‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬‫‪ACCURACY‬‬‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ هﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث أو اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص‪ .‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﺘﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮات ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أﻻ ﺗﺰاد أو‬‫ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أو اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬وأن ﺗﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ درﺟﺔ ﻋﺪم‬‫اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن‪ .‬وﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺸﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬‫اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪ .‬وﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻀﺒﻂ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ واﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪) :‬أ( ﻋﺪم دﻗﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ‪) ،‬ب( ﻋﺪم دﻗﺔ وﻋﺪم ﺿﺒﻂ‪) ،‬ج( دﻗﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﺪم ﺿﺒﻂ‪) ،‬د( دﻗﺔ وﺿﺒﻂ‪.‬‬

‫)ب(‬

‫)أ(‬

‫)د(‬

‫)ج(‬

‫‪ACTIVITY‬‬‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬‫ﻧﺸﺎط أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬‫‪ACTIVITY DATA‬‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻐﺎزات أﺛﻨﺎء ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬‫ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺷﻲ وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻹدارة واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻜﻠﺲ واﻷﺳﻤﺪة وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت هﻲ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪.‬‬‫‪ANAEROBIC‬‬‫ﻻ هﻮاﺋﻲ‬‫ﻇﺮوف ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮاﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻈﺮوف ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻇﺮوف ﻳﻨﻌﺪم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ) ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮل اﻷرز اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮرة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬إﻟﺦ‪ (...‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‪.‬‬‫أرض ﺳﻮداء‬‫‪ANDOSOL‬‬‫هﻲ أرض ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ رﻣﺎد اﻟﺒﺮاآﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺴﻮداء ﺑﺼﺮف ﺟﻴﺪ وﺗﻤﻴﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﺨﺼﻮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ‬‫‪ARITHMETIC MEAN‬‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪.‬‬‫ذاﺗﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج‬‫‪AUTO PRODUCER‬‬‫هﻲ اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء أو اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ وﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ و‪/‬أو ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ آﻨﺸﺎط ﺛﺎﻧﻮي أي أن هﺬا اﻟﻨﺸﺎط ﻻ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﺗﻨﺒﺆ اﺳﺘﺸﺮاﻗﻲ ﺗﺮاﺟﻌﻲ – ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ‬‫‪BACK-CASTING‬‬‫ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮوف اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪2‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ رﺟﻌﻲ‬‫‪BACKFLOWS‬‬‫زﻳﻮت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﺘﺮوآﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ وهﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎد ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬‫ﺑﻐﺮض ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﺳﻨﺔ اﻷﺳﺎس‬‫‪BASE YEAR‬‬‫هﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﺪء اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪ .‬وهﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪ 1990‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﺗﺤﻴﺰ‬‫‪BIAS‬‬‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺪوث هﺬا اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة أدوات‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ أو ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر وﺣﺪات ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ أو ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ أو ﻣﺤﺎﺑﺎة وﺣﺪات ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ‬‫ذﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ إﻻ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺴﺮب‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮط أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪ /‬اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻔﻀﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل إﻏﻔﺎل اﻟﺘﺴﺮب ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺬر آﺜﻴﺮا ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ( ‪.‬‬

‫وﻗﻮد ﺣﻴﻮي‬‫‪BIOFUELS‬‬‫أي ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﻳﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮاء آﺎن ﻧﻤﻮهﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﻮدا أو ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‪ .‬وﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺨﺒﺚ‬‫ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺮاآﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺼﺎد‪.‬‬‫آﺮﺑﻮن ﺣﻴﻮي‬‫‪BIOGENIC CARBON‬‬‫هﻮ آﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ )ﻧﺒﺎت أو ﺣﻴﻮان( وﻳﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻷﺣﻔﻮري‪ .‬وﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺨﺒﺚ ﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت آﻜﺮﺑﻮن أﺣﻔﻮري ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﺪة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺒﺪال اﻟﺨﺒﺚ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮد‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت‬‫‪BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE‬‬‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺴﻤﺎد واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻼهﻮاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ اﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ وﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ واﻟﺒﺴﺎﺗﻴﻦ واﻟﺮواﺳﺐ‬‫اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﺮض ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت وﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت واﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‪ .‬وﻳﺸﻤﻞ ذﻟﻚ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬‫‪BIOMASS‬‬‫أ( ﻣﺠﻤﻮع آﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ أو اﻷﺻﻨﺎف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮزن اﻟﺠﺎف‪.‬‬‫ب( اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن أو ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺤﻴﺔ )اﻟﺘﻲ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ آﻮﻗﻮد( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﺨﺒﺚ‪ .‬وﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ‬‫ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻮاد‪.‬‬‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻧﻔﺦ )ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺞ(‬‫)‪BLOWING AGENT (FOR FOAM PRODUCTION‬‬‫ﻏﺎز أو ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮ أو آﻴﻤﺎوي ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻏﺎز أﺛﻨﺎء ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺞ‪ .‬وﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻐﺎز ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺎت أو ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺪن‬‫أو اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺞ‪.‬‬‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻨﺔ‬‫‪BOOTSRAP TECHNIQUE‬‬‫هﻮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺎت ﻳﻌﺎد أﺧﺬهﺎ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺘﻜﺮرة‬‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮات اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬‫‪BOREAL‬‬‫أﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪3‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫آﺮﺑﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬‫‪CALCIUM CARBIDE‬‬‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم آﺮﺑﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻷﺳﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻦ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ )اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺎ أﻗﻞ( وآﻤﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻓﺮان اﻟﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻮﺳﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ آﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم )اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﺠﻴﺮي( واﻟﻤﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ آﺮﺑﻮن )آﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻮك اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ(‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬‫‪CARBON BUDGET‬‬‫اﻟﺘﻮازن اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﺑﻴﻦ أﺣﻮاض اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن أو داﺧﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﺤﺪدة )ﻣﺜﺎل‪ ،‬اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي – اﻟﻐﻼف‬‫اﻟﺤﻴﻮي( ﻟﺪورة اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬‫‪CARBON DIOXYDE EQUIVALENT‬‬‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﻣﺴﺎهﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬وﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺎن ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ )‪ (2005‬إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﺮار اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ )‪ (GWPs‬آﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن )أﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ(‪.‬‬‫ﻓﺌﺔ‬‫‪CATEGORY‬‬‫اﻟﻔﺌﺎت هﻲ ﻓﺮوع اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ وهﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎج واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‪،‬‬‫اﻟﺤﺮاﺟﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻷرض اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫إﺣﺼﺎء اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬‫‪CENSUS‬‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺆال أو ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت آﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻠﻮرﻳﺔ هﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ – ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت آﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮر‬‫)‪CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﻦ واﻟﻔﻠﻴﻮرﻳﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮر ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺪة ﻟﻸوزون وﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬‫‪CHRONOSEQUENCE‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼت اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷرض أو‬‫اﻹدارة‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻋﺪة ﺳﻨﻮات ﺑﻌﺪ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت‪ .‬وﺗﺒﺬل اﻟﺠﻬﻮد ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬‫اﻷﺧﺮى )ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ أو اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‪ .‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ آﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬‫‪COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION‬‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪ vx‬هﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ‪ σ x‬ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ μ x‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬‫‪1‬‬‫‪ ./µ x‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ وهﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪vx = σx‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬‫‪GENERATION‬‬‫أﻧﻈﺮ‪ :‬اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﻘﺪرة‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫)‪COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP‬‬‫ﻳﻌﺮف هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك وﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء واﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ أو ﻳﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺪف اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻓﺘﺒﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺮض اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻓﺎﺋﺾ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت أﺧﺮى أو ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪.‬‬‫‪" 1‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ" هﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺬي ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺎض ﺑﻪ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺧﻄﺄ" ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﺎل ﻣﺜﻼ "اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ‪."% 5‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪4‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﺑﺔ‬‫‪COMPARABILITY‬‬‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮات اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮهﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬‫أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان‪ .‬وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪان اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت واﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬‫اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺼﺮ واﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء‬‫‪COMPLETENESS‬‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎء أن ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف وآﻞ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان )واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺌﺔ(‪.‬‬‫ﺛﻘﺔ‬‫‪CONFIDENCE‬‬‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﺜﻘﺔ" ﻟﻴﻤﺜﻞ اﻻﻃﻤﺌﻨﺎن إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﺎس أو ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ‪.‬وﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮات اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮات‬‫أآﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ أو ﺿﺒﻄﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ أن ذﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻵراء ﺑﺸﺄن ﻣﺎ إن آﺎن ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬وﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ هﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺜﻘﺔ آﺜﻴﺮا ﻋﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﻘﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﺣﺪود اﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬‫‪CONFIDENCE INTERVAL‬‬‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ هﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺣﺠﻢ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ وﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﺣﺪود اﻟﺜﻘﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺬي ﺗﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻨﻪ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺎ وﺑﺤﺪود‬‫ﺛﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )أﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ(‪ .‬وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻔﺘﺮض أن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل هﻲ ‪ 95‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪي ﻓﺈن‬‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﺛﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 95‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ‪ 95‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬وهﻨﺎك ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻔﻀﻲ ﺑﺄن‬‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﻘﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻧﻘﻮل ﺑﺄﻣﺎن أﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت أو اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺜﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 95‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺎن ‪ 2.5‬و ‪ 97.5‬ﻣﻦ داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‪.‬‬‫‪T‬‬‫اﻻﺗﺴﺎق‬‫‪CONSISTENCY‬‬‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻻﺗﺴﺎق أن اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺎ داﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات ‪.‬وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ اﻷﺳﺎس وﺧﻼل آﻞ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ وإذا اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أو ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر أو اﻟﻤﺼﺎرف ‪.‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر أي ﺣﺼﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬‫ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺎ إذا أﻋﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ وﻳﺮاﻋﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت اﻟﻮاردة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت‬‫اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬‫‪CORRELATION‬‬‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻤﻴﺘﻴﻦ ‪.‬أﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط‬‫‪CORRELATION COEFFICIENT‬‬‫هﻮ ﻋﺪد ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ -1‬و‪ 1+‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺎهﺪﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 1+‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎن ﺳﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة آﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ -1‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة آﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪،‬‬‫واﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎهﺎ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أي ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻌﺮف ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﺘﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎرﻳﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﻠﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻦ‬‫‪COUNTRY SPECIFIC DATA‬‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎت أو ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ أو ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ هﺬا‬‫اﻟﺒﻠﺪ‪.‬‬‫اﻧﻄﻼق ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ – رﺣﻠﺔ‬‫‪CRUISE‬‬‫)ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات( ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ 914‬ﻣﺘﺮ )‪ 3000‬ﻗﺪم( ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أي‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺻﻌﻮد ﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت أﻋﻠﻰ أو ﻧﺰول ﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ هﻨﺎك ﺣﺪ أﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪5‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻗﺮارات‬‫‪DECISION TREE‬‬‫هﻮ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ اﻧﺴﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ أو أﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﺣﺼﺮ وﻓﻖ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬‫داﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ‬‫‪DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION‬‬‫داﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ أو داﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﺮاآﻤﻲ )‪ F(x‬ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ‪ X‬ﺗﺤﺪد اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل )‪ P(X ≤ x‬ﺑﺄن ‪ X‬هﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ x‬أو‬‫ﺗﺴﺎوﻳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث‬‫‪EMISSION FACTOR‬‬‫هﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ آﻤﻴﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أو اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻟﻜﻞ وﺣﺪة ﻧﺸﺎط ‪ .‬وﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻓﻲ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن إﻟﻰ‬‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻧﺸﺎط ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬‫‪EMISSIONS‬‬‫إﻃﻼق ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري و‪/‬أو ﺳﻼﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪) .‬اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄن ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻤﺎدة ‪(4-1‬‬‫اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫‪ENERGY RECOVERY‬‬‫ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎدة‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺣﺮق اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ أو اﻟﺨﺎم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺰﻳﺖ أو اﻟﻐﺎز وﻣﻦ‬‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﻼهﻮاﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻏﺎز اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‪.‬‬‫اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ رﺳﻮﺑﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﺤﻢ‬‫)‪ENHANCED COAL BED METHANE (RECOVERY‬‬‫اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎد )‪ (CH4‬هﻮ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻔﺤﻢ‪.‬‬‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬‫‪ESTIMATION‬‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت و‪/‬أو اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻐﺎزات ‪.‬‬

