2009.10143. M. Ohara, Y. Jibiki, N. Sekiya, T. Sumi, K. Meguro and A. Tanaka: A Study on Residents’
Response to Earthquake Early Warning at the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake in Japan, 8thInternational Symposium on New Technologies for urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia,
CD-ROM, Korea, 2009.10
144. M. Fujiu, M. Ohara, K. Meguro: A Basic Study on Development of New Training System
for Building Damage Assessment, 8th International Symposium on New Technologies for urban
Safety of Mega Cities in Asia, CD-ROM, Korea, 2009.10
145. M. Ohara, Y. Jibiki, N. Sekiya, T. Sumi, K. Meguro, A. Tanaka: Survey on Residents’
Response to Earthquake Early Warning during the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake inJapan, Bulletin of Earthquake Resistant Structure Research Center, No.42, Institute of Industrial
Science, University of Tokyo, Japan.
146. Yasuyoshi ICHIHASHI: Framework/mechanism of international cooperation ofr disasterrisk reducution and Japan’s contribution, 2009 New technologies ofr rban safety of mega cities in
Asia, pp13-26, Kobe, Japan, 2009147. Akatsuka, S., W. Takeuchi, P. Rakwatin and H. Sawada: Evaluation of Slope Correction
Effects on ALOS PALSAR Mosaic Data Set in Forest Mapping in Indonesia and Malaysia,
ACRS 2009, China
148. H. Sawada, S. Mukherjee, M. Kumar, C. K. Singh and P. Kumar: Identification of Eroslonaland Inundation Hazard Zones in Ken-Betwa River Linking Area, India Using Remote Sensing
and GIS, Ram avtar, ACRS 2009, China
149. Sawada, H. and Y. Sawada: Annual Environmental Changes in Russia Analyzed by Remote
Sensing Data, USMCA 2009, Korea
150. Sawada, H: Global changes and disaster events observed by satellite remote sensing,
Sawada, H, Workshop on Urban Safety, 2010, Bagradesh
151. T. Endo and H. Sawada: Effect of crown properties of Chamaecyparis Obtusa tree in Japanfor DEM creation, USMCA 2009, Korea

74152. Mori, S., W. Takeuchi and H. Sawada: Estimation of land surface watercoverage (LSWC)
with optical vs. microwaves, USMCA 2009, Korea
153. Ram Avtar, H. Sawada, S. Mukherjee, C. K. Singh: Identification of groundwater potential
zones in KEN-BETWA RIVER linking area using remote sensing and GIS, USMCA, 2009,
Korea
154. Iuko Tsuwa, Mikio Koshihara, Kaori Fujita, Isao Sakamoto: Shaking table tests oftraditional timber frames including Kumimono- Modeling of horizontal resistance force-,

USMCA2009, 2009.10
155. Y.Hayashi, S.Higa, Y.Hasebe, T.Morii, M.Matsuda, and M.Koshihara: Seismic Performance
Evaluation for Groups of Historic Wooden Houses, ICOSSAR2009, 2009.09
156. KOSHIHARA Mikio, ISODA Hiroshi and YUSA Shuitsu: THE DESIGN AND
INSTALLATION OF A FIVE-STORY NEW TIMBEr BUILDING IN JAPAN, TIMBERSTRUCTURES from antiquity to the present, Istanbul, pp.325-335, 2009.06
157. S.Tanaka，A.Iwanaga，M.Kuwahara: Feasibility study of peak-hour road shoulder lane
utilization in urbanized motorways, 2nd International Symposium on Freeway and Tollway
Operations, CD-ROM, 2009.06
158. S.Tanaka，M.Kataoka: Proposal of Efficient Road Space Utilization in Urban Arterial Street,
8th International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia,
CD-ROM, 2009.10
159. K.Tang，T.Ono，S.Tanaka，M.Kuwahara: A Proposal for the Estimation of Loss Time of
Right-turn Traffic at Signalized Intersections in Japan, Transportation Research Board 89th
Annual Meeting, CD-ROM, 2010.01
������論文集�
160. Rokugo K, Kanda T, Yokota H and Sakata N: Applications and recommendations of highperformance fiber reinforced cement composites with multiple fine cracking (HPFRCC) in Japan,
Materials and Structures, Vol.42, No.9, RILEM, Springer, pp.1197-1208, November 2009.
161. Dai J, Wan B, Yokota H and Ueda T: Fracture Criterion for Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymer Sheet to Concrete Interface Subjected to Coupled Pull-out and Pull-off Actions,
Advances in Structural Engineering, Vol.12, No.5, pp.663-682, 2009.
162. 立石晶洋，岩波光保，加藤絵万，横田弘，小林朗：FRP接着による鋼管杭の補強効果に関する実験的検討，鋼構造年次論文報告集，第17巻，pp.681-688，2009年11月
163. Dai J, Yokota H and Ueda T: A hybrid bonding system for improving the structural
performance of FRP flexurally strengthened concrete beams, Advances in Structural Engineering,
Vol.12, No. 6, pp.821-832, 2009.
164. 加藤絵万，審良善和，岩波光保，横田弘：断面修復を施したコンクリート床版の75

鉄筋腐食性状に関する検討，港湾空港技術研究所報告，第48巻，第4号，pp.23～51，2009
年12月
165. Dai J, Akira Y, Wittmann F H, Yokota H and Zhang P: Water repellent surface
impregnation for extension of service life of reinforced concrete structures in marine
environments: The role of cracks, Cement & Concrete Composites, 32, pp.101-109, 2010.
166. 細尾誠、畠俊朗、桑野玲子、地盤の透水性制御における微生物機能の活用に関す
る実験的検討、第８回環境地盤工学シンポジウム発表論文集、2009 年７月、秋田、
pp.27-30.
167. 桑野玲子、佐藤真理、地盤内深層部空洞の探知に向けた基礎的検討、第 54 回地盤工学シンポジウム論文集、pp.87-92, 2009.
168. 桑野玲子、Wicaksono,R.I., 古関潤一、弱く固結した砂の粘着力測定のための三軸圧縮試験、第 44 回地盤工学研究発表会、横浜、2009 年 8 月、論文 No.19, pp.381-382.
169. 佐藤真理、桑野玲子、地盤陥没未然防止のための基礎的検討の枠組み、第 44 回地
盤工学研究発表会、横浜、2009 年 8 月、論文 No.880, pp.1759-1760, 2009.
170. 杉本大輔、桑野玲子、微生物を利用した砂供試体固化の試行実験、第 44 回地盤工学研究発表会、横浜、2009 年 8 月、論文 No.291, pp.581-582, 2009.
171. 瀬良良子、小池豊、WILHELM P.J. van der MEER、太田雅彦、桑野玲子、佐藤真理、
地中レーダによる地盤のゆるみ検知の可能性－大型ピットを用いた空洞実験”、第 44回地盤工学研究発表会、横浜、2009 年 8 月、論文 No.884, pp.1767-1768, 2009.
172. 細尾誠、畠俊郎、桑野玲子、透水性低下に影響を与える微生物機能に関する検討、
第 44 回地盤工学研究発表会、横浜、2009 年 8 月, pp.1865-1866.
173. 佐藤真理、桑野玲子、下水管破損部からの水の流出入を模擬した小型土槽による土砂流出実験、土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会、福岡、2009 年 9 月.
174. 海老塚裕明、Suwal, L.P.、桑野玲子、"砂供試体せん断波測定におけるディスク型
圧電素子の適用"、土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会、福岡、2009 年 9 月.
175. Beltran-Galvis, A.L., Kuwano,R.、"Volume change of sandy soil during saturation process
under isotropic stress state ", the 64th annual conference of JSCE, Fukuoka, September 2009.
176. Cokorda,B.P.D. and Kuwano,R、"Unconfined Compression Strength of Lime-stabilized
Soil used for Backfill Material of Buried Flexible Model Pipe with Wet-Dry Condition
Simulation", the 64th annual conference of JSCE, Fukuoka, September 2009.
177. 高東熙、桑野玲子、"繰返し載荷試験によるたわみ性管の挙動に関する地盤密度の影響"、土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会、福岡、2009 年 9 月.
178. 細尾誠、畠俊郎、桑野玲子、"地盤の透水性と微生物の関係に関する実験的検討"、
土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会、福岡、2009 年 9 月.
179. Beltran-Galvis, A.L.., Kuwano,R. (2009)、"Change of Physical and Mechanical Properties
of Sandy Soil due to Repeated Infiltration", Proc. of 11th International Summer Symposium,76International Activities Committee, JSCE, pp.145-148.
180. Cokorda,B.P.D and Kuwano,R, "Model Test of Fexible Pipe Buried in Lime-Treated
Recycled Soil", Proc. of 11th International Summer Symposium, International Activities
Committee, JSCE, pp.101-104, 2009.
181. Ko.D.H. and Kuwano,R., "Study on Behaviour of Flexible Buried Pipe under Cyclic
Loading in a Large Soil Chamber", Proc. of 11th International Summer Symposium, International
Activities Committee, JSCE, pp.97-100, 2009.
182. Wicaksono,R.I. and Kuwano,R., Experimental Investigation on Deformation Characteristics
of Lightly Cemented Sand, Proc. of 11th International Summer Symposium, International
Activities Committee, JSCE, pp.129-132, 2009.
183. Suwal,L..P., Kuwano,R., Ebizuka,H. and Sato,T., "Performance of Plate Transducer-Transducer for Dynamic Measurement in Laboratory Specimens", Proc. of 11th International
Summer Symposium, International Activities Committee, JSCE, pp.113-116, 2009.
184. 桑野玲子、Suwal, L.P., ディスク型圧電素子による砂供試体内の弾性波速度測定におけるセンサー表面特性の影響、第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会、松山、2010 年 8 月、
pp.197-198.
185. 海老塚裕明、桑野玲子, 盛土内埋設構造物の作用土圧の評価のための移動床実験、第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会、松山、2010 年 8 月、pp.709-710.
186. 佐藤真理、堤千佳、桑野玲子,土砂流出に伴う空洞形成模型実験におけるひずみ分
布の解析、第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会、松山、2010 年 8 月、pp.463-464.
187. 細尾誠、桑野玲子, 微生物代謝を用いた地盤固化技術のシリンジ試験による基礎検討”、第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会、松山、2010 年 8 月, pp.986-987.
188. 森啓年、斉藤由紀子、桑野玲子、佐々木哲也, SPH 法による砂質土堤防の崩壊実験の再現、第 45 回地盤工学研究発表会、松山、2010 年 8 月, pp.473-474.
189. 海老塚裕明、桑野玲子, 移動床土槽実験における弾性波トモグラフィーの適用、土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会、札幌、2010 年 9 月、論文 No.Ⅲ-178, pp.355-356.
190. 佐藤真理、桑野玲子, 定水位透水試験による地下構造物と地盤の境界面における透水性の検討、土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会、札幌、2010 年 9 月、論文 No.Ⅲ-109,
pp.217-218.
191. 細尾誠、桑野玲子, 尿素分解菌を用いた地盤固化の栄養塩注入方法に関する実験的検討、土木学会第 65 回年次学術講演会、札幌、2010 年 9 月、論文 No.Ⅲ-485, pp.969-970.
192. Suwal,L.P., Kuwano,R. and Sato,T., Introduction of Trigger Bimorph Method: Transducer
for Elastic Wave Measurement in Laboratory Specimens, Proc. of 12th International Summer
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193. 早川 健司，加藤 佳孝:構造体かぶりコンクリートの品質に及ぼす施工条件の影響，
土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会，2009.09

77194. 鈴木将充，笠倉亮太，伊藤正憲，加藤佳孝，牧剛史：各種繊維材料を用いた
TST-FiSH の補修効果の実験的検討，土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会講演概要集，2009.09
195. 小島文寛，鈴木将充，伊藤正憲，加藤佳孝，牧剛史：迅速復旧工法開発のためのTST-FiSH の基礎物性に関する検討，土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会講演概要集，2009.09
196. German Pardo ， Wataru Hirata ， Michael Henry ， Yoshitaka Kato Environmental
performance indicators for green concrete containing high volume of recycled materials， 土木
学会第 64 回年次学術講演会講演概要集， 2009.09
197. 西村次男，小林良輔，蔵重勲，加藤佳孝：乾湿繰返し環境下におけるひび割れからの中性化進行に関する実験的検討，第 64 回年次学術講演会講演概要集， pp 465-466，
2009.9198. 水上翔太，西村次男，加藤佳孝，勝木太：養生および気候条件が圧縮強度と透気性に及ぼす影響に関する研究，第 64 回年次学術講演会講演概要集， pp 435-436，
2009.9199. Vu Viet Hung, Ominda Nanayakkara and Yoshitaka Kato : Effective length of steel element
for time dependent macro-cell corrosion, 土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会講演概要集, pp503-504, 2009.9
200. Michael HENRY and Yoshitaka KATO : Green concrete material design philosophy for use
in port structures, 土木学会第 64 回年次学術講演会講演概要集， 2009.09
201. 鈴木将充，Michael HENRY，加藤佳孝，勝木太：高温加熱を受けたモルタルの物理
化学的性状に再養生条件が及ぼす影響，第 63 回セメント技術大会，2009.5
202. 櫻井光太郎，Navaratnarajah Sathiparan，目黒公郎: PP-band工法による石積み組積造
壁の耐震補強に関する実験的研究, 地震工学研究発表会, 2009
203. Sathiparan N., Mayorca P., Meguro K.: Parametric Study of Diagonal Shear Tests on
Masonry Wallettes Retrofitted by PP-band Mesh, 30th JSCE Earthquake Engineering Syposium,
CD-ROM, 2009.
204. 康泰樹, 目黒公郎: バングラデシュ災害対応計画と実対応の比較分析-2007年
Cyclone Sidrを事例として-, 地域安全学会, No.24, 2009.6
205. 大原美保，田中聡，重川希志依: 構造被害写真から学ぶ住まいの耐震教育ツールの開発と効果分析, 第30回地震工学研究発表会, 2009.05
206. 大原美保，地引泰人，関谷直也，須見徹太郎，目黒公郎，田中淳: J-ALERTによる
緊急地震速報の防災行政無線放送の効果に関する調査, 日本地震工学会大会?2009梗概
集, 2009.11
207. 野村浩司，大原美保，目黒公郎: 都市直下型地震が地価に及ぼす影響の分析
年兵庫県南部地震の被災地を対象としてー, 第30回地震工学研究発表会, 2009.05

78

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208. 蛭間芳樹，近藤伸也，大原美保，目黒公郎: 広域医療搬送における組織間情報共有の現状と防災情報共有プラットフォームの効果分析, 第30回地震工学研究発表会,
2009.05
209. 岸田幸子，大原美保，目黒公郎: 義務教育課程における防災教育カリキュラムの開発に向けた基礎的研究, 地域安全学会第24回春季研究発表会, 2009.06
210. 遠藤貴宏、田口仁、Pranab J Haruah、沢田治雄: LiDARデータを用いたベクター形式の樹冠領域抽出手法の開発,日本リモートセンシング学会学術講演会論文集,,107-108,2009
211. 岸浩稔、竹内渉、沢田治雄: MODISによるアジアメガシティの大気汚染観測と都市
交通排気ガスの空間分布特性解析,日本リモートセンシング学会学術講演会論文集,221-222, 2009
212. 澤田義人、遠藤貴宏、沢田治雄: 環境問題に関する文書データの統計言語解析とト
ピックのマッピング, ,広域の環境・災害リスク情報の収集と利用フォーラム論文
集,,1-6,2010.03
213. 岸浩稔、竹内渉、沢田治雄: リモートセンシングとモデルを併用したアジアメガシ
ティの大気環境評価, ,広域の環境・災害リスク情報の収集と利用フォーラム論文集,35-40,2010.03
214. 遠藤貴宏、沢田治雄: LiDARデータによる局面形状の屋根の３Dレンダリングに関する初期研究,広域の環境・災害リスク情報の収集と利用フォーラム論文集,,81-84,2010.03
215. Haruo Sawada, Wataru Takeuchi: Study of Cambodia forest using remote sensing
technology for REDD polices implementation,Ram Avtar，広域の環境・災害リスク情報の収集と利用フォーラム論文集,,101-106,2010.03
216. T.Jiang，S.Hong，S.Tanaka，M.Kuwahara，H.Warita: OD Volume Fluctuation Analysis forTokyo Metropolitan Expressway by ETC Data, 第39回土木計画学研究発表会・講演集,
CD-ROM, 2009.06
217. 小野剛志，田中伸治，桑原雅夫: 信号現示切り替わりパターンによる右折車の損失時間に関する研究, 第29回交通工学研究発表会論文報告集, CD-ROM, 2009.11
218. 藤原直生，M.Miska，田中伸治: 歩行者の経路選択肢集合生成を目的とした携帯電
話端末からのGPSデータ活用方法, 第40回土木計画学研究発表会・講演集, CD-ROM,2009.11219. 小野剛志，唐克双，田中伸治，桑原雅夫: 信号現示切り替わり時の右折車の挙動分
析に基づく損失時間の評価, 第40回土木計画学研究発表会・講演集, CD-ROM, 2009.11
220. 洪性俊，田中伸治，桑原雅夫: 首都高速道路の合流部における動的可変チャネリゼーション導入効果の評価手法に関する研究, 第40回土木計画学研究発表会・講演集,
CD-ROM, 2009.11
221. 片岡源宗，熊谷靖彦，中川敏正，山口大助，田中伸治: ドライビングシミュレータ

79を用いた国道32号渋滞緩和策の安全性検証, 第40回土木計画学研究発表会・講演集,
CD-ROM, 2009.11
222. 桑原雅夫，須田義大，田中敏久，牧野浩志，田中伸治，平沢隆之: 柏の葉地区における東京大学先進モビリティ研究センター（ＩＴＳセンター）の取り組み概要, 第18回
日本機械学会 交通・物流部門大会, CD-ROM, 2009.12
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223. 横田弘：アジアコンクリートモデルコードの策定，港湾，Vol.87，No.2，pp.30-31，

2010年2月
224. 桑野玲子, マイペースのキャリアメイク－安心・安全な社会基盤の構築へ向けて－、多分野で活躍する女性たち：ロールモデル集、理系女性のきらめく未来、JST, pp.65. 2009
225. 桑野玲子、安心・安全な社会基盤の構築へ向けて、土木施行、Vol.51, No.2、pp.33,
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226. 目黒公郎：今日からはじめる地震対策, 東京都不動産関連業協会, 2009.01
227. 目黒公郎：我が家でできる地震対策②災害イマジネーションを高める目黒メソッド・目黒巻, アース工房, いい家のつくり方, 2009/01
228. 目黒公郎：自分自身と家族を守るために、今すべきこと, GAS 2009.9, 東京ガス,
2009.08229. 目黒公郎：都市地震被害の真実「間違いだらけの地震対策」, 経済調査会レビュー、
Vol. 5, 経済調査会レビュー, 2009.01
230. 目黒公郎：切迫する都市直下地震に備えて, 予防時報 239, 2009
231. 大原美保: 人口減少社会に求められる災害対策, 東京大学大学院情報学環紀要情報学研究, No.77, 183-185, 2009.08
232. 大原美保，関谷直也，地引泰人，須見徹太郎，古村孝志，鷹野澄，田中淳: 廣井アーカイブスの開発研究, 東京大学大学院情報学環調査紀要, 2010.03
233. 大大特成果普及事業チーム３３（分筆：大原美保）：巨大地震災害へのカウントダウン～東海・東南海・南海地震に向けた防災戦略～, 2009.06

マスコ�・�の�
2010/02/18 建設通信新聞

朝刊 Tha't 談

東大教授の目黒さん「おしゃべりになって」

2010/01/22 週刊朝日 正しい防災知識で効果的な地震対策を
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80

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家を失わない仕組みが重要

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自宅守る備えを

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阪神震災我から 15 年

伸びぬ地震保険加入

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83

LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Hiroshi Yokota(1) and Katsufumi Hashimoto(1)(1) Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan

Abstract
A concrete structure has to maintain its structural performance over required levels. It canbe achieved both with sufficient durability design and maintenance work based on the conceptof life-cycle management. This paper presents the concepts of life-cycle management forformulating and subsequently modifying the life-cycle scenario regarding structural
performance assurance in relation to the initial durability design.
Keywords: life-cycle management, structural performance, design, maintenance, scenario

1.

INTRODUCTION

A concrete structure has a long lifetime and must be expected to meet demands during its
lifetime that cannot be foreseen. Concrete and steel reinforcement tend to deteriorate due tophysical and chemical agents and loss of structural performance or even structural collapse
may be consequences. At the initial design of a concrete structure, designers make several
assumptions, in which probably worst conditions are considered with certain safety margins,so that the structure can keep its structural performance over required levels. Serious
deterioration of structural members may be caused by insufficient durability design with
optimistic assumptions against materials deterioration and by lack of proper maintenance after
construction of the structure.
To meet these facts, it is extremely important to pursue collaboration between design andmaintenance. Based on the performance-based design concept, structural performance ofconcrete structure should be assured over the design service life. For this purpose, the lifecycle management is necessary to present the methodologies how the structural performance
would be kept over the minimum limits during the design and maintenance stages.
Accordingly, the life-cycle management is a process which seeks to ensure that the service
life of a concrete structure will equal or exceed its design life, while taking into account thelife-cycle cost of the structure, and, if required, its life-cycle environmental impact [1].
This paper presents the concept and the framework of the life-cycle management as a partof service life planning which will be applied for realizing rational and strategic maintenanceof structure.

85

Planning
1 2 years

Requirements

Basic design‹ Function‹ Performance

Detail design

Verification

Execution

Materials/Construction‹ Selection‹ Production

1 5 years

Maintenance
50 100 years‹ Assessment (incl. verification)‹ Evaluation‹ Intervention‹ Scenario correction

DemolishFig. 1 Life-cycle of a structure
2.

SERVICE LIFE OF STRUCTURE

The service life of structure is made up of all the activities that go into planning, basic anddetailed designs, execution including material selection, production and construction,
maintenance including assessment and intervention, and decommissioning as shown in Fig. 1.
The life-cycle management is an integrated concept to assist in activities managing the total
life-cycle of structures to realize sustainability. In other words, the life-cycle management is aprocess to ensure the structural performance during the design service life of a concrete
structure and eventually its design life will equal or exceed its design life.
In the process of the life-cycle management, the most important work is to formulate andto correct the scenario of performance assurance. During the design stage before starting
construction work, the service life design will be applied to predict the durability andperformance degradation. For example, the basic design concepts for concrete structures havebeen specified in the standards of ISO 2394 [2], ISO 19338 [3], etc. The fundamental concept
on how the structural performance should be ensured must be well considered based on
conditions, design service life, structural characteristics, material properties, difficulties inassessment and intervention, social and economical importance, etc. This concept and theprocedure to ensure structural performance are clarified at the planning of a structure as aperformance ensuring scenario. In general, structures can be roughly categorized as those withfree maintenance, those with preventive maintenance, and those with corrective maintenance.
Designers and/or owners of the structure should formulate a maintenance plan taking into
account individual situation based on the performance ensuring scenario.
During the maintenance stage, maintenance engineers will initially follow the scenario that
had been assumed at the design stage. For realizing strategic maintenance work, as mentioned
earlier, a maintenance strategy or a scenario should be properly formulated during the
durability design of structure before construction. Importance and substitutability of structureand difficulty of maintenance work should be well taken into account for the strategy-making.
Furthermore, to realize the strategic maintenance, the comprehensive life-cycle management
is one of the key technologies. The life-cycle management formulates scenarios for future
maintenance work based on the initial durability design level and is followed by verification86and/or modification of the scenarios. The scenario will, therefore, be created in considerationof the following items:
Environmental characterization
Assumption in conceptual and initial design
Result of verification during detailed design
Specification
Initial cost estimation
Maintenance scenario and methodologies of the life-cycle management
Performance requirements
Service life estimation
Life-cycle cost
Environmental costObsolescence, demolition and reuse
The performance ensuring scenario specifies with linking the initial structural performancelevel (design and execution) with performance recovery methods during service life
(maintenance) as schematically shown in Fig. 2. Correction of the scenario reflecting theactual situation of the structure and chages in circumference conditions.

Performance (Safety, Serviceability, etc.)
Initiallevel

Performance (Safety, Serviceability, etc.)
Initiallevel

Initial?

Scenario?

Minimum
level

Minimumlevel
Time
Design service lifeTime
Design service life

Fig. 2 Scenario of ensuring performance by the combination of
initial performance level and performance recovery strategy
3.

LIFE-CYCLE MANAGEMENT

3.1
Overall concept
The service life of a structure is subject to the degradation of structural members.
Maintenance is the major strategy to counter the degradation, which is carried out to assess
the present conditions of structure and to quantify the level of structural performance. In
addition, by predicting future progress of structural performance degradation, the mostappropriate method of intervention is chosen for minimizing the life-cycle cost or maximizing
structural performance recovery under budget capping. A general procedure of maintenancework is shown in Fig. 3, which is based on the life-cycle management (LCM) concept [4].
The life-cycle management includes a series of actions to evaluate the grade of deteriorationand structural performance degradation by inspection, to predict the future progress of87

performance degradation, and to propose the alternatives of appropriate intervention based onlife-cycle cost minimization or performance maximization under budget capping. The lifecycle management and a related scenario can only address foreseeable changes and risks
based on some assumptions.
The life-cycle management system is composed of the following main components:
Inspection of the present conditions of structural members
Assessment of structural performance
Prediction of future progress of performance degradation
Proposal of method and timing of intervention
Decision of action among proposed alternatives of interventions
Correction of scenario for further life planning

Scenario for
performance
guarantee

Maintenance plan

DesignService period
Usage

Periodic inspection

Input/Reference

DesignEnvironment
Assessment and Prediction
Performance
Input/Reference
Present Time

Service life
Future plan
Method and timing of action

Database

Inspection
Prediction
Intervention

Input/Reference

Scenario
correction

Fig. 3 Life-cycle management procedure
3.2
Assessment and prediction
Assessment can be made by the condition-based concept and the performance-based
concept [5]. As mentioned earlier, the performance-based concept should be applied for
performance assessment, but generally needs costs, advanced techniques, etc. Thus, thecondition-based assessment is reluctantly accepted because of its feasibility. The grading
system has been often applied, in which the state of deterioration is visually evaluated andjudged using the deterioration grade. The visual inspection is only able to provide the change
in appearance of structural member, but structural performance has to be evaluated as
precisely as possible.
If the relationship between structural performance (structural capacity) and the grade of
deterioration could be found even tolerate margins of errors, the intervention could be
discussed with using the deterioration grade [6].
Since deterioration of concrete members is induced and accelerated mainly by chemical
agents, the ingress and transportation of those agents are predicted as main indices for88

durability performance. For example, chloride ion accumulation is simulated with Fick’s lawof diffusion and carbonation depth is estimated with the square-root method. However, as the
progress of deterioration of a structure differs widely by its location because of
inhomogeneous characteristics of materials and diversity of environmental conditions, theproper determination of calculation parameters is not so easy [4]. The uncertainties in service
life predictions depend on the quality of the data available and the appropriateness ofassumptions. The variations with time of the concentrations of each chemical agent, and theintensity of each physical agent, to which each component may be exposed in a specific timeshould be determined.
Those facts indicate that it is practically rather difficult to accurately predict the progress ofdeterioration and remaining structural capacities by only using the relevant theories. Insteadof this, some probabilistic models such as the Markov model and the survival analysis model
may be of use. This approach is of use to understand the overall tendency of deterioration inconsideration of its variation by the experienced progress of deterioration.

(1) Assumed rule and process
Initial(2) Present status(3) Prediction

Present
Modification
rule and process
Scenario correction
Investigation

Time

Fig. 4 Scenario correction by modifying rules and processes of
performance degradation
3.3
Scenario correction
Some theoretical rules and/or simulation models are used for the prediction of deterioration
progress of concrete structural members. However, as described earlier, the other probabilistic
models may have potentials for use in the future progress of deterioration and/or degradation
during the maintenance stage. Based on the data and assessment results, the rule and processof deterioration and/or performance degradation have to modified and the scenario becorrected for further prediction, which is shown in Fig. 4. Accordingly, the interpretation fromthe virtual world (design) to the real world (maintenance) should be established its
methodology.
3.4
Decision based on life cycle cost
If member failures might cause hazards to safety, possible failures should be categorized
by their consequences. To reduce the risk of failure occurring within the design life when theconsequences of failure are judged to be critical, it may be necessary to require particularly
long design lives for specific members or to strengthen the requirements for inspection andmaintenance. To determine the maintenance strategy or to consider the appropriate timing and89

method of intervention, estimation of life-cycle cost (LCC) is one of the best indices. The lifecycle cost is calculated for several maintenance scenarios among maintenance strategies asmentioned earlier. In the calculation, the initial cost, maintenance cost including inspection
cost, and the cost of planned intervention are totaled.
Life-cycle cost estimation enables comparative cost assessments to be made over a
specified period of time. Being able to compare the costs of alternative scenarios allows
selection of the most economic overall design and maintenance strategy (scenario). Initialcosts include directly related to the structure including design, construction, and installation.
Future costs include all operating costs and costs of maintenance, inspection, replacement,
demolition and refurbishment.
The life-cycle cost is calculated based on various assumptions, but it provides important
information needed for making decisions about the future direction of maintenance. The lifecycle cost can be a useful indicator by which an appropriate scenario can be selectedaccording to the determined maintenance strategy. Durability verification results obtainable atthe design stage, however, have large safety margins because of considerable variability at thedesign stage. It is necessary, therefore, to formulate maintenance plans with fullunderstanding of this variability and assumption of deterioration predictions. It is essential totake proper maintenance measures during the service life of the structure instead ofunquestionably believing the estimates.
Figure 5 shows an example of the life-cycle cost calculations under various scenarios [7].
The figure indicates that preventive maintenance strategy is most economic, which is about
one-third of the most costly scenario.
In addition to financial costs, the scenario may be evaluated from the viewpoint ofenvironmental costs.

108 YenIntervention
Initial

Beam

Slab

P

C

Preventive

P

C

Corrective

P

C

Improved
preventiveP

Replacement

Fig. 5 LCC estimation for evaluating the life cycle scenarios
4.

CONCLUDING REMARKSThe life-cycle management system including prediction of the progress of deterioration has
been developed and being implemented for maintenance of concrete structures. The authors

90

expect that rational and effective maintenance is realized so that the life-cycle cost reduction
and performance maximization can be attained. This may make it possible to realize
sustainability of concrete structures.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
A part of this research project has been supported by Asia-Africa Science and Technology
Strategic Cooperation Promotion Program by the Special Coordination Funds for Promoting
Science and Technology.
REFERENCES[1] International Standardization Organization, ISO 15686 Buildings and constructed assets - Service
life planning.
[2] International Standardization Organization, ISO 2394 General principles on reliability forstructures, 1998.
[3] International Standardization Organization, ISO 19338 Performance and assessment requirements
for design standards on structural concrete, 2007.
[4] Yokota, H., Iwanami, M., Yamaji, T. and Kato, E., ‘Maintenance Strategy of Harbor Structures inJapan Based on Life-Cycle Management,’ Lifetime Engineering of Civil Infrastructure, No.2,
2008, 229-238.
[5] ISO 13822 Bases for design of structures - Assessment of existing structures, 2010.
[6] Yokota, H., Kato, E. and Iwanami, M., ‘Simplified assessment on structural performance ofdeteriorated concrete members,’ Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Fracture
Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, Jeju, Korea, 23-28 May 2010, 874-879.
[7] Sato, W., ‘Evaluation of maintenance scenarios by using life-cycle cost estimation,’ Thesis of BSc
degree in Hokkaido University, 2010.

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WILHELM P.J. van der MEER

1)

web
12 24
http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/sewerage/sesaku/03kaichiku.html

2)
Vo.5 No.2 2010.

9

100

2009

3)
4)
5)

2008 9 102009 3 27

pp.24.
pp.30.

Geomaterials, GeoX2006, pp.365-371, 2006.
10)
Vol.61 No.4
669
pp.62-65, 2009.
11) Tsutsumi,Y., Sato,M. and Kuwano,R.: Local Deformation
Characteristics of Model Ground with Cavity and Loosening, Proc. of
7th International Conference on Physical Modeling in Geotechnics,
2010 June, Switzerland, (to appear).
12)
WILHELM P.J. van der MEER

40
pp.1919-1920 2005.
6)41
pp.1785-1786 2006.

2006 77)Vol.49 No.2
2007 2

pp.60-65 2007.

44
pp.1767-1768 2009.

8)

9)

2009. 12. 24

4011
2006.
Mukunoki, T., Otani, J., Nonaka, S., Horii, T. and Kuwano R.:
Evaluation of Cavity Generation in Soils subjected to Sewerage
Defects using X-ray CT, 2nd International Workshop on X-Ray CT for

10

101

Vol. 5, No. 2, ???-???

Study on the detection of underground cavity and ground loosening
for the prevention of ground cave-in accident

Reiko KUWANO1, Mari SATO2 and Ryoko SERA3
1 Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate school of the University of Tokyo
3 Geo Search Co., Ltd.

Abstract
Local subsides or cave-ins of the ground often occur in urban area. The complicated underground situation as well as
the necessity of urgent restoration do not usually allow full investigation for the real cause. The detailed mechanismof the phenomenon has not been, therefore, well understood.
Cave-in is usually initiated by the formation of cavity in the ground due to soil loss. When the location of the cavity is
deep in the ground, the detection of the cavity is not easy. Then it is possible that the hidden cavity expands for a longtime to eventually cause sudden large-scale collapse. In this study, characteristics of formation/expansion of cavity
and surrounding ground loosening are investigated, aiming at effectively indicating dangerous pattern of cavity andloosening.
Key words: cave-in, erosion, cavity, loosening, exploration

11

102

1
1

Michael HENRY2

278-8510
E-mail: katoyosh@rs.tus.ac.jp
22641

153-8505
E-mail: mwhenry@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

4-6-1

Key Words : sustainability, concrete, sociology of technology, analytic hierarchy process

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Ì¿¾´» ê Concrete mix proportions.
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433.3% 20.0% 6.7%

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CO2 emission
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No.1
No.2
No.3
No.4
No.5

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40
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282.9
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57.4

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No.1
No.2
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No.5
Total

0.206
0.206
0.188
0.200
0.200
1.0

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0.125
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0.250
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0.250
1.0

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0.194
0.194
0.217
0.198
0.198
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0.146
0.187
0.268
0.245
1.0

0.137
0.219
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D.
C.
En.
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No.1
0.041
0.025
0.039
0.031
0.027
0.163
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0.041
0.025
0.039
0.029
0.044
0.178
No.3
0.038
0.050
0.043
0.037
0.052
0.220
No.4
0.040
0.050
0.040
0.054
0.029
0.212
No.5
0.040
0.050
0.040
0.049
0.048
0.226
S.: strength, D.: durability, C.: cost, En.: environmental, Ec.: Economy

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Ú·¹òïð Weights of concrete mixes (scenario 4) normalized bygeneral-use concrete.

CO2

5
No.1
Ú·¹òïð

4

5

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0.4%
AHP
4

No.3 No.5
No.5

No.3
No.5
1)

ë
2)

United Nations: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future, UN General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 1987.
United Nations: 2005 World Summit Outcome, UN General Assembly Resolution 60/1, 2005.

3)

SCOT

AHP
4)

112

No.711
pp.3-27 2010.4
Sakai, K.: Towards environmental revolution in concretetechnologies, Procceding of the 11th Annual International
fib Symposium, Concrete: 21st Century Superhero, 2009.
5) Malhotra, V.M.: Making concrete ‘greener’ with fly ash,Concrete International, Vol.21, No. 11, pp. 61-66, 1999.
6) Mehta, P.K.: Reducing the environmental impact of concrete, Concrete International, Vol. 23, No.10, pp. 61-66,
2001.
7) Lauritzen, E.K.: The global challenge for recycled concrete,
Sustainable construction: Use of recycled concrete aggregate, pp. 505-519, 1998.
8) Mehta, P.K.: Concrete technology for sustainable development, Concrete International, Vol.21, No.11, pp. 47-53,
1999.
9) American Concrete Institute Board Advisory Committee
on Sustainable Development: White paper on sustainable
development, Concrete International, Vol.27, No.2, pp.
19-21, 2005.
10) LEED, U.S. Green Building Council, <http://www.usgbc.
org/>
11)
125
2005.
12) International Organization for Standardziation, <http://
www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_

browse.htm?commid=49898>
13) Bell, S. and Morse, S.: Sustainability Indicators: Measuring the Immeasurable?, Earthscan, 2008.
14) Yoshida, S. and Yashiro, T.: Study of the basic logic ofdiffusion using specific models, PICMET’07 Conference
Proceedings, 2007.
15) Bentur, A.: Cementitious materials – nine millennia and a
new century: past, present, and future, Jornal of Material
in Civil Engineering, Vol.14, No.1, pp. 2-22, 2002.
16) Pinch, T. and Bijker, W.E.: The social construction of facts
and artifacts, in: The Social Construction of Technological
Systems, MIT Press, pp. 17-50, 1987.
17) Saaty, T.L.: Decision Making for Leaders, RWS Publications, 1999.
18) 2007
2008.
19) United Nations: CSD theme indicator framework from2001, United Nations Division for Sustainable Development, 2001.
îðïðò ïïò ïê

ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE BASED ON
SOCIAL PERSPECTIVES AND ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS
Yoshitaka KATO and Michael HENRYThis research proposed a framework for assessing concrete sustainability which is based upon the concept that technology is defined by stakeholders’ perspectives and which applied Analytic Hierarchy Process to translate these perspectives into quantifiable assessment values. A survey was conducted to identify important criteria, and several “design scenarios” were introduced which represent different value systems by varying criteria importance. Concrete materials with varying environmental impact were then assessed to observe the effect of different value systems and material properties, and it was found that theconcrete with better properties was generally selected as most sustainable regardless of the design scenario.

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Engineering andTechnology Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jengtecman

An assessment framework based on social perspectives
and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study onsustainability in the Japanese concrete industry
Michael Henry *, Yoshitaka Kato
International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku,
Tokyo, JapanA R T I C L E I N F O

A B S T R A C T

JEL classiﬁcation:
O31
O32

This research introduces a framework for assessing concretesustainability which is based upon the concept that technology isdeﬁned by stakeholders’ perspectives and which applied Analytic
Hierarchy Process to translate these perspectives into quantiﬁable
assessment values. A survey was conducted to identify importantcriteria, and several ‘‘design scenarios’’ were introduced which
represent different value systems by varying criteria importance.
Concrete materials with varying environmental impact were thenassessed to observe the effect of different value systems andmaterial properties, and it was found that the concrete with better
properties was generally selected as most sustainable regardless ofthe design scenario.
� 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Sustainability
Concrete
Construction
Analytic Hierarchy Process
Sociology of technology

Introduction
Sustainability and concrete
Sustainability, or sustainable development, was originally deﬁned by the Brundtland Report ‘‘Our
Common Future’’ to the United Nations (UN) in 1987, in which it was deﬁned as development that‘‘meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirown needs’’ (United Nations, 1987). It is popularly visualized as the integration of the ‘‘three pillars’’ ofsustainability: environment, economy, and society – a concept proposed by the UN Conference on
Environment and Development in 1992 and formalized by the UN General Assembly in 2005 (United* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 03 5452 6472, fax: +81 03 5452 6476.
E-mail address: mwhenry@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp (M. Henry).
0923-4748/$ – see front matter � 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

Please cite this article in press as: Henry, M., Kato, Y., An assessment framework based on social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study on sustainability in the Japanese
concrete industry. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

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Nations, 2005). Visualization of sustainability in this fashion is intended to demonstrate theconnection between the three pillars and the importance of integrating concepts which were viewed
as mutually-exclusive in the past. Furthermore, this model shows that greater emphasis is being
placed on economic factors at the expense of the environment, so it is necessary to restore balance
between the pillars by increasing the importance of environmental factors.
Sustainable practice is a critical issue for the concrete industry, which has come under increasingpressure due to its environmental impact. Most notably, up to 10% of the world’s CO2 emissions can be
attributed to concrete production and transportation (Sakai, 2009). Furthermore, concrete production
was estimated to consume more than 11 billion tons of sand, gravel, and crushed rock per year in
addition to over one trillion liters of water by Mehta (2001), and worldwide generation of concrete andmasonry rubble from construction demolition was estimated to exceed one billion tons by Lauritzen(1998) – and these numbers have grown substantially over the subsequent decade due to increases in
population and infrastructure development, particularly in Asia. These are in addition to othergreenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions related to air pollution, health concerns fromconcrete dust, and more. As concrete is the world’s second most-used resource after water (Sakai,2009) – and a fundamental component for infrastructure construction necessary to improve quality oflife – any reduction of these impacts could have widespread beneﬁts for easing environmental burden
and moving towards more sustainable construction systems.
A variety of strategies for sustainable practice in the concrete industry have been proposed. These
include reducing resource consumption by utilization of industrial waste and recycled concrete;
reducing CO2 emissions through decreased usage of Portland cement, utilization of alternative
cementitious materials, and optimized mix design by applying chemical admixtures; enhancing the
durability of new concrete construction to reduce long-term resource consumption and emissions;
implementation of maintenance management schemes to extend the service life of existing
structures; selection of low-impact construction methods; and taking a holistic approach in both
concrete technology and education (Malhotra, 1999; Mehta, 1999, 2001; Sakai, 2009). However, thecompetitiveness of concrete as a construction material must be maintained while implementing thesestrategies (ACI BACSD, 2005).
Means of evaluating sustainability are necessary in order to determine whether practices are moreor less sustainable and to evaluate the state of a system; this is achieved through sustainability
indicators (SI), which are typically used to evaluate different aspects of a system, with the total trendof all the indicators providing some idea of how sustainable a system is. There is a wide variety ofgreen building evaluation systems available for assessing sustainability in the construction industry,
but although the usage of concrete can help improve the ﬁnal rating in these systems there is no
speciﬁc consideration or evaluation of concrete. Concrete-speciﬁc standards include the International
Organization for Standardization’s (ISO) sub-committee on Environmental management for concreteand concrete structures, which is currently under development, and the Japan Society of Civil Engineer’s(JSCE) ‘‘Recommendation of Environmental Performance Veriﬁcation for Concrete Structures (Draft),’’which provides general environmental principles across all phases of a concrete structure’s life cycle(JSCE, 2006). As can be seen from the titles, however, these speciﬁcations focus primarily on
environmental impact aspects only. Furthermore, these approaches to measuring sustainability – aswell as any attempt at a generalized deﬁnition of sustainability itself – neglect a critical aspect of agreater issue: that sustainability is a human vision with human values, and it varies depending on who
is applying it and under what conditions it is being applied (Bell and Morse, 2008). The concrete
industry is composed of many stakeholders, each of which have their own perspectives and goals, andany attempt to implement sustainable practice, materials, and assessment of those practices andmaterials will require consideration of the stakeholders’ input and negotiation between their differing
goals and restrictions. Considering these varied perspectives, one means of establishing sustainability
assessment criteria is through a bottom-up approach, whereby the stakeholders deﬁne sustainability
and determine the assessment criteria, as they may be the best-placed to do so since they will betasked with implementing sustainability (Bell and Morse, 2008). Tackling the issue of sustainability inthis fashion will require the development of assessment systems which integrate the social
perspectives on sustainability with the technical execution necessary to carry out those perspectives
into practical application.
Please cite this article in press as: Henry, M., Kato, Y., An assessment framework based on social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study on sustainability in the Japanese
concrete industry. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

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3

Objectives
The objective of this research is to develop a framework for assessing the sustainability of concretematerials which considers the social perspectives of stakeholders and apply it considering a case study
on the Japanese concrete industry and a set of concrete materials. Sociology of technology is used toconstruct this framework, ﬁrst by establishing a conceptual model for sustainable concrete fromtechnology management theory, then combining that model with a social model for how technology isconstructed and the Analytic Hierarchy Process, which is used to convert the human value systems intoquantiﬁable assessment criteria. The proposed assessment framework is then applied through aninvestigation into the social perspectives of stakeholders in the Japanese concrete industry and theassessment of a group of concrete materials with varying approaches to reducing environmental impact.
Research signiﬁcanceThe purpose of this assessment framework is to integrate social perspectives on sustainability into
the concrete technology development and assessment process, and is intended to provide engineers
and managers in the concrete construction ﬁeld with a methodology for selecting the most sustainable
alternative when faced with a set of possible courses of action – for example, different mix
proportions, different construction methodologies, and so forth. Although the example given in thispaper focuses on the selection of the most sustainable material – an example of application at thematerial production level, for ready-mix concrete producers – the general framework is ﬂexible andcan be adapted to any stage of the construction process, from design to construction to maintenance.
Development of assessment framework
Sustainable concrete materials play an important role for improving sustainable practice in theconcrete industry. However, the same problem exists for sustainable concrete as exists for the conceptof sustainability itself: what constitutes or deﬁnes sustainable concrete?
Visualizing sustainable concrete
Concrete is a technology with a history which spans thousands of years, from the basic
unreinforced concrete of the Roman Empire to modern materials such as self-compacting concrete,self-healing concrete, or high performance ﬁber reinforced cementitious composites, which have been
micromechanically designed or chemically engineered. Although the basic materials remain the same,advances in technology have increased the knowledge base used to design and build concrete
infrastructure. This section discusses the dependency of concrete on knowledge and design
information and proposes how to visualize the development of sustainable concrete.
A technology, or artifact, is something which is made by humans to achieve human goals. Visualized
simply, an artifact is formed by the transcription of design information onto media or materials, and thedesign information itself is an accumulation of information and knowledge built up over time (Yoshida
and Yashiro, 2007). The formation of concrete can thus be visualized by modifying that model with themedia, design information, and knowledge necessary to develop concrete, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The
basic paradigm for concrete has not changed since the times of the Roman Empire: the media utilized for
concrete are cement, water, aggregates (ﬁne and coarse), and admixtures, and the design information
used to make concrete are the mix proportions and mixing procedure. Modern design information is the
product of over a hundred years of research and experience, which has resulted in modern design codes,
material speciﬁcations, mixing guidelines, models, and testing standards and procedures which havefundamentally changed modern concrete from the basic form of its ancient precursor. It is thedevelopment of this knowledge and its application to the design information (and, by extension, themedia) which has produced concrete of a different form.
In order to demonstrate more clearly the relationship between knowledge, design information,
media, and the resulting concrete material, a simple example will be given considering the increase inconcrete compressive strength over the last 60 years. As summarized by Bentur (2003), the difﬁculty
Please cite this article in press as: Henry, M., Kato, Y., An assessment framework based on social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study on sustainability in the Japanese
concrete industry. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

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Fig. 1. Formation of concrete based on a model for technology formation.

in achieving high-strength concrete is related to the relationship between strength and the water–
binder ratio of the concrete. It is widely known that decreasing the water–binder ratio increases
strength; however, this also reduces the amount of mixing water and thus the workability is also
reduced, making mixing, pumping, placing, and so forth difﬁcult to perform. However, thedevelopment of super plasticizers (high-range water reducers) made concrete with low water–binder
ratio possible without compromising workability. In addition, the importance of microﬁller (such as
silica fume) for achieving high packing density by ﬁlling void space was also understood, as was theimportance of cement and microﬁller grading control. However, if the strength of the mix becomes
higher than the coarse aggregates, then specialized aggregates need to be used to match the added
strength of the matrix. From this example, the dependency of strength on the design information andmedia can be clearly seen. High-strength concrete could not be achieved without specialized media –microﬁller, super plasticizers, high-strength aggregates – or without knowledge regarding the proper
mixing proportions – grading of cement and microﬁller, dosage of super plasticizers. As thedevelopment of these media and knowledge advanced over time, concrete with higher compressive
strength could be practically used.
For normal concrete, there is typically no consideration of the sustainable aspects when designing
the material, as codes have not contained speciﬁcation of environmental or sustainable performance.
Sustainable concrete should, therefore, be formed from the integration of sustainable knowledge andmedia with the traditional concrete engineering knowledge and media, as shown in Fig. 2. The
Please cite this article in press as: Henry, M., Kato, Y., An assessment framework based on social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study on sustainability in the Japanese
concrete industry. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

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5

Formation of concrete
Knowledge
Codes

Design Information

Modeling

Mix proportions
Mixing procedure

Experience

Transcription

Water
CementAggregates
Admixtures

Concrete

Media

Integration of sustainability into
knowledge and media

Design Information

Engineeringknowledge

Mix proportions
Mixing procedure

Sustainableknowledge

Transcription

Traditional media
Sustainable media
Sustainable concrete
Formation of sustainable concreteFig. 2. Formation of sustainable concrete by integrating sustainability.

integration of sustainable knowledge will come from the speciﬁcation of sustainable performance forthe concrete mixture; for example, specifying a certain level of CO2 reduction will require inventory
knowledge for calculating CO2 emissions. Although sustainability contains a large number of aspects,
it is most likely that the environmental performance will be considered more than others since current
actions focus primarily on the environmental impact.
Focusing on the environmental aspect only, most proposals for sustainable concrete practiceconsider the reduction of CO2 and the use of recycled and waste materials as the two primaryenvironmental performances. Since Portland cement is the main source of CO2, reduction scenarios
typically focus on reducing the amount of Portland cement used in concrete, either by replacing
cement with high volumes of ﬂy ash (Malhotra, 1999) or other alternative cementitious materials or
utilizing super plasticizers to reduce the amount of mixing water and thus the amount of cement(Sakai, 2009). In the ﬁrst case, ﬂy ash acts as sustainable media, but in the second case there is nosustainable media; for both cases, the sustainable knowledge is CO2 reduction, and engineeringknowledge is then required to develop the proper mix proportions and procedures for producing
concrete with the necessary performance. Both of the previous examples not only reduce CO2
emissions but also conserve concrete-making materials and reduce material consumption – one of
Mehta’s (1999) foundations for sustainable development in the concrete industry. Specifying the useof recycled and waste materials may also require the use of sustainable media such as recycled
aggregates. However, the production of normal coarse aggregates emits less CO2 compared to recycled
Please cite this article in press as: Henry, M., Kato, Y., An assessment framework based on social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study on sustainability in the Japanese
concrete industry. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

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aggregates (JSCE, 2006). Therefore, the use of recycled materials may cause an increase in the CO2
emissions; furthermore, the mechanical performance of low-grade recycled aggregates, which haveroughly the same CO2 emissions as normal aggregates, is lower than that of higher-grade recycled
aggregates, so new knowledge about the trade-off in performance between these two is necessary forthe development of sustainable concrete. This example with recycled aggregates demonstrates three
key points: how to balance different environmental considerations, how to balance different
mechanical performances, and how to balance the environmental with the mechanical.
Another approach to reducing material consumption is by increasing the durability of concretematerials (Mehta, 1999). By specifying durability as a sustainable performance, the engineering andsustainable knowledge are combined into one area of concrete engineering knowledge. The design ofhigh-durability concrete could then proceed without any other sustainable input, since durability wasdeﬁned as sustainable performance at the knowledge level.
Many different approaches to sustainable concrete have been proposed, but so far these types ofmaterials have not seen wide-spread use. In addition, there is uncertainty in selecting whichknowledge criteria to apply for assessing sustainable concrete because there are a wide variety of
stakeholders related to concrete, each of which look at concrete from a different perspective.
Assessment framework
The previous section proposed that sustainable concrete be developed by integrating engineeringand sustainable knowledge, but raised the question of how to select which knowledge criteria are used
for assessment due to differing performance characteristics and conﬂicts of interest between thestakeholder groups within the concrete industry. The sociology of technology may be useful foranswering the question of how to deal with conﬂicting stakeholder groups.
The Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) is used by constructivist sociologists of technology to
explain how technological development occurs. In SCOT theory, technological development proceeds
primarily due to the interactions between relevant social groups (stakeholders), rather than otherfactors such as market demand (Pinch and Bijker, 1987). The stakeholders for a technology are thosewhich possess some perspective on the artifact, with each group holding a different perspective on the
problems and solutions related to a target technology. The development process proceeds as thestakeholders deﬁne and negotiate their problems and solutions in the context of the meaning they
apply to the artifact. Although this process is not linear (it follows the complex social interactions
which occur between the stakeholders), a simple linear representation is given in Fig. 3.
The ﬁrst step in adapting the SCOT concept to sustainable concrete is to select the target technology
and identify the relevant social groups. Since this research is focused on sustainable concretematerials, the target technology is shown as ‘‘sustainable concrete’’ in Fig. 4. The stakeholders are thedifferent social groups which comprise the concrete industry, and are broke down as shown in Fig. 4
based on their role in the process of producing concrete material or structures. The four primary[(Fig._3)TD$IG]
Technology
Social group
Problems& solution

Artifact
Fig. 3. SCOT concept of technology development.

