JAITS

䠘ㄽᩥ䠚䢢
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ᨻ἞ୖ僔Ⓨゝ僸㏻ヂ傿僱㝿僔兎儝儓⟶⌮䢢䳼グ⪅఍ぢ僔᪥ⱥ㏲ḟ㏻ヂ僔⪃ᐹ僸㏻傾僌䳼䢢ᯇୗెୡ㻌䠄ᅜ㝿ᇶ╩ᩍ኱Ꮫ䠅㻌
Many factors influence the decision-making of interpreters in their selection of interpretingstrategies, but “risk” has been pointed out by some researchers recently as having greater
influence than previously understood. According to Pym (2015), problems that interpreters
encounter during their performances vary in terms of levels of risk, which they manage by
employing higher effort for high-risk problems and lower effort for low-risk problems. To
investigate the possibility of such a correlation, the current research examines a televisedpress conference by a Japanese politician on a controversial issue 㻌 that was interpreted into
English. Interpreters in such situations face high risks not only because of the sensitive
nature of the topics concerned, but also because their renderings are likely to be scrutinized
by a large audience. 㻌 Examples of “lengthening” by an interpreter are analyzed to explore
the relationship between the level of effort exerted and the risks involved.

㻝㻚㻌 䛿䛨䜑䛻㻌఍㆟㏻ヂ⪅䛜⤒㦂䛩䜛ከᵝ䛺㏻ヂ⌧ሙ䛾୰䛷䜒䚸ྛᅜ㤳⬻䛻䜘䜛఍ぢ䜔ᨻᗓ㛫஺΅䛺䛹ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺ሙ㠃䛷䛾㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶᭱䜒䝥䝺䝑䝅䝱䞊䜢ឤ䛨䜛䜒䛾䛾୍䛴䛰䜝䛖䚹䛣䜜䜎䛷䛾㏻ヂ◊✲䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛡䜛ㄆ▱ⓗ䛺ไ⣙䛸䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛾㛵ಀ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ᵝ䚻䛺᳨ド䛜䛺䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯䠄 Gile, 1995/2009; Seeber, 2013; Ỉ㔝, 2015 䠅䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸ᨻ἞ᐙ䛾Ⓨゝ䜢㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛷ヂ䛩ሙྜ䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸ᶒຊ⪅䛾┠䛾๓䛷⾗ே⎔ど䛾䜒䛸㏻ヂ䜢⾜䛔䚸䛛䛴䚸ㄒ䜙䜜䜛ෆᐜ䛜ᅜ┈䜔ᅜᐙᶵᐦ䛻䛛䛛䜟䜛䛜䜖䛘䛾䝸䝇䜽䛺䛹䚸ㄆ▱ⓗไ⣙௨እ䛾
せ⣲䛜㏻ヂ⪅䛾䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ᙳ㡪䜢୚䛘䛶䛔䜛䛛䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸༑ศ䛺◊✲䛜ᑾ䛟䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯䛸䛿ゝ䛔㞴䛔 䠄Baker, 1997䠅 䚹㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䛸䝸䝇䜽䛾㛵ಀ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸㏆ᖺ䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾◊✲䛜┦ḟ䛔䛷Ⓨ⾲䛥䜜䛯䛜 䠄Akbari, 2009; Hui, 2012, Matsushita, 2014,

Pym, 2015䠅 䚸୰䛷䜒䛂䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛃䛾どⅬ䛛䜙㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⾜Ⅽ䛾ศᯒ䜢⥆䛡䛶䛔䜛䜰䞁䝋䝙䞊䞉䝢
䝮䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䜔⩻ヂ⪅䛿ヂฟ䛾㝿䛻䝸䝇䜽ศᯒ䜢⾜䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸䝸䝇䜽䛾ᗘྜ䛔䛻ᛂ䛨䛶䝸䝇䜽ᅇ
MATSUSHITA Kayo, “Risk management in political interpreting: Case study of a press
conference held in Japan,” Interpreting and Translation Studies, No.15, 2015. Pages 1-16. © by
the Japan Association for Interpreting and Translation Studies1ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧㑊䜔䝸䝇䜽㌿᎑䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿䝸䝇䜽䞉䝔䜲䜻䞁䜾䛺䛹䛾䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛 䠄Pym,

