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0῕ ῔  
 « ¬ ­/.6 « ® ¯/. ° ± ²//.Viktor M. KAISTRENKO///.
//
Alexander Ya. ILIEV/),**2 M +, N ,/ OPQ* ,**3 M ++ N +, OP+

Holocene Marker Tephras in the Coastal Lowlands of Kunashiri and
Shikotan Islands, Southern Kuril Islands
Yugo NAKAMURA῍, Yuichi NISHIMURA῍, Mitsuhiro NAKAGAWA῍῍,
Viktor M. KAISTRENKO῍῍῍ and Alexander Ya. ILIEV῍῍῍Five Holocene tephras originating from Hokkaido volcanoes underlie coastal lowlands on Kunashiri and
Shikotan islands, Southern Kuril Islands. These Hokkaido tephras were identiﬁed based on the refractive index
and major element composition of glass shards in the tephra. They are : Tarumae-a (Ta-a, AD +1-3),
Komagatake-c, (Ko-c,, AD +03.), Mashu-b (Ma-b, 11.῍310 cal BP), Tarumae-c (Ta-c, ,/**῍,2** cal BP), andMashu-d+ (Ma-d+, -,01῍--02 cal BP). Ko-c, and Ta-c are the most widely distributed ash fall deposits, andprovide valuable time markers for examining the stratigraphy of these islands, including possible paleotsunami
deposits.
On Kunashiri Island, +, tephras that probably originated from at least three volcanoes located on Kunashiri
Island are interspersed with the ﬁve Hokkaido tephras. These tephras are classiﬁed into three groups according
to the combination of TiO, and K,O abundance in glass shards. Many of them contain glass shards showing
relatively low refractive index (n,+..2*῍+..3*) and high SiO, content (11῍13ῌ) in comparison with thewidespread tephras from Hokkaido Island.
Key words : widespread tephra, Kunashiri Island, paleotsunami, Holocene+ῌ ῐ ῎ ῑ ῏

RSTUU-VWXWYC.Z[W

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et al. (+332) r* Z[WC_%Y6C[Whrl&VWXWYC$l&'_U# +, f &- k* VWXW$'&¡¢r* O£.9:;p ¤¥¦§¨$%©S}/ 0*0*῍*2+*

123 4 +* 56 2 78
Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Faculty of
Science, Hokkaido University, N+*W2, Kita-ku, Sapporo,*0*῍*2+*, Japan.
// 0*0*῍*2+*
123 4 +* 56 2 78IJK<CL
Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of
Science, Hokkaido University, N+*W2, Kita-ku, Sapporo,`abcdeKnIV-+ kj KnIV-+,$hijk$* 
T%S-   *KnIV-,* KnIV--* KnIV-/ rZ[W$ªl&- *0*῍*2+*, Japan.
/// 9:;<;=>? @ABC

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Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Russian
Academy of Sciences Far Eastern Branch, /, Nauka
Street, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 03-*,,, Russia.
Corresponding author : Yugo Nakamurae-mail : nyugo@mail.sci.hokudai.ac.jp' (  )* Viktor M. KAISTRENKO Alexander Ya. ILIEV264

! Razzhigaeva et al. (+332) +! +.C ,-.

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+,῍0! +,῍1! +,῍2! +.῍,! +.῍.! +.῍/#! (,) n&+..3,/    !"#$265

Fig. +. Index map and sample localities in Kunashiri and Shikotan Islands. Ko : Komagatake
volcano ; Ma : Mashu volcano ; Ta : Tarumae volcano ; Us : Usu volcano.

%&'() !" *+ -ῌ+ .ῌ+ ++ῌ- (-) n,-./0123456789: ;<+..3,ῌ+..32 =(>?@ n  +..3-/ AB.%&'(

C<D#6 !"E@FGH2IJKL() ;) !" *+ ,ῌ+ .ῌ. /ῌ+ /ῌ, 1ῌ, 1ῌ- 2ῌ-

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3ῌ- 3ῌ. +,ῌ/ +-ῌ, +.ῌ- +/ῌ- +0ῌ+ (.) n+..30ῌ

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9 M<R*+jkz"u},  !"E

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0 !"JKL(02 MM2,
@.0

266

 Viktor M. KAISTRENKOAlexander Ya. ILIEV

Fig. ,. Columnar sections showing sample horizons and tephrostratigraphy in the coastal lowlands ofKunashiri and Shikotan Islands. Each locality is shown in Fig. +. Solid lines : tephra correlations
based on the petrographic properties. Dashed lines : tephra correlations based on their facies.

