AASSA - SCJ Workshop on"Role of Science for Inclusive Society"

Issues on Work and Life Balance in Asia

Beyond the bias and barriers- What we have done in these 10 years
in STEM field in JapanHisako Ohtsubo1, Haruko Ogawa2,Megumi Sato3, Noriko Hirata-Kohno4
1Senior Researcher, Nihon University. Email: ohtsubo.hisako@nihon-u.ac.jp
2Professor, Ochanomizu University. Email: ogawa.haruko@ocha.ac.jp
3Lecturer, Nihon University. Email: sato.megumi@nihon-u.ac.jp

4Professor, Nihon University. Email: hirata@math.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp
1Tokyo, Japan, March 2, 2017

Low RaJo of Female Researchers in Japan• Numbers of Female Researchers are increasing.
2005: 98,700（11.9%) --→ 2016: 136,000（14.7%）• RaJo of the female researchers are sJll low, because of the low
raJo in the companies (8.2%).

Japan’s
Numerical Target:
2020302

Policies & Measures SupporJng
Gender Equality in STEM Field in Japan
1．One Numerical Target, 30% by 2020 (2003)(30% of female raJo in leading posiJons in all the area in society)2. Two Basic Plans Every 5 years (since 2005, 2010, 2015)
1) The Basic Plan for Science and Technology
2) The Basic Plan for Gender Equality
3. Three Programs by MEXT (2006 ~ present)1) Suppor<ng Ac<vi<es for Female Researchers (2006 ~)Suppor<ng Posi<ve Ac<vi<es for Female Researchers (2009-2011)(“KASOKU-Program/AcceleraJon-Program)
2) Restart Postdoctoral (RPD) Fellowship (2006 ~)3) Support for Female High-School Students into Science(2006 ~)Increase of Female Ratio of Researchers in STEM％

35

合計(理工農)教授(理工農)30

助(准)教授(理工農)

2004

独法
化

講師(理工農)25

助教+助手(理工農)
助手(理工農)20

助教(理工農)合計(全体)

15

105年01985

Equal Employment
Opportunity
男女雇用Law19901995

2000

2005

2010

2015

The Basic Act on
The 4th Basic PlanThe
3rdBasicPlanfor
第3期科学技術
科学技術基本法
第4期科学技術Scienceand Technologyfor Science andScienceand Technology
基本計画
基本計画
Basic Law for a
Technology
機会均等法
モデル育成事業
Megumi Sato et al., Transac9ons of Gender-Equal Society
加速プログラム
RPD制度
Nihon University School of Den9stry
The 2nd Basic Plan for
第2期科学技術基本計画
44Science and Technology
理系選択支援44, 69-75

Almost 100 Universi9es/Ins9tu9ons have been par9cipa9ng
in these MEXT Programs. (2006 ~ present)
1. SupporJng AcJviJes for Female Researchers (2006 ~)“Common Programs” among the Ins9tu9ons
Next slides!!
“Unique self-check system”(2010 – present)• Ochanomizu University
SupporJng PosiJve AcJviJes for Female Researchers“KASOKU-Program”/Accelera9on-Program (2009-2011)
Good Examples:
A kind of• Kyushu University “Quotas System” brought• Nagoya University spillover eﬀects
2. Restart Postdoctoral (RPD) Fellowship (2006 ~)“Restart from childcare leave”
5Various Programs for PromoJng Gender Equality
hdp://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp
h_p://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp
GenderEquality
Oﬃce

SupporRngProgram

Up-skilling
Program

ClimateChangeOn-CampusChildcare
APer school

Work-LifeBalance

Support for
Women Students

On-Campus
Nursery
Mentoring
Programby Nagoya
University

HeForShe(UN Women)
Local
Networking

AnnualReports
6

“Ochadai Index”, A Self-Check INDEX for leveling the ﬁeld
①②③
④

⑤⑥
⑦

⑦

①②
③⑥⑤ ④

• Since 2010 ~ present• In 2016,
Excel Sheets to 98 ins9tu9ons.
41, recovered (41.8% recovery)• 50 quesRons →� 100 points• Average score: 61.8 points
Top: 80 points, Bo\om: 17 points• Popular items:
ü Set up the Organiza9on (eg: GEOﬃce)
ü Oﬀering informa9on support via
Homepageü Taking measures to prevent sexual
harassment• Various use:ü self-check and follow changes over
the years,
ü data-based evidence for nego9a9onto the top.
hdp://www-w.cf.ocha.ac.jp/leader/cosmos/
contents/consolidaJon/ochaindex/howtoochaindex/

7

“KASOKU-Program”/Accelera9on-Program
Women Researchers PromoJon Program by Kyushu University(2009~2018)
Two steps compe99on
are required in selec9on
procedure.

Quali9es of candidates
as well as mo9va9on of
the departments areexamined.

8by courtesy of Prof. Eriko Jotaki@ Kyushu University

“KASOKU-Program”/Accelera9on-ProgramNo one could say any more “Is there any female applicants?” and so on,
Such as “It is deteriora9on of academic level” !!

Numbers of Female Faculty Members

QuotasHigh spillover
effect wasobserved!

by courtesy of Prof. Eriko Jotaki @ Kyushu University

9Dras9c Increase in 11 years in Biology Division@Nagoya-U.

2006

Division of Biological Sc.i, Graduate School of Sci., Nagoya Univ.
h_p://www.bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp/introduc9on.html

2016

Three isa magic
Number!

10by courtesy of Prof. Narie Sasaki @ Nagoya University

RPD*：Advancement in the past decade
Numbers of Applicants & Awardees*: Restart Pstdctoral Fellow¥ 362,000/month for 3yrs
Jobs aPer 5 years

Applicant100%

Awardee

80%

10.5

70%

10.5

1.4
3.1
1.7
3.7

60%

AdopJon
rate
2006

90%

5.3
10.5

50%

90

40%

2016

30%

63.2

20%
10%
0%

RPD
Numbers of Awardees
Including the conJnued
fellows
2006

2016

PD

unemployed
part-<me job
part-<me researcher
postdoc
full-<me researcher

h_ps://www.jsps.go.jp/j-pd/rpd_gaiyo.html

EPMEWSE ─ Renraku-kai (established at 2002)
Japan Inter-Society Liaison Associa9on Commi_ee for
Promo9ng Equal Par9cipa9on of Men and Women in
Science and Engineering (EPMEWSE)<h_p://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html>

The associaJon of 90 academic socieJes in STEM (2015)
The Major Rolls
1. Large-scale surveys every 5 years
2. Proposals and Requests to the Government
3. Annual symposium every fall
4. Surveys of female raJo in each socieJes
5. Summer camp & Workshop for high-school girls
1212

WELCOME to EPMEWSE: English Homepage
Visibility Surveysof Female Scien9stsin Scien9ﬁc Socie9es& Scien9ﬁc Mee9ng

h_p://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html

Large Scale Surveys
every 5 years
Analysis & Reports
Proposals & Requests
13

Visibility of the Female ScienJsts in ScienJﬁc SocieJes
Female Ra<o of the Socie<es (2013)
The Chemical Society of JapanThe Physical Society of JapanThe Mathema9cal Society of Japan

Are we visible enough in the scien9ﬁcsocie9es? We see Unconscious Bias
everywhere!
Speakers invited to Symposium
Organizers:
Men only
Men & Women

The Zoological Society of Japan

Physiological Society of Japan
Homma MK., Motohashi R. and Ohtsubo H.
Genes to Cells 18(07): 529-532 (2013)
Ordinary Student President Directors
members members /VPs
(10/82 have female P/VP.)
hdp://annex.jsap.or.jp/renrakukai/doc_pdf/2013_raJo/2013_raJo_table.pdf

Large-Scale Survey in STEM Every 5 Years
The 3rd Large-Scale Survey of Actual CondiRons of Gender
Equality in ScienRﬁc and Technological Professions
August 2013

81 ScienRﬁc SocieRes in STEM ﬁeld, Survey was done in the fall of 2012
Numbers of respondents: 16,314 (Male 11,958 & Female 4,356)
h_p://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

Contents of the Report:
Chapter 1 Summary of Results
Chapter 2 Gender Gap in Job Posi9ons
Chapter 3 Child and Nursing Care
Chapter 4 Limited-term Employment and Postdocs
Chapter 5 Programs and Policies
Chapter 6 Wri_en Comments
1515

Numbers of children in younger generaJon
Numbers of children

Numbers of children
they wish and they couldMale

0.9 at 40 years oldFemale

Under 39

MaleFemale

Over 40

More than two children are desired,
but it is difficult for youngergenerations.