2005, 2014, 2015䠅 䚹䛭䛣䛷ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛻䛚䛡䜛グ⪅఍ぢ䜢஦౛䛸䛧䛶ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䚸ᅜ┈䛻䛛䛛䜟䜛䜘䛖䛺ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾ᨻ἞ᐙ䛾Ⓨゝ䜢䝯䝕䜱䜰䛾๓䛷㏲ḟ㏻ヂ
䛩䜛㝿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ㑅ᢥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䝸䝇䜽䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻ᙳ㡪䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䜢䚸୺䛻䝢䝮䛾䛂䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛃䛾ᴫᛕ䜢ᣦᶆ䛸䛧䛶⏝䛔䛺䛜䜙ศᯒ䛩䜛䚹㻞㻚㻌 ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䛸䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮㻌㻞㻚㻝㻌 䝸䝇䜽䛾✀㢮㻌
㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䛻䛚䛡䜛䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢ㄽ䛨䛯᭱᪂䛾◊✲䛷䛒䜛 Pym 䠄2015䠅 䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䜔⩻ヂ⪅䛜┤㠃䛩䜛䝸䝇䜽䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸୕䛴䛻ศ㢮䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹୍䛴┠䛿䛂ಙ⏝ᛶ䝸䝇䜽 䠄credibility risk䠅 䛃䛸ྡ䛵䛡䜙䜜䛯䚸㏻ヂ⪅䚸⩻ヂ⪅䛜㛵ಀᙜ஦⪅䠄䜽䝷䜲䜰䞁䝖䚸ཎⓎヰ⪅䚸⫈⾗➼䠅䛛䜙ಙ⏝䜢ኻ䛖䝸䝇䜽䛷䛒䜛䚹஧䛴┠䛾䝸䝇䜽䛿䛂୙☜ᐇᛶ䝸䝇䜽 䠄uncertainty risk䠅 䛃䛸࿧䜀䜜䚸≉ᐃ䛾ヂฟ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻ヂ䛫䜀䛔䛔䛾䛛ุ᩿䛻㏞䛖䜘䛖䛺䚸ㄆ▱ⓗ䛺䝥䝻䝉䝇䜢ྵ䜐䝸䝇䜽䛷䛒䜛䚹୕䛴䜑䛾䛂䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ୖ䛾䝸䝇䜽 䠄communicative risk䠅 䛃䛿䛭䛾䝔䜽䝇䝖䛜ヂ䛥䜜䜛䝁䞁䝔䜽䝇䝖䛻䜎䛴䜟䜛䝸䝇䜽䛷䚸ヂฟ䛾㑅ᢥ䜢ㄗ䜜䜀䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䛾┠ⓗ䛜㐩䛫䜙䜜䛺䛔ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜⏕䛨䜛䜒䛾䛿㧗䝸䝇䜽䚸䛭䛖䛷䛺䛔䜒䛾䛿ప䝸䝇䜽䛸䛺䜛䚹౛䛘䜀䚸䜴䝹䝗䜳䞊ㄒ䛷᭩䛛䜜䛯䝟䜻䝇䝍䞁䛾ฟ⏕ド᫂᭩䜢䝇䝨䜲䞁ㄒ䛻⩻ヂ䛩䜛㝿䚸ᮏே䛾ྡ๓䛜ṇ☜䛻ヂ䛥䜜䛶䛔䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸䛭䛾ᩥ᭩䛿䛒䜛ಶே䛾ฟ⏕䛾஦ᐇ䜢ド᫂䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䛾┠ⓗ䜢ᯝ䛯䛥䛺䛔䛜䚸ຓ⏘ᖌ䛾ྡ๓䛜ㄗ䛳䛶ヂ䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䛸䛧䛶䜒ฟ⏕䜢ド᫂䛩䜛䛖䛘䛷䛿ၥ㢟䛿䛺䛔䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸ヂฟ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿඲䛟㞴᫆ᗘ䛻ᕪ䛜䛺䛔せ⣲䠄䛣䛾ሙྜ䛿䛔䛪䜜䜒ேྡ䠅䛷䛒䛳䛶䜒䚸ㄗ䛳䛶ヂ䛥䜜䛯ሙྜ䛾䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ୖ䛾䝸䝇䜽䛿␗䛺䜛䛸䝢䝮䛿୺ᙇ䛧䛶䛔䜛 䠄Pym, 2015,

pp. 71–72䠅 䚹ୖグ䛾ᐃ⩏䜢ᮏ◊✲䛾ศᯒᑐ㇟䛻ᙜ䛶䛿䜑䛶䜏䜛䛸䚸୕䛴䛾ศ㢮䛩䜉䛶䛻䛚䛔䛶㧗䝸䝇䜽䛺≧ἣ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ศ䛛䜛䚹䜎䛪䚸୍䛴┠䛾ಙ⏝ᛶ䝸䝇䜽䛻䛴䛔䛶ぢ䛶䜏䜛䛸䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿䛣䛾✀䛾ᴗົ䜢ㄳ䛡㈇䛖䛣䛸䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸㔜せ䛺䜽䝷䜲䜰䞁䝖䠄ᨻᗓ䚸⮬἞య䚸ᨻ἞ᐙಶே➼䠅䛾ಙ⏝䜢ኻ䛖䝸䝇䜽䛸ྠ᫬䛻䚸䛭䛾ヂฟ䛻┤᥋䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿㛫᥋ⓗ䛻ゐ䜜䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛾䛒䜛୙≉ᐃከᩘ䛾ཷ䛡ᡭ䛾ಙ⏝䜢ኻ䛖䝸䝇䜽䜒ྰᛂ䛺䛟ᘬ䛝ཷ䛡䜛䛣䛸䛻䛺䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸஧䛴┠䛾୙☜ᐇᛶ䝸䝇䜽䛻䛴䛔䛶䛰䛜䚸ᨻ἞䜔እ஺䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䛂๓ྥ䛝䛻᳨ウ䛩䜛䛃䛂஦ែ䜢ཝ⢔䛻ཷ䛡Ṇ䜑䜛䛃䛺䛹䚸ពᅗⓗ䛻䛒䛔䜎䛔䛷୙᫂░䛺ゝ䛔ᅇ䛧䜢䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸┤᥋ⓗ䛺ᑐ❧䜢㑊䛡䛯䜚䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿ゝ㉁䜢
ྲྀ䜙䜜䛺䛔䜘䛖䛻䛧䛯䜚䛩䜛䛣䛸䜒ᑡ䛺䛟䛺䛔䛯䜑䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶ཎⓎヰ⪅䛾┿ព䜢Ữ䜏ྲྀ䜚䛝䜜䛺䛛䛳䛯䜚䚸䛣䜜䜎䛷䛾䛔䛝䛥䛴䜢༑ศ䛻ศ䛛䜙䛺䛔䛜䜖䛘䛻㐺ヂ䛜ฟ䛫䛺䛛䛳䛯䜚䛩䜛䝸䝇䜽䛿ẚ㍑ⓗ㧗䛔䛸䛔䛘䜛䚹୕䛴䜑䛾䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ୖ䛾䝸䝇䜽䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ᨻ἞ᐙ䛻䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜䛾ᨻ἞ⓗㄢ㢟䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ಙ᮲䜔䝇䝍䞁䝇䛜䛒䜚䚸౛䛘䜀୍䛴䛾₇ㄝ䛾୰䛷䜒䚸䝸䝇䜽せ⣲䛾㧗䛔䜒䛾䛸ప䛔䜒䛾䛜ΰᅾ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛿⌮ゎ䛻㞴䛟䛺䛔䚹䜎䛯䚸ᅜ䜔ಶே䛾❧ሙ䛜ᑐ❧䛧䛶䛔䜛ၥ㢟䚸䛭䛾᫬䚻䛷ୡ㛫䛾⪥┠䛜㞟䜎䛳䛶䛔䜛஦㇟䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾Ⓨゝ䜢ヂ䛩ሙྜ䛻䜒䚸䝸䝇䜽䛿㧗䜎䜛䛸ゝ䛘䜘䛖䚹 Pym䠄op. cit., p. 73䠅 䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿ಙ⏝ᛶ䝸䝇䜽䛸୙☜ᐇᛶ䝸䝇䜽䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒ᖖ䛻ព㆑䛿䛧䛶䛔䜛䜒䛾䛾䚸ᐇ㝿䛾ヂฟ䛻䛚䛔䛶䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢⾜䛖ୖ䛷䛿䚸䝁䝭䝳

2ᨻ἞ୖࡢⓎゝࢆ㏻ヂࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ୖ䛾䝸䝇䜽䛜᭱䜒┤᥋ⓗ䛺ᙳ㡪ຊ䛜኱䛝䛔䛸䛔䛖 䚹 䜘䛳䛶ᮏ◊✲䛷䜒䛣䛾䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ୖ䛾䝸䝇䜽䛻≉䛻╔┠䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸஦౛ศᯒ䜢⾜䛖䛣䛸䛸䛩䜛䚹㻞㻚㻞㻌 䝸䝇䜽䛸䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖㻌䛣䛣䜎䛷䝸䝇䜽䛾✀㢮䛻䛴䛔䛶ぢ䛶䛝䛯䛜䚸䛷䛿䛔䛳䛯䛔㏻ヂ⪅䛿ලయⓗ䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛰䜝䛖䛛䚹 Pym 䠄2015䠅 䛻䜘䜜䜀䚸䛭䜜䛿䚸䝸䝇䜽䛾ᗘྜ䛔䛻ᛂ䛨䛯䛂䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃 1 䛾㓄ศ䛻䜘䛳䛶⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹 䛴䜎䜚䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䜘䛳䛶䚸䜘䜚䝸䝇䜽䛜㧗䛔䛸ุ᩿䛥䜜䛯ሙྜ䛻䛿䚸䜘䜚ከ䛟䛾䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛜๭䛛䜜䚸䜘䜚䝸䝇䜽䛜ప䛔䛸ุ᩿䛥䜜䛯䛸䛝䛿䚸䛒䜎䜚䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛿๭䛛䜜䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖୍✀䛾ྜ⌮ⓗ䛺ពᛮỴᐃ䜢㏻ヂ⪅䛿⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹௬䛻䚸䝸䝇䜽䛜ప䛔せ⣲䛻䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䜢๭䛝䛩䛞䛯ሙྜ䚸䛭䜜䛿䚸䛂㐣๫ດຊ䛃䛷䛒䜚䚸䛂㠀ຠ⋡ⓗ䛃䛸䜏䛺䛥䜜䜛䚹୍᪉䚸䝸䝇䜽䛜㧗䛔せ⣲䛻䛒䜎䜚䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䜢๭䛛䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸䛩䜜䜀䚸䛂㦵ᝰ䛧䜏䛃䛒䜛䛔䛿䛂ᙜ䛶᥎㔞䛃䛻㐣䛞䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖䠄ibid., p. 73䠅 䚹䛣䜜䜙䛿䛔䛪䜜䜒ึᚰ⪅䜔䚸༑ศ䛺▱㆑䛸ᢏ⬟䜢ᣢ䛱ྜ䜟䛫䛶䛔䛺䛔カ⦎⏕➼䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿ከ䛟ぢ䜙䜜䜛䜒䛾䛾䚸⇍㐩⪅䛾ุ᩿䛸䛧䛶䛿ྜ⌮ᛶ䛻Ḟ䛡䜛䛸䝢䝮䛿ᣦ᦬䛩䜛䚹
䝥䝻䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛻䜘䜛䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛸䛔䛖ほⅬ䛛䜙ศᯒ䛻್䛩䜛䛾䛿䚸䛂ప䝸䝇䜽䞉ప䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䚸䛚䜘䜃䛂㧗䝸䝇䜽䞉㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䛾⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛷䛒䜛䚹Pym 䠄loc. cit.䠅 䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸๓⪅䛾䜿䞊䝇
䛷䛿㏻ヂ⪅䛿䝸䝇䜽ᅇ㑊ⓗ䛸䛺䜚䚸┬␎ 䠄omission䠅 䜔༢⣧໬ 䠄simplification䠅 䛸䛔䛳䛯ẚ
㍑ⓗ䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛾ప䛔᪉␎䜢㑅ᢥ䛩䜛ഴྥ䛜ぢ䜙䜜䜛䚹 ୍᪉䚸ᚋ⪅䛾䜿䞊䝇䛷㏻ヂ⪅䛜㑅ᢥ䛩䜛᪉␎䛿እⓗ䞉ෆⓗせᅉ䜔䝁䞁䝔䜽䝇䝖䛻䜘䛳䛶␗䛺䜛䛯䜑䚸୍⯡໬䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿㞴䛧䛔䛸䛔䛖䚹౛䛘䜀䚸┤ヂ 䠄literal translation䠅 䛿ప䝸䝇䜽≧ἣ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸ప䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖᪉␎䛸䜏䛺䛥䜜䜛䛜䚸㧗䝸䝇䜽≧ἣ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䛒䛘䛶ศ䛛䜚䛻䛟䛔⾲⌧䜢ៅ㔜䛻䚸䛭䛾䜎䜎㏲ㄒⓗ䛻ヂ䛩䛣䛸䛷ཎⓎヰ⪅䜈䝸䝇䜽䜢㌿᎑䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖᪉␎䛻䜒䛺䜚䛖䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸᪉␎䛾䜏䛻╔┠䛧䛶䚸㧗䝸䝇䜽⎔ቃ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ⪅䛾㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛺䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢ศᯒ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿㞴䛧䛟䚸䜋䛛䛾ᣦᶆ䜢ᑟධ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ᚲせ䛸䛺䜛䚹㻞㻚㻟㻌 