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Sustainableconcrete
Stakeholders
Owner
Concrete structure
Contractor

Academic

Concrete material

Research

Manufacturer

OthersConcretemaking
materials

RMC

Cementcompany

Admixturecompany

Aggregate
quarryFig. 4. Stakeholders relevant to sustainable concrete.

stakeholders are the ‘‘owner,’’ ‘‘contractor,’’ ‘‘manufacturer,’’ and ‘‘academic.’’ The manufacturer groupcan be further broken down into sub-groups which produce the concrete-making materials for the
ready-mix concrete plant (RMC) which produces the actual concrete. The owner group also contains avariety of distinct sub-groups, such as government (public infrastructure); railway, utility ortransportation companies (private infrastructure); the research centers which serve those groups,
consultants, and so forth.
The next step in adapting the SCOT model is to identify the problems and solutions held by therelevant social groups. These problems and solutions represent the unique perspectives held by eachsocial group. For the development and assessment of sustainable concrete, the perspective on
sustainable materials is the primary interest, as shown in Fig. 5. However, the problems and solutions
for sustainable materials may be related to different problems, such as general sustainable concrete[(Fig._5)TD$IG]practice in the industry itself, the stakeholder’s speciﬁc interaction with concrete, and the level ofConcrete industry

Sustainableconcrete
Sustainableconcrete practice
Relationshipwith concrete

Knowledge ofsustainability

Perspectives
Fig. 5. Evaluating stakeholders’ perspectives and key topics.

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Fig. 6. Integrating the stakeholders’ perspectives into the formation model.

knowledge of sustainability. As shown in Fig. 4, the stakeholders all perform different roles in the
production of concrete infrastructure; in addition, the perspective on sustainable materials may also
be greatly affected by the level of knowledge of sustainability. Finally, sustainable concrete material isjust one aspect of the overall need for sustainable practice in the concrete industry. While concretematerials do contribute to the industry’s environmental impact, there may be other means of adopting
sustainability in practice that do not necessarily affect concrete materials directly, such as structuraldesign or construction method. Since each stakeholder interacts with concrete in a different way andhas a different target, consideration of these problems and solutions is necessary.
The ﬁnal step in adapting the SCOT model is to integrate the problems and solutions – theperspectives – given by the stakeholders into the formation model for sustainable concrete, which isillustrated in Fig. 6. Part of the stakeholders’ perspectives on sustainable concrete is the knowledge
and media used for making sustainable concrete, which may come from either or both theirrelationship with concrete and the knowledge of sustainability. Once these knowledge and media are
decided, the design information can be established and the assessment criteria of sustainable concrete
determined. However, as mentioned in the discussion on SCOT, it may be necessary to negotiate thedifferences between the perspectives of different stakeholders before a single form of the technology
can be settled upon.
Analytic Hierarchy Process
The perspectives given by the stakeholder groups represent human value systems applied to theconcept of sustainable concrete. In order to integrate these perspectives into the formation model, it isnecessary to convert them from qualitative to quantitative data which can be used for assessing concretesustainability. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria framework for making complex
decisions, was applied to perform this conversion. The premise of AHP is to model a decision-making
problem as a hierarchy composed of quantiﬁable elements and their relations and alternatives towards agoal (Saaty, 1999). The weights of the elements towards the goal is determined by comparing elements
against each other in pairs using qualitative or quantitative judgment values, which are converted tonumerical values that can be used to determine weights for the elements in the hierarchy and allows
comparison between different elements. Weights can be similarly applied to the various alternatives forachieving the goal, based upon the weights of the elements in the hierarchy and the characteristics of thealternatives, and a decision can be made by analyzing the weights of the different alternatives. AHP can
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be used to overcome the difﬁculty in ﬁnding balance between different performance criteria by deﬁning
that balance from the perspectives held by the stakeholder groups. For example, if the government
establishes a goal of reducing CO2 emissions by 20%, then the reduction of CO2 emissions could be given
higher weight in the material assessment process than other factors, such that a reduction in CO2 could
outweigh reduced performance in other aspects.
Application of assessment framework
In order to investigate the applicability of the proposed assessment framework, a two-part social
investigation on the perspectives on sustainable practice and materials in the Japanese concrete
industry was conducted. The objective of this investigation was to ﬁrst establish a general qualitative
concept for sustainable concrete practice and materials with a top-down approach through in-depth
interviews, then quantitatively investigate the importance given to different parameters andindicators for assessing sustainable materials with a bottom-up approach using surveys. These
perspectives were then applied to the assessment of a variety of concrete materials with varying
approaches to reducing environmental impact using AHP.
Interviews on sustainable concrete practice
The interview phase of the study was conducted with 13 members of the Japanese concrete
industry, with four from the academic group (public and private universities), four from the materials
group (ready-mix plant, chemical company, cement company, and slag cement company), three fromthe contractor group (general construction contractors), and two from the owner group(infrastructure research institutes). It was found that, although people had a clear idea of theirrole in current practice in the Japanese concrete industry, and thus clear differences in goals, they all
shared a similar concept for what sustainable practice should be. Sustainable concrete practice could
be divided into concrete engineering and sustainability components, as shown in Fig. 7, withassessment criteria such as life cycle cost (LCC), durability, and life cycle CO2 (LCCO2); speciﬁc actions
for implementing those criteria such as the need for durability evaluation methods and theestablishment of inventory data; and general actions such as the implementation of standardized
codes for deﬁning sustainable concrete practice, consideration of the full life cycle, and so forth. The
reason all interviewees had the same general concept for sustainable concrete practice may be due tothe lack of understanding of their role and responsibilities in practicing sustainability. When asked
about current concrete practice, the interviewees had signiﬁcantly different responses depending on
their role in the manufacturing, production, and construction process; that is, their responsibilities areclearlyoutlined by experience, codes, guidelines, regulations, and so forth. However, because their[(Fig._7)TD$IG]

Sustainability aspect

Evaluation
criteria

LCC
Durability

LCCO2
Recyclability
Resource consumption

Durability
evaluation

Inventory values
Transparency

Generalactions

Concrete aspect

Specificactions

Sustainable concrete practiceStandardized code
Consider life cycle
Quality of recycled materials
Balance between evaluation criteria

Fig. 7. Concept for sustainable concrete practice from interview phase.

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Table 1
Concrete performance parameters and sustainability indicators for evaluating sustainable concrete materials.
Concrete performance parameters (JSCE)
AspectChemicalStrength
Durability

Fresh properties
Cost

Performance parameters
Adiabatic temperature riseStrength
Rate factor of carbonation, diffusion coefﬁcient of chloride ion, resistance to freezing/thawing
action, resistance to chemical attacks, resistance to alkali-aggregate reaction, coefﬁcient ofwater permeability, ﬁre resistance, shrinkage property
Workability, pumpability, setting property
Initial cost, life cycle cost

Sustainability indicators (UN CSD)
AspectSocialEnvironmental
Economic
Institutional

Indicators
Equity, health, education, housing, security, population
Atmosphere, land, oceans/seas/coasts, fresh water, biodiversity
Economic structure, consumption/production patterns
Institutional framework, institutional capacitys

roles and responsibilities in an industry practicing sustainability are vague, the interviewees only
share a concept of what sustainable practice might be without understanding what speciﬁc role theyshould serve. This is supported by the need to establish standardized codes and guidelines for different
aspects of sustainable practice, such as life cycle cost analysis or calculation of LCCO2 emissions, which
would provide engineers with a clearer understanding of how to take action and what action to take.
Survey on concrete sustainability assessment

25

30

Academic
Owner
Contractor

66

Materials

Importance factor

Since the interview phase gave a qualitative concept for sustainable practice, the objective of thesurvey phase was to quantitatively identify important aspects for assessing sustainable concrete. Thissurvey asked Japanese concrete industry members to indicate the importance level of concrete
performance and sustainability aspects for sustainable concrete on a scale of 1–4, where 1: noimportance, 2: little importance, 3: some importance, and 4: high importance. The concrete
performance aspects were taken from the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and the sustainability
aspects were taken from the UN Committee on Sustainable Development’s indicator framework andare summarized in Table 1 (United Nations, 2001; JSCE, 2005).
The distribution of survey respondents is given in Fig. 8. In total, 229 responses were received, with
47.2% in the owner group (private and public infrastructure owners such as railway and powercompanies and public agencies), 28.8% in the contractor group, 13.1% in the academic group, and 10.9%in the materials group (material manufacturers such as ﬁbers or bonding agents and cement andadmixture companies). The survey responses on the importance of the concrete and sustainability
aspects for assessing sustainable concrete are also given in Fig. 8. It can be seen from these results that‘‘durability’’ is the highest-rated aspect at 3.8 out of 4. Other highly-rated aspects include ‘‘cost’’ at 3.7,‘‘strength’’ and ‘‘economic’’ at 3.5, and ‘‘environmental’’ at 3.4. The concrete aspects are generally rated
higher than the sustainability aspects. Only ‘‘social’’ was indicated as having less than ‘‘some’’importancefor sustainable concrete. Considering the survey results and the criteria emphasized in the[(Fig._8)TD$IG]
4
3
2
1

108
Fig. 8. Distribution of survey respondents (left) and survey response importance factors (right).

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Table 2
Importance factors from survey by stakeholder.
AspectAcademic

Owner

Contractor

Materials

Strength
Durability
Cost
Environmental
Economic

3.3
3.6
2.9
3.4
3.2

3.5
3.8
3.7
3.4
3.4

3.6
3.8
3.8
3.4
3.6

3.3
3.6
3.5
3.2
3.4

interview phase, ‘‘strength,’’ ‘‘durability,’’ ‘‘cost,’’ ‘‘economic,’’ and ‘‘environmental’’ were selected asassessment criteria for sustainable concrete. They cover three concrete parameters and twosustainability indicators. Following the UN’s framework, environmental aspects include atmosphere(emissions, air pollution, etc.), land use, and so forth; and economic aspects include production andconsumption patterns (recycling), trade, and so on. Cost was selected as a concrete material property
because the UN’s framework for ‘‘economic’’ focuses more on general economic systems, whereas cost
is a basic material property.
The importance factors are given by stakeholder group in Table 2. It can be seen that there wassome difference between the stakeholders, so to clarify whether this difference was statisticallysigniﬁcant or caused by variation within the sample groups one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) andpost-hoc analysis (Scheffé’s Method) were used. There was no statistically-signiﬁcant difference (at 5%
signiﬁcance) between the stakeholders for any of the aspects except for ‘‘cost,’’ where the importanceof the owner, contractor, and materials groups were higher than the importance factor for theacademic group, and the importance factor for the contractor group was also higher than that for thematerials group. Therefore, although there was some disparity regarding the importance of cost, it was
concluded that overall there was little difference in the perspectives between the stakeholders and theselected criteria were sufﬁciently representative of the stakeholders’ perspectives.
AHP assessment hierarchy and design scenarios
The hierarchy for assessing the sustainability of the concrete materials can be constructed asshown in Fig. 9. In this hierarchy, the ‘‘goal’’ is sustainable concrete, the different aspects identiﬁed
through the social investigation make up the ‘‘elements’’ of the hierarchy, and the concrete mixes
being investigated are the ‘‘alternatives’’ for meeting the goal.
Although the social investigation identiﬁed the criteria which should be used for assessing concretesustainability, the relative importance between the criteria was not explicitly evaluated – that is, since
the highest-ranking criteria were selected, their relative importance appears roughly equal. In order toexamine the effect of differing importance levels driven by different value systems on the overall
assessment of concrete sustainability, a set of four design scenarios was proposed, as summarized inTable 3. These scenarios focus on the importance given to the criteria when conducting pair-wisecomparisons. In the case of the ‘‘high durability’’ design scenario, the durability aspect is given ‘‘strong
importance’’ when compared to the other criteria, whereas the other criteria are all given ‘‘same
importance’’ when compared to each other. A design scenario strongly emphasizing sustainability[(Fig._9)TD$IG]
GOAL

ELEMENTS

Sustainable concreteStrength

Durability

Cost

Environ.

Economic

ALTERNATIVES
Fig. 9. AHP hierarchy with aspects and alternatives.

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Table 3Pair-wise comparison values for different design scenarios.
Design scenario

Target criteria importanceHigh durability
Sustainability > concrete
Low cost
Life cycle sustainable performance

Durability (strongly important)
Environmental, economic (strongly important vs. strength, durability, cost)
Cost (strongly important)
Durability, environmental (strongly important vs. strength, cost; weakly
important vs. economic)
Economic (weakly important vs. strength, cost)criteria over concrete criteria would place ‘‘strong importance’’ on environmental and economic criteria
when comparing them with strength, durability and cost, and ‘‘same importance’’ when comparing thesustainability criteria against each other or the concrete criteria against each other. The ‘‘low cost’’ design
scenario is similar to the ‘‘high durability’’ design scenario in that it places importance solely on a single
aspect – in this case, cost. Finally, the ‘‘life cycle sustainable performance’’ design scenario is intended toplace more balance between different aspects: durability and environmental criteria are given ‘‘strong
importance’’ against cost and strength and ‘‘weak importance’’ against economic criteria, and economic
criteria are given ‘‘weak importance’’ over cost and strength.’’From these pair-wise comparisons, the relative AHP weights given to the criteria in each of thedesign scenarios could be calculated, as shown in Fig. 10. For the ‘‘high durability’’ and ‘‘low cost’’
design scenarios, 55.6% of the weight is given to durability and cost, respectively, with 11.1% for theother criteria. When placing higher emphasis on sustainability aspects in the ‘‘sustainability’’ design
scenario, 38.5% weight is given to each of environmental and economic criteria and 7.7% to each of theconcrete criteria. The ‘‘life cycle sustainable performance’’ design scenario places 33.3% weight eachon durability and environmental, 20.0% on economic, and 6.7% on the remaining two. Comparing theweights for each design scenario, the effect of different importance in pair-wise comparisons on theweight carried by each aspect in the AHP hierarchy can be clearly seen.
Concrete proportions and properties
The sustainability of ﬁve different concrete mixes was examined. A target 28-day strength of
40 MPa was selected to represent a general-use situation, and the slump and air content will not be
considered for simplicity. These concrete mixes are given in Table 4, and examine several different
factors: the effect of water–binder ratio (30% vs. 50%), the effect of aggregate type (normal vs. lowgrade recycled vs. high-grade recycled), the effect of ﬂy ash replacement (none vs. 50%), the effect of
blast furnace slag replacement (none vs. 45%), and the effect of combining ﬂy ash and blast furnace
slag with recycled aggregates. Water (W), normal Portland cement (C), JIS type-II ﬂy ash (FA), blast
furnace slag (BS), river sand (S), normal aggregates (NA), and low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG)
recycled aggregates were used. The complete mix proportions are given in Table 5.

[(Fig._10)TD$IG]

StrengthHigh durability

Durability
Cost

Sustainability

Environ.
Economic

Low cost
Life cyclesust. perf.
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Fig. 10. Weights of criteria for different design scenarios.

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Table 4
Concrete mixes.
Concrete series

Water–binder ratio

Aggregate type

Cement replacement

WB50-NA
WB50-HG
WB30-LG-FA
WB50-NA-BS
WB50-HG-BS

50
50
30
50
50

NormalRecycled (high)
Recycled (low)NormalRecycled (high)––Fly ash (50)Slag (45)Slag (45)

Table 5
Concrete mix proportions.
Concrete series

WB50-NA
WB50-HG
WB30-LG-FA
WB50-NA-BS
WB50-HG-BS(kg/m3)
W

C

FA

BS

S

NA

LG

HG

171
171
165
171
171

342
342
275
188
188

–
–
275
–
–

–
–
–
154
154

746
746
590
742
742

1015
–
–
1010
–

–
–
856
–
–

–
1015
–
–
1010

For each of the criteria in the AHP hierarchy a representative property was selected based on theavailable test results and appropriateness for the criteria. Air permeability is a durability indicatorwhich is often used for evaluating surface concrete durability. Cost is the basic cost per cubic meter ofconcrete. CO2 emissions are used to represent the environmental criteria because CO2 emissions
belong to the ‘‘atmosphere’’ theme in the environmental aspect of the UN sustainability indicators
framework and are widely used as the primary indicator of concrete environmental impact. Finally,
the percentage of recycled materials is used for evaluating the economic impact; this property comesfrom the ‘‘consumption and production patterns’’ UN theme in the economic aspect, which includes
recycling and resource consumption.
Table 6 gives the properties of the concrete mixes for the ﬁve representative criteria. Durability was
qualitatively evaluated based on the measured air permeability values because the relationshipbetween air permeability and durability is not linear. The costs were calculated from the mix
proportions and the material costs given in Fig. 11, which were obtained from a catalog of material
costs in Japan (Sekisan-shiryou). In the case of ﬂy ash, the cost may vary so a private company wascontacted and the cost of ﬂy ash estimated based on their response. For blast furnace slag, the cost wasestimated by consulting a slag cement company. The cost for low-grade recycled aggregates wasestimated from the price of recycled crushed stone used in road beds, and the cost for high-grade
recycled aggregates was set as equal to that of normal aggregates. The cost of waster was taken fromthe Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau Waterworks. The CO2 emissions for each mix were determined fromthe mix proportions and the emissions per material component given in Fig. 11, as determined by theJapan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE, 2006). Finally, the recycled materials volume was calculated as
the percent volume occupied by ﬂy ash, blast furnace slag, and/or recycled aggregates. In the case of
the high-grade recycled aggregate concrete mixes (WB50-HG, WB50-HG-BS), the strength, durability,
Table 6
Properties of concrete mixes.
Concrete seriesComp. strength(MPa)

Durability(qualitative)

Cost(yen/m3)

CO2
emissions(kg-CO2/m3)

Recycled
vol. (%)

WB50-NA
WB50-HG
WB30-LG-FA
WB50-NA-BS
WB50-HG-BS

43.5
43.5
39.7
42.4
42.4

Moderate
Moderate
High
High
High

5810
5810
5205
5705
5705

267.9
282.9
221.0
153.9
168.8

0.0
37.5
47.2
5.3
42.6

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CO2

2.0 2.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.8

0.0

HG

0

LG

1.3

NA

0.6

HG

NA

S

BS

FA

Cost

C

0

1.5 1.3

0.2

LG

3

40

S

4.0

BS

6

76.7

60

FA

9

80

C

9.0

W

9.6

W

Cost (yen/kg)

12

CO2 (kg-CO2/kg)×10-2

M. Henry, Y. Kato / Journal of Engineering and Technology Management xxx (2011) xxx–xxx[(Fig._1)TD$IG]

Fig. 11. Cost (left) and CO2 emissions (right) of concrete-making materials.

and cost were estimated assuming that the performance and cost of high-grade recycled aggregate is
identical to that of normal aggregate; only the CO2 emissions and recycled volume were re-calculated
to consider the differences in those characteristics.
AHP calculation results and discussion
From the material properties and criteria weights, the weights of each concrete mix towards
achieving the goal can be calculated for each design scenario. These results are summarized in Fig. 12.

[(Fig._12)TD$IG]

WB50-NA

Strength

WB50-HG

Cost

Durability
Environ.

WB30-LG-FA

Economic

WB50-NA-BS
WB50-HG-BS
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Durability

Sustainability

WB50-NA

Strength

WB50-HG

Cost

Durability
Environ.

WB30-LG-FA

Economic

WB50-NA-BS
WB50-HG-BS
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

Cost

Life cycle sust. perf.

Fig. 12. Weights of concrete mixes by design scenario.

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For all of the design scenarios except the ‘‘low cost’’ scenario, the WB50-HG-BS mix has the highest
value, with nearly 24% of the weight. This mix is the highest-rated because of its high durability andthe good balance between CO2 emissions and volume of recycled materials relative to the other mixes.
In the ‘‘low cost’’ scenario, the WB30-LG-FA mix has the highest value, with nearly 22% of the weight.
In this case, the lower cost of ﬂy ash increases the value of the WB30-LG-FA concrete mix. The cost ofﬂy ash, although cheaper than blast furnace slag in this investigation, may vary greatly (in the case ofJapan) due to its regional availability, as it is not widely used; blast furnace slag, however, is much
more widely available and thus has a more stable price. Overall, the advantage of slag is that it canachieve higher strength than ﬂy ash by 28 days at higher water–binder ratios, reducing the volume ofbinder and thus CO2 emissions.
It can be seen that in all the scenarios except ‘‘low cost’’ there is a larger difference in the ﬁnal weightsof the mixes, whereas in the ‘‘low cost’’ scenario the weights of the materials are much more closelygrouped. This may be attributed to the similarity in cost between the concrete mixes, which do not varyas much relative to each other as the other assessment criteria do. In particular, qualitatively evaluating
durability results in a large difference in the weights between moderate- and high-durability materials,
which is caused by the qualitative pair-wise comparison. This difference is particularly pronounced forthe ‘‘high durability’’ and ‘‘life cycle sustainable performance’’ design scenarios, which place highimportance on durability, thus greatly increasing the value of the mixes with high durability.
For slag and non-slag concrete, changing from normal aggregates to high-grade recycled
aggregates increases the total value, since the difference in CO2 emissions is not large but the increase
in recycled materials is very high. This is due to the relative importance in CO2 emissions compared torecycled aggregates; for all the design scenarios, these two aspects were given either equal or only
weakly different importance, so the increase in CO2 emissions is outweighed by the increase inrecycled materials. For low-grade recycled aggregates, low durability is generally expected but, based
upon experimental results, the combination of ﬂy ash and recycled aggregates appears to improve thedurability of concrete containing low-grade recycled aggregate, which increases the value of lowgrade vs. high-grade recycled aggregates. However, in order to achieve similar strength levels, thematrix strength has to be increased by decreasing the water–binder ratio. This increases the amount ofbinder materials and, consequently, the CO2 emissions and cost. However, the usage of ﬂy ash at thelower binder ratio may offset these increases.
Comparison to baseline condition
When assessing the sustainability of concrete materials, it is necessary not only to determine therelative sustainability between potential material alternatives but to also identify whether theproperties of that material are moving towards overall sustainability. Therefore, it is useful to visuallyobserve the distribution of the concrete material properties relative to a baseline condition, or areference state, which can provide an indication of overall direction. Setting a baseline condition forthe concrete industry is not easy because, unlike ecological systems, there is no historical reference
point which can be labeled as a ‘‘sustainable’’ state to return to. Rather, the baseline condition should
be set by looking forward and considering the direction the industry should move towards. As it has
already been established that the concrete industry needs to become more sustainable and reduce its
environmental impact from its current state, sustainable concrete should look to meet or exceed theperformance of the general-use concrete in the areas identiﬁed for assessing sustainability.
The WB50-NA series can be considered representative of the general-use concrete mix proportions
and properties. The values of the WB30-LG-FA and WB50-HG-BS mixes in the life cycle sustainable
performance design scenario are normalized against the baseline condition in Fig. 13 to illustrate thechange in the mix properties relative to the baseline. It can be see that both materials exceed theminimum requirement of the baseline condition in all of the measured criteria except for strength;
however, the strengths of all materials were relatively similar so this tendency is not signiﬁcant. A
comparison of these two distributions shows that the WB50-HG-BS concrete has higher value than the
WB30-LG-FA concrete on the environmental aspect due to the lower CO2 emissions, but also has lessvalue for cost and economic criteria due to higher material cost and less volume of recycled materials.
The total overall value, however, is slightly higher for the WB50-HG-BS mix.
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Fig. 13. Weights of concrete mixes (life cycle sust. perf.) normalized by general-use concrete.

Further research
The framework proposed in this work provides a general-use means for integrating social
perspectives into decision-making at various stages of the concrete manufacturing and construction
process. The example provided here, however, focused only on the material manufacturer’s case, andseveral simpliﬁcations were made which should be more fully explored in future research works. The
ﬁrst is with regards to the AHP hierarchy used to compare the material alternatives. It was implicitly
assumed that the weight of using ﬂy ash and blast furnace slag is the same – that is, the means bywhich CO2 emissions and raw material consumption were reduced was not included in the hierarchy’s
assessment elements. However, in the case of Japan, blast furnace slag is much more widely used thanﬂy ash, comprising approximately 24% of the domestic market, compared to only 0.4% for ﬂy ash (JCA,
2008), but the domestic conditions and availability of the materials utilized in the concrete mixes was
not considered in the assessment. In order to improve the framework’s ﬂexibility to represent not only
different social perspectives but also regional differences such as material availability, domestic
market, and so forth, the AHP hierarchy should be improved to incorporate these elements in theassessment process.
Another simpliﬁcation was performed when the difference in perspectives between stakeholders
was assumed to be represented only by the importance factors obtained from the social investigation.
Although a fundamental aspect of SCOT theory, the underlying social principal from which thisframework was constructed, is that the development process occurs through the interaction andnegotiation between the conﬂicting perspectives of the stakeholder, that conﬂict was resolved in theexample only by comparing the statistical deviation of the importance factors and selecting the one
considered to be most controlling based upon the relationship between the stakeholders. In reality,
although the surveyed stakeholders had little conﬂict in their concept for sustainable concrete
practice and materials and the importance for different assessment criteria, how to achieve thisconcept may differ greatly depending on the stakeholder group. As mentioned earlier, since there is alack of speciﬁcations and guidelines outlining the role and responsibilities of each stakeholder groupfor practicing sustainability, they may share a common vision while lacking a concrete idea of how toachieve that vision. Future investigations into this topic should therefore attempt to isolate whatbarriers exist for each stakeholder group and how to overcome any conﬂicts which occur.
Conclusion
In order to provide a means for assessing concrete sustainability, this paper proposed anassessment framework based upon social theory of technology and AHP. By basing the selection ofPlease cite this article in press as: Henry, M., Kato, Y., An assessment framework based on social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study on sustainability in the Japanese
concrete industry. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

129

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ENGTEC-1326; No. of Pages 17

M. Henry, Y. Kato / Journal of Engineering and Technology Management xxx (2011) xxx–xxx

17

assessment criteria on the social perspectives of the stakeholders, this framework attempts toovercome the difﬁculty in deﬁning sustainability by deriving its deﬁnition from the stakeholders who
exist within the system in which the criteria must be implemented. Through social theory and AHP,
these perspectives can be identiﬁed and converted from qualitative to quantitative data, thus
providing engineers, managers, and decision-makers in the concrete industry with hard numbers
upon which to base their material development and assessment processes.
Through an example application targeted at the ready-mix concrete manufacturer, the relative
sustainability of different concrete mixes was assessed. This assessment was based upon the social
perspectives of stakeholders in the Japanese concrete industry, which were evaluated via a social
investigation. From these perspectives, a basic AHP hierarchy was constructed which consisted ofstrength, durability, cost, CO2 emissions, and volume of recycled materials as the assessment
elements, and through the application of different design scenarios, which proposed different
weighting schemes, comparisons between the assessed materials could be made. However, ultimately
it was found that a single concrete mix was generally selected as the best alternative due to its highperformance characteristics in each of the assessment criteria categories. It was suggested that thisassessment hierarchy should be expanded to include more assessment items which better consider
other characteristics of the materials being utilized in the concrete mixes, such as local availability,
which may lead to a more ﬂexible hierarchy structure which can better adapt to different social,economic, regional, or other conditions. Furthermore, the properties of the assessed materials only
represent laboratory experimental results, and thus practical application in the ﬁeld may requirechanges to the material properties which could affect the material performance and, thus, theassessment weights. Again, integration of criteria required for practical application in the ﬁeld could
be one means for expanding the AHP hierarchy to consider a broader range of conditions.
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Please cite this article in press as: Henry, M., Kato, Y., An assessment framework based on social
perspectives and Analytic Hierarchy Process: A case study on sustainability in the Japanese
concrete industry. J. Eng. Technol. Manage. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2011.06.006

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Issues and Future Prospect on Practical Use of Probe Vehicle Data for
Disaster Reduction -Provision of the Vehicle Tracking Map in the 2007
Niigataken Chuetsu-oki EarthquakeHADA Yasunori 1), SUZUKI Takeyasu 2), SHIMORA Hiroki3),
MEGURO Kimiro 4) , and KODAMA Noriko 5)1) Member, Assistant Professor, University of Yamanashi, Dr. Eng.
2) Member, Professor, University of Yamanashi, Dr. Eng.
3) Technical Staff, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, MD. Eng.
4) Member, Director & Professor, ICUS, IIS, University of Tokyo, Dr. Eng
5) Member, Assistant Professor, Waseda Institute for Advanced Technology, Waseda University, Dr. Eng.
ABSTRACTRoad information is one of the most important information for vehicles of emergency service, rescue and otherdisaster response organizations. However, it is difficult to get ever-changing road status of wide area in real-time,and sufficient road information is not provided in actual disasters. In this paper, we report the experimental
provision and its problems of the vehicle tracking map in the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki earthquake, as part ofeffort to apply probe vehicle data to disaster reduction. We indicate possibility of road damage estimation usingprobe vehicle data by real data analysis. Issues and future prospects for application of probe vehicle data to disaster
reduction are discussed.
Key Words: Probe Vehicle, Disaster Reduction, The 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake,
Road Information, Information Sharing149- 159 -

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Survey of September 30, 2009 Sumatra Earthquake
Muneyoshi Numada 1, Shigeru Miwa 2, Ömer AYDAN 3 and Masanori Hamada 4
ABSTRACT: On September 30, 2009 at 17:16, an intense earthquake (M7.6) occurredjust off the western Sumatra coast in Indonesia. The official death toll was confirmed at
739 people, with another 296 people missing and presumed dead, primarily in Padang
Pariaman District. A total of 863 people were seriously injured, and 1,356 people slightly
injured. Damage to houses was widespread with 121,679 houses severely damaged,
52,206 moderately damaged, and another 57,510 lightly damaged, rendering homeless anestimated 250,000 families (UN OCHA). Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), Japan
Association for Earthquake Engineering (JAEE) and Engineers Without Borders-Japan
organized a survey team immediately after the event. The team was dispatched toIndonesia and conducted initial damage assessment in the damaged area. This reportoutlines the findings obtained from a quick survey (Oct 16-18) of the damaged area.
Key Words: Sumatra Earthquake, Masonry structure, Liquefaction, Tsunami, DisastersurveyINTRODUCTION
On September 30, 2009 at 17:16, an intense earthquake (M7.6) occurred just off the western Sumatra
coast in Indonesia (Location: 0.789°S, 99.961°E). The focal depth was 80 km (USGS). The epicenter
was 45 kilometers from the port city of Padang, Sumatra. An after shock (M6.2) occurred 22 minutes
later, followed by a third quake (M6.8), which struck 225 km southeast of Padang. This continuous
shaking caused widespread destruction in the area of Padang Pariaman District. Most inhabitants inthe affected areas lost their houses to collapse caused by seismic motion or landslide. The official
death toll was confirmed at 739 people, with another 296 people missing and presumed dead,primarily in Padang Pariaman District. A total of 863 people were seriously injured, and 1,356 people
slightly injured. Damage to houses was widespread with 121,679 houses severely damaged, 52,206
moderately damaged, and another 57,510 lightly damaged, rendering homeless an estimated 250,000
families, many too frightened to return home (UN OCHA).
Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering (JAEE) andEngineers Without Borders-Japan organized a survey team (Team leader: Dr. Masanori HAMADA,
professor, University of Waseda) immediately after the event. The team was dispatched to Indonesia,
and conducted initial damage assessment in the damaged area.

STRUCTURES
Over 300 building were briefly observed in a survey of the Padang and Pariaman area. In Figure 1
blue sticks mark the observed damaged buildings. Structures affected by this earthquake wereprimarily low-rise residential masonry, hotel buildings, government offices and industrial facilities.
1

Research associate
TOBISHIMA Corporation
3
Professor, Tokai University
4
Professor, Waseda University
2

1

159

The structural type of engineered and non-engineered structures in the affected areas may be classified
in three general categories: wooden structure, unreinforced masonry structure, and masonry structurewith frame. Residential wooden houses with tile or corrugated steel sheet roof are constructed with awood frame made up of columns and beams supporting wood joists. The roof is covered with clay tileor thin corrugated steel sheets. Unreinforced-mansonry structures (non-engineered concrete
construction) with masonry infill are common in Indonesia. The beams and columns of these buildings
are substandard, consisting of small sections lightly reinforced with plain bars. These columns sufferedsignificant damage from the seismic forces. Mansonry structure with frame (engineered reinforced
concrete construction) generally well-constructed reinforced concrete frame structures, survived theearthquake with heavy damage in Padang. Damaged masonry and wooden buildings were also
observed in the mountaineous Pariaman region.
In Figure 2, Photos 1 and 2 show the typical damage to wooden houses and masonry houses
constructed with bricks. There were many wooden houses in the damaged area. These structures
performed better than brick masonry houses with or without RC slabs and/or columns; however, there
were instances of total collapse due to intense ground shaking. Photo 3 shows an old one story
masonry building with no reinforced concrete slabs and columns. Low-rise residential masonrybuildings are generally constructed with bricks and are either one or two stories. This type of collapse
was observed even in areas with high ground acceleration. Newly-constructed buildings with concreteslabs and columns, there is no doubt that when such structural elements are integrated with masonrywalls they perform better and prevent the total collapse of the buildings in spite of some structural
damage. Photos 4 and 5 show a government office constructed with an engineered structure. Several
cases of total collapse or heavy damage were observed. Some hotel structures also totally collapsed asshown in Photos 6 and 7. Photo 7 shows damage to a hotel which was assigned as a verticalevacuation space in the case of tsunami. People could not use this building as an evacuation structure
due to its collapse. This damage illustrated the problem with vertical evacuation spaces. Pancake-type
collapse was observed in the buildings of China Town, as shown in Photo 8. The concrete buildings
with two or more stories either collapsed or were heavily-damaged. These type of reinforced concrete
structures are framed structures with integrated or non-integrated in-fill walls.
The South and West Sumatra Earthquake on September 12, 2007, killed 25 people and caused heavy
damage in Benngkulu and West Sumatora Provinces along the western shore of Sumatra Island. The
structural damage was similar to the damage observed from this earthquake. Earthquake damage tostructures has often been connected to the local structural type, and this type of construction is typicalof low-cost and affordable housing in Indonesia.

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Figure 1. Damaged structures in Padang and Pariaman on Google map

160

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161

BRIDGEAn assessment of 15 bridges in Padang (14 bridges) and Pariaman (1 bridge) found no significant
damage from this earthquake (Figure 3). The types of bridges in the epicentral area are mainly truss or
simple beam bridges (Table 1). The earthquake shaking did not cause any visible damage to the bridge,
roadways even though they were near the epicenter of the earthquake. Damage to bridges was mainly
caused by the failure of approach embankments and uneven settlement of piers. However, almost all
bridges were open to traffic with speed limitation.
The most heavily-damaged bridge, Sitinurbaya bridge with concrete type (No. 1), underwent
settlement of around 100 centimeters in backfill soil, and lateral deformation of ground due toliquefaction at the pier was observed. However, the pier was not affected by the ground movement.
Sitinurbaya bridge was constructed to withstand the seismic motion and liquefaction. Mirang bridge
shown in Figure 4 (No. 4) was constructed as a parallel concrete beam structure. Lateral movement
was not observed due to the stopper at the bearing. Settlement of about 20 centimeters at abutment wasalso observed at Mirang bridge (Figure 5 (a)). Lateral movement was observed, as well as the collapseof electric lamp on the beam and displacement of 2 centimeters at the bridge’s rubber bearing in
Figure 5 (b). The function of road could be maintained with such light damage.
At Bungus bridge (No. 8), damage was observed with over 10 centimeters of lateral movement due
to the failure of the stopper, which should reduce lateral movement.

Figure 3. Surveyed bridges in Padang and Pariaman

162

Table 1. Surveyed bridges in Padang and Pariaman
No

name

type

damage1

Sitinurbaya

concrete

100cm settle down

2

Purus

truss

10cm settle down

3

Mirang rail way

truss

10cm move at abutment

4

Mirang (a) (b)concrete(a) Lump, 2cm move(b) 20cm settle down

5

Muara Panja Linan

concretenone

6Lubeg 1

concreteslightly crack

7

Lubeg 2

concretenone

8Bungustruss

10cm lateral def.

9

Timbalun

truss

none

10

Kuranjiconcretenone

11

Kalawitruss

Abutment push/ move

12

Sungai Sapih

concrete

Settle down/ 21.5cm lateral def.

13

Lubuk Minturun

concrete

15cm lateral def.

14

Kandisconcrete

Settle down back fill soil

15

Unknown

concrete

Pier crack

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ø¾÷

Figure 4. Mirang bridge (No. 4)

163

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ROAD AND RAILWAYS
During the survey, roads were available to traffic in Padang. Heavy damage to roadways wasobserved in mountainous Pariaman area. Surface ruptures and embankment failures along the river andslope cut caused damage to roadways at several places in Padang and Pariaman. In particular, slope
failures occured in places with volcanic sediments and volcanic soft rocks, such as in the mountainous
Pariaman area.
Extensive slope failures were observed along the mountain roads. Some of these roadways wereconstructed on a thin ridge with soil surface along the river (Figure 7), with the failure points on theattacking side of river, where the foot of the slope had lost stability due to erosion by water flow.

164

Typically, the slope on the attack side may be unstable due to erosion of the foot.
Figure 8 shows a large slope failure of volcanic sediment. Since the volcanic sediment is a type of
pumice soil, under water supply it can easily fail on the sliding surface of the clay layers. When theearthquake occurred, a wedding ceremony was being held on the sliding soil mass. This failure caused
the deaths of 200 people attending the party. Some rock falls along the road side slope of volcanic
geology at Southern Padang area were observed.
Embankment failures of roadways and rivers were also widespread in the area where the groundmotions were high. The embankment failures at infilled sections of the roadways were quite severe.
Since the ground was more resistant and ground shaking was mild, the translational movements did
not cause the total collapse of the embankments. However, the approach embankments of bridges wereseverely damaged by settlement and lateral spreading of ground at their base, and access to these areas
in Pariaman remains difficult.
The railway is normally used for leisure on the weekends. The railway was available on the firstweekend after the earthquake. Slight failure of railway embankments was observed: however, they
were completely recovered after the first leisure day (Figure 9).

Figure 7. Slope failure in Pariaman

Figure 8. Large Slope failure in Pariaman

Figure 9. Embankment damage of railway

165

GEOTECHNICAL DAMAGE
The most remarkable geotechnical damage was caused by liquefaction and accompanying lateral
movement. Figure 10 shows the surveyed area with geotechnical damage along the sea side or theriver in Padang and Pariaman.
Lateral flow and/or movement of over 10 centimeters caused damage to several houses on theaffected ground at Point 1 (Figure 11). The liquefaction sites are located between the coastal line and asmall river with ground layers of sand and a shallow ground water level in the marine deposit.
Settlement of buildings and foundation damage due to liquefaction-induced ground failure and lateral
spreading resulted in the collapse of masonry houses and/or severe cracking walls. The groundliquefaction caused damage due to non-uniform settlement of house foundations. Several houses
needed to be supported by bar to prevent collapse due to the inclination of ground foundation (Figure11). Permanent ground deformation caused extensive damage to the wide region.
Liquefaction was also observed at Points 2 and 3 along the river on the sandy ground (Figure 12).
Sand boils was observed at Points 4 and 5. Since the ground in this region consisted of a sandy layer,liquefaction easily occurred due to intense shaking. Fortunately, no damage occurred at the sea port at
Point 4.

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îò Ô·¯«»º¿½¬·±²¿´±²¹ ®·ª»®

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ÐßÜßÒÙìò Í¿²¼ ¾±·´·²¹¿¬ ¸¿®¾±®
Figure 10. Geological damaged point166ß®±«²¼ ïð½³

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Figure 11. Lateral movement at Point 1 in Figure 10

Figure 12. Liquefaction at Point 2 in Figure 10

167

INDUSTRIES
Most industrial facilities are located in Southern Padang City. The earthquake did not cause any
major damage to industrial facilites except some small scale damage from the inspection of someindustrial plants (Figure 13).
Two ceramic isolators in electric power station were damaged but repaired two days later, whereas
seven to ten days were needed to restore electric power in Padang city.
Two port facilities in Padang were observed. The cement plant and coal storage did not suffer fromconsiderable damage and the economic loss due to the subsidence or lateral movement of coastal line
was small. Liquefaction and slight damage at the ferry crossing were observed. No damage was foundin the petroleum tank yard.

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Ý»³»²¬ °´¿²¬½±¿´

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Figure 13. Industrial place and main industrial facilities

168

CONCLUSION
In order to prepare for the next event, the estimation and prediction of the risk associated withpotential loss is necessary. Under that action, the seismically weak structures such as dwellings, publicbuildings and tsunami evacuation centers need to be retrofitted. Although damage due to tsunami was
not observed in this earthquake, some tsunami evacuation buildings collapsed. Therefore, if tsunami
damage occurred, people could not use the tsunami building for evacuation. Although the design codes
for masonry and reinforced concrete were revised to include seismic design code in Indonesia, most of
the houses do not comply with them. Therefore, it is important to improve the code enforcement
system.
Earthquake damage to structures is often related to the local structural type, such as low-cost andaffordable housing. The important things to apply such measurement are to consider the local
acceptability and/or local availability in Indonesia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This survey was conducted as a part of reconnaissance mission by the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers (JSCE), Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering (JAEE) and Engineers Without
Borders-Japan. All the members of the reconnaissance team provided me with all available materials,
advice and information. I would wish like to express my sincere sympathy to the people affected bythis devastating earthquake.

