SUGISAKAMASANORI

Journal of Advances in Artificial Life Robotics
Vol. 4(3); December (2023), pp. 163–171
ON LINE ISSN 2435-8061; ISSN-L 2435-8061
https://alife-robotics.org/jallr.html

Research Article

Conceptual Dictionaries for Adjective Concepts and Adjective
Verb Concepts in an Integrated Narrative Generation System
Jumpei Ono1, Takashi Ogata2

Faculty of Software and Information Technology, Aomori University, 2-3-1 Kohbata, Aomori, Aomori, 030-0943, Japan
Faculty of informatics, Yamato University, 2-5-1, Katayama-cho, Suita, Osaka, 564-0082, Japan

1
2

ARTICLE INFO
Article History
Received 30 November 2023
Accepted 12 May 2024
Keywords
Adjective conceptual dictionary
Adjective verb conceptual dictionary
Integrated narrative generation
System (INGS)
AntonymColoring

ABSTRACTIn our narrative generation study, we chiefly use the verb and noun conceptual dictionaries in the
narrative generation system. Moreover, other conceptual dictionaries are also necessary for
generating more interesting stories. In this study, we present basic methods for developing an
adjective conceptual dictionary and adjective verb conceptual dictionary in an integrated narrative
generation system (INGS). We refer to antonym relationships between adjective concepts andadjective verb concepts. Furthermore, as an approach to the application based on the above typesof dictionaries, we introduce an attempt to use both the description of antonym relationships forthe adjective & adjective verb concepts and our “coloring” technique for giving a certain
atmosphere to a story to be generated.

© 2022 The Author. Published by Sugisaka Masanori at ALife Robotics Corporation Ltd.
This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

must have meaning as concepts (noun and verb concepts)
and not just as superficial linguistic expressions. The
level of a particular case structure is distinguished by its
written expression. Our narrative generation system
includes both noun and verb concepts as case structuresand nouns and verbs in written expressions, and nouns
and verbs are used both as concepts and superficial words.
Therefore, we created a lexicon of concepts andsuperficial expressions and linked them.
Adjectives and adjectival verbs that modify nouns andverbs are the parts of speech that express the nature andstate of things and are essential components of a story. In
this case, too, the adjectives and adjective verbs asconcepts and those as surficial words should have bothaspects. For example, if an adjective concept describes a
character in a case structure as “brave,” it is used todescribe an aspect of the character’s personality. It is also
possible for the adjective “brave” to be used in superficial
textual expressions.
The main theoretical underpinnings of our narrative
generation systems research (described above) are

1. Introduction
According to narratology, an academic discipline thatstudies the function and structure of narrative, a narrative
is a sequence of events with a specific theme [1]. The
content of a narrative is called a story. A story is achronological sequence of events that occurs within anarrative, and an event is composed of nouns and verbs.
In our study on the narrative generation system INGS [2],[3] (described later in this section), we take the approachof describe events as case structures [4], [5].
Our narrative generation system includes both nounverb concepts as case structures and nouns and verbs inwritten expressions; nouns and verbs are used both asconcepts and as surface words. Therefore, we created a
dictionary of concepts and a dictionary of surface
representations to link these two. Adjectives andadjectival verbs that modify nouns and verbs are the partsof speech that express the nature and state of things andare essential components of a story. Nouns and verbs

Corresponding author’s E-mail: j.ono@aomori-u.ac.jp, ogata.takashi@yamato-u.ac.jp

163discusses the problems and expansions of adjective andadjective verb conceptual dictionaries and Section 6
concludes this study.

narratology, AI, and cognitive science. Currently, Chat
GPT [6], based on machine learning with neuralnetworks, has achieved great success as dialogue AI. In
this context, research on making computers talk aboutsome things is an area that has attracted considerable
attention. For example, the Buncho [7] can be consideredas part of this type of generative AI research. Early
narrative studies that, like ChatGPT, were generated
through dialogue include the following. Artificial
intelligence that interacts with humans and robots
equipped with such AI are of great significance in today’ssociety, starting with ELIZA, which was released by
Weizenbaum [8] and fascinated people at that time.
Recently, catering robots have been in full operation insome restaurants, and robots will be required to interact
more with humans in the future. It would be interesting
to see more advanced story generation systems integrated
with dialog generation systems in the future.
As mentioned above, we are developing a narrative
generation system that organically integrates theknowledge of narrative structures with artificial
intelligence techniques. We call this an integrated
narrative generation system (INGS) [2], [3]. Regarding
the knowledge of a narrative’s structure, the INGS hasconceptual dictionaries that are used to generate thenarrative. Thus far, we have developed noun and verb
conceptual dictionaries for events that constitute anarrative [9]. Therefore, we prepared a modifier
conceptual dictionary containing adjective concepts,
adjective verb concepts, and adverbial concepts as its
components [10]. In this study, we focus on adjective andadjective verb concepts among the components of themodifier dictionary.
The purpose of this paper is to present the structure of
the adjective and adjective verb conceptual dictionaries
and study how to store and use antonym concepts. In thecase structure and superficial sentence representations
associated with it, the traditional system’s central use ofnoun-verb concepts and noun-verb words has been themain focus, but if this research allows the flexible use of
adjective-verb concepts and adjective-verb words, theresults of narrative generation will be more concrete andcan be accompanied by images. This would also create agreater impression on the reader in future conversational
story generation, which is currently expected to beeffective.
Section 2 describes the integrated narrative generation
system that is the background of this study. Section 5