‫إﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻣﺘﺒﺨﺮة – ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪة‬‫‪EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS‬‬‫اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺒﺨﺮة أو اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪة ﺗﺮد ﺿﻤﻦ ﻓﺌﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة وهﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ )وﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻘﺎط( اﻟﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬‫وﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن ﺑﺎﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (NMVOCs‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ‬‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء – آﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻮاد اﻟﻄﻼء أو اﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎت‪.‬‬‫آﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ‬‫‪EXCLUDED CARBON‬‬‫هﻮ آﺮﺑﻮن ذو اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎم‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻻﺧﺘﺰال واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺎﻗﻮﻳﺔ( ﻣﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﺮاق‬‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‪.‬‬‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء )ﺣﺴﺐ رأي اﻟﺨﺒﺮاء(‬‫‪EXPERT JUDGEMENT‬‬‫رأي ﻧﻮﻋﻲ أو آﻤﻲ ﻣﺪروس ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ وﺟﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎب اﻟﺸﻮاهﺪ اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ أو‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺷﺨﺎص ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮن ﺑﺪراﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺪﺧﻠﺔ‬‫‪FEEDSTOCK‬‬‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري آﻤﻮاد ﻣﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻮاد آﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ أوﻟﻴﺔ وﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻗﻞ‬‫ﻹﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﻮاد آﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪6‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أوﻟﻲ‬‫‪FIRST USE‬‬‫ﻳﻤﻴﺰ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ )وﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت( ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري ﻋﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺗﻪ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ هﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄآﺴﺪ أﺛﻨﺎء اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺎدة‬‫اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﺤﺮارة آﺰﻳﻮت ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﺣﺮق اﻟﻐﺎزات‬‫‪FLARING‬‬‫هﻮ اﻟﺤﺮق اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ وﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻐﺎز‪/‬أﺑﺨﺮة اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎم ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳﺔ‬‫)‪FLUOROCARBONS (CFC‬‬‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ذرات ﻓﻠﻴﻮرﻳﻦ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﻮروﻓﻠﻮروآﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (CFCs‬وﻣﺮآﺒﺎت‬‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروآﻠﻮروﻓﻠﻮروآﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (HCFCs‬وﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻓﻠﻮروآﺮﺑﻮن )‪ (HFCs‬وﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﻮرة‬‫)‪.(PFCs‬‬‫دﻓﻖ – ﺗﺪﻓﻖ‬‫‪FLUX‬‬‫‪ (1‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﺠﻴﺮي واﻟﺪوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ واﻟﺠﻴﺮ ورﻣﺎل اﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬‫أﺧﺮى ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدن )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻬﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن(‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎت أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ أو إزاﻟﺔ‬‫ﺨﺒَﺚ‪.‬‬‫اﻟ َ‬‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻌﺪل ﺗﺪﻓﻖ أي ﺳﺎﺋﻞ أو ﻏﺎز ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻧﺴﺒﺔ هﺬا اﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎل "ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬‫أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﺬي ﺗﻤﺘﺼﻪ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت"‪.‬‬‫آﺮﺑﻮن أﺣﻔﻮري‬‫‪FOSSIL CARBON‬‬‫هﻮ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري أو ﻣﺼﺪر أﺣﻔﻮري ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬‫وﻗﻮد‬‫‪FUEL‬‬‫أي ﻣﺎدة ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺮﻗﻬﺎ آﻤﺼﺪر ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪ .‬أﻧﻈﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷوﻟﻲ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‪.‬‬‫اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬‫‪FUEL COMBUSTION‬‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎق اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ اﺣﺘﺮاق اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺄآﺴﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮد داﺧﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻤﻨﺢ اﻟﺤﺮارة أو ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻞ‬‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ أو ﺑﻌﻴﺪا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪.‬‬‫ﺧﺸﺐ وﻗﻮد‬‫‪FUELWOOD‬‬‫هﻮ اﻟﺨﺸﺐ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ آﻮﻗﻮد ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪.‬‬‫إﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻧﻔﻼﺗﻴﺔ‬‫‪FUGITIVE EMISSIONS‬‬‫هﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪرﻋﻦ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻨﺎت أو ﻓﺘﺤﺎت اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺠﻮز أن ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ‬‫وأﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺪاث اﻻﺣﺘﺮاراﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬‫‪GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL‬‬‫اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺪاث اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ )‪ُ (GWP‬ﻳﺤﺴﺐ آﻤﻌﺪل إﺷﻌﺎع آﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮام واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‬‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮام ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ 100‬ﻋﺎم(‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪7‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬‫‪GOOD PRACTICE‬‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ هﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻨﻬﺎ آﻔﺎﻟﺔ دﻗﺔ ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ ﺣﺼﺮ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫وهﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﺪم زﻳﺎدة ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮات ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت أو ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻗﺪر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎع ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻈﺮوف اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺿﻤﺎن‬‫وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻷوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ وﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺔ‬‫‪GROUND TRUTH‬‬‫هﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض وﻓﻲ أآﺜﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﺄآﻴﺪ‬‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻘﻤﺮ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬‫هﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮن‬‫‪HYDROCARBON‬‬‫وﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺳﻮى هﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ وآﺮﺑﻮن‪ .‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أوﺳﻊ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ أي ﺟﺰئ‬‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت آﺒﺮﻳﺖ أو ﻧﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ أو أآﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻔﻆ هﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ هﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮن‬‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت أوﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﺔ أو ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (HCFCs‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﻦ واﻟﻔﻠﻴﻮرﻳﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪ .‬وﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺣﺘﻮاء ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت‬‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮر ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد اﻷوزون‪ .‬آﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬‫)‪HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCs‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ذرات اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻔﻠﻴﻮرﻳﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪ .‬وﻷن ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ‪HFCs‬‬‫ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ آﻠﻮرﻳﻦ أو ﺑﺮوﻣﻴﻦ أو أﻳﻮدﻳﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﻔﺬ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻷوزون‪ .‬وهﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات‬‫اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬‫)‪HYDROFLUOROETHERS (HFEs‬‬‫هﻲ ﻣﻮاد آﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ذرات اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﺛﻴﺮ‪ .‬وﻷن ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ‪ HFEs‬ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫آﻠﻮرﻳﻦ أو ﺑﺮوﻣﻴﻦ أو أﻳﻮدﻳﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﻔﺬ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ اﻷوزون‪ .‬وهﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل‬‫‪INDEPENDANCE‬‬‫ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮان اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد أي اﻗﺘﺮان ﺑﻴﻦ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط هﻮ ﻣﻦ‬‫أآﺜﺮ اﻟﻄﺮق ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﺪم اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬‫‪KEY CATEGORY‬‬‫اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻷوﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﺼﺮ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻷن ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮهﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ آﺜﻴﺮا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺣﺼﺮ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬‫ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻼﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت واﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص‪ ،‬واﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت واﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص أو ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت واﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص‪ .‬ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻮاء‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬‫‪KEY SOURCE‬‬‫أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫أﻓﺮان اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻴﺔ‬‫‪KILNS‬‬‫اﻟﻔﺮن اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻲ هﻮ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻲ ﻳٌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ واﻟﺠﻴﺮ وﻣﻮاد أﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﺺ‬‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﻔﺮن ﻧﻔﺴﻪ أو ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻢ آﻠﻬﺎ أو ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻦ أوﻟﻲ و‪/‬أو ﺗﺤﻤﻴﺺ أوﻟﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮن ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪.‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪8‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻷرﺿﻲ‬‫‪LAND COVER‬‬‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺼﺨﻮر واﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬إﻟﺦ‪...‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪.‬‬‫اﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻷرض‬‫‪LAND USE‬‬‫أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺮي اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أرض ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪) (AFOLU) 4‬اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﺮاﺟﺔ واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻷرض اﻷﺧﺮى ( ﻳﺸﺮح اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪ 2‬ﻓﺌﺎت ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ‬‫ﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻷراﺿﻲ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺮف ﺑﻪ أن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺌﺎت هﻲ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺎت ﻏﻄﺎء اﻷرض )ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت واﻟﻤﺮاﻋﻲ‬‫واﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ( واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷرض )ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬أراﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻼﺣﺔ أو اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎن(‪.