REFERENCES
OCHA: UN Office for the Coordination and Humanitarian Affairs
2009: http://ochaonline.un.org/
Aydan,Ö., Hamada, M., and SUZUKI, T. (2005). “Some observation and considerations on the damage
to structures and coasts induced by the tsunami of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake.” Journal of The
School of Marine Science and Technology, Vol.3 No.1 pp.79-94,
Aydan,Ö., Miwa, S., Kodama,H.and,Suzuki T.(2005). “The Characteristics of M8.7 Nias Earthquakeof March 28,2005 and Induced Tsunami and Structural Damages.” Juarnal of the school of Marine
Science and Technology, Tokai Univercity,Vol.3,No.2 ,pp66-83
Aydan Ö., (2007a). “Some Thoughts on Crustal Deformation, Seismicity and Tsunami in Indonesia
with a special emphasis on Sumatra Island.” The International Symposium on Disaster in Indonesia(ISDI): Paper No:SH-7,20 pages ,On CD
Aydan, Ö.,Miwa,S. ,Kodama,H.and,Suzuki T.(2007b). “Support Activities of JSCE and EWoB-Japan
for Nias Island Following the Great Nias earthquaku of 2005.” The International Symposium on
Solutions, Paper No:MS-3,20pagesOn CD
Disaster in Indonesia (ISDI):Problems

169Ü»ª»´±°³»²¬ ±º ­·³«´¿¬·±² »¨»®½·­»º±® »³»®¹»²½§ ®»­°±²­» ¸»¿¼¯«¿®¬»®­º±½«­»¼ ±² ³¿²¿¹»³»²¬ ¾§ ±¾¶»½¬·ª»­Shinya KONDO1, Shingo NAGAMATSU2, Masaru KAWANISHI3
and Makoto YASUTOMI4
1
Project Researcher, ICUS, IIS, The University of Tokyo, Japankondos@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
2
Associate Professor, Faculty of Safety Science, Kansai University, Japan
3
Science Department, Osaka Head Office, The Yomiuri Shimbun, Japan
4
Department Manager, Osaka Yomiuri Service, Japan

ABSTRACTDisaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution (DRI) developed asimulation exercise for emergency response headquarters, management by
objectives (SEMO), based on the result of several years of experience. The
purpose of SEMO is to perform and learn how to manage an emergency response
headquarters based on management by objectives. Participants of SEMO follow
the whole situation of the crisis event from fragmented information, develop an
action plan based on the strong objectives of the organization, and conduct
strategic public relations to realize objectives. Management by objectives is one
type of management thinking. The authors adapt this thinking to the style ofdisaster response as an organization based on disaster occurrences. Management
by objectives consists of three principles: sharing the common operational picturewith all concerned, developing action plan with strong objectives, and conducting
strategic public relations. The basic model of SEMO consists of five stages;
orientation, team meeting, exercise, simulated press conference, and evaluation.
Exercise means the field participants practice management of emergency
response headquarters according to management by objectives. To design a real
exercise, the basic model is customized based on constrained conditions,characteristics of participants, the object of exercise, and time for exercise. In thiscase, a training course based on SEMO is conducted at DRI. As a result,participant satisfaction is improved, and participants can understandmanagement by objectives. SEMO is an effective exercise for emergency response
officials to learn how to manage an emergency response headquarters.
Keywords: simulation exercise, management by objectives, public relations,common operational picture, incident action plan

1. INTRODUCTION
Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution (DRI) developed asimulation exercise for emergency response headquarters, management by
objectives (SEMO), based on the result of several years experience (Kondo, 2009).

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October 2010, Kobe, Japan

The purpose of SEMO is to perform and learn how to manage an emergency
response headquarters based on management by objectives. Participants of SEMO
follow the whole situation of the crisis event from fragmented information,
develop an action plan based on the strong objectives of the organization, andconduct strategic public relations to realize objectives.
Management by objectives is one type of management thinking. The authors
adapted this thinking to the style of disaster response as an organization based on
disaster occurrences such as the Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (Kondo,
2006) and Hurricane Katrina (Kondo, 2007). Management by objectives consistsof three principles: “sharing the common operational picture with all concerned”,“developing action plan with strong objectives”, and “conducting strategic public
relations”.
The basic model of SEMO consists of five stages (Figure 1): “operation”, “teammeeting”, “exercise”, “simulated press conference”, and “evaluation”. To design areal exercise, the basic model is customized based on constrained conditions,characteristics of participants, the object of exercise, and time for exercise.
“Exercise” means the field participants practice management of emergency
response headquarters according to management by objectives.
In this paper, outlines of three principles of management by objectives and an
exercise based on SEMO are introduced.
Orientationøïðóíð³·²ò÷‹Í¸¿®·²¹ ¬¸» °«®°±­» ±º »¨»®½·­» ©·¬¸ °®±¶»½¬±®
¿²¼ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬­ò‹Ý¸»½µ·²¹ ­»¬¬·²¹ ¿²¼ ®«´» ±º »¨»®½·­»òTeam
meetingøïë³·²òóï¸®ò÷‹Ü»º·²·²¹ ¸±© ¬± ³¿²¿¹» ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸»¼·ª·­·±² ±º ®±´»­ ¾»¬©»»² °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬­òøïóî¸®­ò÷‹Ñ®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±² ±º ·²º±®³¿¬·±² º±® ¬¸» ©¸±´»­·¬«¿¬·±² ±º ¼·­¿­¬»®ó¿ºº»½¬»¼ ¿®»¿ò‹Ü»ª»´±°·²¹ ¿² ¿½¬·±² °´¿²ò
‹×²¬»®ª·»©»¼ ¿¾±«¬ ¬¸» ±¾¶»½¬­ ±º ±®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±² ¿²¼½±²¼«½¬·²¹ °«¾´·½ ®»´¿¬·±²­òSimulatedpress
conferenceøïðóíð³·²ò÷‹Û¨°´¿·²·²¹ ½±²¼·¬·±² ±º ¼·­¿­¬»®ó¿ºº»½¬»¼ ¿®»¿ô±¾¶»½¬­ ¿²¼ °±´·½·»­ ±º ±®¹¿²·¦¿¬·±²ò‹Ü»´·ª»®·²¹ ³»­­¿¹»­ ¬± ¿ºº»½¬»¼ °»±°´» ¿²¼®»´»ª¿²¬ °´¿§»®­ò

Evaluation

øïð³·²òóï¸®ò÷‹Ô±±µ·²¹ ¾¿½µ ®»­°±²­» ±º »¨»®½·­» ¿²¼­·³«´¿¬»¼ °®»­­ ½±²º»®»²½» ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬·²¹ò

Exercise

Figure 1: The basic model of SEMONew Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia

171

2. MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
2.1 Sharing the common operational picture with all concerned“Information sharing” and “Sharing the common operational picture” are different
concepts. “Sharing the common operational picture” is one of the main functionsof emergency response headquarters. However, in reality quantified details of
disaster affected area are only reported from relevant players. These reports are
given to the emergency response headquarters for information sharing, butconditions of the affected area and emergency response information suggestions
are more important. Therefore the headquarters should follow the whole situationfrom fragmented information such as the number of evacuees, staffing in shelters,
and the damage level of hospitals.
Figure 2 shows the process for sharing the common operational picture. This
process is modeled on disaster response on some local governments in Japan.
Headquarters’ officers derive internal environment such as “Food and drinking
water are stored for only capacity of shelters” and “There is no system to connect
shelters with emergency response headquarter”, and external environment such as“It is highly possible that some affected people could not live in a shelter” and “Itwill be high temperature” from the combination of information. Combining
internal environment and external environment, “Situation of shelters could not becompletely figured out” is recognized by the lack of connection between sheltersand emergency response headquarters, and it is easy to estimate that “There are
not enough relief supplies at some shelters” because some affected people are notliving in shelter and food and drinking water are stored for only the capacity ofshelters. Also, because of high temperatures, “Enough drinking water should beobtained” and “There is high risk for food poisoning” become an assignment.
There are notenough stockpile forcapacity of shelters.

Half of officers can
not come shelters
for liaison.

Some shelter
overflow theircapacity.

Some people arewithout water.
From tomorrow,people will have
“Summer day”.

Information
Information

Information
Information

Internal environment

External environment‹Food and drinking water are
stored for only capacity of shelters.
‹There is no systems to connect
shelters with emergency response
headquarter.

‹It is highly possible thatsome affected people can notlive in a shelter.
‹It will be high temperature.

‹Situation of shelters can not be completely figured out.
‹There are not enough relief supplies at some shelters.
‹Especially, enough drinking water should be obtained.
‹There are highly risk for food poisoning.

Figure 2: The process for sharing common operational picture

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October 2010, Kobe, Japan

There are three reasons for sharing the common operational picture instead of thefragmented information. First, it is possible to make decisions from the point ofview of all affected areas. Second, it is possible to respond proactively with futureforecast. Third, it is easy to set objects and to gain understanding of the relevant
players. This point will be covered in detail later.
2.2 Developing action plan with strong objectives
It is necessary that emergency response headquarters make an action plan withstrong objectives. The action plan is composed of hierarchical attainableobjectives and action policies for achieving objectives. “Objectives” makes clear
the desired situation for the community with “by when”, “who / where”, and “howfar emergency response headquarters improve”. “Action policies” makes clear the
direction the organization should go and promote relevant players for achieving
objectives. According to the action plan, divisions within the organization should
respond and coordinate with other divisions. Figure 3 shows an example of action
plan. At first, operations divisions and field sites should consider strong objectives
with future forecast from a global point of view, and following that action policies
for achieving the objectives are decided.

Future forecast
Hygienic conditions become worse.
Objective
All refugees keep healthy life.
Action policy
1. Setting temporary toilet to all shelters
2. Sending public health nurses to shelters for healthconsultation
3. Encouraging people going in and out of shelters towear a mask and wash their hands
Operation
Storing temporary toilet and antiseptic available
Structure and route for heals consultationø Ë²²»½»­­¿®§æ ¼·ª·­·±²­ ¿²¼ º·»´¼ ­·¬» ­¸±«´¼ ½±²­·¼»®ò÷Figure 3: An example of action plan
For making the action plan, there are three points to pay attention to. Firstly,
objects are measurable. Objects are clear by when and how far to do, not abstractsuch as “Quick recovery and reconstruction”. Secondly, objects give operations
for achieving objectives flexibility. Decision of operations is left to field site.
Thirdly, expression of objects is short and to the point. This way, all members
easily respond with discipline.
There are four advantages of making an action plan with strong objectives. First,
affected people’s reliability is improved because they can have a clear vision for
New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia

173

the future. Second, action policies are made in top-down style, so staff members
understand the position of operations and become a highly-motivated team. Third,
it is possible to respond depending on the time and situation because operational
decisions for achieving objectives are left to the field site. Forth, emergency
response headquarters can get support from relevant organization such as public
institution, press, volunteer, and companies because it is easy to understand thecontents of action.
2.3 Conducting strategic public relations
A lot of press visit affected area in emergency situations, and emergency response
headquarters of local governments become one of the places for press coverage.
The more massive and highly concerned the crisis, the more difficult it is to do
operations for achieving objectives under the public relations. For example, TV
camera comes into the operations place, and the head of division who should lead
operations is very busy with press coverage. Almost all local governments do not
clearly position public relations as emergency operations and, as a result there is
no professional public relations officer at emergency response headquarters inemergency situations.
“Strategic public relations” means putting out the information to citizens
aggressively using press for achievement of objectives. This is different frompassively answering questions from the press. For instance, when a fire breaks out
in a factory due to earthquake, giving only the fact of notice to the press makes it
difficult for recipients such as the press and audience to recognize the content andto understand and take actions. Therefore, the press asks about “What will people
living around the fire do?” and “What will emergency response headquarter
operate in the situation?” The answers for them depend on action plan with strong
objectives. For example, it is necessary to know whether the fire on the factoryspreads or hazardous materials catch fire for sharing common operational pictures.
In the former case, no risk of burst and fire spread is delivered and the message ofacting in a level-headed manner is put out. In the latter case, emergency response
headquarters delivers a risk of second accident and puts out a message for
evacuate procedures. Therefore, the contents of public relations are decided
according to action plan and the public relations division and emergency response
headquarter should respond together.

3. EXAMPLE OF TRAINING COURSE BASED ON SEMOTo evaluate the effectiveness of SEMO an exercise based on SEMO wasconducted at DRI. The main target of this course was the disaster response officer
of local government, the purpose was to learn management by objectives.
Participants consisted of 13 people from prefectural governments and 26 people
from municipality. Operators consisted of 3 people as designers of course andexercise, 5 people as the role of journalist, 3 people as the role of chief, and 3
people as logistic supporters. The length of this course was two days and optional
orientation was conducted for applicants to understand the background fordesigning this course.
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October 2010, Kobe, Japan

Day 1
10:00
10:15

Day 2

10:15 Opening ceremony
10:30

Day 3

9:00 9:30
9:30 11:30

10:30
10:45

11:30 12:00

10:45
11:00

12:00 12:15
11:10

12:00

12:00

13:00 Lunch time

13:00

14:30

14:30

16:30

16:30

17:00

17:00

17:30

17:30

18:00

18:00

18:30

10:00 12:00
Option lecture

.

12:15

13:15

13:15

14:45

15:00

16:00

16:15

16:45

16:45

17:45

17:45

18:00 Closing ceremony

1

Figure 4: Curriculum of the training course at DRI
Three constrained conditions to design a curriculum are given as follows. First,
participants come from all over the country because their area characteristics,
frameworks of emergency response headquarter, and working method are
different. Second, the rules of the exercise take time to understand. Third, twodays are ensured for this training course.
Four concepts to design a curriculum according to constrained conditions are
given as follows. First, forming three groups (one prefecture and two
municipalities), a participant respond with other participants whose area
characteristics, frameworks of emergency response headquarter, and their working
method are similar. Second, participants are provided orientation to understandthe settings and rules of exercise. Third, participants have time to decidearrangements for response in exercise with team meeting. Forth, the scenario forthe exercise is a huge earthquake disaster and the exercise is conducted twice. The
purpose of the first try for participants is to get used to the rules of the exercise.
For the first exercise, the scenario assumes four hours have passed since theearthquake happened, and participants make an action plan with objectives forthree days after the earthquake happened. For the second exercise, the purpose isfor participants to realize management by objectives, and the scenario assumes
three days have passed since the earthquake happened. Participants make anaction plan with objectives for one week after earthquake happened. Figure 4
shows a curriculum of this training course based on these concepts to design.
Participants repeat the sequence; “team meeting” “exercise” “simulated press
conference” and “evaluation”, twice after first orientation.
In the training course, participants learned the purpose of this course and rules ofthe exercise with concentration through first team meeting, exercise, and
New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia

175

evaluation. In the second exercise, participants respond according to management
by objects based on this experience. For example, participants shared common
operational pictures such as writing a situation on a post-it and putting the post-it
on a whiteboard (Figure 5). They organized action policies according to problems
in the affected area for making action plan with objectives (Figure 6), and they
conducted strategic public relations using maps with journalists (Figure 7). If
some participants had not yet understood the purpose of this training course, thenthe exercise designers coached them. During the simulated press conference,
participants announced their own action plan with objectives one week after
earthquake happened to journalists (Figure 8). After the simulated press
conference, each group looked back at their response and made a presentation
summarizing the content of their self-view according to the three principles ofmanagement by objectives. Finally, the roles of journalist and designers of
exercise evaluated and commented on the response and presentation ofparticipants.

Figure 5: Scene of exercise (Sharing common operational picture)

Figure 6: Scene of exercise (Developing action plan with strong objectives)
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October 2010, Kobe, Japan

Figure 7: Scene of exercise (Strategic public relations)Figure 7: Scene of simulated press conference
From the investigation on participant satisfaction, the average score was 90 out of
100 (quantity of response was 37 people). This shows that the participants weresatisfied with the training course at DRI based on the trend that participants had
lower satisfaction even when they failed but they were still satisfied with thetraining course.
The authors also surveyed awareness of management by objectives for achieving
the purpose of SEMO. As a result, almost all participants answered they benefited
greatly from this training course. Some participant replied that they understand theimportance of management by objectives and will try to apply SEMO to theirdisaster training course of local government.

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4. CONCLUSION
DRI developed a simulation exercise for emergency response headquarters,
management by objectives (SEMO). In this paper, an outline of three principles ofmanagement by objectives and an exercise conducted at DRI based on SEMO
were introduced. As a result, participant satisfaction was improved andparticipants could understand management by objectives. SEMO is an effective
exercise for emergency response officials to learn how to manage an emergency
response headquarters.

REFERENCES
Kondo, S., Hiruma, Y., Meguro K., and Kawata, Y., 2009. Analysis oforganizational disaster response of the local government at the operation-based
exercise. JSCE Journal of Earthquake Engineering Vol. 30, 710-716.
Kondo, T., Koshiyama, K., Hayashi H., Fukutome K., and Kawata, Y., 2006.
Emergency Management and Common Operational Picture of Emergency
Operation Center in Niigata Prefecture in the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture
Earthquake : Analysis from Management by Objective perspective. Journal ofsocial safety science (8), 183-190.
Kondo, T., and Nagamatsu, S., 2007. Emergency Response applying Incident
Command System by Local Government : A case study on 2005 Hurricane
Katrina Disaster. Journal of social safety science (9), 253-260.

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Feasibility study of peak-hour road shoulder lane utilization in urbanized motorways
Shinji Tanaka, Dr-Eng
Assistant Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, JAPAN
Tel: +81-3-5452-6379, Fax: +81-3-5452-6420, E-mail: stanaka@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Akira Iwanaga, ME
Project Department, Daikyo Incorporated
4-24-13, Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-8506, Japan
Tel: +81-3-3475-1131, E-mail: civil_trip@yahoo.co.jp
Masao Kuwahara, PhD
Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, JAPAN
Tel: +81-3-5452-6419, Fax: +81-3-5452-6420, E-mail: kuwahara@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

ABSTRACT
There are still a lot of traffic congestions in motorways and the major location of congestion issag section in Japanese motorways. However, due to the recent socio-economical changes, large
investments for road facilities such as new road construction or road widening are getting moredifficult, especially on motorways in urban and suburban area because the land acquisition isusually very costly. Therefore, we need less expensive countermeasures to alleviate traffic
congestion in such areas.
In this study, we proposed a measure to utilize an additional lane dynamically dependingon traffic situations within the existing road width using the road shoulder space. Then thefeasibility in the aspects of efficiency and safety of this measure was examined by traffic detector
data analyses and driving simulator experiments based on an actual motorway section which had
a similar geometric design as our proposal.
The result showed that the capacity of the study section would become increased and it
would lead to a shorter duration of the congestion when the road shoulder was utilized. And fromthe driving simulator experiments, the recorded data showed that there were very few dangerous
situations related to the road shoulder lane usage and the testees also had few negative opinions
through the questionnaire after driving.
Keywords: Road shoulder utilization, Peak-hour operation, Driving simulator

223

Shinji TANAKA, Akira IWANAGA and Masao KUWAHARA

2INTRODUCTION
In spite of a lot of efforts and countermeasures, there are still a lot of traffic congestions on
motorways in Japan. The loss by traffic congestion on motorways is estimated about 10 billion
USD in one year. The major bottleneck points of congestion are toll gate, sag, merging section,
tunnel etc. By the recent dissemination of ETC on-board units, the congestions at toll gates are
decreasing, then more emphasis on sag section will be needed from now.
The fundamental cause of traffic congestion can be said that the transportation facility has
a limited capacity which is fixed and constant whereas the traffic demand always varies by timeor day. Of course, we usually estimate the future traffic demand in the planning stage andconstruct the transportation facilities to satisfy it, but it is generally very difficult to avoid all
traffic congestion in the future due to an extra potential demand or uncertainty. Therefore, tosolve such revealed traffic congestions after in service, road improvement measures which
enlarge traffic capacity uniformly such as widening or constructing by-pass has been
implemented. However by the socio-economic change, the land for road is generally limited andthe construction cost is very expensive in urban and suburban area, so it is getting more difficult
to construct by-passes or to enlarge the width of existing roads although these measures are
effective. Moreover, congestion usually occurs only limited time periods like commuting hours
or holidays, so it means the conventional method of uniform improvement provides a kind ofwaste and sometimes inefficient. Then, if we can implement a dynamic traffic operation which
varies the capacity of the transportation facilities depending on the traffic situations while thefacilities are as it is, it can provide effective countermeasures and save the road resources. This
concept is shown in the Figure 1.
volumevolumecapacity

capacity

demanddemandtime

time

FIGURE 1 Conventional (left) and proposed (right) design of capacity improvement.
Such a dynamic operation of traffic facilities can be realized in various ways. For
example, some European countries introduce reversible operation or road shoulder utilization on
motorways. The former one alternates the flow direction of one or more lanes and the latter
opens road shoulder as a cruising lane depending on the traffic situations. They are operated andeffectively used in those countries, but not realized in Japan yet. It is essential to understand theeffect or the influence of such a new operation scheme before the implementation since there
might be some unknown impact. And such an examination in advance should be useful to reduce
the risk and to enhance the operation quality. In this paper, we pick up the road shoulder lane
utilization and aim to examine the feasibility to introduce it to a bottleneck sag section in
Japanese motorways from the viewpoint of efficiency and safety.
PROPOSAL OF ROAD SHOULDER LANE OPERATION
Considering the experience in other countries, the authors propose the operation scheme of theroad shoulder lane utilization as shown in Table 1. The operation image is shown in Figure 3.

224

Shinji TANAKA, Akira IWANAGA and Masao KUWAHARA

3TABLE 1 Operation Scheme of Road Shoulder Lane Utilization
Location
Simple section bottleneck (e.g. sag)Operation Time Period
Peak hours (e.g. commuting hours, holidays) with nearly saturated
traffic flow
Structure
Hard paved shoulder with cruising lane marking by narrowing
existing main carriageway slightly (see Figure 2)
Additional emergency stop bay with a certain interval
Information Provision
By variable signboard in every 500 [m]Start of Operation
Display “Lane Open” from downstream signboards
End of Operation
Display “Lane Closed” from upstream signboards
Monitoring
Incident monitoring by camera
shoulder3.00m
shoulderlane

medianmain carriageway

3.50m

3.50m

3.50m

main carriageway

0.5m 3.25m
3.25m
3.25m
FIGURE 2 Cross section of road shoulder lane.

3.25m

normal period

bottleneck

congested period

bottleneck

FIGURE 3 Operation image of the road shoulder lane.
Here are some items which should be considered and examined before implementing the
proposed operation scheme.
1. Effect of congestion alleviation (e.g. capacity increase)
2. Safety (e.g. risk at the merging point)
3. Information provision method (e.g. easy way to recognize)
4. Emergency function (e.g. refuge in case of incident)
5. Cost (e.g. for construction and maintenance)

225

Shinji TANAKA, Akira IWANAGA and Masao KUWAHARA

4This study focuses on the item 1 and 2 as the most important ones. In the following
paragraphs, we estimate the effect of congestion alleviation analyzing observed traffic detector
data, and examine the safety at the merging point using a driving simulator.
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF THE CONGESTION ALLEVIATION
There are 3 kinds of expected effects by introducing the shoulder lane operation, that is, capacity
improvement, congestion reduction, and accident reduction conducted by congestion reduction.
In this paragraph, the former two effects are evaluated through an analysis using traffic detector
data. Here, there has been no example of shoulder lane utilization in Japan, so we need to use
similar data with some assumption from the existing implementations.
Figure 4 shows the plane view image of the study section. The location is a suburban areaof Tokyo where a sag is located at the downstream of rest area on-ramp. As this section was oneof the major bottlenecks and previously had held more than 100 times of traffic congestions in
one year, an improvement project was completed in 2003 which widened the road shoulder andadded a slower traffic lane. As a result, traffic congestion at this section became less drasticallyas shown in Table 2. Since the road geometry after this improvement is very similar to what we
propose as shoulder lane utilization, we analyze the observed traffic detector data before andafter this improvement. The analyzed data is 5 minutes traffic count at the sag for one year in theyear of 2000 (before) and 2004 (after).

beforerest area
1
2
3

sag

tunnelafter

rest area
0
1
2
3

sag
3 km

tunnelFIGURE 4 Plane view image of the study section.
TABLE 2 Outline of the Congestion Alleviation by the Improvement Project
2000
2004
Num of Sundays (= analyzed sample population)
53
48
Num of congestions
29
17
Congestion duration:
Average [min]300242Standard deviation [min]
27.0
20.3
Minimum speed in Congestion: Average [min]2531Standard deviation [min]2.5
3.5
Effect of Capacity Improvement

226

Shinji TANAKA, Akira IWANAGA and Masao KUWAHARA

5

Figure 5 is the traffic count data at this sag section in 2000 (before) and 2004 (after), showing thesection total traffic volume in the horizontal axis and lane traffic volume in the vertical axis.
From this figure, we can understand that the capacity of this section is a little bit more than 5,200[veh/h]. And at this section volume, the volume of Lane 3 is 2,248 [veh/h] (before) and 2063
[veh/h] (after). As congestion starts from the Lane 3 generally, this result means that the
beginning of the congestion can be delayed. We can calculate the capacity increase at least (A)185 (= 2,248 - 2,063) [veh/h], that is 3.5% improvement. And if we assume the same lane usage
ratio on the other lane, we can extrapolate the approximated line until the Lane 3 reaches the lanecapacity (=2,248 [vhe/h]), and obtain the section capacity approximately (B) 5,560 [veh/h], thatis 7% improvement.
lane volume [veh/h]

beforeafterlane volume [veh/h]

2248

2063

Lane 32248

Lane 3
Lane 2

Lane 2
Lane 1

Lane 1
Lane 0

total volume [veh/h]

5200

total volume [veh/h] 5200
5560

FIGURE 5 Traffic volume of the section total and each lane.
Effect of Congestion Reduction
To understand the effect of the congestion reduction, the congestion duration is estimated using acertain traffic demand profile obtained from one Sunday in 2004. We assume that congestion
occurs when this demand exceeds the capacity, that is, 5,200 [vhe/h] (before), 5,385 [veh/h](after-A) and 5,560 [veh/h] (after-B). Figure 6 shows the cumulative traffic demand profile curve
and the slope of each capacity. From this figure, congestion duration is estimated by theintersecting point of these lines. As a result, the estimated durations are 210 [min] (before), 120[min] (after-A) and 40 [min] (after-B), that is, 42.9% (after-A) and 81.0% (after-B) reduction
respectively. And, the total delays are calculated as 4455.8 [veh*h] (before), 536.0 [veh*h](after-A) and 28.4 [veh*h] (after-B), that is, 88.0% (after-A) and 99.4% (after-B) reduction
respectively.

227

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6

cumulative traffic [veh]
47000
45000

capacity(before)

43000
41000

capacity(after A)

39000

cumulative traffic [veh]arrival curve

capacity(after B)

37000

departure
curve

35000

time

33000

40 min (after B)
120 min (after A)

31000
29000

15:40 15:55 16:35

congestion duration

210 min (before)

17:40

19:10 time

FIGURE 6 Congestion durations before and after improvement.
SAFETY EXAMINATION BY DRIVING SIMULATOR EXPERIMENT
Safety examination is very important when we try to introduce new operation scheme into theactual field. In this stage, the driving simulator (1) is very useful and powerful tool to conduct anexperiment for the safety check because it can reproduce the same driving environment for a lotof testee drivers without any risk of real accidents. In this study, we conducted a driving
simulator experiment to examine the safety at the merging section of this operation scheme.
Outline of the Experiment
A road segment data of an existing motorway sag bottleneck was prepared with an additionalroad shoulder lane for the driving simulator experiment. The length of the total segment is 5.5[km] and the length of road shoulder lane is 2 [km]. In the experiment scenario, a testee driver
was asked to drive the simulator 2 times, in different paths as shown in Figure 7. The traffic
volume in the simulator was set at 4,000 [veh/h] in order to reproduce the near-congested
situation.
The experiment was conducted by 25 testee drivers, and their attributes are shown in
Table 3. The testees are relatively less experienced drivers, and it means the testees’ reaction
might become serious even by a small risk of this shoulder lane operation.
5.5 kmshoulder lane: 2 km

1st run
2nd runsag
FIGURE 7 Scenarios of driving simulator experiment.

TABLE 3 Attributes of the Testee Drivers
Age
Occupation
Driving history [years]

228

merging section

20s (21),30s (4)Student (21),Worker (4)Less than 3 (2), Less than 10 (22),Shinji TANAKA, Akira IWANAGA and Masao KUWAHARA

Driving frequency [hours/week]
Motorway use frequency [times/month]7

10 or more (1)No (13),
Less than 2 (6),Less than 5 (4), 5 or more (2)No (6), Less than 1(15), 1 or more (4)Evaluation Method and the Result
The most possible risk by the shoulder lane utilization would be a collision at the merging
section where the shoulder lane ends. To evaluate this risk, indices of TTC (Time To Collision)and Minimum Spacing were analyzed, and questionnaire survey was conducted after the testee’s
driving.
TTC (Time To Collision)
TTC was proposed by Hayward (2) which indicates the time until 2 vehicles collide each other
under the condition that they keep moving in their speed without avoidance behavior. Generally,
TTC less than 1 second is regarded as dangerous. Since TTC originally considers rear-end
collision which is along the same trajectory, this study added some arrangement as follows.
1. Obtain moving speed and direction of the leader and the follower vehicle. If thevehicles are in parallel or getting apart, TTC is regarded the infinity.
2. If their trajectories intersect, calculate the time to the intersection point by eachvehicle.
3. Judge whether a collision occurs or not by the calculated time difference.
4. If a collision occurs, this time to approach the intersection point is TTC.
5. Calculate the above in every 1/60 seconds.
Figure 8 shows the result of TTC at the merging section. TTC were more than 10 seconds
in most of the case. The lowest value of TTC was 1.87 [sec], which is enough high from thegeneral threshold of 1.0 [sec], so there seems to be no serious conflicts by the shoulder lane
utilization in the viewpoint of TTC.
frequency

1.0 sec

TTC=1.87

0 1 sec

1 2 sec

2 10 sec

10sec
1min

> 1mininfinity TTC [sec]FIGURE 8 Frequency histogram of TTC.
Minimum Spacing
TTC produces an infinite or very large value when 2 vehicles run in parallel or their relative229

Shinji TANAKA, Akira IWANAGA and Masao KUWAHARA

8

speed is negative even though they run in very close spacing. To cover this risk, another index of
the minimum spacing is considered. From the recorded data of 1/60 intervals by the driving
simulator, the minimum spacing to the leader vehicle inside the merging section and othersection is obtained for 12 cases, that are picked up by the video record as close running cases.
Figure 9 shows the result.
minimum spacing [m]other section
merging section

case #FIGURE 9 Minimum spacing of the merging section and the other section.
To compare the minimum spacing of the merging section and the other normal section,
statistical test of the population mean difference was conducted. As a result, null hypothesis “Thepopulation mean of the merging section and the other normal section is the same.” was not
rejected. It means that the merging section has no special risk compared with the other section.
Questionnaire Survey
After driving the simulator, each testee driver is asked to answer the questionnaire so that the
subjective evaluation by drivers can be collected. The result is shown in Table 4. From the result,
the testee drivers didn’t have negative opinions on the shoulder lane operation scheme eventhough they were not well-experienced drivers.
TABLE 4 Result of the Questionnaire Survey“Did you feel it dangerous?”“Will you use this lane?”st(1 run)(2nd run)

Yes
0
2
14

10
8
-

No
15
15
11

CONCLUSIONSThis study advocated the importance to introduce the dynamic traffic operations in order toutilize the existing transportation facilities under the restricted socio-economic conditions. And
taking an example of the road shoulder lane utilization, the operation scheme was proposed andthe effect and issue to introduce it to Japanese motorway were evaluated. As for the effect, it was
revealed through an analysis of traffic detector that the benefit of congestion reduction was verylarge (88.0 - 99.4 %) even though the capacity increase was small (3.5 - 7 %). The safety issue

230

Shinji TANAKA, Akira IWANAGA and Masao KUWAHARA

9

was evaluated by a driving simulator experiment and no special risk at the merging section of theshoulder lane was found from the recorded data and the questionnaire result.
This study dealt with only fundamental items which are crucial to introduce the shoulder
lane operation scheme as a first step. We need deeper and more detailed discussion to implement
it in the actual filed, for example, safety evaluation of transition period, operation in case ofincident and emergency, etc. Through this kind of comprehensive examination, we’d like toestablish the dynamic traffic operation which is flexible and effective depending on the traffic
conditions.
REFERENCES(1)
Suda, Y., Shladover, S. E., Takahashi, Y., Onuki, M., Matsushita, K., Kano, M., Honda,
K. and Shiraishi, T., Validation of the Universal Driving Simulator with Interactive Traffic
Simulation, Proceedings of Driving Simulator Conference, CD-ROM, No. 37, 2006
(2)
Hayward, J. C. Near-miss determination through use of a scale of danger, Highway
Research Record, No. 384, 1972, pp. 24-34

231

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ICUS NEWSLETTER
International Center for Urban Safety Engineering

Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 1
APRIL – JUNE 2009MASSIVELY PARALLEL SIMULATION
OF CO2 GEOLOGIC STORAGE
By
Satoshi Imamura and Hajime Yamamoto1
1

CO2 capture and storage (CCS)
has the potential to significantly
reduce the amount of CO2 released
into the atmosphere to mitigate
climate change. Technologies areneeded to store CO2 in deep geologic
formations safely and permanently.
We have developed a highperformance computing systemthat simulates the long-term fate of
injected CO2, as well as potential
impacts and associated risks of CO2
injection on surrounding regional
environment. By combining thissystem with a world-class supercomputer, the Earth Simulator (ES,total 5,120 CPUs) at JAMSTEC, we
can now perform high-resolution
simulations 100 times finer thanprevious systems. As a case study,a hypothetical industrial-scale CO2
injection in Tokyo Bay, which issurrounded by the most heavily
industrialized area in Japan, wasconsidered, and the impact of CO2
injection on near-surface aquifers
was investigated, assuming relatively
high seal-layer permeability (higher
than 10 micro darcy).
However, when a volume of CO2 is
injected into a virgin/native aquifer,
it eventually pushes the equivalent
volume of water out of the aquifer.
In industrial-scale projects of CO2
geologic storage, it is expected thatthe amount of CO2 fluid injected into

an aquifer can be several million
tons/year for a typical storage site.
Continuous long-term injections
for more than several decades willbuildup groundwater pressures inextensive regions. The Tokyo Bay
area is the most populated andindustrialized area in Japan, withannual CO2 emission from large

emission sources around Tokyo
Bay is about 100 MtCO2/year,
comprising roughly 8% of Japan’s
CO2 emissions (1.3 GtCO2/ year).
Recently, significant efforts havebeen made to identify the potential
for CO2 geologic storage in thesedimentary basin underlying theTokyo Bay. It is obvious that a geo-(a) Steady state groundwater flow at initial condition(b) After 100 years’ injection
Simulated regional groundwater head distribution
before and after CO2 injection

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

237

Page 2logical CO2 storage site near large
emission sources has an advantage
in reducing the transportation costsof captured CO2 especially in Japan,
where the cost of building pipelines
is quite expensive.
We conducted a large-scale
numerical simulation of CO2
geologic storage that evaluates CO2
trapping capacity and its impact
on regional groundwater pressure,using parallel computing techniques.
The simulation is designed fora preliminary investigation of
hypothetical industrial-scale CO2
injection at Tokyo Bay. To solve thehigh resolution model efficiently,
we used the Earth Simulator. The
model will be used to simulate thehypothetical injection activities inthe study area.
MASSIVELY PARALLELCOMPUTATIONThe simulations conducted inthis study are computationallydemanding, because of the large
number of grids and the complex
nonlinear processes involved. We
adopted the ECO2N module of
TOUGH2-MP for the simulations.
TOUGH2-MP/ECO2N
isanefficient parallel simulator for large
scale, long-term CO2 geologic
storage in saline aquifers. It wasdeveloped at the Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory.
ES consists of 640 nodes witheight vector processors and 16 GBof computer memory at each node,
for a total of 5,120 processors and
10 TB of main memory. The total
peak performance is currently 40
Tflop/s and is increased to 131
Tflop/s by March 2009. In thisstudy, TOUGH2-MP was ported to
the Earth Simulator and successfully
run on it. The code was speciallytuned up to increase its vector
operation rati for the efficient use of
the ES vector processors.
Amdahl’s law states that if aparallelization ratio is the proportionof execution time for a parallelizable
part to the total execution time when
executed serially, then the speedupthat can be achieved by using nprocessors is: Sn=1/(1-a+(a/n)).
Figure above shows the speedup
obtained for TOUGH2-MP on the

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

238

Relation between computational
speed and number of processors(a: parallelization ratio)
Earth Simulator. As seen in thisfigure, the parallelization ratio a
is currently 99.93%, with the code
benefiting from parallelization on
ES with more than 1,000 processors.
In this study, the calculation time
(CPU time) for the two-phase flow
simulations with about 10 million
gridblock models was generally 1–2
days for 1,000 years’ simulation on
1,024 processors.
MODEL SETUPThe Kanto Plain is the largest
coastal plain in Japan, surrounded by
Tokyo Bay, the mountains of Kantoarea, the Miura Peninsula, and theBoso Peninsula. Since the 1950s,
extensive explorative investigations
and production of natural gas(mostly methane gas, dissolved
in deep groundwater) have been
carried out in the Boso Peninsula.
The geologic structure in the plainis well understood through dozens
of deep borehole investigations
and geophysical explorations forland subsidences and earthquakes.
In recent years, a number of hot
spring wells (for spa resorts) havebeen drilled to depths over 1 km.
A three-dimensional geologicalstructure model was constructed forthe 60 km by 70 km modeling area
centered in Tokyo Bay. The surface
topography is represented by 50 m
grid digital elevation model (DEM)
data published by the Geographical
Survey Institute, Japan, and theformation boundaries are defined by
200 m grid DEM data. Discretization
results in approximately 121,100
grid-blocks on each horizontal layerand 84 layers in the vertical direction,
for a total of about 10 million gridblocks and 40 million connections
among them. Figure below lists
the geological units/layers for the
Kazusa Group and the associatedmodel hydrogeologic layers. These
geologic formations have beenorganized into layered hydrogeologic
units, based primarily on the sandy or
muddy properties. For this study, it isassumed that CO2 is injected through10 wells in the bay, at an annual
rate of 1 MtCO2/year for each well

Lithofacies of the Kazusa Group: (a) lithofacies and (b) conceptualhydrogeological model. Arrows indicates storage formation and seal layers.

Page 3
Group. After injection is stopped at
100 years, the plume enters slightly
into the seal layer and moves toa shallower region as a result of
buoyancy forces, but does not
fully penetrate through the seal; itbasically continues to be contained
under the sealing layer. However,this may also indicate that CO2 may
not be safely trapped over much
longer time periods. In reality, theentry pressure of sealing layers
should contribute significantly inkeeping the CO2 out. The seal layer
in the current model has one-orderof-magnitude higher entry pressure
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
than the sand tentatively, but it is not
Results show that the largest based on experimental data fromlateral plume appears in the the seal layer. In order to discuss theinjection layer, with the buoyant containment of the CO2, especially
CO2 accumulating and spreading over much longer time periods, theunder a less-permeable muddy effect of the entry pressure mustlayer. Each plume extends over a also be investigated in detail. The
range of 4–5 km, which is about seal contains alternating beds ofhalf the distance away from the sandstone and mudstone that canneighboring injection sites. The allow for local leakage of CO2
results indicate that the individual through sandy portions. To address
plumes from each injection sites this issue, the development of ahave not merged during 100 years’ precise lithofacies model for the seal
injection. The circular shapes of the would be required, which is outside
plumes during the injection indicate the scope of this article. Initiallya pressure-driven feature of the CO2 injected CO2 is mostly stored as
migration. Numerically, it is well supercritical fluid. However, after
known that the ‘‘diamond’’ shape the termination of the injection,of saturation fronts appears when the contribution of groundwater
five point finite difference methods dissolution gradually increases
with rectangular shaped grids are and finally becomes dominant. The
employed.
reason for this large contribution
In this simulation, by using the of dissolution is attributed to theVoronoi gridding, the circular large surface area of the plumes,
shapes of these plumes suggest which enhance dissolution of CO2that the grid orientation effect is into surrounding groundwater.
comparatively mild. If the injection However, actual groundwater inrate is different for each injection this area dissolves methane andsite, the shape of these CO2 plumes has the salinity of 0.2–0.5 mol/L.
may be distorted, owing to pressure These two factors should bothinterference between the sites. After act to reduce the amount of CO2
the termination of the 100 years’ dissolution in groundwater within
injection, the plumes continue to the storage aquifer, but they are also
move mainly due to the buoyancy not accounted for in this current
forces, and eventually a couple of model.
merged plumes are found in the
Front page figure shows thesouthwest side at 1,000 years. It simulated
spatialdistribution
is found that the directions of the of calculated hydraulic heads at
buoyant movement after 100 years pre-injection and 100 years. Our
are roughly consistent with the simulations of the hypotheticalmaximum gradient directions on CO2 geologic storage suggest thethe bottom surface of the Kazusa following:Group, since the primary seal is(1) CO2 plumes from injection
modeled almost parallel to the can spread over a range of several
bottom elevations of the Kazusa kilometers within 100 years, using

over 100 years, resulting in a total
annual rate of 10 MtCO2/year.
The simulation runs cover a time
period of 1,000 years, including a
post-injection period of 900 years.
Given the variations in elevationand thickness of the model layers,
the behavior of injected CO2 will bein turn affected by the variations inambient temperature, salinity, andpressure, all of which influence thesolubility of CO2 in brine, as wellas the density and viscosity of CO2
and brine.

the investigated injection schemes.
(2) Buildup of groundwater pressurein shallow confined aquifers on theorder of few bars can occur overextensive regions, including urban
inlands. (3) Groundwater discharge
to the shallow aquifer can increaseon the order of tens of millimeters
per year as a result of injection
activities.
Sensitivity
studies
indicate,
however, that the predictions
obtained in this study could beheavily affected by uncertain
parameters such as porosity,
pore compressibility, and seal
permeability. Findings (2) and (3)mostly concern the case in which
the permeability of the seal layer
is high, so that vertical pressure
propagation occurs effectively, asassumed in this study. If the seals
were not as permeable, the lateralpressure buildup would reachfarther and be higher; then theconcern would be that the actual
storage aquifer might be updipping
to become a shallow groundwater
resource at some distance awayfrom the injection site. In thisstudy, it is demonstrated that, forthe case in which the permeabilityof seals overlying a reservoir isinsufficiently low (higher than 10
microdarcy), the distribution of lowpermeability layers can significantly
affect the prediction of near-surfacepressure buildup, suggesting theimportance of hydrogeologicalcharacterizations even in shallow
depths. In such a case, modelingstudies should fully account forthe multilayer characteristics ofthe storage site when investigatingpressure perturbation due to CO2
geologic storage. The large-scale
simulation technique employedin this study could be a very
powerful tool in performing sitespecific modeling of CO2 storage
candidate sites, with its ability
to comprehensively represent
hydrogeological features. We plan
to refine our preliminary hydrogeological model of Tokyo Bay
using a more accurate geologicalmodel, when such a model becomes
available in the future.
Taisei Corporation Ltd.

1

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

239

Page 4

RC58 Held Public Forum on BCM

Prof. Meguro released the ICUS
report on BCM at the forum.

Europe. Many guidelines to prepare
BCPs have been published in Japan.
To compare these existing reports,
three working groups (WGs)
were created. WG1 discussed thedifferences among the guidelines
in Europe and US and those inJapan. WG2 compared the JapaneseCabinet Office Guidelines withthose of other Japanese government
agencies. WG3 carried its workon a similar line with WG2, but
the comparison was done withprivate sector companies. In
these comparisons, “BusinessContinuity Guidelines 1st edition”(published by Central Disaster
Management Council, Cabinet
Office, Government of Japan,2005) was assumed as a standard.
Outcomes from each of the three
WGs were introduced by Prof.
Meguro. Next, activities carried out
by the committee in the second year
were reported. In the second year,
three WGs carried out extensive
interactive discussion.
Mr. Y. Kato, Sompo Japan Risk
Management and coordinator of
WG1a first presented the researchoutcomes of his group. WG1a
discussed suitable BCM systems forprivate companies. Secondly, Mr. K.
Noda, Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd. and

Dr. Nishikawa from MLIT gave a
special lecture at the forum.

The Research Committee 58
coordinator of WG1b, explained the(RC-58) held a forum to report its
research outcomes of WG1b. WG1b
results to the general public, at IIS
discussed suitable BCM systems
Convention Hall on April 21, 2009.
for local governments. Finally, Dr.
The topic of RC-58 was “Business
M. Soejima, Obayashi Corporation
Continuity Management (BCM)
Technical Research Institute andSystems Suitable for Japanese
coordinator of WG2, introduced
Society”. Businesses are faced withthe research outcome of her group.
many threats to the continuance of
WG2, discussed suitable methods
their trade and planning. To avert
for evaluating BCP. The final report
those threats or to reduce theirof these research outcomes written
effects has been getting increasingin Japanese was published in April,attention. Japan is confronted with2009.
particular situations such as the highAfter the coffee break, a special
likelihood of natural disasters, highlecture was given by Dr. S.
population density, and also its own
Nishikawa, Ministry of Land,
cultural background. BCMs need
Infrastructure,
Transport
andto be designed considering these
Tourism (MLIT). Dr. Nishikawa
conditions.
talked on “BCP-To maintain theStarting in year 2007, 13
employment and economy incompanies from various sectors
Japan through the internationalof Japanese society have joinedcompetition”. The audience listened
the research committee andvery attentively to his lecture.
studied the topic for two
The lecture was followed by
years. There were over 100
a panel discussion. Under
participants in this forum,
chairmanship of Prof. Meguro,
which showed that substantial
Dr. Nishikawa, Mr. Kato,
number of businesses and
Mr. Noda and Dr. Soejima
their departments have a
discussed
about
BCM
great interest in BCM in
Systems Suitable for JapaneseJapanese society. In thisSociety as panelists. A lively
forum, following the opening
discussion was done withaddress, results from the firstsome opinions and questions
year’s activity was reported
from the floor.
by Prof. K. Meguro, Director
Prof. H. Sawada deliveredof ICUS.
the closing speech andActivities in the first year
introduced the newly proconcentrated on reviewing
posed Research Committee
the existing BCM related
67 (RC-67) which focuses onliterature produced in Japanenvironmental CSR in private
and abroad. In recent years,
corporations. RC-67 has been
BCM systems and Businesslaunched in May.
Continuity Plans (BCP) have
(By M. Soejima,
become increasingly popular
Working group heads, Prof. Meguro andObayashi Corporation)
in Japan as well as in US and
Dr. Nishikawa joined a panel discussion.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

240

Page 550 years since the 1959 ISEWAN Typhoon

Flooding during Isewan landing

A Panel discussion moment

The Isewan typhoon landed
on Wakayama Prefecture at
approximately 6 PM on September
26, 1959. It was a super-hugetyphoon with a diameter of 1,500
km and an atmospheric pressureof 929.9 hPa at landing. It was
the third biggest typhoon among
the recorded typhoons in Japan.
About 5,000 lives were lost, whichmakes it the worst natural disasterin Japan during 20th century before
the 1995 Kobe earthquake. The
experience of the Isewan typhoon
led to the establishment of “Disaster
Countermeasure Basic Act” in 1961
that was the first general act for
constructing disaster prevention/
mitigation system in Japan.
Institute of Social Safety Science
held a symposium on June 5-6,
2009 commemorating 50 yearsof the Isewan typhoon. Professor

reduce flood damage, this region
has a traditional style of residence
called “Mizuya” as shown in thephoto below. A Mizuya is built 3m
higher than the main residence andis used as an emergency shelter incase of flood occurrence. We could
see several Mizuyas in this region.
This site visit was a valuable
experience for knowing the typhoon
disaster that changed the disasterprevention system of our country.