The reasons why they do not have children
Men
Women

ﬁnancial mader
diﬃcult to maintain career and family
h_p://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

Heavy family responsibility to women’s side (2007)
Hours at workplace per week

Hours for household & childcare per day

70

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
Male
1.5Female
10.5
060

in the Lab

50
4030
20
100Female<MaleShorter working hours(11-14 hrs/week) in the Lab

at homeMale
FemaleFemale>MaleLonger working hours(20 hrs/week) at home17
http://www.djrenrakukai.org/2007enquete/h19enquete_report_v2.pdf�

Childcare Leave: The rate is increasing, but・・・
Male (Universi<es)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%0%

1368

700

272

Female (Universi<es)
100%
90%
134
80%
82
70%
60%
78
50%
Did not take leave
40%
2430%
Took leave,butnot
177
20%
as requested
3710%
Took
0% leave as
requested

1262

48210

7171932

Female (Corpora<ons)
100%
3
7
10
90%
80%
770%
60%
50%
Did not77
take leave
40%
3630%
Took leave, but not20%
as requested
10%0%
Took leave as
requested

62182949Did not takeleave
Took leave,
but not as
requested
Took leave as
requested

Why Parents with Pre-school Children Did Not Take Childcare Leave!
Female21Male59

10154

1135
0%

20%

40%

Was unnecessary70

Did not wish to take leave

24132

666

118

Home environment

60%

80%

100%

No provision existed

Workplace environment

h_p://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

1818Requirements for Balancing Family and Work
Expanded Nursery Service
保育園のサービスの拡充
Sick ChildCare
病児保育

Female女性

Variety of provisions for leave of absence
休業中に自宅で仕事を継続できる仕組み
Expanded ager-school学童保育の拡充
care for children

男性MaleChanges
in male and female roll
男女役割分担の意識の変化
Flexible
Working Hours
勤務時間の弾力化
ExpandedNursing-care sirvice
介護サービスの拡充
WorkplacesAtmosphere
職場の雰囲気Understanding from上司の理解Supervisor
Changes in仕事中心の考え方の変化“work as center” concepts
020

4060％

h_p://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

The analysis of “The 4th Large-Scale Survey” is going on now.
New data will be open in this fall, 2017.

“WOMEN IN SCIENCE”, Interviewed by “Science”

Science 349 Issue 6244
p127-128､ July 10, 2015
by Dennis Normile, in Tokyo

Dennis Normile 記者（Science)20References
The Large-Scale Survey :The 3rd Large-Scale Survey of Actual CondiJons of Gender Equality in ScienJﬁc andTechnological Professions (Survey Report: Concise Summary)
hdp://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

Lejers, Ar<cles and Interviews Repoｒｔｓ:

1. Homma MK, Motohashi R. and Ohtsubo H.: Japan's Lagging Gender Equality. Science Apr 26;
340 (6131): 428-30 (2013)
2. Homma MK., Motohashi R. and Ohtsubo H.: Maximizing the PotenJal of ScienJsts in Japan:
promoJng equal parJcipaJon for women scienJsts through leadership development.
Genes to Cells 18(07): 529-532 (2013)
3. SJll Less Equal: Japan’s government must sJck by its promise to help women’s careers toprosper. Nature Editorials, 497 535, 30 May, 2013
4. Japan Aims high for growth: InnovaJon in science is at the heart of government plans toboost the economy. By David Cyranoski, Nature Le\ers, 497 548, 30 May, 2013
5. Women in Science: Plan to drop goals for women roils Japanese Science: Change sJrs debate
about how underrepresentaJon of women. Science 349 Issue 6244 p127-128､ July 10, 2015
by Dennis Normile, in Tokyo

URLs:

Kyushu Univ.: Women Researchers PromoJon Programs, hdp://wrp.kyushu-u.ac.jp/eng/busi/index.php#a
Nagoya Univ.: hdp://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp
Ochadai Index: hdp://www-w.cf.ocha.ac.jp/leader/cosmos/contents/consolidaJon/ochaindex/
21
howtoochaindex/#aaa

Acknowledgement
We would like to thankProf. Eriko Jotaki (Kyushu University)
Prof. Narie Sasaki (Nagoya University)
Prof. Kazumi Tsukada (Ochanomizu University)
Dr. Akie Naito (Ochanomizu University)
for providing us important informaJon.

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