Lengthening 㻌䛭䛣䛷ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛜㧗䛔䛣䛸䜢⾲䛩⌧㇟䛸䛧䛶䚸㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛡䜛 lengthening 䛻↔Ⅼ䜢ᙜ䛶䜛䚹Lengthening 䛸䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䛜ཎⓎヰ䜘䜚䜒᫂䜙䛛䛻㛗䛟䛺䜛䛣䛸䜢ᣦ䛧䚸ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛻ẚ䜉䛶᫬㛫ⓗไ⣙䛜ẚ㍑ⓗ⦆䜔䛛䛺㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛔䛶ぢ䜙䜜䜛⌧㇟䛷䛒䜛䚹᫂☜䛺ᐃ⩏䛿⟶ぢ䛾㝈䜚ぢᙜ䛯䜙䛺䛔䛜䚸ඛ⾜◊✲䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸᝟ሗ䜔ㄝ᫂䜢௜ຍ䛧䛯䜚 䠄addition䠅 䚸ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛺⾲⌧䜢⧞䜚㏉䛧䛯䜚 䠄repetition䠅 䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿ཎⓎヰ䛻䛿ᬯ♧ⓗ䛻䛧䛛ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔஦᯶䜔ᅉᯝ㛵ಀ䜢᫂♧໬䛧䛯䜚 䠄explicitation䠅 䛸䛔䛳䛯ヂฟ᪉␎䛾⤖ᯝ䛸䛧䛶⏕䛨䜛䛣䛸䛜ᣦ᦬䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛 䠄Berg-Seligson,1990, Schäffner, 2012, Wadensjö,

2004䠅 䚹䛂㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䛺஦౛䜢ᢳฟ䛩䜛ୖ䛷 lengthening 䛻╔┠䛩䜛䛾䛿䚸⤒㦂䜢✚䜣䛰䝥䝻䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛿䚸≉ẁ䛾⌮⏤䛜䛺䛔㝈䜚䚸㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛔䛶ཎⓎヰ䜘䜚䜒㛗䛔ヂฟ䜢⾜䛖䛣䛸䛿㑊䛡䜛䛸䛔䛖๓ᥦ䛜䛒䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸୍䛴䛻䛿㏻ヂカ⦎䛻䛚䛡䜛ᣦᑟ䛻䜘䜛䜒䛾䛷䚸౛䛘䜀䚸3ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧䝶䞊䝻䝑䝟䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂカ⦎䛷㛗䛟ᩍ⛉᭩䛸䛧䛶౑䜟䜜䛶䛝䛯 Herbert䠄1952, p. 67䠅 䜢ぢ䜛䛸䚸
䛂㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛿ཎⓎヰ⪅䛜౑䛳䛯᫬㛫䛾 75% ௨ෆ䛻ヂฟ䜢ᢚ䛘䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔䛃䛸᫂グ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛿⫈⾗䛜ཎⓎヰ䛸ヂฟ䜢䛭䜜䛮䜜⪺䛛䛺䛡䜜䜀䛺䜙䛺䛔Ⅼ䛜㈇ᢸ䛸䛺䜚䚸㞟୰ຊ䛾పୗ䜢ᣍ䛟䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸᪥ᮏ䛷䜒䝥䝻䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛾㛫䛷䛿ཎⓎヰ䜘䜚䜒㛗䛔ヂฟ䛿᥍䛘䜛䛣䛸䛜䚸୍✀䛾୙ᩥᚊ䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䠄ᯇᒣ, 2008 䠅䚹ゝ䛔᥮䛘䜜䜀䚸䝥䝻䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳
䛶 lengthening 䛿䚸 Chesterman䠄1997䠅 䛜ゝ䛖䛸䛣䜝䛾䛂䝥䝻䝣䜵䝑䝅䝵䝘䝹つ⠊䛃䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㐓⬺⾜ Ⅽ 䛷䛒䜚䚸㏻ ヂ ⪅ 䛜㏲ ḟ ㏻ ヂ 䛻䛚䛔䛶䛣䜜䜢⾜ 䛖ሙ ྜ 䛿䛂㠀 ᖖ 䛻≉ ู 䛺⌮ ⏤ 䛃 䠄Herbert,

loc. cit.䠅 䛜ᚲせ䛸䛺䜛䚹䜖䛘䛻䚸 lengthening 䛾஦౛䜢ぢ䛶䛔䛟䛣䛸䛷䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶䛾䛂≉ู䛺⌮⏤䛃䛾୍䛴䛸䛧䛶䝸䝇䜽䛾Ꮡᅾ䜢ᾋ䛛䜃ୖ䛜䜙䛫䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛛䚸䛸䛔䛖䛾䛜ᮏ◊✲䛾≺䛔䛷䛒䜛䚹ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺Ⓨゝ䛾㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛡䜛 lengthening 䛻䛴䛔䛶ゝཬ䛧䛶䛔䜛◊✲䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸 2007
ᖺ 11 ᭶ 䛻⾜ 䜟䜜䛯⡿ ⊂ 㤳 ⬻ ఍ ㄯ ᚋ 䛾ඹ ྠ グ ⪅ ఍ ぢ 䛾㏲ ḟ ㏻ ヂ 䜢ศ ᯒ 䛧䛯 Schäffner

䠄2012䠅 䛜䛒䜛䚹 Schäffner䠄ibid.䠅 䛿䚸䝯䝹䜿䝹⊂㤳┦䛾䝗䜲䝒ㄒ䛾Ⓨゝ䛜 38 䝽䞊䝗䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸䛣䜝䜢䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜ⱥㄒ䛷 81 䝽䞊䝗䜢㈝䜔䛧䛶ヂฟ䛧䛯౛䛺䛹䜢♧䛧䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺グ⪅఍ぢ䛻䛚䛡䜛䝦䝑䝆䞁䜾䠄 hedging 䠅䚸⧞䜚㏉䛧 䠄repetition䠅 䚸௜ຍ 䠄addition䠅䛺䛹 䛻䜘䜛 lengthening 䛿䛂ヂฟ䛾᪉ྥ䜔ゝㄒ䝨䜰䛻䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪䛃㢖⦾䛻䜏䜙䜜䜛⌧㇟䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛯 䠄ibid., pp.