Water level from the typhoon
K. Meguro, Director of ICUS,
organized this symposium andparticipated in the panel discussion
as a coordinator. Roles of Disaster
Countermeasure Basic Act in past
50 years, its future directions andcurrent issues were discussed.
After the symposium, theparticipants visited the damaged
area. Although almost all the area
was restored during 50 years,
we could observe several marks
left behind by the typhoon evennow. Photo above shows a pole
illustrating water level from the
Isewan typhoon, average high tidelevel and sea level. Even now, thisregion has a high flood risk as thealtitude of ground level is lower
than the sea level. In order to(By M. Fujiu, Ph.D. Candidate)

A Mizuya house

Special Talk by Prof. John Burland at IIS
A special talk on “Rescuing
the Leaning Tower of Pisa - theinside story” was given by Prof.
John Burland of Imperial College,
London, on the evening of June 17,
at the convention hall in IIS. The
event was hosted jointly by Japan

Chapter of Imperial College Alumni
and IIS, the University of Tokyo,
Japan.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa has
started to tilt even at the very
beginning of its construction in the
11th century. Since then, the tower

Prof. Yashiro, Director General of IIS, presented letter of appreciation
to Prof. Burland (left), Excavation drills were carried out to take out
soil beneath the tower for adjustment of its tilt (right) which prevented
a possible disaster pictured here (middle).

has kept leaning for 800 years.
Professor Burland has notably
been involved in the rescuing of the
Leaning Tower of Pisa for which
he was a member of the ItalianPrime Minister’s Commission forstabilizing the tower. Thanks to theirconsiderable effort, the tower has
regained its stability and now it isopen to general public. Prof Burland
talked about the 10-year struggle ofengineers and researchers to rescue
the tower.
More than 100 audiences intently
listened to the exciting story.
Further discussion was continued
in the dinner party following thelecture.
(By R. Kuwano)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

241

Page 6Ground Cave-in in Golf Course

Opening at the ground (left, courtesy: Hokkaido Shinbun) andlocation of the collapse (right, courtesy: Asahi Shinbun)
A sudden collapse of the groundoccurred in the 8th fairway at the
Le Petaw Golf Club in Hokkaido
on April 2, 2009, when a woman
golfer unfortunately stepped on it.
She fell into a hidden hole formed
underneath the ground and by thetime a rescue team arrived she had
passed away.
The hole had a flask shape witha 1 m wide opening at the groundsurface, and was 5m deep and 7m
wide at the bottom. There was an
about 0.6m deep shallow water poolin the east side of the hole. Although
the golf course was daily checkedby maintenance staff, they could
not get any sign of the hidden holeeven in the morning of the accident.
The ground collapse seemed tohave happened all of sudden, as
the victim’s son who walked justa couple of meters behind her saw
her suddenly disappearing into theground.
The course was originally built
more than 15 years ago, by fillinga valley with local soil. There used
to be a stream along the east-west
direction at the location of thecollapse. Drain pipes were installed
underground to carry away thesubterranean water while preventing
soil from seeping out.
A detailed investigation took placeon May 21 and 22, by Hokkaido
prefectural police, assisted by two
experts of geotechnical engineering,
Prof. Y. Kohata of Muroran Instituteof Technology and Dr. R. Kuwanoof ICUS, IIS, the University ofTokyo. A large scale excavation
was carried out around the hole tounderstand how and why such a huge
underground cavity was created. At
the depth of 8m from the groundsurface, there was the boundary
between original ground and filled
soil, where a lateral ground cavity
of about 2m wide was discoveredin the west side. It seemed to be apath through which soil with water
was transported out of the hole.
In the excavation on the east side,

they found the exact location of
the ground where the water flew
into the hole. Explanation for themechanism of ground collapse wastentatively made; soil appeared to
be internally eroded by the natural
water path at the old stream. The
hidden cavity grew silently andeventually caused ground collapse.
Further investigation is still
underway.
(By R. Kuwano)

Schematic of the opening (top);natural soil pipe from internal
erosion at the location of old
stream (bottom)

Research Committee 62 Activities

RC-62 Annual Activity Report
Research Committee 62 (RC-62)
on “Technologies for Evaluation ofAging Infrastructure Performance

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

242

Degradation,” held its 6th meetingon June 8, 2009. To realize theperformance-based maintenance forcivil infrastructure, it is necessary
to evaluate structural performanceusing various measuring techniques.
However, at present, unfortunately
no established techniques areavailable that can accurately
collect quantitative information.
In particular, a comprehensive
evaluation of an entire structurefrom the ground to the superstructureis rather difficult. ICUS organized
RC-62 in April 2008 to address
the challenge of performance

evaluation of an entire structure.
The first year of our activity focusedon the review of current available
measuring techniques for concreteor earth structures. Also, we started
to seek the future advancementof each technique as well as themerger of several techniques tomake it possible to apply to a
subsurface concrete structure. The
research output of the first year was
published as the ICUS committee
report 2009-01 in May 2009.
(By Y. Kato)

Page 7

ICUS Joined the IIS Open House 2009 andCommemoration of 60th Anniversary of IIS

Moments at ICUS display corner as part of the two-day IIS Open House 2009 event;
About 300 people from all walks of life visited ICUS during the event.
Every year IIS organizes an Open of civil infrastructure” (Yokota
House for two-day period around Lab.), “Long term behaviour of
May-June to disseminate research earth and undrground structures”
activities by all laboratories and (Kuwano Lab.), “Durable andresearch centers. This year IIS sustainable concrete materials
Open House was held on May and technology” (Kato Lab.),29 and 30. People from all walks “Regeneration of modern timberof life including professionals architecture” (Koshihara Lab.),from research organizations, inter- “Improvements of disaster response
national organizations, industry, capacity of hospitals” (Ohara
non-profit
organizationsand Lab.), “Development of safe,
academic organizations from high- healthy and comfortable urban
schools to university level take society”(Huang Lab.) and “Urban
advantage of the unique event to traffic management” (Tanaka Lab.).
know about latest research and Also international activities by theoutreach activities of IIS. ICUS center and activities by its regionalhas been participating in this event network offices, BNUS in Dhaka andsince its inception in 2001.
RNUS in Bangkok, were at display.
Since effectively disseminating its During the event, ICUS Newsletters,
research and information collected Reports and other publications
to society has been one of its core were displayed and presented togoals, ICUS considers IIS Open interested parties. ICUS staff andHouse as a valuable opportunity students from affiliated laboratories
to interact with all members of presented live demonstrations
society to get valuable comments of various systems developed by
and feedbacks on their activities to the center and participated inrealize its vision of a safer urban interactive explanations about theenvironment. All 9 laboratories research activities to the visitors.
affiliated to ICUS prepared panels ICUS Quiz, which asked visitorson their research and outreach to test their general understanding
activities as well as planned activities. of key ICUS research displayed
Themes were “Development of at the event, was popular among
earthquake resilient urban environ- visitors especially among highment” (Meguro Lab.), “Monitoring school students and families sinceof environment and disaster risk successful answers were rewarded
over Asia” (Sawada & Takeuchi with symbolic prizes with the ICUS
Lab.), “Life-cycleRC58
management
logo snapshot
on it. About 300 people visited
regular meeting

ICUS during the event out of which
about 40 were from industry.
This year’s event was significant
in view of the 60th anniversary of
the foundation of IIS. Special events
including forums were organizedon May 31 at IIS to celebrate theoccasion where all laboratories
and research institutes displayed
their summarized research at a
specially designated place. All ICUS
laboratories also participated in thisspecial display. On May 28, Prof. J.
Hamada, President, the Universityof Tokyo welcomed all to lecturesand celebrations to commemorate
the anniversary where several
university vice presidents, alumni of
the IIS attended. Professor Emeritus
Hiroshi Hara, Professor Emeritus
Hiroyuki Sakaki, and Executive
Vice President Masafumi Maeda
made a series of very interesting
lectures on the campus, researchand organization of the IIS. The
anniversary celebrations coincidedwith the groundbreaking ceremony
for the start of the renovationof Building 60 on the Komaba
Research Campus, the publicationof a book detailing the last ten yearsof activities at the IIS and a “60year commemorative special issue”
publication.
(By P. J. Baruah)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

243

Page 816th ICUS Open Lecture was held at IIS

Prof. Ikuo Towhata(the University of Tokyo)

Dr. Hiroshi Dobashi(Metropolitan Expressway Co. Ltd.)Dr. Satoshi Imamura(Taisei Co. Ltd.)The 16th ICUS Open Lecture
was held at IIS on April 3, withapproximately 90 participants.
Three presentations were givenon the broad theme of the lecture,“Contribution of geotechnical engineering to the urban infrastructure
environment”.
Following the welcome speech
by Dr. Kuwano, Prof. Tohata of the
University of Tokyo discussed on

the factors of prosperity and decayof urban cities. Then he presented
how the land constructed by thereclamation of waste materials canbe utilized effectively in Tokyo.
Dr. Dobashi of Metropolitan
Expressway Co. Ltd. Talked on
the project of Central Ring Road
of
Metropolitan
Expressway
currently constructed between
Shinjuku and Shibuya. Various

techniques adopted for the safety
and environmental consideration
were introduced. Dr. Imamura of
Taisei Co. Ltd. presented on thetechnology of Carbon Dioxide
Capture and Storage (CCS). The
closing remarks were given by Prof.
K. Meguro, followed by a small
party where further interactive
discussions were continued.
(By R. Kuwano)

46th Annual RSSJ Conference Hosts ICUS Special Sessions on“Disaster Prevention and Environment”

The special session was appreciated by participants (left) due its interdisciplinary nature;
Dr. Miyazaki (middle) and Prof. Sawada (right) chaired the two sessions.
The annual conference of Remote
Sensing Society of Japan (RSSJ)
was held on May 21-22, 2009 at
Institute of Industrial Science, The
University of Tokyo. RSSJ is one of
two largest remote sensing societies
in Japan and its research fields coverwide range of topics ranging fromsensor technologies to terrestrial,
oceanic and atmospheric issues.
This year’s hot topic in RSSJ was
early damage detection of disasters
by remote sensing technologies
such as satellite borne SAR(Synthetic Aperature Radar) andvisible sensors and air-borne Laser
measurement, because of the recent
Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

244

that occurred at the northern partof Honshu Island in 2008.
Two ICUS special sessions weresuccessfully organized at theconference: one focused on “Disasterprevention”, the other focused on“Environment”, respectively. Dr.
S. Miyazaki chaired the session
on Disaster prevention and four
speakers presented on utilizationof remote sensing technology forlarge-scale disasters. The session
on Environment was chaired by
Prof. H. Sawada and four speakers
presented on utilization of remotesensing in forest monitoring andland cover change detection. Prof.
K. Meguro, Director of ICUS,

gave an invited lecture on disaster
information
managementfor
improvement of overall disasterprevention.
This was the first time when a
ICUS special session was held in a
conference of an academic society.
After the session, many participants
said ICUS activities interested them,and also remarked that informationexchange from other research area
was useful for them. ICUS expects
to hold special sessions like thiswith relevant academic societies infuture.
(By T. Endo)Page 9Visit to Maintenance Demonstrationof Metropolitan Expressway Co. Ltd.

Fracture of the weld
caused by stress concentration

Portable hammer to detect
the sound level with microphone

Magnetic Particle Testingfor detection of surface defects

A total of 7 members from ICUS,
namely Prof. Sawada, Dr. Endo,
Dr. Baruah, Dr. Numada and three
students, visited the maintenancedemonstration of Metropolitan
Expressway Co. Ltd. on Tuesday,June 9, 2009.
They joined several other groups
from severeal other universities
and organizations in the visit.
After an introductory session at
the headquarter of Metropolitan
Expressway Co. Ltd. all participants
were taken to a maintenance sitenear Kasai junction of the Tokyo
Metropolitan Expressway Coastal
Line. This junction connects thecoastal line of Tokyo Metropolitan
Expressway in Edogawa Ward,
Tokyo.
Duringthedemonstration,
maintenance problems in expressways were introduced. There are
two maintenance problems in steel

structures of expressways. There
are invasion such as rust and thefatigue fracture by cyclic loadingfrom passing vehicles. Check of thefatigue fracture is especially foundto be important in case of Tokyo
Metropolitan expressway becauseof the high frequency of the largesize vehicle traffic. The fracture isoften seen at the point of the weld
caused by stress concentration.
The maintenance check method
is divided into three steps: the carrounding check, the walking check,and the approach check. The visit
was focused on the technologies
used in the approach check.
Several kinds of checking
technologies were demonstrated,
e.g. radar technology for searchingsteel placing inside concrete,thermographing
methodfordetecting air hole inside concrete,magnetic particle testing fordetection of defects on the surfaceof structures and ultrasonic testingfor detection of defects inside
structures.
Also other methods to detect
defects where a human hand cannot
reach were shown. These included
a portable camera with light pole
which can be extended like a fishingrod and portable hummer to detect
the sound level with microphones.
The expressway network in
Tokyo is important for the efficient
functioning of the urban activities.
The
usual
maintenanceby
Metropolitan Expressway Co. Ltd.
can provide us with a continuously
functioning expressway that is safe
and comfortable.
The visit provided an excellent
opportunity to study the real
maintenanceprocesses
andmethodologies.
(By M. Numada)

Research Committee 67 Activities
The first official meeting of the“Research Committee on Evaluationof CSR activities in Environment
Conscious Society (RC-67)” washeld on 2 July, 2009 following the
introductory meeting on May 29.
Recently, the Cooperate Social
Responsibility (CSR) is considered
important and many activities arepropagated as CSR activity. However,
we found that the effects of theactivities were seldom examined byorganizations themselves. Therefore,

ICUS established this study
group (headed by Prof.
H. Sawada) to develop an
appropriate methodology
to evaluate the CSR
activities from the point ofenvironmental soundness.
At first, the group focuseson the activities related
to forestry which more
2nd meeting of RC-67 at IIS on 2 Julythan half of Japanesecompanies introduced as an CSR continue for two years.
(By H. Sawada)
activity. The RC-67 is planned to

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

245

Page 10

BNUS Activities
BNUS compiled a survey
report on cyclone Aila
On the May 25th, 2009, cyclone
Aila passed through 14 districtsin the coastal area of Bangladesh.
According to official sources,
about 190 lives were lost andmore than 50,000 people became
homeless. Other total or partial
destructions included about
6.12 million thatched houses,
3.20 million hector harvestablepaddies, large number of shrimp
ghers and 1.47 million livestocks
as well as poultries. At least 7,000
people were injured by the storm
and about 48 million people wereaffected. In Nizum dwip, 20,000
people are homeless, 58,950
animals are killed and 50,000
deer have been missed.
Constructed in 1960s, coastal
polders breached by tidal surge
during the Cyclone increased
the damage. Relief works were
hampered due to breachedembankments. Storm surgeof about 3m height impacted
western region of Bangladesh,
submerging numerous villages,
severely affecting agriculturallands due to intrusion of saline
water and isolating more than
400,000 people by severe
flooding in coastal regions. In
Patuakhali district, a dam brokeand submerged five villages.
In Satkhira district the cyclone
damaged about 130 km ofembankments with an estimatedreconstruction and maintenancecost of about $3.80 million.
In Khulna district, such costs
for 211.24 km of damaged
embankment would be about$7.75 million. Other relevantcosts, such as repairing andreconstruction of sluice gate/
regulator,otherhydraulicstructures etc. would require
about $6.96 million.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

246

the existing socio-economic
condition of the locality.

Cyclone Aila damaged
embankments at Kapatakha
river in Satkhira district.

BNUS conducted asocio-economic survey ofhouseholds in old Dhaka
To make an effective plan indisaster risk reduction, one of the
major goals is to raise awarenesslevel of the local community. In
order to assess social vulnerabilityof individuals due to earthquake
within households, BNUS has
conducted a socio-economic
survey of 200 households in
Ward No. 68 in the older partof Dhaka City. The social
vulnerability indicators havebeen selected from the literatureand the relevant data needed forthe analysis is collected throughhouse to house socio-economic
questionnaire survey. Information
regarding the level of publicawareness about earthquake riskof the community was foundthrough this survey. The sample
size is chosen at random basis at
95% confidence level which is
2% of total projected householdof 10,942 in the study area in2009 (according to Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics). Finally thevulnerability of the community
has been studied considering

BNUS carried out seismic
microzonation studyof Cox’s Bazar Municipality
Cox’s Bazar lies in thesouth-eastern coastal regionof Bangladesh. Being a prime
tourist spot, the area has been
experiencing rapid urbanizationin the last few decades. However,constructionofsignificant
number of buildings and otherstructures has occurred in an
unregulated manner and without
seismic design considerations.
Landslide and related casualties
have
also
becomevery
common in the hilly areas ofthe locality. In order to assess
seismic vulnerability based on
ground susceptibility and adopt
mitigation strategies for urban
areas, seismic microzonationis considered to be the firststep. BNUS is carrying out astudy on microzonation of the
Cox’s Bazar Municipality area
using geographic information
system where reflection ofground shaking and the site
attributes of soil amplification,liquefaction and landslide are
the salient features. Probable
earthquake hazard and expected
ground motion calculation, subsoil investigation, liquefaction
potential determination and slope
stability analyses were carried out
to develop microzonation maps.
The study shows that 87% of thestudy area is highly susceptible
to liquefaction. Approximately
8% of the municipality consistsof hilly region, 97% of which isfound to be very unsafe in viewof natural slope stability.
(By M. A. Ansary, BNUS)

Page 11

RNUS is actively participating in a
project with colleagues in School of
Civil Engineering at AIT and Panya
Consultants Co. Ltd., Thailand todevelop a Seismic Hazard Map ofThailand and developing Seismic

RNUS Activities

Microzonation Map as well as
GIS database of buildings andlifeline systems in 3 major cities inThailand. Also, a project on Seismic
vulnerability and risk assessmentof Dhaka, Chitagong and Sylhet

city of Bangladesh is ongoing. This
project is part of the Comprehensive
Disaster Management Program of
Bangladesh. RNUS along with AIT
is supervising field survey of morethan 20,000 buildings in the region.

ICUS Welcomes Visiting Prof. Y. Ichihashi & Dr. M. Numada
ICUS welcomes Mr. Yasuyoshi
Ichihashi who joined ICUS on May
1 as Visiting Professor. Mr. Ichihashi
has been working in the Ministryof Foreign Affairs, Govt. of Japan,
and still currently is a diplomat. He
served in Bulgaria and Mongolia as
Ambassador to Japanese Embassy,
and spent long time in China(Shanghai as Consul-General,
Beijing as Minister/ Counselor, Hong
Kong as Consul). His other postings
include Genève and Bangladesh,and he also served as Deputy
Representative of the Government at
the World Expo 2005 in Aichi. It is
certainly quite exceptional for ICUS
to have such an incumbent diplomat
as its member. ICUS expects tobenefit from his rich diplomaticbackground in international arena
with contributions in the area ofVisiting Professor Y. Ichihashi(left) and Dr. M. Numada (right)
ICUS’s international activities/
strategies, as well as their linkages to
the Government’s external policies
related to science and technology.
This is a unique challenge for both
the Center and the Ambassador
himself. Yet his appointment thistime shows the ICUS’s eagerness
to develop broader international
strategies and activities.
ICUS would also like to warmly

welcome Dr. Muneyoshi Numada
to ICUS from April 1, 2009. Hereceived his B.Engg. at Meguro
laboratory at Chuo University,
Japan in 2000 and carried out his
research towards his M.Engg.
degree at Konagai Laboratory at the
University of Tokyo. He received
his Ph.D. from the University ofTokyo for his research on numericalsimulation of landslide disaster.
Before joining ICUS, he was amanagement consultant in a private
firm solving various importantbusiness problems for clients inindustry from 2006 to 2009.
ICUS expects him to contribute to
new leadership, use global networks
to carry out its activities and to givenew insight to ICUS.
(By K. Meguro)

Farewell to Dr. K. WorakanchanaDr. Kawin Worakanchana retired
from ICUS on March 31st, 2009.
Dr. Worakanchana joined ICUS
as a Project Researcher in April
2007. During his stay, he continued

his research on 3-D Applied Element
Method for modeling un-reinforced
and retrofitted masonry structuresand participated in joint activities
between ICUS and RNUS in Thailand.

ICUS would like to thank him for all
his great contributions during his stay
and wish him all the best. Also, ICUS
expects to continue professional
relationship with him in future.

ICUS Activities• Prof. K. Meguro visited Incheon,
South Korea to attend a meeting on
the management of USMCA2009
from April 10 to 12. Prior to that, hevisited Chengdu, China from April
7 to 9 to give an invited lecture in aseminar held by Sichuan Provincial

Government.
• Dr. M. Koshihara joined other
ICUS members to oversee thearrangement of USMCA2009 in
Incheon, South Korea from April 10
to 12. From June 24 to 29, he visited
Istanbul, Turkey to participate

and present at the International
Symposium on Timber Structures.
• Dr. K. Worakanchana stayed at
RNUS to continue his research andteaching duties till the end of his
term at ICUS.

AwardsDr. P.J. Baruah and Dr. T. Endoreceived best paper award fromJapan Technical Association of Pulp
and Paper Industry (TAPPI) for theirpaper titled “Estimation of Timber
Volume in Eucalyptus Plantations

using Satellite Images” (in Japanese)
published in February 2008 issueof Journal of Japan TAPPI. The
research was a result of UniversityIndustry collaboration between IIS
and Mitsubishi Paper Mills (MPM)

Co. Ltd. Other authors of the paper
are Dr. T. Katsura of MPM and Prof.
Y. Yasuoka of National Institute ofEnvironmental Studies.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.1

247

Page 12
Editor’s Note
Last July ten unexpected visitors
had come to my laboratory. They
were 10 spotbill ducks, called
Karugamo in Japanese. This year
spring, for the comfort of ourlaboratory, we made a garden
in the veranda of our laboratory
using timber from forest-thinning.
Eventually, a mother duck ﬂew to
our garden and laid eggs from which
9 ducklings were born. The problem
was, our laboratory is located on the
4th ﬂoor of IIS and there was no foodand water for them. We preparedsome food and also made a small
water pool for them in our veranda.
Till now, 3 ducklings have grown
up, although 6 had been lost fromstealing by crows or other reasons.
Recently, the mother duck somehow
took these grown-up ducklings andﬂew away. We yet don’t know whenexactly this happened.
Our laboratory and ICUS arelocated in a huge reinforced concretebuilding. One of my research
themes is how to create comfortableoffice using and incorporating
timber within a reinforced concretebuilding. We think visiting of the
ducks is one of the evidences ofsuccessful results of our research.
We believe that urban safety shouldtake into account comfort of life at
the same time.
(By M. Koshihara )Roof-garden at the veranda (top);
Mother duck andthe ducklings (bottom)

If you would like to contribute an article to ICUS newsletter or have any comments or suggestions,please contact the editorial committee at icus@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
Any article within the scope of urban safety engineering and management will be considered
for publication after internal peer review by the editorial committee. To know the scope of ICUS
activities, please visit ICUS homepage at http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, ICUS
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Tel: (+81-3)5452-6472, Fax: (+81-3)5452-6476
http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

248

PRINTED MATTERICUS NEWSLETTER

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 2
JULY– SEPTEMBER 2009

MODELLING VOLCANIC RISK IN TOKYO
By
Christina Magill1
The 1707 Hoei eruption of
the Mount Fuji deposited four
centimetres of tephra in central
Tokyo with much larger thicknesses
falling in Western Kanagawa. A
repeat of this event would havesevere economic consequences for
the Greater Tokyo area, causing
follow-on effects to Japanese andglobal economies. But what is theprobability of such an event? Should
Tokyo prepare for more likely
scenarios? And what resources
will be required to manage future
volcanic crises? Risk Frontiers, inconjunction with the International
Center for Urban Safety Engineering,
have developed TokioKazanRisk,a volcanic hazard and risk modelthat provides a framework forinvestigating questions such asthese. Support for this project
was provided by Tokio Marine &Nichido Risk consulting Co., Ltd.
TokioKazanRisk
incorporates
a catalogue of tephra dispersal
simulations from six volcanic
centres - Fuji, Asama, Hakone,
Haruna, Kusatsu-Shirane and KitaYatsugatake - located to the west ofGreater Tokyo. To calculate building
damage and to estimate clean-up
requirements and costs, hazard
information is combined with abuilding, road and land-usage database
describing
Tokyo,
Kanagawa,

Saitama and Chiba prefectures. New
visualization techniques allow hazard
and risk results for these areas to beviewed within mapping applications
such as Google Earth.
TEPHRA DISPERSALMODELLING
The tephra dispersal catalogue
contained within TokioKazanRisk
was developed with the use of
TEPHRA2 – an analytical tephra

advection diffusion model developed
at the University of Southern Florida.
Using stratified wind speed anddirection information, TEPHRA2
calculatesparticle
dispersion,transport and sedimentation, andestimates tephra accumulation at
specified locations surrounding thesource location.
Extensive calibration was carriedout to refine the constants used in
TokioKazanRisk. In particular, theHoei eruption was intensely studied.

Average Annual Building Loss (AAL) in Japanese yen
mapped on a 1 km grid

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.2

249

Page 2The six volcanoes and four prefecturesconsidered with TokioKazanRisk
Parallel computing techniques were
utilised to simulate large numbersof eruptions for each volcanic
centre. Wind speed and direction
profiles with height were sampled
randomly
andvolcanologicalparameters selected from magnitude/frequency curves were developed todescribe previous activity, current
eruption trends and to account for
the volcanoes inherent future
unpredictability. Hazard resultswith corresponding probabilities
are stored within TokioKazanRisk
on a 1 km mesh grid.
SAMPLING
EXTREME EVENTS
Volcanic centres are capable ofproducing explosive volcanic events
that may vary by more than five ordersof magnitude. Traditional hazard
modelling samples a fixed time
period and simulates the expected
events within this period. Using thisapproach, all events are assigned anequal probability of occurrence andtherefore small magnitude events
are sampled preferentially.
Indeveloping
magnitude/frequency relationships, event
magnitude is represented by tephra
volume, which we assume has adirect logarithmic relationship to the

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.2

250

Isopacs of the 1707 Hoei Eruption(depths of air-fall tephra in mm)

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) roof surfaces and exterior fittings
scale. In the modelling carried out caused by tephra particles.
to create the TokioKazanRisk tephra ・ clean-up costs - the removal,
catalogue, VEI is sampled uniformly transport and disposal of tephrawith probabilities retained and from properties and the cleaning ofutilised in later calculations. This building exteriors.
methodology is more economic in its
storage requirements and provides
VISUALISING
better sampling of the entire range
PROBABILISTIC HAZARD
of eruption possibilities.
AND RISKRISK CALCULATION
TokioKazanRisk currently focuseson two major outcomes from airfall tephra – building damage andthe necessity for clean-up activities.
Exposure information is either
a user portfolio or the included
database that describes building
characteristics, roads and land-usage
on a 1 km grid covering the entire
Greater Tokyo area. This databaseincorporates an extensive surveyof buildings, where characteristics
including building condition androof construction were collected.
Building damage and associatedlosses due to three causes arecalculated:
・ structural damage - the partial orcomplete collapse of buildings dueto the weight of tephra.
・ non-structural damage - thecorrosion and abrasion to walls,

Probabilistic hazard and risk
results for particular locations may
be plotted against their annual
probability of exceedance or average
recurrence interval. Statistics, suchas average annual loss or expectedannual probability for a given volumeof tephra, can also be recovered andthe output presented in Keyhole
Markup Language (KML) allowing
easy mapping within applications
such as Google Earth.
A PLATFORM FOR
HAZARD MANAGEMENT
As well as building damage,
TokioKazanRisk calculates impacts
to various land-usage types, e.g. thebuilt environment, agricultural areas
and roads. The probable volumes oftephra to fall on each of these land
use categories are calculated and,in the case of roads and the builtPage 3All
Kita-Yatsugatake

Kusatsu-Shirane
Fuji

HarunaHakone

Asama

105

Hours

104
103
102
101
102

103
104
105
Average Recurrence interval (years)

Vehicle hours required for cleaning roads
against Average Recurrence Interval
environment, the model estimates
the personnel, equipment and hours
needed for clean-up activities. Data
analysed to allow these calculations
were provided by the Kagoshima
and Tarumizu City Halls who haveexperienced frequent tephra-fallevents from Sakurajima volcano.
To aid in emergency management
planning,
individual
eruption
scenarios may be mapped with

106

Tephra mass mapped on a 1 km gridfor a single event from Fuji volcano

hazard presented on a mesh grid.
This allows for various scenarios to
be studied in detail.
The
modularnatureofTokioKazanRisk means that themodel will be a useful tool formany future risk applications. By
incorporating additional exposureand vulnerability information,
probabilistic estimates of impacts
to utilities, transport, agriculture,business and health can all be
made.
(Support for this project wasprovided by Tokio Marine & Nichido
Risk consulting Co., Ltd)
1
Risk Frontiers,
Macquarie University,
Sydney, Australia

Flood Damage in Japan
Strong rain hit the southern partof Japanese island during July 19
and 26. This caused 31 deaths, 55
injured, 48 totally damaged houses
and more than 10 thousand flooded
houses in the affected area.
Especially, Boufu City in
Yamaguchi Prefecture recorded
rainfall of 72.5mm per hour around
9:00 A.M. on 21st July. Total rainfall
amounted to be almost twice theaverage monthly rainfall in July.
In Manao region of Boufu City,
landslide due to the heavy rain hit
a special nursing home for the aged
and killed 7 people. At that time,
100 aged people were in the middleof their breakfast. Debris flew frommountain side buried dining spaceon the first floor. The home was
located in the red zone of landslidedisaster. Yamaguchi Prefecture
provided warning information oflandslide disaster to Boufu City at
7:40 A.M. in the morning. However,the city didn’t announce the warning

to a special nursing home andevacuation before the landslide was
not achieved.
Recently technologies increased
the possibility of early warning
before disasters. However, thesewarning should be conveyed to theproper facilities and persons andused for mitigation of damages.
The strong rain in the summer 2009
in Japan reminded the difficulty ofsuccessful use of early warning.
(By M. Ohara)

Landslide hitting a nursing home in Boufu City(© Pasco Co., Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd.; Distribution: Pasco Co.)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.2

251

Page 4REPORT ON THE WEST JAVA EARTHQUAKEON SEPTEMBER 2, 2009
By
Teddy Boen & Danny Hilman Natawidjaja2
1

General seismotectonic map of west Java region. The island sits above the Hindia-Australian plate that is being
subducted beneath Java starting from the WNW side trending through deep ocean with a northerly motion of
about 70 mm/year relative to the Eurasian plate. Yellow dots are shallow earthquakes (less than 100 km depth)
from 1973 to 2009 from National Earthquake Information Center of US Geological Survey (NEIC-USGS)
catalog. The red and white stars are main shocks determined by USGS and Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi Dan
Geofisika (Indonesian Metereological and Geophysical Agency, BMKG) for the recent large event. Red lines on
Java land are preliminary active fault lines mapped from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM).
In the afternoon of September
2, 2009 a large earthquake (M7.0)
occured about 50 kilometers off thesouth coast of west Java, Indonesia.
According to the NEIC-USGS
report, the earthquake source islocated at about 7.7 S and 107.32 E
at a depth of about 50 kilometer. As
a comparison, the BMKG reported
the earthquake epicenter further
away trenchward with a source
depth of about 30 kilometers. The
fault mechanisms, given by the
USGS Centroid Moment Tensor(CMT) solution, shows that theearthquake fault is a reverse fault
striking NNE and dipping steeply
about 45 degree. This clearly
indicates that the earthquake is an

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252

intra-slab event, not on the Javamegathrust, which stikes WNW anddips shallow towards the north. The
megathrust section in the south ofwest Java and the Sunda Strait has
no history of major earthquakes in
the past 100 years, suggesting it is aseismic gap, which may have been
acumulating a large amount of strain
to produce a giant megathrust event.
However, there is not much GPS
data to determine or map coupling
properties or degree of locking of
the subduction interface, so then,
one can estimates what portion of
the relative plate motion that has
been stored as earthquake ammos.
Hence, the threats of earthquake
shakes and tsunami from the Javamegathrust remains unclear.
The news regarding the damage of
the September 2, 2009 earthquake inthe media was a bit confusing. All
media related the magnitude of theearthquake with destruction. The
earthquake had a large magnitude(Mw7.0, USGS). However, thedistance of the epicenter fromseveral cities/villages where somedamage occurred, was more than
one hundred kilometer. Also, theepicenter depth was not shallow
and was about 50km (according
to USGS). Usually, the shaking ofan earthquake with Mw7.0 could
be felt within a radius of 400 km
and might cause damage withina radius of approximately 80 km.

Page 5Many houses collapsed in various forms from the earthquake. Pictures show collapsed houses from
Pameungpeuk (left), Margamukti Village-Pangalengan (center) and Cigalontang –Tasikmalaya (right).
In fact, such an event should notcause significant damage beyond a
100 km radius. Unfortunately, thisearthquake, so far has caused 76
casualties.
The damaged areas are scatteredand the damage itself in each areais sporadic. Most of the damaged
and /or collapsed buildings are nonengineered construction, built withpoor quality materials combinedwith poor workmanship, resulting
in very poor quality houses withno resilience to earthquakes. Also,
most of the damaged buildings
were dilapidated due to lack ofmaintenance causing deteriorationof the materials strength. Nonengineered buildings consist mostlyof houses and several one story
school buildings.
The nearest damaged areas fromthe epicenter are Sindangbarang
which is approximately 50 km fromthe epicenter, and Pameungpeuk andCikelet which are approximately
60 km from the epicenter. In thoseplaces the damage was quite
substantial, but sporadic.
Approximately 50% of the houses

were damaged, ranging fromslight to collapse. Rest 50% of
the buildings are still intact. The
second closest area to the epicenter
is Cikangkareng Village (Cibinong,
Cianjur), approximately 80 km fromthe epicenter. The earthquake caused
landslides, burying 12 houses, where
30 people died; the biggest humancasualties in a single place from theSeptember 2, 2009 earthquake. The
earthquake also caused damage inareas far from the epicenter, namely
in Pangalengan approximately
125 km from the epicenter, inTasikmalaya approximately 140 km
from the epicenter and in Sukabumi
approximately 155 km from theepicenter.
The extent of the destruction bythat earthquake deserved careful
investigation. Investigation wasneeded on the cause of the groundmotion and the geologic condition
to know why that earthquake with
an epicenter at a depth of 50 km didcause damage to non-engineeredbuildings that are relatively rigid
in places more than a hundred
kilometers away, apart from the factthat the damaged and/or collapsedbuildings are poorly built.
In big cities, particularly Jakarta,
tall buildings were swaying andcaused tremendous panic among
the occupants and everybody
started rushing to get out of thebuildings while the buildings werestill swaying. In the course of
the escape, some were injured.
Subsequently everybody gatheredin the streets, causing a chaotic
situation and traffic jam. Several of
those tall buildings suffered minor
non structural damage only.
Actually, the damage or collapseof non engineered construction isa repetition of all past occurrences
and is a demonstration that notmuch has been done with regard to
non-engineered buildings. All thedamage to those non-engineered
construction and the casualties
could be prevented if the authority
has a plan to prepare, prevent or
mitigate the effects of earthquakes.
1
World Seismic Safety InitiativeIndonesian Institute of Sciences2

Left: Lanslide at Cikangkareng Village from the earthquake; Right: Panic and chaos in front ofIndonesia Stock Exchange after the earthquake (courtesy: kompas.com)

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253

Page 6

Report on Suruga Bay Earthquake, Japan

Collapsed stone wall
due to the earthquake
An earthquake with magnitude of
Displacement at 8th floor in C-block and ground surface at IIS
6.5 and centered 23 km below theseabed in Suruga bay in Shizuoka front of a government building, was 622.65 cm in the north and south
Prefecture occurred on August collapsed by the seismic shaking. direction respectively. Therefore,
11, 2009. After its occurrence, The acceleration meter installed by large displacement was caused in
the possibility of the expected ICUS, observed the seismic response the direction of EW. Similarly, theTokai earthquake was examined at IIS, University of Tokyo, which track of displacement at the ground
immediately. However, the results is located around 120 km from the level was obtained. Accumulated
showed that, this earthquake was earthquake epicenter.
displacement in the EW and NS
not the expected Tokai earthquake as
Accelerometer installed at the directions were recorded as 428.75
the magnitude was smaller than the 8th floor of C-block of IIS building cm and 451.53 cm respectively.
expected value and it was not a plate recorded the maximum structural The response of the building wasboundary type earthquake.
response of 62.28 gal in the east- dominant in the EW direction.
The seismic energy in this west (EW) direction due to the
The response spectra of the mainearthquake was about 1/180th of earthquake.
shaking were calculated and thethat of the expected Tokai earthquakeThehorizontal
acceleration relationship between the ground(expected to be of M8 class) and record observed at the 8th floor motion and structural response are
the range of dominant period was of C-block of IIS building was determined. The dominant period
smaller than 0.5 seconds or less. Also, converted into displacement, and in the directions of NS and EW ofdamage due to this earthquake was track of displacement was plotted. IIS building were 0.50s and 0.57s
far smaller compared to the damage The maximum displacement was respectively due to both the big input(the number of casualties, damage to 0.56 cm in the 8th floor of C block on motion and lower structural stiffnesssocial infrastructures and economic the east side, and the accumulated in the EW direction. The dominantloss) estimated to be caused by the displacements were 761.40 cm and period in the direction of NS and EW
expected Tokai earthquake. In pastof ground response spectrum ratio
earthquake disasters, the component(ground surface 0m and the 18mof seismic ground motion with about
depth) were 0.27s for both directions.
1 second or more caused large
This can lead to the difference of thedamages to the structures.
predominant period between ground
Shortly after the earthquake, I
response as input motion to the IIS
visited the site to have a meetingbuilding.
with Mr. Hikoyama, the crisisThe damage caused by the expected
management bureau of Shizuoka
Tokai Earthquake (M8) is estimatedPrefecture, to enquire about housing
to be about 5,900 human deaths,
damages, governmental action toabout 19,000 serious injuries andthe damages and the economic loss
about 190,000 collapsed buildings.
in industries. Few causalities andThis earthquake on August 11, 2009
extensive damages to housing wereshould be used as an opportunity tocaused in Shizuoka Prefecture. The
promote and check countermeasures
main reason why the structuralto the future expected Tokaidamage was not so heavy was due
earthquake, which has a 87%
to the short-period seismic wave.
probability to occur within coming
The damage to the housing roof
30 years.
was predominant. The stone wall
Seismic wave on 8th floor
RC58 regularmeeting insnapshotC-block of IIS buildingof Sunpu castle, situatedjust in(By M. Numada)

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254

Page 7

Robust Optimum Design for Smoke Control Systemusing CFD and Genetic Algorithms
Due to progressive urbanization,
there has been a rapid increase incomplex buildings over recent years.
There is an increasing risk that evena small mistake in operation ofdisaster management systems maylead to a huge disaster in the eventof fire or terrorism activity involving
biochemical weapons, because of thecomplexity of the nonlinear airflow
paths in the complex buildings.
In order to prevent or minimize
such disaster, disaster management
systems should be appropriately
designed with consideration of
their reliability and robustness.
In this research, robust optimum
design method for smoke control
systems in buildings is developed
using an approach which couples
Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) with Genetic Algorithms(GA).
Optimization system
and GA method
The optimization system coupling
CFD and GA for smoke control
design, which is based on a feedback
system is shown in the figure below.
The system constitutes three parts:A) Setting of the optimal problem;B) CFD analysis of fire dynamics;
C) Evaluation of the smoke-control
system and optimal process control.

