Eidgenössisches Departement des Innern EDI
Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG

Mobile phones & Smartphone
Date:

9 July 2019

The use of smartphones has grown strongly over the last few
years; 97 per cent [1] of the Swiss population aged 16 and above
use a mobile phone or smartphone. At the same time the users’
behaviour has also dramatically changed: mobile phones are usedless for telephone calls, but significantly more for mobile internet
applications.
Speech and data are transmitted back and forth via high-frequency radiation between a mobile phone
and base stations, whereby the latter make the connection to the downstream telecommunication network. This involves the use of various technologies, such as classical mobile communication, Bluetooth, WLAN. The high-frequency electromagnetic radiation of these technologies leads to the head or
the hand of a person being exposed to radiation when the mobile phone is held close to the ear when
phoning or in the hand during other applications, such as for example mobile Internet [2]. The electric
currents in the electronics and the battery of the mobile phone generate low-frequency electromagnetic fields that likewise penetrate into the head or the hand.
A mobile phone only transmits during a telephone conversation or while data is being transferred. Ifneither a telephone call nor data transfer is taking place, a switched-on mobile phone will only transmit
a signal every couple of minutes to show where it is located at that particular point in time. In the idle
state, the radiation exposure is thus negligible. The radiation decreases rapidly as the distance fromthe device increases.
When the mobile phone is being used, the intensity of the exposure depends on various factors:-

A mobile phone emits less radiation when connection quality is good than when it is poor. Fora good connection quality, there need to be as few obstacles as possible to dampen the signal
between the base station and the mobile phone. The quality of the connection is indicated bya set of bars on the phone's display.

-

Exposure decreases rapidly as the distance increases. This can be achieved through the useof headsets, for example.

-

The proportion of the radiation that is absorbed by the head when making a call varies according to the model of mobile phone. It is expressed as the specific absorption rate (SAR). The
lower the SAR, the lower the radiation that is absorbed by the head. The SAR value that canbe found in the instruction manual or on the Internet represents the maximum value of the device; in everyday use the SAR value can be lower [3]. The Federal Office for Radiation Protection publishes a list with the SAR values of mobile phones.

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The strengths of the electromagnetic fields depend on the particular technology. Telephoning with
UMTS (3G) and LTE (4G) instead of GSM (2G) leads to significantly lower radiation exposure to thehead area [2]. UMTS and LTE mobile phones regulate their power much more efficiently than GSM
devices. LTE (4G) mobile phones transmit with only 1% of the maximum possible output power on average ("Output Power Levels of 4G User Equipment and implications on realistic RF EMF exposure
assessments, 2018") even though much more data can be transmitted than with UMTS.
5G is currently being installed in frequency bands that are already being used for mobile telephonyand WLAN.
The effects on health from long-term exposure to high-frequency radiation from mobile phones remain
uncertain at present; negative effects from short-term exposure are not expected.
The effects on health from long-term exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields generated by the electronics and batteries also remain uncertain at present; negative effects from short-term exposure are
not expected.
The following tips may be helpful, should you wish to reduce your personal exposure from mobile
phones or smartphones.









Use headphones or a wireless head set with a weak Bluetooth transmitter (power class 2 or 3) inorder to reduce radiation to the head.
Preferably use modern radio networks such as LTE (4G) or UMTS (3G), which work with weakerradiation than the older GSM technology. In this regard, check the settings of your mobile phoneor contact your sales outlet.
When inside buildings or in the train, if possible use WLAN for phone calls and data transfer.
Check the settings of your mobile phone.
Be careful with protective and shielding products, which are intended to reduce radiation exposure. When the connection quality deteriorates, the mobile phone is forced to emit higher levels ofradiation.
People with electronic medical implants should keep their mobile phone at least 30 cm away fromthe implant at all times.

Other recommendations:

NEVER use a mobile phone when driving a car. This is also true for conversations via a headset as you may likewise be distracted!
NEVER use a mobile phone on foot or on a bicycle when you cross the road or are in traffic.

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1 Base stations
Detailed information on radiation from base stations can be obtained from the Federal Office for theEnvironment FOEN [4] or from a cantonal NIR office.
More detailed information on 5G is available on the FOEN and OFCOM websites.