‬‬‫ﻏﺎزات أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻃﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬‫‪LANDFILL GAS‬‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻤﻴﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎزات ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إﻟﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ أو آﺒﺴﻬﺎ أو‬‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﻴﻢ اﻟﻼهﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ وﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬‫أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻷوﻟﻲ واﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺗﺴﺮب ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻣﺎآﻦ ﻃﻤﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺬوب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬‫وﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻳٌﺮﺟﺢ إن اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن وهﻮ أﻗﻞ ذوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء وأﺧﻒ وزﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻠﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪.‬‬‫‪T‬‬‫دورة اﻟﻬﺒﻮط واﻹﻗﻼع‬‫‪LTO (LANDING AND TAKE-OFF) CYCLE‬‬‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﻴﺮان اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 914‬ﻣﺘﺮا )‪ 3000‬ﻗﺪم( ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﺮآﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺔ‬‫واﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻬﺒﻮط أو ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﻗﻼع واﻟﺼﻌﻮد إﻟﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ 914‬ﻣﺘﺮا واﻟﻬﺒﻮط واﻻﻗﺘﺮاب واﻟﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮون اﻟﺪورة إﻗﻼع واﺣﺪ أو هﺒﻮط واﺣﺪ وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ هﻮ أن دورة اﻹﻗﻼع واﻟﻬﺒﻮط‬‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻹﻗﻼع اﻟﻤﺸﻔﻮع ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺒﻮط‪.‬‬‫زﻳﻮت اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬‫‪LUBRICANTS‬‬‫زﻳﻮت اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ هﻲ هﻴﺪروآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﻴﺮ أو اﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ وﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﺑﻴﻦ أﺳﻄﺢ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ زﻳﻮت اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﻊ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ زﻳﻮت اﻟﻤﺤﺎور إﻟﻰ زﻳﻮت اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت واﻟﺰﻳﻮت‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ زﻳﻮت اﻟﻤﺤﺮآﺎت وآﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺌﺎت زﻳﻮت اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﺎم‪.‬‬‫ﺳﻤﺎد ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬‫‪MANURE‬‬‫هﻮ روث اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻷﻟﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻷﻏﺮاض زراﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺴﻤﺎد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻠﻪ‬‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷآﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ اﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻏﺎز اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت آﺒﻴﺮة‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫‪MEAN‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ هﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺮآﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺄﺧﻮذة ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ‪ .‬وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ أو اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻲ هﻮ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪر ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪.‬وهﻮ ﻣﻘﺪر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ وﻣﺘﺴﻖ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻰ )اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ( وهﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬‫ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬وﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ هﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬‫‪1 n‬‬‫‪∑ xi‬‬‫‪n i‬‬‫= ‪ x i) x‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪....،1 = i‬ن وﺣﺪات اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ‬‫‪MEDIAN‬‬‫اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ أو وﺳﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ هﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل إﻟﻰ ﻧﺼﻔﻴﻦ‪ .‬وهﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ دوال آﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻳﺴﺎوي اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬واﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺌﻮي اﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬‫ووﺳﻴﻂ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ هﻮ ﻣﻘﺪر ﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻰ‪ .‬وهﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺷﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا آﺎﻧﺖ هﻨﺎك‬‫ﻣﺸﺎهﺪات ‪2‬ن ‪ 1 +‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ هﻮ )ن ‪ .(1 +‬وإذا آﺎن هﻨﺎك ‪2‬ن ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻴﻦ ن‬‫و)ن ‪.(1 +‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪9‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮال‬‫‪MODE‬‬‫ﻣﻨﻮال اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ هﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻠﺤﺪوث‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺨﺬ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻌﺎت ﻣﻨﻮاﻻ واﺣﺪا أو أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻮال‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﺎت ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺳﻮى ﻣﻨﻮاﻻ واﺣﺪا‪ .‬وﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻨﻮال أو ﻣﻨﻮال داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻰ هﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬‫وﻣﻨﻮال اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ هﻮ ﻣﻘﺪر ﻟﻤﻨﻮال اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ وﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺌﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ وﻋﺪ ﻋﺪد‬‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻓﺌﺔ واﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺔ )أو اﻟﻔﺌﺎت( اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أآﺒﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات‪.‬‬‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬‫‪MODEL‬‬‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج هﻮ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪ آﻤﻲ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ واﻗﻌﻴﺔ وهﻮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺴﻂ أو ﻳﻐﻔﻞ ﺳﻤﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷهﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ أن اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻨﺸﺎط هﻲ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ‬‫آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج" ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮاﻣﺠﻴﺎت ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪي‪.‬‬‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﺖ آﺎرﻟﻮ‬‫‪MONTE CARLO METHOD‬‬‫ﺗﻨﺼﺢ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎع ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﺖ آﺎرﻟﻮ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻴﻘﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﻧﺖ آﺎرﻟﻮ هﻮ‬‫إﺟﺮاء ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻣﺮات آﺜﻴﺮة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ وﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﺮة اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻧﺒﻌﺎث ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆآﺪة أو‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج وﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرا ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺎ( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ) ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ أوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪهﺎ ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ‪ .‬وﺗﻜﻮن أوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث و‪ /‬أو ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ‬‫أﻏﻠﺐ اﻷﺣﻴﺎن وﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ذات ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﺎت ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب درﺟﺔ ﻋﺪم‬‫اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﻧﺖ آﺎرﻟﻮ أن ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺪﺧﻼت ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﺎت ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮن ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث وﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج وﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫‪NON-ENERGY PRODUCTS‬‬‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ أواﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ أو آﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎت‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ :‬ﻣﻮاد‬‫اﻟﺘﺰﻳﻴﺖ وﺷﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺎراﻓﻴﻦ واﻟﻘﺎر واﻟﻜﺤﻮل اﻷﺑﻴﺾ واﻟﺘﺮﺑﻨﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ )آﻤﺬﻳﺐ(‪.‬‬‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫‪NON-ENERGY USE‬‬‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎق اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷﺣﻔﻮري اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ آﻤﻮاد أوﻟﻴﺔ أو‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان و ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬‫أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻮآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ إدراج دﺧﻞ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد آﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﺧﺘﺰال ﻓﻲ‬‫أﻓﺮان اﻟﺼﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﺴﺐ آﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻨﺸﺎط وﻗﻮد ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻜﻮك وﻣﺪﺧﻼت أﺧﺮى ﻟﻐﺎز أﻓﺮان‬‫اﻟﺼﻬﺮ‪.‬‬‫إﻧﺘﺎج ﺟﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﺮوح ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق‬‫‪NON-MARKETED LIME PRODUCTIONS‬‬‫ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺠﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ هﺪﻓﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ هﻮ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺠﻴﺮ آﻤﺎدة وﺳﻴﻄﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ورﻣﺎد اﻟﺼﻮدا‬‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ وآﺮﺑﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻠﺴﻴﻮم وأآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم وﻣﻌﺪن اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم وﻣﺼﺎهﺮ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس وﻣﻄﺎﺣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺮ‪ .‬وﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﻧﻊ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ وﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ آﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎن‬‫‪NON-METHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COUMPOUNDS‬‬‫هﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة‬‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ دورا رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻷوزون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺠﻮي )ﺗﺮوﺑﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ(‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄن اﻷوزون اﻟﺬي‬‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮوﺑﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ هﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬وهﻮ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ واﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ أﺿﺮارا ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء‪ .‬وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻷوزون‬‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ "ﺳﻼﺋﻒ" ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺄآﺴﺪ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ‪ NMVOCs‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أآﺴﻴﺪ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪10‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬‫‪NATURAL DISTRIBUTION‬‬‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ)أو ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻏﺎوس( ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻪ داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻳُﻌﺒﱠﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﻳﻌﺮّف ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ )اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪μ‬‬‫واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ‪.(σ‬‬‫‪(x − μ)2‬‬‫∞ ≤ ‪, for - ∞ ≤ x‬‬‫‪2σ 2‬‬