  

267

26=>62?@AViktor M. KAISTRENKOAlexander Ya. ILIEV

268,  B

C +* cm DE /* cm FG0. HIJ

KLD

M : -῍- N

PQR$%&S$3T : -῍, -῍- 0῍, 1῍+ 2῍

 

O +,῍- 0L

!" SiO, #   10.+῍11.+ῌ, 3῍+ 3῍, +*῍+ +*῍, ++῍. +,῍- +-῍+ +.῍+ +/῍- TiO, K,O MU$V Ko-c, $ W:+  )XYZ[$%&'()0 \ %&'()*+

^_ (.) $45VL 9$3T : -῍, `$a8  : 2῍+  n+..3/῍+..31 $%&'()/

Cb$: -῍-  %&'()*+/ / %- n  +..3+῍+..3- $%&'()c  #d9D&'()#: -῍, $3/e :-῍, $ : -῍- $mn(0 /op hi

j-.q3 : +*῍+  +*῍, V]$rsklE
8  99- : -῍,  +*῍+ ;< ++ :

(Table +, Fig. .)

E Ko-c , N,  Ko-c, 0]

Ofg$ Ta-a /hij

V$kl

E8 
t0 uv$wxmn($2- Ko-c,
.y

y^b0

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-  mn(: +*῍. N O +,῍.  V0HI

Ta-a $%&'()*+ n+..3*῍+..3. (Mo+..3,/)

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K,O MU(Fig. -)

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

WB-

Ta-a $`8

(Table +, Fig. .) ^ y+  Ta-a 0]a8 .  : ,῍+ .῍. /῍+ /῍, 1῍- 2῍- 3῍- +,῍.  %&'()*+/ n+..3,῍+..32 - n/ +-῍, +.῍- +/῍-  ~8V$ )X +..3-/ 0  M/.

YZ[%&'()0 \ `$*+^_ (-) $45(,**,) / |} c mn( (Ta-c) $45 O +,῍/ 0L 9$ 26  7 9$ ++ :~8VHIJPQR$I%: .῍. N&S- ]$/ : 3῍. V 98E

%&'()$

]$/ *+$%&'() <0 10.3῍11./ῌ 0/12  7$ $9q SiO, # 1,.-῍11./ῌ 0#d9 : 3῍- $Cb0. 9DE ^_$#V#  98E$45 Ta-c $++ :M mn(klE8 /  : 3῍0 N O +-῍-  $)X



W:

.  Ta-c 0]-  MN

990 Ta-c $45 Ta-a $45V /

YZ[%&'() ,/῍.*ῌ #\ $V.  Ko-c , $Cb0.

$- Ta-a 0,a8

 {  %&'()*+$ Mo  +./++

M MN : +0῍+  Ta-c 0]a8 7$^_ (0) 7$mn( yED09DE :]$mn(klE8 / %&'()*+ Ta-c 

MN ^_ (+) $%&'()*+mn(]$B0N  $b0.

(Locs. ++, +,, +.)MU ¡$mn(klE8M
-ῌ, 

L¨0 ^_$

 

+ 

/ uv$wxm%&'()#  /0e (Fig. -) uv-]$45Lmn(70KL

D

M$- 99- : +0῍+  Ta-c 0 

$M ¢/o£ V$¤¥ N<- }g$ 30, . $¦ M§

T Ko-c,  Ta-c $¦$©0.  uv-9$

n($,:\  99-{~ Fig. - 0©0.

ª«45 uv0N¬ ­®¯mn($ª«mn(° b mn( (Ma-b) $\-.  : +,῍. 0

45 26 ,**0 ; 267 ,**, ,**2 9- ,$$. wxmn($²³ mn(- n  +./*-῍+./*. }f$*+VL±

9q SiO, #

1...῍1/.,ῌ - `$7$ $V Ma-b $ W:

L¨0 ´0µ WB-¶· wxmn($ W :¸f¹$:$%&'()

9$D0 :  +/῍, 0 %&'()*+  n  +./*-῍+./*/ n+..30῍+..33 n+..2.῍+..23 $'()/(Table +, Fig. .)

`$!" {~EDM$, º»¼ c, mn( (Ko-c,) $,-.  %&'()*+/ n+..30῍+..31 012 3/, $45 267 (,**,)

Ko-c, $450 70 mn(-  Ma-b 0]a8 

`8½8#{8  9$: Ma-b 0¸f¹$mn( fg /o£ V$klE8 /  %&'()*+/ n+./*0῍+./+- -.

9 Ta-c .  $ +*,* cm Cb0. 9D  

269

567"85ῌ9" :;<"Viktor M. KAISTRENKO"Alexander Ya. ILIEV

270

Fig. .. TiO,-K,O (wtῌ) of glass shards from horizons shown in Fig. ,. Localities of widespread
tephra samples (Ta-a, Ko-c,, Ma-b, Ta-c, and Ma-d+) are shown in the foot note of Table +.

=# >? d+ (Ma-d+) @A/B3CD=EB$

F3,GHIJKLMN+O+$ PQ +NR

1ῐ +-῍-  SiO, S6ῑ# 1ῐ 3῍0 T Ma-d+ UV1WX,OYEHIJZ[\]ῐW`NTTa=Lb (Table +) X# 1ῐ 3῍0# +-῍-c#dEeE

3) SiO, S6ῑ 1+῍1-ῌ PijB$ ,E=kl

2"m(fln# oipqRWXrsO

-# Ma-d + tu1 ῐ -3vw9x/B$ # y +2 ^ !,, 1ῐ jB$

N# 1ῐ 3῍0# +-῍-  Ma-d+ zl{EB$#   # Ta-a, Ko-c,,

Ta-a

3^2_

fg)3h+N# ^ Ko-c, 2

!1ῐ 0῍+# ++῍+# ++῍,# +,῍+# +,῍,$ ,0*# 1ῐ ++῍+ 3 ++῍, Ma-b, Ta-c, Ma-d+ X|F/B$ }~mdEeE# 4XjB$ # ῏῎ +-Ta-a : +1-3 AD !# +3/2# Ko-c, : +03. AD !:"(./)# OB$ N# 1ῐ ++῍+

# +331# Ma-b : 11.῍310 cal BP !"# +31. X
 +. C m( ΐ%# Ta-c : ,/**῍,2**3 ++῍, # OB}B jB$ #cal BP !"῍# +33*  Kelsey et al., ,**, X +.C m(ΐ%# Ma-d+ : -,01῍--02

Ta-a Ko-c , 2# Ob3) , ^

X|F/B (Fig. /)$Ko-c, 3 Ta-c 4!1ῐ +῍+# +῍,# +῍-# .῍,#

cal BP !"# +322 X +.C m(ΐ%.῍-# +*῍-# +.῍,$ ,0*# 1ῐ +*῍-  Ma-b 2 jB$

jB,3X Loc$ +* nB$ 1ῐ +.῍,  Ta-c -ῌ- ΐῒ῔ῐῑῌ῍῎῏jBX# Ma-b 3_cX ¡O# 1ῐ +*῍-0# oip"¢£p¤ /2 1ῐ0*#

3z9 jBrs¥)¦lnO+$ §-. 1ῐXHIJZ[\] zln$ ¨©῎# § ©ª«# ¬­®¯ (Fig. -) )°±,. 1ῐL+N# ²³´µfgῒ¶/B ·O¸+O+¹# ῏º»¼½jB$ 1ῐ +῍,&' :%ΐ# Calib Rev /.*.+ (Stuiver and Reimer, +33-)
et al., ,**.) ()*+$ ,, +s -(./$

 IntCal*. (Reimer ! "#$%&'() *'()+,-. / 271

 ,῍, ,῍- .῍/



0.1.234)567 89 :;. '()<=> ? Ta-c@  ,῍, ,῍- .῍/

3῍. 3῍/ +,῍0 +,῍1+,῍2  A>B< 1

'()8C D. (Fig. /)
7

G8%: H

EF

=>

 .῍/

6

I '() JK/LMN O P<*>:
QQRF
I

++

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ST:UVWX 

8YZ[\]?^ (Fig. -) ! '()  Ma-d+   3῍0 +-῍- _`BaU8b
YZ[\]^Q_+X -cd <8e: S Bd: ,῍, ,῍- .῍- .῍/

 fBg 23  ,h  3ijk)!^lm

?_/H no%&'()  pq /9 A>B< +,'()8rsX (Fig. /) 234)567 >t uvwxy8Q+,z{X'()  |s/

"#$'() } ~TcU-;  23
XO P8:+,-. Q m 0
Fig. /. Schematic tephrostratigraphy in Kunashiri
Island. Sample numbers are shown at the left
side of columns. A-F show the glass type classiﬁed by the TiO,-K,O plots (see Fig. 0).