The feedback loop shown in the
figure below will continue until
the optimum solution satisfies thedesign objective.
GA is used to select the optimum
solution candidates, and to control
the optimum inquiry process. GA isa method that enables optimization
problems to be solved by imitating
the organic evolutionary process.
The individual with the highest
fitness value among the investigatedindividuals becomes the optimum
individual.
General optimization
and robust optimization
General optimization usuallyseeks out the optimal combinationof design parameters under a fixedenvironmental condition. However,in practice, environmental conditions
usually change or fluctuate. We do
not know if this optimum design
will function smoothly under thesechanges. Such uncertainty is very
dangerous in a system or product.
The objective of robust design isto ensure a robust system undervarying environmental conditions
and to consider the variability in thesystem’s components. Therefore,robustness means system stability
within the effects of environmental
fluctuations. Robust design covers not

only the optimum for the objectivefunction, but also minimize
variation in responses arising fromany fluctuations.
Design object
The design object is shown in the
top-left figure next page. This is a
simplified office building with 10
stories. The smoke control system
consists of a smoke extractor in theoffice and a pressurization process
through the vestibule. The vestibule
is pressurized with outdoor air
using a supply fan to prevent smokefrom entering the vestibule and thestairwell.
Design process
Two design cases, i.e., general
optimum design and robust design
were conducted. For the generaldesign, maximizing the average
airflow rate through the doorway
between the vestibule and thecorridor during the evacuation timeis selected as the design objective.
Robust design involves maximizing
the above average airflow rate andat the same time minimizing thevariation of the airflow rate arisingfrom some uncertainty. Here, theuncertain fire location is set as theuncertainty. Patterns (location, size)of smoke extraction vents and air

Optimal design system coupling CFD and GA for smoke control design

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.2

255

Page 8The design object
supply vents are set as design parameter. Optimum combination ofthese parameters will be designed.
Results
In case of the general design, forthe extraction vent in the room, it
agrees with the common perceptionthat the extraction vents are best
set in the ceiling rather than the
sidewalls. In the vestibule, vents inthe ceiling and facing wall are a good
choice. The curve of the GA inquiry
for the robust design is shown in
the top-right figure. The horizontal

Curve of GA inquiry in robust design
axis shows the Run Counter for the
optimum selection process, and thevertical axis shows the objectivefunction (A combination functionof airflow rate and the variation).
This shows that the objectivefunction converges to its optimalvalue after 300 runs, The maximum
airflow through the doorway of thevestibule is 2.334 m3/s. This is alittle lower than the optimum design.
From the result of the best pattern,
it is indicated that square vents
provide a robust design. Throughrobust analysis, it is shown that the

airflow rate is lower in the robust
design, however, the unevenness issmaller. This means that under thesame environmental fluctuations,the change in the optimum designis larger, demonstrating that thegeneral optimum design is sensitive.
If there is a large fluctuation, thishas a greater possibility of failing tooperate satisfactorily.
(By H. Huang,
Center for Public Safety Research,
Tsinghua University, China)

Survey on a New Tsunami Disaster Mitigation System

Interview with potential userof TDMS
From September 18 to 24,
2009, Professor K. Meguro, Dr.
M. Takashima from Fuji Tokoha
University and two graduate
students of Meguro lab. visited
Phuket and Phang Nga in Thailand.
The major purposes of the visit wereto investigate recovery situationof the affected sites due to the2004 Sumatra Earthquake induced
Tsunami and to survey potential
needs and users’ opinions for a newtsunami disaster mitigation system(TDMS) proposed by Prof. Meguro
and his research group.
The system proposed by Prof.
Meguro combining a reliable but
simple warning system and proper

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.2

256

evacuation facilities, does nothave the practical difficulties ofother systems currently proposed
elsewhere. The warning system
consists of a multi-purpose marine
observation buoy network that can be
operated by local organizations suchas hotels and beach associations.
This is a community-based mutual
support system and tsunami leading
time can be guaranteed by the othernetwork member buoys. Importantcharacteristics of this system are
its simplicity, economical efficiency
and daily-usability. Information ontemperature, current velocity, wave
height, moisture, etc. obtained by thebuoys can benefit business activitiesof the users. These information
would also help in environmental
monitoring and awareness generation,
thereby further benefitting the region
and the businesses. These factors inturn will motivate the users to play amajor role in maintaining the systemthemselves. Our estimates show
that, just by collecting only 1 USD
per night above the room rate of theparticipating hotels, maintenance costfor the system could be adequately
raised.
As for evacuation facilities, Prof.
Meguro has proposed to use thereligious places of worship along thecoastal line in the region whose location
is carefully selected based on tsunami
inundation simulation. This scheme
has two main advantages. Because
worship centers are frequently usedby people, their location is wellknown for efficient evacuation whena notice is issued. Additionally, as
the people feel strong commitment
to these facilities, they take active
participation in their building andmaintenance.
Unlike countermeasures such as
landuse control, with the proposed
TDMS, people can manage their own
businesses and reduce future tsunami
disaster without changing their life
style. From our interview survey, we
could obtain very supportive opinionsfrom users and understand potential
needs of multi-purpose marine
observation buoy network system.
(By K. Meguro)Page 9Evaluation of ICUS Activities by External Experts

Snapshot of the External Evaluation Committee Meeting
On March 2011, ICUS completes
its tenth year of establishment.
In order to continue its activities
effectively with a vision for asafe urban environment, ICUS
carried out an external evaluationof its extensive activities since
its establishment till now from abalanced perspective, both of its
academic and social contributions.
The external reviewers, consistedof six eminent experts inductedfrom relevant fields from Japan andoverseas countries, were namely(1) Dr. Hisashi Tarumi, President,
Railway
Technical
Research
Institute, (2) Dr. Kenji Sakata,
Professor Emeritus, Okayama
University and Chairman of theJapan Concrete Institute, (3) Dr.
Haresh C. Shah, Professor Emeritus,
Stanford University and founderof Risk Management Solutions(RMS), (4) Dr. Satoru Nishikawa,Director, Water Resources Policy,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
and Transport (MLIT), Japan, andex-UN Secretariat for International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction(UN-ISDR), (5) Dr. Fan Weicheng,
Professor, Tsinghua University,
Director of the Public Safety
Research Center (CPSR), andMember of the China Academy ofEngineering, and (6) Dr. Haruhisa
Shimoda, Director of Space Information Center, Tokai University
and President of Commission VIII
(Remote Sensing Applications andPolicies), International Society
for Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing (ISPRS).
The
evaluationcommittee
meeting was hosted at ICUS on 4th
and 5th August for evaluation of
its activities. The reviewers were
presented with reports beforehand

describing the overview of the ICUS
activities since its establishment to2008, PowerPoint slides (about 100
sheets each covering approximately
15 selected research topics of eachdivision) describing its activities andtrack record of its three divisions
were sent to them.
At the meeting, ICUS faculties, led
by Prof. K. Meguro, Director, ICUS
gave explanations on its activities.
Detailed explanations were given
on key research topics by its threedivisions. Also, explanations on
the future plans of a post-ICUS
center were given. After two days ofextensive and rigorous interactive
evaluation, reviews were received
in writing about a week later.
The reviewers noted that extensive
research findings have been madein various topics related to urban
safety. Contribution of ICUS was
found to be unique and noteworthy
despite its limited resources, with 425
peer-reviewed journal papers, 53
books, 486 international conference
papers, 832 domestic conference
papers, 26 reconnaissance reports
and other 396 publications. Also,
ICUS activities were in television,
newspapers and other media 425
times, ICUS faculty gave invitational
lectures 390 times and 65 awards
have been received till now for
research findings by the ICUS facultyincluding their students. Reviewers
admired the center’s international
activities- MOUs with domestic andoverseas organizations, holding ofinternational symposiums, exchangeof researchers and publication ofinternational activity reports. Theyevaluated that, these activities
not only contribute to technology
transfer and advanced research,
but also build up experiences

ICUS reports exhibited at the venue
with different technologies to put
these into practical application indeveloping countries. They found
ICUS research findings have beenused practically in the society andhave contributed significantly inenhancing urban safety of cities.
The reviewers suggested that,though visiting professors andresearchers are making up for thelimited human resources in ICUS
as far as possible, more utilizationof graduate students and foreign
students in its activities is necessaryasimplementationofsuchdiversified and energetic activities
with inadequate manpower isdifficult.
Also, the reviewers suggested
that, strengthening of cooperation
with administrative bodies andaggressive
participationinadministrative activities for ICUS totake a leadership role. Overall, theyfound that, ICUS has achieved its
stated objective and “has achieved
extremely good results.”
On the proposal for a post-ICUS
center, the reviewers suggested
that, future plans should include
organizational cross-cutting researchfor handling “advanced and coretechnologies,” and should include
social science, economics, and public
policy along with natural science andengineering. Also, intra-university
cooperation and increasing of staff
strength is proposed.
ICUS sincerely thanks thedistinguished external reviewers
for conducting an impartial andcritical review of its activities andwill strive to carry on its activities
aggressively using their valuablesuggestions and recommendations.
(By K. Meguro)

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257

Page 10

BNUS Activities
BNUS assessed social
vulnerability to earthquakes
The major concern in any disasterrisk mitigation measures falls on
raising awareness level of the local
community. BNUS conducted asocio-economic survey of 200
households in ward No. 68 of theolder part of Dhaka City. The social
vulnerability of individuals due toan earthquake is assessed within thehouseholds. The social vulnerability
indicators have been selected fromthe literature and the relevant dataneeded for the analysis are collected
through house to house socioeconomic questionnaire survey.
Information regarding the level of
public awareness about earthquake
risk of the community was foundthrough this survey. The sample
size of survey is carefully chosen
at random basis at 95% confidence
level to give a clear view of thewhole community. Vulnerabilityof the community is assessedconsidering the existing socioeconomic condition of the locality.
From the study, it was found that
almost 96% literate respondents
have earthquake awareness. Also,
the literacy rate is more in the agegroup of 15-29 and 30-44 years
and they are more aware about
earthquakes than the people ofother age groups. The age group15-29 years is more aware about
earthquake because most of them
are students. The 30-44 age groupis basically engaged in different
professions. Professional groups
keep themselves informed with day
to day information received throughprofessional activities and so they
have more experience than others.
They also interact with various
groups of people which help them togather information and knowledge.
Age group of 0-14 years consists
mainly of school going kids andbecause very few of this group areaware of earthquakes, the number
aware members is roughly equal tonumber of unaware members in thisgroup.
The household heads are importantas they make key decisions in a
family. In Bangladesh, mostly themale is the head of any family. It is

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.2

258

0

20

40

60

80 100Reasons behind earthquake vulnerability to community
clear from the survey that, most of thehousehold heads are businessmen in
the study area and most of them areaware of earthquakes.
From the study it was found that,
overall most of the respondents (74%
respondents) in the study area areaware about earthquake. Also, in the
study area, most of the respondents(about 75%) think their community
to be exposed to earthquake
vulnerability. The respondents
considered a range of factors fortheir earthquake vulnerability as
shown in the figure above.
BNUS conducted seismic
microzonation of Cox’s Bazar
Municipal Area
Cox’s Bazar is in the Southeasternpart of Bangladesh, and is acoastal tourist resort. Due to rapid
urbanization in past decades, often inDistribution of seismic hazard
in Cox’s Bazar Areaan unregulated manner and without
seismic design consideration ofbuildings, seismic microzonationis needed for formulating effective
earthquake mitigation measures.
Also, common occurrences oflandslide and related casualties
in the hilly parts of city haveincreased the necessity of it. BNUS
conducted a seismic microzonation
study using geographic information
system, where reflection of groundshaking and the site attributes ofsoil amplification, liquefaction andlandslide are the salient features.
The probable earthquake hazard,
expected ground motion andliquefaction potential were assessedusing probabilistic approach. The
study found that, the rock level PeakGround Acceleration (PGA) of thearea is 0.18g for a 7.5 magnitude
earthquake having a return period of
200 years. The surface PGA could
be as high as 0.41g for an average
2.3 times amplification factor. Due
to ground shaking amplified by 2,
2.5 and 3 times, respectively 47%,
42% and 11% of the municipal area
could be affected. About 87% of thestudy area is highly susceptible toliquefaction. Approximately 8% of
the municipality consists of hilly
region and 97% of it is found to bevery unsafe from the viewpoint of
natural slope stability.
(By M. A. Ansary, BNUS)

Page 11

RNUS held the 2nd Joint Student Seminar on Civil Infrastructures

Student seminar participants
RNUS jointly organized the 2nd
Joint Student Seminar on Civil
Infrastructure on July 6th, 2009 at
AIT Conference Center together
with Korean and Thai partners. Thisseminar is aimed at encouraging
students to have an international
experiencesuchasmakingpresentations, exchanging opinions
and developing good relationshipwith foreign partners.
We had 34 participants, consistingof faculties and students from Korea
University, Chonnam University,
Seoul National University, Suranaree
University of Technology, Asian
Institute of Technology, Khulna
University of Engineering &Technology and The University ofTokyo. There were 4 faculty lecturesand 18 student presentations in thisseminar. The topics were varied fromall areas of civil engineering andall students did their best in theirown presentation as well as in thediscussion. At the end of the seminar,
excellent presentation awards were
given to 3 students who were selectedby votes from all the participants.
On the next day, a field visit washeld to see public transportation
facilities in Bangkok City. Bangkok isfamous for its traffic congestion andthere are several ongoing projects
to improve the public transportation
system. The participants visited 2
construction sites of current public
transportation projects, that is,
City Air Terminal of Suvarnabhumi
Airport Rail Link (SARL) and Bus

A moment from the Seminar
Rapid Transit (BRT) station. To
visit the sites, they experienced
various transportation systems on
the way, such as MRT (subway), BTS(skytrain), taxi, bus, tuktuk and boat,
which were also very impressive forthem.
The student participants playeda major role by discussing theirresearch topics and communicatingwith students from other countries.
The seminar was successful andfruitful similar to the one last year.
We believe this seminar gave not only
knowledge and information but also
a lot of other stimuli to the students.
ICUS hopes to continue to hold thiskind of interchange activities also in
coming years.
(By S. Tanaka)

ICUS Activities• Prof. H. Sawada visited Bangkok,
Thailand from July 5 to 8, to coordinate and participate in the Joint
International Student Seminar on
Civil Infrastructure. He visitedSão Paulo and Manaus in Brazil
from August 5 to 16 to investigate
on changes in carbon budget in
Brazilian Amazon. From September
5 to 11, he visited Helsinki andJoensu in Finland to participate
in and make a presentation at the
Finnish-Japanese Seminar.
• Assoc. Prof. M. Koshihara visited

Shizuoka Prefecture on September
26 to do a follow-up survey on
Suruga Bay Earthquake.
• Assoc. Prof. R. Kuwano visited
Alexandria, Egypt from September
30 to October 9 to attend and make apresentation at the 17th International
Conference on Soil Mechanics andGeotechnical Engineering.
• Assoc. Prof. H. Huang visited
Beijing, China from July 11 to 20
to conduct research and discusscollaboration between ICUS andTsinghua University, Beijing, China.

• Dr. S. Tanaka visited Bangkok,
Thailand from July 5 to 12 toorganize, make a presentationand chair a session at the Joint
International Student Seminaron Civil Infrastructure at AIT,
Bangkok.
• Dr. M. Numada visited Bangkok,
Thailand from July 5 to 9 to make apresentation & chair a session at the
Joint International Student Seminaron Civil Infrastructure at AIT.

AwardsGraduate student Mr. K. Sakuraiof Meguro Lab. received Excellent
Young Researcher Award at
USMCA2009, Incheon, Korea.
Three graduate students of Kuwanolab. won best paper and presentation
awards by Japanese Society of Civil
Engineers (JSCE). They were, Mr. N.
Hosoo (at JSCE Annual Meeting inFukuoka), Mr. A.L. Beltran-Galvis

and Mr. B.P.D. Cokorado (bothat JSCE International Summer
Symposium on Sep. 11 in Tokyo).

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.2

259

Page 12
Editor’s Note
While we edited an article on theWest Java Earthquake, news on
another big earthquake in Indonesia
on September 30 surprised us. It
occurred in Padang, West Sumatra
Province in Indonesia and its
magnitude was 7.6. According to
UN Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA),
about 115,000 houses were severely
damaged due to this earthquake. We
sincerely extend our condolences tothe victims and affected people dueto this tragic earthquake and hopeprompt restoration in the sufferedarea.

The main article of this volume
was written by Dr. Christina
Magill in Macquarie University,
Sydney, Australia. She spent twomonths in our research center in2007. Her visit was as a part of a
joint research project with Tokyo
Marine & Nichido risk consulting
Co. Ltd. on analysis of volcanic
risk in Tokyo. During her stay, she
conducted site visits and collected
data for modeling reported in thisnewsletter. ICUS members were very
happy to share precious experience
with her and hope for continuous
collaboration.
During October 15-16, the 8thInternational Symposium on New

Technologies for Urban Safety ofMega Cities in Asia was successfully
held in Incheon, Korea. National
Institute for Disaster Prevention(NIDP),
DisasterPrevention
Association (KDPA) and Korean
Society of Hazard Mitigation(KOSHAM) in Korea jointly
organized it with ICUS. ICUS
expresses gratitude from the bottomof our heart to the presenters,
participants and all the people who
were involved in this symposium.
Next symposium will be held inJapan on October 2010.
(M. Ohara)

If you would like to contribute an article to ICUS newsletter or have any comments or suggestions,please contact the editorial committee at icus@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp. Any article within the scope of urban
safety engineering and management will be considered for publication after internal peer review by
the editorial committee. To know the scope of ICUS activities, please visit ICUS homepage at http://
icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, ICUS
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Tel: (+81-3)5452-6472, Fax: (+81-3)5452-6476
http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

260

PRINTED MATTERICUS NEWSLETTER

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 3
OCTOBER–DECEMBER 2009

PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE
AND COMPLIANCE WITH TODAY’S SAFETY LAWS
By
Osamu Goto1
Architecture needs to satisfy
various demands, one of which issafety laws. All architecture evenexisting historical architecture-mustcomply with these requirements.
However, a lot of historicalstructures do not satisfy modern
safety requirements.
There are two main reasons on
this issue. The first is that today’s
standards are higher than those at thetime when the historical structures
were constructed. The second isthat many years have passed since
the construction and the structuralsafety has deteriorated with age.
To bring these historical architectures
up to today’s safety standards, it isnecessary to refurbish their structure.
However, the historical value
may be lost due to refurbishment.
Therefore, a new method is needed.
There are laws and regulations
that determine the safety.
In
Japan, building standard law andfire safety law often outline themethods and equipments required.
However, these can influence thevalue of historical structures. For
example, even if only the old part ofbuilding is refurbished, these laws
require improvements to the wholebuilding.
Therefore, special measures areneeded within such laws andregulations in order not to lose
historical value. Such special
measures are seen not only in Japanbut also in many other countries.
For example, all architecture built
before a law or regulation is enacted
is covered or exempted by separate
special measures for historicalarchitectures.
In Japan, one problem is that

Beam smoke detector

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261

Page 2
there is little historical architecture
to which special measures can beapplied. Another problem is that it
is not clear how to apply special
measures. However, in the case ofhistorical architectures designatedby the national government(“Kokuhou” and “Jyuyo-Bunkazai”),
there are national guidelines forseismic diagnosis and earthquake
proof
reinforcement. However,they give the initiative for diagnosis,
reinforcement and fire protection is
given to the owners of “Kokuhou”
and “Jyuyo-Bunkazai”. But most
historical architectures won’t be able
to follow “Kokuhou” and “JyuyoBunkazai” due to high cost and timerequired. It’s a very severe problem
in Japan. So it is necessary to quickly
propose new special measures thatcan be applied easily to historicalarchitecture.
The author has researched therelationship between laws and how
they apply to secure the safety ofhistorical structures in Britain,
France, Germany, and the UnitedStates. This research shows thesame problems in these countries.
But the solution is different in eachcountry.
In Britain, there are reference
standards for refurbishments ofhistorical and cultural architectures,and such standards are includedin the “British Standard”. British
Standard is set by a third party, andthe local government or institution
for inspection confirms the special
measures based on standards, suchas in the case of the Shakespeare
Globe Theatre.
In the United States, there is thestate code for general architectures
executed by the International
Code Council. But for historicarchitecture, the local government
has set the original codes; forinstance, California State has set the2007 California Historical Building
Code.
In France, there is a commission
for security under the governments
and the commission decides therelevant means for taking special
measures in the care of historicarchitectures. The commission
for security is broken down into

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262

Shakespeare Globe Theater,
London, Britain Reconstruction ofhistorical architecture
In general, thatched roof is not
permitted in down town area, but
this architecture permitted by using
fire resistive board and a sprinkler
system in the roof.
national, prefectural, and city
council levels. Risks are decided
by use, scale and accommodation
number of the architecture. If therisk is high, a commission of theupper government decides theappropriateness of special measures,as demonstrated by the Cathedral
Saint Corentin.

In Germany, first whether
architecture has historic value
is decided by town planning
officers of the local government.
Then a safety officer of the local
government decides the relevant
special measures for the historicarchitectures under their discretion
without affecting the historical

Cathedral Saint Corentin , Quimper, FranceThis stand pipe is the special fire prevention equipment for the wooden
roof frame of this cathedral.

Page 3value, such as enhanced escapeoptions to compensate for narrow
spaces.
The procedure of the law and how
to decide the appropriate methods
are different in each country. But
practical consistent ways between
safety and historic preservation arealmost the same in each country.
So we can learn many useful facts
for how to maintain safety andhistorical value.
First of all, even if the historicalstructure doesn’t comply with safety.
This means that weak points remainin the building, so to compensate forthis weakness the other regions andparts are reinforced by appropriate
specifications and equipment whichhave higher quality than the basic
ones required by the safety laws andregulations. This method is called
the engineering approach.

Hotel converted historic architecture,
Goslar, Germany.
In general, such a narrow and low
corridor aren’t permitted to use as
evacuation way. But this corridor
was permitted by using doorway andstaircase for evacuation wider thanstandards.

Next, it is possible to restrict theusage or amount of accommodation
to ensure safety in the historicalwhich does not meet the safety
laws and regulations. In caseof new architecture, usage andaccommodation are decided bylaws and regulations and the same
specifications and equipments areapplied to each region equally. In
the historic architecture different
specifications and equipments canbe set according to region.
The reason for permitting such an
exception is to allow owners andmanagers to sufficiently ensure thesafety of architecture by themselves
considering each case individually.
In other words, the responsibilityof owners and managers to handle
risk management for architectureis strictly enforced in Britain,
France, Germany, and the UnitedStates. Moreover, the usage or
accommodation limit are notmaintained, violators are severely
punished.
This is the difference in philosophyof responsibilities and penalties
between Japan and Britain, France,
Germany, and the United States. We
should follow foreign examples.
One more important point is thatthe government highly recommends
and historic preservation officers
permit improvements to historicalstructures from an engineering
approach. In Japan, when the historicarchitecture is refurbished, it is notclear how to preserve the historicvalue or how to improve without
losing the historic structure.
Especially in the case of“Kokuhou” and “Jyuyo-Bunkazai”,
the owners must apply for permission
from the national government inadvance by National Preservation
Law for Cultural Properties. But thenational government doesn’t reveal
the standards for permission in thislaw. If the differences between theregions that have historical value
and the other regions are clear, it
will be ensure for owners to apply
for permission. Also, it will be easier
for architects and constructionengineers to propose new methods
and ideas for safety and historicpreservation.

I hope that Japan will refer to theexamples of other countries and takea positive engineering approach tosecuring the safety of historicalarchitecture.
( 1 Kogakuin University, Japan)

Residence, Wurzburg, Germany: thelarge hall of this building is changed
using way and accommodation
number by the way. So the escapelight for emergency is temporary.

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Page 4

The 2009 Samoa Earthquake Induced Tsunami:
A Quick Survey from the Field
On 29 September, at 17:48
UTC (06:48 Local time), a major
earthquake of magnitude 8.1
occurred off the coast of the Samoa
islands. The tsunami generated bythis earthquake struck the Samoa
islands and killed at least 149
people in Samoa, 34 people in
American Samoa, nine people in
Tonga, and resulted in the mostdevastation due to tsunami in thehistory of the Samoa region. Dr.
Shunichi Koshimura, Associate
Professor, Tohoku University, and hiscolleagues conducted a post-tsunami
field survey on Tutuila island,
American Samoa, from 5 to 8 Oct.,2009, focusing on the measurementsof tsunami run-up height, flow depth,
extent of inundation zone, structural
damage inspection, and collected
eyewitness accounts.
Measured tsunami run-up heights
are summarized. The tsunami hit
more severely along the western
coast of Tutuila island. The highest
run-up of 16.3m was measured atthe village of Poloa which is locatedon the western coast of the island.
The village of Poloa was totally
devastated and two people in thisvillage were killed. And 12.4m
inundation height was measured
at Amanave (southern coast of theisland) where the tsunami penetrated
roughly 200m inland. Severe damage
was also observed at the village ofLeone, where 6m tsunami attacked.
The tsunami penetrated morethan 200m inland and left extensive
amount of debris in the lagoon.
Pago Pago harbor is located in thebottom of the inverse L-shape bay
and was hit by 5m tsunami that were

Tsunami damage in the villageof Leone

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264

Samoa island and its vicinity

Tsunami run-up measurement

penetrated more than 500m inland.
We surveyed the structural damage
in Pago Pago harbor by on-site
inspection with GPS measurement,
which leads on the understanding of
the relationship between the tsunami
hazard and structural vulnerability.
As a preliminary result, we foundthat 35 out of 127 houses within theinundation zone were washed away.
During the survey, we interviewed
the survivors to collect eyewitness
accounts on the tsunami arrival time,the initial sea surface movement,
and the number of tsunami attacks.
Along the southern coast of Tutuila
island, the tsunami was likely to havestarted by depression (Leone, Poloa,
and Pago Pago) and the second
wave was the highest (Leone), which
was consistent with the observed
tide record at Pago Pago harbor.
The most important result of theinterviews was that the residents
were aware of tsunami and knewthat they should move to higher
ground as they felt strong groundshaking. In this event, the PacificTsunami Warning Center (see thename lists) issued a warning at 07:04(16 minutes after the earthquake)and the national weather service

Tsunami debris left in Leone
lagoonoffice of Pago Pago disseminatedthe guidance of evacuation throughthe radio at 07:02 (14 minutes after
the earthquake). This awarenessprobably contributed to reducing
the number of fatalities in Tutuila
island (34 casualties reported). For
instance, a school bus driver in
Poloa village, who had just left thestudents in the school, was awareof tsunami after the earthquake andtook the children back to the higher
ground. This sort of awareness- thatstrong ground shaking is a sign oftsunami,-is the most important factor
for surviving a tsunami disaster.
Acknowledgements:
The study was partially supported
by Science and Technology ResearchPartnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) of JST and JICA.
Survey team members ;Shunichi Koshimura (Leader,
Associate Professor, Graduate Schoolof Engineering, Tohoku University),
Yuichi Namegaya (Researcher,
Geological Survey of Japan, AIST,Japan), Yuichi Nishimura (AssistantProfessor, Institute of Seismology andVolcanology, Hokkaido University,
Japan), Yugo Nakamura (Researcher,
Institute of Seismology andVolcanology, Hokkaido University,
Japan), Gerard J.Flyer (Geophysicist,
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center,
NOAA, USA), Akapo Akapo (Director,
National Weather Service, NOAA,
American Samoa), Laura S. L. Kong
(Director, International Tsunami
Information Center, UNESCO/IOCNOAA, USA)
(By S. Koshimura
Tohoku University, Japan)

Page 5

Japan’s Expected Role for Transboundary Collaborationin the Mekong Region
In order to establish a regional
cooperative framework in East
Asia, namely, creation of Asian
free trade regions attention to
ASEAN (Association of SouthEast
Asian Nations) countries has been
increasing. As one of ICUS’s focal
study regions, this article summaries
current interactions between Japanand East Asia, especially in the
Mekong area.
In January 2010, China and Korea
largely reduced trade tariffs with six
major ASEAN countries, including
Singapore and Thailand, and Free
Trade Agreement (FTA) between
ASEAN and India, Australia and
New Zealand went into effect. Japan
has already completed FTA andEconomic Partnership Agreement(EPA) with ASEAN countries, andPrime Minister, Yukio Hatoyama hasrecently reintroduced the concept of
the East Asian Community (EAC).
Through a series of these moves,
Mekong-Japan Exchange Yearwas promoted in 2009 under thecatchphrase of “Together toward
the future, Mekong and Japan.” The
Mekong-Japan Summit Meeting,which included Cambodia, Thailand,
Vietnam, Myanmar, and Laos, washeld in Tokyo in November 2009
and the Tokyo Declaration of theFirst Meeting among the Headsof the Governments of Japan and
the Mekong region countries andthe Mekong-Japan Action Plan 63
were announced. Many visions areshared among these countries, suchas becoming mutually importantpartners in political, economic andsocial perspectives, and cooperatingwith various regional frameworks.
In addition, it was recognized that
the Mekong region still confronts
regional and global challenges
including climate change, natural
disasters and infectious diseases,
which are threats to human security.
To realize the Green Mekong, Japan
committed to important actions on
climate change and environmental
and disaster management in theregion. Japan committed to promotetechnology and knowledge transfer
to the Mekong region for improving
environmental
management,
especially for water resourcesmanagement and flood control.
Many technical and financial
assistance strategies were declaredbut, as the Mekong is the longest“international river” in Asia, more
support is required to realize theGreen Mekong through facilitating
cooperation and collaboration among
riparian countries in cross-boundary
environment. This means that manyof the proposed actions, such as

A dam construction in the upstream of a river
tributary in Vietnam

strengthening capacity to tackle
rapidly-spreading infectious disease
and reducing flooding damage by
extreme climate change, expand
beyond national borders.
In the Mekong, upstream anddownstream
issuesinterlacehierarchically in both mainstream
and tributary systems. Economic
discrepancy, political conflicts andcultural differences lie hidden acrossnational borders. Therefore, in orderto promote effective regional actions,especially from an environmental
management perspective, solving
orfacilitating
cross-boundary
issues becomes a very challenging
but unavoidable problem. By
collaborating with riparian andstakeholder countries, internationalorganizations and Mekong River
Commission, Japan is expected
to take leadership in coordinating
cross-boundary issues from a neutral
position with Yuai (友愛 : Prime
Minister Hatoyama’s principle, thespirit of friendship). Considering
current ASEAN situations, there is
still a long way to go until East Asian
Community (EAC) can be realized,
but this starting point is one of many
important and enduring tests ofJapan’s commitment.
(by A. Kawasaki)

Nonaligned upstream development affects the lifeof downstream residents in tributary systems in
Cambodia

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Page 6

Survey of September 30, 2009 Sumatra Earthquake
On September 30, 2009 at 17:16, anintense earthquake (M7.6) occurredjust off the western Sumatra coastin Indonesia (Location: 0.789°S,
99.961°E). The focal depth was
80 km (USGS). The epicenter was
45 kilometers from the port city ofPadang, Sumatra. An after shock(M6.2) occurred 22 minutes later,
followed by a third quake (M6.8),
which struck 225 km southeast of
Padang. This continuous shaking
caused widespread destructionin the area of Padang Pariaman
District. Most inhabitants in theaffected areas have lost their houses
due to collapse by seismic motion
or landslide. The official death toll
confirmed was 739, with another 296
people missing and presumed dead,primarily in Padang Pariaman
District. A total of 863 people wereseriously injured, and 1,356 people
slightly injured. Damage to houses
was widespread with 121,679 houses
severely damaged, 52,206 moderately
damaged, and another 57,510 lightly
damaged, rendering homelessestimated was 250,000 families,
many people were too frightened
to return home (UN OCHA). We
conducted a survey of the damaged
area from Oct. 16 to 18.
There were many damagedbuildings in both Pariaman and
Padang. Over 300 building wereobserved quickly during thissurvey.
Structures affected by thisearthquake were low-rise residential
masonry, hotel buildings, government
offices and industrial facilities. Lowrise residential masonry buildings
are generally constructed with bricks
and they are either one story or twostory buildings. In the structural
type, engineered and non-engineered
structures in the seismic affectedareas may be classified into three
general categories; namely, wooden
structure, unreinforced-masonry
structure and masonry structure withframe.
There were much typical damage
to wooden houses and masonryhouses constructed with bricks.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.3

266

Compared to brick masonry houses
with or without RC slabs and/orcolumns, they performed better;
however, there were instances of
total collapse due to intense groundshaking. Pancake-type collapse wasobserved in the buildings of China
Town. These buildings are probably
the most vulnerable to seismic
motion and may collapse during thenext strong earthquake.

roadways were constructed on thethin ridge with soil surface along
the river. The failure points occurredat the attacking side of river, where
the foot of the slope loses stability
because of erosion due to water
flow. Typically, the slope at theattack side may be unstable due toerosion of the foot.
There was a large slope failureof volcanic sediment. Since thevolcanic sediment is a type of pumicesoil, under water supply it can easily
fail on the sliding surface of theclay layers. When the earthquake
occurred, a wedding ceremony was
being held on the sliding soil mass.
This failure shown the photo above
caused the deaths of 200 people
attending the party.

Totally collapse of wooden house

Slope failure along mountain roadPan-cake type collapse in China town
From an assessment of 15 bridges,
no significant damage was observed
from this earthquake. Bridges in theepicentral area are mainly truss or
simple beam bridges. The damage tobridges were mainly caused by the
failure of approach embankments
and uneven settlement of piers.
During the survey, roads wereavailable to traffic. The damage
to roadways was also observed inthis study. Surface ruptures andfailures of embankment along
the river and slope cut caused
damage to roadways at several
places in Padang and Pariaman.
In particular, slope failures occured
in places with volcanic sediments
and volcanic soft rocks, such asin Pariaman. Extensive slope
failures were observed along themoutainous road. Some of these

Large slope failure of volcanic
sediment
The railway is normally used
for leisure on the weekends. The
railway was available on the firstweekend after the earthquake. Slight
failure of railway embankments
was observed, however they werecompletely recovered after the first
leisure day.
The most remarkable geotechnicaldamage was caused by liquefaction
and accompanying lateral movement.

Page 7The liquefaction sites are locatedbetween the coastal line and a small
river with ground layers of sandand a shallow ground water levelin the marine deposit. Settlement ofbuildings and foundation damage
due to liquefaction-induced groundfailure and lateral spreading resulted
in the collapse of masonry houses
and/or severe cracking walls.
Most industrial facilities arelocated in Southern Padang City.

Inspection of some industrial plants
in Padang and Pariaman showedthat the earthquake did not cause any
major damage to industrial facilites
except some small scale damage.
Two ceramic isolators in electric
power station were damaged,
but were repaired two days later.
However, seven to ten days wereneeded to restore electric power in
Padang city. Electricity was fully
recovered by ten days.

Two port facilities in Padang
were surveyed. The cement plantand coal storage did not sufferconsiderable damage and theeconomic loss due to the subsidenceor lateral movement of coastal line
was little. Liquefaction and slightdamage at the ferry crossing wereobserved. No damage was found in
the petroleum tank yard.
(by M. Numada)

Project on Amazonian Carbon Dynamics“CArbon Dynamics of Amazonian
Forests” (CADAF) project is a science
technology and research partnershipfor sustainable development project
under the framework of both the Japan
Science and Technology Agency(JST) and the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA), and will
start from January 2010. CADAF is a
giant project spanning 4 years with abudget of approximately 1.5 million
USD per year. Prof. Sawada and Dr.
Endo are participating in the projectwith the Forestry and Forest Products
Research Institute (FFPRI), Japan;
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da
Amazônia (INPA) and National

Institute for Space Research (NPE),
Brazil. The objective of the projectis the development of quantitativeevaluation technology for assessing
the carbon dynamic of Amazonian
forests, including methodologies
for Reduced Emissions from
Deforestation and forest Degradation(REDD). We are in charge of mapping
the carbon dynamic of the whole
Amazonian forest using satellite datain the project. From 20th November
to 1st December, we went to Sao Pauloand Manaus in Brazil for discussion
with the project participants, andthen stayed at a test site inside theAmazonian forest near Manaus for a

day and discussed the common goalsof the participating parties. We will
inform you of some of the highlightsof this project by newsletter over the
next year.
(by T. Endo)

Overview of field survey
at Amazonian forest

Disaster Drill held at the University of Tokyo Hospital
Disaster drill was held at the
University of Tokyo Hospital from13:30 on October 1st, 2009. Prof.
Meguro and Dr. Ohara are studying
disaster management manual system
for University of Tokyo Hospital with
the University of Tokyo Hospitaland the Division for Environment,
health and Safety. The disaster drill
was planed based on the disastermanagement manual.
In the drill, occurrence of theTokyo Metropolitan Earthquake withmagnitude 7 was assumed. The Drill
consisted of 2 parts. The first part was
the training for checking the safety ofpatients, staffs and facilities in eachward of the hospital just after theearthquake and reporting the results
to the disaster command center.
Based on the reports from each ward

and sections, the disaster command
center decided that the hospital has thecapability to accommodate disastervictims transported from outside.
The second part of the drill was thetraining of triage and treatment foroutside disaster victims. Triage is the
medical activity for sorting patients
according to the severity of theirinjuries in order to provide maximum
medical treatment under the

restriction of medical resources. The
mimic disaster victims were sorted to
be Red; Severely-injured to be treatedurgently, Yellow; Moderately-injured,Green; Slightly-injured after the firstand second triage.
Lessons learnt from these drills will
be included to brash up the contents
of disaster management manuals.

Disaster command center

Triage of mimic patient(by M.Ohara)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.3

267

Page 8USMCA 2009 was held in Incheon, Korea

Experts from 7 countries delivered 82 presentations at USMCA 2009, Incheon
The National Institute for Disaster
Prevention (NIDP), Seoul, Korea; theKorea Disaster Prevention Association(KDPA), Seoul, Korea; the Korean
Society of Hazard Mitigation(KOSHAM), Seoul, Korea; and ICUS
organized the Eighth International
Symposium on New Technologies
for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in
Asia, (USMCA2009), at Incheon,
Korea on October 15-16, 2009.
This symposium were supportedby the Incheon Metropolitan City
Government (Korea); Incheon Urban
Development Corporation (Korea);
The Foundation for the Promotion ofIndustrial Science (Japan); and Global
Center of Excellence for Sustainable
Urban Regeneration (Japan).
The two-day symposium program
was arranged in three keynotes, twoplenaries and 12 technical parallelsessions.
The symposium was inaugurated
by Dr. Byung-Ha, President of

KDPA, Dr. Wook Kwon, Presidentof KOSHAM, Mr. Sang-Soo Ahn,
Mayor of Incheon City and Prof.
Kimiro Meguro, Director of ICUS.
Keynote lectures were given by Dr.
Yeon-Soo Park, Adminsitrator of
National Emergency Management
Agency, Mr. Yasuyoshi Ichikawa,
ICUS Visiting Prof. and Prof.
Haruhisa Shimada, Tokai University.
Plenary speakers were Prof. Sudhir
Misra, IIT Kanpur and Prof. WaonHo Yi, Director of NIDP.
About 260 people participatedin the symposium, and 82 papers
were presented in technical sessions
covering a wide range of issues in
the area of urban safety, including
green growth technology for urban
safety; urban risk and response
strategy against climate change;
safety assessment of existing
infrastructure;decision-making
technologies for dealing with urban
disasters; advanced technologies formonitoring and assessment of urban
safety; rehabilitation an retrofittingof urban structures against disasters;
emergency management for urban
disasters; risk assessment, predictionand early-warming of urban disasters;
and application of GIS,GPS and
RS to enhance the urban safety.
ICUS prepared the Excellent Young
Researcher Award to encourage
activities of young researchers in
the field of urban safety engineering.
The winners of this award were: Dr.
Tae-Ho Ahn, Mr. Kotaro Sakurai and
Ms. Risa Kuwahara (IIS, The Univ.
of Tokyo).

Young researcher award recipients

Post-Conference Field Study Trip
USMCA 2009 participants visitedthe inside of the Northeast Asia
Trade Tower (NEATT), the supertall
skyscraper standing 305 meters (70floors); which is under constructionin New Songdo City, on 17th October.
This post-conference field study
trip to Incheon Bridge and 2009
Incheon Global Fair & Festival was
specially arranged by with the helpof the Incheon Metropolitan City
Government.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.3

268

New commercial and residential construction in Songdo New City

Page 9At the USMCA2009 in Incheon, Korea, three researchers were selected as winners of the Young ResearcherAward. One winner briefly introduces his award-winning research below.

Design of Crack Self-Healing on Concrete Structures
This study aims to develop andapply self-healing concrete as a
new method for crack control andenhanced service life in concrete
structures. This concept is oneof the maintenance-free methods
which, apart from saving direct
costs for maintenance and repair,reduces the indirect costs – a saving
generally welcomed by contractors.
In this research, the self-healing
phenomenon of autogenous healing
concrete using geo-materials forpractical industrial application wasinvestigated. Moreover, in order
to apply this concept to the field,
a self-healing concrete, designedby the author, was fabricated byready-mixed car in a ready-mixed
concrete factory, then used for theconstruction of artificial waterretaining structures and actual tunnel
structures. The results show that theconcrete cracks were significantly
self-healed after 28 days re-curing.
Crack width of 0.15mm was selfhealed after re-curing for 3 days andthe crack width decreased from 0.22
mm to 0.16 mm after re-curing for
7 days. Furthermore, it was almost
completely self-healed at 33 days. It

was founded that this phenomenon
occurred mainly due to the swelling
effect, expansion effect and recrystallization. From these results,
it is considered that the utilizationof appropriate dosages of geomaterials has a high potential fora new repair method for cracked
concrete under the water leakage
of underground civil infrastructuresuch as tunnels.

(a) Crack(b) 3days(c) 7days(d) 33days(By T. H. Ahn,
IIS, The University of Tokyo)

Process of self-healing on self-healing concrete at water/binder ratio of 0.47

RNUS Activities
Regional Network Office for Urban
Safety (RNUS) played an importantpart in the Outreach International
Programbetween
Universiti
Technologi Malaysia (UTM) andAsian Institute of Technology(AIT) on December 18, 2009.
AIT and UTM committed to send
studStudents in the Department ofRemote Sensing and Geoinformatics
visited AIT accompanied by seniorlecturers and pursued collaborated
academic activities from December
14 to 20. On December 18, as apart of the activities, Prof. Haruo
Sawada of ICUS gave an hour’lecture with the title “Introductionof ICUS Activities and Remote

Sensing Study in Regional Scale,”which included the role of RNUS.
Twenty-one students and two
lecturers from the department of
remote sensing, UTM, attended thelecture and listened intently to it,
and asked vigorous questions after
the lecture.
(By A. Kodaka, RNUS )Commemorative photo

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.3

269

Page 10

BNUS Activities“Release of pressure model”
for reducing earthquake
vulnerability
Most earthquake-related deaths
are due to structural collapse or lackof awareness among the inhabitants,
so for disaster mitigation, bothconstruction and planning play avital role in reducing casualties
and minimizing damage in theaffected areas. To promote disastermitigation, BNUS has prepareda “release of pressure model” asa guideline intended for use indisaster-vulnerable areas.
To make this model, different
factors were selected from aliterature study considering ward No.
68 in Dhaka city and from a socioeconomic survey of 200 households
in the ward. Major aspects of themodel include:
Root causes:- Prejudice
towards
ethnicminorities and social groups- Unequal distribution of economic
power- Belief in modernization andscienceDynamic pressures
Lack of:- Awareness of earthquake risk
- Awareness that Old Dhaka ismore vulnerable than other areas
Macro forces:- Economic strength creating work
opportunities- Aging population for bothgenders

Unsafe conditions
Physical environment:- Unsafe,
non-engineered
dwellings due to design faults- Aged and damaged buildings- Narrow staircases in buildings- Severe overcrowding in highdensity urban areas in Dhaka- Unsafe infrastructure due to lackof knowledge on seismic design
Impact of local economy:- Businesses run on the groundfloor or front of building withupper levels used for residential
purposes- Unsafe conditions in factories orindustrial areas
Social relationship:- Lack of mobility for the elderly,
such as escape routes during
disasters- Sub-standard living conditions
Public actions and institutions:- Lack of proper implementation ofdisaster management planning inolder and more-vulnerable areas- Lack of coordinated action- Lack of disaster preparedness at
all levels
Hazards
Primary impact:- Earthquake ground shaking
Secondary impact:- Fire, ground displacement
Shallow seismic survey
at Muchai Site, Rashidpur
A shallow seismic survey was
carried out to evaluate shear wave

Shallow seismic (SS) and vertical electrical sounding(VES) locations and the direction of electrical profiles
in the survey area

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.3

270velocity to a depth of around30 meters. Hammer source wasused to generate the energy and a
12-channel seismograph was used torecord the data. Geophone spacing
was 3 meters. Data were recorded
when the ambient noise was at aminimum. The collected data were
processed using Pickwin software.
The survey was conducted at threelocations, as shown in the figure
below, with an example of the shear
wave velocity observed at Station
1. These shear wave velocities canbe used for site categorization usedin the national earthquake hazard
reduction program.
Dr. Tanaka visits BNUS
Dr. Shinji Tanaka from theTransportation Engineering division
AIT, Bangkok, visited BNUS,
BUET, Dhaka on December 7,
2009. During this visit, Prof. M.A.
Ansary of BNUS briefly introduced
the Earthquake Evacuation Plan for
Old Dhaka, the microzonation mapof Cox’s bazaar city, earthquake
recording instruments used in
Bangladesh, the effects of cyclones
Sidr and Aila, climate change
scenarios for Bangladesh, and other
BNUS research activities. Finally,
Prof. Ansary presented a gift toDr. Tanaka for visiting the BNUS
office.
(By M. A. Ansary, BNUS)

Shear wave velocity at Station 1

Page 11

Order of the Rising Sun to Dr. Suvit Vibulsresth

Dr. Suvit with Dr. Yasuoka andProf. Meguro
Dr. Suvit Vibulsresth received
the honor of the order of the Rising
Sun (Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon)

from the Japanese Government. He
graduated University of Osaka in
1964 and received his Ph.D fromthe University of Tokyo in 1989 after
studying at the Institute of Industrial
Science (IIS). He was a director of
the Department of Remote Sensing
on the National Research Councilof Thailand and became the first
Director General of the GeoInformatics and Space Technology
Development Agency (GISTDA) in
Thailand. This honor is the resultof his continuous contribution toestablishing friendship and scientificcooperation between Japan and
Thailand, particularly in the field of
remote sensing. He often attended
ICUS’s international workshops andis a collaborator of IIS, and is also
working the president of IIS Alumni
Thailand chapter. We congratulate
him on this prestigious decoration.
(by Prof. H. Sawda)

17th ICUS Open Lecture was held at IIS
The 17th ICUS Open Lecture washeld at IIS on November 4 withapproximately 150 participants.
Three presentations were given on
the lecture’ theme, “town planningwith all safety, cityscape andcultural properties,” and forcusedon the preservation of houses in
the Important Traditional Building

Dr. Y. Kariya

Preservation Area. Dr. Kariya
of Oyama National College ofTechnology discussed the houses
from the view point of preservation
as cultural properties. Dr. Kawaiof the Building Research Institutediscussed them from the view pointof safety against the earthquake.
Prof. Goto of Kogakuin University

Dr. N. Kawai

discussed the practical preservation
with diverse values after threepresentations, panel discussion
was held by the speakers and theimportance of considering various
value systems for traditional houses
was recognized.
(By M. Koshihara)

Prof. O. Goto

ICUS Activities• Prof. Meguro, Prof. Sawada,
Visiting Prof. Ichihashi, Assoc. Prof.
Kuwano, Assoc. Prof. Kato, Assoc.
Prof. Hong, Dr. Tanaka, Dr. Endo,
Dr. Numada, and Dr. Baruah attended
the 8th International Symposium on
New Technologies for Urban Safetyof Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA
2009) in Incheon, Korea.
• Prof. Sawada visited Soul, Korea
from Oct. 12th to 13th to make apresentation at the Korea Forest
Research Institute.
• Prof Sawada visited Beijing,
China from Oct. 17th to 21st to attend
the Asian Conference for Remote
Sensing.
• Prof. Sawada and Dr. Endo visitedSão Paulo and Manus in Brazil
from Nov. 20th to Dec. 1st to attend
CADAF project.
• Dr. Endo visited Busan, Korea

from Oct. 11th to 13th to make apresentation at the Dept. of
Geoinformatic Engineering, Pukyong
University.
• Dr. Numada visited Padang,Indonesia from Oct. 15th to 20th toinvestigate earthquake damage.
• Dr. Tanaka visited Dhaka,Bangladesh from Dec. 3rd to 8th toparticipate in and make a presentation
at the GCOE Seminar.

AwardsGraduate students Masamitsu
Suzuki and German Alberto Pardo

Rios of Kato Laboratory received
Excellent Presentation Awards at

the Japan Society of Civil Engineers
Annual Conference 2009.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.3

271

Page 12
Editor’s Note
In the main article, Prof. Gotoof Kogakuin University reported
difficulties and problems associatedwith the preservation of historicalarchitecture. The historical value
is as precious as safety andhow to refurbish aged valuable
architectures in order to secure
the safety without damaging their
historical characteristics is oneof the most important issues.
Currently, our mission – the searchfor urban safety – is in a similar
situation. Everyone would agree

that the safety of the urban system
is a very important matter, butother factors – including economic,
environmental, aesthetic, culturaland historical issues – should also
be taken into account. Such difficult
tasks can only be overcome by thedevelopment of social strategies aswell as engineering technologies.
We, ICUS, need to continue making
efforts with colleagues in many
countries to contribute to the safetyof urban systems.
During the period covered bythis volume, USMCA 2009 was
successfully held at Incheon, Korea,

thanks to our Korean colleagues
at NIDP, KDPA, and KOSHAM.
I would like to deeply express ourappreciation to all the participants
who contributed to USMCA 2009. At
the post-conference tour, we visited
the Northeast Asia Trade Tower toview the newly-constructed Incheon
Bridge and New Songdo City. Bothof these works made us feel therapid growth, prosperity and future
possibility of urban cities as aresult of the application of modern
advanced technologies.
(By R. Kuwano)

Call for Paper of USMCA2010
The 9th International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA2010)
will be held in Kobe, Japan on October 13th and 14th, 2010. The symposium is co-organized by ICUS andthe United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), and marks the 15th anniversaryof the Kobe Earthquake of 1995 and International Day for Disaster Reduction on October 13th. The deadline
for abstract submission is June 30, 2010. Please visit the ICUS website for more information. The symposium
brochure will be sent to you soon.

If you would like to contribute an article to ICUS newsletter or have any comments or suggestions,please contact the editorial committee at icus@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp. Any article within the scope of urban
safety engineering and management will be considered for publication after internal peer review by
the editorial committee. To know the scope of ICUS activities, please visit ICUS homepage at http://
icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/
International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, ICUS
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Tel: (+81-3)5452-6472, Fax: (+81-3)5452-6476
http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/272

PRINTED MATTERICUS NEWSLETTER

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 9 NUMBER 4
JANUARY-MARCH 2010

EARTHQUAKE COUNTERMEASURESFOR SAFER FUTURE IN KOREA
By
Waon-Ho Yi1
The devastating 1995 Kobe
(Hyogoken-Nambu) Earthquake
in Japan with more than 6,400
fatalities, the 1999 Chichi Earthquake in Taiwan with about 2,500
fatalities and the 2008 Sichuan
Earthquake recently in China
with more than 69,000 confirmed
fatalities have awakened the public

to a possible earthquake disaster in
Korea. After the Kobe Earthquake
in 1995, the Korean government
added “earthquake” as a disaster
item in the revised “National
Disaster Countermeasures Act”
and established the 1st Earthquake
Disaster Countermeasures Plan.
Continued effort has been madefor earthquake hazard mitigation
with the 1st to 3rd Earthquake
Disaster Countermeasures Plans
and Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures Act enacted on Mar.
28, 2008. A comprehensive plan
was drawn up in 1998 to establish
the mitigation countermeasures,
emergency response, and rehabili-

Seismic hazard map for Asia showing the seismicity of Korea(http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/eastasia)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

273

Page 2

2nd Phase of Earthquake Disaster Countermeasures Plan

tation for related agencies. In
this article, historical and recent
earthquakes in Korea and 1st to
3rd phases of the Earthquake
Disaster Countermeasures Planare introduced along with research
related to the Earthquake Disaster
Countermeasures Plan.
As shown on the seismic hazard
map on the previous page, Korea
is relatively safer than neighboring
countries located on the Pacific
Rim such as Japan and China.
However, Korea is not free fromearthquakes according to historical
records, which indicate that the
number of earthquakes increased
from the 15th to the 18th century.
In addition, frequency steadilyrose in the 20th century. Therefore,
it is necessary to prepare for futureearthquake events.
1ST PHASE OF COUNTERMEASURES PLAN
The 1st Earthquake Disaster
Countermeasures Plan of the
Koreangovernment
wasestablished on January 27, 1995,
with the participation of relevant
ministries and experts. In this plan,
seismic
performancelevel,

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

274

maintenance of the legal system,and the Earthquake Disaster
Countermeasures Act were mainly
focused on, with the following
goals:• Promotion of the Act for
Earthquake Countermeasures• Establishment of a practicalplan for the earthquake disastermitigation• Reduction of casualties bymaintenance of rescue andrelief system• Strengthening the relationshipbetween ministry and experts• Enhancing consciousness ofearthquake disasters throughpublic relations• Strengthening and developing
the seismic design code andprovision• Encouraging research anddevelopment for earthquake
damage mitigation

2ND PHASE OF COUNTERMEASURES PLAN
After the earthquake in Fukuoka,
Japan, on March 20, 2005,
the 2nd phase of Earthquake
Disaster Countermeasures Plan,
shown above, was establishedand reported on April 12, 2005.
After building a research anddevelopment (R&D) and policy
plan over five years, the 2nd phase
was started. The direction andgoals were planned as follows:• Enactment and maintenance of
the Act for earthquake disastermitigation• Support of early response byimproving the observation andalert system for the earthquake
and tsunami• Developing and strengthening
the education and training
program for rapid response to
the earthquake disasters• Improving
mitigation
bystrengthening the seismic
provisions and developing anearthquake hazard map

From the 1st phase, adaptationof the seismic design was widenedfor 20 kinds of facilities, andseismic design provisions were reestablished and applied. Throughthe evaluation of the 1st phase,
From the 2nd phase, thethe 2nd phase was established and earthquake/tsunami alert systemcompleted in December of 2005. and the Earthquake DisasterPage 3

Management System (EDMS)
were successfully developed.
Through the development of
EDMS, a national intensity map
and estimation of casualties andstructural damage were created.
The
Earthquake
DisasterCountermeasures Act (Act No.
9001) was enacted on March 28,
2008 and enforced from March
25, 2009, a related enforcement
decree(Presidential
DecreeNo. 21362) was enacted andenforced from March 25, 2009,
and an enforcement ordinance(Ordinance of Ministry Public
Administration and Security No.
72) was enacted and enforced
from March 26, 2009.