2 Overview of Mobile Communication Technologies
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) [5] is a standard protocol for digital mobile communication which is mainly used for telephony and transmission of text messages (SMS). GSM is also
known as the second generation of mobile telecommunication (2G). GPRS (General Packet Radio
System) and Edge (Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution) are further developments of GSM
which make it possible to transfer data or to access the Internet.
The UMTS standard (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) [6] has a higher data transfer rate
than GSM and is better suited to data and multimedia services. It is, however, also used for standard
telephony and SMS. It is known as the third generation of mobile telecommunication (3G). With LTE(Long Term Evolution) [7], which represents the fourth generation of mobile communication networks(4G), the data transfer rate was significantly increased once again. 5G is currently in the process of
being introduced.
2012 was the peak for the worldwide dissemination of GSM mobile phones. As can be seen in Figure
1, the market share of UMTS and later LTE smartphones has significantly increased in recent years.

Figure 1: Worldwide development of the various network technologies.

Fundamentally, the LTE standard supports all frequency bands of the existing networks of the 2nd and

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3rd generation, but runs mainly in the frequency ranges around 2.6 GHz and 800 MHz (Table 1).
Table 1 illustrates the currently available frequency ranges and their ban widths in Switzerland[5, 6, 7]

Frequency band

Bandwidth

Use

Peak
outputpower

Average output
power (typicalphone call)

250 mW

Rural area: 1.5 mW.
In town less
250 mW

800 MHz2x30 MHz

900 MHz2x35 MHz

2G

2W

1800 MHz2x75 MHz

until now 2Gand 3G

1W

2100 MHz

1x20 MHz 2x60 MHz
1x15 MHz

until now 2Gand 3G

250 mW

Rural area: 1.5 mW.
In town less2x70 MHz 1x50 MHz

until now 3G

250 mW

Rural area: 1.5 mW.
In town less

250 mW

Rural area: 1.5 mW.
In town less2600 MHz

3400-3800 MHz

400 MHz125 mW

3 Brief description of the mode of operation of thevarious mobile communication technologies
Detailed and further documentation can be found under www.bakom.admin.ch

3.1 Output power
GSM
In GSM clusters [5] the signals between the mobile phone and the base station are transmitted
at a certain carrier frequency as short packets that are sub-divided in eight time slots. The firsttime slot or control channel communicates the system data of the network to the mobile phone andsynchronises the mobile phone with the base station. The control channel is transmitted from the basestation the whole time at full power so that the mobile phones can find the clusters when switched on,when roaming or for handovers. Even when no conversation is carried out in the cluster, this carrier istransmitted at full power to all eight time slots. The other 7 time slots can be used for calls.

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The radiation exposure from a mobile phone depends strongly on its output power that in turn depends on the quality of the communication connection between the mobile phone and the base station. A mobile phone needs to emit less radiation when the connection quality is good than when it ispoor. Poor connections occur mostly inside buildings because the walls and modern energy-saving
windows constitute an obstacle to the radiation. In addition, the quality of a communication connection
decreases with increasing distance between the mobile phone and the base station. Consequently,
the signal quality is usually better in towns and cities, where there are many base stations within asmall area, than in rural areas (Table 2).
With GSM, it is not only the quality of the connection that is important, but also the frequency of intercell (or inter-cluster) handovers. On connecting to the network and when switching from one cell (orcluster) to another, a mobile phone briefly transmits at maximum output power with GSM. After theconnection has been made the output power drops, such that the radiation exposure of the caller also
decreases.
Table 2: GSM: Reduction in radiation output for connections with good signal quality and few
cell-to-cell handovers [9].
Comparison
outdoors vs indoors

Reduction in output power

urban vs rural

10%

stationary vs moving

45%

68%

Although power control could mean that the actual output power level of a mobile phone is far lower
than its maximum output power, several studies have shown that is this not the case. In an Italianstudy [9], six individuals were monitored for a period of 2-6 months in order to measure the output
power levels of GSM mobile phones during everyday use. Despite the possible output reduction, theactual output power level of the mobile phones still corresponded to 67% and 50% of the maximum
output power, depending on the frequency band. Similar results were found in a Swedish study [10].
This sub-optimal power regulation is presumably attributable to frequent cell-to-cell handovers by thebase stations, which also occur during stationary calls in order to optimise network capacity [9] (Table
3).