'()   ! %&'()U234)56
7 8B (n+..2*῍+..3*) SiO, _  12῍2*ῌp:_RX< 8e: Table + :0῍+ +*῍- ++῍+ +,῍+ +,῍, +,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2 +.῍,   3 ! '()Q _RX<234)5w (Table +) .῍,FU.῍,

 +῍+ +῍, +῍-z! '() '() D.O P8: Q.- .

234)5  :;.<e #Y>_eB$%X<X z& Q

 

 +*

8^8 :;.< >2'() }9 ,**/ ^  " D.
U:>:
QQRF



!+,-.'()T:

U 234)5

TiO,-K,O _F῍-  +.῍,   ' u c234)5 6

Fig. 0 ^

 +῍, .῍, .῍- ? t

7 w8=>U -c=>

 TiO,  +.* ( ) K,O  ,.* ( ) _ R X Q'()^ / .

 .῍- T:U  234)5

TiO,-K,O <  ¡\ῌ ῍ ῎w89 :;. '()<=> ?\F Ko-c ,  Ta-c

£*X ?@ m>

¢

A>B< -'()

 1῍, <Q¤^¡\ῌ :

 +῍, .῍, 1῍- ¥¦F:Qc¡\῍ :

 .῍-

8rsX (Fig. /) >
8 234)567- Ta-c

8

LMN O P<^¡\῎ :

Ta-c @ '()   ,῍, ,῍- .῍/ 3῍. 3῍/ +,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2 +.῍. +.῍/ Q m Ma-d+ 

 3῍.  3῍/

-

^

 , T (¬­j®¯_°Tz! '()+,-. Q./ <H-.

 Ma-d+,@^ 8  +,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2
 +,῍1  +,῍2

(Fig. 0) +-Loc. +- +.   +.῍

 +,῍0  +.῍.

 234)5º»67  ¼.>t8FU z

8

-¡

_0.1.¡\f

 ,῍- .῍/ 0῍+ +*῍- ++῍+ +,῍++,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2 +.῍,

z+ '()

TiO,-K,O =>Q8e: U ¨§!23U- T ¡\© '()_ª§F 238A>B< - «^ O P_
R±X Q ¡\©

Fig. / <,¨F  ¡\῎²,D. TiO, K,O

23³´  µ¶-*** -?· U¸¹F Q8-c^
Nakagawa et al. (,**,)

 //½ ! :BTcHIJ!KIL!HMNO!Viktor M. KAISTRENKO!Alexander Ya. ILIEV

272

Ma-b" Ta-c P# QR)STU,VWX()( * )+ )(," Iliev et al. (,**/) 
DY 23 DYZX[" ;.\ -  #" Iliev et al. (,**/,

Fig. 2) 45) , D-P]#; ^_ 23

Loc. +,$+/ `^.a" -DY[(# >E;- Ko-c,  Ta-c ./0# 1"

,\

2345

bcd- Iliev et al. (,**/) PX()(#
Nakagawa et al. (,**,) ,45e / \ f_- 0g" Ko-c+  B-Tm "W)ij# ;23h(1, kl (X!m"( %Dno mm p@& -1," 45 H!
Fig. 0. TiO,-K,O (wtῌ) of glass shards of local tephras
and their type classiﬁcation.
a : Sample +῍, ; b : Sample ,῍- ; c : Sample .῍, ; d :Sample .῍- ; e : Sample .῍/ ; f : Sample 0῍+ ; g :Sample +*῍- ; h : Sample ++῍+ ; i : Sample +,῍+ ; j :Sample +,῍0 ; k : Sample +,῍1 ; l : Sample +,῍2 ; m :Sample +.῍,[!#qrs,tu$hWv%w,.#" x "  l 

y &' z{ %|M ! }B",**0& ~( %^!" ,*** ; HI!" ,**2& (XQR)-DY,WX(#   " 45 ! FGW>" ) , - (Ra,)" ) - - (Ra--)"  g - (Ko-g)" *,+W# ;>STU

g - (Ma-g)

,L6-"-\(X"  UV# ..bc-9P    X= ῌ23,- (Fig. -,Hq)(#Fig. ., Table +).ῌ, 

6# i" 6X ,6- 23

23 / D f_-" ([l{,>)ij=" ..bc-x(^,[ .a" /0)l{^ # Ta-a  Ko-c,h(1W)ij# 45! AB\(X"  ;/,)(#¡j- ¦cd5 §¨(#" +1 ¢£1i> +2 ¢£¤2" Ma-b 3 +*** ¥"Ta-c  Ma-d +  3 -***  ¥." ©ª 3-*** « ,v%)# ;  23" . l  y&'{ |/0" 9P -.ῌ+ 