Precedence and Advanced Research on EDMS

3RD PHASE OF COUNTERMEASURES PLAN
To make and keep Korea safe
againstfutureearthquakes,
the 3rd Earthquake Disaster
Countermeasures Plan is underdevelopment from 2009. This 3rdphase, from 2009 to 2013, focuses
mainly on six subjects, including(1) seismic retrofitting of existing
structures which used non-seismic
Advancing the EDMS
design, (2) development andapplication of seismic hazard map,
• Strengthening public education(3) development of earthquake and Legal System Maintenanceand training program for
notification and response system, • Establishment of integrated
seismic performance level
earthquake disaster prevention(4) development of tsunami
countermeasures, (5) improving • Maintenance of organizations (3) Response and Recovery
for promoting the Earthquake • Development of earthquake
public education and training
DisasterCountermeasures
rapid response system
related to earthquake disasterPlan
In conclusion, it is urgently
prevention and (6) strengthening
necessary to prepare for future
and maintaining the legislation (2) Prevention and Preparationand organization dedicated to • Advancement of earthquake/ earthquakes. Lessons from pasttsunami observation system
disastrous earthquakes as wellearthquakes. This plan will beestablished with three main tasks • Development and utilization of as efforts for earthquake disasterthe earthquake hazard map and mitigation will be devoted toand eight subsidiary tasks, shown
active faults map
developingtheEarthquake
to the right, and the subsidiarytasks will be divided into a total of • Re-establishment of seismic Disaster Countermeasures Plan.
design provision and promo24 tasks. From the eight subsidiary1
Director, National Institute fortion of retrofitting for existingtasks, R&D projects are being
Disaster Prevention / Professor,
facilities
partially implemented in 2009
Kwangwoon University, Korea• Establishment of tsunami
with 58 detailed projects.
disaster countermeasures(1) Seismic Performance Level

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

275

Page 4Integration of advanced technologies for construction,
environmental protection, and safety in the Yamate Tunnel
The 4.3 kilometer section of theCentral Circular Shinjuku Route“Yamate Tunnel” between Shibuya
and Shinjuku was opened on March
28th, 2010. This section followed
the completion of the 6.7 kilometer
section between Shinjuku andIkebukuro, which was finished in
December of 2007. The Yamate
Tunnel is intended to transfer traffic
which is not bound for the Tokyo
city center to the Central Circular
Route, thus greatly reducing
traffic congestion and enhancing
usage of the Tokyo Metropolitan
Expressway network.
YAMATE TUNNEL OUTLINE
The Central Circular Route is
47 kilometers long with a radiusof about 8 kilometers from theTokyo city center, as shown to theright, with roughly 37 kilometerscurrently in service. The Yamate
Tunnel is an 11 kilometer
expressway located in the westernpart and runs underground beneathcircular Route No. 6 in order topreserve the environment andmake effective use of limited urban
space. The alignment of the tunnel,
structural types and con-struction
methods have to consider various
constraints such as river crossings,
subways, trunk roads and railways,
and major existing public utilities.

methods” (STEMS) to construct
underground junctions and theconnection of ramp tunnels; “u-turntunneling operations” which rotatesa shield by 180 degrees in a shaft;and so on.
ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION MEASURESIn addition to environmental
improvement due to the alleviation of traffic congestion, an NO2
removal system for extracting
low concentrations of NO2 wasinstalled in nine ventilation
stations. The system is composedof an electric precipitator and NO2
removal equipment. The removal
performance such as removal ratio
for suspended particulate matter(SPM) and NO2 is more than 80%
and 90%, respectively, on a daily
average.
SAFETY AND DISASTER
PREVENTION SYSTEM
In order to secure safety andprevent disasters such as fire orother accidents, various equipment to achieve AA grading
such as emergency phones,
fire detection systems, water

Central circular route

INNOVATIVE TUNNELTECHNOLOGIESThe recently developed shieldtunnel construction technique
was utilized for roughly 80% of
the tunnel section. In response to
the application of shield tunnel
with such a large diameter,
numerous innovative construction
technologies were developed suchas the “shield tunnel expansion

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

276

Shield tunnel expansion method

Page 5sprinklers, foam hydrants, and soforth were installed. In addition,
several advanced technologies
were employed due to the tunnel’slength. The tunnel is monitored 24
hours a day from a traffic control
room by CCTV cameras which can
immediately detect unusual traffic
incidents using image processing,and a loud speaker system canprovide evacuation information.
Furthermore, the Metropolitan
Expressway motorcycle patrol
corps, the first emergencydesignated motorcycle squad

operated by a private company in last section, the Shinagawa Route,
Japan, was founded to ensure rapid is under construction and scheduled
initial response to accidents.
for completion in 2013.
In the meantime, the innovative construction and safety
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
technologies
anddisaster
Early completion of the entire prevention systems developed byCentral Circular Route is highly the Metropolitan Expressway Co.,desired to provide an effective Ltd. will be expected to contributeexpressway network in the further to effective utilization
Tokyo Metropolitan area which and development of undergroundcan reduce traffic congestion as spaces in urban areas.
well as provide significant socioeconomic benefits and improve(by H. Dobashi, Metropolitan
environmental preservation. The
Expressway Co., Ltd.)Tour of the Uemachi Terrace, a potential disaster area
The Uemachi fault belt runs 42
kilometers from Toyonaka City
to Osaka City, passing throughKishikawa City. It is a reverse
fault, running primarily south tonorth, with the west side rising up
at an average velocity of roughly
0.4 meters per 1,000 years. The
estimated average activity interval
is around 8,000 years. According
to an estimation by the Central
Disaster Prevention Council,
the potential loss of life due to
Uemachi fault belt move may be
up to 42,000 people.
The Karahori area, which islocated on the Uemachi Terrace, isan unusual area where the scenery,such as old tenement houses(nagaya), and machiya utilize thegeographical features to create
alleys. I participated in a walking
tour of this area on January
19, 2010 with Mr. Hayakawa, amember of the Karahori Club.
This area is located near the moaton the southern side of Osaka
Castle, which was originally built
at the end of the 15th century. The
slope and cliff existed even at thattime, and the Karahori shopping
street still slopes downward.
The primary feature of this area isneighborhoods with old tenement
houses built closely together.
However, modern apartment
houses have also been recently
built here and the population is
rapidly increasing.
Although there is the potential

Old tenement houses

for earthquake disaster from the
Uemachi fault belt, effort is madeto preserve the historical valueof the tenement houses throughmaintanence. When considering
disaster prevention, however,there exists significant risk suchas collapse of the tenement
houses, poor space utilization,
fire disaster, and so forth, which
need to be solved before a futureearthquake strikes.
This area is a good example of thedual problems of how to preserve
historicalarchitectureandneighborhood atmosphere while
protecting against earthquake
damage.
(by M. Numada)

Coexistence of old and modern
construction

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

277

Page 615 years after the Kobe Earthquake:
Basic steps for earthquake disaster reduction and the necessity
for an integrated disaster management strategy
UNFORGETTABLEJANUARY 17, 1995
Even now, I can still remember
clearly the morning of that day. I
was awakened in my hotel room
in Osaka at 5:46 am by strong
shaking. This shaking was due tothe 1995 Kobe (Hyogo-ken Nanbu)
Earthquake, with a magnitudeof 7.3 which lead to the deathsof over 6,400 people, damaged
650,000 structures, and caused
over US$ 100 million in direct
economic loss. The US-Japan
direct International Symposiumfor earthquake disaster mitigation
was scheduled to be held in Osaka,
just 30 kilometers east of Kobe
City, to commemorate the oneyear anniversary of the Northridge
Earthquake which struck the Los
Angeles area on January 17,
1994. But unfortunately, threehours before the opening of thesymposium, the Kobe Earthquake
occurred.
I took a taxi to Kobe andwandered around the affectedareas of Kobe for a couple of days
and nights, surveying the damage
from building collapse and fires.
I was shocked to see the large
gap between what I had learned
and reality, and that experience
became an unforgettable andformative part of my career as a
researcher in the field of disastermitigation.
WITH STRONG SHOCK AND
COMPLICATED FEELINGS
After coming back to Tokyo, I
was gripped by complicated andstrong feelings of responsibility,
powerlessness, apology, and more.
I felt that I had to do something, so
I worked with my research center,
INCEDE (International Center for

Disaster-Mitigation Engineering)on a full-color newsletter, as
shown below. This special-issue
newsletter was delivered to over
140 countries, and was the first
English report on the damage survey
conducted by Japanese specialists.
Other activities included theestablishment of KOBEnet, a
researcher network for supporting
restoration and reconstruction
after the Kobe earthquake, withcolleagues at the Institute ofIndustrial Science, the Universityof Tokyo, and publication ofdamage reconnaissance reports incooperation with many earthquake
disaster-related associations national
and local governments. The
importance of seismic retrofittingof existing structures was apparent
from these activities, but I feltthat focusing only on technicalproblems was not enough to solve
this issue – research on the policy

Cover page and contents of INCEDE Newsletter Special Issue reportingon the Kobe Earthquake disaster

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

278

Page 7and social systems was also
necessary, so I proposed social
incentive systems to promote
seismic retrofitting activities.
Also, I worked to promote disastereducation through programs andmaterials for children and thegeneral public, utilizing picture
books, comics, maps, manuals,
and more.
CURRENT EARTHQUAKEDISASTER RISK IN JAPANthey believe that if they solvea problem in their field, they
can achieve the final goal? If
the problem is due to a lack ofpolitical power, they should makeefforts to have political power;
if it is due to economic or social
regulation problems, they shouldtackle them, and try to find theirown solution and implement
measures to apply that solution. It
is necessary for people to change
their mindset. We are not only
engineers or researchers, but also
citizens and taxpayers, so whatever
we do, we should always keep inmind the viewpoint of the citizens
and taxpayers. It is important to
conduct research and disseminate
information to the public keeping
in mind this viewpoint, by using
basic terminology and clear
explanations for the public.

Fifteen years after the Kobe
Earthquake, what is the mostimportant issue for minimizing
earthquake disasters in Japan inthis high-seismicity period? In
the coming 30 to 50 years, four tofive earthquakes of magnitude 8
or higher, and 40 to 50 magnitude
7 events (similar to The Kobe
Earthquake) may occur. The total
economic loss due to these events
IMPORTANT RESEARCH
is estimated by the national govTOPICS TO BE TACKLED
ernment at roughly 40 percent ofConsidering
theaboveGDP, with the number of collapsed
and burnt-out structures between mentioned points, I believe thatthe following research topics
one and two million.
are important for implementing
efficient earthquake disaster
KEY FOR EARTHQUAKE
countermeasures.
DISASTER REDUCTION• Record data of the Kobe
Earthquake disaster as much
It’s common knowledge that theas possible in order to fully
final goal of earthquake disaster
imagine the whole disaster (thecountermeasures is to minimize
record must have data structure
the negative impact due tothat enables us to analyze theearthquakes. Based on the current
data from various viewpoints)
situation, how many people havebeen working towards this goal? • Continuous promotion of
conventional, individual, andAre the people in this field satisfied
fundamental research (thewith only considering their own
topics described below can befield – for example, are scientists
implemented based on thesesatisfied focusing only on scientificresearch works)
mechanism; the engineer satisfied
with only tackling technical issues; • Shift from research focusing
on mechanisms to research on
do the administrators only discussdeveloping measures (fromissues in their own section? Whatfocusingonmechanisms
is the gap between their purpose
based on disaster experienceand society’s expectations? Do

to developing countermeasuresand predicting phenomenon
which have not yet been observed in past disasters)• Promoteresearchonquantitative evaluation of theusefulness, social impact, andlong-term effect of the social
system and regulation related todisaster reduction (without this,
it is impossible to implement
systems and regulations that
can truly contribute to reducing
disasters in the whole country
and maintain accountability
with the taxpayers)• Establish a promotion system, research promotion, andimplementation system forcountermeasures on huge,
longterm,
andcomplexdisasters which haven’t been
experienced yet, such as large,
multi-event disasters• Establishacooperation
system among universities
and academic associations
working on disaster researchand implement a system forcoordinating activities throughresearchorganizations,mass media, administrative
organizations, and politicians• Develop a disaster education
program and materials for all
generations, from infants toadults• Create and promote theattractive business of disaster
reduction• Establish a system for getting
support from other countries
in case a large earthquake
disaster occurs during the
21st century (this is necessary
due to the shortage of humanresources, construction laborand engineers necessary forrecovery and reconstruction)(by K. Meguro)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

279

Page 8

Visit to Ohashi junction before the public opening
Prof. Meguro, Dr. Kuwano, Dr.
Miyazaki, and other ICUS members
visited the Ohashi Junction site
in the Central Circular Route of
the Metropolitan Expressway inTokyo on January 29, 2010, justbefore opening of the expressway
to the public.
The junction is located be-

tween the Shinjuku route andShinagawa route (which is still
under construction), as explainedin Dr. Dobashi’s article on page4, and has a double loop structure
between the Central Circular Routeand the connecting route. The
latest technology was fully used toreduce environmental impact, andGroup photo taken on the roof-top of Ohashi Junction

the roof of the junction structure
will be utilized as a garden. It willsoon become part of a new urban
landscape.
(by R. Kuwano)

Schematic of Ohashi Junction(http://www.c2info.jp/ohashi-summary.php)

15th anniversary forum of the Kobe Earthquake
Fifteen years have passed sincethe Hyogo-ken Nambu (Kobe)
Earthquake, which oc-curred on
January 17, 1995, at 05:46 JSTin the southern part of Hyōgo
Prefecture, Japan. To mark the 15th
anniversary, 14 academic groups
organized a commemoration
forum at the international congress
center in Kobe. Its purpose was tolook back on past activities, clarify
the role of the academic groups,
and determine future courses ofactions, including research andcommunication with society.
In the keynote speech, Prof. Kenzo
Toki (Ritsumeikan University) gave
a lecture on the fire seismic hazard
and also on cultural heritage;
following that, Prof. Masanori
Hamada (Waseda University)
gave a presentation on the role ofresearch institutes after the Kobe
Earthquake and reducing future
seismic risk.
During the panel discussion,
topics such as the problems be-

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

280

fore and after the disaster, ideal
disaster prevention education,and the means for announcing
research results to the public werediscussed. The director of ICUS,
Prof. Meguro, was a member of thepanelists.
In Kobe, around 20 percent of
the current population did notexperience the Kobe Earthquake.
Therefore, problems related todisaster prevention education

including its implementation werediscussed. Another discussion
pointed out that the researcher’s
activities may not be easily
understood or distributed to thesociety, yet it is important to getsocial feedback regarding the
research and the effectiveness ofthe education methods.

During the panel discussion(by M. Numada )Page 9Ground-breaking ceremony of BUET-JIDPUS

Unveiling of the foundation stone of BUET-JIDPUS

Dignitaries at the opening ceremony

The ground breaking ceremonyof the Bangladesh Universityof Engineering and Technology(BUET) and the Japan Instituteof Disaster Prevention and Urban
Safety (JIDPUS) was held on
March 20, 2010 in the seminarroom of the Information AccessCenter at BUET. The welcome
speech was given by Dr. Raquib
Ahsan, Deputy Project Directorof BUET-JIDPUS. First, Dr.
Ahsan introduced BUET to theinvited guests, then gave a brief
description and overview of theobjectives of the institution:
to strengthen the capacity ofengineering professionals in
the fields of infrastructure
management
andstructural

healthmonitoring,disastermanagement and prevention,and urban safety by developing
research infrastructure, libraryand computational facilities; tostrengthen other local agencies
through training and dissemination of knowledge; to promotecollaboration with other national
and international universities andresearch organizations; and toprovide testing and consultancy inthe field of disaster prevention andurban safety.
In the opening ceremony, Air
Vice-Marshal (Rtd.) Mr. A.K.
Khandaker, Honorable Minister,
Ministry of Planning, Govt. of
People’s Republic of Bangladesh
was the chief guest. He said that

Bangladesh is a developing country
with a large budget deficiency for
infrastructural development. At thesame time, Bangladesh is highly
disaster-prone, but there is no
institution to monitor infrastructuredevelopment. The chief guest
claimed that BUET-JIDPUS
will strengthen the capacity of
infrastructure development anddisaster prevention.
The Japanese ambassador,
his Excellency Mr. Tamotsu
Shinotsuka, was also invited asa special guest. He discussed therelationship between disastermanagement and infrastructuredevelopment. He believes that thisnew institution will help improve
the infrastructure in Bangladesh
through research and practicalexperience. Prof. Taketo Uomoto,
Professor Emeritus, the Universityof Tokyo and Mr. Takao Toda,
Chief Representative, JICA wereother Guests of Honor.
Prof. A.M.M. Safiullah, ViceChancellor of BUET was thechair for the ground-breaking
ceremony. He said that Dhaka isa megacity for which urban safety
is a necessity, and it is of great
importance to give more priority
to this sector. He addressed thisinstitution as the first-ever capableof monitoring urban safety issues
in Bangladesh. The chair of theceremony also added that BUETJIDPUS will boost the capacityof people in construction, disasterprevention and mitigation, andthat this institution will carry out
research activities for assuring
quality infrastructure development. Finally, the chief guests
unveiled the foundation stone of
BUET-JIDPUS.
(by M.A. Ansary, BNUS)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4

281

Page 10Workshop on urban safety held at BUET
BUET-JIDPUS, in collaboration with ICUS, the University ofTokyo, organized the Workshop
on Urban Safety from March 20 to
21, 2010, at the BUET Information
Access Center. This was the firstsuch workshop organized by
BUET. Fifty five participantsfrom several institutions attended
this workshop, mainly from thecivil engineering, architectural,and urban planning fields. Four
researchers from BNUS (Md.
Kamruzzaman, Md. Saidur Rahman, Ripon Hore, Sharmin Ara)
also participated.
The workshop was divided
into six sessions with lectures
given by experts on the subjectsof urban safety issues anddisastermanagement.
Prof.
Kimiro Meguro, Director of
ICUS,
presented“Towards
ImplementationofDisaster
Safer Built Environment.” This
lecture consisted of two issues:“implementation of earthquake
safer housing by combinationof technological and social
approaches” and “integrated
disaster information system andinformation management.”
Mr. Yasuyoshi Ichihashi, visiting

professor of ICUS, presented“Framework/MechanismofInternational Cooperation for
Disaster Risk Reduction andJapan’s Contribution.” This lecture
briefly reviewed the process andaccomplishments so far in thetitle areas, focusing on Japan’scontribution.
Prof. Haruo Sawada, professorof ICUS, presented “Global
Changes and Disaster Events
Observed by Satellite Remote
Sensing.” Primary knowledge on
remote sensing, its applicationin the field of land use change
detection, disaster management
and global climate change werecovered in this lecture.
Prof. Taketo Uomoto, Professor
Emeritus, the University of Tokyoalso delivered a lecture on “TheImportance of Overall Evaluationof Civil Structures to Maintain
Safety.” The lecture explained
what sort of problems are faced
by structures such as buildings,
tunnels, and roads and what kindof maintenance is required forreinforced concrete structures.
Different practical examples werealso given to show the overallsituation in Japan. This lectureGroup photo of workshop participants

ICUS Newsletter Vol.9, No.4282

was intended to help the concrete
engineers who are trying to design,
construct, and maintain concrete
structures.
Another lecture was given by
A.S.M. Woobaid Ullah, Professor,
Department of Geology, Universityof Dhaka, on “Geophysical Survey.”
In this lecture, he gave different
informationongeophysics,
methods of geophysical survey,
techniques of geophysics, andimplementation in the field.
Prof. Mehedi Ahmed Ansary,
Project Director of BNUS, presented a lecture on “Recent
Earthquake-Related Activities in
Bangladesh (1996-2008).” This
was the last session of the workshop
and, in this lecture, he discussed
activities and research undertaken
in recent years in Bangladesh
related to the title topics. He also
gave a short description of theongoing and completed research
activities conducted by BUET.
Finally, certificates were given
to the participants of the workshop
by Prof. A.M.M. Safiullah, ViceChancellor of BUET.
(by M.A. Ansary, BNUS)

Page 11

BNUS Activities
BNUS has been busy withseveral research projects. The
first is evaluation of the seismic
vulnerability of buildings in Dhaka
using non-destructive tests such as
FERROSCAN and Microtremor.
These methods were applied
to establish the configuration
and response behavior of theinvestigation’s target structures.
Another investigation is being

conducted to evaluate the firefighting system in high-risebuildings in Dhaka in cooperation
with the Department of Fire
Service and Civil Defense. The
purpose of this investigation is tocheck the existing fire systems aswell as raise awareness about fire
hazards and earthquake-related
issues among people.
Research activities funded by

the Ministry of Science and Information Technology include
a project focusing on urban
vulnerability to earthquakes in
unplanned areas in old Dhaka
and structural health monitoringof reinforced-concrete bridges in
Bangladesh.
(by M.A. Ansary, BNUS)

Order of the Rising Sun to Dr. Tsuneo Katayama
Dr. Tsuneo Katayama received
the honor of the Order of the Rising
Sun (gold rays with neck ribbon)
from the Japanese government.
He graduated from the Universityof Tokyo in 1962, received his
Ph.D. from the University of
New South Wales, and served as
director of INCEDE (predecessor
to ICUS). This honor is the resultof his continuous contribution
to establishing friendship andscientific communities around theworld. His research field is very

wide, spanning the fields of socialand safety systems engineering
considering materials, disasters,
maintenance, and more. He often
attended international workshops
held by ICUS and is a collaborator

with IIS. He is now working for
the Tokyo Denki University in
the Department of Architecture.
We congratulate him on this prestigious decoration.
(by K. Meguro)

Prof. Katayama(third from right)

ICUS Activities● Prof. Meguro, Prof. Sawada, andVisiting Prof. Ichihashi vi-sited
Bangladesh from March 17th
to 22nd for a ground-breaking
ceremony and workshop on
urban safety at BUET.
● Prof. Meguro went to Indonesia

from March 12th to 16th to promote
low-cost retrofitting methods.
● Prof. Sawada had a meetingwith the Cambodian Forestry
Administration, a researchmeeting at AIT, and conducted
field research in last December

and February.
● Prof. Sawada also attended
an international workshop in
Beijing from February 26th to
28th, and also visited RNUS and
GISTDA from March 22nd to
25th.

Awards● Mr. Makoto Hosoo, graduate
student of Kuwano Laboratory,
received the Best Presentation
Award at the 44th annual

conference of the Japanese
Geotechnical Society.
● Mr. Kotaro Sakurai, graduate
student of Meguro Laboratory,

received the Best Presentation
Award at the 7th annual international conference on Urban
Earthquake Engineering.

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283

Page 12
Editor’s Note
During the period of this volume,
there were many events held tocommemorate the 15th anniversaryof the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. As
reported on pages 6 and 7, I was in
Kobe from the morning of the day ofthe earthquake and had a formative
experience as disaster researcher. I
was 32 years old at that time and I
gave the name ‘Nozomi’ to my firstdaughter who was born one monthafter the Kobe Earthquake. Her name
“Nozomi” means hope in Japaneseand I chose it because I wanted her
to live a life of hope and give hopeto others. I strongly recognized theimportance of hope for life as I saw
many people who couldn’t find hopein the affected areas.
Soon after coming back from
Kobe, I prepared INCEDE Newsletter, Special Issue, and distributed it all over the world. Also weestablished KOBEnet and KOBEnet
room to support recovery activities
through information sharing, andmany people from Japan and morethan 500 people from 34 countries
visited it. We received many thankyou letters from those countries
who improved their disaster systems
using the information collected from
KOBEnet. Korea, reported in themain article of this volume, is one of

the typical examples.
Fifteen years is a relatively long
period, but the time since the Kobe
Earthquake has passed quickly,
and my working period left at the
University of Tokyo before retirement
is less than that. Now Japan hasentered a high seismicity period, andwe may have many big earthquakes
in the near future. Considering thecurrent situation and the time remaining to me at this university, I
keenly feel the importance of efficientuse of time and selection of research
topics and activities for disaster
reduction to let people have lives
with hopes, ‘Nozomi’.
(By K. Meguro)

Call for papers: USMCA 2010 (Kobe, Japan)
The 9th International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA
2010) will be held in Kobe, Japan, on October 13th and 14th, 2010. The symposium is co-organized by ICUS andthe United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), and marks the 15th anniversary of
the Kobe Earthquake of 1995 and International Day for Disaster Reduction on October 13th. The deadline for
abstract submission is June 30, 2010. Please visit the ICUS website for more information.
If you would like to contribute an article to ICUS newsletter or have any comments or suggestions,please contact the editorial committee at icus@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp. Any article within the scope of urban
safety engineering and management will be considered for publication after internal peer review by
the editorial committee. To know the scope of ICUS activities, please visit ICUS homepage at http://
icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/
International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, ICUS
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Tel: (+81-3)5452-6472, Fax: (+81-3)5452-6476
http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/284

PRINTED MATTERICUS NEWSLETTER

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 1
APRIL-JUNE 2010

EXPECTATIONS FOR ITSBASED ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
By
Yasushi Nishida1
TRANSITION OF TRAFFICACCIDENTS
The number of fatalities due
to traffic accidents has been
decreasing since 1992. In 2009,
there were only 4,914 fatalities, thelowest number in the last 50 years,
and the number of accidents andinjuries is also decreasing. Thisappears to be a desirable situation.
With these conditions, thegovernment set a new goal toreduce the number of fatalities
to less than 2,500 by 2018. The

new goal is ambitious and seems
difficult to achieve by only
conventionalcountermeasures.
Some innovative counter-measures
are needed to achieve this goal.
Therefore, the expectations for ITS(Intelligent Transport Systems) as
a promising new technology are
high, as without ITS it may bedifficult to achieve this new goal.
In this article, the potential for
ITS to reduce traffic accidents is
explained from several viewpoints
and the need for ITS is introduced
based on traffic accident analyses.

Scene of traffic accident survey(source: Institute for Traffic Accident Researchand Data Analysis)

TO REDUCE THE NUMBER
OF FATALITIESThere are two ways to reduce
the number of fatalities: (1) toreduce the number of accidentsor (2) to prevent an accident
from becoming a fatal one. The
former is called preventive safetymeasures, and the latter is called
protective safety measures.
Before 2005, the reduction in
fatal accidents was mainly due
to the effectiveness of protective
safety measures, but the effect ofTransition of traffic fatalities and related rates

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.1

285

Page 2preventive safety measures andless road usage became relatively
large after 2005. Therefore, it isessential to improve preventive
measures to achieve the abovementioned goal considering theamount of possibilities. ITS is
expected to greatly contribute forpreventive measures.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENTPREVENTIONBY ITS TECHNOLOGY
From traffic accident analysis,
various levels of human factors
causing traffic accidents havebeen identified. A lot of researches
and analyses show that people’sability of mental and physicalperformance for driving declines
as they get older. A basic functionof ITS is to make up for the decline
in driving performance and manytechnologies have already been
put into practical use. ITS also
assists road users at the level ofdriving behavior and road use
characteristics.

Human factors affecting traffic accident occurrence

EFFECT OF PASSENGERS– FROM ASSISTANCE
TO COOPERATION
Only considering ITS as an
assistance system for declining
driving performance may limit
its full potential. The potential for
ITS could expand by consideringother ways to support drivers, as
will be illustrated in the following
example.
The accident rate per unit
exposure to road traffic (estimatedby the number of collisions frombehind while standing) is estimatedto become less than half in all age
groups, including elderly people,
when they have other passengers
in their car compared to the casewith no passengers. Similarly,
the accident rate for drivers aged

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.1

286

Relative accident rate by age of driver and the number of passengers(2004-2006, belted male driver of passenger car for private purpose)

65 to 74 with passengers appears
less than that of younger drivers
without passengers. It can also beseen that the effect of passengers(a kind of assistance) is different
by age of driver.
Just as research on artificial
intelligence not only developed
computer technologies but also
revealed the nature of humanmental characteristics, so too
can research on ITS contributeto revealing the nature of driving
performance, driving behavior
and road user characteristics.

PREVENTIVE SAFETYMEASURES CONSIDERINGINDIVIDUAL DRIVER
CHARACTERISTICS
The accident rate per vehicle
kilometer for elderly and young
people is significantly higher thanthat of middle ages (30s – 50s).
However, looking at the accident
rate over one year, elderly people’svalue is not significantly high.
The probability of being
involved in an accident in a

Page 3

year depends on not only thedriver’s accident rate per vehicle
kilometer but also how much he/she is exposed to road traffic. To
evaluate this effect, the relative
accident rate, which corresponds
to the accident rate per vehicle
kilometer, is calculated along with
the number of collisions frombehind while stationary as an index
of exposure to road traffic. The
result shows that as the number ofaccident experiences in the last 5
years increases, both the relative
accident rate and the accident
involvement rate increases. Thismeans that drivers with accident
experience may have both poor
performance and high road usage.
Frequent drivers have reasons todrive, so it is not easy to reducethe driving frequency. Therefore
ITS measures, which can provide
the most effective safety support
system corresponding to eachindividual driver, are expected toreduce the accident rate per unit
exposure to road traffic.
FEASIBILITY OF VISIONZERO IN JAPAN

Sweden aims to reduce fatalities
by traffic accident to zero, butdoes not aim to completely reduce
traffic accidents to zero. As longas the road transportation system
involves people, it is impossible
to completely eliminate humanerrors. Therefore, since we cannot
completely prevent accidents fromoccurring, we need to focus on
preventing fatalities from those
accidents that do happen.
In the vision zero policy, it
is described that pedestrians
should not be killed in accidents
when collision speed is lessthan 30 kilometers per hour.
However, looking at pedestrian
accident records in Japan, only
15% of pedestrian fatalities canbe saved by this standard. Thatmeans that protective measures
only are not enough to reducepedestrian fatalities drastically,and preventive measures which
prevent collision between vehicles
and pedestrians are essential .
EXPECTATION FOR ITS

examples of specific accident
analyses. However, ITS is expected
to support not only accident
prevention systems but also
evaluation systems.
When we consider countermeasures to reduce traffic
accidents, it is necessary toevaluate the risk of traffic
accidents
objectively.
ITS,
which can automatically collectexposure data to road traffic
considering driver’s attributes,
could provide useful data towards
this purpose.
Moreover, discussion on what
ITS should be leads to discussion
on what road traffic systems –which consist of people, vehicles
and roads – should be. Achieving
safety and efficiency throughflexible systems which give
drivers multiple options would
make road traffic systems morehuman-friendly.
Director,
Department of Traffic Science,
National Research Institute of
Police Science
1

Some key points to consider forcountermeasures towards reducing
The “vision zero” policy in traffic accidents were shown with

Pedestrian fatalities and fatality rate
by vehicle speed (2001-2007)
Statistics for collisions from behind while stationary
by the number of accident experiences over the last 5 years

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.1

287

Page 4Tsinghua Week at Todai – International Forumon Public Safety and Disaster Emergency Management
The University of Tokyo (Todai)
and Tsinghua University have been
jointly organizing Todai-Tsinghua
Week for the purpose of deepening
mutual exchange of research andactivities. This program was first
hosted by Tsinghua University in
2008, and the University of Tokyo
hosted the second event, Tsinghua
Week at Todai, on May 12 to 14,
2010.
ICUS and the Center for Public
Safety Research (CPSR), Tsinghua
University,organized
theInternational Forum on Public
Safety and Disaster Emergency
Management on May 12 and 13
as part of Tsinghua Week at Todai.
The forum included three parts: akeynote speech at the week’s
opening
ceremony
andInternational Forum for Doctoral
Candidates on Public Safety on
May 12 and the International
Forum on Public Safety andDisaster Emergency Management
on May 13.
Followingtheopeningspeeches by both universities’
presidents, Prof. O. Hamada andProf. B. Gu, two keynote speeches
were provided. In the first
keynote speech, Prof. W. Fan(Director of CPSR) presented“Emergency Management andPublic Safety Science andTechnology in China,” in which
the framework, methodology,
application, and recent progress
were introduced. Following that,
Prof. K. Meguro (Director ofICUS) presented his keynote
speech “Integrated Information
System for Total Disaster
Management,” in which a newgeneration disaster manual basedon user, time and purposes wasintroduced.
In the International Forum for
Doctoral Candidates on Public
Safety, eighteen doctoral students
presented their studies covering awide range of issues in the areasof urban safety, including
emergency management for urban
disasters, advanced technologies
for monitoring and managementof urban safety, risk assessment,
prediction, early-warning ofurban disasters, and so on. Manyinteresting and fruitful discussions
were held during this time.
In the International Forum on
Public Safety and Disaster
Management, Prof. T. Yashiro(Director General of the Instituteof Industrial Science, theUniversity of Tokyo), Prof. Fan,and Prof. Meguro provided theopening speeches.

The forum then began with Prof.
H. Zhang, who introduced theemergency management systemand standardization in China,
followed by Prof. A. Tanaka’spresentation about information
managementfor
efficientemergency disaster response.
Next, Prof. Q. Zhang presented
energy and environmental safetyissues within the context of globalchange. The relationship between
climate change and hydrologicaldisaster were presented by Prof.
M. Kimoto, then Prof. Megurodelivered a lecture about disaster
simulation tools. Risk analysis
integrating uncertainties waspresented by Prof. Y. Liu, andtopics on urban planning forearthquake disaster mitigationand studies on urban safety
problems using multi-scale andmulti-physics
modelswere
introduced by Prof. T. Kato andProf. H. Huang, respectively.
Finally, in the last session, Prof.
S. Kato gave a lecture aboutcountermeasures for air-infectious
disease and bioterrorism andProf. H. Zhang made a speech on
the methodology for integrated
risk assessment of multi-hazard
events.
This event provided an
opportunity to share the latest
technologies and information anddiscuss possible means for joint
research with the overall purposeof raising the level of public
safety-relatedscienceandtechnology in both countries.
(by H. Huang, CPSR,
Tsinghua University)

Group photo of forum participants

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.1

288

Page 5

Exploring environmental change adaptation
covering disaster management aspects using watershed as a unit
My name is Akiyuki Kawasaki,
and I joined ICUS from thisApril as a project researcher. I’m
also acting as coordinator for
the Regional Network Office for
Urban Safety (RNUS), as well
as visiting faculty of the Water
Engineering Management fieldat the School of Engineering andTechnology, Asian Institute ofTechnology, Thailand.
After getting my doctoral degree
and working at Yokohama National
University, I conducted researchat United Nations University,
Harvard University, and at theInstitute of Industrial Science, theUniversity of Tokyo. I have over
13 years of experience utilizing
GIS (Geographic Information
Systems) for multidisciplinary
environmental research whiledeveloping systematic approaches
for integrating a wide range ofdata models, data formats, andresearch methodologies into acommonGIS
computingenvironment. Using GIS as themain tool, I have been conducting
research on both disastermanagement such as landslideand earthquake response, andenvironmental management suchas an integrated approach toevaluate the potential impact ofprecipitation and land-use change
on stream flow.
By combining my career and
ICUS’s and RNUS’s splendid
research
resources
andnetworks, I would like to explore
comprehensive
environmental
research which involves disastermanagement – for example,
waster resources management
as a strategy for disaster risk
reduction.

Political boundary (national border) approach vs. natural boundary(watershed/basin) approach

Let me introduce my current
study in the Mekong River Basin,
the longest international river in
Asia. The concept of water
security is becoming morecommon because many of thelarge river basins of the world areshared among several nations.
Developing a scientific frameworkforcross-boundarywater
resources adaptation is urgently
required as water becomes scarcer,
and thus conflicts over water morecommon, due to economic
development, population growthand climate change. To contributeto solving this issue, I’m
investigating how water and its
benefits can be fairly shared
among riparian countries using
the Mekong River Basin as a study
area.
Conventionally, river basin
policy is divided by “manmade” boundaries such as
national and provincial borders.
However, “natural boundaries”
such as watersheds, the area ofland in which all of the water
which is under it or drains offof it goes into the same place, isconsidered as a promising way forpromoting better environmental
management. Therefore, I’m

examining the utility of the two
approaches – a “watershed”
approach and a “political unit”(national boundary) approach –for water resources adaptationin cross-boundary river basins
by comparing a range of climate
adaptation
strategies
forcooperation among the ripariannations. GIS is among the best
tools for analyzing this kind ofregional issue.
Although environmental aspects
such as climate change and socioeconomic factors such as
population increase have been
considered, disaster management
aspects such as food risk reduction
should also be incorporated, thus
supporting decision making on
globalchangeadaptation
strategy. This is an across-theboard, complex and challenging
theme, but I would like to address
this issue by collaborating withICUS researchers and beyond
using GIS as a multidisciplinary
collaboration tool among fields.
I always appreciate suggestions
and support towards myresearch.
(by A. Kawasaki)

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289

Page 6Development of IT triage system

Slightly-injured patients after the first and the second triage (left)
and system utilizing FeliCa reader (right)

Prof. K. Meguro, Prof. M.
Ohara, and Dr. M. Numada havedeveloped an IT triage systemfor collecting disaster medical
information in real time. FeliCa
cards and card readers are used toobtain the number and conditionof patients.
The system is composed of twoelements. First, the number ofpatients for each triage level andthe accepted number of patientsin each diagnosis and treatment
department are obtained in realtime, including response forchanging triage level. Second, thisinformation can be shared amonghospitals, the administration, andresidents in real time who aresearching for their family.

A disaster drill utilizing thissystem was held at the University
of Yamanashi Hospital with 450
participants from 9:30 on May 22nd,
2010. During this drill, the system
displayed the number of patientsin real time according to triage
level, the number of consultation
patients of each diagnosis andtreatment department, and easily
showed the change in triage level.
This system can upgrade thecurrent triage and also support
sharing of this information
across an entire region, including
other hospitals, administrators,
and residents, to facilitate quicktransfer of patients and support
response to patients’ families.
(by M. Numada)

Project on Amazonian Carbon Dynamics (Part II)
Following our first article in the
ICUS Newsletter Vol. 9, No. 3 on the“CArbon Dynamics of Amazonian
Forests” (CADAF) project, we
can announce that the project has
officially begun from the end of May
2010. From May 19th to June 2nd,
Prof. H. Sawada, Dr. T. Endo, andMr. Y. Sawada (project researcher)visited São Paulo and Manaus in
Brazil to meet the Forestry andForest Products Research Institute(FFPRI) and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA),
Japan, and the Instituto Nacionalde Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA)
and the National Institute forSpace Research (INPE), Brazil.
In this project, we will survey the
Amazonian forest using an airborne
fullwaveform LiDAR instrument toevaluate forest inventory such as
terrain under the trees, dominant
tree height and geographicalposition. The fullwaveform LiDAR

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.1

290

instrument is the latest LiDAR
sensor and can receive the returned
laser pulses from objects as acontinuous signal. We believe this
instrument will work well in the
Amazonian forest.
During our stay in São Paulo,
we discussed how to measure theAmazonian forest using the LiDAR
instrument with the local survey
company, and established plans tobegin the first LiDAR measurementin September.
After that, Dr. Endo and Mr.

Sawada moved to Manaus toconfirm the measurement methods
for terrain and tree height using thelaser distance meter and trained
the local staff in the measurement
protocol.
We will visit Manaus again
this September to evaluate thepreliminary results derived fromthe LiDAR data, and will introduce
and discuss some of the highlightsof the project in part III of thisarticle.
(by T. Endo)

Airplane used for LiDAR measurement

Page 7

Joint research on PP-band technology in China
Prof. K. Meguro (Director,
ICUS) Dr. M. Numada (Research
Associate, ICUS), and Mr. F. Ito(Senior Researcher, Infrastructure
Development Institute, Japan)
visited China from April 14th to
23rd, 2010, for joint research on theapplication of PP-band method tomasonry structures in China.
We first exchanged views
on how to use the PP-band
technology locally in China with
the China Development Research
Foundation and China Earthquake
Administration, then conducted asite survey on masonry houses inthe suburban area of Lhasa City
(altitude: roughly 4,700 meters).
Finally, we gave a lecture anddemonstrated the installationof PP-band method to Chinese
engineers using 1/3-scale models.
The PP-band retrofitting method
was conceived and developed

so that it can be implemented
even by low-income people indeveloping countries using strong
and durable but very cheap
polypropylene bands as a new,simple, and efficient seismic
retrofitting technique. Mesh madeof PP-bands, as a seismic
reinforcement material, can beeasily and inexpensively fabricatedat the site with locally-available
materials.
During the discussion with the
China Development Research
Foundation and China Earthquake
Administration, the researchbackground and purpose of the PPband technology was explainedby Prof. Meguro, including
experimental results carried out
in Japan. Afterwards, there werequestions about applicability
to Chinese structures, and thediscussion became a positive skills

Discussion on PP-band
technology

Demonstration of PP-band
technology in Harbin City

Site survey in Lhasa City

session.
In the site survey of Lhasa City,
characteristics such as strong
ultraviolet rays, large temperaturefluctuations, and strong windexposure were all identified.
The house roofs in this region
are therefore heavy with woodand clay layers and are neither
connected nor fixed to the walls.
This may contribute to collapse
during an earthquake.
Eleven Chinese engineers from
Lhasa City came to the China
Earthquake Administration in
Harbin City to participate inpracticing the PP-band retrofitting
method. The necessary supplies
and tools, such as PP-band,welding machine for making PPband mesh, drills for creating
holes in the walls of existinghouses, and so forth were prepared
locally. The practice itself
consisted of making PP-band
mesh, wrapping, and installing themesh to the masonry model under
the guidance of the Japanese
members. During this collaborative
activity, the effects of PP-band
technology, practical points for
its installation at the actual site,and more were covered, withparticularly positive discussion on
the method for fixing the roof and
the PP-band mesh due to the highimportance of roof fixation forearthquake resistance.
The Yushu Earthquake in China
occurred on April 14th, just after
we arrived in China. More than
90% of the buildings in the affectedarea were heavily damaged, andthe number of victims reachedas high as 2,000 people. The
importance of this joint research
can be recognized in light of thisdevastating disaster.
(by M. Numada)

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291

Page 8Institute of Industrial Science Open House 2010

A busy day at ICUS during the IIS Open House 2010

The Institute of Industrial
Science (IIS) organized and held
the IIS Open House on June 3rd,
4th, and 5th. This event provides anopportunity for people of all ages
and professions to explore the
IIS campus and learn about the

research activities being conducted
at IIS, the University of Tokyo.
ICUS has been participating in
the Open House since its inception
in 2001, taking the opportunity
to educate people about ICUS
activities on the different aspects ofurban safety issues.
This year, over 300 people
visited ICUS, with nearly 200 ofthem participating in the ICUS
quiz and receiving ICUS goods
such as towels, key chains, andmore. Research works on display
included disaster simulation andeducation, seismic retrofitting
and evaluation, remote sensing
and geospatial technologies,
maintenance and deterioration of
infrastructure, traffic engineering
and urban planning, with increasing
consideration of environmental
disaster such as climate change.
BNUS and RNUS activities over the
past year were also summarized.
(by M. Henry)

18th ICUS Open Lecture held at IIS
The 18th ICUS Open Lecture
was jointly organized with theAdvanced Mobility ResearchCenter (ITS Center) and held at
IIS on April 27th, 2010, withapproximately 110 participants.
Four lectures were given on thetheme “Traffic Safety and ITS,”
focusing on how traffic safety canbe improved and how ITS(Intelligent Transport Systems)
can contribute towards such

Prof. M. Kuwahara

Mr. Y. Nishida

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.1

292

improvement.
Prof. M. Kuwahara (ITS center,
IIS, and Tohoku University)
introduced ITS Center’s research
activities regarding traffic safety.
Mr. Y. Nishida of the National
Research Institute of Police
Science discussed the expectations
for ITS based on traffic accident
analysis. Prof. H. Akahane of the
Chiba Institute of Technology
presented how ITS can be used toenhance people’s awareness of
traffic safety, followed by Mr. K.
Yamada of Nissan Motor Co.,
Ltd., who presented state-of-theart technologies to prevent traffic
accidents. Finally, after thesepresentations, a panel discussion
was held and the potential for ITS
to enhance traffic safety was
explored.