2. Integrated Narrative Generation System
This section describes the architecture of INGS andshows a story structure in the INGS.
2.1. Architecture of INGSThe INGS has a story generation mechanism and surface
expression mechanism. The story generation mechanism
represents the relationship between events in a story in atree structure. The surface expression mechanism
generates sentences, music, and images based on thestory structure generated by the story generation
mechanism.
Next, we describe the knowledge base of INGS. The
INGS has a story content knowledge base for story
generation. This knowledge base stores both thefragmentary structure and the larger structure of a story,
such as the beginning and end of a story. Story generationrefers to the merging and editing of stories. Using
conceptual dictionaries, these story structures areassociated with various meanings by means of a concept
dictionary.
A conceptual dictionary provides systematic meanings
to the elements that appear in a story. We developed nounand verb conceptual dictionaries [9]. Here, we focus on
the verb conceptual dictionary related to the adjective andadjective verb conceptual dictionaries described in
Section 3 and Section 4. The noun conceptual dictionary
share the same hierarchical structure and are connectedto the verb conceptual dictionary in that they areconnected to the linguistic dictionaries described below.
The verb conceptual dictionary has a hierarchicalstructure. The dictionary contains both the intermediate
and terminal concepts. Intermediate concepts represent
the semantic categories of verbs. Terminal concepts are
the verb concepts that appear in a story.

164

Fig. 1 shows the description format of the verb concept
frame. The “sentence pattern” slot indicates the basic
form of the sentence expression, and the “case structure”
slot indicates the case required by the verb concept.
“Constraint” slot indicates the possible noun concepts foreach case. “Is-a” slot indicates an intermediate conceptthat the verb concept corresponds.
((name <verb>)(sentence-pattern <sentence pattern>)(case-cons-set((case-frame ((agent nil) (counter-agent nil) (location nil)(object nil) (instrument nil) (from nil) (to nil)))(constraint (<constraints>))))(is-a (<intermediate concept>)))Fig. 2. A part of a hierarchical structure in the adjective
and adjective verb conceptual dictionaries

Case frame(eat (agent age%boy#1)(object
obj%raisin-bread#1))

Fig. 1 Description format of terminal concepts in verb
conceptual dictionaries.
Verb concepts are associated with linguistic
dictionaries. The linguistic dictionary stores the notationof concepts. The linguistic dictionary stores thedescription patterns. The Japanese language has kanji,hiragana, and katakana characters, which are used in
combination to describe words and sentences.
Fig. 2 shows a part of the hierarchical structure of theadjective and adjective verb conceptual dictionary. The
hierarchical structures of the two dictionaries are basedon the verb conceptual dictionary. Only a few tentativeintermediate concepts in these dictionaries are set up
using intermediate concepts from the verb conceptual
dictionary [9]. The verb conceptual dictionary includes
36 types of categories.

shown Fig. 3. In sentence generation, the process
generates an internal representation from the case frame.
The internal representation has “description” slot. The
slot is made by “taste” slot in the frame of “obj%raisinbread#1.” In the result, the sentence “A boy eats a raisin
bread.” is generated.

2.2. Story structure in the INGS

3. Adjective Conceptual Dictionary

A story is represented by a conceptual structure. An eventin a story is described using a case structure. Each casecontains instances that appear in the story. Each instancecontains an attribute frame that describes the propertiesof a character, object, or place.
Fig. 3 shows the case frame of an event based on a verb
concept “食べる 2[eat],” and a part of an attribute framein the event. The case structure represents “A boy eats a
raisin-bread.” In the case frame, “age%boy#1” and“obj%raisin-bread#1” are instances. Each instance has an
attribute frame. The frame of “obj%raisin-bread#1” isshown in the Fig. 3. The attribute frame of has theproperty “delicious” in “taste” slot. Fig. 4 shows anexample of sentence generation based on the case frameFig. 5 shows the hierarchical structure of the adjective
concepts in the adjective conceptual dictionary. The
adjective conceptual dictionary includes 735 adjective
concepts. An adjective concept corresponds to one of thefollowing nine types of intermediate concepts: attributes,
possessions, relative relations, perceptual states,
emotional states, thought states, physical states, natural
phenomena, and emotional actions. Table 1 shows thecategories of intermediate concepts and the number of
each category. Moreover, this table describes the namesof the adjective concepts included in each category as
examples.

Attribute frame((ID obj%raisin-bread#1)(instance-of raisin-bread@bread)(name raisin-bread)(taste delicious) …)
Fig. 3 An example of a case frame165

6 Example of an adjective concept.
CaseFig.
frame

(eat
(agentage%boy#1)
(set
‘明るい
1[bright]‘((name 明るい 1[bright])(object obj%raisin-bread#1))(sentence-pattern“N1 が 明るい[N1 is bright]”)(case-cons-set
Internal
representation((case-frame((agent nil) (counter-agent nil) (location nil)($description(object N1) (instrument nil) (from nil) (to nil)))(event eat (agent age%boy#1)(constraint ((外[outdoor])))))(object obj%raisin-bread#1))(description
delicious (object
obj%raisin-bread#1)))(is-a (d 自然現象[natural
phenomena]))))

Table. 1 Categories and examples of the adjective concepts
Intermediateconcepts

Sentence representation(A) A boy eats a raisin bread.
(B) A boy eats a delicious raisin bread.

AmountAdjective concepts

属性[Attributes]

634

高い 8[sonorous], 冷たい 1[cold], いやら し い 1[disagreeable], ひ ど い
2[severe], 華々しい 1[brilliant], 浅い
6[inexperienced], 緩い 4[gentle], 甘い
9[loose], 平 た い 1[flat], 苦 し い
6[awkward], 荒い 3[extravagant], 高い
3[high-pitched], 限りない 2[endless], 乏
し い 1[poor], 若 い 3[young], 速 い
1[fast], そそっかしい 1[careless], 危ない 3[insecure], 飽きっぽい 1[fickle],
荒々しい 1[rough], 偉い 1[great], 手厳
しい 1[severe], 苦しい 4[tight], 夥しい1[large], みっともない 2[shabby], 芳し
い 2[favorable], 明るい 3[cheerful], 惜
しい 2[a pity], 早い 3[quick-witted], 乏
しい 3[poor]

所
有[Possessions]1

薄い 13[have a minimal relation]

6

等しい 2[equal], 相等しい 1[equal], 悪い 16[do not get on well], 遠 い
2[distantly related], 薄い 9[have little todo], 近い 3[close]

Fig. 4 Sentence generation based on a case frame
Adjective concepts
StatesAbstract
relationship

Actions

Psychologicalrelationship

属性
所有[Attributes] [Possessions]

相対関係[Relative
relations]

知覚状態[Perceptualstates]

感情状態[Emotional
states]薄い
13[shortage]

等しい
2[equal]痒い
1[itchy]

悲しい
1[sad]

青い
1[blue],Psychologicalactions
思考状態[Thought
states]疎い
1[lacking]

身体状態[Physical
states]青白い
1[pale]

自然現象[Naturalphenomena]

相 対 関 係
[Relative
relations]

感情動作[Emotional
actions]明るい
1[light]欲しい
1[want]Fig. 5 Hierarchy in the adjective conceptual dictionary
Each adjective concept’s representation form directly
uses the structure of a verb concept as shown in Fig. 1.
On the other hand, Fig. 6 is the example for an adjective
concept. Although the slots in the form were explained in
Section 2.1, we focus on the slot of “constraint.”“Constraint” slot corresponds to one or more noun
concept(s). A noun concept is the target modified by theadjective concept. For instance, as “明るい 1[bright]” in
Fig. 6 modifies “屋外[outdoor],” the sentence of “屋外
は明るい (Outdoor is bright)” can be generated using
information written in the “sentence pattern” slot.
4. Adjective Verb Conceptual Dictionary
Fig. 7 shows the hierarchical structure of the adjective
verb concept. The conceptual dictionary of adjective verb
has 908 adjective verb concepts. An adjective verb
concept is corresponded to one of the following eighttypes of intermediate concepts: existence, attributes,
relative relations, perceptual states, emotional states,
thought states, physical states, and natural phenomena.
Table 2 shows the categories of intermediate concepts
and the number of each category. Moreover, this table
describes the names of the adjective verb concepts
included in each category as examples.

知 覚 状 態
[Perceptualstates]26

感 情 状 態
[Emotional
states]44

思 考 状 態[Thought
states]1

身 体 状 態
[Physical
states]7

自 然 現 象[Naturalphenomena]

9

感 情 動 作
[Emotional
actions]166

7

痛い 1[have a headache], 痛い 2[have atoothache], 寒 い 1[cold], 息 苦 し い
1[breathe with difficulty], 痒 い 1[feelitchy], だ る い 1[feel heavy], 弱 い
8[have weak eyesight], 弱 い 9[haveweak eyes], 珍しい 1[unusual], きつい
1[tight]
甘い 1[indulgent], 悲しい 1[sad], 恥ずかしい 1[ashamed], 重い 5[depressed],
嬉しい 1[glad], 恐ろしい 1[afraid], 気
まずい 1[N2 feel awkward], 好ましい
1[desirable], 寂しい 1[lonely], つらい1[painful]
疎い 1[ignorant]
青白い 1[pale], おかしい１[wrong], 苦
しい 1[breathe heavily], 逞しい 1[havea strong], 良 い 12[have a healthy
complexion], 悪 い 19[unwell], 弱 い
1[week]明るい 1[light], 濃い 1[dense], 少ない
1[little], 深い 1[dense], 強い 5[windy],
多い 14[we have much snow], 眩しい2[dazzling], 激しい 1[violent]
狭い 6[feel ashamed], 欲しい 2[want]，
欲しい 1[want], 重い 8[have a heavy
heart], 良い 9[feel comfortable], 悪い
9[uncomfortable], 重い 6[feel low]

Table. 2 Categories and examples of the adjective verb
concepts

Same as the case of adjective concepts, each adjective
verb concept also has the form shown in Fig. 1. The
meaning of each of the frames included in the form is also
equal to the explanation for Fig. 1. Fig. 8 is the example
for an adjective verb concept. We explain the “constraint”
slot here. This slot corresponds to one or more noun
concept(s). The “constraint” slot in “頑健だ 1[robust]”
corresponds to “人[human],” “動物[animal],” and ”動物{部分}[animal{part}].” Using one of the possibilities,
we can a sentence of “動物は頑健だ (Animal is robust).”Furthermore, “ 動 物 [animal]” can be exchanged withconcrete concepts. For instance, we can make anothersentence, such as “ サ イ [Rhinoceros] は 頑 健 だ(Rhinoceros is robust).”Intermediateconcepts
存在[Existence]

Amoun
t
1

Adjective verb concepts

属性[Attributes]

878

相 対 関
[Relative
relations]1

神妙だ 1[docile]

係

存在[existence]

属性[Attributes]

健在だ1[Alive
and well]

相応だ
1[appropriate]

Psychologicalrelationship
相対関係[Relative
relations]

神妙だ
1[mysterious]

知覚状態[Perceptualstates]健康だ1[healthy]

感情状態[Emotional
states]憂鬱だ
1[depressed]

思考状態[Thought
states]慎重だ1[cautious]

身体状態[Physical
states]頑健だ
1[robust]

4

感 情 状 態
[Emotional states]8

思 考 状 態[Thought states]4

慎 重 だ 1[cautious], 賛 成 だ
1[agree], 反対だ 1[opposed], 無関
心だ 1[indifferent]

身 体 状 態
[Physical states]

8

不 健 康 だ 1[unhealthy], 薄 弱 だ
1[feeble], 蒼白だ 1[deathly pale], 真
っ 青 だ 1[deadly pale], 丈 夫 だ
2[healthy], 元気だ 2[healthy], 虚弱だ 1[weak], 頑健だ 1[robust]

自然現象[Natural
phenomena]4

さ わ や か だ 1[crisp], 永 久 だ
1[permanent], 気紛れだ 1[volatile],
濃厚だ 1[dense]

自然現象[Naturalphenomena]

さわやかだ
1[refreshing]Fig. 7 Hierarchy in the adjective verb conceptual
dictionary
5.1 Problem of the dictionaries
The adjective conceptual dictionary and the adjective
verb conceptual dictionary concentrate the terminal
concepts on the intermediate concept “attribute,” andthere is room for more fine-grained classification using
linguistic studies. By making the granularity of theintermediate concepts finer, the INGS can control
narrative generation more flexibly. In this study, we first
focus on the adjectival concept dictionary and discuss its
potential for development. The National Institute forJapanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL) andNishio [11] focused on semantic expressions anddeveloped a classification of adjectives. Table 3
summarizes these classifications.