‫‪−‬‬

‫‪e‬‬

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‫‪σ 2π‬‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫= )‪f (x‬‬‫‪OBSERVATIONAL DATA‬‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ هﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة )أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ أآﺜﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت( أو ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬‫ﻳﺪوﻳﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ أو اﻟﻤﺴﺢ(‪.‬‬‫إﻃﻼق اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء‬‫‪OFF-GAS‬‬‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻌﺎدم اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺧﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ )ﺳﻮاء ﺗﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﺮاق أو ﻋﺪم اﺣﺘﺮاق(‪ .‬وﻗﺪ‬‫ﻳﺘﺴﺮب اﻟﻐﺎز إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي أو ﻳﺤﺮق ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أو ﻳﺘﻮهﺞ )ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ( أو ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ آﻤﺎدة أوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ .‬وﻳﺠﻮز أﻳﻀﺎ اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺤﺎرق ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬‫‪OPEN BURNING OF WASTE‬‬‫إﺣﺮاق اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻮرق واﻟﺨﺸﺐ واﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ واﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ واﻟﻤﻄﺎط وﻣﻮاد أﺧﺮى ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬‫ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء ﺑﺪون اﻟﻤﺮور ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪاﺧﻦ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﺎرق اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬‫أﻓﺮان إﺣﺮاق اﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ هﻮاء اﻹﺣﺮاق ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ وﻻ ﺗﻤﻨﺢ وﻗﺘﺎ آﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻹﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬‫اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق‪.‬‬‫أآﺴﺪة – ﺗﺄآﺴﺪ‬‫‪OXIDATION‬‬‫هﻮ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة اﻟﻰ اﻷآﺴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺴﺘﻨﻔﺪة ﻟﻸوزون‬‫)‪OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS‬‬‫هﻲ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﺗﺴﺎهﻢ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد اﻷوزون ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‪ .‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳﺔ )‪ (CFC‬و‬‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮر )‪ (HCFC‬وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮن وﺑﺮوﻣﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﺜﻴﻞ وراﺑﻊ آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن وآﻠﻮروﻓﻮرم اﻟﻤﺜﻴﻞ‪.‬‬‫وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻔﺪة ﻟﻸوزون ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺟﺪا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮوﺑﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ وﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ إﻻ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻮق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‪ .‬وﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﻠﻬﺎ ذرات اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﻦ واﻟﺒﺮوﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﻔﺪ اﻷوزون‪.‬‬‫داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬‫‪PDF‬‬‫اﻧﻈﺮ داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺌﻮي‬‫‪th‬‬‫‪PERCENTILE‬‬‫‪th‬‬‫ﻣﺌﻮي ‪ k‬أوﻣﺌﻮي اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ هﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷدﻧﻰ ‪ k‬ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل – أي اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ذﻳﻞ داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻋﻦ ﻣﺌﻮي اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪ kth‬ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎت اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬‫‪th‬‬‫‪ k‬ﻣﺌﻮي اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (0 ≤ k ≤ 100‬ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ذو داﻟﺔ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ )‪ F(x‬ﻣﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟـ ‪z‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ z‬ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ = )‪F(z‬‬‫‪.k/100‬‬‫وﻣﺌﻮي اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ kth‬هﻮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻤﺌﻮي اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ‪ .‬وهﻮ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ‪. kth‬‬‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻠﻮرو اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬‫)‪PERFLUOROCARBONS (PFCs‬‬‫اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮآﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ذرات اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮارهﺎ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ وﻋﺪم ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬‫ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎل وﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ وﺑﺎﻧﻌﺪام اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎد اﻷوزون وﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة ﻻﺣﺘﺮار اﻷرض‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪11‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ‪ /‬ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬‫‪POLAR/BOREAL‬‬‫هﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (MAT‬ﻋﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻤﻊ ‪ /‬ﺣﻮض ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬‫‪POOL/CARBON POOL‬‬‫هﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﺰان‪ .‬أﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻘﺪرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬‫ﺧﺰاﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت واﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻷﺧﺸﺎب واﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬واﻟﻮﺣﺪات هﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﻞ‪. .‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬‫‪POPULATION‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ هﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷوﻟﻲ‬‫‪PRIMARY FUELS‬‬‫هﻲ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﺰﻳﺖ اﻟﺨﺎم واﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﻔﺤﻢ‪ ،‬إﻟﺦ‪...‬‬‫اﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬‫‪PRECISION‬‬‫ﺗﻘﺎرب اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮص ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )أﻧﻈﺮ أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ(‪.‬‬‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬‫‪PROBABILITY‬‬‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل هﻮ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ واﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺤﺪث ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎك‬‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺘﻮاﺗﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ )أي ﻧﺴﺒﺔ آﻞ اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺪث ﻣﺎ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل وﻓﻘﺎ‬‫ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد ‪.‬‬

‫داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬‫‪PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION‬‬‫داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل )‪ (PDF‬هﻲ داﻟﺔ رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺪى واﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ آﺪاﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ أو اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﻳﻨﺤﺼﺮ‬‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺼﺮ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت‬‫وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت واﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻔﺌﺎت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎق هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻳﻔﺘﺮض أن داﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ وﻟﻴﺲ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬‫‪PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION‬‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬داﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻲ أو أﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ‪ .‬واﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪.1‬‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث‬‫‪PROCESS EMISSIONS‬‬‫اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻻﺣﺘﺮاق‪.‬‬‫ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺠﻮدة‬‫)‪QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA‬‬‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺿﻤﺎن اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ ﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﺬهﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮآﻴﻦ اﺷﺘﺮاآﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮا ﻓﻲ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪ /‬وﺿﻊ ﻗﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﺑﺄهﺪاف ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪ ،‬وﻟﻀﻤﺎن أن اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻟﻼﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪12‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‬‫)‪QUALITY CONTROLE (QC‬‬‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻧﻈﺎم ﻹﺟﺮاء أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ روﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﺟﻮدة ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺪى وﺿﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﺻﻤﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻮدة ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ روﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪،‬‬‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ واﻟﺴﻬﻮ وﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ‪،‬‬‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ وأرﺷﻔﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﺼﺮ وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺁل أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة‪.‬‬‫وﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات دﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎب واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻗﻴﺎس اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ أوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ وأرﺷﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ ﺟﻮدة ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر وﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ‪.‬‬‫إزاﻟﺔ‬‫‪REMOVALS‬‬‫هﻲ إزاﻟﺔ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ و‪/‬أو اﻟﺴﻼﺋﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬‫إﺑﻼغ‬‫‪REPORTING‬‬‫هﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ آﻤﺎ ﻳﺮد وﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ 1‬ﻓﺼﻞ ‪.8‬‬‫ﺧﺰان‬‫‪RESERVOIR‬‬‫‪ – 1‬ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻲ ﻟﻪ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺴﻠﻒ ﻟﻬﺎ‪) .‬اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄن ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻤﺎدة ‪.(7-1‬‬‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺮي واﻟﻤﻼﺣﺔ‬‫واﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ (...‬ﺣﻴﺚ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﻴﺮات هﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‬‫‪SECONDARY FUELS‬‬‫هﻲ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻷوﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﻮك وﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﺮآﺎت وﻏﺎز أﻓﺮان اﻟﻜﻮك وﻏﺎز أﻓﺮان اﻟﺼﻬﺮ‪.‬‬‫ﺣﺠﺰ‬‫‪SEQUESTRATION‬‬‫هﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮدع آﺮﺑﻮن‪.‬‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻋﺔ‬‫‪SINK‬‬‫أي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ أو ﻧﺸﺎط أو ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﻞ أﺣﺪ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻷهﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ أو ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي‪) .‬اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄن ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻤﺎدة ‪ (8-1‬ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ )‪.(-‬‬‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬‫‪SOURCE‬‬‫أي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ أو ﻧﺸﺎط ﻳﻄﻠﻖ أﺣﺪ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻷهﺒﺎء اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ أو ﺳﻼﺋﻒ ﻏﺎزات اﻟﺪﻓﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي ‪) .‬اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄن ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻤﺎدة ‪ (9-1‬ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ زاﺋﺪ )‪.(+‬‬‫اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري‬‫‪STANDARD DEVIATION‬‬‫اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ هﻮ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ‪ .‬وﻳﻘﺪر اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺤﺮاف‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎري ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ وهﻮ اﻟﺠﺬر اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪13‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ‬‫‪SURROGATE DATA‬‬‫هﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺬر اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬وﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﻓﻲ آﺜﻴﺮ‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺗﻐﻴﺮات اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﺤﺪد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎن آﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‪.‬‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬‫‪SURVEY DATA‬‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﻜﺎن ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ أو إﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺰارع وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺰارع ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬‫أو اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ أآﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ واﻓﺘﺮاﺿﺎت‪.‬‬‫اﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬‫‪SYSTEMATIC AND RANDOM ERRORS‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ هﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺮي ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ وﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪة‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪات ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﺮدي هﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻔﺮدي وﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬‫‪SYSTEMATIC ERRORS‬‬‫أﻧﻈﺮ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎردة‬‫‪TEMPERATE, COLD‬‬‫هﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (MAT‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و ‪ 10-‬درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‪ ،‬داﻓﺌﺔ‬‫‪TEMPERATE, WARM‬‬‫هﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (MAT‬ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 10‬و ‪ 20-‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬‫‪TIME SERIES‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ هﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ وﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﺸﺎهﺪﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺎط زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة‬‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ(‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬‫‪TRANSPARENCY‬‬‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ أن اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺮ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻮح ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺤﺼﺮ وﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻪ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺪ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺼﺮ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺠﺎح ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻹﺑﻼغ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ودراﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬‫‪TREND‬‬‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ هﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻻﺗﺠﺎهﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺪل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﻧﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﺪل‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮهﺎ‪ .‬وﻳﻌﺮّف اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺪة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺔ وﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎدة آﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ أو آﺴﺮ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﺪاري‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻲ‬‫‪TROPICAL‬‬‫هﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ )‪ (MAT‬ﻋﻦ ‪ 20‬درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻘﺪر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ‬‫‪UNBIASED ESTIMATOR‬‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪر ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻴﺰ هﻮ إﺣﺼﺎءة ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺮي ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻩ‪ .‬وﻳُﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ دﻻﻟﺔ‬‫إﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وأن ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن‬‫ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰا ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻷﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﺮت ﺑﺨﻄﺄ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‪ .‬وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻘﺪر ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻗﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻬﺎ‬‫أو ﻓﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ أو ﺟﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﺜﺎل ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب )اﻟﻮﺳﻂ( هﻮ ﻣﻘﺪر ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ )اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ(‪.‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪14‬‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‬‫‪UNCERTAINTY‬‬‫ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ هﻮ ﻋﺪم ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻔﻪ ﺑﺪاﻟﺔ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺪى واﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺪورهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة وآﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ أو ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ‪) .‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ ‪ 1‬ﻓﺼﻞ ‪.(3‬‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‬‫‪UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS‬‬‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻣﺎ هﻮ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮن ﺑﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷوﺟﻪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻴﻘﻴﻦ‬‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻧﻔﺴﻪ وﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻷهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬‫‪VALIDATION‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ هﻲ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻨﻬﺞ واﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺎق ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺣﺼﺮ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدﻗﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت واﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺑﻼغ ‪ .‬واﻹﺛﺒﺎت ﻳﺪﻗﻖ اﻻﺗﺴﺎق اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﺮ‪ .‬واﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻟﻺﺛﺒﺎت هﻮ اﻟﺘﺄآﻴﺪ أو اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ أو ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬‫‪VARIABILITY‬‬‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮوق اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺰوهﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ أو اﻟﺘﻨﻮع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬وﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬‫إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ أو أﻧﻬﺎ ذات ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ وﻣﺮدود ﻣﺆﺛﺮة وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬وﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺧﺘﺰال اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس أو اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وإﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬‫‪VERIFICATION‬‬‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ واﻹﺟﺮاءات اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ أو ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‬‫وﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ أن ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪاﻗﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮدة ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪.‬‬‫وﻋﺎدة ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺮق ووﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺻﺤﺔ ودﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮا ت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى أو ﻣﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮآﻴﺰات اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﻼف اﻟﺠﻮي أو ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرج ﺗﺮآﻴﺰات هﺬﻩ اﻟﻐﺎزات ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ‪ IPCC‬ﻟﻌﺎم ‪ 2006‬ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ‪15‬‬‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴـﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫واﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﺮض ﻣﺠﻤﻞ‬‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
c/o Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Michael Gytarsky
Taka Hiraishi
William Irving
Thelma Krug
Jim Penman‫ﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﻏﺎﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Department of State for Fisheries and Water Resources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Bubu Jallow
Dina Kruger‫ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻹﺑﻼغ‬:1 ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Ministry of Science and Technology of Brazil‫ اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (CICERO)

Newton Paciornik
Kristin Rypdal‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮن‬‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻮ‬Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, FDS/Universite de Lome‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬NATCOM Project Management Cell

Ayite-Lo N. Ajavon
Sumana Bhattacharya

Ministry of Environment & Forests
IPCC NGGIP TSU
Simon Eggleston
North Carolina State University
Christopher Frey
‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Environmental Resources Trust
Michael Gillenwater‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬AEA Technology plc
Justin Goodwin‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Lisa Hanle‫ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC)
Anke Herold‫اﻟﺴﻮدان‬Ministry of Science and Technology
Mirghani Ibnoaf‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
William Irving‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬BET GmbH
Matthias Koch‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Agro-Environment and Sustainable Development Institute
Erda Lin
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Joe Mangino‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎآﻴﺎ‬Consultant
Katarina Mareckova‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬University of Bristol
Archie McCulloch‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
C.P. (Mick) Meyer‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Suvi Monni‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬National Institute for Environmental Studies
Hideaki Nakane‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Colorado State University
Stephen Ogle
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Jim Penman‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)
Kristina Saarinen‫أﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬Fundación CEAM María José Sanz Sánchez‫اﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻦ‬Manila Observatory Jose Ramon T. Villarin‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬ARC systems research
Wilfried Winiwarter
IPCC NGGIP TSU‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬2 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬AEA Technology plc
Chinese Academy of Forestry

Mike Woodfield
Hong Yan‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻮن‬‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮاﻧﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Center for Environmental Policy
Ruta Bubniene
Statistics Norway
Ketil Flugsrud
North Carolina State University
Christopher Frey
UN Statistical Division
United Nations Statistical Division Rosemary Montgomery
Tinus Pulles‫ هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Deborah Ottinger Schaefer‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬University of Edinburgh
Keith A. Smith‫اﻟﻮآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬International Energy Agency (IEA)
Karen Treanton‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬AEA Technology plc
Mike Woodfield‫ﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮرﻳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬Tishreen University / Ministry of Environment
Umweltbundesamt GmbH

Sadedin Kherfan
Klaus Radunsky‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬:2 ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬Ministry of Railways, Government of India(on temporary assignment to UNEP Risoe Center, Denmark)‫ هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)

Amit Garg
Tinus Pulles‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮن‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
Qatar Petroleum
Azhari F.M. Ahmed‫ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Makoto Akai
‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Ministry of Science and Technology of Brazil
Branca B. Americano‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬CSIRO Energy Technology
John N. Carras‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) Christina Davies Waldron
IPCC NGGIP TSU‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬‫اﻷرﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬‫آﻨﺪا‬‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬ICAO‫ﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬3 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬IPCC NGGIP TSU
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)
Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica
Environment Canada
ECOFYS GmbH
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ecofys Germany
British Geological Survey
State Administration of Work Safety
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Centre for Energy Research and Development
Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry,
Government of Japan
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Manchester Metropolitan University
SMA - Sao Paulo State Environmental Secretariat
Oak Ridge National Laboratory‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬Simon Eggleston
Pamela M. Franklin
Eilev Gjerald
Darío R. Gómez
Chia Ha
Jochen HarnischLeif Hockstad
Niklas Höhne
Sam Holloway
Yuhong Hu
Jane Hupe
Francis Ibitoye
Kazunari Kainou
Anhar Karimjee
David S. Lee
Oswaldo Lucon
Gregg Marland‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫زاﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬University of Zambia
Emmanuel Matsika‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
Lourdes Q. Maurice‫آﻨﺪا‬
Environment Canada
R. Scott McKibbon‫زاﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) Lemmy Nenge Namayanga‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Chevron Energy Technology Company
Susann Nordrum‫ هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP)
Jos G.J. Olivier‫ اﻟﺴﻮدان‬Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR)
Balgis Osman-Elasha‫آﻨﺪا‬
Clearstone Engineering Ltd.
David Picard‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬Statistics Finland
Riitta Pipatti‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
Jan Pretel‫ اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (CICERO)
Kristin Rypdal‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Sharon B. Saile‫ ﻣﻼوي‬Chemistry Department, Chancellor College, University of Malawi
John D. Kalenga Saka
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬Avonlog Ltd
Timothy Simmons‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬Central Mining Research Institute
A.K. Singh‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬Uglemetan
Oleg V. Tailakov
IEA

International Energy Agency (IEA)‫ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬International Consultant‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬AEA Technology plc‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Energy Research Institute

Karen Treanton
Fabian Wagner
Michael P. WalshJohn D. Watterson
Hongwei Yang

National Development and Reform Commission‫ آﺎزاﺧﺴﺘﺎن‬RSE "KazNIIEK" of the Ministry of Environment Protection

Irina Yesserkepovaof the Republic of Kazakhstan‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻮن‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬UNFCCCIEA

The Boeing Company
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
UNFCCCInternational Energy Agency (IEA)

Daniel M. Allyn
Manmohan Kapshe
Maryalice Locke
Stephen Lukachko
Stylianos Pesmajoglou
Roberta Quadrelli‫ﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬‫آﻨﺪا‬‫ﺑﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬Australian Greenhouse OfficeEnvironment Canada
Ministry of Sustainable Development

Ian Carruthers
Art JaquesFreddy Tejada‫ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت‬:3 ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬‫ﻏﺎﻧﺎ‬‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬Environmental Protection Agency William Kojo Agyemang-Bonsu
ECOFYS GmbH
Jochen Harnisch‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮن‬‫ﺗﻮﺟﻮ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, FDS/Universite de Lome
Caleb
Delphi Corporation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Laurie S. Beu Consulting‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬Ayite-Lo N. Ajavon
Paul Ashford
James A. Baker
Scott Bartos
Laurie S. Beu

4 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Brazilian Aluminum Association (ABAL) Mauricio Firmento Born
‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Independent Consultant
C. Shepherd Burton‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬Ecole des Mines de Paris
Denis Clodic‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬
Maua Institute of Technology (IMT) Roberto De Aguiar Peixoto‫ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
Sukumar Devotta‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)Tor Faerden‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Semiconductor Industry Association
Charles L. Fraust‫إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬Italian Environment Protection Agency (APAT)
Domenico Gaudioso‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Environmental Resources Trust
Michael Gillenwater‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
David Godwin‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬Comalco Aluminium
Laurel Green‫آﻨﺪا‬
Environment Canada
Chia Ha‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Lisa Hanle‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬Manchester Royal Infirmary
Nigel Harper‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Leif Hockstad‫إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ST Microelectronics
Francesca Illuzzi‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
William Irving‫ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬European Diisocyanate and Polyol Producers Association (ISOPA)
Mike Jeffs‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬
Burnbank Consulting Pty. Ltd.
Charles Jubb
‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬Technical University Eindhoven
Lambert Kuijpers‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬Hydro Aluminium
Halvor Kvande‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ICF Consulting, Inc
Robert Lanza‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬The Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Tor Lindstad‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Jonathan S. Lubetsky‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬3M Company Environmental Laboratory
Brian T. Mader‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬
Instituto de Asuntos Públicos, Universidad de Chile
Pedro Maldonado‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬International Aluminium InstituteJerry Marks‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Alcoa Inc.
Kenneth Martchek‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬Institute for Energy Technology
Thomas Martinsen‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬University of Bristol
Archie McCulloch‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬DuPont Electronic Technologies
Michael T. Mocella‫اﻟﻌﺮاق‬Ministry of Environment Abdul Karim W. Mohammad‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Alexander Nakhutin‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ آﻮرﻳﺎ‬‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬/‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬‫ﻳﻮروﻏﻮاي‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬5 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute
Maarten Neelis
Unit of Science, Technology and Society
The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP)
Jos G.J. Olivier
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Sverre E. Olsen
Japan Cement Association
Eiichi Onuma
Inha University
Hi-chun Park
Siemens AG, PTD M IR
Friedrich Plöger
Solvay Fluor GmbH
Ewald Preisegger
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Sally Rand
Metron / Ecosys
Sebastien Raoux
Ministry of Science and Technology
Mauro M.O. Santos
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Deborah Ottinger Schaefer
Öko-Recherche
Winfried Schwarz
Ministry of Environment, Land Planning and Environment Virginia Carla Sena Cianci
Avonlog Ltd
Timothy Simmons
American Coke and Coal Chemicals Institute
Bruce A. Steiner
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Sven Thesen
State Office for Nuclear Safety
Milos Tichy
SINTEF Materials and Chemistry
Gabriella Tranell
US Magnesium
Tom TrippJapan Industrial Conference for Ozone Layer andShigehiro Uemura
Climate Protection (JICOP)
U.S. Geological Survey
Hendrik G. Van Oss‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Hughes Associates, Inc.
Energy Research Institute, NDRC

Daniel P. Verdonik
Dadi Zhou‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻮن‬‫إﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬/‫ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬IMEC vzw‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬‫ هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development and Innovation‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ آﻮرﻳﺎ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫آﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬‫آﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬Utrecht University
G.H. Edwards & Associates, Inc
International Aluminium InstituteSamsung Electronics Co, LTD
Alcoa Alumínio S/A
G.H. Edwards & Associates, Inc
National Photovoltaic EH&S Research Center
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Alcan Primary Metal Group
Global Centre Consulting
Australian Aluminium Council

ICF Consulting, Inc
U.S. Geological Survey
Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute
Unit of Science, Technology and Society
Hitachi Displays, Ltd.
‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬‫ هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP)‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries
Association (JEITA J-SIA) / NEC Electronics
Utrecht University, Copernicus Institute‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬
Unit of Science, Technology and Society‫ أﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬Catalan Institution For Research And Advanced Studies (ICREA)
And Institute Of Chemical Research Of Catalonia (ICIQ)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬Avonlog Ltd‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬BOC Edwards‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Alcoa Primary Metals‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬3M‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬Guido Agostinelli
Pablo Alonso
Erik Alsema
Victor O. Aume
Chris Bayliss
Seung-Ki Chae
Hézio Ávila de Oliveira
George H. Edwards
Vasilis M. Fthenakis
Stéphane GauthierWilliam G. Kenyon
Ron Knapp
Michel Lalonde
Robert Lanza
M. Michael Miller
Maarten Neelis
Hideki Nishida
Jos G.J. Olivier
Takayuki Oogoshi
Martin Patel
Javier Pérez-Ramírez
Sally Rand
Timothy Simmons
Joseph Van Gompel
Vince Van Son
Kurt T. Werner
Ashley Woodcock‫ﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺰاﻧﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬University of Dar es Salaam
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)

Jamidu H.Y. Katima
Audun Rosland‫ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ واﻟﺤﺮاﺟﺔ واﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻷرض اﻷﺧﺮى‬:4 ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Colorado State University‫ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST) & Associate Faculty

Keith Paustian
N.H. RavindranathCentre for Ecological Sciences (CES), Indian Institute of Science
Wageningen University

Andre van Amstel‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬6 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮن‬‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬Ministry of Agriculture and Food
Harald Aalde
Finnish Forest Research InstituteJukka Alm
NATCOM Project Management Cell
Sumana Bhattacharya
Ministry of Environment & Forests
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Kathryn Bickel‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫آﻨﺪا‬
Environment Canada
Dominique Blain‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Department of Agriculture
John S. Brenner
Natural Resources Conservation Service
University College Cork
Kenneth Byrne‫أﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪا‬‫زاﻣﺒﻴﺎ‬Environmental Council of Zambia
Julius Partson Daka‫ﻧﻴﻮ زﻳﻠﻨﺪا‬AgResearch Limited
Cecile de Klein‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬Toulouse University
Robert Delmas‫ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development
Hongmin Dong
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
DREXenvironnement
Éric Duchemin‫آﻨﺪا‬‫ اﻟﺴﻮدان‬Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) Nagmeldin G. Elhassan‫ اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Environmental Department of Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S.A. Carlos Frederico Silveira Menezes‫ اﻷرﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto
Héctor D. Ginzo‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬The Nature Conservancy
Patrick Gonzalez‫ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) - La Platina
Sergio P. González‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Michael Gytarsky‫ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬Research Institute for Landscape and Urban Greenery Technology
Mariko Handa
Organization for Landscape and Urban Greenery Technology Development
U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service
Jerry L. Hatfield‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬National Soil Tilth Laboratory
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service
Linda S. Heath‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬National Institute for Research in the Amazon - INPA
Niro Higuchi‫ ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio
Jari T. Huttunen‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬University of Vermont
Jennifer C. Jenkins‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Colorado State University
Donald E. Johnson‫ﻣﻼوي‬
Malawi Water PartnershipSamuel Kainja‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬University of Hamburg
Michael Köhl
‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
Thelma Krug‫آﻨﺪا‬Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
Werner A. Kurz‫اﻟﻔﻠﺒﻴﻦ‬World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF Philippines
Rodel D. Lasco‫ﻧﻴﻮ زﻳﻠﻨﺪا‬National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
Keith R. Lassey‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Yue Li‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Magda Aparecida de Lima
‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Joe Mangino‫ﻳﻮروﻏﻮاي‬CarbosurDaniel L. Martino‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)
Mitsuo Matsumoto‫آﻨﺪا‬
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Tim A. McAllister‫آﻨﺪا‬
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Brian G. McConkey‫ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (Retired)
Arvin Mosier‫ ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬Consultant, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA)
Rafael S.A. Novoa‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Colorado State University
Stephen Ogle
GEC
Global Environment Center (GEC)
Faizal Parish
Finnish Forest Research institute
Kim Pingoud‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬
Ensis Environment
John Raison‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬Australian Greenhouse Office
Gary Richards‫آﻨﺪا‬
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Philippe Rochette‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬The Nature Conservancy - TNC Brazil Ricardo L.V. Rodrigues‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Anna Romanovskaya‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬Row Associates
Clark Row
‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬CICERO Centre for Environmental and Climate Research
Kristin Rypdal

7 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫أﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬Fundación CEAM María José Sanz Sánchez
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Dieter Schoene
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service
Kenneth E. Skog
‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬University of Edinburgh
Keith A. Smith‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬University of Aberdeen
Pete Smith
EC/‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮ‬European Commission DG Joint Research Centre
Zoltan Somogyi(seconded from Hungarian Forest Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary)
Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteMario Tonosaki‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬‫آﻨﺪا‬
Hydro-Quebec Production
Alain Tremblay‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University
Atsushi Tsunekawa‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬University of California at Irvine
Stanley C. Tyler
ICRAF/ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Louis Verchot‫ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK/IFU)
Reiner Wassmann
Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Thomas C. Wirth‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
Kazuyuki Yagi
‫ زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي‬Climate Change Office, Ministry of environment and Tourism
Washington Zhakata‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Chinese Academy of Forestry
Xiaoquan Zhang
FAO‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻮن‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬FAO‫ﻧﻴﻮ زﻳﻠﻨﺪا‬‫آﻨﺪا‬ICRAF‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Deborah M. Bartram
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Jim B. Carle
Ford-Robertson Initiatives Limited
Justin Ford-Robertson
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Darryl Gibb
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Mercy Wanja Karunditu
Hall Associates
John H. Martin, Jr.
Wetlands International Russia Programme
Tatiana Minayeva
Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of ScienceIndu K. Murthy
Graduate School of Engineering of the Federal University
Luis Pinguelli Rosaof Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ)
Rice University
Ronald L. Sass
Institute of Forest Sciences RAS
Andrey Sirin
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)
Göran Ståhl
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Margaret WalshNatural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University
Stephen A. Williams
Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiaoyuan Yan‫ﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫آﻨﺪا‬‫ﻧﻴﻮ زﻳﻠﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮرﻳﺸﻴﻮس‬Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service
Michael Apps
New Zealand Climate Change Office
Helen Plume
Joanneum Research Bernhard Schlamadinger
Meteorological Services Soobaraj Nayroo Sok Appadu‫ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬:5 ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬‫ﺗﻨﺴﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ‬‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Statistics Finland
Riitta Pipatti
Environmental Sanitation Technology Agency (CETESB) Sonia Maria Manso Vieira(‫)ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪة‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬8 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن وﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮن‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Environmental Sanitation Technology Agency (CETESB) Joao Wagner Silva Alvesof Sao Paulo State
ARCADIS
Michiel R.J. Doorn‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science
Qingxian Gao‫ﺑﻨﻴﻦ‬
Benin Centre of Scientific and Technical Research G.H. Sabin Guendehou‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Leif Hockstad‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
William Irving‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬BET GmbH
Matthias Koch‫آﻮﺑﺎ‬
Instituto de Meteorologia
Carlos López Cabrera‫ﺳﻠﻮﻓﺎآﻴﺎ‬Consultant
Katarina Mareckova‫ هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
Hans Oonk‫آﻨﺪا‬
Environment Canada
Craig Palmer‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Elizabeth Scheehle‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬NATCOM Project Management Cell
Chhemendra Sharma
India, Government of India Ministry of Environment & Forests
AEA Technology
Alison Smith‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)Per Svardal‫ﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪا‬The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment Sirintornthep Towprayoon
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering
Can Wang‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Tsinghua University
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management
Masato Yamada‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬National Institute for Environmental Studies‫اﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮن اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻮن‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬RTI International‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla)‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬Norwegian University of Science and Technology‫ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)

Jeffrey B. Coburn
Kim Pingoud
Gunnar Thorsen
Fabian Wagner‫ﻣﺤﺮرو اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬9 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬Dina Kruger
Kirit Parikh‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬Nicolas Di Sbroiavacca
Héctor D. Ginzo
Ernesto F. Viglizzo

Fundacion Bariloche
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto
National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA)‫اﻷرﺟﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬‫أﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ‬Government of Australia
Mike Atkinson
Ram C. Dalal
Fabiano de Aquino Ximenes
David Gardner
Beverley Henry
Mark Howden
Charles Jubb
Hugh Saddler
Shi SuEnergy International Australia
Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Indooroopilly, Queensland
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Resources Research
NSW Department of Primary Industries, Science and Research
Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting
CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems
Burnbank Consulting Pty. Ltd.
Energy Strategies Pty Ltd
CSIRO

Barbara Amon
Michael Anderl
Klaus Bernhardt
Wojtek Galinski
Doris Halper
Agnes Kurzweil
Tomas Mueller
Barbara Muik
Stephan Poupa
Klaus Radunsky
Manfred Ritter
Stefan Unterberger
Gerhard Zethner

University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
Umweltbundesamt GmbH
Association of the Austrian Electrical and Electronics Industries (FEEI)
Joanneum Research
Umweltbundesamt GmbH
Umweltbundesamt GmbH
Verband der Elektrizitätsunternehmen Österreichs
Umweltbundesamt GmbH
Umweltbundesamt GmbH
Umweltbundesamt GmbH
Umweltbundesamt GmbH
dieEnergieSparer Tanzer KEG
Environment Agency Vienna

Pavel Shermanau

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection

Kristien Aernouts
Marc Aubinet
Lorea Claude
Jean Marie Demoulin
Vasco de Oliveira Janeiro
Arjen Sevenster
Nobuhiko Takamatsu
J.A.M. van Balken
Bas van Wesemael

Flemish Institute of technological Research (Vito)
Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux
The European Cement Association (CEMBUREAU)
European Chemical Industry Council
Union of the Electricity Industry (EURELECTRIC)
European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers
International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI)European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association
Université catholique de Louvain

G.H. Sabin Guendehou

Benin Centre for Scientific and Technical Research

Government of Brazil
Marco Aurélio Dos Santos‫اﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ‬‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬‫ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‬‫اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‬Graduate School of Engineering of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro(COPPE/UFRJ)
Roberto De Aguiar Peixoto
Maua Institute of Technology (IMT)
Magda Aparecida de Lima
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa)
Oswaldo LuconSão Paulo Environment Secretariat -SMA
Odo Primavesi
Embrapa - Southeast Cattle
Ricardo Leonardo Vianna Rodrigues The Nature Conservancy – TNC Brazil
Luiz Pinguelli Rosa
COPPE/UFRJ
Sonia Maria Manso Vieira
Environmental Sanitation Technology Agency (CETESB) (Retired)‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬10 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬Alice Au
Stefan Bachu
Pierre BernierDominique Blain
Marie Boehm
Pascale Collas
Darryl Gibb
David Goodenough
Chia Ha
Neeta Hooda
Ted Huffman
Henry Janzen
Art Jaques
Don Leckie
Tony Lempriere
Chang Liang
Steen Magnussen
Afshin Matin
R. Scott McKibbon
Frank Neitzert
Craig Palmer
Kevin Telmer
Alain Tremblay
J. A. Trofymow
Louis Varfalvy
Mike Wulder

Environment Canada
Alberta Energy and Utilities Board
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada
Environment Canada
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Environment Canada
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada
Environment Canada
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
Agriculture and Agri-food Canada
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Environment Canada
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada
Canadian Forest Service
Environment Canada
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada
Environment Canada
Environment Canada
Environment Canada
Environment Canada
University of Victoria & University of Campinas, Brazil
Hydro-Québec Production
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada
Hydro-Québec
Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada

Sergio P. González
Rafael S.A. Novoa

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) - La Platina
Consultant, INIA

Government of China
Zucong Cai
Qingxian Gao
Yao Huang
Yue Li‫آﻨﺪا‬‫ﺷﻴﻠﻲ‬‫اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‬Xiaoquan Zhang
Shuang Zheng
Songli Zhu

Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development for Agriculture,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Agro-Environment and Sustainable Development Institute,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Chinese Academy of Environmental Science
Energy Research Institute, National Development and Reform Commission(ERI, NDRC)
Chinese Academy of Forestry
NDRC
NDRC

Zeljko Juric

EKONERG

Pavel Fott

Czech Hydrometeorological InstituteJesper Gundermann
Steen Gyldenkaerne
Erik Lyck
Marianne Thomsen
Alejandro Villanueva

Danish Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research InstituteNational Environmental Research InstituteNational Environmental Research InstituteEuropean Topic Centre on Resources and Waste Management
European Environment Agency

Amr Osama Abdel-Azia
Mohamed El-Shahawy
Rabie Sayed Fouli

Integral Consult - American University in Cairo
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)
Egyptian Met. Authority

Erda Lin
Jianguo Wu
Huaqing Xu

11 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫آﺮواﺗﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪاﻧﻤﺮك‬‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬‫ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪا‬Heikki Granholm
Kari Grönfors
Veijo Klemetti
Pertti Laine
Tuija Lapveteläinen
Aleksi Lehtonen
Raisa Mäkipää
Teemu Oinonen
Mikko Peltoniemi
Paula Perälä
Jouko Petäjä
Kim Pingoud
Riitta Pipatti
Leena Raittinen
Kristiina Regina
Kristina Saarinen
Pirkko Selin
Risto Sievänen
Saku Slioor
Erkki Tomppo
Eemeli Tsupari

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Statistics Finland
Vapo Oy Energy/Raw materials
Finnish Forest Industries Federation
Statistics Finland
Finnish Forest Research InstituteFinnish Forest Research InstituteStatistics Finland
Finnish Forest Research Institute
MTT Agrifood Research Finland
Finnish Environment InstituteFinnish Forest Research InstituteStatistics Finland
Statistics Finland
Agrifood Research Finland
Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)
Vapo Company
Finnish Forest Research InstituteStatistics Finland
Finnish Forest Research InstituteTechnical Research Centre of Finland

Nadi Assaf

Jean-Pierre Chang
Guillaume Gaborit
Denis Loustau
Arthur Riedacker

Coordinating Committee for the Associations of Manufacturers of Industrial
Electrical Switchgear and Control gear in the European Union (CAPIEL)
Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Pollution Atmospherique(CITEPA)CITEPACITEPA
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
INRA

Clemens Backhaus
Rainer Baritz
Rolf Beckers
Anja Behnke
Rosemarie Benndorf
Michael Blohm
Volker Brenk
Ulrich Dämmgen
Dirk Drechsel
Karsten Dunger
Annette Freibauer
Werner Fuchs
Jakob Graichen
Jochen HarnischRalf Harthan
Anke Herold
Michael Hüllenkrämer
Jürgen Ilse
Bernt Johnke
Dierk Juch
Hans-Jürgen Kaltwang
Karsten KarschunkeDavid Kuntze
Sandra Leithold
Heribert Meiners
Sebastian Plickert
Joachim RockJ. Rothermel
Roland Schmidt
Lambert Schneider
Winfried Schwarz
Johannes Stein

Fraunhofer Institut UMSICHT
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
Federal Environmental Agency
Federal Environmental Agency
Federal Environmental Agency
Federal Environmental Agency
Federal Environmental Agency
Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Institut of Agroecology
BASF AG
Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products
Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry
Bundesverband der Deutschen Kalkindustrie e.V.
Öko-Institut
ECOFYS GmbHÖko-Institut
European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC)
Federal Environmental Agency
Gesamtverband des deutschen Steinkohlenbergbaus (GVSt)
Federal Environmental Agency
Geologischer Dienst NRW
STEAG Saar Energie AG
Federal Environmental Agency
Federal Environmental Agency
Federal Environmental Agency
Deutsche Montan Technologie – DMTFederal Environmental Agency
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
Verband der Chemischen Industrie (VCI)
Siemens Medical Solutions
Öko-Institut
Öko-Recherche
German Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers' Association (ZVEI)

Sebastien Beguier‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬12 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬(‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬Michael Strogies
Gabriela von Goerne
Ernst - Günther Wiess

Federal Environmental Agency
Greenpeace
Bezirksregierung Arnsberg, Abteilung Bergbau und Energie in NRW

Leonidas Ntziachristosis
Zissis Samaras
Yannis Sarafidis

Aristotle University Thessaloniki
Aristotle University Thessaloniki
National Observatory of Athens

László Gáspár
Jozsef Kutas

National Directorate for Environment, Nature and Water
National Directorate for Environment, Nature and Water

Tapan K. Adhya
Sukumar Devotta
V. Jeeva
Sunil Kumar
R. K. Pachauri

Central Rice Research InstituteNational Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
NEERI
IPCC / Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI)

Markku Kanninen

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

Lorenzo Ciccarese
Rocio Condor G.
Mario Contaldi
Riccardo De Lauretis
Barbara Gonella
Daniela Romano
Marina Vitullo

Agency for the Protection of the Environment and for Technical Services (APAT)
APAT
APAT
APAT
APAT
APAT
APAT

Lucien Manan Dja

Capacity Building for Improving the Quality of Greenhouse Gas Inventories
in West and Central Africa (Ministry of State, Ministry of Environment)

Tomoyuki Aizawa

Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan, National Institute forEnvironmental Studies
Dupont- Mitsui Fluorochemicals Co.,Ltd.
Hokkaido University
Tokyo University of Science
Ryukoku University
Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteMizuho Information & Research Institute
Taiheiyo Cement Corporation
Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)
Graduate School of Applied Informatics, University of Hyogo
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)National Institute for Environmental Studies
Hitachi Displays, Ltd.
Japan Cement Association
Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association(JEITA J-SIA) / NEC Electronics Corporation
Kyoto University Environment Preservation Center
Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
Saitama University
Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteJapan Industrial Conference for Ozone Layer and Climate Protection (JICOP)
National Institute of Public HealthNational Institute for Agro-Environmental Science
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management
National Institute for Environmental Studies
Mizuho Information & Research InstituteShoji Ando
Ryusuke Hatano
Takashi Inoue
Tomonori Ishigaki
Shigehiro Ishizuka
Kenshi Itaoka
Yoshito Izumi
Yoichi Kaya
Nophea Kim-Phat
Mitsuo Matsumoto
Hideaki Nakane
Hideki Nishida
Eiichi Onuma
Takayuki Oogoshi
Shinichi Sakai
Masamichi Takahashi
Yutaka Tonooka
Mario Tonosaki
Shigehiro Uemura
Ikuo Watanabe
Kazuyuki Yagi
Masato Yamada
Chisato Yoshigahara

13 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎن‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮ‬‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬‫أﻧﺪوﻧﻴﺴﺒﺎ‬‫اﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﻌﺎج‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎن‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ آﻮرﻳﺎ‬Chan-Gyu Kim
Dong-Hyun Kim
Seungdo Kim
Seung-Hwan Oh
Soon-Chul Park

Korea Energy Management Corporation (KEMCO)
Samsung Electronics
Hallym University
Environmental Management Corporation
KEMCO

John D. Kalenga Saka

Chemistry Department, Chancellor College, University of Malawi

Poorundeo Ramgolam

Ministry of Environment & National Development Unit

Tomas Hernandez-Tejeda
Jorge Gasca Ramirez

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)
Mexican Petroleum InstituteFaouzi SenhajiGroupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Energies Renouvelables etl'Environnement (GERERE)

Andre Bannink
Dick BothMichiel R.J. Doorn
Carolien Kroeze
Maarten Neelis
Jos G.J. Olivier
Hans Oonk
Martin Patel
Kees J. Peek
Hans W. Pulles
Cor van Bruggen
Guus C.W.M. van den Berghe
Hugo A.C. Denier van der Gon
Marian W. van Schijndel
Tjerk Veenstra
Harry H.J. Vreuls
Ton F.B. Wildenborg

Wageningen UR
SenterNovem
ARCADIS
Wageningen University
Utrecht University, Unit of Science, Technology and Society
The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP)
The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
Utrecht University, Unit of Science, Technology and Society
MNP
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management
Statistics Netherlands (CBS)
SenterNovem
TNO
MNP
International Gas Union (IGU)
SenterNovem
TNO

James BartonPeter N. Beets
Harry Clark
Paul Cruse
Cecile de Klein
Darren Evans
Justin Ford-Robertson
Martin Fryer
Frank Kelliher
Paul Lane
Keith R. Lassey
Roger Lincoln
Kathy Perreau
Helen Plume
Kimberly Robertson
Michael Rynne
Gerald Rys
Surinder Saggar
Peter Stephens
Craig M. Trotter
Steve Wakelin

Ministry for the Environment
New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd
AgResearch Limited
Meridian Energy
AgResearch Limited
Ministry of Economic Development
Ford-Robertson Initiatives Limited
Air New Zealand
Landcare Research
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
Ministry for the Environment
Ministry for the Environment
New Zealand Climate Change OfficeForce Consulting Limited
HolcimMinistry of Agriculture and Forestry
Landcare Research
Ministry for the Environment
Landcare Research
ATLAS Technology

Mamadou Diarra

Ecole Professionnelle d’Electricité, Société Nigérienne d’Electricité (Nigelec)‫ﻣﺎﻻوي‬‫ﻣﻮرﻳﺸﻴﻮس‬‫اﻟﻤﻜﺴﻴﻚ‬‫اﻟﻤﻐﺮب‬‫هﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬‫ﻧﻴﻮزﻳﻠﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﻨﻴﺠﺮ‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬14 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬‫ﻧﻴﺠﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬Francis IbitoyeCentre for Energy Research and DevelopmentØyvind Christophersen
Svein Staal Eggen
Tor Faerden
Todd Flach
Eilev Gjerald
Terje Gobakken
Susanne Haefeli
Atle Harby
Tore K. Jenssen
Karl Erik Johansen
Tor Lindstad
Marit Viktoria Pettersen
Audun Rosland
Kristin Rypdal
Tormod A. Schei
Stein M. Tomter

Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)GASSNOVA
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)
Det Norske Veritas
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)
Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory
Det Norske Veritas
SINTEF
Yara International
ENVIROCON
The Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Ministry of Environment
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT)CICERO Centre for Environmental and Climate Research
Statkraft AS
Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory

Shaher Bano Walajahi

Ministry of the Environment

Eduardo Calvo

Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos

Wanda Pazdan"EMI" Sp. z o.o.

Vitor Gois

Institute for the Environment‫اﻟﻨﺮوﻳﺞ‬‫ﺑﺎآﺴﺘﺎن‬‫ﺑﻴﺮو‬‫ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪا‬‫اﻟﺒﺮﺗﻐﺎل‬‫روﺳﻴﺎ اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳﺔ‬Government of Russia
Michael Gytarsky
Tatiana Minayeva
Anna Romanovskaya
Andrey Sirin

Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Wetlands International Russia ProgrammeInstitute of Global Climate and Ecology
Institute of Forest Sciences RAS

Faisal A. Al-Hothali

Environmental Protection Department

Gerrit Kornelius

Airshed Planning Professionals (Pty) Ltd‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬‫ﺟﻨﻮب أﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬‫أﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬Government of Spain
Gustavo Eisenberg
Ignacio Sanchez Garcia
María José Sanz Sánchez

The Spanish National Association of Manufacturers of Capital Goods (SERCOBE)
Oficina Española de Cambio Climático (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente)
Fundación CEAM

B.V.R. Punyawardena

Department of Agriculture

Ismail Elgizouli
Sumaia Mohamed Elsayed
Ismail Fadl El Moula Mohamed
Hassan B. Nimir

Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR)
Ahfad University for Women
Sudan Meteorological Authority
University of Khartoum

Karin Kindbom
Leif Klemedtsson
Marianne Lilliesköld

IVL Swedish Environmental Research InstituteBotanical Institute, Göteborg University
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency

15 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫ﺳﺮي ﻻﻧﻜﺎ‬‫اﻟﺴﻮدان‬‫اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬(‫اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬Mats Olsson
Klas Österberg
Göran Ståhl

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)

Christian BachJens Leifeld

Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa)
Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology
and Agriculture

Bundit Limmeechokchai

Thammasat University

Ayite-Lo N. Ajavon

Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, FDS/Universite de Lome

Ian Fry

Environment Division, Office of the Prime Minister‫ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮا‬Government of United Kingdom
Lorna Brown
Robert Chase
Cameron Davies
Paul Freund
Nigel Grant
Steven Kershaw
Jim PenmanPeter Quinn
Bill Senior
Timothy Simmons
Keith A. Smith
Robert Walker
Malcolm Watson
Jason Yapp

Tetyana Gordiyenko
Oleh Velychko

Susan AsamScott Bartos
Deborah M. Bartram
Steven L. Baughcum
Steven H. Bernhardt
Kathryn Bickel
Terence Jack Blasing
Barbara Braatz
Marvin Branscome
Marilyn Buford
Melissa Chan
Jeffery B. Coburn
Michael M. Cote
James G. Crawford
Steven Crookshank
Stephen Del Grosso
Jim Dooley
Sarah Forbes
Pamela M. Franklin
Randall Freed
S. Julio Friedmann
Vasilis M. Fthenakis‫ﺗﺎﻳﻼﻧﺪا‬‫ﺗﻮﺟﻮ‬‫ﺗﻮﻓﺎﻟﻮ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬Institute of Grassland and Environmental ResearchInternational Aluminium InstituteAlkane Energy plc
Private consultant
BEAMA Power Ltd
White Young Green Environmental
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Corus Group
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Avonlog Ltd
University of Edinburgh
Society of Motor Manufacturers & Traders Ltd (SMMT)UK Petroleum Industry Association
Caleb Management Services Ltd.

‫أوآﺮاﻧﻴﺎ‬Ukrainian Scientific-Research and Educational Centre of Standardization,
Certification and Problems of Quality
All-Ukrainian State Scientific and Production Centre for Standardization,
Metrology, Certification and Protection of Consumer (Ukrmetrteststandard)‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ICF Consulting
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Boeing Company
Honeywell International
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ICF Consulting
Research Triangle Institute
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
Research Triangle InstituteRaven Ridge Resources, Incorporated
Trane/American Standard
American Petroleum Institute
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northern
Plains Area Office, Soil Plant Nutrient Research (USDA-ARS-NPA-SPNR)
Joint Global Change Research Institute, Battelle
U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ICF Consulting
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
National Photovoltaic EH&S Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬16 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬Debyani Ghosh(‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬Ray HuitricWilliam Irving
Cortney Itle
Kamala R. Jayaraman
Donald E. Johnson
Kristen A. Johnson
Ravi Kantamaneni
Anhar Karimjee
Haroon Kheshgi
Robert Lanza
Miriam Lev-On
Jan Lewandrowski
Mark Liebig
Perry M. Lindstrom
Jonathan S. Lubetsky
H. Gyde Lund
Brian T. Mader
Joe Mangino
Kenneth Martchek
John H. Martin, Jr.
Lourdes Q. Maurice
Reid Miner
Susann Nordrum
John G. Owens
Diana Pape
Sally Rand
Veronica Brieno Rankin
Karin Ritter
Donald Robinson
Clark Row
Arthur Rypinski
Sharon B. Saile
Deborah Ottinger Schaefer
Elizabeth Scheehle
Margaret Sheppard
Mark Sperow
Michael J. Stenhouse
Amanda Vemuri
Michael P. Walsh
Melissa Weitz
Kurt T. Werner
Tristram O. West
Thomas C. Wirth
Walter WorthBelfer Centre for Science and International Affairs,
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Institute of Ecosystem Studies
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Portland Cement Association
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service,Northeastern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis
County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
ICF Consulting
Colorado State University
Washington State University
ICF Consulting
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company
ICF Consulting, Inc.
The LEVON Group, LLC
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS)
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Forest Information Services
3M Company Environmental Laboratory
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Alcoa Inc.
Hall Associates
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI)
Chevron Energy Technology Company
3M
ICF Consulting
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Michigan Technological University
The American Petroleum Institute (API)ICF Consulting
Row Associates
U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
West Virginia University
Monitor Scientific LLC
ICF Consulting
International Consultant
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
3M
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
SEMATECH

Dominick Kwesha
Wilfred Mhanda
Washington Zhakata

Forestry Commission
Envirotech
Climate Change Office, Ministry of Environment and Tourism

David Godwin
Peter M. Groffman
Lisa Hanle
Garth Hawkins
Leif Hockstad
Bill Hohenstein
Michael Hoppus

17 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬‫زﻳﻤﺒﺎﺑﻮي‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻌﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬EU Commission
Sandro Federici
Adrian Leip
Zoltan Somogyi‫اﻟﻮآﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوروﺑﻴﺔ‬Joint Research Centre
Joint Research Centre
Joint Research Centre(seconded from Hungarian Forest Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary)(FAO) ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬Gustavo BestTheodor Friedrich
Dieter Schoene
Jane Hupe(ICAO) ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﺮان اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ‬(IEA) ‫اﻟﻮآﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬Roberta Quadrelli
Karen Treanton(IMO) ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺎر‬John Ostergaard
Roberto Acosta Moreno
Clare Breidenich
Harald Diaz-Bone
Matthew DudleyClaudio FornerJames Grabert
Javier Hanna Figueroa
Rocio Lichte
Astrid Olsson
Stylianos Pesmajoglou
Jenny Wong

(UNFCCC) ‫اﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻹﻃﺎرﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄن ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ‬‫ ﺑﺸﺎن اﻟﻘﻮاﺋﻢ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬2006 ‫ ﻟﻌﺎم‬IPCC ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻏﺎزات اﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎس اﻟﺤﺮاري‬18 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﻴﻦ‬