Prof. H. Akahane(by S. Tanaka)

Mr. K. Yamada

Page 9

BNUS coverage of urban disasters in Dhaka, BangladeshOver the last three months there
have been several urban disasters
in Bangladesh. The first was thecollapse of a five-story building in
Dhaka’s Begunbari area on June
2nd, which killed at least 25 people,
including 11 women and children.
Originally, the owner had
permission to construct a threestory structure, but it was laterchanged to five stories. Rescue
work was difficult due to narrow
access routes, gas leaks, anddamaged electricity lines. Most
residents of the collapsed structure
escaped harm whereas people
living in the surrounding tin
houses were trapped under the
rubble. Similar incidents haveoccurred before in Dhaka,particularly in older areas, so thedevelopmental authority is taking
measures to inventory buildings
with vulnerable foundations andstructures and buildings without
proper authorization and arrange
their demolition or reinforcement.
On June 3rd, a large fire broke

Aftermath of building collapse

out in the densely-populated
Nimtoli area in Dhaka. At least
117 people were killed andhundreds injured. Investigations
found that the fire originated at an
oil stove and spread to nearby
chemicalwarehouses.
Such
factories for chemicals, plastics,
rubber, etc. are commonly locatedon the lower levels of residentialbuildings. In addition, houses in
Dhaka are not equipped with firefighting equipment such as
extinguishers, hose pipes, and soforth, nor do they have sufficientspace for emergency exits in thestairwells. This incident greatly

Five buildings burning in Nimtoli
in Old Dhaka

exposes the vulnerability to fire indensely-populated areas due tounplanned urbanization, narrow
roadways, and lack of awareness.
Proper land-use patterns need tobeestablishedfollowingdevelopment plans and strictbuilding enforcement in order toprevent such events from occurringin the future. Currently, BNUS is
conducting a field survey toevaluate current fire-fighting
systems and develop an evacuation
plan for residents of Dhaka.
(by M.A. Ansary, BNUS)

Commendation for Science and Technology to Prof. Meguro
Prof. Kimiro Meguro, Directorof ICUS, and Dr. Fumiaki
Uehan,
Railway
Technical
Research Institute, received theCommendation for Science andTechnology from the Ministerof Education, Culture, Sports,
Science, and Technology, Prizes

Prof. Meguro and Dr. Uehan after receiving their award

for Science and Technology,
Development category, 2010.
Their award-winning research wason the development of a method toremotely measure microtremorsfor vibration diagnosis of railway
structural systems using Laser
Doppler
Velocimeter(LDV)
which can accurately estimate
the dynamic characteristics of an
existing reinforced-concrete rigidframe structure. We congratulate
Prof. Meguro on this prestigious
award.
(by H. Sawada)

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293

Page 10

RNUS seminar on fiber reinforced concrete

Seminar participants

On June 30th, RNUS (Regional
Network Office for Urban Safety)organized a seminar on “Fiber
Reinforced Cement Composites(FRCC) and Concrete (FRC)” at
Milton Bender Auditorium, Asian
Institute of Technology (AIT),
Thailand.
Two
speakersdeliveredpresentations. First, Dr. Praveen

Chompreda, Program Directorof the Department of Civil
Engineering, Mahidol University,
gave a lecture on “Strength andshrinkage properties of fiber
reinforced cement composite.”
Following that, Dr. Withit Pansuk,
Lecturer in the Department ofCivil Engineering, Chulalongkorn
University, delivered a presenta-tion on “Shear capacity of ultrahigh strength fiber reinforced
concrete beams.”
About 25 participants joined theseminar, including undergraduate
and graduate students from thestructural engineering field at
AIT and the Department of Civil
Engineering and Technology at
Sirindhorn International Instituteof Technology (SIIT), Thammasat
University, as well as researchers
fromready-mixed
concretecompanies. There were many
fruitful discussions regarding thechallenges and future of FRCC
and FRC, and the seminar wasconsidered successful.
(by A. Kodaka)

Seminar with Nanyang Technological University at ICUSOn April 26th, 2010, a delegation offive representatives from Nanyang
Technological University (NTU),
Singapore, visited ICUS and IIS.
The delegation, led by Prof. T.C.
Pan, attended a seminar at ICUS
on topics related to disaster anddisaster management.
During the morning, Prof. T.
Oki, a former member of ICUS,
introduced research works related
to hydrological processes, modeling,

and flooding. After lunch, both
ICUS and NTU members visited
Prof. T. Yashiro, Director Generalof IIS, for the renewal of a joint
research protocol between theCollege of Engineering, NTU, andIIS. In the afternoon, Prof. K. Meguro
and Prof. H. Sawada presented
ICUS research works covering
remote sensing technologies and
GIS for urban disaster mitigation,
integrated seismic and tsunami

hazard assessment, evacuation
simulation,
earthquake
loss
modeling,
vulnerability
andstrengthening, and more.
From
this
exchangeofknowledge, it is hoped that ICUS
can support disaster mitigationand management in Singapore
and Asia through cooperation andcollaboration with colleagues at
NTU.
(by M. Henry)

Discussion between NTU delegation and ICUS members

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294

Page 11

ICUS Activities● Prof. K. Meguro and Dr. M.
Numada traveled to Lhasa andHarbin cities in China from
April 14th to 23rd for site survey
and teaching of the PP-band
retrofitting method.
● Prof. H. Sawada and Dr. T. Endo
visited Brazil from May 19th to

May 26th to oversee the start ofthe project on carbon dynamics
of the Amazonian forest. Dr.
Endo remained in Brazil until
June 2nd to conduct equipmenttraining.
● Prof. R. Kuwano attended the
7th International Symposium on

Physical Modeling in Geotechnics
in Zurich, Switzerland, from
June 26th to July 3rd.
● Dr. A. Kawasaki traveled to AITin Bangkok, Thailand, fromMay 16th to 23rd for overseeing
RNUS activities.

Awards● Prof. R. Kuwano received the Best
Paper Award from the Japanese
Geotechnical Society for her

frozen and reconstituted sandy
soils.”

paper entitled “Aging effects on
small strain shear moduli andliquefaction properties of in-situ

New ICUS members

Prof. T. Kato

Dr. A. Kawasaki

ICUS would like to welcome four
new additions to our center as ofApril 1st, 2010. Associate Professor
Takaaki Kato joined the Urban
Safety and Disaster Mitigation
Division, and Dr. Akiyuki
Kawasaki, Dr. Shinya Kondo, andDr. Michael Henry joined as ICUS
project staff.
Prof. T. Kato moved to ICUS
from the Department of Urban
Engineering. His research field is“urban planning and engineering
for social safety systems,” focusing
on the safety of cities and regions
considering spatial structure andcomposition of urban areas andutilizing social and technicalsystems.
Dr. A. Kawasaki joined ICUS
after serving as a JSPS research

Dr. S. Kondo

fellow in Meguro Laboratory. He
received his Doctor of EngineeringfromYokohama
National
University, and has also conducted
research at United Nations
University and Harvard University.
He is highly experienced inutilizing GIS for multi-disciplinary
research covering both disaster andenvironmental management.
Dr. S. Kondo came to ICUS fromthe Disaster Reduction and Human
Renovation Institute in Kobe,
Japan, where he was a researchscientist. He earned his Ph.D. in
Meguro Laboratory in ICUS while
researching a new-style disastermanagement manual. His research
topics also include disaster
information management andsimulation and support programs

Dr. M. Henry

for areas isolated after disasters.
Dr. M. Henry entered ICUS after
graduating from Kato Yoshitaka
Laboratory in ICUS. His Ph.D.
research proposed a frameworkfor developing and assessing
sustainable concrete materials
considering social perspectives.
During that study, he focused on
the Japanese concrete industry,
but will continue his research byextending the scope to include
other Asian countries.
Please see either this volume
or the next volume of the ICUS
Newsletter for more detailed
information about the newmembers’ research topics.
(by K. Meguro)

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295

Page 12
Editor’s Note
During the period of this issue, theFIFA World Cup was held in South
Africa, and a lot of people spent many
sleepless nights cheering for theirfavorite teams. Japan got throughthe group stage and proceeded tothe elimination round, which wasa very exciting event for Japanesepeople – particularly because there
had been very little expectation
before the games began. From this,we could learn a couple of things.

One is of course that believing in
one’s own way regardless of others’
evaluation is important. Another isthat people’s attitudes and behaviors
may change very easily dependingon the situation.
In the main article, Mr. Nishida
showed the importance of considering
human factors leading to traffic
accidents based on analyses frompractice. The panelists, including
Mr. Nishida, in the ICUS Openlecture held in April also discussed
the possibility of ITS to prevent

accidents, but it is subject to how
people use ITS. As our society is anaggregation of people’s activities, wealways have to keep in mind that any
technologies or countermeasures
to improve urban safety must be
developed considering the existenceof people – that is, how people are
involved in the system, how they
think of it, and how they use it.
(by S. Tanaka)

Announcement of Joint Symposium on Geospatial Technologies and 4th IIS Alumni Party
We would like to announce that RNUS (Regional Network for Urban Safety) will organize the 4th IIS Alumni
Party in downtown Bangkok on Saturday, November 27th, following a joint symposium on the ”Forefront andchallenges of geospatial technologies for environmental and disaster management in Southeast Asia”. IIS
alumni includes not only graduates but also those who had any relationship with IIS (as staff, post-doc, etc).
Alumni from the Department of Civil Engineering, RCAST, Hongo campus and other Todai alumni are also
warmly welcomed. Some IIS professors will join it and the party is free of charge. For more detail, pleasecheck the RNUS website.
<http://www.set.ait.ac.th/rnus/rnusnew/>.
If you would like to contribute an article to ICUS newsletter or have any comments or suggestions,please contact the editorial committee at icus@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp. Any article within the scope of urban
safety engineering and management will be considered for publication after internal peer review by
the editorial committee. To know the scope of ICUS activities, please visit ICUS homepage at http://
icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, ICUS
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Tel: (+81-3)5452-6472, Fax: (+81-3)5452-6476
http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/296

PRINTED MATTERICUS NEWSLETTER

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 2
JULY-SEPTEMBER 2010

RESTRUCTURING OF URBAN AREAS AND
MODERNIZATION OF RURAL AREAS
DURING POST-EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION
By
Takaaki Kato1
INTRODUCTION
The Wenchuan earthquake,
which occurred on May 12, 2008
in Suchuan, China, was one of
the largest disasters in the past
hundred years. It measured 7.9
on the moment-magnitude scale(USGS) and is the largest class ofinland earthquake. The epicenter
was located in a mountainringed region and the focal areaof the earthquake spanned threehundred kilometers in the northsouth direction; therefore, a huge
number of villages suffered fromdevastating damage, but urban
areas (except Dujiangyan City and
Qushan Town in Beichuan) avoided
serious damage. The fatalities,
however, were reported to be morethan 90,000 and the number ofcollapsed buildings approximately
8 million. If the earthquake had
hit at Chengdu City – the closest

mega-city to the epicenter with apopulation of more than 10 million– the disaster could have been theworst in the world.
Presently, more than two years
have passed since the earthquake
occurred. During this period, thepost-disaster reconstruction has
been progressing at a steady but

remarkable speed.
Post-disaster urban reconstruction
and rehabilitation have become
important themes in the academic
field of urban planning as a shift
towards disaster preparedness
after the Great Hanshin-Awaji
earthquake disaster. The situation of
post-disaster urban reconstruction

Post-disaster reconstruction plans shown at reconstruction exhibitionin Chengdu City in October 2009

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

297

Page 2

Seismic intensity

Location of Wenchuan Earthquake affected area and distribution of seismic intensity(http://www.ndrcc.gov.cn)

varies depending on specific factorsof the affected areas such as urban
planning institution, government
system, and historical factors
such as economic development.
However, it is important to share theexperiences and learn the lessons
beyond these differences, as thiscan contribute to fruitful ideas andconcepts for forth-coming postdisaster urban reconstruction in
Japan.
This article reports the current
situation of urban reconstruction,and introduces the results ofinvestigations on the reconstruction
plan of rural areas and Dujiangyan
City.
PRESENT SITUATIONOF AREA AFFECTEDBY WENCHUAN EQ
The first step for urban
reconstruction was early anddynamic. The reconstruction
plan envisioned a rosy future, as
demonstrated at an exhibition
for urban reconstruction held at
Chengdu City five months after theearthquake. Presently, this dreamis being put into reality. Postearthquake reconstruction has been
implemented at an amazingly highpace, as the national government

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

298

declared that reconstruction should
be completed within three years,
and it was finished a year aheadof schedule. Sixty kilometers ofhigh-speed railway connecting
Chengdu and Dujiangyan was also
completed and started commercial
service in May 2010.
Post-disasterreconstruction
has two meanings – relief of theaffected people and development
for the coming future – andthe balance between these two
factors is said to be an important
key for success in post-disasterreconstruction. Considering theimages of reconstruction it would
appear that Dujiangyan focusedmore on the latter. However,remarkable relief policies such as
house-space exchange systems
for the affected households were
implemented in the background of
the high-speed economic period,
so we can understand that the
government intended to balancethese two factors.
The earthquake mainly hit therural areas, except for Dujiangyan
City, which has world heritage
sites, and Qushan Town, whichis the central town in Beichuan.
During the planning process,housing supply for the affectedhouseholds was given high priority.

New houses were supplied by“new farm village construction”
in rural areas and developmentof new urban areas in the cities.
Urban redevelopment of the innercity was planned after settling.
FARM RECONSTRUCTION
IN RURAL AREAS
Various kinds of “new village
constructions” were implemented
with the objectives of modernizing
life and industrialization in China
during the early 2000s. Sichuan
has a large amount of farmers, so
it experienced many trial models
of “new village construction.”
The reconstruction in rural areas
was based on the new village
construction plans which werealready in place.
The
reconstruction
wasconducted at a high pace and large
scale beyond what is possible
in Japan. Planning and design
drawings were given to thousandsof villages in the affected areas
and each village was reconstructedjust as shown in the drawings. By
March 2010, new life had alreadybegun in many villages and, at thepresent, the situation in rural areas
appears like an exhibition for newvillage models.

Page 3

RECONSTRUCTION IN
URBAN AREAS
Dujiangyan City developed new
residential areas and restructured
inner city areas, and residential
apartments for affected households
were nearly completed in May 2010.
These houses, however, are notpublic housing for affected people
but for general sale, following a
Chinese-specificcharacteristic
policy. The house-space exchangesystem was a new institution
published by the government one
month after the earthquake. All
households which lost houses
were to be given a new house of
70 square meters and, in exchange,
they would give up their rights totheir original house and land. Most
people chose this institution andreceived new houses, except fora few people who rebuilt on theoriginal site.
This institution aims to quickly
handle disposition rights andaccelerate housing acquisition for
affected households, while also
moving those households fromthe inner city to the suburbs. This
strategy thus made redevelopmentof the inner city easier and, infact, the inner city redevelopment
plan was published as soon as theaffected households signed thecontract to relocate. Currently, theinner city redevelopment is being
fully carried out and, next year,
Dujiangyan City will present a new,redeveloped face to the world.
Qushan Town in Beichuan,
which was devastated by hugelandslides, was moved to a flatsite more than 20 kilometers awayfrom its original location. The newtown has been constructed but theoriginal town will be preserved
without change as a “museum ofearthquake disaster,” and will serveas an important tourism resource protection of individual lives andthere is little consideration of future
for the region.
reconstruction of cities or regions.
There is a large difference in
CONCLUSION
conditions, as Japan is facing low
Dynamic reconstruction has economic growth and a decreasing
been performed in area affected by population, whereas China is in
the Wenchuan earthquake. Perhaps a high economic growth period.
it can be said that the disaster Clearly, many more lessons may be
accelerated the modernization of learned from these reconstruction
the rural area and redevelopment activities.
of urban areas. This situation1
is in contrast to recent cases in
Associate Professor, ICUS, IIS,Japan, where the focus is on the
The University of Tokyo

A typical reconstruction model for “new village construction”
in Pengzhou (top) and Dujiangyan (bottom), March 2010

Original Qushan Town in Beichuan

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

299

Page 4

Flooding of the Indus River in Pakistan
The Indus River is a major andhistorical river which runs throughPakistan, starting from the northernareas of Pakistan adjacent to China
and India. Its main source is fromthe melting of snow and monsoon
rains. In the hilly area where theIndus River starts, the temperature
is below zero degrees most of thewinter, and heavy snowfall occurs
in these areas. In summer, this snow
melts and, at the same time,
monsoon rains occur. The meltingof snow coupled with heavy rains
produces severe flooding. The
Indus River passes through thewhole length of Pakistan and isjoined by many other tributary
rivers, such as the Kabul River,
Jhelum River, Chenab River, Ravi
River, and Sutlej River, etc.

Ultimately, the Indus River
discharges into the Arabian Sea at
Tatta near Karachi.
In 2010, the melt was higher than
the average due to wildfires in
Russia and higher-than-averagetemperatures; at the same time,
monsoons produced a heavier
rainfall than the average yearly
precipitation value, and NASA andthe
Pakistan
Meteorological
Department cautioned that the riskof flooding was high from July to
September 2010.
This water caused heavy flooding
in northern Pakistan. Since theseareas are hilly, the flood area wassmall but the water velocity was
high, which led to the collapse ofwaterway structures such as
bridges. Further downstream more

Areas in Pakistan affected by flooding of the Indus River(source: United Nations Officefor the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

300

water entered the Indus River fromthe tributaries and this accumulated
water flooded the area between the
Jhelum and the Indus Rivers.
Discharge from other rivers into
the Indus combined at Panjnad in
Punjab and submerged the city of
Sukkur. Areas along the 2,200
kilometer-length of the Indus wereseverely affected by the flood andmost infrastructure such as bridges,
roads, villages and recreational
places on river banks werecompletely flushed.
Many reasons for this flooding
have been pointed out:
• In 2010, the monsoon rains
were above average compared
to previous years• The melting of snow was above
average due to wildfires in
Russia• Lack of water storage
reservoirs• Global warming
The disaster caused by this flood
was the severest in the history of
Pakistan.
Damagestatistics
include:• Flooding submerged 17 million
acres of land, caused scarcity offood in the near future.
• Communications facilities weredamaged due to flooding, andthe damage estimated was 131
million US$.
• In most flood areas, many
residential structures weredamaged; in some areas, whole
villages were destroyed.
• 1,961 deaths and 2,995 injuries
were reported; overall, morethan 20 million people wereaffected.
(by Mr. S. Nazir,
former Meguro Lab student)Page 52010 Darfield (Canterbury) Earthquake – initial report
The magnitude 7.1 Darfield(Canterbury) earthquake occurredat 4:35am 4 September 2010
(NZST) on the previously
unknown Greendale fault. The
surface rupture was a dextral
strike-slip extending about 30km.
The maximum surface groundmovement was approximately
4.6m and the rupture zone was 30
to 300 m along the fault. The focus
was approximately 11km deep andwas located about 8km southeast
of Darfield and about 37km westof the centre of New Zealand’s
second largest city, Christchurch.
This area is considered to be in azone of moderate seismicity. In
the weeks subsequent to the main
shock, a number of aftershocks
rocked the region and caused
strong localized shaking andfurther damage and liquefaction.
Possibly one of the mostsignificant effects of the earthquake
was the extensive damage tolifelines and residential houses
resulting from liquefaction andlateral spreading. This occurred
primarily in areas close to major
streams, rivers and wetlands
throughout Christchurch as wellas Kaiapoi, approximately 19km
north of Christchurch. Ejection ofsilt causing a blanket over 200mm
thick occurred in many regions.
Lateral spreading of up to 3m
caused large cracks and damaged
houses severely. Houses settled
unevenly, and many kilometres ofwater pipe and wastewater pipe
were damaged. Empty sumps
floated and roads had up to 0.5m
vertical offsets.
Older residential houses sufferedcollapse of brick chimneys. Olderhouses often had vertical andhorizontal cracks around the

33 cm vertical offset observed at
St. Paul’s Church, Dallington(Cubrinovski et al.)Damage to ceilings and contents(photo: Giacomo Paganotti)

interior gypsum board. Many
houses on good soil, especiallythose with lighter roofs built on aslab-on-grade foundation suffered
no damage at all. A number ofolder unretrofitted unreinforced
masonry (URM) structures in thecentral business district partiallycollapsed, and many unreinforced
brick parapets collapsed onto thefootpath below.
Newer multi-storey structuresgenerally seemed to behave well.
One structure made from concrete
indicated beam plastic hinge
rotations; in others, damage wasevident in gravity columns or at
the ends of simply supported
precast beams. Most structures
showed no distress, and the baseisolated hospital performed well.
Non-structural damage caused
themajorityofbusinessinterruption in both older andnewer structures. This resulted
from ceiling tiles falling, cracking
in internal linings and contents
falling to the ground. The
University of Canterbury wasclosed for 2 weeks while ceilingtiles were replaced over some
lecture theatres. Damage to watersupply systems and leaked waterfrom broken pipes led to fallingwall tiles. Damage to tiles andcarpet occurred at internal building

separation joints.
While the Darfield Earthquake
was similar in magnitude to the2010 Mw 7.0 Haiti earthquake,there was no loss of life and only 2
injuries. One of the major reasonsfor this difference is the time of
day the earthquake occurred.
Nevertheless, it shows that asystem of building construction
controls, while never perfectly
followed, can be very effective in
limiting life and other losses.
The initial estimate of losses is
NZ $4 billion. All residential
houses are insured by the NZ
Earthquake Commission to NZ$100,000 before private insurance
takes over. These insurances arebringing a lot of money into theregion and mitigate long termlosses.
Acknowledgement
This report, was made possible
by information provided by many
researchers from around the world.
Much of this is recorded in the
Bulletin of the New ZealandSocietyforEarthquake
Engineering, 43(4), Dec. 2010.
(by Prof. G. MacRae,
University of Canterbury)

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Page 6

Project on Amazonian Carbon Dynamics (Part II)
Hundreds of forest fires werereported this summer in Russia.
According to the Russian Newsand Information Agency, RIA
Novosti (http://en.rian.ru), the fires
killed over 50 people, burned out
more than 2,000 homes, making
thousands homeless, and affected
11 million hectares of crops. Pilots
from neighboring countries, suchas Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan,Azerbaijan, Italy, France, andTurkey fought to smother thewildfires,whilemanyothercountries
contributed rescue works. RussianPrime Minister Vladimir Putin
said on 15 September, 2010, “Nextyear we will allocate 2.5 billion
rubles (US$ 81 million) for forest
rehabilitation and 5 billion rubles(US$ 161.5 million) for preventing
wildfires.” In line with Russian law,

the Russian Emergencies Ministry
is in charge of extinguishing fires
only in residential areas, not inforests, so new amendments arenecessary. In the end of September,satellite images started to show us
a sequence of forest fires in east

Siberia. The smokes from east
Siberia sometimes cover northern
Japan and we cannot stop watching
the wildfires in Russia.
(by H. Sawada)

Land surface temperature anomaly in September 2010 (NASA)

RC67 Committee Activities
Recently in Japan, forest
management
andeducationusing actual forests have been
implemented as CSR (Corporate
Social Responsibility) activities

Lecture on CSR activities
in the forest

Forest visit

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

302

by many private companies.
However, no one is surewhether these activities areenvironmentally-friendly or not,so from April 2009 ICUS started
RC67 (Research Committee 67)
with several private companies
to evaluate the CSR activities
currently being implemented.
Over the last year, we haveinvestigated more than 200 CSR
reports in all types of industries andthen reported on the re-forestation
or educational activities using
actual forests as CSR activities.
These reports are available fromICUS in Japanese.
This year, we are investigating
howCSR
activities
areimplemented. As part of ourinvestigation, we visited theforest owned by Mitsubishi Paper
Mills Ltd. on August 3, 2010.

Implemented CSR activities
included forest education on theindustrial method for producing
paper and forest management
methods such as thinning and reforestation, and the importanceof forest conservation. These
activities are implemented forboth the company employees andthe community.
The purpose of CSR activity is
to develop a younger generation
who doesn’t purchase products
from illegal logging and who
thinks sustainable logging andutilization of trees is importance.
When the younger generation
with these values grows up, it may
help to reduce illegal logging – orso we hope.
(by T. Endo)Page 7Development of a new-style simulation exercise
Disaster Reduction and Human
Renovation
Institute(DRI),
established in Kobe City after the
Kobe earthquake disaster, developed
a Simulation Exercise for emergency
response headquarters, Management
by Objectives (SEMO), based on
the result of several years ofexperience. The purpose of SEMO
is to perform and learn how tomanage an emergency response
headquarters based on management
by objectives.
Management by objectives is one
type of management method. DRI
researchers adapted this method tothe style of disaster response as anorganization based on past disaster
experiences. Management by
objectives consists of threeprinciples: “sharing the common
operational picture with allconcerned,” “developing action
plan with strong objectives,” and“conducting
strategic
publicrelations.”
The basic model of SEMO
consists of five stages: “orientation,”“team
meeting,”“exercise,”“simulated press conference,” and“evaluation.” To design a real
exercise, the basic model iscustomized based on the constrained
conditions, the object of theexercise, and time for exercise.
“Exercise” means the fieldparticipants practice managementof
emergency
headquarters
according to management by
objectives.
The training course based on
SEMO was conducted at DRI. The
main target of this course was thedisaster response officer of local
government. Participants repeatedthe sequence “team meeting,”“exercise,”“simulated
press
conference,” and “evaluation”
twice after the first orientation. In
the training course, participantslearned the purpose of the course
and rules of the exercise withconcentration through orientationand team meeting. In the exercise,participants responded according
to management by objectives basedon this sequence. For example,
participants
sharedcommonoperational pictures such as writinga situation on a map. They organizedaction policies according to
problems in the affected area formaking action plan with objectives,
and they conducted strategic public
relations using maps withjournalists. If some participants
had not yet understood the purposeof this training course, then theexercise designers coached them.
During the simulated press
conference, participants announced
their own action plan with
objectives one week after theearthquake occurred to the

Sharing common operational picture

journalists. After the simulatedpress conference, each group
looked back at their response andmade a presentation summarizing
the content of their self-viewaccording to the three principles ofmanagement by objectives. Finally,
the roles of journalist and designersof exercise evaluated andcommented on the response andpresentation of the participants.
Through this training course,
almost all participants answeredthat they benefited greatly fromthis training course. Someparticipants replied that they
understood the importance ofmanagement by objectives andwould try to apply SEMO to theirdisaster training course of the local
government.
(by S. Kondo)

Training course curriculum

Strategic public relations

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303

Page 8

BNUS activities
Seminar on“Urban building fire disastermitigation focusing on
Bangladesh building fire issues”
On August 17, 2010, BNUS
and Bangladesh Fire Service andCivil Defense members organized
a seminar on “Urban building firedisaster mitigation focusing on
Bangladesh building fire issues.”
It was held at BUET, and Prof.
M.A. Ansary of BNUS moderated
the seminar. In this seminar,
renowned fire expert Prof. Shinichi
Sugahara of Tokyo Universityof Science and his visiting teampresented their experiences on fire
hazard.
An official of the Bangladesh
Fire Service and Civil Defense
also gave a lecture on “Practicalobservation of Bashundhara City
fire to Nimtoli fire.” In his lecture,
he presented very practical facts
and issues behind the fire hazard
in Bangladesh. He also gaveemphasis on the additional rules
and regulations which should beincorporated in the upcoming
National Building Code.
Dr. Sanjib Barua showed the“The academic observation of
Bashundhara City fire to Nimtoli

Participants of fire disaster mitigation seminarfire has affected many lives andproperties. The main causes behindthe large losses were inadequate
firefighting equipment in buildings
and lack of awareness aboutfire safety. These stimulate theresearchers of BNUS to conductdetailed studies on fire fighting
systems of high-rise buildings in
Dhaka City. To get an idea about
the fire fighting system in Dhaka,
2.5% of 2,150 high-rise buildings
have been surveyed (with theassistance of the Bangladesh Fire
Service and Civil Defense) from
9 zones (Dhaka City was divided
Evaluation of fire fighting
into 12 zones total). Most of thesystem at high-rise buildings
survey buildings are taller than 8
in Dhaka
stories, or high-rise.
In this study, researchers
Recently some serious fire
examinedthe existing condition ofincidents have occurred andfire fighting systems including fire
protection and detection systems,
precautionary arrangement inand around high-rise buildings,
occupants’ awareness level andevacuation plan during fire breakout and assessment of thesesystems with the Bangladesh
National Building Code (BNBC)
rules in terms of Total Score (TS).

fire in light with Bangladesh
Building Design Code,” followed
by Prof. Sugahara who delivered
a lecture on “The simple andaffordable fire protection forbuildings in Bangladesh referring
to experience in Japan.” Finally,Dr. Hideki Yoshioka, researchengineer of the Building ResearchInstitute of Japan, presented
a lecture on “The academic
evaluation of Bashundhara City
fire with respect to Japan building
fire technology.”(by M.A. Ansary, BNUS)
Educational institution with inadequate fire fighting system

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

304

Blocked emergency exit of commercial building

Page 9RNUS – ICUS’s Regional Network Officefor Urban Safety in Bangkok, Thailand
About six months have passed
since I became Coordinator of theRegional Network Office for Urban
Safety (RNUS), ICUS’s regional
research body in Bangkok,
Thailand. In this article, I would
like to describe my role andactivities in Thailand as RNUS
coordinator.
RNUS was founded in 2002 as acollaborative center jointly operated
by the School of Engineering andTechnology (SET), Asian Instituteof Technology (AIT), and ICUS.
RNUS’s missions are: establishingregional research network forsharing information and technology
in the field of urban safetyengineering; conducting collaborative research with various
research institutes, governmental
and international organizations in
Asia; and developing anddisseminating innovative urban
safety technology by considering
sustainability and unique regional
characteristics.
RNUS is now operated by threestaff: a coordinator (myself) anda secretary, Ms. Aphisorn
Suwannasuk, with supervision by
Dr. Pennung Warnitchai, Associate
Professor of SET, AIT. As
coordinator, I have three main roles
as follows.
First: enhancing RNUS activities
by organizing seminars and events
inside AIT campus and in Bangkok.
For example, this year at AIT weorganized the RNUS seminar on
Fiber Reinforced Concrete in June,
and the 3rd International Joint
Student Seminar on Civil
Infrastructures in July. In November
we will organize a Symposium on
Geospatial
Technologies
forDisaster
andEnvironmental
Management, and the 4th IIS
Thailand Alumni party in
downtown Bangkok.
Second:providingregularlectures at SET, AIT as a visiting
faculty. I will teach a course on“EIA (environmental impact
assessment) and GIS (geographic
information systems) for water

RNUS staff picture, from left to right:
Ms. Aphisorn, Dr. Pennung, Dr. Kawasaki

resource management” at the Water
Engineering and Management(WEM) field of study at SET, AIT,in the semester starting from 2011
January. In addition, I have beensupervising three Master course
students
fromAfghanistan,
Myanmar, and Pakistan at AIT’s
WEM and Disaster Preparedness
and Mitigation Management
program.
Third: conducting my own
research on sustainable watershedmanagement in the Mekong Riverbasin. Luckily, AIT is the best
location for conducting my researchbecause of the convenient access to
the Mekong region.
For further details on RNUS
activities, please visit our recentlyrenewed website. Also, you arewelcome to stop by the RNUS
office when you have theopportunity to come to Bangkok.
(by A. Kawasaki)

RNUS website: <http://www.set.ait.ac.th/rnus/>

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

305

Page 10

3rd Joint Student Seminar on Civil Infrastructures at AIT
The 3rd Joint Student Seminar on
Civil Infrastructures was held at
the Asian Institute of Technology(AIT) in Bangkok, Thailand, on
July 29 and 30.
Theparticipantsjoinedtwo main activities. First, thepresentation session was held at
AIT on July 29. In this session,
three professors gave us lectures
and then 16 students presented
their research works in various
fields such as transportation,
geotechnical, concrete structure,disaster mitigation, and applied
remote sensing engineering.
The next day, a field trip toPattaya was organized by RNUS.

We visited the Petroleum Authorityof Thailand (PTT), Sea Turtle
Conservation Center, Thai Island
and Natural History Museum andPattaya Floating Market.
This seminar provided us withmany great experiences. First,
the presentation session wasvery exciting and we could enjoy
lots of good discussion on our
research topics and exchange
communication with different
students and researchers. Second,
the field tour was an unforgettable
trip. We had many new experienceswith the other participants.
In particular, a lecture by Mr.
Chatchai Subin, staff at PTT, gave

us a good understanding of thehistory of gas transmission andits network in Thailand. Finally,
the best part of this seminar was
making many new friends with thecivil infrastructure students fromThailand, Korea, and Bangladesh.
We really appreciate the workof the organizers, Dr. Tanaka,
Dr. Kawasaki, Dr. Park, and Ms.
Aphisorn in AIT, and also theparticipation of all members whojoined the seminar. We hope next
year’s seminar will also be very
good.
(by H. Kishi, PhD student,
Sawada-Takeuchi laboratory)

Group photo of seminar participants

Severe heat wave in Japan
Japan experienced an extremely
hot summer in 2010. From Juneto September, the monthly mean
temperatures were higher thannormal (based on 1971-2000
average). The difference inJapan between the monthly mean
temperatures and normal was
higher than the global difference.
In particular, the monthly mean
temperature in August was thehighest recorded in 113 years, since
statistics began being taken 1898.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2306

In Tokyo in August, the monthly
mean temperature was 29.6°C(+2.9°C above normal); 30 days
with maximum temperatures over
30°C (+8.6 days above normal); 6
days with maximum temperatures
over 35°C (+4.8 days above
normal); and there were 30 days
with minimum temperature higher
than 25°C.
Under this severe heat, many
people suffered from heat stroke.
In the four months from June to

September, 56,119 people weretaken to hospital by ambulance
for heat stroke in Japan, and 171
people died and 1,848 people werein serious condition. Senior citizens
over the age of 65 made up 46.3%of those hospital visitors.
Overall, residents in Japan
were unable to sleep well at nightand had to endure the heavy heat
during the day.
(by S. Kondo)

Page 11

RC62 Committee Activities
ICUS Research Committee on
the performance degradation due
to ageing infrastructure (RC62) has
conducted quantitative evaluationof the performance of concrete andsoil structures towards evaluating
the performance of an entire
structure from the ground up.
This committee is targeted at real
structures and, for infrastructure
facilities, there are many different
types of structures. This particularstudy looked at a type ofunderground reinforced concrete
box culvert structure. In order todetermine the condition of thestructure, the committee members
visited an actual structure on-siteand conducted a general inspection
to check the deformation andcracking and diagnose repair andreinforcement based on the degreeof deterioration. However, at thistime there is no evaluation method

View inside box culvert structure

for change of performance due toground factors, so in the future
the committee needs to organize
the information necessary for thisevaluation using inspection resultsof actual structures.
(by K. Hayakawa,
Tokyu Construction
Corporation)

Observed deterioration inside box culvert
structure

ICUS Activities● Prof. K. Meguro traveled to
Jakarta, Indonesia, from Sept.
25 to Oct. 4 for a survey on
the development of PP-band
method.
● Dr. S. Tanaka traveled to Lisbon,

Portugal, from July 10 to 15
for the World Conference on
Transportation Research 2010.
He then also visited Bangkok,
Thailand, for the Joint Student
Seminar on Civil Infrastructure.

● Dr. T. Kato traveled to Suchuan,
China, for an investigation on the
post-disaster reconstruction after
the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
from Aug. 13 to 18.

Awards● Dr. T. Endo received the Best
Paper Award at the International
Society for Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing (ISPRS)Commission VIII on Aug. 12.
● Mr. K. Makinodan, mastercourse student in Ohara
Laboratory, received the Best
Presentation Award from theJapan Society for Natural
Disaster Science on Sept. 17.
● Mr. K. Hayakawa, researcher
in Y. Kato Laboratory, received
the Excellent Presentation Prizeat the Japan Concrete Institute
Annual Conference on July 8.
● Dr. M. Henry, ICUS project
researcher, Mr. K. Makinodan,

master student in Ohara
Laboratory, and Mr. T. Takaishi,
master student in Meguro
Laboratory, all received the
Excellent Presentation Prizeat the Japan Society of Civil
Engineers Annual Conference
from Sept. 1-3.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.2

307

Page 12
Editor’s Note
During the period covered bythis volume, many disasters andaccidents happened in the world.
Some of them were reported in
our newsletter, such as floodingof the Indus River in Pakistan, theCanterbury Earthquake, forest firesin Russia, and a severe heat wave inJapan.
The most notable accident for me,
however, was the Copiapó mining
accident. On August 5, 2010, a cavein occurred at the San José coppergold mine in the Atacama Desert

near Copiapó, Chile. The accident
left 33 men trapped 700 meters
below ground. All trapped men were
rescued on October 13, 2010, after
69 days of rescue works. We could
see many miracles such as none of
the men died – even though it wassuch a large-scale accident – andthe period to rescue was far shorter
than expected. We could also see
many advanced technologies forsupporting their life underground andfor the rescue works, and it taught
us the importance of technologicaldevelopment. However, “hope”
is an extremely important factor

for surviving under such severe
conditions (Prof. Meguro wrote
about “hope,” or “nozomi” inJapanese, in ICUS Newsletter Vol. 9
No. 4).
In the main article of this newsletter,
Prof. Takaaki Kato of ICUS reported
on reconstruction of urban and rural
after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake.
A good reconstruction plan helps tokeep the victims’ “hope” alive for along time.
(by Y.Kato)

Announcement of USMCA 2011 (Chiangmai, Thailand)
We would like to announce that the 10th International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safetyof Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA2011) will be held in Chiangmai, Thailand on October 12-14, 2011. Further
information will be available on the ICUS and RNUS websites as details of the symposium are decided.

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, ICUS
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Tel: (+81-3)5452-6472, Fax: (+81-3)5452-6476
http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/308

PRINTED MATTERICUS NEWSLETTER

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 3
OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2010

THE ROLE OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYIN THE 21ST CENTURY CONSIDERINGGLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
By
Koji Sakai1
INTRODUCTION

planet, along with the grave issue
of global warming brought about
by the enormous consumption offossil fuels and increase in CO2
concentration in the atmosphere.
In addition to the increase infood production, infrastructure
construction has played a significant
role in human population growth.

Construction investment (trillion yen)

The world population has
increased 34 times its size since theRoman period and eight times its
size since the industrial revolution.
The supply of resources, energy
and food has thus become themost serious problem facing theprivate sector

90

In that sense, human history canalso be regarded as a history of
infrastructure development. History
has shown that the development ofa nation is driven by infrastructure
construction. Public works have
weakened in value in Japan inrecent years with decreasing
construction investment, and those

governmentbuilding

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1977 90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99 2000 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

Fiscal year

Decreasing construction investment in Japan with a peak in 1992
(data source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

309

Page 2

which took place in 1868 (abouta century after the industrial
revolution in the UK), Japan
implement implemented catch-up
policies to increase its national
strength. Unfortunately, afterWorld War II this plan had to berestarted again from zero, and in
1962 a comprehensive national
development plan was formulated
for well-balanced development,
thus boosting the social andeconomic development of Japan.
However, although there was asignificant increase in construction
investment in the 1970s, thedecrease investment and its
INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT IN JAPAN relationship with an un-changing
GDP cannot be easily understood.
After the Meiji Restoration, One theory is that the maturity of

involved in public works do nothave an optimistic outlook on the
future.
Globally, there are many countries
either developing or waiting
to develop their infrastructure,and there is some possibility forJapan’s construction industry to
expand its operations overseas in
the future. This article will discuss
the path the construction industry
should follow into the 21st century,with greatly different conditions
compared to the centuries whichcame before.

600
1997

2006
GDP（trillion yen）

500

1995

1991

400
1984

300
1978
200

1980

100
1970
0

0

10

20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Construction investment (trillion yen）

90

Relationship between construction investment and GDP

Africa4.6%

US 2.4%

Other America 5.5%
CIS 2.5%
Others Europe*
0.4%
CEMBUREAU
8.6%
Oceania 0.4%

3 billion tons

China
54.2%
Others Asia
13.4%

India
6.2%

Japan
1.8%

* Including EU27 countries notmembers of CEMBUREAUWorld cement production in 2009
(data source: CEMBUREAU)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

310

infrastructure construction reduces
its effect on the GDP. This is not
to say that construction investment
is no longer needed, but rather thatthe quality should be maintained
and renewed. It is thus necessary
to ensure construction investment
in Japan in the future. In addition,
Japanese contractors are expected
to enter construction markets
in developing countries, so theconstruction industry needs toglobalize into the future.
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESFOR THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
The challenges facing humanity
are resources, energy, and foodissues. The world will inevitably
collapse if resource efficiency is
not improved. Demand for fossil
fuels is also surging, which meansthat CO2 emissions will increase.
The only option for humans is to
strive towards reducing their CO2
emissions, and there is no reason
why the construction industry
should be excused from this effort,
so Japan needs to consider how totackle these global problems.
The construction sector carries
out its activities using cement andsteel as primary materials, almost
half of which is produced in China.
Though it is difficult to determine
precise data of CO2 emission fromthe concrete sector worldwide, afigure of roughly 5 billion tons canbe reached given some assumptions
and existing data. This makes up
17% of the total CO2 emissionsof fossil fuel origin in 2007. CO2
emissions from the constructionindustry worldwide can be roughly
calculated at 6.3 billion tons, or
21.7% of total CO2 emissions fromfossil fuels.
Current global demand for
cement is already exceeding eventhe most conservative estimates offuture demand; furthermore, global
cement production is expected
to double in the future. Even if
emissions were halved in the
future, the total contribution of theconstruction industry is still huge,and so pressure on the constructionindustry to reduce its CO2 emissions
is expected to become more andmore intense.

Cementestimate（inmil.tons）
Cement demand
demand estimate（inPage 3
10000
8000

Scenario A1
Scenario A2
Scenario B1
Scenario B2

6000
4000
2000
0
’90

ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
The role of infrastructure development in the history of mankind isclear: in order to stabilize a country
or the world, it is necessary toconstruct infrastructure so that thesocial and economic activities ofpeople can run smoothly. During
the period of rapid economic
growth in the 1960s in Japan,
hasty infrastructure construction
led to low quality and shortened
service life. This was due to the
low technological level during
development. Although many
lessons have been learned, many
unsolved problems still remain.
In addition to technical problems,
it has become necessary to also
consider how to solve the problems
related to the global environment.
Conventionally,
environmental
problems in the construction field
may be seen as disruption of natureby construction works. Of course,water and soil contamination andthe vibration and noise associatedwith construction are environmental
issues, but these do not grow into a
serious environmental problem – atleast in the case of Japan. Disruptionof the environment is unavoidable
when securing the land necessary
for an increased population. The
only option available then is toincrease the efficiency of the land
use as much as possible. Rather,what is more serious for humankind

’05

’20

’35

’50

’65

’80

’95

Year

Cement demand estimation by Humphreys et al.
(data source: WBCSD)

in relation to population growth is
the increase in the consumption of
resources and energy.
Minimizing resource usage is ofparamount importance. Fortunately,
concrete is mostly composed of themost abundantly-available resourceon Earth – aggregate. Although
its production does not have aheavy environmental load, it isstill used in large quantities. With
some basic assumptions regarding
concrete composition the amountof basic resources for concrete canbe calculated to exceed 16 billion
tons.
In the meantime, CO2 emissions
from the construction industry are
estimated at roughly 6.3 billion
tons. If this figure were to double
in the near future the effects could
be enormous. However, the author
has shown that a reduction of 40%
is possible by combining several
reduction tools, but there is a naturallimit to such a reduction due to theuse of materials and fossil fuels for
producing cement and steel.
Recycling is one option forenabling the cement industry toachieve carbon neutrality throughartificial recycling of calcium
ions and captured CO2. On theother hand, hardened cement paste
absorbs CO2 during carbonation,
so if CO2 can be forcibly absorbed
in fine powder of demolishedconcrete, the resulting powder
with absorbed CO2 can be used
as a substitute for limestone. Thisis another option for contributing
to carbon-neutrality of cement
production.
With regards to the machinery
used for construction, hybrid
systems combining electric motors
and gasoline engines have recently
appeared, and full-electric systems
are expected in the future.
CONCLUSION
Considering these examples,the dream of carbon-neutrality
in the concrete sector may not
be unobtainable after all. Manytechnical difficulties lie in theway, however, but setting targets
over the next few decades canhelp drive the challenge. The
direction the construction industry
should take in the 21st century is
to minimize resource usage andimprove infrastructure using alow- or carbon-neutral approach.
To achieve this and constructhigh-quality
socio-economic
foundations on a global scale is themost important role the constructionindustry should assume.
Professor,
Kagawa University,
Takamatsu, Japan
1

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

311

Page 4

Volcanic eruption in Merapi, Indonesia, on October 26, 2010
Merapi is the most active of
129 active volcanoes in Indonesia.
Located in between the Yogyakarta
special region and the center of Java,
Merapi has a height of 2978 metersand diameter of 28 kilometers. It
is a strato-volcano which produces
basaltic andesitic magma, and wasformed by the subduction meetingof the Indo-Australian plate with
the Asian plate. Frequent eruptions
have been observed from 1768
to 2006, but the eruption which
occurred in 2010 is said to be thelargest in the last hundred years.
On October 26, 2010 at 5:02 pm
Merapi began erupting, spreading
hot clouds with a radius of four to six
kilometers over the southern slopeof mountains. Further eruptions
followed five days later, then once
again three more days later. After thelargest explosion the vertical smoke
column reached five kilometersand vibrations were felt up to 25
kilometers away. Pyroclastic flows
were observed on the mountainslopes and hot clouds reached morethan 15 kilometers above the topof the mountain, spreading a rainof ash and sand which covered
all of Yogyakarta. Even thoughmore than 320 thousand people
were evacuated to a safe distanceof 20 kilometers from Merapi, theeruption still destroyed more than
26 villages and left more than 150
people dead.

Grey ash and lava flow before the 2010 Merapi eruption(courtesy of BPPTK)
By December 3, activity on
Merapi decreased and the hazard
zone was reduced to a 2.5 kilometerradius around the volcano, but otherdisasters followed. Heavy rainfall
on top of Merapi caused the cooledlava to overflow through nine river
channels around the base of the
volcano. Accumulated mounds of
mud and sand reached more than
1.5 meters in height.
Researchers and government
officials were surprised by the natureof the Merapi eruption. Generally,
past eruptions were preceded bya glowing dome of lava, but the2010 eruption was characterized
by a direct blast which broke apartthe lava dome formed in the 2006
eruption.
The dense population living on
the slopes of Merapi and the river
running from the mountain are theprimary hazards related to the Merapi
eruption. It is difficult for people
to leave the Merapi area because
most people’s livelihood is related

Village destroyed by the eruption

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

312

to agriculture; the people rely on
the fertility of the volcanic soil, andjust two months after the eruption
the land again became green. Thisnatural beauty also attracts tourists,
who contribute to the local economy.
After the eruption, the people who
lived in the Merapi area began
trying to rebuild their homes usingwhatever building materials wereavailable, but they returned to theevacuation centers at night.
This
volcanic
disasterdemonstrated the need to apply
disaster mitigation practices such as
settlement planning, microzoningof volcano hazards, strengthening
dikes around rivers, and improving
all equipment monitoring the
volcanic activity and behavior.
(by Silvia F. Herina,
Research Institute for
Human Settlements,
Agency for Research,
Indonesia Ministry of
Public Works)

River filled with cooled lava

Page 5

Sustainable concrete considering the Japanese context
Sustainability remains difficult
to implement due to the variety ofperspectives on what constitutes
sustainability. This may be
attributed to a critical aspect of
the sustainability concept: that it
is a human vision with humanvalues. What may be sustainable
in one region of the world for one
set of social, economic, andenvironmental conditions may not
be sustainable in a different region
under different conditions. In asimilar fashion, it is also difficult
to establish a global strategy forsustainable concrete practice.
General principles such as
limited CO2 emissions, recycling,
resource consumption reduction,and enhanced durability have been
proposed, but how to achieve thesegoals depends on available
resources, construction industry
cultureandstakeholders,institutional systems, technology
level, and more. These factors areaffected by regional or local socioeconomic conditions and in turnaffect the potential for sustainableconcrete.
To better understand thisrelationship, results from an
investigation in Japan will bebriefly discussed here to illustratesome of the challenges facing adeveloped country with uniquesocio-economic issues.
Japan is facing several longterm social and economic problems
which strongly affect the potential
for sustainable concrete. In the
future, Japan will have to maintainan increasing number of ageing
infrastructure but do so with lessfinancial and human resources.
Durability towards sustainability
was given high importance ininterviews and surveys withJapanese
concrete
industrymembers, which can be seen toreflect the conditions under which
infrastructure will be required toserve a longer service life withlittle maintenance. In addition,
since the industrial level of theJapan is already high, reducing
CO2 emissions through reduced
transportation and construction
may be one possibility for
mitigating climate change.
The limited availability ofhabitable land in Japan increases
the importance of reducing waste
disposal, but Japan already has a
96% recycling rate for waste
concrete. This material is, however,generally used as backfill for road
construction and doesn’t contribute

Socio-economic conditions

Institution

Technology
Interactions
Resources

Stakeholders

to reducing the consumption of
raw materials in concrete, whicharegrowingvery
scarcedomestically.
Therefore,
theimportance of recycling in Japanis better attributed to the need toreduce resource consumption thanwaste disposal.
Perhaps the clearest difference
when considering sustainableconcrete in Japan compared toother developed countries can beseen in the barriers to
implementation.
Institutional,social, and organization barriersin particular are most likely
specific to Japan, as these vary themost between different countries;
for example, sustainability inJapan is more driven by government
forces, as opposed to the USA
where the private sector carries
more of the weight. In addition,less importance was given to social
indicators such as health, welfare,and so forth in the investigations,suggesting that the standard ofliving in Japan is alreadysufficiently high that sustainableconcrete should focus on othersustainability aspects.
The Japanese situation highlights
some important issues underlying
sustainable concrete in a developed
country. However, the majority ofconcrete construction is going tooccur in developing nations,particularly in Asia where growthis expected to increase greatly inthe coming future. Understanding
the challenges for sustainableconcrete considering the conditionsof other countries in the Asian
region will be an important step in
improving the sustainability of theconcrete industry as a whole.

Sustainable concrete practice & materials

Relating socio-economic conditions to sustainable concrete(by M. Henry)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

313

Page 6

USMCA 2010 was held in Kobe, Japan

Experts from 21 countries delivered 80 presentations at USMCA 2010, Kobe

ICUS, along with the United
Nations International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction (UNISDR),
Asian Disaster Reduction Center(ADRC), Disaster Reduction and
Human Renovation Institution,
Graduate School of Global
Environmental Studies at Kyoto
University, Research Center for
Urban Safety and Security at Kobe
University, United Nations Center
for Regional Development, andUnited Nations University Institutefor Sustainability and Peace(UNU-SP), jointly organized the
9th International Symposium on
Urban Safety of Mega Cities in
Asia (USMCA 2010) in Kobe,
Japan, on October 13 to 15, 2010.
More than 125 people from 21
countries participated in the twoday symposium, which included
twelve parallel sessions and six
keynote and plenary speakers.
The symposium was inauguratedby Ms. Yuki Matsuoka (UNISDR),
Mr. Atsushi Koresawa (ADRC),
and Prof. Kimiro Meguro (directorof ICUS).
Keynote speeches were given
by Dr. Kenzo Toki (Director and

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

314

professor, Research Center for
Disaster Mitigation of Urban
Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan
University, Japan), Dr. Yasuo
Tanaka (Director, Research Centerfor Urban Safety and Security,
Kobe University, Japan), Dr.
Taketo Uomoto (Chief executive,
Public Works Research Institute,Japan), and Dr. Yoshiaki Kawata(Director and professor, Kansai
University,
Japan).
Plenary
speeches were given by Dr. Tsuneo
Katayama (Professor, Tokyo
Denki University, Japan) and Dr.
Srikantha Herath (Senior academic
program officer, UNU-SP, Japan).
Eighty papers were presented in
twelve parallel sessions, covering
topics including disaster response
and recovery; risk assessment,
prediction, and early warning;decision-making
technologies;
planning and development ofurban infrastructure systems; lifecycle management of infrastructure
systems; climate change mitigation
and adaptation; development andapplicationofsustainable
technologies; and application of
geospatial technologies.

Recipients of the Excellent Young
Researcher award

The Excellent Young ResearcherAward, prepared by ICUS toencourage the activities of young
researchers, was presented to Ms.
Mari Sato (The University ofTokyo, Japan) and Mr. Md. Faiz
Shah (University of Tsukuba,
Japan). Their research works are
introduced
brieflyinthisnewsletter.
USMCA 2011 will be held in
Chiangmai, Thailand, on October
12-14, 2011. Please check thisissue of the ICUS newsletter for
more information and follow the
RNUS and ICUS websites for
future updates.
(by M. Henry)Page 7
The two winners of the Young Research Award at USMCA 2010 present their research works below.

People’s seismic risk recognition in Dhaka and
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) 1993
Dhaka is one of the fastest
growing megacities in Asia, but
it is prone to natural disasters
includingearthquakes.
The
current generation has neverexperienced a large earthquake,as the last one occurred in1897 and caused widespread
destruction and casualties. A
similar earthquake may occur at
any time, so good knowledge andstrong infrastructure is necessary
to mitigate loss. However, therapid urbanization of Dhaka did
not consider earthquake risk;buildings are constructed in an
unregulated manner without
earthquake
consideration,
which questions people’s risk
recognition. In order to examine
inhabitants’ risk recognition

and intention for residential
safety measures, a questionnaire
survey was conducted in eighteen
selected wards of Dhaka. Basedon the obtained data, the major
results show that inhabitants
anticipate an earthquake as themost catastrophic disaster for
Dhaka, which may occur in 5-10
years; and cost cutting, lack of
information, and not following
the proper design will be the maincause of house collapse. Results
show only 2.4% of respondents
have heard about the BNBC but
they do not know it in detail.
The authors checked the present
status of BNBC with construction
practiceandconducted
interviews with BRAC University,
Bangladesh University of ScienceandTechnology,
Rajdhani
Unnayan Kartipakkha, and the
Housing and Building ResearchInstitute. The paper described
the following results: inhabitants
constructbuildings
without
following
approved
design;BNBC is included under law,
but no buildings legally follow
it; a large number of buildings,
constructed before and after
1993, may perform poorly in a big
earthquake. The paper concluded
that inhabitants recognized risk
and acceptable damage for theirresidential buildings and intended
to pay for safety measures.
(by Md. F. Shah, Doctoral
Student, University of Tsukuba)

Fundamental study of permeability change aroundburied structures in sandy ground
This research focused on cavein accidents, which are caused byexpansion of an underground cavity
and loosening. The mechanism ofcavity formation and loosening
generation, however, is not clear,

Expansion of water pathway
around buried structure

and it is difficult to prevent cavein accidents before the cavity
and loosening expand to theground surface. Recent researchshows that the boundary between
underground structures and theground may be an important factor
in cave-in accidents. It is supposedthat the water pathway expands
through gaps between a buried
structure and the ground due tochanging water level. The water
pathway causes soil drainage
which results in expansion of thecavity and soil loosening. In orderto study the effect of permeability
at the boundary, constant head
permeability test with a contact
plane between the ground and theacrylic cylinder was conducted.
As a result, permeability witha cylinder is often higher thannormal permeability especially inloose sand. This result suggested
that loose sand has larger gaps andmakes water pathway formationeasier than dense sand. The
direction of unevenness is also
important for making the water
pathway. This research suggests
the existence of water pathway
between buried structures and theground may occur in particularconditions.
(by M. Sato, Master student,
Kuwano Lab)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

315

Page 8USMCA 2010 post-symposium tour
After the conclusion of USMCA
2010 in Kobe, participants joined apost-symposium tour on October
15 to various notable landmarksin the Kobe area. The first stopon this tour was the Nojima Fault
Preservation Museum, where
people can view part of the exposed
fault line which caused the Kobe
(Hyogo-ken Nanbu) Earthquake.
The second stop was at the Akashi
Kaikyo Bridge exhibition center,
which offers the opportunity toGroup photo at the Akashi Kaikyo Bridgelearn about the technologies used
to construct the Honshu-Shikoku
bridges. Lastly, participants visited institute was established after the lessons learned from that disasterthe Disaster Reduction and Human Kobe Earthquake to preserve and to future generations.
(by M. Henry)
Renovation Institution (DRI). This pass down the experiences and19th ICUS Open Lecture held at IIS
ICUS hosted the 19th ICUS Open
Lecture at the Institute of Industrial
Science on November 10, 2010 withapproximately 100 participants.
The theme of the lecture was “Theconstruction industry’s visionof the future: overseas projects,
environmental strategies, andindustry structure,” and covered
topics related to the future roleof the Japanese constructionindustry considering the reduction
in public investment and declining
and ageing population, withparticular focus on social,economic, environmental, andinstitutional issues.
Dr. Koji Sakai (Professor,
Kagawa University), a global
leader on environmental issues in
the concrete industry, spoke firston the role of the constructionindustry in the 21st century
from the perspective of global
environmental issues. Next, Mr.
Toshihiro Chiba (Future Planning),
a well-published journalist on theconstruction industry, proposed
his thoughts and ideas for how
the construction industry should

move forward into the future.
Finally, Dr. Kazumasa Ozawa(Professor, The University ofTokyo), chair of the Japan Societyof Civil Engineers Construction
Management Committee andone of Japan’s leaders in theconstruction management field,
discussed how the Japaneseconstruction industry should takeits experience with infrastructure
construction overseas.

Dr. K. Sakai

Mr. T. Chiba

Dr. K. Ozawa

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316

(by Y. Kato)

Page 9

BNUS Activities
Training course on GIS
A training course on “Applicationof GIS for Natural Hazard and
Risk Assessment” was held on
Sept. 25-29, 2010, at Dhaka. It wasorganized by the Asian Disaster
Prevention Center (ADPC), andSharmin Ara, a research plannerfrom BNUS, participated. The
training course’s objective wasto develop basic skills on GIS
analysis and application of GIS
and Remote Sensing Techniques
for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Risk resilient infrastructure
workshop
BNUS members participatedin a two-day workshop on “Risk
Resilient Infrastructures: Roleof Education and Training” on
Nov. 13-14, 2010. This workshop
was jointly organized by BUETJIDPUS, the Comprehensive
Disaster Management Programme(CDMP), UNDP, and the Ministryof Food and Disaster Management,
Bangladesh. The chief guest was
the honorable minister of Foodand Disaster Management, Dr.
Muhammad Abdur Razzaque, andProf. M.A. Ansary gave the keynote
speech. The different sessions of
the workshop focused on a variety
of issues covering environment,
Prof. Ansary receiving aarchitecture, civil engineering,certificate at the seminar on urban
water resources, planning, andbuilding fire and safety
other fields.
of Engineering and Technology,
Lecture course and seminar on American International University
urban building fire and safety Bangladesh, Fire Service and Civil
Defense (FSCD), and the Ministry
BNUS also participated in the of Housing and Public Works,
lecture course and seminar on Bangladesh. The lecture course“Urban Building Fire Mitigation was designed for students ofand Safety Issues in Asian Mega architecture and engineering, fire
Cities: Bangladesh Chapter” on professionals, and other concerned
Dec. 21-23, 2010 at the Public officials. Experts placed emphasis
Works
Department,
Dhaka. on urban building fire issues, andThis event was a collaborative included several speakers fromresearch study between the Tokyo Japan.
University of Science (TUS),(by M.A. Ansary, BNUS)
the Building Research Institute,Japan, the Bangladesh University

RC67 Committee Activities
The “Research Committee on
Evaluation of CSR Activities inEnvironmental Conscious Society”(RC67) was started in May 2009
and, over the past year, we haveinterviewed five companies fromvarious industries. After theseinterviews, it has become clear thatthese companies are not aware of
the importance of domestic timber,so we developed evaluation
documents to help increase theeffectiveness of the interviews.
This
has
helpedincreaseawareness among the interviewed
companies towards forest-related

CSR activities. One company
whose business is not related
to forest management promotes
CSR activities such as collecting
and planting acorns with regional
volunteers in order to reforest
areas which were deforested byconstruction of their factories. On
the other hand, companies related
to forest management or water
resources enable large-scale forest
management and put their effort
into environment education or
human resource development.
From the interviews we havealso identified important elements

for ensuring forest-related CSR
activities, such as the importanceof activity continuity, promoting
the use of domestic biomass to
support forestry, and cooperation
with local organizations andregional volunteers. From theseelements we have put together
evaluation points and are working
on an objective evaluation system
for CSR activity.
(by K. Tokunaga,
Sawada-Takeuchi Lab)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

317

Page 10

Environmental and disaster management symposium and IIS
alumni party were held in Bangkok, Thailand
On Nov. 27, 2010, a half-day
symposium on the “Forefront
and Challenges of Geospatial
Technologies for Environmental
and Disaster Management inSoutheast Asia” was held at
the Patumwan Princess Hotel,
Bangkok. The symposium wasorganized by RNUS, AIT, andChula Unisearch, Chulalongkom
University.
Eight distinguished speakers
in this field from both Japanand Thailand gave excellent
presentations as follows:● Dr. Suvit Vibulsresth (National
Research Council of Thailand)● Prof.
Yoshifumi
Yasuoka(Executive Director, National
Institute of Environmental
Studies)
● Dr.
Anond
Snidvongs(Acting Executive Director,
Geoinformatics and SpaceTechnology
Development
Agency GISTDA)● Mr.
ShinichiMizumoto(Director, Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency JAXA)● Dr. Wataru Takeuchi (Director,
JSPS Bangkok Office; IIS, The
University of Tokyo)● Dr. Nitin Kumar Tripathi(Director, UNIGIS, AIT)● Prof. Kimiro Meguro (Director,
ICUS, IIS)
● Dr. Charat Mongkolsawat(President, Remote Sensing
and GIS Association ofThailand RESGAT; Khon Kaen
University)
Approximately 140 participantsjoined the symposium, with 40%
coming from universities, 40%
from government agencies, and
20% from the private sector orother organizations. Due to such

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

318

Participants at the symposium

Presentation by Dr. Suvit (Rep. of IIS Alumni Thailand Chapter)

Toast at the alumni party

Toast by Dr. Yasukoa (NIES)

Page 11large participation the venue had
to be changed from the initial,
smaller venue to a much larger
one. This positively demonstrated
the high degree of interest in thisfield of research in Thailand.
Following the symposium, the 4th
IIS Thai alumni party was held at
the same hotel. Many IIS alumni
from governmental organizations,
universities, and companies inThailand joined the party. The

meeting was wonderfully filledwith a friendly atmosphere andthe participants reminisced about
their lives at IIS and caught up oneach others’ recent news.
In the coming year, many
ICUS-related activities will beheld in Thailand. First is the10th International Symposium
on New Technologies for Urban
Safety of Mega Cities in Asia
(USMCA2011), which will be held

in Chiangmai on Oct. 12-14, 2011.
The second even is the next allTodai (University of Tokyo) alumni
party, which will be held on Oct.
15 in Bangkok. Please check the
ICUS and RNUS websites in the
future for more information andannouncements regarding theseand other events.
(by A. Kawasaki)

ICUS Activities● All ICUS members (excluding
Prof. Yokota and Prof. Ohara)joined USMCA2010 held in
Kobe, Japan, on Oct. 13-15.
● Prof. K. Meguro attended a halfday symposium and IIS alumni
party on Nov. 27 in Bangkok,
Thailand.
● Prof. H. Sawada visited Hanoi,
Vietnam, from Oct. 30 to Nov.
3 for the 31st Asian Conference
on Remote Sensing.

● Prof. H. Sawada also visited
Tsinghua University in Beijing,
China, from Dec. 19-21 for a
research meeting on disaster
protocol.
● Dr. T. Endo left for Pusan, South
Korea, on Dec. 1 for a 2-monthinvestigation on the existing
conditions of LiDAR researchin South Korea.
● Prof. Y. Kato visited Delft(Aula), The Netherlands, from

Oct. 4-6 for the 2nd International
Symposium on Service Life
Design for Infrastructure.
● Prof. Y. Kato also attended the
4th Asian Concrete Federation
International Conference from
Nov. 28 to Dec. 1 in Taipei,
Taiwan.
● Dr. A. Kawasaki went back to
AIT in Bangkok, Thailand,
from Nov. 15 to Dec. 14 andagain from Dec. 23.

Awards● Dr. A. Kawasaki won the GISAward for Young Researcher
from the GIS Association ofJapan in October for his active

submission of publications to theassociation.
● Ms. M. Sato, master student
in Kuwano Lab, received the

Excellent Young ResearcherAward in October at USMCA2010
in Kobe, Japan.

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.3

319

Page 12
Editor’s Note
Last November I experienced apersonal disaster: I had to be taken to
the hospital in an ambulance to havemy gall bladder removed. Afterwards,
I thought that the ambulance is not
a comfortable vehicle at all and I
remembered we were often stopped
by other cars even though traffic was
not so heavy.
Globally, many disasters occurred
before the beginning of the New
Year. Monsoon rains continued forfive months in Pakistan. More than
200,000 Australians were affectedby floods in Queensland at the endof December caused by Tropical
Storm Tasha. High waters washedout roads, isolated entire towns, andforced thousands to flee. Conversely,
temperatures in some areas rose to
more than 40 degrees Celsius and the
hot and dry conditions contributed
to large wildfires along the coast.
After facing these disastrous
events, we always recognize that
we need to continually improve ourefforts towards mitigating natural
disasters.
It is the tenth fiscal year of ICUS and
we were able to successfully hold the

9th USMCA in Kobe with the supportof many agencies and institutions,along with the friendly participants.
It really is an honor that we could
continue our activities with manycolleagues and supporting parties.
However, our objective is not just to
hold such meetings but to decrease
the number of disaster victims
who must ride in uncomfortableambulances. We strongly wish to
expand our activities.
(by H. Sawada)

Announcement of USMCA 2011 (Chiangmai, Thailand)
We would like to announce that the 10th International Symposium on New Technologies for Urban Safetyof Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA2011) will be held in Chiangmai, Thailand on October 12-14, 2011. Further
information will be available on the ICUS and RNUS websites as details of the symposium are decided.

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering, ICUS
Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
Tel: (+81-3)5452-6472, Fax: (+81-3)5452-6476
http://icus.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/

320

PRINTED MATTERICUS NEWSLETTER

International Center for Urban Safety Engineering
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 4
JANUARY-MARCH 2011

EASTERN JAPAN STRUCK BY MAGNITUDE 9.0
EARTHQUAKE AND MASSIVE TSUNAMI
By
Kimiro Meguro1
On March 11, 2011, at 2:46 pm
Japan standard time, a magnitude
9.0 earthquake struck off theeastern coast of Honshu, Japan’s
main island, approximately 129
kilometers east of Sendai. This
earthquake triggered a massive
tsunami, which inundated theeastern Pacific seaboard of Japan
with waves up to tens of meters
high. The Tohoku region was hit
the hardest, particularly the coastal
areas of Iwate, Tochigi, Fukushima,and Ibaraki prefectures. As of thetime of this newsletter’s publication,
more than 23,000 people areconfirmed dead or missing.
At this time, ICUS is preparing
a special-edition ICUS Newsletterto help disseminate important data
about the earthquake, tsunami,
and its aftermath, along withreconstruction efforts, and we hopeto publish it soon.
Director, Professor, ICUS

1

Scenes of damage from the Tohoku area

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

321

Page 2Distribution of tsunami danger(source: Japan Meteorological Agency)

Distribution of seismic intensity(source: Japan Meteorological Agency)

4-story steel building toppled by the tsunami
in Onagawa City, Miyagi Prefecture

Tsunami damage to 5-story concrete RC apartmentbuilding in Rikuzentakada City, Iwate Prefecture

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

322

Concrete bridge swept away by thetsunami in Rikuzentakada City,
Iwate Prefecture

Fire-damaged structures in the waterfront areaof Minami-sanriku, Miyagi Prefecture

Page 3

Pancake-type failure of a buildingin Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture

Tsunami damage and debris at Sendai Airport,
Miyagi Prefecture

Convenience stores in Tokyo were sold out
of food the night of the earthquake

Huge traffic jams filled the streets of Tokyo
as stranded people tried to get home

ICUS and IIS researchers establish 3.11net Tokyo
for disaster-related information collection and dissemination
The
Great
East
Japan
Earthquake had a devastating
impact on both the public andresearch community in Japan.
In order to support recovery andreconstruction in disaster-affectedareas from the perspective ofuniversity researchers, several
researchers at the Institute ofIndustrial Science (IIS), theUniversity of Tokyo have built avoluntary group called “3.11net
Tokyo.” The main activities ofthis group are to collect andtransfer information on various
activities related to the academic
society, to distribute informationon the earthquake, its aftermath,Gathering of ICUS and IIS researchers at a morning meeting

and recovery and reconstruction
activities, and to take care offoreign researchers. Meetings are
regularly held three times a week
in the ICUS Lecture Room forsharing information about support
activities, field surveys, briefing
sessions and so on.
“3.11net
Tokyo”
collects
documents on this earthquake
and its aftermath, and manages
an environment for browsing
documents and report activities
at the clearing house and througha webpage, especially academic
survey findings, newspapers andbooks. The URL is: http://icus.
iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/rnet_edr/(by S. Kondo)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

323

Page 4

Risk management of cultural heritage in Kyoto
A FORGOTTEN
POINT OF VIEW
The Cultural Assets Preservation
Act was established in 1950,
one year after the Kondo Mural
Painting at Horyuji Temple wasdestroyed by fire. Since then,thanks to continuous effect by thecentral and local government andthe cultural heritage community,
Japan has achieved significant andbrilliant results in cultural heritage
preservation. These wide-ranging
results include the prevention andmitigation of age-induced changes
to cultural heritage, the excavationand examination of buried cultural
assets, and protecting cultural
heritage from fire.
This is not to say, however, that
there has been enough done inpreparing for natural disaster. Many
treasures have been lost due tonatural disasters – for example thedamage of the stage on the sea at
Itsukushima Shinto Shrine during
Typhoon No. 18 in September 2004,or the damage to the five-story
pagoda at Murouji Temple from afallen tree in September 1998.
The field of cultural property
protection is wide and varied, withthe problem of natural disaster alone

having been overlooked. Experts
in the field of cultural property
preservation recognize the need tofocus on this problem in the future,but have not worked together
to tackle the problems inherent
in protecting cultural properties
fromdisaster.
Safeguarding
against natural disaster has also
been neglected among culturalproperty preservationists. Since
cultural properties and assets
are irreplaceable, they should beviewed from a different perspective
than other assets.

WHAT’S THE PROBLEM?
In the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake of 1995 Kyoto wasshaken by seismic intensity 5,
but damage was relatively slight.
Kyoto is located some 50 to 60
kilometers away from Kobe, so if
an earthquake were to strike closer
to Kyoto, it is not hard to imagine
that many more temples andshrines would be damaged. Thereis not only a lack of equipment andfacilities to combat earthquakeinduced fires, but also a shortageof reserve water. Without enoughwater reserves, fires in surrounding
areas will not be prevented fromProtection of cultural heritage from natural disaster

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

324

spreading to the precincts of temples
and shrines. This is exacerbated bysuch problems as the lack of quakeresistant water cannon pumps andpower-generating equipment at
temples and shrines. The biggest
problem is that these measures forcontaining the spread of fire are notconsidered.

INCREASE IN FIRE RISK
Kyoto has one of the lowest rates
of fire outbreak among large cities
in Japan. This is probably due to thevisceral sense of potential danger
among the citizenry of Kyoto,
which contains many old woodenbuildings. However, a low rate offire outbreak and high resistance tofire are two different things. Since
there are many old buildings, if afire were to break out, it would bevery difficult to extinguish.
Just one hundred years ago Kyoto’s
population lived in a smaller area,with most of the city as farmland.
Today the entire Kyoto basin iscovered with residential buildings
from every corner to corner, andthe populated area expanded aboutfive-fold in one century. Since
this densely-populated area iscovered with flammable material,
if multiple fires were to break out
there simultaneously, many nationaltreasures would definitely be lost.
Furthermore, reconstruction ofsuch treasures is very difficult incurrent times due to the loss ofpolitical power and reduced support
from private individuals. If many
properties were lost to a fire, theywould not be rebuilt as they were in
the past.

Page 5ACTIVE SEISMIC PERIOD
There were only two earthquakesof magnitude 6 or greater in the
Kinki Region during the forty
years between the Fukui andGreat Hanshin-Awaji Earthquakes.
However, during the fifty years
between 1900 and the Nankai
Earthquake of 1949, there weremore than thirteen earthquakes ofa magnitude of 6 or greater in the
Kinki region alone, with all of themcoming during the short period
between 1925 and 1943. History
shows that the Tokai, Tohnankai,and Nankai Earthquakes along the
Nankai Trough recur over cycles of
100 to 120 years, so earthquakes inthese regions should be looked atin terms of a hundred years. From
this point of view, it can be said that
we are in an active period like theone that began in 1925, this time
starting with the 1995 South Hyogo
Prefecture (Kobe) Earthquake.

“LIFE INSURANCE”
FOR KYOTO
Some 47 million tourists flock to
Kyoto each year. Since they cometo see the historic buildings andcultural properties at the temples
and shrines, the loss of these assets
would hurt Kyoto terribly, andthe number of people who visit
would drop drastically. If cultural
assets determine the fate of Kyoto,
shouldn’t it have an insurance policy
to protect itself? Such insurance is
to be found in disaster prevention
measures. At the present time,
however, Kyoto’s cultural assets do
not seem to be sufficiently insured.

WHAT MUST BE DONE
The importance of cultural heritage
disaster mitigation is recognized byCycle of collaboration towards disaster countermeasures
the national government and somelocal governments. The city of
Kyoto, with its wealth of culturalproperties, has for the past several
years expressed concern over theseissues. Determined to maintain its
historical ambience, the city has
set up a committee to find a way
to create a water supply system
for use in disaster prevention
efforts. Meanwhile, the Society forProtecting Cultural Assets from
Disaster, an NPO, has been active
for thirteen or fourteen years, thoughformerly as a different organization.
At the request of the national
government, the society, Kiyomizu
Temple and local citizens havecollaborated to formulate specificdisaster prevention measures forKiyomizu Temple, Sanneizaka,and the surrounding area. The
implementation of cultural heritage
disaster
mitigation
measuresrequires not only the cooperation ofcustodians of cultural properties but
also a specific plan that is acceptable
to local citizens.

THE WORK HAS BEGUN
While paying due attention tohistorical ambience, the Society
for Protecting Cultural Assets
from Disaster has also exploredthe particulars of a water supply
system for use in disaster mitigation
efforts. The NPO formed a Study
Group for Maintaining a Disaster
Mitigation Water Supply System,
and crafted a plan thereof withcooperation from the temples, local
government, and Kyoto City Fire
Department. Through workshops
and discussions they developed aproposal to dig a tunnel (to avoid
blemishing the landscape) throughthe mountains of Higashiyama
for storing water, and to installfire hydrants and a water sprinkler
system. Funding for the first phaseof this project was approved in
2006, and is the first national projectfor protecting cultural assets against
natural disaster. The focus of the
project is a 1,500-ton undergroundwater storage tank beneath the“disaster-prevention park” which
will be used not only for fighting
fires during after big earthquakes
but also as easy-to-operate fire
hydrants for other fires as well.
(by Kenzo Toki,
Professor and Director,
Research Center
for Disaster Mitigationof Urban Cultural Heritage,
Ritsumeikan University)

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

325

Page 62011 Christchurch Earthquake – quick report from the field
An earthquake of magnitude 6.3
centered some 10 kilometers fromdowntown Christchurch occurredat 12:51 on Feb. 22, 2011. The
shallow earthquake occurred at a
depth of 5 kilometers and caused
more damage in the Christchurch
CBD (Central Business District)than the 2010 Darfield (Canterbury)
earthquake of magnitude 7.1,
which occurred 5 months prior tothis event. As of March 18, thedeath toll reportedly reachedaround 180.
Some earthquake records showthatbuildings
may
have
experienced severe shaking morethan double the current code
requirements in New Zealand. The
buildings designed according to
the current seismic codes, however,
performed well, with a few
exceptions such as a 17-story
modern RC building, in which its
staircases collapsed.
In New Zealand, ductility was
not explicitly required for nonresidential buildings designed
before 1976, and much improvement
was made in the design standard
for RC buildings in the early 1980’s
to eliminate brittle behaviors andto ensure the strong column andweak beam system. It should be
noted that many buildings designed
before the early 1980’s may haveexperienced shaking exceeding thecode requirements but many ofthem had minimal structural
damage.
The most serious building
damage was found in pre-1970’s
RC buildings which had survived
the 2010 Darfield earthquake.
Some of them had total collapse
and/or severe shear failure incolumns.
URM (unreinforced masonry)buildings within the CBD weresignificantly damaged, just as they
had been during the 2010 Darfield
earthquake. Several buildings
recently seismically upgraded alsocollapsed,
includingtheChristchurch Cathedral. URM
buildings that were temporarily
shored or retrofitted after the 2010
Darfield earthquake showed awide variety of responses: some
performed successfully but someothers partially or totallycollapsed.
In addition to the shakinginduced damage, much damage
due to soil liquefaction was found.
The suburbs had more significant
soil liquefaction than the downtown
district, and the northern andeastern suburbs along or close to
the Avon River had the most serious
damage.
Building
safetyevaluationaccording to the Civil Defense/
City Council Building Safety
Evaluation Operations was madeby structural engineers to assess

the buildings’ safety for reoccupation or temporary re-entry.
As of March 18, 826 buildings(23%) were red tagged, 862
buildings (24%) yellow tagged,
and 1933 buildings (53%) green
tagged [1].

Severely damaged
pre-1970’s RC building

A URM building
with temporary shoring survived

Briefing of structural engineers
for building evaluation

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

326[1] W. Y. Kam, U. Akguzel, and
S. Pampanin: “4 Weeks on:
Preliminary
Reconnaissance
Report from the Christchurch 22
Feb. 2011 6.3 Mw Earthquake,”
WEB at NZSEE Clearinghouse.
Acknowledgement: This fieldsurvey was made under the AIJJAEE joint reconnaissance led by
Prof. S. Kono of Kyoto University
with cooperation from Prof. S.
Pampanin, Dr. W. Y. Kam, and Dr.
U Akguzel of the University ofCanterbury. The author gratefully
appreciates their support.
(by Yoshiaki Nakano,Prpf. IIS, The University ofTokyo)

Massive liquefaction at Bexley

Page 7

Seminar on “Current Seismology and
Related Urban Safety Engineering Researches in Mongolia”
At the invitation of Prof. K.
Meguro, Director of ICUS, threescholars from Mongolia visited
ICUS on 20 January and held aseminar on “Current Seismology
and Related Urban Safety
Engineering
Researchesin
Mongolia.” The visitors were: Prof.
Dr. S. Demberel, Scientific
Secretary, Research Center of
Astronomy & Geophysics (RCAG),
Mongolian Academy of Sciences(MAS), Dr. M. Ulziibat, Head of
Seismological Department, RCAG,
MAS, and Dr. E. Ninjgarav,
Associate professor of GeotechnicalEngineering, Vice Director of the
School of Civil Engineering andArchitecture, Mongolian Universityof Science and Technology(MUST).
In recent years, seismic activities
have been increasingly observed
near and within Ulaanbaatar area,
the capital city of Mongolia where
nearly one-third of the total
population is concentrated. Twotimes as many earthquakes wererecorded during the last five years(2005-2010) as between 1970 and
2004, and more than 1600 events,
having a magnitude between 0.5 to
4.2 are caused mainly due to two
major active structures: NS Emeelt
and EW Hustai active faults. Also,with the mining boom, there are

increasing numbers of newly built
high rise buildings in the city,
thereby creating an amount of newconcerns among the society on thesafety of old and new buildings
against seismic hazard.
Against these backgrounds,
urban disaster reduction has
become one of the priority policy
areas of the government ofMongolia, and the government has
been showing its willingness tocooperatewith
foreigngovernments, including Japan. In
November 2010, when the
President of Mongolia paid anofficial visit to Japan, the two
governments issued a jointstatement that touched upon,among others, importance ofenhanced bilateral cooperation in
the area of disaster prevention/
reduction. The seminar, held at
ICUS this time, therefore, wasquite timely to follow up theserecent moves.
Dr. Demberel talked about
historicaldevelopmentofseismology in Mongolia since theSoviet time, introduced current
activities of RCAG, MAS, andtouched upon lots of tasks ahead
from now on. Dr. Ulziibat
introduced recent research resultsin the context of seismic hazard
assessment of Ulaanbaatar area.

Visiting the Public Works Research InstituteDr.
Ninjgaravpresented
geotechnical features of Mongoliansoil properties, and said that 61 %of the ground surface is within thesemi permafrost region. Dr.
Demberel also expressed his hopes
for the strengthened cooperation
between Mongolia and Japan.
The seminar was also attended
by Prof. Y. Nakano, who presented
some salient features of earth quake
engineering researches in Japan, as
well as Prof. K. Meguro, who
introduced ways of improving
seismic performance of weak brickand masonry structures using PPband method.
Prior to the seminar, threescholars also paid a visit to relevantJapanese institutions such as
Disasters Reduction and Human
Renovation Institution, Asian
Disaster Reduction Center (both inKobe), Nojima Faults Preservation
Musium (in Awaji-shima), National
Research Institute for Earth Scienceand Disaster Prevention, Public
Works Research Institute (both inTsukuba), Earthquake ResearchInstitute of the University of Tokyo,
Life Safety Learning Center ofTokyo Fire Department, and Tokyo
Metropolitan
Gov.
DisasterPrevention Center.
(by Y. Ichihashi)

The Mongolian delegation with Prof. Meguro

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

327

Page 8

Symposium on forefront and challenges ofwater resources management in Bangkok, Thailand
On January 29, 2011, a half-day
symposium on the “Forefront andChallenges of Water Resources
Management in Southeast Asia,”organized by ICUS, the Regional
Network Office for Urban Safety(RNUS), Asian Institute ofTechnology (AIT), and Chula
Uniseach, Chulalongkorn University, was held at the Novotel
Bangkok Fenix Ploenchit Hotel.
Six distinguished speakers in thefield of water resources management from the academic field andgovernment in Thailand and the
USA gave excellent presentations
as follows (order of presentation):- Mekong sub-regional framework:
opportunities and challenges(Ms. Manitkul, Thai Ministry ofForeign Affairs)- Vulnerability assessment offreshwater resources in the
Mekong River basin (Dr. Babel,
AIT)- Integrating
community water planning with
provincial development planby area based information
system (Dr. Koontanakulvong,
Chulalongkorn University)- Water resources management in
MRC & Thailand’s perspectives
on MRC’s role (Mr. Siripornpibul,
Thai Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment)- Who’s river is it anyhow? Some
issues regarding transboundary
development on the MekongRiver basin (Prof. Rogers,
Harvard University)- Challenges to benefit sharing in
the Mekong River basin (Prof.
Ogden, Northeastern University)
Following the presentation
session, a panel discussion withthe six presenters was chaired by

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

328

Dr. A. Kawasaki. Many interestingand sharp questions came from thefloor, especially about the impact
of upstream Chinese dams onlower Mekong River basins.
Because historical drought andflood happened recent years in theLower Mekong, some people blame
China for causing such problems
in the Mekong. The reply from thepanel member was as follows:“Upstream Chinese dams might
have actually affected draught andflooding in the Lower Mekong, but
nobody knows because Chinese
dam operation information is notopen. At the same time, however,rapid changes in human activities
such as population increase,
deforestation, and land development in Laos, Thailand, Cambodia
and Vietnam also largely affected
the water flow in the Lower Mekongbasin.” Many questions andcomments were raised during thepanel discussion, but discussion
had to close due to running out oftime.
About 180 participants joined
the symposium: 53% fromuniversity; 27% from government;
and 20% from private sector andother. Although the announcementof this symposium was just two
weeks before the symposium, theapplication exceeded 200 in just
10 days, so we had to decline
applications starting several days
before the symposium. This
demonstrates Thailand’s highdegree of interest in water
resources management.
(by A. Kawasaki)

Panel discussion with the six presenters

Participants at the symposium

Page 9

BNUS Activities
FIRE FIGHTING AND
HAZARDOUS FIRE
LEGISLATION WORKSHOP
A workshop on “Fundamental
Concepts of Fire Fighting and
FormulationofLegislation
Regarding Hazardous Fire” washeld on January 20, 2011, at the
ITN Center, Bangladesh Universityof Engineering and Technology.
This day-long workshop wasorganized by BUET-JIDPUS(Japan Institute of Disaster
Prevention and Urban Safety). The
workshop was divided into two
sessions with two experts who gave
lectures on different issues
regarding the basic concepts of fire
hazard, fire fighting systems, design
standards, standard rules, andregulation and law practiced in
Bangladesh. The main lecturer wasarchitect
Tajuddin
Ahmed
Chowdhury and Dr. Md. Maksud
Helali, professor of the MechanicalEngineering Department, BUET.
Forty participants took part in thisworkshopfromdifferent
professional groups, including a
research planner from BNUS,
Sharmin Ara. The contents of theworkshop were particularly helpful
for the fire fighters of the Fire
Service and Civil Defense(FSCD).
MICROTREMOR H/V
TECHNIQUE FOR SITERESPONSE ANALYSISThe amplitude ratio (H/V) of
horizontal to vertical spectra has
become popular to determine thepredominantperiodandamplification of a site. It is wellknown that the degree of damage
duringearthquakes
strongly
depends on dynamic characteristics
of buildings as well as amplification

Velocity time history along three directions

Three segments of Fourier amplitude and average values

H/V spectral ratioof seismic waves. Among the othertime consuming and expensive
approaches, microtremor is theeasiest and cheapest way tounderstandthedynamic
characteristics of soil as well as
structural element. In a short periodof time it provides several
information including natural
frequency and amplification andvibration characteristics of soil andstructure at different frequencies.
Microtremor data recordings
have been carried ouat in 132
locations in Dhaka City. Each
record comprises three components:
east-west, north-south, and updown. For spectral analysis threenoise-free portions of 20.48
seconds have been taken at 100
hertz instrumental sampling. For
checking the stability of soil
response using microtremor at eachpoint of sensor location microtremor
data recordings have been executedat different times of the day.
The results show that the rangesof predominant frequency in BUET
area are between 0.30 and 6.5 Hz,
and Horizontal to Vertical spectral
Ratio (H/V) ranges between 1.0
and 6.5. In some locations of theobservation point the H/V ratio
obtained was very flat. In otherlocations the result was very clear
predominant peaks. For the stability
analysis of microtremor thirteen
selected points show that H/Vratios are very stable. In general,the long period or low frequency
zone corresponds to the soft soil
zone, with shorter period or highfrequency in the hard and middle
soil zones. In some places, long
periods or low frequency have been
detected in the hard soil zone, thisbeing due to local artificial deposits
caused by compacting the soil.
(by M.A. Ansary, BNUS)

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Page 10

RC62 Committee Activities
The
performanceof
infrastructures
necessary
tosupport our lives deteriorates
due to changes in requiredfeatures and aging. Traditionally,evaluation of structures has been
tried utilizing various measuring
techniques. However, technology
which can appropriately evaluate
structural performance has notbeen established. In addition,techniques for evaluating theperformance of the entire structure
considering both the structure andthe ground have not been studied.
From
this
background,the “Research committee on
evaluation technology of theperformance degradation due
to aging infrastructure” (RC-62) started over three years
ago in April 2008, and we haveconducted quantitative techniquesto evaluate the performanceof concrete and soil structures
and technical investigations toevaluate the performance of theentire structure to encompass the
structure from the ground.
In the first year, we organizedexisting technologies of themeasurement and evaluation
on each field such as concreteand soil structures, etc., anddiscussed the direction of futuretechnologies. Next, as a concrete
example, we selected a box
culvert structure in the earth withreinforced soil walls (Terre Armee)
and we examined structuraldeformation due to changes inground conditions. Based on theseresults, we proposed a techniquefor monitoring or measuring
the deformation expected. For
the reinforced earth wall, we
tried to assess the soundnessof reinforcement in the groundusing field tests with acoustic
shockwave. This series of study
results are summarized in a final
report published in March 2011.
Although this study is limited,
continued work is required for
effective and efficient maintenanceof infrastructures.
(by Kenji Hayakawa,
Tokyu Construction Co., Ltd.

RC67 Committee Activities
The “Research Committee on
Evaluation of CSR Activities
in Environmental Conscious
Society” (RC67) has continued
to work for two years in order tocreate a guideline for CSR activity
about forests. Specifically, overthe first year we investigatedand analyzed the CSR activities
of private Japanese companies
which have responsibilities related
to environmental issues. Then,
during the second year we focusedon hearing from the voices of thoseactually in charge of CSR activities
through hearings and interviews
with leading companies.
At the end of March 2011, we
published our conclusions as the“ICUS Committee Report 201002.” In this report, we proposed

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4330

the guidelines and an evaluation
form for improving the quality ofcurrent CSR activities. Following
is a brief summary of the reported
guideline and evaluation form.
The results of the interview
indicate that the scale, continuity,
PDCA(plan-do-check-act),
environmental
educations,contributions to local community,
support of forest management,
soil and water conservation andbiodiversity are all needed forevaluation of CSR activities.
The evaluation form was createdbased on this result. Moreover,
we concluded that four functionsof CSR activities are needed
to improve the quality of CSR
activities through analysis of
the evaluation forms. Importantfunctions are: 1) CSR activities
should support sustainable forest
industry, 2) CSR activities should
be close to the core business,3) experts should contribute to
private CSR activities, and 4) CSR
activities should collaborate withother CSR activities. We would
also like to add that sustainable
use of wood is one type of CSR
activity. Finally, RC67 hopesthat the report will contribute
positively to CSR activities. If you
want to know more about theseresults, please refer to the “ICUS
Committee Report 2010-02”(available in Japanese language
only).
(by T. Endo)Page 11

Report on LiDAR research in Korea
LiDAR (Light detection andranging) is one type of remotesensing instrument which measuresterrain surface and 3-dimensional
structures. South Korea actually
has more LiDAR instruments thanJapan despite the area of Korea
being roughly just one-quarter thesize of Japan.
To investigate the status of
current LiDAR research in South
Korea, I stayed in Pusan for twomonths from December 1, 2010
to January 31, 2011. The researchcounterparts during my stay were
Prof. Yong Cheol Suh, Prof. Chul
Uong Choi, and Dr. Yang Won Lee
in the geoinformatic engineeringgroup at the Pukyong National
University, who helped me collectdomestic papers on LiDAR
research written in Korea.
I found that the amount of LiDAR

research increased rapidly from2005, and has continued to increase
until now. The major research fieldin LiDAR application was related
to civil engineering applications,such as extraction of building andterrain shapes. There was little
environment-related
research,however, in contrast to Japan.
Environmental research using
LiDAR may become more popularin the future in South Korea, andI hope that Japan and South Korea
will tackle these issues together inthe future.
Acknowledgement: Funding forthis research was provided by the“Global Center of Excellence for
Sustainable Urban Regeneration.”(by T. Endo)

Number of Korean domestic LiDAR research papers

ICUS Activities● Prof. K. Meguro traveled to
Bangkok, Thailand, from Feb. 4
to 7 for a lecture on earthquake
preparedness.
● Prof. Sawada visited Thailand
from Jan. 5 to 11 for a meetingand investigation on forests in
the Mekong region.
● Prof. Sawada also attended ameeting in Laos from Feb. 3
to 9 for a meeting related toforest management and natural
disasters.
● Dr. R. Kuwano attended the
5th International Conferenceon Earthquake GeotechnicalEngineering from Jan. 8 to 17
in Santiago, Chile.
● Dr. T. Kato visited Chengdu,
Sichuan, China from March 7
to 12 for an investigation.
● Dr. A. Kawasaki traveled to

Kunming and Jinghong, China,
Vientiane, Laos, and Phnom
Penh, Cambodia, from Jan. 1 to
13 for research investigation.
● Dr. A. Kawasaki also visited
Amsterdam, Holland, andLondon, England, from March
10 to 19 to share his researchworks.

Awards● Mr. M. Hosoo, master student
in Kuwano Laboratory, won
the Furuichi Award from theDept. of Civil Engineering,
the University of Tokyo, for
his excellent master research

entitled “Study on healing
capability of bio-cemented
sandy soil.”● Ms. M. Sato, master student
in Kuwano Laboratory, also
won the Furuichi Award fromthe Dept. of Civil Engineering,
the University of Tokyo, forher excellent master research
entitled “Effects of undergroundstructures on expansion of
subsurface cavaties.”

ICUS Newsletter Vol.10, No.4

331

Page 12
Editor’s Note
On March 11th, at 2:46 pm a
massive earthquake occurred off theeastern coast of Japan and caused ahuge tsunami. In the Sanriku area,
which has a history of tsunami
damage and was also directly
affected by this recent earthquake,there are many countermeasuresagainst tsunami in place, such aslarge seawall, education abouttsunamis and tsunami drills due. But
even with these countermeasures thedamage and casualties are larger
than those which resulted from the1896 Sanriku earthquake.
What countermeasures should
we take? Should all people live inhigh ground or another area far
from the sea for safety? Should
higher seawalls be built? Should
all buildings be built by reinforced
concrete structure and designed towithstand tsunami forces?
There is not only disaster safety
to think of, but also many otherproblems related to communities,

industries, landscapes, and so forth– all of which need to be solved.
Unfortunately, these problems cannot
be solved easily, but gathering all theknowledge and techniques in Japan
as well as around the world is agood place to start. Researchers allover Japan, including those in ICUS
and also in the University of Tokyo
are working towards solving these
problems and helping move towards
reconstruction.
(by M. Koshihara)

Announcement of abstract due date for USMCA 2011 (Chiangmai, Thailand)
We would like to announce that the due date for submitting abstracts for the 10th International Symposium on
New Technologies for Urban Safety of Mega Cities in Asia (USMCA 2011), to be held in Chiangmai, Thailand
from October 12 to 14, has been extended to the middle of July, 2011. Further information such as the abstract
format is available at the USMCA 2011 official website:
http://www.set.ait.ac.th/rnus/USMCA2011/index.html

332

肩書

氏名

教授
目黒公郎
教授
沢田治雄
客員教授
横田 弘
客員教授
市橋 康吉
准教授
桑野玲子
准教授
加藤佳孝
准教授
腰原幹雄
准教授
加藤孝明
講師
田中伸治
助教
遠藤貴宏
准教授
大原美保
特任准教授 川崎昭如
助教
沼田宗純
特任研究員 近藤伸也
特任研究員 マイケルワードヘンリー
秘書
吉本英子

研究員
徳田稔夫
客員教授
Misra Sudhir
客員教授
高橋健文
客員教授
瀬戸島政博
教授
安岡善文
助教授
Dutta Dushmannta
特任助教授 Ansary Mehedi Armed
客員教授
林 省吾
講師
須崎純一
研究員
鶴田俊
研究員
タン・キャン・フィ
教授
魚本健人
客員教授
天野玲子
研究員
ウォルサックカノックヌクルチャイ
研究員
加藤絵万
准教授
黄 弘
森主門
特任助教
バルアプラナブジョティ

4

5

6

7

2009
8 9 10 11 12

1

2

3

2010
8 9 10 11 12

4 5 6
学環兼務

7

研究員

准教授

1

2

3

4

5

6

5/1～

学術支援職員(3/16～）

顧問研究員
顧問研究員
顧問研究員

顧問研究員

研究員
～10/31～12/31