74–75䠅 䚹 䛭䛾⌮⏤䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸䛂䝸䝇䜽䛃䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䛿౑䛳䛶䛔䛺䛔䜒䛾䛾䚸ㄗゎ䛜⏕䜎䜜䛯ሙྜ䛾䛂₯ᅾⓗ䛺⤖ᯝ 䠄potential consequences䠅 䛃䛸䛾⾲⌧䜢⏝䛔䛶䚸ୗグ䛾䜘䛖䛻ㄝ᫂䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹
䛣䛾 lengthening 䛸䛔䛖⌧㇟䛜⏕䛨䜛୍䛴䛾⌮⏤䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜䠄ヂฟ䜢䠅ཎⓎヰ䛻䛷䛝䜛䛰䛡㏆䛵䛡䜘䛖䛸䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾䛣䛸䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜ᨻ἞ⓗᑐヰ䛾䝺䝧䝹䛾㧗䛥䚸እ஺䛻䛚䛡䜛ゝⴥ㑅䜃䛾㞴䛧䛥䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸ㄗゎ䛜ᙧᡂ䛥䜜䛯ሙྜ䛾₯ᅾⓗ䛺⤖ᯝ䜢ㄆ㆑䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢♧䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹 䠄Schäffner, 2012, p. 76䠅 䠷᪥ᮏㄒヂᘬ⏝⪅䚸௨ୗྠᵝ䠹䛣䛣䜎䛷䚸㏻ヂ⾜Ⅽ䛻䛿ᵝ䚻䛺䝺䝧䝹䛾䝸䝇䜽䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛣䛸䚸䛭䛾䝸䝇䜽䛻ᛂ䛨䛶䚸䝥䝻䛾㏻
ヂ⪅䛿㓄ศ䛩䜛䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䜢ㄪ⠇䛧䛶䛔䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜢 Pym(2015) 䛺䛹䛾ඛ⾜◊✲䜢㏻䛨䛶᫂䜙䛛䛻䛧䛶䛝䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸䛂㧗䝸䝇䜽䛃⎔ቃୗ䛻䛚䛡䜛䛂㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䛺ヂฟ䛜᝿ᐃ䛥䜜䜛஦౛䛸䛧䛶䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺ሙ㠃䛷䛾㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛡䜛lengthening䛻╔┠䛩䜛䛣䛸䛾ጇᙜᛶ䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒ㄽ䛨䛶䛝䛯䚹ḟ⠇䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䛸䛭䛾᪥ⱥ㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䜢஦౛䛸䛧䛯ᮏ◊✲䛾ලయⓗ䛺◊✲᪉ἲ䛻䛴䛔䛶ヲ㏙䛩䜛䚹㻟㻚㻌 ◊✲䛾┠ⓗ䛸᪉ἲ㻌㧗䝸䝇䜽䛺≧ἣ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜ヂฟ㑅ᢥ䛾㝿䛻䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛾䛛䛹䛖䛛䜢ᐇ㝿䛾஦౛䜢⏝䛔䛶᳨ド䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䚸ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿 2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶䛻ᶫୗᚭ䞉኱㜰ᕷ㛗䠄⫪᭩䛝䛿ᙜ᫬䚹௨ୗྠᵝ䠅䛜᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛷⾜䛳䛯䚸ᚑ㌷៘Ᏻ፬ၥ㢟䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䛻䛚䛡䜛᪥ⱥ㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䜢ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䜛䚹ලయⓗ䛻䛿䚸఍ぢ୰䛾඲ཧຍ⪅䛾Ⓨゝ䠄ᶫୗᕷ㛗䚸㏻ヂ

4ᨻ἞ୖࡢⓎゝࢆ㏻ヂࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮⪅䚸ྖ఍⪅䚸఍ሙ䛻㞟䜎䛳䛯グ⪅䠅䜢᭩䛝㉳䛣䛧䛶䝖䝷䞁䝇䜽䝸䝥䝖䜢స䜚䚸ᚋ㏙䛩䜛ᇶ‽䛻ᇶ䛵
䛔䛶 lengthening 䛜ぢ䜙䜜䛯⟠ᡤ䜢ᢳฟ䛧䛯䛾䛱䚸㉳Ⅼ䝔䜽䝇䝖䠄ST䠅䛸┠ᶆ䝔䜽䝇䝖䠄TT䠅䛾ẚ
㍑䛻䜘䜛䝔䜽䝇䝖ศᯒ䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䜢䚸ᚋ᪥ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚸㏻ヂ⪅ᮏே䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛾⤖ᯝ䛸↷䜙䛧ྜ䜟䛫䚸䛥䜙䛻⪃ᐹ䛧䛯䚹ᩘ䛒䜛ᨻ἞ᐙ䛻䜘䜛グ⪅఍ぢ䛾୰䛷䛣䛾஦౛䜢㑅䜣䛰䛾䛻䛿䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾⌮⏤䛜䛒䜛䚹➨୍䛻䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾┠ⓗ䛷䛒䜛䛂㧗䝸䝇䜽䞉㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䛾⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䜢ほᐹ䛩䜛䛻䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶䛾䝸䝇䜽䛜㠀ᖖ䛻㧗䛔㏻ヂ⎔ቃ䛷⾜䜟䜜䛯⣲ᮦ䜢᥈䛩ᚲせ䛜䛒䛳䛯䚹䛭䛾䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ձᨻ἞ᐙ⮬㌟䛾▱ྡᗘ䛜㧗䛟䚸ղ䝯䝕䜱䜰䛜ὀ┠䛩䜛䜘䛖䛺ㄽதᛶ䛾䛒䜛䝔䞊䝬䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾఍ぢ䛷䚸ճ㏻ヂ⪅䛾Ꮡᅾ䛜ྍど໬䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䇷䇷䛺䛹䚸䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾᮲௳䜢‶䛯䛩䛣䛸䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䛯䚹䛭䛾Ⅼ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸ᶫୗᚭ䞉኱㜰ᕷ㛗䛿ᙜ᫬䚸䛂᪥ᮏ⥔᪂䛾఍䛃䛸䛔䛖ᅜ఍㆟ဨ䜢᧦䛩䜛ᨻඪ䛾ඹྠ௦⾲䜢▼ཎៅኴ㑻䞉ඖᮾி㒔▱஦䛸䛸䜒䛻ົ䜑䛶䛚䜚䚸▱ྡᗘ䚸䝯䝕䜱䜰䛾㛵ᚰ䛸䜒䛻ᴟ䜑䛶㧗䛟䚸䜎䛯䚸఍ぢ䛾䝔䞊䝬䛷䛒䜛ᚑ㌷៘Ᏻ፬ၥ㢟䜒䚸㡑ᅜ䜔୰ᅜ䛺䛹䛾㏆㞄䜰䝆䜰ㅖᅜ䛾䜏䛺䜙䛪䚸ᗈ䛟Ḣ⡿䛛䜙䜒ὀ┠䜢㞟䜑䛶䛔䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸䛣䛾఍ぢ䛿䚸ᶫୗẶ䛾ᚑ㌷៘Ᏻ፬ၥ㢟䛻㛵䛩䜛㐣ཤ䛾䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾Ⓨゝ䛜୙㐺ษ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸䛾䝯䝕䜱䜰ᢈุ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䛂㔘᫂఍ぢ䛃䛾ព࿡ྜ䛔䜢ྵ䜣䛰䜒䛾䛷䛒䛳䛯䛯䜑䚸఍ぢሙ䛻䛿ෆእ䛾䝯䝕䜱䜰䛜ከᩘワ䜑䛛䛡䛶䛔䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸఍ぢ䛻䛿」ᩘ䛾䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖䝯䝕䜱䜰䜒ฟᖍ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䛾୍㒊䛿䝷䜲䝤୰⥅䜒⾜䛳䛶䛔䛯䚹ከ䛟䛾䜹䝯䝷䜢ྥ䛡䜙䜜䛯≧ែ䛷䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿ෑ㢌䛷ྡ๓䜢⤂௓䛥䜜䛯䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸䛭䛾ጼ䜒ᫎീ䛻䛸䜙䛘䜙䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ྍどᛶ䛿㠀ᖖ䛻㧗䛔䜒䛾䛰䛳䛯䚹
஧Ⅼ┠䛸䛧䛶䚸 lengthening 䜢ษ䜚ཱྀ䛻ヂฟ䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䜢ศᯒ䛩䜛䛯䜑䛻䛿䚸ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛷䛿䛺䛟㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛾஦౛䜢ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䜛ᚲせ䛜䛒䛳䛯䚹䛣䜜䛿๓㏙䛾䛸䛚䜚䚸㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿㏻
ᖖ䚸ཎⓎヰ䜘䜚䜒▷䛔ヂฟ䛜๓ᥦ䛸䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛯䜑䚸 lengthening 䛜㉳䛝䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸⮬య䛻ఱ䜙䛛䛾⌮⏤䛸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ពᅗ䛜Ꮡᅾ䛩䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹
୕Ⅼ┠䛻䚸᪥ⱥ㛫䛾㏻ヂ䛾୰䛷䜒䚸ヂฟ䛾᪉ྥ䛜᪥ᮏㄒ䛛䜙ⱥㄒ䜈䛾㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䜢ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯䛛䛳䛯䛣䛸䛜ᣲ䛢䜙䜜䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸ⱥㄒ䛛䜙᪥ᮏㄒ䜈䛾㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛡䜛ヂฟ᫬㛫䜢ศᯒ䛧䛯ᯇᒣ 䠄2008䠅 䛻䛚䛔䛶ㄽ䛨䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸ゝㄒ≉ᛶୖ䚸୍⯡ⓗ䛻ⱥㄒ䛛䜙᪥ᮏㄒ䜈䛾ヂฟ䛿ཎⓎヰ䜘䜚㛗䛔᫬㛫䜢せ䛩䜛ሙྜ䛜ᑡ䛺䛟䛺䛔䛣䛸䛜䛩䛷䛻᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛸䛧䛶䛾 lengthening 䛾஦౛䜢ᢳฟ䛩䜛㝿䛻㑅ู䛜㞴䛧䛔䛸⪃䛘䛯䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䠄ᑦ䚸௒ᅇศᯒ䛾ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛿ⱥㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸ẕㄒ௨እ䜈䛾ヂฟ䛺䛾䛷᫬㛫䛜䛛䛛䜛䛸䛔䛖⌮⏤䛿ᙜ䛶䛿䜎䜙䛺䛔䠅䚹
ᅄⅬ┠䛸䛧䛶䚸௒ᅇ䛾஦౛䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸グ⪅఍ぢ䛜㛤䛛䜜䛯䛣䛸⮬య䛜䝙䝳䞊䝇䛻䛺䜛䜘䛖䛺᭷ ຊ ᨻ ἞ ᐙ 䛾㏻ ヂ 䛿䚸༑ ศ 䛺ᐇ ຊ 䜢ᣢ 䛳䛯㏻ ヂ ⪅ 䛜⾜ 䛖䛾䛜ᖖ 䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䜒ᣲ 䛢䜙䜜䜘䛖

䠄Pöchhacker, 2012; Schäffner, 2012䠅 䚹ᐇ㝿䛻䚸䛣䛾఍ぢ䜢ᢸᙜ䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛿䚸᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛾ྡ㄃఍ဨ䛷䜒䛒䜛⤒㦂㇏ᐩ䛺㏻ヂ⪅䛷䛒䛳䛯䚹䛣䜜䛻䜘䜚䚸⤒㦂䜔⬟ຊ䛾୙㊊䛜ཎᅉ䛷䚸ཎⓎヰ䛾ពᅗ䜢Ữ䜏ྲྀ䜛䛾䛻᫬㛫䛜䛛䛛䛳䛯䜚䚸⡆༢䛺ヂฟ䛻ᡭ㛫ྲྀ䛳䛯䜚䛸䛔䛳䛯䚸ึᚰ⪅䛻䛒䜚䛜䛱䛺䜶䝷䞊䛸ΰྠ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛺䛟䚸 lengthening 䛾஦౛䜢ᢳฟ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹ḟ䛻䚸ලయⓗ䛺ศᯒ᪉ἲ䛻䛴䛔䛶ㄝ᫂䛩䜛䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䝸䝇䜽䛸䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛾┦㛵㛵ಀ䜢

5ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧

ぢ䜛┠ⓗ䛾䜒䛸䚸௨ୗ䛾᮲௳䜢‶䛯䛩䜒䛾䜢 lengthening 䛾஦౛䛸䛧䛶ᢳฟ䛧䛯䚹䜎䛪䚸๓ᥦ᮲௳䛸䛧䛶䚸ձ ST ෆ䛾୍䛴䛾༢ㄒ䛻ᑐᛂ䛩䜛༢ㄒ䛜 TT 䛻஧䛴௨ୖ䛒䜛䚸ղ ST 䛻䛿Ꮡᅾ䛧䛺䛔䚸ᩥ⠇䛾䝺䝧䝹䜢㉸䛘䜛᝟ሗ䛜 TT 䛻ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䜛䇷䇷䛸䛔䛖஧䛴䛾᮲௳䛾䛔䛪䜜䛛䜢‶䛯䛧䛯䛖䛘䛷䚸䛭䛾⌮⏤䛜ཎⓎヰ䛾䛒䛔䜎䛔䛥䜔㞴ゎ䛥䛸䛔䛳䛯 ST 䛻ෆᅾⓗ䛺せᅉ䛷䛿ㄝ᫂䛜㞴䛧䛟䚸እᅾⓗ䛺せᅉ䛻㉳ᅉ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛༑ศ䛺᰿ᣐ䛜䛒䜛ሙྜ䛻㝈ᐃ䛧䛯䚹ୖグ䛾ᡭ㡰䛷䝔䜽䝇䝖ศᯒ䜢⾜䛔䚸ヱᙜ䛩䜛 lengthening 䛾஦౛䜢≉ᐃ䛧䛯䛾䛱䚸䛣䛾఍ぢ䛷㏲ḟ
㏻ヂ䜢ᢸᙜ䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䚹
ୖ㏙䛾㏻䜚䚸䛣䛾఍ぢ䜢ᢸᙜ䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛿䚸ෑ㢌䛻ྖ఍⪅䛛䜙⤂௓䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䚸ື⏬䛻䜒ᫎ䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸ྠ༠఍䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䜢ᩘከ䛟ᢸᙜ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚸ⱥㄒ䜢ẕㄒ䛸䛩䜛᪥ᮏே䛾㏻
ヂ⪅䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜≉ᐃ䛥䜜䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿ᙜึ䚸䝔䜽䝇䝖ศᯒ䛾䜏䜢⾜䛖ணᐃ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛜䚸䛭䛾ᚋ䚸䛣䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛜䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖䝯䝕䜱䜰䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊 2 䛻⟅䛘䚸ᶫୗẶ䛾఍ぢ䜒㋃䜎䛘䛯Ⓨゝ䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䜢┠䛻䛧䛯䛯䜑䚸᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䜢㏻䛨䛶䛣䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛻◊✲༠ຊ䜢౫㢗䛧䛯䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸ᢎㅙ䜢ᚓ䛶 2014 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 9 ᪥䛻⣙䠍᫬㛫䛾ⱥㄒ䛻䜘䜛䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䜢⾜䛳䛯䚹఍ぢ䛛䜙୍ᖺ༙௨ୖ⤒䛳䛶䛧䜎䛳䛶䛚䜚䚸ಶู䛾ヂฟ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛾グ᠈䛜༑ศ䛷䛿䛺䛛䛳䛯䛯䜑䚸༙ᵓ㐀໬䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛾ᡭἲ䜢⏝䛔䚸๓༙䛿㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛺䛳䛯䛔䛝䛥䛴䜔䛣䜜䜎䛷ᢸᙜ䛧䛯௙஦䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᚋ༙䛿ᶫୗẶ䛾఍ぢ䛻䛴䛔䛶㉁ၥ䛩䜛ᙧ䜢ྲྀ䛳䛯䚹䛛䛺䜚䛾᫬㛫䛜⤒䛳䛶䛔䛯䛻䜒䛛䛛䜟䜙䛪䚸䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䜢ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䛾䛿䚸 Holland (2013, pp. 335–336) 䛜ᣦ᦬䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸䝔䜽䝇䝖ศᯒ䛺䛹䛂䝥䝻䝎䜽䝖ᚿྥ䛃䛾䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䛸䚸ᙜ஦⪅䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊➼䜢㏻䛨䛯
䛂䝥䝻䝉䝇ᚿྥ䛃䛾஧䛴䛾䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏䜢⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䜛䛣䛸䛜䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ពᛮỴᐃ㐣⛬䜢ゎ䛝᫂䛛䛩䛻䛿୙ྍḞ䛸⪃䛘䛯䛯䜑䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾䛯䜑䚸䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊⤖ᯝ䛿୺䛯䜛ศᯒᑐ㇟䛸䛿䛫䛪䚸䝔䜽䝇䝖ศᯒ䜢⿵᏶䛩䜛䜒䛾䛸䛧䛶ᢅ䛳䛯䚹㻠㻚㻌 ஦౛ศᯒ㻌㻠㻚㻝㻌 グ⪅఍ぢ䛾ᴫせ㻌㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷ศᯒ䛧䛯஦౛䛿䚸ᮾி㒔䛻䛒䜛᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛻䛚䛔䛶 2013 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 27 ᪥䛻⾜䜟䜜䛯ᶫୗᚭ䞉኱㜰ᕷ㛗䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䛷䛒䜛䚹ྠ༠఍䛿䚸୺䛻᪥ᮏ䛻ᣐⅬ䜢⨨䛟እᅜே䝆䝱䞊䝘䝸䝇䝖䛛䜙䛺䜛఍ဨไ䛾බ┈♫ᅋἲே䛷䚸ෆእ䛾ᨻ἞ᐙ䚸⤒῭ே䚸ホㄽᐙ䜔ⱁ⾡ᐙ䛺䛹䛾ⴭྡே䜢ᣍ䛔䛶䚸ᾏእⓎಙ䛾䛯䜑䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䜢ᐃᮇⓗ䛻ᐇ᪋䛧䛶䛔䜛 3 䚹ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䛿䚸ᙼ䛜఍ぢ䛾⣙஧㐌㛫๓䚸኱㜰ᕷᙺᡤ䛷グ⪅䛾䜆䜙ୗ䛜䜚ྲྀᮦ䛻ᛂ䛨䛯㝿䚸䛂㖠ᙎ䛜㞵ᔒ䛾䛤䛸䛟㣕䜃஺䛖୰䛷࿨䜢䛛䛡䛶㉮䛳䛶䛔䛟䛸䛝䛻䚸⢭⚄ⓗ䛻䜒㧗䜆䛳䛶䛔䜛⊛⪅㞟ᅋ䜢䛹䛣䛛䛷ఇᜥ䜢䛥䛫䛶䛒䛢䜘䛖䛸ᛮ䛳䛯䜙䚸៘Ᏻ፬ไᗘ䛿ᚲせ䛺䛾䛿ㄡ䛰䛳䛶䜟䛛䜛䛃䛺䛹