" Ko-c+" ¬¥ b - %Ta-b, AD +001 &" ­¥] a" Razzhigaeva et al. (+332) 45Pb - %Us-b, AD +00- &" B-Tm, Ko-g %3 0/**  KnIV-," KnIV--" KnIV-/ "  Ma-a, Ma-b,¥& ,WX( %|M!}B" ,**0 ; &M!"Ma-d ®# ; 0g" Ma-a *bc)E",***a, ,***b, ,**/ ; Nanayama et al., ,**-, ,**1&# Ta-b

Ta-a Ko-c, ®W %4¯" +323&#

Ma-d %Ma-d+  Ma-d,& *AB

"

6° ±

 %7!" +322& 6-" 45 Hp 6<²,(#23 ³ <6

 Us-b  Ta-a  Ko-c ,5 @" B-Tm  Ma-b

5@. " 3 -*** ¥i> +1 ¢£1itX/0" 45(X[l8 ´9,v%.#)>" KnIV-,  Ko-c, " KnIV-/  Ta-c ®W
# )" Razzhigaeva et al. (+332) ,V
KnIV-/

µ¶ (+11* ' .* +. C y.B.P.) :Z·6

 +0+-῍+1-- cal BP )a" ; Ta-c
768," Ta-c , Ma-d+µX

9:.;<6u ./0#
Iliev et al. (,**/) " 45 o^;" Ta-a" Ko-c,"/   (+)

45H$itX" lbc

f_-. Ta-a, Ko-c,, Ma-b, Ma-d, Ta-c , 6#(,)

Ko-c,  Ta-c " 45(X¸¹

=>?@ABCD.# E Ta-c FG
º=X"

»a9¼½X ^;q,e+,$-,./01234!"#56 Ko-c, ,$- Ta-c 7  7892
  (-)

   

+01:;<!"#)!* +, BC D'*7 /234!"#$%&#'()* (n+..2*ῌ+..3*)
SiO, P45)6QRSTU< /01!"#

Y>C
(.) +01EC!"#7 TiO,-K,O F

L$ - cdeYM56 T<7!* -   TiO, K,O
cdeL\7 kl -***m]n^

K
῏

῎

=NO7 <=,$-opWabcdeqr
sf$tuKgv$hK +5
[_7 iB[jk/B[B[wJ[NOw)lz[y{z|{K|L +3}h~K }01~[_NO EK,T +5[_NO7 z[NOf  +1,/-**, : uH&^_ EK

+ V.A. Smorchkov 7 [_uS* ~ 5KS
S +50[_57 opWz[W #'X  Kirill Ganzey 
SS , <=B[lJ[]0GU<K4XSS _ £k ¡m¢P

x{£]¤¤$U<7¨w¥©94¦§ª«SS m]
¬ ­®K]¨©ῌ ῑ ῐ ῍M&¯°± ° (,**0) /,°|9ªI4
,.2«@²   /+ -/+ῌ-1+
M&¯°`=³¬῎­°Rῌ8®$¯>´°(+331) /±²b7 +03. OKU /,. +1 +2 ?O µ³¶ ., ,03ῌ,13.
|&EHm4xh ´ (,***a) /·¸ªI
04,.µBµg¶!"#0·$
³¶¹ ¸¹0º » ,2 +/.ῌ+0+.
|&EHm4x¼+ºQ (,***b) ·¸0¬°|9ªI04µBM ¸¹0º » -+ 3,ῌ32.
|&EHm4x»m¼E (,**/) /°|9ªI2µB ,**- ·¸}01½½
P9 ¸¹0º » .3 +1-ῌ+2*.
Iliev, A.Ya., Kaistrenko, V.M., Gretskaya, E.V., Tikhonchuk,E.A., Razjigaeva, N.G., Grebennikova, T.A., Ganzey,
L.A. and Kharlamov, A.A. (,**/) Holocene tsunami

273

traces on Kunashir Island, Kurile subduction zone. In
Tsunamis : case studies and recent developments (Satake,K. ed.), Springer, +1+ῌ+3,.
Kelsey, H."#=$῍>%?Sherrod, B.@&AE()*+ (,**,) /,,.2+F
GH/I-0J%.K L/M01NO2
3 , ,,-ῌ,--.
78 9>:; (,**-)  VWX#'<=?D@A ,ZB[CD\ p. --0.
]0GH&^_`8IJ; (,***) Kab,.Nf ,,** gOP  ./ 1/ῌ2/.
]8QERhSETUVi (+322) jW>04
0X +ῌ/**** 0XYZ 040XNO23 0X[_` 11p.
Nakagawa M., Ishizuka Y., Kudo T., Yoshimoto M.,
Hirose W., Ishizaki Y., Gouchi N., Katsui Y., Solovyow
A.W., Steinberg G.S. and Abdurakhmanov A.I. (,**,)
Tyatya Volcano, southwestern Kuril arc : recent eruptive
activity inferred from widespread tephra. The Island Arc,++, ,-0ῌ,/..
Hm4x (,**0) /,.2!"#nMo yp[qrs <=0J[\tuvwx 03
p. ,,+.
Nakamura, Y., Katayama, Y. and Hirakawa, K. (,**,)
Hydration and refractive indices of Holocene tephra
glass in Hokkaido, Northern Japan. J. Volcanol. Geotherm.
Res., ++., .33ῌ/+*.
Hm4x?|&E (,**,) ῌ
lK/2!"#&#'( ?
NO .+ ++ῌ,,.
Hm4x=H&^_ (,**/) OC U<EK4 +00- OE 0[ ++. /.3ῌ/0*.
Hm4x¡|&E῍¢ (,**2) /, ¥¦§2!"#n ?NO.1 -3ῌ.3.
Nanayama, F., Satake, K., Furukawa, R., Shimokawa, K.,
Atwater, B.F., Shigeno, K. and Yamaki, S. (,**-) Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits
along the Kuril trench. Nature, .,.ῌ03.3, 00*ῌ00-.
Nanayama, F. Furukawa, R., Shigeno, K., Makino, A.,
Soeda, Y. and Igarashi, Y. (,**1) Nine unusually large
tsunami deposits from the past .*** years at Kiritappu
marsh along the southern Kuril Trench. Sedimentary
Geology, ,**, ,1/ῌ,3..
Pinegina, T.K. and Bourgeois, J. (,**+) Historical andpaleo-tsunami deposits on Kamchatka, Russia : longterm chronologies and long-distance correlations. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, +, +11ῌ+2/.
Pinegina, T.K., Bourgeois, J., Bazanova, L.I., Melekestsev,
I.V. and Braitseva, O.A. (,**-) A millennial-scale recordof Holocene tsunamis on the Kronotskiy Bay coast,
Kamchatka, Russia. Quaternary Research, /3, -0ῌ.1.
Razzhigaeva, N.G., Korotky, A.M., Sulerzhitsky, L.D.,
Grebennikova, T.A., Ganzei, L.A., Mokhova, L.M. andBazarova, V.B. (+332) Holocene tephra of Kunashir I.
(Kuril Island). Volcanology and Seismology, ,*, .3ῌ0-.

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Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck,
J.W., Bertrand, C. J.H., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E.,
Burr, G.S., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L.,
Fairbanks, R.G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T.P., Hogg,
A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G.,
Manning, S., Ramsey, C.B., Reimer, R.W., Reimer, R.
W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S.,
Taylor, F.W., van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeyer, C.E.
(,**.) IntCal*. terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration,*ῌ,0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon, .0, +*,3ῌ+*/2.
Satake, K., Nanayama, F., Yamaki, S., Tanioka, Y. andHirata, K. (,**/) Variability among tsunami sources in
the +1th-,+st centuries along the southern Kuril trench.
In Tsunamis : case studies and recent developments(Satake, K. ed.), Springer, +/1ῌ+1*.

 (+31.)  !"#$%&'()*+, +.C -. /0 1234+.C -. (31) 5678 ,2 p. +2,.
Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. J. (+33-) Extended +.C databaseand revised CALIB -.* +.C age calibration program.
Radiocarbon, -/, ,+/ῌ,-*.
9:; (+323) <=>? +1 @3AB ()C(DE FGHIJ KL = M5N -* ,1ῌ--.
)O P (+3/2) ()CQR STUVWXYZ[T@<=>?() ()\]<^_?`a 5b`
cd 2 .*p.
efghijkl (+33*) /m5nop
q5r<=>?stuv wxyDE zHI 123`a ,3 -+3ῌ--0.
{|}~ g