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Table 3: GSM 900/1800 MHz: Proportion of time during which phones transmit at maximum output power

Study [10]Study [9]urbanProportion of time at max. output power (%), 900/1800 MHz
25

rural

50

urban

48 / 39rural

60 / 49

UMTS
UMTS mobile phones regulate their power far more efficiently than GSM devices. When a connection
to the network is made they transmit with the lowest possible power and then increase their power as
needed for an adequate connection quality. Speech and data transmission with UMTS employs atransmission method that differs completely from GSM. WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access) is a procedure in which all network subscribers communicate on the same frequency. The individual channels are separated from each other by means of a channel code that is attributed to each
subscriber when connecting to the network. This procedure fundamentally distinguishes UMTS fromother communication systems (GSM, LTE, DECT, TETRA etc.), in which the individual active subscribers are separated from each other in a cell by different frequencies or time slots.
UMTS base stations are grouped into clusters. A mobile phone inside one cluster does not need tohand over to another cell. If inter-cell handover between different clusters is required, the device neverramps up to the maximum power level. However, handovers to GSM are possible in fragmented
UMTS networks, and output power levels will then be higher. Measurements of mobile phones [11]showed actual output power during calls with UMTS to be substantially below the possible maximum
levels.
As the output power is related to the volume of data that the mobile phone transmits, there results a
substantially higher output power when uploading data than when making calls, where the volume ofdata is small (Table 4).

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Table 4: Measurement of UMTS output power in different situations [11].

Average output power(µW)

Average output power(% of max. output power)

Stationary call

4.6

0.004

Moving call

9.5

0.008

Data upload

135.9

0.11

Data download + call

61.5

0.05

The maximum output power of UMTS subscriber devices is 250 mW; in practice, however, the actual
output powers fall well below this maximum value. According to simulations made by manufacturers
and network operators, the average output power of UMTS mobile phones in rural areas was about
1.5 mW and even less in urban areas [12]. Thus, UMTS mobile phones transmit with much less power
than GSM mobile phones.

LTE
The LTE-Standard [8] supports all mobile communication frequencies. The most important improvement over the UMTS standard is the introduction of new channel access procedures in the downlink
and uplink. These complex procedures enable the system to operate with scalable channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz. This allows LTE to be flexibly employed in the relevant allotted bandwidths, and unlike UMTS, does not require a contiguous block of at least 5 MHz or a multiple thereof.
The technology is very complex; an optimised and agile distribution of the carrier signals in the timeand frequency range affords LTE a clear advantage in terms of efficiency and speed in comparison toprevious technologies.
LTE not only has significantly higher data rates and a better spectrum efficiency than its predecessor,
but also a shorter latency period (transit time of a data packet from transmitter to receiver). For LTE
the latency period is maximum 5 milliseconds, for UMTS the average latency period is from 70 to 140
milliseconds. This has a positive impact on the responsiveness of the network and on real-time services such as for example VoIP (Voice over IP, video applications).
5G
5G is the new international mobile radio standard. 5G permits maximum data rates of 10 GBits/s andlower response times. In the frequency ranges available today, the radio technology of 5G is comparable to that of 4G. The same modulation technology is employed. The available bandwidth is, however,much larger for 5G. The recently auctioned 5G frequency bands are in a frequency range in which today's high frequency telecommunications applications already operate.

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4 Exposure measurements
4.1 SAR values from high-frequency radiation
Radiation exposure of the body is best quantified using the SAR value(SAR: specific absorption rate). The SAR value (expressed in W/kg) is ameasurement of the electromagnetic radiation (W) that is absorbed by thehuman body (kg). The SAR of each individual phone model is determinedusing a human head "phantom" (Figure 2) in a worst-case scenario andcompared with the 2 W/kg exposure limit of the ICNIRP (International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) [14]. Information on the
SAR values of individual mobile phones is published on various internet
sites, for example: BfS-Link. The exposure limit of 2 W/kg must be observed for all devices that are sold in Switzerland.
In the context of the FP7 project of the EU [2] the radiation exposure fromvarious mobile transmission technologies was measured at various disdetermining the SAR value.
tances from humans. It is clearly evident that the radiation exposure canPhoto source: [13] [13]be reduced when the mobile phone is not held close to the ear and is used
at a distance of more than 20 cm. This can be achieved by e.g. a headset. The new transmission technologies also lead to a lower exposure to radiation, thus the SAR is reduced by changing from GSM(2G) to UMTS (3G) to WLAN telephony.
Figure 2: Head phantom for

According to the SEAWIND Study (2) the highest exposures to radiation then occur when the mobile
phone is carried as a mobile WLAN access point (Tethering) on the body. Data applications with maximum data transfers also generally lead to higher exposures to radiation in comparison to telephone
calls (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Estimations of radiation exposure from various mobile transmission technologies and at various distances (red: close to
the body / blue: at a distance of 20 cm to 1 m).

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4.2 Hands-free Kits, Headsets
Wired headsets: Several studies have compared radiation exposure with and without a headset. Using
model calculations and measurements performed on head phantoms with GSM 900 MHz, Bit-Babik et
al. [15] showed that radiation exposure in the head is always reduced by headsets. The measurements showed that the SAR in the head when using a headset is 8-20 times lower than when making
calls by holding the phone to the ear. The radiation in the head is further reduced when the phone andthe wire are close to the body, since the body can then also absorb radiation. Troulis et al. [16]showed in their studies (conducted with GSM 1800 MHz) that this absorption of radiation by the body
reduces the efficiency of the mobile phone, thereby causing it to radiate more strongly. It is particularly
important that the mobile phone's antenna (usually located on the back of the device) is positioned
away from the body so that the signal quality is not impaired. Generally speaking, however, the head −and therefore also the brain − are subject to lower exposure levels when a headset is used. A study
carried out in the framework of the German research programme on mobile telephones [17] found thatin worst-case conditions using GSM 1800 there was an increase in the SAR value in a small zone of
the inner ear, but it also concluded that when a headset was used the overall exposure in the region of
the head was reduced.

4.3 Bluetooth Headset
The FOPH commissioned a study of two Bluetooth headsets [18]. Hands-free kits of this type do not
use a wire but link the headphone to the mobile phone via radio waves (for more information on this
topic, see our web page about Bluetooth). The two headsets investigated had SAR values of 0.001
and 0.003 W/kg, which is 30, respectively 10 times lower than the SAR value of the lowest-emission
mobile phone currently available (SAR 0.03).

4.4 Radiation shields
Manning et al. [19] tested several radiation shields. Earpiece pads and shields were found to have
only a very small effect. In some cases, the SAR was marginally reduced, whereas in other cases it
was marginally increased. The call quality was also only slightly impaired. Although antenna caps did
serve to reduce the SAR by up to 99%, they also caused a corresponding deterioration in signal quality. Several shielded cases reduced the SAR without impairing the signal quality, while others reduced
the call quality to the same extent as the SAR. The case design is crucial (e.g. whether or not the keypad is also covered).
Oliver et al. [20] tested 9 different small adhesive radiation shields, which were claimed to reduce theSAR. No reduction in SAR was measured with any of the shields tested. Nor did the shields change
the location of the peak SAR in the phantom.

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4.5 Low-frequency magnetic fields with GSM
With GSM, the mobile phone only transmits and receives for 577 µs every 4.6 ms. In this cycle thecurrent flow within the battery results in a low-frequency radiation component of 217 Hz. The FOPH
commissioned a study of the low-frequency radiation components of five different mobile phone models [21]. This mainly involved measuring magnetic-field values many times higher than 217 Hz (Table
5, Figure 3).

Table 5: Low-frequency magnetic fields and SAR values of GSM mobile phones [21]Magnetic field(μT) at a distance of 5mm

Front

Model 1
4.7

Back

29.46

31.89

33.68

29.5

28.07

Magnetic field(μT) surface

Front

8.3

12.4

19.3

8.3

11.4

Back

52.8

35.1

66.1

74.8

56.3

0.826

1.01

1.02

0.438

0.707

SAR (W/kg)

Model 2
7.25

Model 3
14.63

Model 4
6.09

Model 5
4.94

Figure 4 shows the magnetic field of a GSM mobile phone as a function of frequency. The limit value[14] recommended by the EU depends on the frequency of the magnetic field. Magnetic fields with frequencies that correspond to multiples of 3 to 5 times the fundamental frequency of 217 Hz exceed thelimit value.

Figure 4: Magnetic field of a GSM mobile phone as afunction of frequency. The fundamental frequency is
217 Hz. The multiples of the fundamental frequency
can be clearly seen. The magnetic field that corresponds to the limit value recommended by the European Union for magnetic fields is shown in blue.
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5 Effects of Health
5.1 Cancer
Low-frequency magnetic fields
Low-frequency magnetic fields are generated in mobile phones by battery currents and the electronics. Studies on the effects on health of such magnetic fields do not exist. In 2002, however, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified static and low-frequency electromagnetic
fields as possibly carcinogenic (Group 2B) [22]. This is based on epidemiological studies that indicatethat long-term and sustained exposure to magnetic fields in the low dose range of 1< 0.4 µT could increase the risk of suffering from leukaemia in children or from Alzheimer’s disease [6]. It is not clear
whether such a risk also exists with mobile phonesHochfrequente elektromagnetische Felder
High-frequency Electromagnetic Fields
In 2011, based on studies that showed a possible connection between telephoning with a mobile
phone or a cordless telephone and the occurrence of brain tumours, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified high-frequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic(Group 2B) [23]. However, the IARC found that the overall data and evidence were somewhat limited,as these studies had shortcomings in regard to the study design and the estimation of the length of
exposure.

5.2 Other effects on health investigated in connection with mobile
phones
Effects on brain activity
Electroencephalograms (EEG) are used to investigate the electrical activity of the brain. The radiationfrom mobile phones can influence both waking and sleeping brain activity. However, the effects on
health of this modified brain activity are unclear.
Perception and processing of stimuli
Whereas older studies showed indications to suggest that radiation from mobile telephony might reduce reaction times, in more recent studies this effect was found to occur only sporadically.
Microwave hearing
There is no evidence that radiation from mobile telephony causes people to hear non-existent noise.
Effects on the cardiovascular system.
The impact of mobile phone radiation on blood pressure, pulse, heart rate variability and blood supply
to the skin was only investigated in a very small number of studies, which failed to produce consistent
results.

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Effects on well-being
From surveys it is known that some people ascribe non-specific symptoms, such as fatigue, dizziness,headaches, (symptoms that are not linked to an illness) to mobile phone radiation. However, in epidemiological studies [25-28] this connection was not consistently confirmed. Possible long-term effects
such as these have not yet been adequately investigated; accordingly, the effects of radiation frommobile telephony on the general well-being have not been assessed [29].
Effects on sleep
Several studies have investigated the impact of mobile phone radiation on sleeping patterns. In someof these studies persons, who were exposed to mobile phone radiation before going to sleep, exhibited a shorter time to fall sleep [30] as well as a change in the electrical activity of the brain during
sleep [31]. However, in the majority of these studies no correlation was identified between mobile telephony radiation and sleep. In epidemiological studies, a consistent relation between the self-reported
quality of sleep and exposure to high frequency radiation was not found [25, 27]. It is often the casethat mobile phones are not switched off at night and can influence sleep quality. A study with 439 people showed that being woken up at night by mobile phones was associated with increased fatigue,headaches and becoming tired more rapidly; there was no impact on cognitive abilities (e.g. power ofconcentration) [32].
Children and attention deficit disorders
Few studies have investigated the correlation between attention deficit disorders in children and mobile telephony [33]. Although indications were found that high-frequency radiation had an influence on
behavioural disorders in children and adolescents [33], these results have neither been satisfactorily
confirmed nor can it be excluded that other factors are responsible for these behavioural disorders.
Fertility
Owing to the paucity of studies it is not possible to make a conclusive assessment of the extent towhich fertility is influenced by mobile phone radiation. The majority of studies investigated the effects
of mobile phone radiation on the mobility, respectively concentration [34] of sperm. In these studies
however, the estimation of exposure to the mobile phone radiation was mostly unsatisfactory, suchthat no conclusions may be drawn.
Interference with implants
Mobile phones can interfere with pacemakers (inhibition, stimulation with a false signal, asynchronous
pacing) [35-37]. More recent pacemakers [38, 39], implanted defibrillators [35] and brain stimulators[40] are less susceptible to interference. It is nevertheless advisable to keep the mobile phone at least
30 cm away from the implant. People that have implants should therefore not carry the mobile phonein their breast pocket and should hold the phone on the side opposite the implant when making calls[35].
Car accidents
There is evidence that it is dangerous to use a mobile phone while driving a car. Making phone calls

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while driving significantly increases the risk of a fatal or non-fatal accident [40-42]. The adverse impact
of mobile-phone use on driving behaviour can be likened to driving with too much alcohol (0.08‰) inthe blood [43]. The risk not only increases during the call but also for some time afterwards. The useof a hands-free kit does not reduce this risk.

6

Regulation in Law

Mobile phones must comply with the European product standard EN SN 50360 [44]. When measuredin accordance with EN50361 [45], the SAR must not exceed the ICNIRP limit value [14] of 2 W/kg. For
devices that offer a plurality of services (e.g. UMTS and WLAN), the SAR for each frequency must be
determined individually. If the different systems have SAR peaks at different locations and the proportion of the SAR caused by the other services is less than 5%, then only the SAR of the service with thehighest value is counted [46].
The radiation from mobile communication base stations is governed by the Ordinance relating to Protection from Non-Ionising Radiation (NIRO) [47].

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7

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2. SEAWIND - Sound Exposure & Risk Assessment of Wireless Network Devices, FP7-Final Sumary
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3. Roser et al., Development of an RF-EMF Exposure Surrogate for Epidemiologic Research, Int J
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7. BAKOM, Faktenblatt UMTS, 12. Juni 2015 http://www.bakom.admin.ch/themen/technologie/01178/index.html?lang=de
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gie/01397/03794/index.html?lang=de
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for exposure assessment. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2004;61:769-72.
12. Georg R. Bestimmung der spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR-Werte), die während der alltäglichen Nutzung von Handys auftritt. 2006
13. Report ITU-R M.2039-2: Characteristics of terrestrial IMT-2000 systems for frequency sharing/interference analyses (11/2010).
14. European commission. Health and electromagnetic fields EU-funded research into the impact ofelectromagnetic fields and mobile telephones on health. 2006.
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fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys. 1998;494-521.
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18. Kühn S et al. Bestimmung von SAR-Werten bei der Verwendung von Headsets für Mobilfunktelefone. 2008. Siehe "Weitere Informationen"
19. Kramer A et al. Development of Procedures for the Assessment of Human Exposure to EMF from
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22. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 80, 2002, NonIonizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremly Low-frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields.

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23. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Volume 102, 2012, NonIonizing Radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields.
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Eidgenössisches Departement des Innern EDI
Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG

42. Redelmeier DA, Tibshirani RJ. Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. N.Engl.J.Med. 1997;336:453-8.
43. Violanti JM. Cellular phones and fatal traffic collisions. Accid.Anal.Prev. 1998;30:519-24.
44. Strayer DL et al. A comparison of the cell phone driver and the drunk driver. Hum Factors. 2006
;48:381-91.
45. CENELEC. EN SN 50360: 2013-01 Product standard to demonstrate the compliance of mobile
telephones with basic restrictions related to human exposure to electromagnetic fields (300 MHz 3 GHz). Deutsche Fassung EN 50360:2001 + Cor. :2006 + A1:2012.
46. DIN EN 62209-1:2007-03. Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and bodymounted wireless communication devices - Human models, instrumentation, and procedures Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for hand-held devices used inclose proximity to the ear (frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz) (IEC 62209-1:2005); German
version EN 62209-1:2006.
47. IEC. 62209-2:2010 Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted
wireless communication devices - Human models, instrumentation, and procedures - Part 2: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for wireless communication devices usedin close proximity to the human body (frequency range of 30 MHz to 6 GHz).
48. SR 814.710 Verordnung über den Schutz vor nichtionisierender Strahlung (Stand 1.7.2012).
Specialist Staff
Federal Office of Public Health FOPH
emf@bag.admin.ch

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