䛸Ⓨゝ䛧䛯䛣䛸䜔䚸⡿㌷ᬑኳ㛫㣕⾜ሙ䜢ゼၥ䛧䛯㝿䚸ᅾ᪥⡿㌷ྖ௧ᐁ䛻䛂䜒䛳䛸㢼಑ᴗ䜢ά⏝䛧䛶䜋䛧䛔䛃䛸່䜑䛯䛸᫂䛛䛧䛯䛣䛸䛜᪥ᮏ䝯䝕䜱䜰䛷኱䛝䛟ሗ䛨䜙䜜䚸䛭䛾ᙳ㡪䛜ᾏእ䛻䜒Ἴཬ䛧䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸እᅜ䝯䝕䜱䜰䛻⮬䜙䛾⪃䛘䜢┤᥋ఏ䛘䜛┠ⓗ䛷㛤䛛䜜䛯䚹఍ぢ䛿ྠ᪥༗ᚋ䚸⣙஧᫬㛫༙䛻䜟䛯䛳䛶᪥ᮏㄒ䛷⾜䜟䜜䚸ྠᖍ䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛻䜘䜚䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛛䜙ⱥㄒ䜈㏲ḟ㏻
ヂ䛥䜜䛯䚹఍ぢ䛾ᶍᵝ䛿䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ື⏬㓄ಙ䝃䞊䝡䝇䛂䝙䝁䝙䝁ື⏬䛃䛻䜘䛳䛶䝷䜲䝤୰⥅䛥䜜䛯䜋䛛䚸㘓⏬䛥䜜䛯䝡䝕䜸䛿ᆅୖἼ䛾ᨺ㏦ᒁ䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸 YouTube 䛺䛹䜢㏻䛨䛶ᗈ䛟බ㛤6ᨻ἞ୖࡢⓎゝࢆ㏻ヂࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮䛥䜜䛯䚹ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ୖ䛷බ㛤䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛ື⏬䛷఍ぢ䛾ᵝᏊ䜢☜ㄆ䛩䜛䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸䛣䜜䜢䜒䛸䛻䛧䛯᪥ᮏㄒ䛸ⱥㄒ䛾䝖䝷䞁䝇䜽䝸䝥䝖䜢䛴䛟䜚䚸 ST 䛸 TT 䜢ẚ㍑ศᯒ䛧䛯 4 䚹㻠㻚㻞㻌 ㏻ヂ⪅䛾䝥䝻䝣䜱䞊䝹㻌㻌 ḟ䛻䚸㏻ヂ⪅⮬㌟䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸⡆༢䛻⤂௓䛩䜛䚹ᮏே䛻䜘䜛䛸䚸᪥ᮏ䛷⏕䜎䜜䛯䜒䛾䛾䚸኱Ꮫ䜎䛷䛾ᩍ⫱䛾䛩䜉䛶䜢⡿ᅜ䛷ཷ䛡䛶䛚䜚䚸ẕㄒ䛿ⱥㄒ䛷䛒䜛䚹䜒䛸䜒䛸䛿䝢䜰䝙䝇䝖䜢┠ᣦ䛧䛶䛔䛯䛜䚸⭝⅖䜢ᝈ䛳䛶䝢䜰䝜䛛䜙㊥㞳䜢⨨䛔䛶䛔䛯᫬ᮇ䛻ẕᅜ䛷䛒䜛᪥ᮏ䜢ゼ䛽䛯㝿䚸ぶ㢮䛛䜙㡢ᴦ㛵ಀ䛾㏻ヂ䜢㢗䜎䜜䛯䛣䛸䛜䛝䛳䛛䛡䛷䚸䛣䛾ୡ⏺䛻㊊䜢㋃䜏ධ䜜䛯䛸䛔䛖䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䛿䚸䜽䝷䝅䝑䜽㡢ᴦ㛵ಀ䛾⡿⣔௻ᴗ䛾᪥ᮏ㥔ᅾ䛸䛧䛶ാ䛝ጞ䜑䚸ኵ䛾㛵す㉱௵䜔Ꮚ⫱䛶䜢⤒䛶ᮏ᱁ⓗ䛻䝣䝸䞊䝷䞁䝇䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛸䛺䛳䛯䚹䛔䜟䜖䜛㏻ヂカ⦎䛿ཷ䛡䛶䛚䜙䛪䚸⮬ᕫὶ䛷㏻ヂ
ᢏ⾡䜢㌟䛻䛴䛡䛯୍᪉䚸᪥ᮏ䛾⪁⯒㏻ヂᏛᰯ䛷䛒䜛䝃䜲䝬䝹䞉䜰䜹䝕䝭䞊䛷䛿䚸䛿䛨䜑䛿䝟䝤䝸䝑䜽䞉䝇䝢䞊䜻䞁䜾䛾ㅮᖌ䛸䛧䛶䚸䛭䛾ᚋ䛿㏻ヂ⪅㣴ᡂ䝁䞊䝇䛾ㅮᖌ䛸䛧䛶㛗ᖺᩍ䛘䛶䛚䜚䚸᪥ᮏ䛾㏻ヂ⪅⫱ᡂ䛾᪉ἲ䜔䚸᪥ᮏ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂᴗ⏺䛾⌧≧䛻䛿⢭㏻䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊
ᐇ᪋᫬Ⅼ䛷䚸䝣䝸䞊䝷䞁䝇䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛸䛧䛶ㄳ䛡㈇䛳䛶䛔䜛௙஦䛾༙ศ䛿䝯䝕䜱䜰㛵ಀ䛷䛒䜛䛸ᅇ⟅䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒㐣ཤ༑ᖺ௨ୖ䛻䜟䛯䜚䚸኱ໃ䛾ᨻ἞ᐙ䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䜢ᢸᙜ䛧䛯⤒㦂䜢ᣢ䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹㻠㻚㻟㻌 ᅛ᭷䛾䝸䝇䜽せᅉ㻌㻌 ஦౛ศᯒ䛾ᴫせ䜢☜ㄆ䛧䛯䛸䛣䜝䛷䚸䛣䛾᪥䛾ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛾఍ぢ䛻≉᭷䛸ぢ䜙䜜䜛䝸䝇䜽せᅉ䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒䜎䛸䜑䛶䛚䛝䛯䛔䚹㏻ヂ⪅䛾ጼ䛜ື⏬䛷䛸䜙䛘䜙䜜䚸ྡ๓䜒ෑ㢌䛻ྖ఍⪅䛻䜘䛳䛶⤂௓䛥䜜䛯䛣䛸䛿䛩䛷䛻㏙䜉䛯䛜䚸䛣䜜䛿᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿᪥ᖖⓗ䛻⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸ⴭྡே䛾఍ぢ䛾ሙྜ䛿䚸๓㏙䛾䝙䝁䝙䝁ື⏬䛺䛹䛾䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖䝯䝕䜱䜰䛜⏕୰⥅䜢⾜䛖䛣䛸䜒䜒䛿䜔୍⯡ⓗ䛸䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛 5 䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛷グ⪅఍ぢ䛾㏻ヂ䜢䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸⮬య䛜䚸䛩䛷䛻䝸䝇䜽䛾㧗䛔≧ἣ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛾఍ぢ䛻䛿஧䛴䛾㏣ຍ䝸䝇䜽せᅉ䛜䛒䛳䛯䚹୍䛴┠䛿䚸ᶫୗẶ䛜ᙜ᫬ඹྠ௦⾲䛸䛧䛶⋡䛔䛶䛔䛯ᨻඪ䛂᪥ᮏ⥔᪂䛾఍䛃䛻ᡤᒓ䛩䜛⾗㆟㝔㆟ဨ䛷䛒䜛ᱜෆᩥᇛẶ䛜఍ぢ䛻ྠᖍ䛧䛶䛔䛯䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹ᱜෆẶ䛿⡿䝝䞊䝞䞊䝗኱Ꮫ䜿䝛䝕䜱䞊䝇䜽䞊䝹䛷ಟኈྕ䠄ᨻ἞Ꮫ䠅䜢ಟ䜑䛶䛚䜚 6 䚸ⱥㄒ䛻ሓ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䜢䝏䜵䝑䜽䛩䜛ゝ䜟䜀䛂䝰䝙䝍䞊䛃 7 䛸䛧䛶䚸ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛜ྠ⾜䛥䛫䛯䜒䛾䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹ᐇ㝿䚸ᚋ㏙䛾䛸䛚䜚䚸఍ぢ୰䜒ఱᗘ䛛㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䛻ᑐ䛧ゞṇ䜢ồ䜑䜛ሙ㠃䛜䛒䛳䛯䚹䜲䝷䜽䛻䜘䜛䜽䜴䜵䞊䝖౵ᨷᚋ䜎䜒䛺䛟ⱥᅜ䛾ᨺ㏦ᒁ䠥䠰䠪䛜⾜䛳䛯䝃䝎䝮䞉䝣䝉䜲䞁኱⤫㡿䜈䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ䛾ヂฟ䛻䛴䛔䛶ศᯒ䛧䛯 Baker䠄1997, p. 114䠅 䛿䚸䛯䛰䛷䛥䛘䚸ヂฟ䛻⧄⣽䛺㓄៖䛜ᚲせ䛸䛥䜜䜛ᨻ἞ⓗⓎゝ䛾㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸⌧