䢾ㄽᩥ䣀䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 䢢 JAITS㻌ᩥ㒊┬傚ⓒ⛉඲᭩傛僑傰傷僱傘㦵┦Ꮫ備䢢䯍௚⪅僸ど僱㏆௦僔僤僐傼傽䯍䢢㛗἟⨾㤶Ꮚ䢢
㸦ඖ❧ᩍ኱Ꮫ㸧This paper explores “Phrenology” of Chambers’s Information for the People edited andpublished by W. & R. Chambers and its Japanese translation of “Kossogaku,” one of thevolumes of Hyakkazensyo projected and published by the then education ministry of the Meiji
government. The purpose of focusing on these texts is to discuss our modern vision toward
others from the viewpoint of translation studies. While Japan experienced turbulent
modernization after opening her door to the world in the middle of the 19th century,
phrenological mindsets prevailed  in Japanese society. The translating of “Phrenology”
greatly influenced our perspective in various ways, including literary expressions. The author
tries to situate the translation text of “Kossogaku” together with its contemporaneous
discourse in the context of Japan’s modernization.

1. ࡣࡌࡵ࡟
ᮏ✏ࡣ᫂἞ึᮇࡢၨⵚ᭩࡛࠶ࡿᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢ࡞࠿ࡢ୍⦅ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࢆྠ᫬
௦ࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ㄞࡳࠊ௚⪅ࢆどࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⮬᫂ᛶࢆ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬࡜࠸࠺ࢥࣥࢸࢡࢫ
ࢺ࡟࠾࠸࡚ၥ࠸┤ࡍヨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ 1ࠋⱥᅜࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ᮅ࡟ά㌍ࡋࡓࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬ඗ᘵ
ࡀ⦅㞟ฟ∧ࡋࡓ Chambers’s Information for the People ࡢ PHRENOLOGY ࡜࠸࠺㡯┠ࢆ㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺ㸦ཎⴭ㸧࡜ࡍࡿࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡣࠊ㛗㇂ᕝὈ㸦1842-1912㸧
ࡀ⩻ヂࠊᑠᯘ⑓⩝㸦1828-1877㸧ࡀᰯṇࢆᢸᙜࡋࡓ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1876㸦᫂἞ 9㸧ᖺ࡟ᩥ㒊┬༳⾜ࡢศ෉ᮏ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢᚋࡶ᭷㞄ᇽࡸ୸ၿ࡟ࡼࡿྜ෉ᮏ࡟ྵࡵࡽࢀࠊᙜ
᫬࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘᗈࡃㄞࡲࢀࡓ࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࢆࡵࡄࡿໟᣓⓗ࡞◊✲ࡣ⟶ぢࡢ㝈ࡾࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡣྂ᮶ࡢ₎ㄒࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࡜ࡣษ᩿ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋphrenology ࡣ⬻ᶵ⬟࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᏛㄝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㢌⵹㦵ࡢᙧ࠿ࡽ௚⪅ࡢᛶ᱁ࡀ㢮᥎࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸ
ࡍࡉࡀ኱⾗࡟ཷࡅ࡚ࠊ19 ୡ⣖๓༙ࡢすὒ୍࡛᫬ᮇ኱࠸࡟ὶ⾜ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤໬ᮇࡢ

NAGANUMA Mikako , “Phrenology: Modern Vision Toward Others,” Interpreting andTranslation Studies, No.14, 2014. pages 115-138. © by the Japan Association for Interpreting andTranslation Studies

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115

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡶ⩻ヂ⾜Ⅽࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊどࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ㏆௦ࢆᣍ᮶ࡋࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢᏛㄝࢆᮏ᱁ⓗ࡟ヲ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ⢭⚄࡜࠸࠺┠࡟ࡣࡳ࠼࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆ⬻࡜࠸࠺ゎ๗Ꮫⓗᐇయ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿゝㄝࡣࠊ㏆௦᪥ᮏࡢࡲ࡞ࡊࡋ࡟ఱࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠋ
ࠕࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࠖࡣど⥺࡜ゝ࠸᥮࠼࡚ࡶࡼ࠸ࡀࠊࡶࡢࡈ࡜
ࡢᤊ࠼᪉ࡸୡ⏺ࡢぢ᪉࡞࡝⢭⚄άືࢆ⾲㇟ࡍࡿ 2ࠋ␗࡞ࡿᩥ໬ࢆᯫᶫࡋࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡢෆ㠃࡟ࡲ࡛ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢㄞゎࢆዎᶵ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ㏆௦໬࡜㦵┦Ꮫⓗࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࡢၥ㢟⣔ࢆከゅⓗ࡟ㄽࡌ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ
2. ேయゎ๗࡜⩻ヂࡢ㏆௦
㏆௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ ᮃ㐲㙾ࡸ㢧ᚤ㙾 ࡞࡝ගᏛࣞࣥࢬࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⫗║࡛ࡣᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ
ୡ⏺ࡀ㛤ࡅࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࡞ࡃࠊேࠎࡢど⥺ࡢḧᮃࡣேయࡢෆഃ࡟ࡶྥࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋࢫࢱࣇ
࢛࣮ࢻ㸦Barbara Maria Stafford㸧ࡢ⾲⌧ࢆ೉ࡾࢀࡤࠊࠕぢ࠼ࡊࡿࡶࡢࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ໬ࠖ࡜
ࡋ࡚ࠊே㛫ࡢ⫗య࠿ࡽ௬೉࡞ࡃ⓶⭵⤌⧊ࢆ๤㞳ࡋࡓேయゎ๗ᅗࡀከᩘᥥ࠿ࢀࡓᡤ௨࡛
࠶ࡿ 3ࠋ
2.1 ⚄⤒࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒ㏆௦᪥ᮏࡢ㯪᫂ࢆ๓࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊᅗධࡾゎ๗Ꮫࡢ⩻ヂ᭩ࠗゎయ᪂᭩࠘ࡀ 1774㸦ᏳỌ 3㸧
ᖺ࡟ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿど⥺ࡢ㏆௦໬࡜⩻ヂࡢ㛵ಀ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚㇟ᚩⓗ࡞ฟ᮶஦ࡔࡗࡓࠋேయࡢෆഃࢆᥥࡃゎ๗ᅗࡣ᪥ᖖⓗ࡟ࡣ┠࡟ゐࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸⮚ჾࡢᵓ㐀࡜㓄⨨ࢆྍど໬ࡋࡓࡢࡔࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ேయゎ๗ᅗ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺࡀࠊ⹒Ꮫ᫬௦ࡢ
ᖥ㛤ࡅࢆ࿌ࡆࡿᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞⩻ヂ᭩ࡢᄏ▮࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢲࣥࢶ࢕ࣄࡢ་Ꮫ⪅ࢡ࣒ࣝࢫࢱ ࣮ ࣊ ࣝ ࢔ ࢼࢺ ࣑࢖㸦Johann Adam Kulmus㸧࡟ࡼࡿࢻ࢖ࢶㄒཎⴭࡢ⹒ヂ∧㸦ࠗᡴಀ⦷ள㑣 㒔 ⡿ ࠘㸧ࢆ୺࡞ᗏᮏ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ๓㔝Ⰻἑࠊᮡ⏣⋞ⓑࠊ୰ᕝ῟ᗡࡽࡀ༓ఫᑠሯཎ㸦㦵ࣨཎ㸧࡛⨥ேࡢ⭊ศࡅࢆぢᏛࡋࡓࡢࢆࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡟⩻ヂ࡟ᣮࢇࡔ 4ࠋᙼࡽࡀࡑࡢ⩻ヂࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛┤㠃ࡋࡓⱞᚰ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᬌᖺࡢ⋞ⓑ࡟ࡼࡿࠗ⹒Ꮫ஦ጞ࠘
࡟ά෗ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣࠕᡈ࠸ࡣ⩻ヂࡋࠊᡈ࠸ࡣᑐヂࡋࠊᡈ࠸ࡣ┤ヂࠊ⩏ヂ࡜ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡟ᕤኵࡋࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄽࡶᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠗゎయ᪂᭩࠘ࠕซ౛࡛ࠖࡶࠊ
ࠕヂ࡟୕➼࠶ࡾࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕ⩻ヂࠊ⩏ヂࠊ┤ヂࠖ࡜ヂฟࡢ୕ศἲ࡬ࡢゝཬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⋞ⓑࡢࠕ⩻ヂ࣭ᑐヂࠊ⩏ヂࠊ┤ヂࠖࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢࠕ┤ヂࠊពヂࠊ㡢ヂࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡋࡼ࠺ 5 ࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒ zenuw ࢆヂࡋࡓࠕ⚄⤒ࠖࡣࠊ⚄Ẽ࡜⤒⬦࠿ࡽ㐀ㄒࡉࢀࡓ඾ᆺⓗࢭ࢖ࢽ࣮࡞ࠕ⩏ヂࠖ㸦ពヂ㸧ࡢ஦౛࡜ࡳࡿࡢࡀ㏻ㄝࡔࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ zenuw ࡣࠕୡ ያ ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ┤
ࢭ࢖ࢽ࣮

Ṉ⩻

ヂࠖ
㸦㡢ヂ㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ
ࠗゎయ᪂᭩࡛࠘ࡣࠕୡ ያ ࠋ⚄⤒ ඼Ⰽⓑ⪋ᙉࠋ඼ཎ⮬⬻୚⫼ฟஓࠋ
ࢭ࢖ࢽ࣮

ࢭ࢖ࢽ࣮

⵹୺ど⫈ゝືࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠕୡ ያ ࠊࡇࢀࢆ⚄⤒࡜ヂࡍࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕୡ ያ ࠖ࡟௦ࢃࡗ
࡚ࠕ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ヂㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ๭ὀ࡛ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ 6ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㏻ㄝ࡟ࡣ࠸ࡘࡢ㛫࡟࠿⚄ヰࡶ⣮ࢀࡇࡴ 7ࠋᮡᮏࡘ࡜ࡴࡣὒᏛ◊✲࡟ࡣࠕ⚄ヰࡀከࡍࡂࡿࠖ࡜ⱞゝࡋࠊࡑࡢ୍౛࡜ࡋ࡚ࠗ⹒Ꮫ஦ጞ࠘ࡢⴭ㏙ෆᐜࡢ⹫ᵓᛶࢆ⣕ᙎࡋ

116
116

ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫ࡚ࠖ࠸ࡿࠋᮡᮏ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
ࠗゎయ᪂᭩࠘ࡢห⾜࡟ඛ❧ࡘࡇ࡜ⓒᖺࠊ1682 ᖺ㸦ኳ࿴ 2㸧ᖺ㡭࡟ᮏᮌⰋព㸦ࢻ࢖ࢶே་ᖌ࡛ࠗ᪥ᮏㄅ࠘ࡢⴭ⪅ࢣࣥ࣌ࣝ㸦Engelbert Kaempfer㸧࡜ぶ஺ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㏻モ㸧ࡀヂࡋࡓࠗ࿴⹒඲㌣ෆእศྜᅗ࠘࡜࠸࠺ேయゎ๗ᅗࡀࡍ࡛࡟ฟ∧ࡉࢀࢿࣝ࣎

࡚࠸ࡓ 8ࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ༡⻅་⾡࡛ࡶ nervo㸦= zenuw = nerve㸧ࡢᏑᅾࡣ㸦ࠕ ➽ ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㸧▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⋞ⓑࡢ⩻ヂⱞປヰࡶ༙ࡤ┱ၚࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࡜ࡣゝ࠼ࠊ㏆௦᪥ᮏࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡋࡓど⥺ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁࠊࠕ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡢㄌ⏕ࡣⰍ〣ࡏ࡞࠸ࠋ⋞ⓑࡽ࡟ࡼࡾࠕ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜ヂฟࡉࢀࡓ㏆௦᪥ᮏㄒࡀḟ➨࡟ᐃ╔ࡋࠊࠗゎయ᪂᭩࠘࠿ࡽ࠾ࡼ
ࡑⓒᖺࡢ᫬ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊ᫂἞ࡢࡲ࡞ࡊࡋ࡜஺ᕪࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡔ࠿ࡽࠋ
2.2 ⚄⤒࡜࠸࠺㏆௦᫂἞ึᮇࡢᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕnerve = ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂࡢ➼౯ࡀࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ࡜ᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡢࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡟ฟ⌧ࡍࡿࠕ⚄⤒ࠖࡢ௳ࢆㄞࢇ࡛࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋ
⚄⤒ࣔ஼↛ࣜ≟ࣀႥ⚄⤒㮖㫽ࣀど⚄⤒㡾ࣝ኱ࢼࣝ࢝ዴ࢟᫝ࢼࣜᑠඣࣀ⬻ࣁ኱ேࣚࣜࣁᑠࢽࢩࢸ඼⢭⚄ࣀຊᙅࢼࣜཪ኱ேࣀ⬻⏒ࢱᑠࢼࣝࣔࣀࣁᚲࢫ࿈⑵ࣀᚩࢼࣜ
㸦…㸧Ḣ⨶ᕮேࣀ㢌㤳ࣁᖹᆒࢩࢸ୰➼ࣀ༳ᗘᅵேࢺ┦ẚࢫࣞࣁ኱ேࣀᑠඣࢽ᪊ࢣ
ࣝ࢝ዴࢩḢேഹࢽ୕୓ࣤ௨ࢸ⬟ࢡ༳ᗘே༑୓ࣀ⾗࢟ࣤᚁ᭹ࢫࣝࣁ⵹ࢩ᫝࢝ⅭࢼࣜThe same is true of a nerve. Some species of dogs have very large nerves for smelling,
eagles for seeing, &c. A child’s brain is smaller, and its mental power weaker, than thoseof an adult. A very small brain in an adult is the invariable sign of idiocy. […] The
average European head is to the average Hindoo as the head of a man to a boy; hence theconquest and subjection of a hundred millions of the latter by thirty thousand of theformer.
㦵┦Ꮫࡢ⌮ㄽ࡛ࡣࠊ
ࠕnerve = ⚄⤒ࠖࡸࠕbrain = ⬻ࠖࡢⓎ㐩ࡀ㔜せ࡜࡞ࡿࠋႥぬࡸどぬࢆࡘ࠿ࡉ࡝ࡿࡢࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࠕႥ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜ࠕど⚄⤒࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡢࡔࠋࡑࡋ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃேࡢࠕ㢌㤳ࠖࡢ኱ࡁࡉࢆ᰿ᣐ࡟ࠊ࢖ࣥࢻࡢ᳜Ẹᆅ໬ࡶṇᙜ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢ⟠ᡤ࡟ඛ❧ࡕࠊ⬻ࡀㅖჾᐁࡢ㞟ࡲࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࠕ⬻ࣀ୍ჾࢽ࢔ࣛࢫ⾗ჾࣀ┦⪹ྜࢭࣝࣔࣀࢽࢩࢸࠖ㸦the brain is not single, but a cluster of organs㸧࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚ࠊ⢭⚄άື࡜⬻ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕ ྛ␗ࣀ⢭⚄ࣀⓎືࣀᙉᙅᩄ㕌ࣁ⬻ࣀྛ㒊ࣀ኱ࢧ༶ࢳ඼⭾㉳ࢺ┦ᑐ⛠ࢫࣝᨾࢽ஼Ṉྛ㒊ࢺ┦㛵΅ࢫࠖ㸦 particular manifestations of mind areproportioned, in intensity and frequency of recurrence, to the size or expansion of particularparts of the brain㸧࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ୕㐟ீ෇ᮅࡀ 1859㸦Ᏻᨻ 6㸧ᖺ࡟๰సࡋࡓࠕ⣼ࢣῡᚋ᪥᛹ㄯࠖࡣࠊ᫂἞
ᮇ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ᙜ᫬ࡢὶ⾜ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜࠿ࡅࡓࠕ┿ᬒࠖࢆ⧊ࡾ㎸ࢇ࡛ࠊ1888㸦᫂἞
21㸧ᖺ࡟ࠕ┿ᬒ⣼ࢣῡࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄒࡾ┤ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᯖ࡛ࡣࠊᩥ᫂㛤໬ᮇࡢྜ⌮ᛶ࡟ࡼ
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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  ࡗ࡚ᗃ㟋ࢆ⚄⤒⑓ࡢ⏘≀ࡔ࡜ࡍࡿ๓⨨ࡁࡀㄒࡽࢀࡿࠋ
௒᪥ࡼࡾ᛹ㄯࡢ࠾ヰࢆ⏦ୖࡆࡲࡍࡿࡀࠊ᛹ㄯࡤ࡞ࡋ࡜⏦ࡍࡣ㏆᮶኱ࡁ࡟ᗫࡾࡲࡋ
࡚ࠊవࡾᐤᖍ࡛⮴ࡍ⪅ࡶࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡏࢇ ࠋ࡜⏦ࡍࡶࡢࡣࠊᗃ㟋࡜பࡩࡶࡢࡣ↓࠸ࠊ඲ࡃ⚄⤒⑓ࡔ࡜பࡩࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓ࠿ࡽࠊ᛹ㄯࡣ㛤໬ඛ⏕᪉ࡣ࠾᎘ࡦ࡞ࡉࡿ஦
࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㸦…㸧≴࡟ࡤ࠿ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸ࡩ஦ࡣ᭷ࡿヂࡢࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸࠿ࡽࠊ⚄⤒⑓ࠊཪኳ≸࡟ᨪࡣࢀࡿ࡜࠸ࡩ஦ࡶ↓࠸࠿ࡽࡸࡘࡥࡾ⚄⤒⑓࡜⏦ࡋ࡚ࠊఱ࡛ࡶᛧ࠸
ࡶࡢࡣⓙ⚄⤒⑓࡟࠾ࡘࡘࡅ࡚ࡋࡲࡦࡲࡍࡀࠊ⌧ᅾ㛤ࡅࡓ࠼ࡽ࠸᪉࡛ࠊᗃ㟋ࡣᚲࡎ↓࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ᐃࡵ࡚ࡶࠊ㰯ࡢඛ࡬᛹ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡀฟࢀࡤ࢔ࢶ࡜பࡘ࡚ᑼ㣰ࢆࡘࡃࡢࡣࠊ
ࡸࡘࡥࡾ⚄⤒ࡀல࡜᛹ࡋ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡏ࠺ 9ࠋ ᛹ㄯࡸᗃ㟋࡜࠸࠺࢜࢝ࣝࢺࡣࠊ㏆௦ࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿࠕ㛤໬ඛ⏕ࠖ࡟ࡣࠕ⚄⤒ࠖࡢ⑓࡜ᫎࡿࡢࡔࠋすὒ㏆௦ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖ࡟ࡼࡿ㛤໬ࡺ࠼ࡢࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓྠ᫬ᮇ࡟
ࡇࡇࢁࡢࡸࡳ ࠿࠸࠿ࡢ ࠿࠸ࡔࢇࡣࠊ୍➎㰻ᐆὪ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ⚄⤒ 㜌 㛤໬ ᛹ㄯ ࠖ㸦1884㸧࡜࠸࠺⬮ᮏᙧᘧࡢㄞࡳ≀ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ10ࠋࠕ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜ࠕ㛤໬ࠖࡢ⤖ྜࡀ㨩ຊⓗ࡞᭩ྡ࡜࡞ࡿ᫬௦ࡔࡗࡓࠋ

3㸬㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦
3.1 すὒ㏆௦ࡢ phrenology㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡣࠊ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟ phrenology ࢆヂฟࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㏆௦᪥ᮏㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠋphrenology ࡣ⬻ᶵ⬟࡜⢭⚄ࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄽࡌࡓᏛㄝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ18 ୡ⣖ᮎࡢすὒ࡟⏕ࡲࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣᙜ᫬ࡢࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖⓗ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋࠊ㢌⵹㦵ࡢᙧ࠿ࡽࡑࡢேࡢᛶ᱁ࡀ
ุ᩿࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺᫂ᛌࡉ࡜┦ಗࡗ࡚኱⾗࡟ࡶᾐ㏱ࡋࡓࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࡔࡀࠊ19 ୡ⣖ᚋ༙࠿ࡽࡢ኱⬻⏕⌮Ꮫࡢ㐍ᒎ࡟ࡼࡾࠊphrenology ࡣ␲ఝ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚ⴿࡾཤࡽࢀࡓ 11ࠋ⓶⫗࡞ࡇ࡜࡟ phrenology ࡢ⤊↉ࢆ⤒࡚ࠊࡇࡢᏛㄝࡀ୺ᙇࡋࡓ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡢᒁᅾㄽࢆ♧ࡍドᣐࡣ╔ᐇ࡟⵳✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ➨୍ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓ࡛⿕ᙎࡋࡓරኈ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
⬻ࡢᦆയ㒊఩࡜ᚋ㑇⑕࡟ࡼࡿ㞀ᐖ࡟ࡣ㛵ಀࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࡋࠊࡼࡾ᭱㏆ࡢ fMRI ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࣥࢢࡢᡭἲ࡛ࡶࠊㄆ▱ᶵ⬟ࡀ⬻ࡢ≉ᐃ㒊఩࡟ᒁᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡀᚓࡽࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿ 12ࠋphrenology ࡀ୺ᙇࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞㢌⵹㦵ࡢᙧ࡜ᛶ᱁ࡢ༢⣧࡞㛵ಀᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ
ྰᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡢᒁᅾࡣṇࡋ࠸๓ᥦࡔࡗࡓࠋ
phrenology ࡣࢫ࢖ࢫࡢࣛࣇ࢓࣮ࢱ࣮㸦Johann Caspar Lavater㸧࡟ࡼࡿ physiognomy㸦ほ┦Ꮫ㸧ࠊࡘࡲࡾ㢦ࡢ㐀స࠿ࡽࡑࡢே≀ࡢᛶ᱁ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺୺ほⓗ࡞᪉ἲ࡟㐳ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ 13ࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㌟యⓗእ㠃࡜⢭⚄ⓗෆ㠃࡜ࡢఱࡽ࠿ࡢᑐᛂ㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺╔᝿ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣࠊྂࡃࡣ⣖ඖ๓ࡢࣄ࣏ࢡࣛࢸࢫࡸ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫࡽࡶㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㐺 ⪅ ⏕ Ꮡ ࡸᙅ ⫗ ᙉ 㣗ࢆ ᰕ ࡜ ࡍࡿ ㏆ ௦ ࡢࢲ ࣮ ࢘ ࢕ ࢽࢬ ࣒ ࡟ ㏻ᗏ ࡍ ࡿ physiognomy ࡸphrenology ࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࡣࠊ≬ே࣭≢⨥⪅࣭Ꮚ࡝ࡶ࣭ዪᛶ࣭ຎᛶே✀࡜࠸࠺᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿ௚⪅࡬ࡢඛධほࡀᴟᗘ࡟ቑᖜࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢࡀ≉ᚩⓗࡔ 14ࠋᩥ᫂໬ࡢ⛬ᗘࢆ♧ࡍᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚⢭ᐦ࡟ィࡉࢀࡓ㢌⵹ࡸࠊ෗┿ᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᅛᐃࡉࢀࡓ⾲᝟ࡣࠊ೫ぢ࡟‶
118
118ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡕࡓࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࡢすὒ㏆௦ࢆ⾲㇟ࡍࡿࠕ⛉Ꮫ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋ⬻࡜⢭⚄άືࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿ㏆௦ࡢࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖⓗ࡞⪃࠼ࡣࠊࢻ࢖ࢶ⏕ࡲࢀࡢ་ᖌ࢞ࣝ
㸦Franz Joseph Gall㸧࡜ࡑࡢᘵᏊࢩࣗࣉࣝࢶࣁ࢖࣒㸦Johann Spurzheim㸧࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗࡓࠋ
࢞ࣝࡣ⬻⚄⤒⣔ࡢゎ๗Ꮫ࡜⏕⌮Ꮫࢆ◊✲ࡋࠊ⬻ࡀ⢭⚄άື࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓ 27 ಶࡢჾᐁ㸦ࡑࡢᩘࡣᚋ⥅⪅࡟ࡼࡾᣑᙇ㸧ࡢ㞟ࡲࡾ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚⬻ࡢ≉ᐃࡢ㒊఩࡟࠾ࡅࡿⓎ㐩ࡀ⬻ᶵ⬟࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ⬻ࢆྲྀࡾᅖࡴ㢌⵹ࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡸᙧ≧࠿ࡽ⢭⚄άືࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡔࠋ㢌⵹㦵ࡢ⢭ᐦ࡞ィࡀᐇ᪋ࡉࢀࠊ࠸࠿࡟ࡶࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ

ࡽࡋ࠸㢌⵹㦵࣐ࢵࣉࡶసᡂࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ⬻࡟ᒁᅾࡍࡿჾᐁ࡜ྛᶵ⬟ࡢ఩⨨㛵ಀࡀᅗ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓᅗ࡛࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺㸦ᅗ 1㸧ࠋᅗ 1㸸ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡼࡾࡇ ࠺ ࡋ࡚ ௚ ⪅ࡢ ෆ㠃 ࢆ ┠࡟ ᫎ ࡿ㢌 ࡢᙧ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ࡚ どぬ໬ࡋ࡚㢮᥎ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡔࠋ࠿ࡃࡋ࡚ phrenology
ࡣࠊ19 ୡ⣖ࡢ㏆௦⛉Ꮫ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮࡜どぬ⿦⨨࡛㏻಑
ⓗ࡞ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡉࢆල⌧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞㝵ᒙࡢேࠎ࡟ᗈࡃཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࢞ࣝ⮬㌟ࡣ

phrenology ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ

Schädellehre㸦craniologie 㢌⵹Ꮫ㸧ࡸ Organologie㸦ჾᐁᏛ㸧࡞࡝࡜࠸࠺」ᩘࡢ⏝ㄒࢆ⮬ࡽࡢᏛㄝ࡟࠶࡚࡚࠸
ࡿࡀࠊ1815 ᖺ࡟ⱥᅜேࣇ࢛࣮ࢫࢱ࣮㸦Thomas Ignatius
Maria Forster 㸧 ࡀ ࢞ ࣝ ࡢ Ꮫ ㄝ ࢆ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ⤂ ௓ ࡋ ࡓ 㝿 ࡟phrenology ࡜࠸࠺ྡ⛠ࡀ㐀ㄒࡉࢀ࡚௨㝆ࠊࡇࡢㄒࢆࢩ
ࣗࣉࣝࢶࣁ࢖࣒ࡀ⥅ᢎࡋࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡗ࡜ࡶࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝⊂❧ᐉゝ࡟ࡶࡑࡢ⨫ྡࡀṧࡿࣛࢵࢩࣗ㸦Benjamin Rush㸧ࡀࡍ࡛࡟ 1805 ᖺࠊࣇ࢕ࣛࢹࣝࣇ࢕࢔࡛ phrenology ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡶゝࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊㄒࡢฟ⮬ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣᐃ࠿࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ 15ࠋ࢞ࣝࡢᏛㄝࡣすὒ㏆௦ࡢ୍᫬ᮇࢆᖍᕳࡋࠊ࡞࠿࡛ࡶࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ᮅࡢⱥᅜ࡛⇕Ⅿ࡞
ᨭ᥼⪅ࢆᚓ࡚ࡉࡽ࡟㌍㐍ࡋࡓࠋⱥᅜ࡛ phrenology ࢆᗈࡵࡓࡢࡣࠊࢫࢥࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻࡢ
✜೺࡞♫఍ᨵ㠉ὴࡢᘚㆤኈࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭ࢡ࣮࣒㸦George Combe㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢚ࢹ࢕ࣥࣂࣛ
࡛ࡢࢩࣗࣉࣝࢶࣁ࢖࣒ࡢㅮ⩏ࡀࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ࠕ࢚ࢹ࢕ࣥࣂࣛ㦵┦Ꮫㄽதࠖࡀ㉳ࡇࡿࡢࡔࡀࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᙼࡢㅮ⩏ࢆ⫈ㅮࡋ࡚ phrenology ࢆึࡵ࡚▱ࡗࡓࢡ࣮࣒ࡣ୍㏵࡟ࡇ
ࡢᏛㄝ࡟ᚰ㓉ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࢡ࣮࣒ࡣ 1820 ᖺ࡟࢚ࢹ࢕ࣥࣂࣛ㦵┦Ꮫ༠఍ࢆタ❧ࡋࠊᑓ㛛㞧ㄅࡢ๰ห࡟ࡲ࡛⮳ࡿ⇕ࡢධࢀࡼ࠺ࡔࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࡑࡢᙜ᫬ࠊ࢞ࣝ࡜ジูࡋࡓࢩࣗࣉࣝ
ࢶࣁ࢖࣒ࡢ phrenology ࡛ࡣࠊ♫఍ᨵ㠉ࡲ࡛ࡶど㔝࡟ධࢀ࡚ࠊ⏕ᚓⓗ࡟ඃࢀࡓ⬟ຊ࡟ᜨࡲࢀࡓ⪅ࡀດຊࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ே㢮♫఍ࡀ㐍Ṍࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࢡ࣮࣒ࡢ
ゝㄝࡶࡲࡓࠊ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡢᆒ⾮ࡢ࡜ࢀࡓⓎ㐩࡛ேࠎࡀᖾ⚟࡟࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟㐃ࢀ࡚♫఍ࡶⓎᒎࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ 16ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ᮅࡢ phrenology ࡣࠊ♫఍㐍
119119

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  

໬ㄽࡸⓎ㐩ྐほ࡜ࡢぶ࿴ᛶࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢡ࣮࣒ࡀ 1828 ᖺ࡟ห⾜ࡋࡓ The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External
Objects ࡣࠊ1847 ᖺࡢ➨ 8 ∧ࡲ࡛࡟ 8 ୓㒊௨ୖࡢ࣋ࢫࢺࢭ࣮ࣛ࡜࡞ࡾࠊࠗ⪷᭩࠘ࠊThe
Pilgrim’s Progress㸦ࠗኳ㊰Ṕ⛬࠘㸧ࠊThe Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson
Crusoe㸦ࠗࣟࣥࣅࣥࢯ࣭ࣥࢡ࣮ࣝࢯ࣮࠘㸧࡟ḟࡄ኎ࢀ⾜ࡁࡔࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ 17ࠋࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ
㸦Charles Robert Darwin㸧ࡢ On the Origin of Species㸦ࠗ✀ࡢ㉳※࠘㸧ࡢⓎ⾜㒊ᩘࡀ 1859ᖺࡢึ∧࠿ࡽ 1878 ᖺࡢ➨ 6 ∧ࡲ࡛࡟ 2 ୓㒊࡟㐩ࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡜ẚ㍑ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡇࡢᏛ
ㄝࡢேẼࡢ㧗ࡉࡀ᝿ീ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋ
ࡇࡢ၏≀ㄽⓗ࡞Ꮫㄝࡣࠊⱥᅜࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ 19 ୡ⣖すὒࡢ㏆௦▱ࢆ⦪ᶓ↓ᑾ࡟࠿ࡅࡵ
ࡄࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ࣮࣊ࢤࣝ㸦Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel㸧ࠊࢥࣥࢺ㸦Isidore AugusteMarie François Xavier Comte㸧ࠊ࣐ࣝࢡࢫ㸦Karl Heinrich Marx㸧ࠊࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮㸦Herbert
Spencer㸧࡞࡝ࡢⴭྡ࡞ᛮ᝿ᐙ࠿ࡽࡶὀ┠ࡉࢀࠊࣂࣝࢨࢵࢡ㸦Honoré de Balzac㸧ࠊ࣏࣮㸦Edgar Allan Poe㸧ࠊ࣓ࣦࣝ࢕ࣝ㸦Herman Melville㸧ࠊࣇ࣮ࣟ࣋ࣝ㸦Gustave Flaubert㸧ࠊࣦ࢙ࣝࢾ㸦Jules Gabriel Verne㸧ࠊࢻ࢖ࣝ㸦Arthur Conan Doyle㸧࡜࠸࠺㗿ࠎࡓࡿᩥᏛ⪅ࡓࡕࡢ⾲⌧࡟ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔ 18ࠋ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࢆ㉸࠼࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࡣ
ྠ᫬௦ࡢ♫఍ࡸᩥ໬ࡢ࡞࠿࡟㐢ᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉グࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢ≢⨥Ꮫ⪅ࣟࣥࣈ࣮ࣟࢰ㸦Cesare Lombroso㸧ࡀ୺ᙇࡋࡓ⏕᮶ᛶ≢⨥⪅ㄝ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡣ phrenology ࢆ≢⨥⪅ࡢศᯒ࡬࡜ᛂ⏝ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡢ୺ⴭ L'uomo delinquent㸦≢⨥⪅ㄽ㸧࡟ࡣ㑥ヂࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ L'uomo di genio㸦ࠗኳᡯㄽ࠘㸧ࡢ᪉ࡀ᭷ྡࡔࡀ 19ࠊࣀࣝࢲ࢘㸦Max
Simon Nordau㸧ࡢ Die Entartung㸦㏥໬ㄽ㸧 20 ࡀࣟࣥࣈ࣮ࣟࢰ࡟⊩㎡ࢆᤝࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜
࠿ࡽࡶࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⏕᮶ᛶ≢⨥⪅ㄝ࡛ࡣ≢⨥⪅ࢆእぢุ࡛᩿ࡋ࡚㏥໬ࡋࡓே㛫࡜ぢ೴ࡋࡓࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ≢⨥⪅ࡢእぢࡣࣔࣥࢦࣟ࢖ࢻࡢ≉ᚩ࡜㏆ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
3.2 ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ࡣ
phrenology ࡜࠸࠺すὒ㏆௦࡟ὶ⾜ࡋࡓࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖࡣᖥᮎ㛤ᅜᮇࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡶ⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ
ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ศ㔝࡟ᣑᩓࡋࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿ♫఍㐍໬ㄽࡢᙉ࠸ᙳ㡪ୗ࡟࠶ࡾ 21ࠊphrenology ࡀㄝࡃすὒ㏆௦ࡢど⥺ࢆཷᐜࡋࡸࡍ࠸ᅵተࡣᩚࡗ࡚࠸
ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
phrenology ࡜࠸࠺༢ㄒࡣࠊ phreno ࡜ logy ࡜࠸࠺஧ࡘࡢᙧែ⣲࠿ࡽᡂࡿࠋ๓༙㒊
phreno ࡣࢠࣜࢩࣕㄒ⏤᮶࡛ࠊࠕᚰࠊ⢭⚄ࠊᶓ㝸⭷ࠖࢆ⾲ࡍࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࠕ㹼Ꮫࠊ㹼ㄽࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᚋ༙㒊 logy ࡀ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊphrenology ࡣࠊ࠸ࢃࡤࠕᚰᏛࠖࠕ⢭⚄ㄽࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡟࡞ࡿࠋ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡐࠊ㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠋ
࠿ࡘ࡚ phrenology ࡟ࡣࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ௨እࡢヂㄒࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡋࠊ₎ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࡟ࡣ phrenology ௨๓ࡢṔྐࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕ phrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺➼౯ࡣ⮬࡛᫂ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
すὒ㏆௦ࡢ phrenology ࡜࠸࠺ࠕ⛉ᏛࠖⓗᏛㄝࡣࠊዴఱ࡟ࡋ࡚ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ
ࡢ㏆௦໬ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ ᫂἞ᮇ᪥ᮏࢆ௦⾲ࡍࡿၨⵚᛮ᝿ᐙࡢす࿘ࡣࠊ⚾ሿ⫱ⱥ⯋ࢆ 1870㸦᫂἞ 3㸧ᖺ࡟㛤タ120
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ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦ᏛࠖࡋࠊࠕⓒᏛ㐃㛵ࠖ࡞࡝ࢆㅮ⩏ࡋࡓࠋ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ␃Ꮫࡢ⤒㦂ࢆࡶࡘすࡣࠊすὒࡢᏛၥࢆⓒ⛉஦඾ⓗ࡟య⣔໬ࡋ࡚ゎㄝࡋࠊࠕᛶ⌮Ꮫࠖ
㸦Psychology㸧ࢆㄽࡎࡿ㝿࡟ Phrenology ࡢᕥࣝࣅࢆࠕ⬻Ꮫࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋ
⬻

㸩1756

Ꮫ

⊂㐓࡟ Gall 㸫1828 ࡞ࡿே࠶ࡾࠋPhrenology ࢆⓎ᫂ࡏࡾࠋṈࡢேࡢㄝ࡟౫ࡿ࡟ࠊேࡢ
ᡯ⬟ཬࡦᛶࡣ㢌࡟ಀࡣࡿ࡜ゝ࡬ࡾࠋṈㄝᐇ࡟↛ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡚ࠊ㢌ࡢ኱ᑠ⬻ࡢከᑡ࡟౫࡚ேࡢᡯ⬟ཬ୙ᡯ⬟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜㢧↛ࡓࡾࠋซࡑୡ⏺୰ே✀஬ࢶࡢ୰ࠊⓑဴே✀ࢆ௨࡚᭱ୖ࡜ࡍࠋ඼ᐜㇺࠊ㦵᱁㒔࡚⨾࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊࣄ ࢱ ࢖㡬㦵኱࡟๓㢠 㧗ࡃࠊ඼⢭ᚰ⪽᫂࡟ࡋ࡚ᩥ᫂࡟㐩ࡍ࡬ࡁᛶ࠶ࡾࠋ
ḟ࡟㯤Ⰽே✀ࠊ㢌ࡢᙧࡕ⛮ᅄゅ࡟ࡋ࡚๓㢠పࡋࠋḟ࡟㉥Ⰽே✀ࠊ㡬㦵ᑠ࡟ࡋ࡚⭚㦵㧗ࡋࠊ༡໭ள⡿฼ຍࡢே✀᫝࡞ࡾࠋḟ࡟㯮Ⰽே✀ࠊ㢌ࡢ≧⣽ࡃ㛗ࡋࠊ⭚㦵㧗ࡃ࢔ࢠ ࢺ㢞 㦵 ✺ฟࡋ๓㢠పࡋࠊ⛮⋇㢮࡟㏆ࡃ඼ᛶ㉁ᠯ᝼࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛤໬㐍Ṍࡢ࿡ࢆ▱ࡽࡍࠋள㠀฼ຍ◁₍ࡢ༡᪉࡟ᅾࡿᅵẸ᫝࡞ࡾࠋḟ࡟ⲔⰍே✀ࠊள㠀฼ຍࡢᾏᓊ࡟㏆ࡁㅖᓥཬࡦᮾ༳ᗘࡢ࣐ࣛࢵ࢝࡞ࡿᆅࡢᅵẸࡣṈ㢮࡞ࡾࠋే࠿ࡋ㢌ࡢ኱ᑠ࡟౫ࡿ࡜㞪ࡶၿᝏ࠶ࡾ࡚ࠊ⋇㢮ࡢዴࡁࡣ㢌኱࡞ࡾ࡜ࡶ⬻ࡓࡿࡶࡢᑡࡋࠋேࡶ஼㢌ࡢ኱ᑠ⬻ࡢከᑡ࡟౫ࡽࡉࡿᡤ࡞ࡾࠋ
࢞ࣝࡢᏛࡣゎ๗ࢆ௨࡚ேࡢᛶ⌮ࢆᚓࢇ࡜ḧࡏࡋᡤ࡞ࢀ࡜ࡶࠊ⤊࡟ᛶ⌮ࢆᚓࡿ࡟⮳ࡽࡍࠋ↛ࢀ࡜ࡶேࡢᛶ㉁ࡣ㢌⬻ࡢከᑡ࡟౫ࡿ࠿ዴࡁࠊ㒔࡚ேయࡢⓎ᫂ࢆ࡞ࡏࡋࡇ
࡜⏒ࡓከࡋ࡜ࡍ 22ࠋ
 ᙜ᫬ࡢ㎡᭩࡟࠾ࡅࡿ phrenology ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ1873㸦᫂἞ 6㸧ᖺ࡟ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓᰘ⏣ᫀྜྷ࣭
ࢥࢶࢯ࢘

ࢩࣥ

Ꮚ Ᏻ ᓧ ⦅ ࠗ 㝃 㡢 ᤄ ᅗ ⱥ ࿴ Ꮠ ᙡ ࠘ ࡟ ࠕ Phrenologic, Phrenological 㦵┦ Ꮫ ࣀ ࠊ ᚰ Ꮫ ࣀ ࠖࠕPhrenologist 㦵┦Ꮫ⪅ࠊᚰᏛ⪅ࠖ
ࠕPhrenology 㦵┦ᏛࠊᚰᏛࠖ࡜࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⱥ࿴㎡᭩
࡟ࡣࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡀ᪩ࡃࡶฟ⌧ࡍࡿࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠕᚰᏛࠖࡶే⏝ࡉࢀ࡚ࡺࡽ
࠸࡛࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ 23ࠋࡲࡓ࣊࣎ࣥ㸦James Curtis Hepburn㸧࡟ࡼࡿࠗ࿴ⱥㄒᯘ㞟ᡂ࠘ࡢึ∧㸦1867㸧࡜෌∧㸦1872㸧࡟ࡣࠊphrenology ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ❧㡯ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ➨ 3 ∧㸦1886㸧
࡟ࡣࠕ Kossǀron ࢥࢶࢧ ࢘ࣟࣥ 㦵┦ ㄽ n. Phrenologyࠖ㸦࿴ⱥ ࡢ㒊㸧ࠊࠕ Phrenology, n.
Kossǀronࠖ㸦ⱥ࿴ࡢ㒊㸧ࡀຍ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠗဴᏛᏐᙡ࠘
㸦1881㸧࡛ࡣࠕPhrenology 㦵┦ㄽࠖࡔࡀࠊࠗ ဴᏛᏐᙡ㸦ⱥ⊂௖࿴㸧࠘
㸦 1912㸧࡛ࡣࠕPhrenology㸦 Ger. Phrenologie, Fr. phrénolgie㸧㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋᑓ㛛ⓗ࡞㎡᭩࡛ࡣᒾᕝ཭ኴ㑻ࠗ⏕≀Ꮫㄒᙡ࠘
㸦1884㸧ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ
ࠕOsteology, 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ㸦ࡕ࡞ࡳ࡟⌧ᅾ osteology ࡢᐃヂࡣࠕ㦵Ꮫࠖ㸧࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
౛࡞࡝ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ1886㸦᫂἞ 19㸧ᖺ᏶ᡂࡢ኱ᵳᩥᙪࠗゝᾏ࠘㸦1889-91㸧࡟ࡣࠕࡇࡘࡉ࠺
ࢷ࢞࢖ࢥࢶ

࣑

ࡀࡃ㸦ྡ㸧㦵┦Ꮫ 㢌⵹㦵 ࣀᙧࣤ┦ ࢸண࣓ேࣀᛶ㉁㐠࿨ࣤ▱ࣝ⾡ࠖ࡜࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ㎡᭩࡛ࡶ᫂἞༙ࡤ࡟ࡣࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡀ❧㡯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 24ࠋࡇࡢᏛㄝ࡟㛵ࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞ෆᐜࢆ᫂἞ึᮇࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟⤂௓ࡋࡓࡢࡀࠊᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘

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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  ࡢ㛗㇂ᕝὈヂ࣭ᑠᯘ⑓⩝ᰯࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᅜ❧ᅜ఍ᅗ᭩㤋࡟⌧ᅾᡤⶶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㈨ᩱࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ
ࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࡜࠸࠺࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࢆྵࡴࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᭱
ྂࡢ୍෉࡛࠶ࡿ 25ࠋ
4㸬ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢ㉳Ⅼ㸭⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺ
4.1 㦵┦Ꮫ࡜ࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬ ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢ㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺࡣࠊ19 ୡ⣖ࡢⱥᅜ࢚ࢹ࢕ࣥࣂ࡛ࣛฟ∧♫ࢆ⯆ࡋࡓ඗࢘࢕ࣜ࢔࣒࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬ㸦William Chambers㸧࡜ᘵࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬ㸦Robert
Chambers㸧 ࡜ ࠸ ࠺ ࢳ ࢙ ࣥ ࣂ ࣮ ࢬ ඗ ᘵ ࡀ ⦅ 㞟 ࡋ ห ⾜ ࡋ ࡓ ኱ 㡯 ┠ ࡢ ⓒ ⛉ ஦ ඾ ⓗ ၨ ⵚ ᭩
Chambers’s Information for the People ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇࡣᘵࡢࣟࣂ࣮ࢺࡣࠊ1859 ᖺࡢࢲ࣮࢘
࢕ࣥ࡟ࡼࡿ On the Origin of Species ࡟ඛ㥑ࡅ࡚ࠊ࠿ࡘࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ௨ୖ࡟኱ࡁ࡞≀㆟ࢆ㔊ࡋࡓ㐍໬ㄽࢆ༏ྡ࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓே≀࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ஦ᐇࡣ≉➹࡟್ࡋࡼ࠺ 26ࠋ1844 ᖺ࡟ࣟࣥࢻࣥࡢฟ∧♫ John Churchill ࠿ࡽ Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation ࡢึ∧ࡀห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠋⴭ⪅ྡࢆఅࡏࡓࡲࡲ࡛ฟ∧ࡉࢀ⥆ࡅ࡚∧ࢆ㔜ࡡࡓࡀࠊࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬ඗ᘵ
ἐᚋࡢ➨ 12 ∧㸦1884㸧ࡢᕳ㢌࡛ࡣࡌࡵ࡚ࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬࡢྡࡀᭀ㟢ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣᏱᐂ࣭⏕࿨య࣭ே㛫♫఍ࢆྵࡵࡓ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ creationࠕ๰㐀≀ࠖࡢⓎᒎ௬ㄝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊnatural historyࠕ⮬↛ྐࠊ༤≀ᏛࠖࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ vestigesࠕ⑞㊧ࠖࢆゎㄝࡋࡓ୍⯡኱⾗ྥࡅࡢᮏ࡛ࠊᚋࡢࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮ὶࡢ♫఍㐍໬ㄽⓗෆᐜࡶࡍ࡛࡟┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࣟࣂ࣮ࢺࡣ㦵┦Ꮫࢆ⇕ᚰ࡟ᨭᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㦵┦Ꮫࡀᙼࡢᛮ᝿ⓗᨭᰕ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ
ࡇࡢᏛㄝࡀ⮬ศࡢ⪃࠼ࡿ♫఍ᨵ㠉࡬࡜ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡶࡢࡔ࡜☜ಙࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽࡔࠋࡋࡓࡀ
ࡗ࡚ᙜ↛ࡢࡇ࡜࡞ࡀࡽࠊඛࡢ Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation ࡟ࡣ㦵┦Ꮫ࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࡀᩓぢࡍࡿࠋ⛉ᏛྐࡢᯇỌಇ⏨ࡣࠊࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࡢ♫఍ᨵ㠉ㄽ࡜୓≀ࡢ㐍Ṍほࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࠊࡇࢀࢆ⛉Ꮫⓗ▱ぢ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚❧ドࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢࠖ࡜ᮏ᭩ࢆ⥲ᣓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 27ࠋࣂࢵ࣒࢟ࣥ࢞ᐑẊࡢࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ዪ⋤ኵጔࠊࡉࡽ࡟ࡣⱝࡁ᪥ࡢࢼ࢖ࢳࣥࢤ࣮ࣝ
㸦Florence Nightingale㸧ࡶࡇࡢᮏࡢ⇕ᚰ࡞ㄞ⪅ࡔࡗࡓ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟ࡲࡓࠊ
⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡸ᐀ᩍ⪅࠿ࡽࡣᢈุࡀ⥆ฟࡋࠊ࡜ࡃ࡟ࢫࢥࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻ⚟㡢ὴࡢ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡓࡕࢆ⃭ᛣࡉࡏࡓၥ㢟ࡢ᭩࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊⴭ⪅Ꮡ࿨୰ࡣ༏ྡᮏ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢃࡅࡔࠋ
ࡇࡢྠࡌⴭ⪅࡟ࡼࡿྠ᫬௦ࢸࢡࢫࢺࡀࠊᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢ㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶
ࡿࠋ
4.2 㛗㇂ᕝὈヂ࣭ᑠᯘ⑓⩝ᰯࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬ඗ᘵࡀ⦅㞟ฟ∧ࡋࡓ Chambers’s Information for the People ࡢ୍㡯┠࡛࠶ࡿ PHRENOLOGY ࡣࠊ㦵┦Ꮫ࡟ഴಽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ⮬㌟ࡀ⮬ࡽᇳ➹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓྍ
⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࢆ⩻ヂࡋࡓࡢࡀᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢ㛗㇂ᕝὈヂ࣭ᑠᯘ⑓⩝ᰯࠕ㦵┦Ꮫ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊ1876㸦᫂἞ 9㸧ᖺ࡟ศ෉ᮏ࡜ࡋ࡚ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࣀ⌮
ㄽࠖ㸦PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY㸧࡟ጞࡲࡾࠊ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡢ 35 ศ㢮ࡢヲ㏙ࢆྵࡴෆᐜ
122122ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫ࡛ࠖࠊࡇࡢᏛㄝࡢᚤ࡟ධࡾ⣽ࢆ✸ࡘゎㄝ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ 28ࠋࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢෑ㢌ࢆᘬ⏝ࡍࡿࠋࣇࣞࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࣁᕼ⮞ㄒࢽࢩࢸ⢭⚄ㄽࣀ⩏ࢼࣜṦࢽṈྡ⛠ࣤ௨ࢸ㏻⾜ࢫࣝᏛ⛉ࣁ
୍༓୐ⓒ஬༑୐ᖺࢽ⏕ࣞࢩ᪥⪥᭭་ኈࢻࢡࢺࣝࢪ࣮ࣗ ࢭࢶࣉࢦ࣮ࣝẶࣀⓎ᫂ࢭࢩᡤࢽࢩࢸྠẶაࢸᏛ❺ࢱࣜࢩ㡭඼Ꮫ཭ࣀグ᠈ᖖࢽᕬࢽඃࣜࢩࣔࣀࣁ║┠ⓙⴭࣝࢩࢡฝฟࢫࣝࣤ┠ᧁࢩ᫝ࢽ⏤ࢸྛ␗ࣀᡯᬛࣁ⬻ࣀྛ㒊ࢺ┦㛵ಀࢫࣝࣤᐹࢩୟ
ࢶグ᠈ࣀᡯ࢔ࣝ௚㍮ࢽ᪊ࢸࣔ஼ྠ୍ࣀᙧ≧ࣤⓎぢࢩ஀ࢳ᭦ࢽ௨Ⅽࣛࢡ≉ࣜグ᠈ࣀ࣑ࢼࣛࢫ௚ࣀᛶ㉁ᡯᬛࣔ஼እ㒊ࣀグᶆ࢔ࣜࢸஅࣤ⾲♧ࢫࣝࢼࣛࣥࢺ㐙ࢽᚰࣤ₯࣓ᛮࣤจࣛࢩᑓࣛᛶ㉁ࣀ㢧ⴭࢼࣝ≧ែࣤほᐹࢩࢸྛ඼㢧ⴭ᳨ࣤᰝࢭࢩࢽᯝࢩ
ࢸ඼ᙧ≧ྛ␗ࢽࢩࢸ᯾⏥ࢽ᪊ࢸࣁ᯾எࢽぢࢧࣝᡤࣀ✺㉳ཬࣄพ⁁࢔ࣜ㞉ࢸ඼ᛶ㉁┦␗ࢼࣜ࢟
PHRENOLOGY is a Greek compound, signifying a discourse on the mind. The system
which exclusively passes by this name was founded by Dr Francis Joseph Gall, aGerman physician, born in 1757. Dr Gall was led, when a school-boy, to surmise aconnection of particular mental faculties with particular parts of the brain, inconsequence of observing a marked prominence in the eyes of a companion who always
overmatched him in committing words to memory. Finding the same conformation inothers noted for the same talent, he reflected that it was possible that other talents might
be accompanied by external marks, and that dispositions might also be so indicated. He
devoted himself to observing marked features of character; and on examining the heads,
was struck with differences in their forms, there being prominences and hollows in some
not found in others, with corresponding variations of character in the individuals.
 ࡇࡢෑ㢌㒊࡟ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣⓏሙࡏࡎࠊࠕࣇࣞࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࣁᕼ⮞ㄒࢽࢩࢸ⢭⚄ㄽࣀ⩏ࢼࣜࠖ㸦PHRENOLOGY is a Greek compound, signifying a discourse on the mind.㸧࡜࠸࠺ㄝ࡛᫂ጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬࡣぢ㐣ࡈࡏ࡞࠸ࠋPHRENOLOGY ࡣࡲࡎ㡢ヂࡉࢀࡓࠋࠕࣇ
ࣞࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࠖࡣࠕ⢭⚄ㄽࠖ㸦a discourse on the mind㸧࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕ㦵┦Ꮫ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞࠸
ࡢࡔࠋࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡟ࠕࣇࣞࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࠖࢆࣝࣅ࡜ࡋ࡚⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡣ
ࡎࡔࡀࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞㑅ᢥࡍࡽ࡞ࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾෑ㢌࡛ࡣࠊࠕ phrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂࡢ➼౯ࡣฟ⌧ࡏࡎࠊࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡀ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸≧ἣ࠿ࡽࡇࡢ
⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺࡣጞࡲࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
࡛ࡣ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ⩻ヂ⾜Ⅽࡀࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖࢆࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢᒎ㛤ࡢ࡞࠿࡛❧ࡕୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ෑ㢌࡛ࠕࣇࣞࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࠖࢆࠕ⢭⚄ㄽࠖ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡋࡓࡢࡕ࡟ࠊᏛㄝࡢ๰タ⪅࢞ࣝࡢ㐓ヰʊʊ࢞ࣝᑡᖺ࡟ࡼࡿࠕ⬻ࣀྛ㒊ࠖ
㸦particular parts of the brain㸧࡬ࡢ╔┠ʊʊࡀᤄධࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᏛ཭ࡽࡢࠕྛ␗ࣀᡯᬛࣁ⬻ࣀྛ㒊ࢺ┦㛵ಀࢫࣝࠖ㸦 a connection of123123ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  

particular mental faculties with particular parts of the brain㸧࡜࠸࠺Ⓨぢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࣝࡣࠕእ
㒊ࣀグᶆࠖ㸦external marks㸧࡜ࠕᛶ㉁ᡯᬛࠖ㸦talents㸧ࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࠊ㢌ࡢࠕ✺㉳ཬࣄพ⁁ࠖ㸦prominences and hollows㸧ࢆほᐹࡋࡓࠋゎ๗Ꮫⓗ▱ぢ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㢌ࡢ࠿ࡓࡕ࡟௦⾲ࡉࢀࡿࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࠿ࡽᏛ཭ࡢᡯ⬟ࢆぢᢤࡇ࠺࡜ࡍࡿど⥺࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚࢞ࣝࢆ phrenology ࡢ๰タ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡿᩥ⬦࡛ࠊࠕࣇࣞࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࠖࡣࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࡜㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃ᥋㏆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡔࠋ
ᘬ⏝ࡋࡓෑ㢌㒊ࡢḟ࡟⥆ࡃࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ࢞ࣝࡸࡑࡢᘵᏊࡢࢩࣗࣉࣝࢶࣁ࢖࣒࡟ຍ
࠼࡚ࠊᏛㄝࡢᬑཬ࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓࢡ࣮࣒඗ᘵ㸦George Combe ࡜ Andrew Combe㸧ࢆ㍈࡟ࠊ
Ꮫㄝྐࡢᴫ␎ࢆ⡆₩࡟ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ “Dr Gall never took any particular step forࠊࠊࠊmaking phrenology known in our island” ࡜࠸࠺୍ᩥࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡀࠕྠẶࣁ㦵┦Ꮫ ࣤ㛤ࢡ ࢝ Ⅽ ࢽ ᡃ ኱ ⱥ ࢽ ᮶ 㐟 ࢭ ࢩ ࢥ ࢺ ࢼ ࢝ ࣜ ࢩ ࠖ㸦 ᙉ ㄪ ࡣ ᘬ ⏝ ⪅ 㸧 ࡜ ヂ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠊ ࡇ ࡇ ࡟ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦ᏛࠖࡀึⓏሙࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺➼౯ࡢฟ⌧ࡣ၈✺࡟ࡶᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊඛࡢ㐓ヰࢆᛮ࠸㉳ࡇࡏࡤࠊࡍ࡛࡟అ⥺ࡣᙇࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡔ࡜⭊࡟ⴠࡕࡿࠋ௨ᚋࡇࡢࢸࢡࢫࢺ
࡟㢖ฟࡍࡿ phrenology ࡜࠸࠺࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ ࡋ࡚཯᚟ࡉࢀ࡚ࢸ
ࢡࢫࢺෆ࡛ᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋࡇࡢᏛㄝࢆ⥥ᐦ࡟ゎㄝࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊྠ᫬࡟ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡿࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡑࡢᡂ❧஦᝟ࢆ⩻ヂࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺࡣࣜ࢔ࣝ࡟グ᠈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4.3 ྠ᫬௦ࢸࢡࢫࢺࡢ࡞࠿ࡢ㦵┦Ꮫᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡣ᫂἞ึᮇࡢ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊྠ᫬௦ࡢฟ
∧≀࡜ࡋ࡚ 1876㸦᫂἞ 9㸧ᖺ࡟ᩥ㒊┬ࡼࡾห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࣁ࣮ࢺⴭ㸦John Seely Hart㸧ࠊ࢝ࢫࢸ࣮ࣝ㸦Th. J. van Kasteel㸧ヂࠊᑠᯘ⑓⩝ᰯ࡟ࡼࡿࠗᏛᐊせㄽ࠘ࡀ࠶ࡿ 29ࠋ࢜ࣛࣥࢲ
ேࡢ࢝ࢫࢸ࣮ࣝ㸦ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕయ᧯ཬᡞእ㐟ᡙࠖࠕᡞෆ㐟ᡙ᪉ࠖࡢ⩻ヂ⪅㸧࡟ࡼࡿ⩻ヂࢆࠊᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ྠࡌᑠᯘ⑓⩝ࡀᰯṇࡋࡓᩍ⫱⌮ㄽ᭩࡛ࠊࡑࡢᗎᩥࡣᩥ㒊┬ࡢ኱஭㙊ྜྷ㸦ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ⨶㤿ྐࠖࠕⰼᅬࠖࡢ⩻ヂ࡜ࠕㄽ⌮Ꮫࠖࡢ ᰯ ṇ ࢆ ᢸ ᙜ 㸧 ࡀ ᭩ ࠸ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡓ ࡔ ࡋ ࠊ ᮏ ᭩ ࡢ ࠕ ➨ ஧ ༑ ୕ ⦅ 㦵 ┦ Ꮫ ࠖ㸦 XXIII.
PHRENOLOGY㸧ࡣࠊᏛㄝࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆゎㄝࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢞ࣝࡢᏛㄝ࡬ࡢゝཬࡣᖥᮎࡢ⹒Ꮫ᭩࡟ࡶࡍ࡛࡟࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤࠊᓥᮧ㕷௰㸦㰓⏠㸧ࡀ ࣛ࢘ࣂࢵࣁ
㸦Douwe Lubach㸧ࡢ་Ꮫ᭩ࢆ⩻ヂࡋࡓࠗ⏕⌮Ⓨⵚ࠘㸦1866㸧ࡢࠕ⬻⬨㧊ຠ⏝அㄽ࡛ࠖࡣࠕ┦⬻Ꮫࠖ࡜ヂฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 30ࠋ᳃㮆እ࡟ࡣࠕ࢞ࣝࡢᏛㄝࠖ
㸦1900-01㸧࡜࠸࠺ᑠㄽࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠕ඲⚄⤒⣔ゎ๗⏕⌮ࡢᴫㄽཬ⬻ゎ๗⏕⌮ࡢ⣽ㄽࠖࡢᴫせࢆࠕ⥲ㄝࠖࠕゎ๗ㄝࠖࠕ⏕⌮ㄝࠖ࡟ศࡅ࡚ゎㄝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 31ࠋᑓ㛛⏝ㄒࢆከ⏝ࡋࡓᑠㄽࡢෑ㢌࡟ࠕࣇࣛࣥࢶ࣭ࣚ࢜ࢮࢶࣇ࣭࢞ࣝ Franz Joseph Gall ࡣ༡⊂㐓ࡢே࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊა࡚⥔ஓ⣡࡟ᅾࡾ࡚་ࢆᴗ࡜ࡍࠋ඼ᶵ㛵Ꮫ Organologie ࡢㅮ⟙ࡣࠊ୍㠃බ⾗ࡢ᭨㔗ࢆ༤ࡋࠊ୍㠃ቤኴ฼ᨻᗓࡢ᎘␲ࢆཷࡅࡓࡾࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㮆እࡣ124124ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ

Organologie ࢆࠕᶵ㛵Ꮫࠖ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡣ⏝࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ࢞ࣝ
⮬㌟ࡶ phrenology ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ౑⏝ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣ๓࡟㏙࡭ࡓ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
4.4ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡢ⩻ヂ⪅࡜ᰯṇ⪅ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࢆ⩻ヂࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ་Ꮫ⪅ࠊᨻ἞ᐙ࡜ࡋ࡚ά㌍ࡋࡓ㛗㇂ᕝὈ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡶ࠺୍⦅ࠕ᳜≀⥘┠ࠖࡢ⩻ヂࡶᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡣ₎᪉་㛗㇂ᕝ᐀ᩪࡢ㛗⏨࡜ࡋ࡚ 1842
㸦 ኳಖ 13㸧ᖺ࡟㉺ᚋᅜྂᚿ㒆⚟஭ᮧ࡟⏕ࡲࢀࠊ₎Ꮫ⪅㕥ᮌᘺⶶ࡟ᖌ஦ࡋࠊ∗࠿ࡽࡣ₎᪉་ᏛࢆᏛࢇࡔࠋࡑࡋ࡚ 1862㸦ᩥஂ 2㸧ᖺࠊすὒ་Ꮫಟᚓࡢࡓࡵ࡟ୗ⥲బ಴ࡢ㡰ኳᇽ࡟ධᏛࡋࠊబ⸨ᑦ୰࣭ᯇᮏ㡰࡟ᖌ஦ࡋࡓࠋ1869
㸦᫂἞ 2㸧ᖺ࡟኱Ꮫᮾᰯࡢᑡຓᩍ࡜࡞ࡾࠊ1874㸦᫂἞ 7㸧ᖺ࡟㛗ᓮ་Ꮫᰯᰯ㛗࡟ᑵ௵ࡍ
ࡿࠋ1876㸦᫂἞ 9㸧ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊᮾிᮏ㒓ඖ⏫࡟⚾❧་Ꮫᰯࡢ῭⏕Ꮫ⯋ࢆ㛤ᰯࡋከᩘࡢ་
⪅ࢆୡ࡟㏦ࡾࠊᮾிᗓ⑓㝔㛗࣭ෆົ┬⾨⏕ᒁ㛗࡞࡝ࡶṔ௵ࡋ࡚་஦⾜ᨻ࡟㈉⊩ࡋࡓࠋ1890㸦᫂἞ 23㸧ᖺ࡟⾗㆟㝔㆟ဨࠊ1892㸦᫂἞ 25㸧ᖺ࡟ᮾிᕷ఍㆟ဨ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ1903
㸦᫂἞ 36㸧ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊᨻᗓࡢᏛไᙉ໬࠿ࡽ῭⏕Ꮫ⯋ࢆᗫᰯ࡟ࡋ࡚㞃ᒃࡋࡓ 32ࠋ㛗㇂ᕝὈࡢ⩻ヂࢆᰯṇࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊᑠᯘ⑓⩝㸦⑓ᙅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࡢྕ࡛ࠕ࣊࢖࢜࢘ࠖ
࡜ㄞࡴ㸧࡛ࠊᮏྡࡣ⹡୕㑻ࠋᑠᯘࡣᩥ㒊┬⦅᭩ㄢဨ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࡛࠘ࡣ࡯࠿࡟ࡶ
ࠕἲᚊἢ㠉஦యࠖࡢᰯṇࢆᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋబஂ㛫㇟ᒣ㛛ୗ࡛Ꮫࡧࠊᠾ㎮ᡓதᚋ࡟㛗ᒸ⸬኱ཧ஦ࢆົࡵࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㛗ᒸ࡛ࡢேᮦ⫱ᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟ 1869㸦᫂἞ 2㸧࡟ᅜ₎Ꮫᰯ
ࢆ㛤タࡋࠊࡲࡓ⩣ᖺ࡟ࡣᐤ㉗ࡉࢀࡓ⡿ⓒಥࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢ㛗ᒸ㧗ᰯࡢཎᆺࢆタ❧ࡋࡓ 33ࠋࡇࡢ⡿ⓒಥ࡟ࡲࡘࢃࡿ㐓ヰࡣࠊᚋ࡟ᒣᮏ᭷୕ࡢᡙ᭤ࠗ⡿ⓒಥ࠘࡜ࡋ࡚᭷ྡ
࡟࡞ࡾࠊ࿘▱ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᚋୡ࡟ࡶఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 㛗㇂ᕝὈ࡜࠸࠺་Ꮫࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡀ⩻ヂࢆ⾜࠸ࠊᑠᯘ⑓⩝࡜࠸࠺ᅜᏛ࡜₎Ꮫ࡟᫂ࡿ࠸൲
⪅ࡀᰯゞࢆຍ࠼ࡓࡢࡀᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫ࡛ࠖࠊ་Ꮫࡢᑓ㛛▱㆑࡜ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ᩍ㣴ࡀ⼥ྜࡉࢀࡓ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
5㸬㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡞ㄒࡾ 19 ୡ⣖๓༙࡟すὒ࡛ὶ⾜ࡋࡓ phrenology ࡀ᪥ᮏ࡬࡜ึࡵ࡚⤂௓ࡉࢀࡓ᫬ᮇࡣ᫂☜࡟≉ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊඛ㏙ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾᖥᮎࡢ⹒Ꮫ⪅ࡽ࡟ࡶ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡣ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ₎ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕே┦ࠖࠕほ┦ࠖࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࡞࡝࡜࠸࠺ୗᆅࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊphrenology ࡣすὒ⏤᮶ࡢᏛㄝ࡜ࡋ࡚᪥ᮏ࡛ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡓࠋ᫂἞ึᮇ࡟ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ヂฟࡉࢀࡓᩥ
㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢ୍⦅ࡣࠊ
ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺⩻ヂㄒࡢึฟ࡟㝈ࡾ࡞ࡃ㏆ࡃࠊࡇࡢᏛㄝࢆヲ㏙ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㦵┦Ꮫࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࠺࠼࡛⏬ᮇ࡜࡞ࡿ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏆௦ⓗ⛉Ꮫᛶ࡟ࡅࢇᘬࡉࢀࡓᩥ᫂㛤໬ࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ⬻ࡸ⚄⤒࡟⾲㇟ࡉࢀࡿゎ๗Ꮫⓗど⥺ࡀᣑᩓࡋ௚⪅ࡢෆ㠃ࢆྍど໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᩥᏛ⾲⌧ࡶࡑࡢ౛እ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

125
125

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  

5.1 ෗ᐇ࡜㦵┦Ꮫ 㦵┦Ꮫࡣ㏆௦᪥ᮏᩥᏛࢆኚ࠼ࡓࠋ
㏆௦ⓗ෗ᐇ୺⩏ࡣᆤෆ㏯㐶࡟ጞࡲࡿࠊ࡜ࡍࡿࡢࡀ᪥ᮏᩥᏛྐࡢᐃㄝ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ 34ࠋࡓ
ࡔࡋࠊ㏯㐶⮬㌟ࡣࠕ෗ᐇ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᦼ෗ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋᩥᏛኈᆤෆ㞝ⶶ
㸦㏯㐶㸧࡟ࡼࡿࠗᑠㄝ⚄㧊࠘
㸦1885-86㸧ࡣࠊࠕᑠㄝࡢ⨾⾡ࡓࡿ⏤ࢆ᫂ࡽࡵࡲࡃࡏࣂࡲ࡙
⨾⾡ࡢఱࡓࡿࢆࣂ▱ࡽࡊࡿྍࡽࡎࠖ࡜ࠊࠕᑠㄝࠖࢆࠕ⨾⾡ࠖ࡜ࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛ࠊࠕ⨾⾡ࠖ࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࢆၥ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ጞࡲࡿᩥᏛ⌮ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢࠕ⨾⾡ࠖࡣ⌧௦ࡢࠕⱁ⾡ࠖ࡟┦ᙜ㸧ࠋ㏯㐶ࡣࣇ࢙ࣀࣟࢧ㸦Ernest Francisco Fenollosa㸧ࡢࠗ⨾⾡┿ㄝ࠘ࡸᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕಟ㎡ཬ⳹ᩥࠖ35 ࡞࡝ࡶ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚ࠊ
ࠕ⨾⾡ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᩥᏛㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚
ᑠㄝࡢ✀㢮࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ ᦼ෗ᑠㄝࠖ
㸦 artistic novel㸧ࢆ㏻಑ⓗ࡞່ᠬᑠㄝ࡜ᑐẚࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࠋ
ᦼ෗ᑠㄝ㸦࢔࣯ࢳࢫࢳࢶࢡࠋࣀ࣋ࣝ㸧ࣁᡤㅝ່ᠬ࡜ࣁ඲ࡃ඼ᛶ㉁ࢆ␗࡟ࡋࡓࡿࡶ
ࡢ࡟࡚඼୺ព೫࡟ୡែࢆࣂ෗ࡋ࠸ࡔࡍ࡟እ࡞ࡽࡊࡿ࡞ࡾࡉࢀࣂே≀ࢆ௬సࡍࡿ࡟
ࡶࡲࡓ඼⬮Ⰽࢆタࡃࡿ࡟ࡶ๓࡟㏙࡭ࡓࡿ୺║ࢆయࡋ࡚ྈ⟶௬✵ࡢே≀࡜ࡋ࡚௬✵⏺⿹࡟άືࡏࡋࡵ࡚┿࡟㐕ࡽࡋࡵࡴ࡜ຊࡴࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡾ㆜ࣂリேࡀリḷࢆࡶࡢࡋ࡚
┿ᬒࢆ෗ࡋ┿᝟ࢆࡣࡁ⏬ᕤࡀ୹㟷ࢆࡶ࡚ⰼ㫽ᒣỈࢆᥥࡁ᙮ീᖌࡀ㖼ࢆࡶ࡚ேࡲࡓ
ࣁ⋇ࡢᙧࢆ᙮ࢀࡿࡀዴࡃᑓࡽ┿࡟㐕ࡿࢆ୺࡜ࡋ࡚㊃ྥࢆᵓ࡬ิఏࢆࡲ࠺ࡅே᝟ୡ
ែࢆ✸࡚ࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡾ 36
ࡉࡽ࡟㏯㐶ࡣⓏሙே≀ࡢᛶ㉁ᥥ෗࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ㝜ᡭẁࠖ࡜ࠕ㝧ᡭẁࠖ࡜࠸࠺ ஧ࡘࡢ᪉ἲࢆㄝ᫂ࡋࠊࠕ ࠶ࡽࡣ࡟ே≀ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆླྀࡏࡎࡋ࡚ᬯ࡟ゝ⾜࡜ᣲື࡜ࢆࡶ࡚඼ᛶ㉁ࢆ▱ࡽࡍࡿἲࠖࡀ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢఏ⤫ⓗᥥࡁ᪉࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡀ㝜ᡭẁ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㝧ᡭẁ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ ࡲ࡙ே≀ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆࡤ࠶ࡽࣁ࡟ᆅࡢᩥࡶ࡚ླྀࡋ࠸ࡔࡋ࡚அࢆㄞ⪅࡟ࡋࡽࡏ࠾ࡃ࡞ࡾすὒࡢస⪅ࣁᴫࡋ࡚Ṉἲࢆ⏝ࡩࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࡾࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡑࡋ࡚㝧ᡭẁࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠕ࠶
ࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊࠊ
ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢ⥘㡿ࢆ▱ࡾே┦㦵┦ࡢᏛ⌮ ࢆࡋࡶ఍ᚓࡏࡊࢀࣂྔࡣࡠࡇ࡜࡞ࡾࠖ
㸦ᙉㄪࡣᘬ⏝⪅ 㸧࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 37ࠋࡇࡢᩥᏛ⌮ㄽࢆᐇ㊶ࡋࡓྠᖺࡢ㏯㐶ࠗᙜୡ᭩⏕Ẽ㉁࡛࠘

ࡣࠊ୺ேබࡢᑠ⏫⏣⢤∞ࡀḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᥥ࠿ࢀࡓࠋ
඼ᐜయࣁ࠸࠿࡟࡜࠸ࡩ࡟ࠋᖺࡢẚࣁ஧༑୍஧ࠋ⑭⫗࡟ࡋ࡚୰⫼ࠋⰍࣁⓑࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ
㯇ࡸ࠿࡞ࡽࡡࣂࠋࡲ࡙㟷ⓑ࠸࡜࠸ࡩࠋⓖⰍ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡋࠋ㰯㧗ࡃ║Ύࡋࡃࠋཱྀඖࡶࡲ
ࡓᑜᖖ࡟࡚ࠋ㡾ࡿୖရ࡞ࡿᐜⓖ࡞ࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ㢋ࡢᑡࡋࡃพࡓࡿሷᱵࠋ㧥࡟Ⓑ࠶ࡿᵝᏊ࡞ࢇ࡝ࣁࠋ⚄⤒㉁ࡢே≀ࡽࡋࡃࠋ಑࡟ᡤㅝⱞປᛶࡒ࡜ഐ࡛ぢࡿࡉ࡬➗Ṇࡽࡋࡃ38ࠋே≀ࡢᖺᜦዲ࡜య᱁ࢆࡊࡗ࡜㏙࡭ࡓ࠺࠼࡛ᐜㇺ࡟⛣ࡾࠊࠕ㰯㧗ࡃࠖࠕ㢋ࡢᑡࡋࡃพࡓ
ࡿࠖ࡜࠸࠺㢦ࡢ㦵┦࡟౫ᣐࡋ࡚ࠕ⚄⤒㉁ࠖ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜᥎
126
126

ࡍࡿࡢࡔࠋㄒࡾᡭࡣ

ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࠕ㝧ᡭẁࠖࢆ⏝࠸࡚ࠊ୺ேබࡢᐜయ࡜࠸࠺እ㠃ࢆᥥࡃࡇ࡜࡛ᙼࡢᛶ㉁࡜࠸࠺ෆ㠃ࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋட஭⚽㞝ࡣࠊ㏯㐶ࡢᩥᏛ⌮ㄽࠗᑠㄝ⚄㧊࠘ࡸࡑࡢ⌮ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸
ࡓᐇస࡛࠶ࡿࠗᙜୡ᭩⏕Ẽ㉁࠘࡟ࠊᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᣦ
᦬ࡍࡿ 39ࠋ⳥ụ኱㯄ヂࠕಟ㎡ཬ⳹ᩥࠖࡀࠗᑠㄝ⚄㧊࠘࡟㛗ࡃᘬ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊ㏯㐶ࡀྠࡌࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢ୍⦅࡛࠶ࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡶ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ☜࠿࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ஧ⴥீᅄ㏞ࡢホㄽࠕᑠㄝ⥲ㄽࠖ㸦1886㸧࡛ࡣࠕᦼ෗࡜࠸࡬ࡿࡇ࡜ࣁᐇ┦ࢆ௬ࡾ࡚⹫┦ࢆ෗ࡋฟࡍ࡜࠸ࡩࡇ࡜࡞ࡾࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣࠕ㏯㐶ࡢࣜ࢔ࣜࢬ࣒
ㄽࡢᢈุⓗ῝໬ࠖ࡜ᤊ࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ 40ࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑᅄ㏞ࡢࠗᾋ㞼࠘㸦1887-89㸧ࡣࠊ㏆௦᪥ᮏࡢᑠㄝࡢᄏ▮࡜ࡉࢀࡿࡢࡔࠋࡇࡢὶࢀࡣ◵཭♫ࢆ⤒࡚ゝᩥ୍⮴㐠ື࡜㐃ືࡋࠊ᫂἞
40 ᖺ௦ࡢ⮬↛୺⩏࡬࡜᥋⥆ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ㏯㐶ࠗᙜୡ᭩⏕Ẽ㉁࠘ࡼࡾࡶࡉࡽ࡟ඞ᫂࡟㢦ࡢ㐀సࢆᥥ෗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊே≀ࡢᛶ᱁ࡸࡑࡢ㐠࿨ࡲ࡛ࡶ⾲⌧ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡓࡢࡀࠗᾋ
㞼࠘ࡢㄒࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ➨୍ᅇ࡛ࡣࠊࡩࡓࡾࡢⓏሙே≀ࡣᅛ᭷ྡモࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡎࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞እぢࢆᣢࡘ⏨࡜ࡋ࡚⤂௓ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㏵ୖேᙳࡢ⛥ࢀ࡟ᡂࡘࡓ㡭ྠࡌぢ㝃ࡢෆࡼࡾ୧ேࡢᑡᖺࡀヰࡋ࡞ࡀࡽฟ࡚ཧ ࡘࡓࠋ୍ேࡣᖺ㱋஧༑஧୕ࡢ⏨ࠋ㢦Ⰽࡣ⵬࿡୐ศ࡟ᅵẼ୕ศ࡝࠺ࡶᐅᩜ࡞࠸ࡀ⚽ࡓ┱࡟එ↛࡜ࡋࡓ║௜࡛ࢬ࣮࡜ᢲᚭࡘࡓ㰯➽၏ᝰဢཱྀඖࡀல࡜ᑜᖖ࡛࡞࠸ࡤ࠿ࡾࠊ
ࡋ࠿ࡋ⥾ࡣࡼࡉࡑ࠺ࡺ ࢅ⤮ⲡ⣬ᒇࡢ๓࡟❧ࡘ࡚ࡶࣃࢶࢡࣜ㛤ࡃ࡞࡝࢏࠸ࡩẼ㐵࠸ࣁ᭷ࡿࡲ࠸ࡀඡ࡟ゅ㢞ࡀᑤࡘ࡚㢋㦵ࡀ㟢ࢀ㠀㐨ࡃⓇࢀ࡚ࢄࡿᨾ࠿㢦ࡢ㐀సࡀ࡜ࡆ࡜ࡆࡋ࡚ࢄ࡚ឡᎲẼ࡜࠸ࡘࡓࡽᚤሻࡶ࡞ࡋࠋ㓶ࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࡀఱฎ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡃࢣࣥ
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⫼ࡣࢫࣛࣜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࢄࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ᕥ⪋ᕬ㧗࠸࡜࠸ࡩ⛬࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࡀ⑭⫗ࡺࢅ༙㚝࡞ࢇ࡜ࡸࡽ࡜࠸ࡩே⪺ࡢᝏ࠸‐ྡ࡟⦕ࡀ᭷ࡾࡉ࠺࡛ࠊᖺᩘ≀࡞ࡀࡽᦾ␚⓾ࡢᏑࡌࡓ㟖㝆ࠕࢫࢥࢶࢳࠖࡢ᭹ࢆ㌟࡟⧳ࢶ࡚⤌⣣ࢆ┙ᖏ࡟ࡋࡓᖗ᷎ᗈ࡞㯮⨶⣪ࡢᖗᏊࢆᡝ࠸࡚ࢄࠊ௒୍ேࡣ๓ࡢ⏨ࡼࡾ஧ࢶ୕ࢶ඗ࡽࡋࡃ୰⫗୰⫼࡛Ⰽⓑࡢ୸㢦ࠋཱྀඖࡢᑜᖖ࡞ᡤ࠿ࡽ║௜ࡢࣃ ࢶࢳࣜ࡜ࡋࡓᡤࡣ௰ࠎࡢዲ⏨Ꮚ࡞ࡀࡽ㢦❧ࡀࡦࡡ࡚ࡇࡏࡇࡏࡋ࡚ࢄࡿࡢ࡛ఱ࡜࡞ࡃရ᱁ࡢ࡞࠸⏨ 41ࠋ ࡦ࡜ࡾࡣࠕ㰯➽ࠖࡀ㏻ࡾࠕ㢞ࠖࡀᑤࡾࠕ㢋㦵ࠖࡀฟࡓ࡞࡝࡜㢦ࡢ㦵┦࡟ࡇࡔࢃࡗ࡚
ᥥ࠿ࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࠕ࡜ࡆ࡜ࡆࡋ࡚ࠖࠕఱฎ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡃࢣࣥࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ㄒࡽࢀࡿࠋ➨஧ᅇ࡛ࡣࡇࡢ⏨࡟ࠕෆᾏᩥ୕ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ྡ๓ࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀࠊ
ࠕᛶ㉁ࡀෆ➃࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶྠ᫬࡟ᢨ㟢ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶ࠺ࡦ࡜ࡾࡣࠕ୸㢦࡛ࠖࠕࡇࡏࡇࡏࠖࡋࡓࠕရ᱁ࡢ࡞࠸⏨࡛ࠖࠊ୺ேබࡢᩥ
୕࡜ᑐẚⓗ࡞㍯㒌ࡢ㢦ࢆࡶࡘࠋᙼࡢጣࡀࠕᮏ⏣࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡍࡿࡢࡣࡎࡗ࡜㐜ࡃࠊ➨஬ᅇࡲ࡛ㄞࡳ㐍ࡵࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢḟࡢ➨භᅇ࡛ࡣࠕᮏ⏣᪼ࠖ࡜ࣇࣝࢿ࣮
࣒࡛Ⓩሙࡋࠊୡ㎡࡟㛗ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡞࡝ᩥ୕࡜ࡣṇ཯ᑐࡢせ㡿ࡢⰋ࠸ᛶ᱁ࡀᥥ࠿ࢀ࡚ࠊ
ࡩࡓࡾࡢ⾜ࡃᮎࡀᬯ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋᅇࢆ㔜ࡡ࡚ㄞࡳ⥆ࡅࡿ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ➨୍ᅇ࡛ࡢᙼࡽࡢ㦵┦࠿ࡽ᝿ീࡉࢀࡓෆ㠃ࡀḟࠎ࡜᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⤖ᮎࡣ㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡞ᮇᚅࢆ⿬ษࡽ࡞࠸ࠋㄒ
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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  ࡾᡭ࡜ㄞ⪅ࡀ㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡞ࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ
ࠗᾋ㞼࠘࡜࠸࠺ᩥᏛࢸࢡࢫࢺࡣᒎ㛤ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚㢦ࡢ㐀సࢆほᐹࡋ࡚㦵┦ࢆᥥࡁࠊࡑࡢே≀ࡢෆ㠃ࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿ᪉ἲࡀ⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡓࠋࠕ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲ࡟ᦼ෗ࡍࡿࠖ㸦㏯㐶㸧ࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮᝿࡜ࡋࡓ෗ᐇ୺⩏ᑠㄝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡟௚⪅ࢆどࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࡑࡢᛶ᱁ࡸ㐠࿨ࡀ᥎ࡋ㔞ࡽࢀࡿࠋⓏሙே≀ࡢእ㠃ࠊ≉࡟㢦ࡢ㦵┦ࢆඞ᫂࡟ᶍ෗ࡋࡓᩥᏛࡀෆ㠃ࢆⓎぢࡋጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡃࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
5.2 ෗⏕࡜㦵┦Ꮫ㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡞ࡲ࡞ࡊࡋ࡟ࡼࡿ⾲⌧᪉ἲࡣࠊṇᒸᏊつࡽࡢࠕ෗⏕ᩥࠖ㸦ླྀ஦ᩥ㸧࡟ࡶ㏻
ࡌࡿ 42ࠋᏊつࡢᥦၐࢆཷࡅ⥅࠸ࡔࡦ࡜ࡾᐮᕝ㰡㦵ࡣࠊ1900㸦᫂἞ 33㸧ᖺ 5 ᭶ࡢࠗ࣍ࢺ
ࢺࢠࢫ࠘࡟෗⏕ᩥࠕ᪂ᅃேࠖࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ㰡㦵ࡢసရࡣ෗⏕ᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᏊつࡣࠕ⊹୰ࣀࢥࢺࣁྩࣀᩥࢽࣚࣜࢸఏࣁࣜྩࣀྡࣁ⊹୰ㄯࢽࣚࣜࢸṧࣝ఩ࣀ኱ษࢼࣝᩥ❶ࠖ㸦᫂἞ 33 ᖺ 6 ᭶ 11 ᪥௜ࠊ㰡㦵ᐄ᭩⡆㸧࡜⛠㈶ࡋࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࠊ㰡㦵ࡣ᪂⪺ࠗ᪥ᮏ࠘ࡢ⨫ྡேࡔࡗࡓࡀࠊᅜศ㟷ཇࡢ♫ㄝࡀᒣ⦩᭷᭸㤳┦࡬ࡢㄦㅫ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
࡛ᐁྣ౲㎯⨥࡜࡞ࡾࠊᕢ㬞┘⊹࡟཰┘ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ᫬ࡢᵝᏊࢆᥥ࠸ࡓయ
㦂グ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ᪂ᅃேࠖ࡟ࠊ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ౑⏝ࡉࢀࡿሙ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦 ᙉㄪࡣᘬ⏝⪅ 㸧ࠋ

ࠊࠊࠊᙼࢀ࡜࠸ࡩࡢࡣ஧༑୐ඵṓࡢᒾ␬࡟ฟ᮶ࡓ⏨࡛ࠊవࡢᮍ⇍࡞㦵┦Ꮫ ࡢᬛ㆑࡟ࡼࡘ
ุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿᡤ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊỴࡋ࡚ᝏ࠸஦ࢆࡍࡿࡸ࠺࡞㠃ᵓ࡬ࡌࡸ࡞࠸ࠊྰᑀࢁ⮳ᴟࡢၿே࡛⮳ᴟࡸࡉࡋ࠸∗ࡓࡿே࡛࠶ࡿࡽࡋ࠸ࠋవࡣఱᨾ࡟ᙼࢀࡢࡸ࠺࡞ၿேࡀࢥ
ࠊࠊࠊࣥࢼฎ࡬ࡸࡘ࡚᮶ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡽ࠺࠿ࠊᡈࡣవࡢ㦵┦Ꮫ ࡣᑡࡋࡶ┿ࢆ✸ࡕᚓ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛
࠶ࡽ࠺࠿ࠊవࡀᙼࢀࢆၿே࡜ᛮࡘࡓࡢࡣ඲ࡃ㛫㐪ࡦ࡛ࠊᐇࡣၿே࡛࡞ࡃ༢࡟ၿே
ࡽࡋ࠸ࡢ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠿ࡘࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡲࡇ࡜ࡣእ㠃ࡢࡳࡢ⳶⸃ࡓࡿ࡟Ṇࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡽ࠺࠿ࠊ
Ỵࡋ࡚ࡉ࠺ࡽࡋࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀేࡋேࡣぢ࠿ࡅ࡟౫ࡽࡠ࡜࠸ࡩ᱁ゝࡶ࠶ࡿࡶࡢ࢏஦ࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ࡞࡝࢏ᛮࡘ࡚㐙ࡦ࡟ᙼࢀ࡟ᙼࢀࡢ⨥ྡ࡜⫋ᴗ࡜ࢆᑜࡡࡓࠊᡤࡀ
ࠊࠊࠊవࡢ㦵┦Ꮫ ࡣ᱌እ㛫㐪ࡘ࡚ᒃ࡞࠿ࡘࡓ࠿ࡽ୙ᛮ㆟ࡔࡼࠊᙼࢀࡣవ࡜ྠ⨥࡛࠶ࡘ࡚ᐁྣ౲㎯࡜࠸ࡩ⨥ྡࡢୗ࡟ᢞ⊹ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊᙼࢀࡣవࡢ᝿ീࡢዴࡃⰪ὾࠶ࡓ
ࡾࡢ᯾㕲ᕤሙ࡬㏻໅ࡋ࡚ࢄࡓṇ┤࡞໅ຮ࡞ࡉ࠺ࡋ࡚ၿⰋ࡞୍ಶࡢ⫋ே࡛࠶ࡿࠊஅ
ࢀᙼࢀࡢవ࡟⟅ࡩࡿᡤ࡛࠶ࡘ࡚ᑡࡋࡶბࡢ࡞࠸஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ 43ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸ⥥ᐦ࡞㢦ࡢ㐀సࢆᥥ෗ࡍࡿᚲせࡉ࠼࡞ࡃࠊసရෆ࡛㦵┦Ꮫࡢṇྰࡀၥࢃࢀࡿࡲ࡛࡟ࠊࡑࡢࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࡀ๓ᥦ࡜࡞ࡾㄞ⪅࡜ඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎㄒࡾᡭࡣ
㦵┦Ꮫࡢ▱㆑࡛ࠊ
ࠕᙼࠖࢆࠕၿேࠖ࡜ᛮ࠺ࡀࠊࡑࡢ┤ᚋ࡟ࠕேࡣぢ࠿ࡅ࡟౫ࡽࡠ࡜࠸ࡩ
᱁ゝࠖࡶ㢌ࢆ㐣ࡾࠊᐇ㝿࡟ᑜࡡ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜࠸࠺⾜Ⅽ࡟ฟࡓࠋࠕᙼࠖࡢ⨥ྡࡀ⮬ศ࡜ྠࡌࠕᐁ
ྣ౲㎯ࠖ࡜ุ᫂ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝࠊࡑࡢே≀ࡣࡸࡣࡾࠕၿⰋ࡞୍ಶࡢ⫋ே࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ஦ᐇ
࡜ࡋ࡚☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ㦵┦Ꮫࡢṇࡋࡉ࡟ᖐ⤖ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
128128

ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ㰡㦵ࡢ෗⏕ᩥ࡛ࡣࠊすὒ㏆௦ࡢࠕ⛉Ꮫ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㦵┦Ꮫ࡟௬クࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᐈ
ほⓗ࡞෗⏕࡜࠸࠺⹫ᵓࢆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࡓ࡜ࡶゝ࠼ࡿࠋࠕᮍ⇍࡞㦵┦Ꮫࡢᬛ㆑ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᥍࠼ࡵ
࡞⾲⌧࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊࡑࡢุ᩿ࡀࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖⓗ࡞ほᐹ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ᥥ෗ࡉࢀࠊ
ࠕᑡࡋࡶბࡢ࡞࠸
஦ᐇࠖࡀࠊ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺Ꮫㄝࢆㄞ⪅࡜ඹ᭷ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⿬௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡢࡔࠋ
ᆤෆ㏯㐶ࠊ஧ⴥீᅄ㏞ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ᐮᕝ㰡㦵ࡽࡢᩥᏛసရ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡞ㄒࡾࡣࠊ
Ⓩሙே≀ࡢእ㠃࠿ࡽෆ㠃ࢆⓎぢࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᡭἲ࡟௚࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ၏≀ㄽⓗ࡟ᛶ᱁ࢆ⬻࡬࡜㑏ඖࡍࡿど⥺ࡀࠊ෗ᐇ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ෗⏕ⓗ⾲⌧࡟㏻ᗏࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㏆௦᪥ᮏᩥᏛ࡟࠾࠸࡚㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡓ㢦ࡢ㐀సࡀㄒࡽࢀጞࡵࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ㢦࡜࠸࠺࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓ
㢼ᬒ࡞࡝ࠊ࠿ࡘ࡚ࡣᩥᏛసရࡢᑐ㇟࡟ࡉ࠼࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡯࡝࡟ᖹซ࡞᪥ᖖ࡛ࡋ࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ
㦵┦Ꮫ࡟ࡼࡿ௚⪅ࢆどࡿࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࡣ᪥ᮏᩥᏛࡢ㏆௦ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࡔࠋ
6. ␲ఝ⛉Ꮫࡢ㏆௦
6.1 ㏞ಙ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ㦵┦ Ⓩሙே≀ࡢ㢦࡜࠸࠺᪥ᖖࢆᩥᏛࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡟ㄒࡽࡏࡓ㦵┦Ꮫࡢど⥺ࡣࠊ㏆௦ࡢ㠀᪥ᖖⓗୡ⏺࡟ࡶ㛤࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᫂἞ᮇࡣᚰ㟋⾡ࡸദ╀⾡࡜࡜ࡶ࡟グ᠈⾡ࡀ኱ὶ⾜ࡋࡓ᫬௦࡛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ⌧௦ࡢཷ㦂ཧ⪃᭩ࡢῡ※࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞グ᠈⾡࡟㛵ࡍࡿከᩘࡢⴭ᭩ࡀࠊᙜ᫬
ࡢ❧㌟ฟୡ࢖ࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࢆୗᨭ࠼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢὶ⾜ࡣࠊグ᠈⾡ࣈ࣮࣒ࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ே㛫ࡢ⬻ࡸෆ㠃࡬ࡢ㏆௦⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞㛵ᚰࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࡢࡇ࡜ࡔࠋ୰ᮧṇ┤ࠗすᅜ❧ᚿఏ࠘㸦1871㸧
ࡸ⚟⃝ㅍྜྷࠗᏛၥࡢࡍ࢏ࡵ࠘㸦1872-76㸧ࡀ࣋ࢫࢺࢭ࣮ࣛ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㡭࡟ࠊ❧㌟ฟୡࢆせㄳࡍࡿ➇த♫఍ࡢཎᆺࡣࡍ࡛࡟ฟ᮶ୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ 44ࠋࡑࡢ࡞࠿࡛຾⪅࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ
ຠ⋡ⓗ࡞グ᠈⾡ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ദ╀⾡ࡢࣈ࣮࣒ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ௚⪅ࡢෆ㠃ࢆ⬻ᶵ⬟࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖⓗ࡟ゎ᫂ࡋࡓ࠿࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡓ㦵┦Ꮫࡢ㏆௦ࡣ௚᪉࡛ࡲࡓࠊ࢜࢝ࣝࢺⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡬࡜᥋⥆ࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺༴࠺ࡉࡶ⛎ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ 45ࠋ
㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㦵┦Ꮫࡢᮎ㊰ࡣࠊ་Ꮫྐࡢ❧ሙ࠿ࡽᐩኈᕝ​ࡢゎㄝࡀᬯ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕಙ௮࡜㏞ಙ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㏻಑⛉Ꮫᒎぴ఍ࠖࡢࡓࡵ࡟཰㞟ࡋࡓ㈨ᩱ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ࠊࠕ㦵┦⾡ࠖࢆ㏞ಙ࡜ࡋ࡚⥲ᣓࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㦵┦⾡࡜ࡣࠊすὒ࡟࡚⾜ࢃࡿࡿ┦ἲ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࢆࠕࣇࣞࣀࣟࢠ࣮ࠖ
㸦Phrenologie㸧࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㢌㦵⾲㠃ࡢᙧ≧ࢆぢ࡚ࡑࡢேࡢ⢭⚄స⏝ࡢ≉ᛶࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡢ⾡࡛࠶ࡿࠋጞ
ࡵ࡚ࠊࡇࡢ⾡ࢆၐ࠼ࡓࡢࡣࠊቤኴ฼ࡢゎ๗Ꮫ⪅ࡢ࢞ࣝẶ㸦1757 ᖺ⏕ࠊ1828 ᖺἐ㸧࡛ࠊࡑࡢㄝࡃ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ᣐࢀࡤࠊேࠎࡢ⬻㧊࡟ࡣ⌮ゎ࣭ឤ᝟࣭⾪ື➼ಶࠎࡢ⢭⚄స⏝ࢆႠࡴ㒊ศࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࢆ⢭⚄ჾᐁ࡜⛠ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࡇࡢ㒊ศ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿ㢌㦵ࡢᙧ≧➼ࢆほ࡚ࠊእ㒊࠿ࡽࡑࡢⓎ㐩ࢆ❚࠸▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀฟ
᮶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ࡚ࡑࡢேࡢ⢭⚄స⏝ࡢ≉ᛶࡀ▱ࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㦵┦⾡
ࡢ㊃᪨࡛࠶ࡿ 46ࠋ
1910㸦 ᫂἞ 43㸧ᖺ 2 ᭶࡟ᮾிᖇᅜ኱Ꮫ࡛⾜ࡗࡓᚰ⌮Ꮫ㏻಑ㅮヰ఍࡛ࡢࠕ㦵┦࡜ே┦ࠖ
129129

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᐩኈᕝࡣࠕ㌟యࡢእ⾲ࢆぢ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢேࡢᛶ᱁ⱝࡋࡃࡣ㐠ໃࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿ᪉⾡ࠖ࡜㏙࡭࡚ࠊࠕ⾡ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢഃ㠃ࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 47ࠋ㦵┦ࠕᏛ࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
㏞ಙࢆྲྀࡾ㎸ࢇࡔ␲ఝ⛉Ꮫࡢ㦵┦ࠕ⾡ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚㟼ほࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿ་Ꮫྐࡢ❧ሙࡀឤࡌࡽࢀࡿࠋࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ᮅࡢⱥᅜ࡛㦵┦Ꮫࡢ୰ᚰே≀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࢪ࣮ࣙࢪ࣭ࢡ࣮࣒ࡢ A System ofPhrenology ࡀࠊỌᓟ⚽ᶞヂࠗᛶ┦Ꮫཎㄽ࠘㸦1918㸧࡜ࡋ࡚㑥ヂࡀฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡶྠ᫬
ᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ 48ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㦵┦Ꮫ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᛶ┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ヂࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢヂㄒࡣ▼㱟Ꮚࡀࠕᛶ┦Ꮫ఍ࠖࢆ๰タࡋࠊᶵ㛵ㄅࠗᛶ┦࠘ࢆⓎ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡜↓㛵ಀ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࢁ࠺ 49ࠋ▼ᐙࡣỤᡞᮇ࡟ึ௦▼㱟Ꮚࡀ་ᴗࡢഐࡽほ┦Ꮫࢆጞࡵࡓࡀࠊ➨ 3 ௦ࡢ࡜ࡁ 1800㸦ᏳỌ
9㸧ᖺ࡟ࡣࠊほ┦Ꮫࡀ་Ꮫ࠿㝜㝧Ꮫ࠿࡛⿢ุ࡟ࡲ࡛࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶఏࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
᫂἞ᮎᮇ࠿ࡽ኱ṇᮎᮇ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ࠕ▼㱟Ꮚࣈ࣮࣒ࠖࡢ฿᮶ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ 50ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᫬௦ࢆ⤒࡚ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡣᣑᩓࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡶࠊ㏆௦ࡢ␲ఝ⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡋ࡚↓ព㆑ࡢୡ⏺࡬࡜㏥࠸࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢࡔࠋ
6.2 ⛉Ꮫ࡜࢜࢝ࣝࢺࡢ㏆௦⚾ࡓࡕࡢᚰࡸ⢭⚄࡜࠸࠺ෆ㠃ࡣࠊ୙ྍど࡛࠶ࡿࡀࡺ࠼࡟⚄⛎ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ19 ୡ⣖ࡢ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦ࡣࠊ⬻ࡸ⚄⤒࡜࠸࠺ࠕ⛉Ꮫ࡛ࠖࡑࢀࢆྍど໬ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ヨࡳࡓࠋ࢘࢕࣮
ࣥࡢ་⪅࣓ࢫ࣓ࣝ㸦Franz Anton Mesmer㸧ࡀ⌮ㄽ໬ࡋࡓື≀☢Ẽ㸦animal magnetism㸧ࡀࠕࢥࢵࢡࣜࡉࢇࠖࢆ࿧ࡧ㎸ࡳࠊ㏆௦ദ╀⾡࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࠊࡉࡽ࡟෗┿ᢏ⾡࠿ࡽᚰ㟋෗┿ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ලྜ࡟ࠊ㏆௦࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠕ⛉Ꮫࠖࡀ࢜࢝ࣝࢺⓗ࡞࠸࠿ࡀࢃࡋࡉ࡬
࡜ᐜ᫆࡟཯㌿ࡍࡿᚰ㟋୺⩏ࡢ᫬௦࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣓ࢫ࣓ࣝࡢၐ࠼ࡓ࣓ࢫ࣓ࣜࢬ࣒࡛ࡣࠊ
ື≀☢Ẽ࡜࠸࠺ᏱᐂⓗὶయࡢᏑᅾ࡟ࡑࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᇶ┙ࢆ౫ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ 51ࠋ
࢜ࢵ࣌ࣥࣁ࢖࣒㸦Janet Oppenheim㸧ࡶᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᚰ㟋୺⩏ࡣ㏆௦⛉Ꮫࡢ⿦࠸
ࢆ࠸ࡘࡶ㌟࡟ࡲ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋⱥᅜࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ᮅ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡑࡢ⛉Ꮫᓫᣏࡢ࡞࠿࡛ࠊ
ࠕᙉຊ࡞⛉Ꮫⓗドᣐ࡜⛉Ꮫⓗ㆟ㄽࡀࠊఏ⤫ⓗ᐀ᩍࡢಙᛕࢆᘬࡁ⿣࠸࡚࠾ࡁ࡞ࡀࡽࠊே
㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ࡢせồ࡟ᛂ࠼ࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᗊㆤࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸ࡢࢆぢ࡚ࠊᜍᛧ࡟࠿ࡽࢀࡿࣦ
࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ேࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜࠸࠺ 52ࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊᚰ࡜㌟య࡜࠸࠺ྂ࠸㆟ㄽ࡬ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡢࡀࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࣓ࢫ࣓ࣜࢬ࣒࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ 19 ୡ⣖๓༙ࡢⱥᅜ࡛㝯┒ࡋࡓᛮ₻࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࠋ࡝ࡕࡽࡶ၏≀ㄽⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ⢭⚄࡬ࡶ┠㓄ࡾࡀࡁ࠸࡚࠸ࡓⅬࡀඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
᭱ᚋ࡟ࠊ㦵┦Ꮫ࡟ࡣ⌧௦ࡢᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡬ࡢ㈉⊩ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ௜ࡅຍ࠼࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋࡇࢀ
ࡣࠊ⬻ࡀᚰࡢჾᐁ࡜ࡋ࡚ᛮ⪃࡜ឤ᝟ࡢ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢࡔࠋ㦵┦Ꮫࡢ⌮ㄽⓗᇶ┙ࡣ⬻ᶵ⬟ࡢᒁᅾㄽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⬻࡜࠸࠺⫗యჾᐁࢆࠕ⤒㦂୺⩏ⓗほᐹ࡜ᶵ⬟ⓗ᥎ㄽࡢᑐ㇟ࠖ࡜ࡋࡓ 53ࠋ㦵┦Ꮫࡢ၏≀ほࡣᚰ࡜࠸࠺ၥ㢟⣔ࢆᙧ⪋ୖᏛ࠿ࡽᩆ࠸ฟࡍࡶ
ࡢ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡔࠋ⬻ჾᐁࡢ≉ᐃࡢ㒊఩ࡸ㢌⵹㦵ࡢᙧ≧࡜ே㛫ࡢᛶ᱁ࡸಶᛶ࡜ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁࢆඛ㦂ⓗ࡟᝿ᐃࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓⅬࡣࡢࡕ࡟ᢈุࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ௚᪉࡛⬻ᶵ⬟࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⮫ᗋⓗ㛵ᚰࢆႏ㉳ࡍࡿࡁࡗ࠿ࡅ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡾࠊᚰ⌮Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦ⓗᏛ▱ࡢඛ㥑࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓ 54ࠋ130130ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ

7. ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ ♫఍㐍໬ㄽⓗ࡞ࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࢽࢬ࣒ࡢ᫬௦ᛮ₻࡜┦ಗࡗ࡚ࠊphrenology ࡣᖥᮎ㛤ᅜᮇࡢ᪥ᮏ࡟฿᮶ࡋᣑᩓࡋࡓࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊすὒ㏆௦ࡢࠕ⛉ᏛࠖⓗᏛㄝ࡛࠶ࡿ phrenology ࢆヲ㏙ࡋࡓ Chambers’s Information for the People ࡜ࡑࡢ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺࢆࡵࡄࡗ࡚ࠊྠ᫬௦ࡢ
ゝㄝ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ᫂἞ึᮇࡢᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡜࠸࠺ᅜᐙⓗࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣṔྐࡢ㌿᥮ᮇ࡟௻ᅗࡉࢀࡓ⩻ヂ஦ᴗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ୍⦅ࠊ㛗㇂ᕝὈヂ࣭ᑠᯘ⑓⩝ᰯࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡣࠊࠕ phrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜࠸࠺➼౯ࢆࡲࡉ࡟❧ࡕୖࡆࡓ⩻ヂࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ⱥᅜࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔ᮅ࡟ὶ㏻ࡋࡓၨⵚ᭩ࢆ⩻ヂࡍࡿ⾜Ⅽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊすὒ㏆௦ࡢど⥺ࡀ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦᪥ᮏㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ
㏆௦᪥ᮏࡢᩥᏛ⪅ࡽࡀ⌮᝿࡜ࡋࡓ෗ᐇⓗᥥ෗ࡣࠊ࠶ࡾࡢࡲࡲࢆᶍ෗ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋⓏሙே≀ࡢእぢ࠿ࡽෆ㠃ࢆⓎぢࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㢦ࡢ㦵┦ࢆほᐹࡋࠊㄒࡾᡭࡢど⚄⤒ࡀࡑࢀࢆ⬻࡟ఏ࠼࡚ㄒࡽࡏࡓࠋ㦵┦Ꮫⓗ࡞㏆௦ࡢど⥺ࡀ⹫ᵓࢆᵓ⠏ࡋጞࡵࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㦵┦Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺㏆௦ࡣ௚⪅ࢆどࡿࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࡢ⹫ᵓ໬࡬࡜㛤࠿ࢀࠊࡲࡓ⚄⛎ⓗ࡞ෆ㠃ࢆྍど໬ࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽ⚄⤒ࡸ⬻࡬ࡢ㦵┦Ꮫⓗ㛵ᚰࡣ࢜࢝ࣝࢺࡸᚰ㟋୺⩏࡜ࡶࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚
࠸ࡓࠋ␲ఝ⛉Ꮫ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㦵┦Ꮫࡣࠊࡶࡣࡸ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࡑࡢ⑞㊧ࡉ࠼ᛀࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ
ࠕphrenology = 㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ࡣどぬࡀ௚ࡢឤぬࢆ෽࠸࡛ᨭ㓄ⓗ࡟ඃ఩࡜࡞ࡗࡓ᫬௦ࡔ࠿
ࡽࡇࡑὶ⾜ࡋࡓࠊᴟࡵ࡚㏆௦ⓗ࡞Ꮫㄝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
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࠙ⴭ⪅⤂௓ࠚ
㛗἟⨾㤶Ꮚ㸦NAGANUMA Mikako㸧◊✲ศ㔝ࡣ㏻ヂ࡜⩻ヂࡢ⌮ㄽ࣭ᐇ㊶࣭ᩍ⫱ࠋࠗ᪥ᮏࡢ
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㸦ἲᨻ኱Ꮫฟ∧ᒁࠊ2010㸧ࠊࠗ῝ᒙᩥ໬࠘㸦⩻ヂ㸧㸦኱ಟ㤋᭩ᗑࠊ2013㸧ࠊࠕ㌟యᩍ⫱࡜࠸࠺㏆௦ࠖࠗゝㄒែ࠘➨ 13 ྕ㸦ᮾி኱Ꮫゝㄒែ◊✲఍ࠊ2014㸧࡯࠿ࠋ......................................................

࠙ὀࠚ1㸬ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡣࠊ⟪స㯌⚈ࡸすᮧⱱᶞࢆ୰ᚰ࡟᫂἞ึᮇ࡟௻ᅗࡉࢀࡓ኱つᶍ࡞ᅜᐙⓗ⩻ヂࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢᡂᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྛ✀␗ᮏࡀ⌧Ꮡࡋ⦅ྡࡢࡺࢀࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ 1983-86ᖺ࡟㟷ྐ♫ࡀ᚟้ࡋࡓ඲⦅ࡢࢱ࢖ࢺࣝࡣḟࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠋ
ኳᩥᏛ Ẽ୰⌧㇟Ꮫ ᆅ㉁Ꮫ ᆅᩥᏛ ᳜≀⏕⌮Ꮫ ᳜≀⥘┠ ື≀ཬே㌟⏕⌮ື≀⥘┠ ≀⌮Ꮫ 㔜Ꮫ ື㟼ỈᏛ ගᏛཬ㡢Ꮫ 㟁Ẽཬ☢▼ ᫬Ꮫཬ᫬้Ꮫ ໬Ꮫ⠍ 㝡☢ᕤ⠍ ⧊ᕤ⠍ 㖔≀⠍ 㔠㢮ཬ㘐㔠⾡ ⵨Ẽ⠍ ᅵᕤ⾡ 㝣㐠 Ỉ㐠ᘓ⠏Ꮫ
ᐊ㏻㢼Ⅼග ⤥Ỉᾎ⃛ᇼῺ⠍ ㎰Ꮫ ⳯ᅬ⠍ ⰼᅬ ᯝᅬ⠍ 㣴ᶞ⠍㤿 ∵ཬ᥇ங᪉ ⨺⠍ ㇜ඡ㣗⏝㫽⠢㫽⠍ ⻤⻏⠍ ≟ཬ⊁⊟ 㔮㨶⠍ 㨶⊟⠍㣴⏕⠍ 㣗≀⠍ 㣗≀〇᪉ ་Ꮫ⠍ ⾰᭹ཬ᭹ᘧ ே✀ ゝㄒ ஺㝿ཬᨻయ ἲᚊἢ㠉஦య ኴྂྐ ᕼ⮞ྐ ⨶㤿ྐ ୰ྂྐ ⱥᅜྐ ⱥᅜไᗘᅜ㈨ ᾏ㝣㌷ไḢ⨶ᕮᆅㄅ ⱥ೔ཬጾ∞᪁ᆅㄅ ⸽᱁⹒ᆅㄅ ឡ೔ᆅㄅ ள⣽ளᆅㄅ ளᘮ฼ຍཬ
኱ὒᕞᆅㄅ ໭ள⡿฼ຍᆅㄅ ༡ள⡿฼ຍᆅㄅ ேᚰㄽ 㦵┦Ꮫ ໭Ḣ㨣⚄ㄅ ㄽ⌮Ꮫ ὒᩍ᐀ὴ ᅇᩍཬ༳ᗘᩍ௖ᩍ ṓ᫬グ ಟ㌟ㄽ ᥋≀ㄽ ⤒῭ㄽ ேཱྀᩆ❓
ཬಖ㝤 ⓒᕤೝ⣙カ ᅜẸ⤫ィᏛ ᩍ⫱ㄽ ⟬⾡ཬ௦ᩘ ᡞෆ㐟ᡙ᪉ య᧯ཬᡞእ

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131

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  㐟ᡙ ྂ≀Ꮫ ಟ㎡ཬ⳹ᩥ ༳ๅ⾡ཬ▼∧⾡ ᙮้ཬᤊᙳ⾡ ⮬↛⚄ᩍཬ㐨ᚨᏛᗄఱᏛ ⪷᭩⦕㉳ཬᇶ╩ᩍ ㈠᫆ཬ㈌ᖯ㖟⾜ ⏬Ꮫཬ᙮ീ ⓒᕤᛂ⏝໬Ꮫ ᐙ஦ೝ⣙カᮏ✏࡛ࡢᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢᘬ⏝ࡣࠊᇶᮏⓗ࡟㟷ྐ♫᚟้∧࡟ࡼࡿࠋ୺࡞ඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⚟㙊㐩ኵࠗ᫂἞ึᮇⓒ⛉඲᭩ࡢ◊✲࠘㢼㛫᭩ᡣࠊ1968 ᖺࠊᮡᮧṊࠗ㏆௦᪥ᮏ኱ฟ∧஦ᴗྐ࠘ฟ∧ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ♫ࠊ1967 ᖺ࡞࡝ࠋࡲࡓᮏ✏࡛ࡢᘬ⏝඲⯡࡛ࡣࣝࣅࡸഐ⥺ࢆ㐺ᐅ┬␎ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2㸬ࡓ࡜࠼ࡤⱥㄒࡢ ‘I see.’ ࡣࠕࡳࡿ㸻ࢃ࠿ࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏㄒ࡟ࡣࠕヰࡀࡳ࠼࡞࠸ࠖ
ࡘࡲࡾࠕヰ㸦ࡢෆᐜ㸧ࡀ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇ࡜࡯࡝ᕥᵝ࡟どぬࡣ⢭⚄άື࡟┤⤖ࡍࡿࠋ
3㸬኱㒊ࡢ᭩ࠊࣂ࣮ࣂ࣭ࣛM࣭ࢫࢱࣇ࢛࣮ࢻࠗ࣎ࢹ࢕࣭ࢡࣜࢸ࢕ࢩࢬ࣒ʊʊၨⵚ᫬௦ࡢ࢔
࣮ࢺ࡜་Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿぢ࠼ࡊࡿࡶࡢࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ໬࠘㸦㧗ᒣᏹヂ㸧ᅜ᭩ห⾜఍ࠊ 2006 ᖺࡢᗎ❶࡛ࡣࠕぢ࠼ࡿ▱ࠖ㸦17-74 㡫㸧ࢆㄒࡾࠊࠕษゎࠖ㸦76-180 㡫㸧ࡢ❶࡛ࡣ 18 ୡ⣖すὒࡢࣃࣛࢲ
࢖࣒࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊゎ๗Ꮫ࡜ࡑࡢ࣓ࢱࣇ࢓ ࣮ࢆほ┦Ꮫࡶྵࡵ࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
4㸬ᒾᓮඞᕫ㸦∦᱒୍⏨ゎㄝ㸧ࠗ๓㔝⹒໬ 2 ゎయ᪂᭩ࡢ◊✲࠘ᖹซ♫ࠊ1996 ᖺࠊᮡᮏࡘ࡜
ࡴࠗゎయ᪂᭩ࡢ᫬௦ʊʊỤᡞࡢ⩻ヂᩥ໬ࢆࡉࡄࡿ࠘᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫฟ∧㒊ࠊ1997 ᖺ࡞࡝࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ⌧௦ㄒヂ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㓇஭ࢩࢬࠗ᪂⿦∧ゎయ᪂᭩࠘ㅮㄯ♫Ꮫ⾡ᩥᗜࠊ 1998 ᖺࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
5㸬ヂㄒࡢ୕ศἲࡣࠊ
ࠗ࿴⹒་஦ၥ⟅࠘ࠗゎయ᪂᭩࠘
ࠗ㔜ゞゎయ᪂᭩࠘࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿࡀࠊព࿡ࡍ
ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡎࢀࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
6㸬ࠕ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜ヂฟࡋࡓ⤒⦋࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᘓ㒊Ύᗡ࡜ࡢ㛫࡛஺ࢃࡉࢀࡓ᭩⡆㞟ࠗ࿴⹒་஦ၥ
⟅࠘࡟グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᘓ㒊Ύᗡࡣ୍㛵⸬㸦ᒾᡭ┴୍㛵ᕷ㸧ࡢྡ་࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢ㛛ୗ⏕࡟ࡣ኱ᵳ⋞ἑࡶ࠸ࡓࠋ1795㸦ᐶᨻ 7㸧ᖺࡢࠗ࿴⹒་஦ၥ⟅࠘ࡣ἟⏣ḟ㑻࣭ᯇᮧ࣭᫂బ⸨
ᫀ௓ᰯὀࠗ᪥ᮏᛮ᝿኱⣔ ὒᏛ ୖ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ1976 ᖺ࡟ᡤ཰ࠋྜྷ⏣ᛅࠕࠗゎయ᪂᭩࠘࠿ࡽࠗすὒ஦᝟࠘࡬ࠖⰾ㈡ᚭ⦅ࠗ⩻ヂ࡜᪥ᮏᩥ໬࠘ᒣᕝฟ∧♫ࠊ2000 ᖺ࡞࡝ࡶཧ↷ࡉࢀࡓ࠸ ࠋ
7㸬ࠗ᪥ᮏᅜㄒ኱㎡඾࠘࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕ⚄ヰࠖ࡜ࡣࠕ୍⯡࡟ࡣ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡀࠊᐇࡣ᰿ᣐࡢ࡞࠸⪃࠼᪉ࡸ஦᯶࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ
8㸬ࠕ⚄⤒ࠖࡢヂㄒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᮡᮏࡢ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ23 㡫ࠋࠗ⹒Ꮫ஦ጞ࠘ࡢ⹫ᐇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᮡᮏ
ࡘ࡜ࡴࠗ᪥ᮏ⩻ヂㄒྐࡢ◊✲࠘ඵᆏ᭩ᡣࠊ1983 ᖺࠊ315-317 㡫ࠋ
9㸬୕㐟ீ෇ᮅ㸦ᑠ┦ⱥኴ㑻㏿グ㸧ࠕ┿ᬒ⣼ࢣῡࠖࠗ୕㐟ீ෇ᮅ㞟࠘㸦⯆ὠせ⦅㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣࠊ
1965 ᖺࠊ212 㡫ࠋ1859㸦Ᏻᨻ 6㸧ᖺࠊ෇ᮅࡀ 21 ṓࡢ᫬ࠕ⣼ࢣῡᚋ᪥᛹ㄯࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡔࡀࠊࠕ⚄⤒ࠖ࡜ࠕ┿ᬒࠖࢆ࠿ࡅࡓࡢࡣ෇ᮅ㉡ᒍࡢ₎Ꮫ⪅ࠊಙኵᜑ㌺࡟ࡼࡿࠋ10㸬᚟้∧ࡢゎ㢟࡛బ⸨⮳Ꮚࡣࠊࡑࡢෆᐜࢆࠕᪧኈ᪘ࡢ⏨ࡀⱁ⪅࡟㏞࠸ጔࢆ㞳⦕ࠊጔࡣᇼ
࡟ᢞ㌟ࡋࠊ⏨࡜ⱁ⪅ࡣጔࡢᗃ㟋࡟ⱞࡋࡵࡽࢀࡿࡀᐇࡣጔࡣ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺➽❧࡚ ࢆࠊ㛤໬㢼಑ࡢᥥ෗ࢆ஺࠼࡚᭩࠸ࡓ⬮ᮏᙧᘧࡢᑠㄝࠖ࡜⤂௓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
11㸬㦵┦Ꮫࡢ඲యീ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢫࢸ࢕࣮ࣈ࣭ࣥࢩ࢙࢖ࣆࣥࠕ࢚ࢹ࢕ࣥࣂࣛ㦵┦Ꮫㄽதࠖࣟ࢖࣭࢛࢘ࣜࢫ⦅ࠗ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿ▱ʊʊ♫఍࡟ㄆ▱ࡉࢀ࡞࠸⛉Ꮫ࠘㟷ᅵ♫ࠊ1986 ᖺࠊ࢜ࢵ࣌
ࣥࣁ࢖࣒ࠗⱥᅜᚰ㟋୺⩏ࡢᢩ㢌࠘ᕤస⯋ࠊ1992 ᖺࠊୖᒣ㝯኱ࠕ㌟యࡢ⛉Ꮫʊʊィ ࡜ჾලࠖ኱ᯘಙ἞࣭᳃⏣ᩄ↷⦅ࠗ⛉Ꮫᛮ᝿ࡢ⣔㆕Ꮫ࣑࠘ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣࠊ1994 ᖺ࡞࡝࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ
12㸬࣐࢖ࢣ࣭࣮ࣝ࢜ࢩ࢙࢖ࠗ⬻࠘㸦ᒣୗ༤ᚿヂ㸧ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ2009 ᖺࠊ29-30 㡫ࠋࡲࡓࠊኻ
ㄒ⑕◊✲࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣈ࣮ࣟ࢝㸦Pierre Paul Broca㸧ࡢྡ࡟ᅉࢇࡔࠕࣈ࣮ࣟ࢝㔝ࠖࡸ࢙࢘ࣝࢽࢵ
ࢣ㸦Carl Wernicke㸧ࡢࠕ࢙࢘ࣝࢽࢵࢣ㔝ࠖ࡞࡝ࡢᏑᅾࡶࠊ⬻ᶵ⬟ᒁᅾㄝࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋ
13㸬㕥ᮌ୐⨾ࠗ⒵ࡋࡢṔྐே㢮Ꮫʊʊࣁ࣮ࣈ࡜Ỉࡢࢩࣥ࣎ࣜࢬ࣒࡬࠘ୡ⏺ᛮ᝿♫ࠊ2002
ᖺࠊ110-112 㡫ࠋ࡞࠾ Lavater ࡢ࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼ⾲グࡣࠊࠕࣛࣇ࢓࣮ࢱ࣮ࠖࠕ࣮ࣛࣇ࢓ࢱ࣮ࠖࠕࣦࣛ
࢓ࢱ࣮ࠖࠕࣦࣛ࢓࣮ࢱ࣮ࠖ࡞࡝୍ᐃࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ
14㸬ࠕዪᛶࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࢩࣥࢩ࢔࣭࢖࣮ࢢ࣭ࣝࣛࢭࢵࢺࠗዪᛶࢆᤐ㐀ࡋࡓ⏨ࡓࡕ ʊʊࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔᫬௦ࡢᛶᕪࡢ⛉Ꮫ࠘㸦ୖ㔝┤Ꮚヂ㸧ᕤస⯋ࠊ1994 ᖺࠊࠕ≢⨥⪅ࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࣆ࢚࣮
࣭ࣝࢲࣝࣔࣥࠗ་⪅࡜ẅே⪅ʊʊࣟࣥࣈ࣮ࣟࢰ࡜⏕᮶ᛶ≢⨥⪅ఏㄝ࠘㸦㕥ᮌ⚽἞ヂ㸧᪂ホㄽࠊ1992 ᖺࡀヲࡋࡃㄽ㏙ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
15㸬Clarke E. and Jacyna, L. S. (1987). Nineteenth-century origins of neuroscientific concepts.
Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

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ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ

16㸬ᯇỌಇ⏨ࠗࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ๓ኪࡢ㐍໬ㄽத࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ2005 ᖺࠊ67 㡫ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊࠕ࢚ࢹ࢕ࣥࣂࣛ㦵┦Ꮫㄽதࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢩ࢙࢖ࣆࣥࡢ๓ᥖㄽᩥ࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࡀࠊࢫࢥࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻ
࡟࠾ࡅࡿ♫఍ⓗ฼ᐖࢆ⫼ᬒ࡜ࡍࡿᑐ❧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
17㸬Cooter R. (1984). The cultural meaning of popular science: phrenology and the organizationof consent in nineteenth-century Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ࠾ࡼࡧᯇỌಇ⏨ࠗࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ᫬௦ʊʊ⛉Ꮫ࡜᐀ᩍ࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ࠊ1996 ᖺࠊ237-286 㡫ࠋ
18㸬ୖᒣࡢ๓ᥖㄽᩥ࠾ࡼࡧ Cooter ࡢ๓ᥖ᭩ࠋ
19㸬ࣟࣥࣈࣟ࢜ࢰ࢜ࠗኳᡯㄽ࠘
㸦㎷₶ヂ㸧᳜➉ᩥᗜࠊ1914 ᖺ㸦㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺࡣ 1888 ᖺห㸧ࠋࠗኳᡯㄽ࠘࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ1907 ᖺࡢኟ┠ₙ▼ࠗᩥᏛㄽ࠘ࠊⰰᕝ㱟அ௓ࠕ㊰ୖࠖ㸦1919 ᖺ࡟኱㜰ẖ᪥᪂⪺࡟㐃㍕ࡉࢀࡓᮍ᏶㛗⦅ᑠㄝ㸧ࠊ1959 ᖺࡢ୕ᓥ⏤⣖ኵࠗᩥ❶ㄞᮏ࠘࡞࡝࡛ࡶゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
20㸬ᢒヂ࡜ࡋ࡚୰ᓥⱱ୍㸦Ꮩᓥ㸧ヂࠗ⌧௦ࡢለⴠ࠘኱᪥ᮏᩥ᫂༠఍ࠊ1914 ᖺࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢ
ᗎᩥࡣᆤෆ㞝ⶶࡀ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
21㸬ᒣୗ㔜୍ࠗࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮࡜᪥ᮏ㏆௦࠘࠾ⲔࡢỈ᭩ᡣࠊ1983 ᖺࠋ
22㸬す࿘ࠕⓒᏛ㐃⎔ࠖࠗす࿘඲㞟 ➨ᅄᕳ࠘㸦኱ஂಖ฼ㅬ⦅㸧᐀㧗᭩ᡣࠊ1981 ᖺࠊ149-152㡫ࠋ23㸬ࡇࡢ㎡᭩ࡣࠊⱥᅜே࢜࢘ࢢࣦࣝ࢕࣮㸦 J. Ogilvie㸧ࡀ⦅⧩ࡋࡓ 1863 ᖺࡢⱥⱥ㎡඾
Comprehensive English Dictionary ࢆࡶ࡜࡟ࡋࡓⱥ࿴㎡᭩࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᳃ᒸ೺஧ࠗᨵゞ ㏆௦ㄒࡢᡂ❧ ㄒᙡ⦅࠘᫂἞᭩㝔ࠊ1991 ᖺ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠗ㝃㡢ᤄᅗⱥ࿴Ꮠᙡ࠘ࡣࠗᨵゞቑ⿵ ⱥ࿴ᑐヂ⿇⌋㎡᭩࠘㸦ᇼ㐩அຓࡀ୰ᚰ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠗⱥ࿴ᑐヂ⿇⌋㎡᭩࠘ࢆᇼ㉺ឡᅜࡀᨵゞቑ⿵ࡋ࡚ 1866ᖺ࡟ห⾜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ㸧ࡸࣟࣉࢩࣕ࢖ࢺ㸦W. Lobscheid㸧ࡢࠗⱥ⳹Ꮠ඾࠘
㸦An English and Chinese
Dictionary, 1866, 1869㸧࡞࡝ࢆཧ⪃࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
24㸬ྠ᫬௦࡟ࡣྂ᮶ࡢ₎ㄒࠕ㦵┦ࠖ࡜ phrenology ࡢ⩻ヂㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࠕ㦵┦㸦Ꮫ㸧ࠖࡢ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸࡞౑⏝౛ࡶ࠶ࡾࠊఀ⸨஧ᮁ⦅ࠗ኱᪥ᮏᅜẸᚲᦠ࠘ᑦ᭩ᇽࠊ1889 ᖺࡢࠕே┦㦵┦ࣀ஦ࠖࠊ୰ᮧㄔ୕㑻ࠗᅵ⏘ࡢ㎷༨ʊ㦵┦ヨ㦂࠘໭ᮧஂྜྷࠊ1890 ᖺࠊዴ㟁ᒃኈࠗ㦵┦ほ࠘㔠 ᇽࠊ1891ᖺ࡞࡝ࡣࠊ࢜࢝ࣝࢺⓗ࡞ព࿡ྜ࠸ࡀᙉ࠸ࠕ㦵┦ࠖࢆᢅࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
25㸬ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ࡜ྠᖺ࡟ࡣࠊࠗᏛᐊせㄽ࠘࡜࠸࠺㦵┦ᏛⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽࡢᩍ⫱᭩ࡶᩥ㒊┬࠿ࡽฟ∧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᚋ㏙㸧ࠋ
26㸬Secord, J. A. (2000). Victorian sensation: The extraordinary publication, reception, and secretauthorship of vestiges of the natural history of creation. Chicago and London: The University of
Chicago Press.
27㸬ᯇỌࠊ2005 ᖺࠊ68 㡫ࠋ28㸬ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖࡢ඲యീࢆᢕᥱࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࡑࡢ┠㘓ࢆᑐヂ࡛♧ࡏࡤ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾࠋ
㦵┦Ꮫࣀ⌮ㄽ
PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY.
⬻୰ㅖჾࢺ㐃⤖ࢫࣝ⢭⚄ࣀཎᇶᡯᬛ
PRIMITIVE FACULTIES OF MIND, AS CONNECTED WITH THEIR ORGANS IN
THE BRAIN.
ᡯᬛࣀ༊ูDIVISION OR CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES.
➨୍㢮ࠊ▱ぬORDER FIRST. – FEELINGS.
➨୍✀ࠊႴዲ
GENUS I. – PROPENSITIES.
➨୍ࠊᜊះࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 1. – Amativeness.
➨஧ࠊඤࣤឡࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 2. – Philoprogenitiveness.
➨୕ࠊᒃఫࢫࣝࢥࢺࠊ㡷⤖ࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 3. – Inhabitiveness – Concentrativeness.
➨ᅄࠊ⢓╔ࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 4. – Adhesiveness.
➨஬ࠊத㜚ࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 5. – Combativeness.
➨භࠊẅᡘࢫࣝࢥࢺ 
No. 6. – Destructiveness.
➨୐ࠊ⛎ࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 7. – Secretiveness.
➨ඵࠊ㈎ḧࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 8. – Acquisitiveness.
➨஑ࠊ⤒Ⴀࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 9. – Constructiveness.
➨஧✀ࠊពぢ
GENUS II. – SENTIMENTS.

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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  㸦୍㸧ே㢮ཬࣄୗ➼ື≀ࢽᬑ㏻ࢼࣝពぢ
I. SENTIMENTS COMMON TO MAN AND THE LOWER ANIMALS.
➨༑ࠊ⮬㈇
No. 10. – Self-esteem.
➨༑୍ࠊྡ㄃ࣤዲ࣒
No. 11. – Love of Approbation.
➨༑஧ࠊㅽៅࢫࣝࢥࢺ
No. 12. – Cautiousness.
㸦஧㸧≉ࣜே㢮ࣀ࣑ࢽᅛ᭷ࢼࣝୖ➼ࣀពぢ
II. SUPERIOR SENTIMENTS, PROPER TO MAN.
➨༑୕ࠊឿᝒ

No. 13. – Benevolence.
➨༑ᅄࠊᑛᩗ
No. 14. – Veneration.
➨༑஬ࠊ๛ᙉ
No. 15. – Firmness.
➨༑භࠊබ᫂ࢼࣝࢥࢺ
No. 16. – Conscientiousness.
➨༑୐ࠊᕼᮃ
No. 17. – Hope.
➨༑ඵࠊ㦫㥧
No. 18. – Wonder.
➨༑஑ࠊ᝿ീ
No. 19. – Ideality.
➨஧༑ࠊ⁥✍
No. 20. – Wit, or the Ludicrous.
➨ᘘ୍ࠊᶍᨃ
No. 21. – Imitation.
➨஧㢮ࠊ▱㆑ᛶᡯᬛ  
ORDER SECOND. – INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES.
➨୍✀ࠊእ▱ぬ
GENUS I. – EXTERNAL SENSES.
➨஧✀ࠊయእࣀ୓≀ࣀ⌮Ꮫᛶ᝟ཬㅖ⯡ࣀ㛵΅ࣤ㆑ㄆࢫࣝ▱㆑ᛶᡯᬛ
GENUS II. – INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES, WHICH PROCURE KNOWLEDGE OF
EXTERNAL OBJECTS, OF THEIR PHYSICAL QUALITIES, AND VARIOUS
RELATIONS.
➨ᘘ஧ࠊྛ≀
No. 22. – Individuality.
➨ᘘ୕ࠊᙧ≧
No. 23. – Form.
➨ᘘᅄࠊ኱ᑠ
No. 24. – Size.
➨ᘘ஬ࠊ㍍㔜
No. 25. – Weight.
➨ᘘභࠊⰍ
No. 26. – Colouring.
➨ᘘ୐ࠊᒃᡤ
No. 27. – Locality.
➨ᘘඵࠊᩘ
No. 28. – Number.
➨ᘘ஑ࠊ㡰ᗎ
No. 29. – Order.
➨༔ࠊ⌧஦
No. 30. – Eventuality.
➨༔୍ࠊ᫬㛫
No. 31. – Time.
➨༔஧ࠊ㡢ㄪ
No. 32. – Tune.
➨༔୕ࠊゝㄒ
No. 33. – Language.
ᘚ㆑⮚ჾࢽෆ่⾪࢔ࣝࣀㄽInternal Excitement of the Knowing Organs – Spectral Illusions.
➨୕✀ࠊ⪃៖ᛶᡯᬛ
GENUS III. – REFLECTIVE FACULTIES.
➨༔ᅄࠊẚ㍑
No. 34. – Comparison.
➨༔஬ࠊཎ⏤
No. 35. – Causality.
యእࣀ୓≀ேࣀᬛ㆑ᛶᡯᬛࢺ┦㐺ᛂࢫࣝࣀㄽ
Adaptation of the External World to the Internal Faculties of Man.
⬻ࣀᶵ⬟ࣁ⬻ࣀᵓ㐀ࢺ┦㛵΅ࢫࣝࣀㄽ
Relation between the Functions and the Structure of the Brain.
ᡯᬛࣤ⾲♧ࢭࣝኳ↛ゝㄒ༶඼≉ᚩࢼࣝ⾲᫂ཬ㠃ㇺࣀㄽNatural Language of the Faculties, or Pathognomical and Physiognomical Expression.
ᡯᬛࣀㅖᬛࣁྛ┦⠵㞟ࢩࢸ⩌ࣤࢼࢫࣀㄽThe Organs arranged in Groups.
㦵┦Ꮫࣁ᏶඲ࣀᛶ⌮Ꮫࢼࣝ㣾ㄽ
CONTINUATION OF PHRENOLOGY AS A COMPLETE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND.
29㸬㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺࡣࠊ1868 ᖺ࡟⡿ᅜࣇ࢕ࣛࢹࣝࣇ࢕࢔࡛ฟ∧ࡉࢀࡓ In the School-room:
Chapters in the Philosophy of Education ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ30㸬బ⸨㐩ဢࠗ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢཷᐜ࡜ᒎ㛤࠘໭኱㊰᭩ᡣࠊ2002 ᖺࠊ26 㡫ࠋ

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ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ

31㸬᳃ᯘኴ㑻ࠕ࢞ࣝࡢᏛㄝࠖࠗබ⾗་஦࠘➨ 4 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ 10 ྕࠊ1900 ᖺࠊྠ➨ 5 ᕳ➨ 7 ྕࠊ1901 ᖺ㸦ࠗ㮆እ඲㞟ⴭస⠍ ➨஧༑஬ᕳ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ1953 ᖺࠊ311-329 㡫࡟ᡤ཰㸧ࠋ32㸬Ṋෆ༤⦅ࠗ᪥ᮏὒᏛேྡ஦඾࠘᯽᭩ᡣࠊ1994 ᖺࠊ‫‮‬ᮏ㇦୍⦅ࠗᅗㄝ᫂἞ே≀஦඾ ᨻ἞ᐙ࣭㌷ே࣭ゝㄽே࠘᪥እ࢔ࢯࢩ࢚࣮ࢶࠊ 2000 ᖺ࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿࠋ
33㸬ᑠᯘ⑓⩝ࡢά㌍࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᆏᮏಖᐩࠗ⡿ⓒಥࡢ୺ேබ ᑠᯘ⹡୕㑻ʊʊ᪥ᮏ㏆௦໬࡜బஂ㛫㇟ᒣ㛛ேࡢ㌶㊧࠘Ꮫᩥ♫ࠊ2011 ᖺ࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ
34㸬୕ዲ⾜㞝ࠗ෗ᐇ୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠊ1958 ᖺࠊỤ⸨῟ࠗࣜ࢔ࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ※ὶ࠘Ἑฟ᭩
ᡣ᪂♫ࠊ1989 ᖺࠊ7-43 㡫ࠋ35㸬ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘ࡢࠕಟ㎡ཬ⳹ᩥࠖࡢ㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺ RHETRIC AND BELLES-LETTRESࡣࠊ࣋࢖ࣥ㸦Alexander Bain㸧࡟ࡼࡿᇳ➹ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋⳢ㇂ᘅ⨾ࡣࠕಟ㎡ཬ⳹ᩥࠖࡢ
㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺ࡜࣋࢖ࣥࡢ English Composition and Rhetoric㸦ࠗⱥసᩥཬࡧಟ㎡࠘㸧࡜ࡢ㢮ఝࢆ᳨ドࡋࠊࡲࡓ࣋࢖ࣥ⮬㌟ࡶࠗ⮬ఏ࡛࠘ࢳ࢙ࣥࣂ࣮ࢬ඗ᘵ࡟༠ຊࡋࡓ᪨ࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜
ࢆᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋ
36㸬ᆤෆ㏯㐶ࠕᑠㄝ⚄㧊ࠖ
ࠗᆤෆ㏯㐶㞟࠘㸦✄ᇉ㐩㑻⦅㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣࠊ1885-86/1969 ᖺࠊ21 㡫ࠋ
37㸬ྠ᭩ࠊ58 㡫ࠋ38㸬ᆤෆ㏯㐶ࠕᙜୡ᭩⏕Ẽ㉁ࠖ✄ᇉ⦅ࡢྠ᭩ࠊ61-62 㡫ࠋ39㸬ட஭⚽㞝ࠗ㌟య࣭ࡇࡢ୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢᩥᏛ࠘ࢀࢇࡀ᭩ᡣ᪂♫ࠊ1984 ᖺࠊ24 㡫ࠋ40㸬Ụ⸨ࡢ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ8 㡫ࠋ
41㸬஧ⴥீᅄ㏞ࠕᾋ㞼ࠖࠗ஧ⴥீᅄ㏞ ᔢᓚࡢᒇ࠾ࡴࢁ㞟࠘㸦୰ᮧගኵ⦅㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣࠊ
1887-89/1971 ᖺࠊ4 㡫ࠋ
42㸬ࠕ෗⏕ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ㄒࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣ୰ᅜᏵ௦ࡢ⏬ㄽ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⾡ㄒ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡀࠊᏊつࡢࠕ෗⏕ࠖㄽࡣ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ேࡢ㢼ᬒ⏬ᐙࣇ࢛ࣥࢱࢿ࣮ࢪ㸦Antonio Fontanesi㸧࡟ᕤ㒊⨾⾡Ꮫᰯ࡛ᣦᑟࢆཷࡅࡓὒ⏬ᐙࡓࡕࡢḟୡ௦ࠊ࡜ࡾࢃࡅ୰ᮧ୙ᢡ࠿ࡽࡢᙳ㡪࡛࠶ࡿࠋᏊつࡢ෗⏕ㄝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ໭ఫᩄኵࠗ෗⏕ㄝࡢ◊✲࠘ゅᕝ᭩ᗑࠊ1953/1990 ᖺࠊᯇ஭㈗Ꮚࠗ෗⏕ࡢኚᐜʊʊ
ࣇ࢛ࣥࢱࢿ࣮ࢪ࠿ࡽᏊつࠊࡑࡋ࡚┤ဢ࡬࠘᫂἞᭩㝔ࠊ2002 ᖺ࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ
43㸬ᐮᕝ㰡㦵ࠕ᪂ᅃேࠖࠗ࣍ࢺࢺࢠࢫ࠘1900 ᖺ 5 ᭶㸦ࠗ᫂἞ತே㞟࠘㸦ᒣᮏ೺ྜྷ⦅㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣࠊ1975 ᖺࠊ302 㡫㸧ࠋ44㸬➉ෆὒࠗ❧ᚿ࣭ⱞᏛ࣭ฟୡʊʊཷ㦂⏕ࡢ♫఍ྐ࠘ㅮㄯ♫⌧௦᪂᭩ࠊ1991 ᖺࠊ38-60 㡫ࠋ➉ෆࡣ᫂἞ึᮇࡢ㐌หㄅࠗ✛ᡯ᪂ㄅ࠘࡟ᢞ✏ࡉࢀࡓ㟷ᑡᖺࡢຮᙉゝㄝ㸦ࠕຮᙉࣁᐩ㈗ࣤᚓ
ࣝ㈨ᮏࣀㄝࠖࡸࠕຮᙉࣁ㌟ࣤ❧ࣝࣀᇶࢺࢼࣝㄝࠖ࡞࡝㸧ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊຮᙉ❧㌟ࡢ᫬௦
ࡀ฿᮶ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿᵝᏊࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
45㸬ᒾ஭ὒࠗグ᠈⾡ࡢࢫࢫ࣓ʊʊ㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡜❧㌟ฟୡ࠘㟷ᘪ♫ࠊ1997 ᖺ࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ
46㸬ᐩኈᕝ​ࠗ㏞ಙࡢ◊✲࠘㣴⏕᭩㝔ࠊ1932 ᖺ㸦ࠗᐩኈᕝ​ⴭస㞟 3࠘㸦ᐩኈᕝⱥ㑻⦅㸧ᛮᩥ㛶ฟ∧ࠊ1980 ᖺࠊ111-310 㡫࡟ᡤ཰㸧ࠋ
47㸬ᐩኈᕝ​ࠕ㦵┦࡜ே┦ࠖࠗᚰ⌮◊✲࠘➨ 1 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕࠊ1912 ᖺ㸦ࠗᐩኈᕝ​ⴭస㞟 3࠘㸦ᐩኈᕝⱥ㑻⦅㸧ᛮᩥ㛶ฟ∧ࠊ1980 ᖺࠊ351-367 㡫࡟ᡤ཰㸧ࠋ࡞࠾ 1870㸦᫂἞ 3㸧ᖺᮎ࠿ࡽ 73
㸦᫂἞ 6㸧ᖺ㡭࡟࠿ࡅ࡚す࿘ࡀ⚾ሿ⫱ⱥ⯋࡛ㅮ⩏ࡋࡓෆᐜࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࠗⓒᏛ㐃⎔࠘ࡢࠕ▱ㄝ࡛ࠖࡣࠊࠕᏛࣀせࣁ┿⌮ࣤ▱ࣝࢽ࢔ࣜࠖࠕ⾡ࣁ඼▱ࣝᡤࣀ⌮ࢽᚠࣄࢸஅࣤ⾜ࣇࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕᏛࠖ࡜ࠕ⾡ࠖࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࠋ
48㸬Ọᓟ⚽ᶞヂࠗᛶ┦Ꮫཎㄽ࠘Ὑᚰᇽࠊ1918 ᖺࠋࠗᛶ┦Ꮫཎㄽ࠘ࡢヂ⪅࡛࠶ࡿỌᓟ⚽ᶞࡢ⏕ᾭࡣಖᆏᛅಙࠗホఏ Ọᓟ⚽ᶞ࣮࠘ࣜ࣋ࣝฟ∧ࠊ1990 ᖺ࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࡀࠊỌᓟࡣ἟ὠරᏛᰯ
࡛Ꮫࢇࡔᚋࠊ⠏ᆅࡢᾏ㌷රᏛᑅࡸỤ⏣ᓥࡢᾏ㌷රᏛᰯ࡛ᩍቭ࡟❧ࡗࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼࡀᬌ
ᖺ࡟⩻ヂࡋࡓࠗᛶ┦Ꮫཎㄽ࠘ࡣࠊ㏥⫋ᚋ࡟ phrenology ࡢࠕ⛉Ꮫⓗ᰿ᣐ࡟ഴಽࠖࡋࡓ࠿ࡽ
࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋỌᓟ࡟ࡣࡍ࡛࡟ࠗḢ⨶ᕮᩥ᫂ྐ࠘㸦௖ᅜࢠࢰ࣮Ặཎⴭ࣭⡿ᅜ࣮࣊ࣥࣜẶヂ
㏙࠿ࡽࡢ㔜ヂࠊ1874-77 ᖺ㸧ࡸࠗᭀኪ≀ㄒ࠘㸦࢔ࣛࣅ࢔࣭ࣥࢼ࢖ࢺࡢึ㑥ヂࠊ1875 ᖺ㸧࡞࡝ࡢヂᴗࡶ࠶ࡾࠊᙜ᫬ࡢⴭྡ࡞⩻ヂ⪅࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᰗ⏣Ἠࠗ᫂἞ึᮇ⩻ヂᩥ Ꮫࡢ◊✲࠘᫓⛅♫ࠊ1961 ᖺ࡛ࡣỌᓟ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕᪧᖥே࡛⏥ᩫࡢฟ⏕ࠊ⥔᪂ᚋᾏ㌷࡟ධࡾࠊ⤊⏕ᾏ㌷ᩍ⫱࡟ᚑ஦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋẶࡣᩥᏛࡢႴࡳࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ …ᙜ᫬㧗ྡࡢ⩻ヂᐙ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡔࠖ㸦10 㡫㸧࡜㧗ࡃホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
49㸬ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢ▼㱟Ꮚࡣ➨ 5 ௦┠㸦1862-1927㸧ࢆᣦࡍࠋ࡞࠾Ọᓠ⮬㌟ࡣἲ⳹⤒ࡢࠕ᫝ࡢዴ
ࡁ┦࠶ࢀࡤࠊ᫝ࡢዴࡁᛶ࠶ࡾࠖ࠿ࡽࡢࠕᛶ┦ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ▼㱟Ꮚࡢࠕᛶ┦ࠖ࡜ࡣព࿡ࡀ

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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  

␗࡞ࡿ࡜㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ಖᆏࡢ๓ᥖ᭩ࠊ126-127 㡫㸧ࡀࠊྠ᫬௦ゝㄝ࡛࠶ࡿⅬࡣྰᐃࡋࡀࡓ
࠸ࠋ
50㸬୰ᒣⱱ᫓ࠕ▼㱟Ꮚ࡜┦Ꮫᥦせࠖࠗ᪥ᮏ་ྐᏛ㞧ㄅ࠘➨ 55 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ ࠊ2009 ᖺࠊ196 㡫ࠊྠㄅ➨ 55 ᕳ➨ 3 ྕࠊ371-376 㡫ࠋ୰ᒣ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࠊ➨ 5 ௦┠▼㱟Ꮚࡣࠕᛶ┦Ꮫࡢጞ♽࡛࠶ࡾほ┦ᏛࡢὈᩯ࡛ࠖࠊࠕ᫂἞ 42 ᖺ㡭࠿ࡽ኱ṇᮎᮇࡲ࡛ࡢ 12 ᖺ㛫ࡣ඲ᅜ࡟▼㱟Ꮚࣈ࣮࣒ࡀ࡛
ࡁࡿ⛬᪥ᮏⓗ࡞ྡኌࢆᚓࡓࠖࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࡢࠕᛶ┦Ꮫࠖࢆࠕேࡢᐜㇺ㦵᱁ࢆぢ࡚ᛶ᱁㐠࿨࡞࡝ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿᏛၥࠖ࡜ࡍࡿࠋ
51㸬ࢪࣙࢼࢧ࣭࣑࣮ࣥࣛࠊࢫࢸ࢕࣮ࣈ࣭ࣥࢪ࢙࢖࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࢻࠊࢲࢽ࢚࣭ࣝJ࣭ࢣࣦࣞࢫࠊR࣭
C࣭࣮࢛ࣝ࢘ࣥࢸ࢕ࣥࠊࣦ࢜ࣜ࢓࣮࣭ࢧࢵࢡࢫࠗᾘࡉࢀࡓ⛉Ꮫྐ࠘㸦Ώ㎶ᨻ㝯࣭኱ᮌዉಖᏊ
ヂ㸧ࡳࡍࡎ᭩ᡣࠊ1997 ᖺࠊ୍ᰗᘅᏕࠗദ╀⾡ࡢ᪥ᮏ㏆௦࠘㟷ᘪ♫ࠊ2006 ᖺ࡞࡝࡟ヲࡋ࠸ࠋ
52㸬ࢪࣕࢿࢵࢺ࣭࢜ࢵ࣌ࣥࣁ࢖࣒ࠗⱥᅜᚰ㟋୺⩏ࡢᢩ㢌ʊʊࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔࣭࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢻᮅ
᫬௦ࡢ♫఍⢭⚄ྐ࠘㸦࿴⏣ⰾஂヂ㸧ᕤస⯋ࠊ1992 ᖺࠊ261 㡫ࠋ53㸬ྠ᭩ࠊ269 㡫ࠋ
54㸬ࠕpsychology = ᚰ⌮Ꮫࠖࡢᡂ❧ࡣࠊ࠶ࡲࡾࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋす࿘ࡣ psychology ࢆ୍㈏ࡋ࡚ࠕᛶ⌮Ꮫࠖ࡜ヂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡋࠊす࿘ヂࠗዖ⯡Ặᚰ⌮Ꮫ࠘㸦1875-79㸧ࡢ㉳Ⅼࢸࢡࢫࢺࡣ࣊
ࣦࣥ㸦Joseph Haven㸧ࡢ Mental Philosophy ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ࡟ࡏࡼࠊヂㄒࡢᡂ❧࡜ࡣู࡟ࠊ
ࠕᚰ⌮Ꮫࠖࡣ㦵┦Ꮫ࡜ྠᵝ࡟すὒ⏤᮶ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠙ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ࠚ
Chambers, W. & R. (Eds.) (18--). Chambers’s Information for the People, New and improved
edition. London and Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers.
Clarke E. & Jacyna, L. S. (1987). Nineteenth-century Origins of Neuroscientific Concepts.
Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
ࢥ࣮࣒, G.㸦1918㸧ࠗᛶ┦Ꮫཎㄽ࠘㸦Ọᓟ⚽ᶞヂ㸧Ὑᚰᇽ
Cooter R. (1984). The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the organization ofconsent in nineteenth-century Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ࢲࣝࣔࣥ, P.㸦1992㸧ࠗ་⪅࡜ẅே⪅ʊʊࣟࣥࣈ࣮ࣟࢰ࡜⏕᮶ᛶ≢⨥⪅ఏㄝ࠘㸦㕥ᮌ⚽἞ヂ㸧᪂ホㄽỤ⸨῟㸦1989㸧ࠗࣜ࢔ࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ※ὶ࠘Ἑฟ᭩ᡣ᪂♫ᐩኈᕝ​㸦1980㸧ࠗᐩኈᕝ​ⴭస㞟 3࠘㸦ᐩኈᕝⱥ㑻⦅㸧ᛮᩥ㛶ฟ∧⚟㙊㐩ኵ㸦1968㸧ࠗ᫂἞ึᮇⓒ⛉඲᭩ࡢ◊✲࠘㢼㛫᭩ᡣ
஧ⴥீᅄ㏞㸦1971㸧ࠗ஧ⴥீᅄ㏞ ᔢᓚࡢᒇ࠾ࡴࢁ㞟࠘㸦୰ᮧගኵ⦅㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣಖᆏᛅಙ㸦1990㸧ࠗホఏ Ọᓟ⚽ᶞ࣮࠘ࣜ࣋ࣝฟ∧୍➎㰻ᐆὪ㸦1884/2005㸧ࠗ⚄⤒㜌㛤໬᛹ㄯ࠘㸦బ⸨⮳Ꮚゎ㢟㸧ᖹซ♫୍ᰗᘅᏕ㸦2006㸧ࠗദ╀⾡ࡢ᪥ᮏ㏆௦࠘㟷ᘪ♫ᒾ஭ὒ㸦1997㸧ࠗグ᠈⾡ࡢࢫࢫ࣓ʊʊ㏆௦᪥ᮏ࡜❧㌟ฟୡ࠘㟷ᘪ♫ᒾᓮඞᕫ㸦1996㸧ࠗ๓㔝⹒໬ 2 ゎయ᪂᭩ࡢ◊✲࠘㸦∦᱒୍⏨ゎㄝ㸧ᖹซ♫ட஭⚽㞝㸦1984㸧ࠗ㌟య࣭ࡇࡢ୙ᛮ㆟࡞ࡿࡶࡢࡢᩥᏛ࠘ࢀࢇࡀ᭩ᡣ᪂♫໭ఫᩄኵ㸦1953/1990㸧ࠗ෗⏕ㄝࡢ◊✲࠘᪥ᮏᅗ᭩ࢭࣥࢱ࣮
ᯇ஭㈗Ꮚ㸦2002㸧ࠗ෗⏕ࡢኚᐜʊʊࣇ࢛ࣥࢱࢿ࣮ࢪ࠿ࡽᏊつࠊࡑࡋ࡚┤ဢ࡬࠘᫂἞᭩㝔ᯇỌಇ⏨㸦1996㸧ࠗࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥࡢ᫬௦ʊʊ⛉Ꮫ࡜᐀ᩍ࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍ᯇỌಇ⏨㸦2005㸧ࠗࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ๓ኪࡢ㐍໬ㄽத࠘ྡྂᒇ኱Ꮫฟ∧఍

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ᩥ㒊┬ࠗⓒ⛉඲᭩࠘࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕ㦵┦Ꮫࠖ୕ዲ⾜㞝㸦1958㸧ࠗ෗ᐇ୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
᳃ᒸ೺஧㸦1991㸧ࠗᨵゞ ㏆௦ㄒࡢᡂ❧ ㄒᙡ⦅࠘᫂἞᭩㝔᳃ᯘኴ㑻㸦1900-01/1953㸧ࠕ࢞ࣝࡢᏛㄝࠖࠗ㮆እ඲㞟 ⴭస⠍ ➨஧༑஬ᕳ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ
୰ᒣⱱ᫓㸦2009㸧ࠕ ▼㱟Ꮚ࡜┦Ꮫᥦせࠖࠗ ᪥ᮏ་ྐᏛ㞧ㄅ࠘➨ 55 ᕳ➨ 2 ྕ/3 ྕࠊ196 㡫/371-376
㡫す࿘㸦1981㸧ࠗす࿘඲㞟 ➨ᅄᕳ࠘㸦኱ஂಖ฼ㅬ⦅㸧᐀㧗᭩ᡣ࢜ࢵ࣌ࣥࣁ࢖࣒, J.㸦1992㸧ࠗⱥᅜᚰ㟋୺⩏ࡢᢩ㢌ʊʊࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔࣭࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢻᮅ᫬௦ࡢ
♫఍⢭⚄ྐ࠘㸦࿴⏣ⰾஂヂ㸧ᕤస⯋࣮࢜ࢩ࢙࢖, M.㸦2009㸧ࠗ⬻࠘㸦ᒣୗ༤ᚿヂ㸧ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࣛࢭࢵࢺ, C. E.㸦1994㸧ࠗዪᛶࢆᤐ㐀ࡋࡓ⏨ࡓࡕʊʊࣦ࢕ࢡࢺࣜ࢔᫬௦ࡢᛶᕪࡢ⛉Ꮫ࠘㸦ୖ㔝┤Ꮚヂ㸧ᕤస⯋ࢧࢵࢡࢫ, O.࣭ࢢ࣮ࣝࢻ, S. J.௚㸦1997㸧ࠗᾘࡉࢀࡓ⛉Ꮫྐ࠘㸦Ώ㎶ᨻ㝯࣭኱ᮌዉಖᏊヂ㸧ࡳࡍࡎ᭩ᡣ㓇஭ࢩࢷ㸦1998㸧ࠗ᪂⿦∧ゎయ᪂᭩࠘ㅮㄯ♫Ꮫ⾡ᩥᗜᆏᮏಖᐩ㸦2011㸧ࠗ⡿ⓒಥࡢ୺ேබ ᑠᯘ⹡୕㑻ʊʊ᪥ᮏ㏆௦໬࡜బஂ㛫㇟ᒣ㛛ேࡢ㌶㊧࠘Ꮫᩥ♫ᐮᕝ㰡㦵ࠕ᪂ᅃேࠖ㸦1900/1975㸧ࠗ᫂἞ತே㞟࠘㸦ᒣᮏ೺ྜྷ⦅㸧㸦269-335 㡫㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣ୕㐟ீ෇ᮅ㸦1965㸧ࠗ୕㐟ீ෇ᮅ㞟࠘㸦⯆ὠせ⦅㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣబ⸨㐩ဢ㸦2002㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᚰ⌮Ꮫࡢཷᐜ࡜ᒎ㛤࠘໭኱㊰᭩ᡣSecord, J. A. (2000). Victorian Sensation: The extraordinary publication, reception, and secretauthorship of vestiges of the natural history of creation. Chicago and London: The
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ࢩ࢙࢖ࣆࣥ, S.㸦1986㸧ࠕ࢚ࢹ࢕ࣥࣂࣛ㦵┦Ꮫㄽதࠖࣟ࢖࣭࢛࢘ࣜࢫ⦅ࠗ᤼㝖ࡉࢀࡿ▱ ʊʊ♫఍࡟ㄆ▱ࡉࢀ࡞࠸⛉Ꮫ࠘㸦133-200 㡫㸧㟷ᅵ♫ࢫࢱࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ, B. M.㸦2006㸧ࠗ࣎ࢹ࢕࣭ࢡࣜࢸ࢕ࢩࢬ࣒ʊʊၨⵚ᫬௦ࡢ࢔࣮ࢺ࡜་Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿぢ࠼ࡊࡿࡶࡢࡢ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ໬࠘㸦㧗ᒣᏹヂ㸧ᅜ᭩ห⾜఍Ⳣ㇂ᘅ⨾㸦1978㸧ࠗࠕಟ㎡ཬ⳹ᩥࠖࡢ◊✲࠘ᩍ⫱ฟ∧ࢭࣥࢱ࣮ᮡᮏࡘ࡜ࡴ㸦1983㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏ⩻ヂㄒྐࡢ◊✲࠘ඵᆏ᭩ᡣ
ᮡᮏࡘ࡜ࡴ㸦1997㸧ࠗゎయ᪂᭩ࡢ᫬௦ʊʊỤᡞࡢ⩻ヂᩥ໬ࢆࡉࡄࡿ࠘᪩✄⏣኱Ꮫฟ∧㒊ᮡᮧṊ㸦1967㸧ࠗ㏆௦᪥ᮏ኱ฟ∧஦ᴗྐ࠘ฟ∧ࢽ࣮ࣗࢫ♫ᮡ⏣⋞ⓑ㸦1815/2000㸧ࠗ⹒Ꮫ஦ጞ࠘㸦∦᱒୍⏨඲ヂὀ㸧ㅮㄯ♫Ꮫ⾡ᩥᗜᮡ⏣⋞ⓑ࣭ᘓ㒊Ύᗡ㸦1795/1976㸧ࠕ࿴⹒་஦ၥ⟅ࠖ἟⏣ḟ㑻࣭ᯇᮧ࣭᫂బ⸨ᫀ௓ᰯὀࠗ᪥
ᮏᛮ᝿኱⣔ ὒᏛ ୖ࠘㸦183-226 㡫㸧ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ㕥ᮌ୐⨾㸦2002㸧ࠗ⒵ࡋࡢṔྐே㢮Ꮫʊʊࣁ࣮ࣈ࡜Ỉࡢࢩࣥ࣎ࣜࢬ࣒࡬࠘ୡ⏺ᛮ᝿♫Ṋෆ༤⦅㸦1994㸧ࠗ᪥ᮏὒᏛேྡ஦඾࠘᯽᭩ᡣ
➉ෆὒ㸦1991㸧ࠗ❧ᚿ࣭ⱞᏛ࣭ฟୡʊʊཷ㦂⏕ࡢ♫఍ྐ࠘ㅮㄯ♫⌧௦᪂᭩
ᆤෆ㏯㐶㸦1969㸧ࠗᆤෆ㏯㐶㞟࠘㸦✄ᇉ㐩㑻⦅㸧⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣ

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ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘ ྕ  ୖᒣ㝯኱㸦1994㸧ࠕ㌟యࡢ⛉Ꮫʊʊィ࡜ჾලࠖ኱ᯘಙ἞࣭᳃⏣ᩄ↷⦅ࠗ⛉Ꮫᛮ᝿ࡢ⣔㆕Ꮫ࠘㸦149-173 㡫㸧࣑ࢿࣦࣝ࢓᭩ᡣ
ᒣୗ㔜୍㸦1983㸧ࠗࢫ࣌ࣥࢧ࣮࡜᪥ᮏ㏆௦࠘࠾ⲔࡢỈ᭩ᡣᰗ⏣Ἠ㸦1961㸧ࠗ᫂἞ึᮇ⩻ヂᩥᏛࡢ◊✲࠘᫓⛅♫ྜྷ⏣ᛅ㸦2000㸧ࠕࠗゎయ᪂᭩࠘࠿ࡽࠗすὒ஦᝟࠘࡬ࠖⰾ㈡ᚭ⦅ࠗ⩻ヂ࡜᪥ᮏᩥ໬࠘
㸦50-66 㡫㸧ᒣᕝฟ∧♫‫‮‬ᮏ㇦୍⦅㸦2000㸧ࠗᅗㄝ᫂἞ே≀஦඾ ᨻ἞ᐙ࣭㌷ே࣭ゝㄽே࠘᪥እ࢔ࢯࢩ࢚࣮ࢶ

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