不調だ 1[in bad condition], 正気だ
1[sane], 元 気 だ 1[fine], 健 康 だ
1[healthy]
憂鬱だ 1[gloomy], 平静だ 1[calm],
不 安 だ 1[insecure], 闘 志 満 々 だ
1[full of fight], 上 機 嫌 だ 1[in agood humor], 孤独だ 1[lonely], ハ
ッピーだ 1[happy], ショッキング
だ 1[shocking]

知 覚 状 態
[Perceptual states]

StatesAbstract
relationship健在だ 1[be well]
突 飛 だ 4[eccentric], 不 自 然 だ
1[unnatural], 濃密だ 3[strong], 地
味 だ 3[conservative], 雅 や か だ
1[elegant], 大変だ 5[splendid], 法
的だ 1[legal], 積極的だ 2[positive],
不正だ 1[unjust], 密だ 2[dense], 単
一だ 1[single], 閑静だ 1[quiet], 斬新だ 1[original], 身軽だ 1[light], 頑
固 だ 2[persistent], 秀 逸 だ
1[excellent], 急だ 3[steep], 垂直だ1[vertical], 人並みだ 1[average], 奇
妙だ 3[funny], 慎重だ 2[careful], 不調だ 1[in bad condition], 単調だ
1[monotonous], 崇高だ 1[noble], 温
暖だ 1[mild], 幸運だ 1[lucky], 確か
だ 2[reliable], 雑だ 1[rough], 下等だ 2[mean], 馬鹿正直だ 1[naively
honest]5. Problem, Expansion and Application
This section summarizes the problem and thedevelopment of the adjective conceptual dictionary andthe adjective verb conceptual dictionary, and shows anapplication of the dictionaries.

Adjective verb concepts

Table 3 has been considered for revision in otherstudies. For example, Utsumi, Hori, and Ohsuga [12]replaced some of the attributive adjectives related tothings with the five human senses and organized theminto “character,” “appearance,” “action,” and “attribute”
for those related to people. In addition, “semantic
elements” were extracted for the adjectives in eachcategory as the source of expressing the meanings of theadjectives (e.g., “brightness” from “light” and “dark”).
Zhang [13] considered “evaluative adjectives,” such as

167

subdivide the hierarchical structures of the conceptual
dictionaries.
In the future, we will continue to study theclassification of NINJAL and Nishio as well as otherstudies, and revise the classification of our adjective
conceptual dictionary.

(set ‘頑健だ 1[robust] ‘((name 頑健だ 1[robust])(sentence-pattern “N1 が 頑健だ[N1 is robust]”)(case-cons-set((case-frame ((agent nil) (counter-agent nil) (locationnil) (object nil) (instrument nil) (from nil) (to nil)))(constraint (( 人 [human] 動 物 [animal] 動 物 { 部分}[animal{part}])))))(is-a (d 身体状態[physical states]))))

5.2 Expanding two conceptual dictionaries
First, using various web dictionaries, we collected words
with antonym relationship of adjective concepts andadjective verb concepts in the developed conceptual
dictionaries. Next, we expanded the description forms ofadjective concepts and adjective verb concepts using thecollected words. The following is the detailed
explanation of the above description.

Fig. 8 An example of an adjective verb concept.
“cute, funny, and amusing,” which are considered to beintermediate between emotional and attributive
adjectives.
Comparing the National Institute for NINJAL and
Nishio’s classification with our adjective concept
dictionary, the general trend is that “emotion adjectives”
correspond to perceptual states, emotional states, thoughtstates, and emotional actions, and “attribute adjectives”
correspond to “attributes” plus existence, possession,
relative relations, physical states, and natural phenomena.
Since “attributes” is a mixture of adjective concepts
that modifying “things” and “person” in the conceptual
dictionaries (e.g., “new” that modifying an object and“bright” that modifying the person). We need to1.

(1) “Weblio Antonyms/Synonyms Dictionary”(https://thesaurus.weblio.jp/antonym/)(2) “Dictionary of Antonyms/Synonyms Online”(https://taigigo.jitenon.jp/)(3) “Large
DictionaryofAntonyms”(https://hantaigo.com/)

Table 3 Category of adjectives by NINJAL and Nishio[11]
Category
Sub-category
感 情 形 容 詞 感情[Emotion][Emotion
adjective]

感覚[Sence]

Examples
嬉しい[grad], 悲しい[sad]

In particular, we manually collect words by using thenames, words, describing the adjective concepts andadjective verb concepts in their dictionaries as theretrieval keywords.

痛い[painful], 寒い[cold]
属 性 形 容 詞 広 汎 な も の ご と の 属 性 等 し い [equal], 良[Attribute[Attribute of extensive things] い[good]
adjective]

2.

も の に 関 空 間 的 な 量 高い[high]
す る 属 性 [Spatial amount]
白い[white][Attribute 色[Color]of things]

音[Sound]

騒々しい[noisy]

味[Taste]甘い[sweet]におい[Smell]

くさい[stinking]

その他[Others]

重い[heavy]

ひとに関する属性[Attribute 優しい[kindly], ず
るい[wily]of humans]
こ と の 属 性 [Attribute of い ち じ る し い[remarkable], す ご
matters]
い[wonderful]
程度[Degree]

We collect words with antonym relationships for theadjective and adjective verb concepts in thedeveloped dictionaries using the following web
dictionaries, which includes many Japanese words
and the corresponding antonym words.

すごい[terrific], 非常に[extremely]

168

We expand the adjective and adjective verb
conceptual dictionaries using the collected words. In
particular, we manually search the description ofconcepts that are equal to the collected words for therespective dictionaries. If a collected word
processing is matched with a concept, the procedure(A) is processed; otherwise, the procedure (B) is
processed.
Procedure (A): A “antonym slot” is inserted into
the frame of a matched concept and an antonym isdescribed as the value of the slot. Fig. 9 shows the
expanded description of a frame. Moreover, theframe name including the described word is inserted

Table 4 Examples of the pairs based on antonym
relationships in the adjective concept

into the concept frame that corresponds to thedescribed word.
Procedure (B): A new concept frame is madebased on the collected words. Next, the procedure(A) is called.
We have partially collected 949 words (524 adjectives,
425 adjective verbs) with antonym relationships
according to the above process. Each of the 949 words
become a pair with an adjective concept or adjective verb
concept. Table 4 and 5 respectively show a part of thepairs in the adjective concepts and adjective verb concept.
Each value next to the name of intermediate concept isthe number of pairs in each intermediate concept.
This applied development leads to the representationof the relationship between concepts as a network.
Utsumi, Hori, and Ohsuga [12] showed a diagram of therelationship between semantic elements, and we would
like to develop our concept dictionary into such a
network of relationships.
5.3 Application of the dictionaries: Coloring
We presented a method called “coloring.” “Coloring”
adds words related to the certain atmosphere to a story
and changes atmosphere in the story [14]. One of theways to realize “coloring” is using adjective concepts andadjective verb concepts. For instance, “Coloring” uses
the words such as “refreshing,” “cool”, and give theimpression of blue to a story. We have implemented acoloring method based on four different approaches [14].

Intermediateconcepts

Antonym relationships

属性[Attributes](489)

いやらしい 1[disagreeable] ⇔ 好ましい[desirable],
明るい 3[cheerful] ⇔ 暗い[gloomy], 高い 3[highpitched] ⇔ 低い[low-pitched], 高い 6[tall] ⇔ 低い
[short], 高い 7[high nutritional value] ⇔ 低い[lownutritional value], 高い 8[sonorous] ⇔ 低い[low class],
高い 9[valuable] ⇔ 低い[low], 冷たい 1[cold] ⇔ 熱い[hot], 浅い 1[shallow] ⇔ 深い[deep], 浅い 3[slight]⇔ 深い[deep], 浅い 6[inexperienced] ⇔ 深い[deepexperience], 緩い 4[gentle] ⇔ きつい[tight], 甘い
9[loose] ⇔ 厳しい[strict],, 苦しい 3[painful] ⇔ 楽し
い [fun], 苦 し い 4[tight] ⇔ 楽 し い [fun], 苦 し い
5[poor] ⇔ 楽しい[fun], 苦しい 6[awkward] ⇔ 楽し
い[fun], 荒い 3[extravagant] ⇔ 穏やか[calm], 若い
3[young] ⇔ 老いた[old], 速い 1[fast] ⇔ 遅い[slow],
危 な い 3[insecure] ⇔ 安 全 [safe], 飽 き っ ぽ い
1[fickle] ⇔ 粘り強い[tenacious], 荒々しい 1[rough]⇔ 穏 や か [calm], 偉 い 1[great] ⇔ 詰 ま ら な い[worthless], 手厳しい 1[severe] ⇔ 手緩い[mild], 芳し
い 2[favorable] ⇔ 臭い[stinking], 早い 3[quick-witted]⇔ 遅い[dull-witted], 乏しい 1[poor] ⇔ 豊か[rich], 乏
しい 2[short] ⇔ 豊か[rich], 乏しい 3[poor] ⇔ 豊か
[rich]

所有[Possessions](0)

No antonym words were found for concepts in thisintermediate concept.

相 対 関 係
[Relative
relations] (3)等しい 2[equal] ⇔ 異なる[different], 遠い 2[distantly
related]⇔ 近い[close], 近い 3[close] ⇔ 遠い[distantly
related]
寒い 1[cold] ⇔ 暑い[hot], きつい 1[tight] ⇔ 緩い[loose], 弱い 8[have weak eyesight] ⇔ 強い[strong],
弱い 9[have weak eyes] ⇔ 強い[strong], 痛い 1[havea headache] ⇔ 痒 い [feel itchy], 痛 い 2[have atoothache] ⇔ 痒い[feel itchy], 痒い 1[feel itchy] ⇔ 痛
い[ache]知 覚 状 態
[Perceptualstates] (7)(set <Concept> ‘((name <Name>)(sentence-pattern <Pattern>)(case-cons-set((case-frame <Case(s)>) (constraint <Constraint(s)>)))(is-a (<Concept(s)>))(antonym <Concept with antonym relationship of
this concept>)))

感 情 状 態
[Emotional
states] (9)

悲しい 1[sad] ⇔ 嬉しい[happy], 寂しい 1[lonely] ⇔賑わしい[lively], 甘い 1[indulgent] ⇔ 厳しい[strict],
恥ずかしい 1[ashamed] ⇔ 誇らしい[proud], 重い
5[depressed] ⇔ 軽い[feel light], 嬉しい 1[glad] ⇔ 悲
しい[sad], 恐ろしい 1[afraid] ⇔ 優しい[kind], 気まずい 1[N2 feel awkward], , 好ましい 1[desirable] ⇔疎ましい[unpleasant], つらい 1[painful] ⇔ 楽しい[amusing]

思 考 状 態[Thought
states] (1)

疎い 1[ignorant] ⇔ 詳しい[familiar]

身 体 状 態
[Physical
states] (4)Fig. 9 The form of an adjective or adjective verb
concept adding antonym’s element

Two of these methods use adjective concepts andadjective verb concepts.
Methods using adjective concepts select each concept
based on color. One method allows the user to specify
any color, while the other is based on the distribution ofcolors in a given image. In both methods, the adjective
concepts or the adjective verb concepts are inserted into
the attribute frame of a person, object, or place, which is

自 然 現 象[Maturalphenomena](7)
感 情 動 作
[Emotional
actions] (4)169逞しい 1[have a strong] ⇔ ひ弱い[sickly], 青白い
1[pale] ⇔ 赤黒い[dark red], 弱い 1[week] ⇔ 強い[strong], 苦 し い 1[breathe heavily] ⇔ 楽 し い[pleasant]明るい 1[blight] ⇔ 暗い[dark], 濃い 1[dense] ⇔ 薄い
[thin], 少ない 1[little] ⇔ 多い[a lot of], 深い 1[dense]⇔ 薄い[thin], 強い 5[windy] ⇔ 弱い[calm], 多い
14[we have much snow] ⇔ 少ない[little], 激しい
1[violent] ⇔ 穏やか[calm]
良い 9[feel comfortable] ⇔ 悪い[uncomfortable], 悪い
9[uncomfortable] ⇔ 良 い [feel comfortable], 重 い
8[have a heavy heart] ⇔ 軽い [cheer], 狭 い 6[feelashamed] ⇔ 広い [wide]6. Conclusion

Table 5 Examples of the pairs based on antonym
relationships in the adjective verb concept
Intermediateconcepts
存在[Existence] (0)属性[Attributes](415)

相 対 関 係
[Relative
relations] (0)知 覚 状 態
[Perceptualstates] (2)感 情 状 態
[Emotional
states] (2)思 考 状 態[Thought
states] (0)No antonym words were found for concepts in thisintermediate concept.

In this study, we developed the first version of an
adjective conceptual dictionary and an adjective verb
conceptual dictionary in the INGS.
The developed conceptual dictionaries equally havesame problems that the verb conceptual dictionary has(the conceptual dictionaries treated in this paper is basedon the verb conceptual dictionary). The first problem isthat each of hierarchical structures does not hold an
appropriate amount of layer. In particular, “attributes” as
one of intermediate concepts has 86~96% adjective
concepts and adjective verb concepts. This structure
results in the difficulty of adequate concept selection inmodifying an element in a narrative generation process.
The improvement is a future important work.
In addition, we collected words with antonym
relationships for the adjective concepts and the adjective
verb concepts. The collected words are used to expand
adjective conceptual dictionary and adjective verb
conceptual dictionary. In the future, we will continue tocollect words with antonym relationships for theadjective and adjective verb concepts and challenge
generation experiments using the expanded conceptual
dictionaries.

健康だ 1[healthy] ⇔ 不健康[unhealthy], 元気だ
1[fine] ⇔ 病気[sick]

References

Antonym relationships
No antonym words were found for concepts in thisintermediate concept.
斬新だ 1[original] ⇔ 陳腐[commonplace], 幸運だ
1[lucky] ⇔ 不運[unfortunate], 濃密だ 1[thick] ⇔ 希
薄 [thin], 濃密 だ 2[deep] ⇔ 希 薄 [thin], 濃密 だ
3[strong] ⇔ 希薄[thin], 地味だ 3[conservative] ⇔派 手 [gaudy], 大 変 だ 5[splendid] ⇔ 小 変 [slightchange], 積極的だ 2[positive] ⇔ 消極的[passive],
単一だ 1[single] ⇔ 多様[various], 単一だ 2[unitary]⇔ 複合[compounded], 単一だ 3[simple] ⇔ 複合
[compounded], 閑静だ 1[quiet] ⇔ 喧騒[loud], 頑固だ 1[ obstinate] ⇔ 従 順 [obedient], 頑 固 だ
2[persistent] ⇔ 温順[docility], 急だ 1[urgent] ⇔ 緩
やか[generous], 急だ 3[steep] ⇔ 緩やか[gentle], 急
だ 4[sharp] ⇔ 緩やか loose], 急だ 5[rapid] ⇔ 緩やか[slow], 垂直だ 1[vertical] ⇔ 水平[horizontal], 慎
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雑だ 1[rough] ⇔ 純[pure], 下等だ 1[lower] ⇔ 上等
[good], 下等だ 2[mean] ⇔ 上等 [good], 下等 だ
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Report,https://cdn.openai.com/papers/gpt-4.pdf, 2023.
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Between Man and Machine, Communications of the

上機嫌だ 1[ in a good humor] ⇔ 不機嫌[in a badhumor], 孤独だ 1[lonely] ⇔ 愛[love]
No antonym words were found for concepts in thisintermediate concept.

身 体 状 態
[Physical
states] (5)

虚弱だ 1[weak] ⇔ 強壮[strong], 蒼白だ 1[deathlypale] ⇔ 紅潮[blush], 丈夫だ 2[healthy] ⇔ 手弱女[femininity], 元気だ 2[healthy]⇔ 病弱[sickly], 頑健
だ 1[robust] ⇔ 柔弱[week]

自 然 現 象[Naturalphenomena](2)

永久だ 1[permanent] ⇔ 束の間[moment], 濃厚だ1[dense] ⇔ 希薄[thin]

the final coloring target, thus matching the story content
to a specific atmosphere. However, “coloring” byadjective concepts and adjective verb concepts can’t deal
with words that negative impressions by the limitationsof the color image scale. The antonymy relationship canleads negative words from positive ones. So, theantonymy relationship expands “coloring.”

170

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Authors Introduction
Dr. Jumpei Ono

Jumepi Ono received his bachelor’s
degree from the Faculty of Softwareand Information Science, Iwate
Prefectural University in 2010. He
received his MS and PhD from the
Graduate School of Software andInformation Science, Iwate Prefectural
University in 2014 and 2018. Heworked as an information andcommunication technology instructor at the Vocational
School of Digital Arts Sendai since 2018. He is interested in
the interdicsiplinary field including computer gametechnologies, AI, cognitive science, and narrative generation
system.
Prof. Takashi Ogata

He received his bachelor from Waseda
University in 1983, his MS from
Tsukuba University in 1992, and his
PhD from the University of Tokyo in
1995. After his industrial experience atsoftware development companies since
1983, he has been an associate
professor in the Faculty of Engineeringat Yamanashi University since 1997
and a professor in the Faculty ofSoftware and Information Science at Iwate Prefectural
University since 2005, and he is currently a professor in the
Faculty of Informatics at Yamato University since 2024. He
has studied broad research areas, including AI, cognitive
science, narrative generation, narratology, kabuki, narrative
warfare, and content creation.

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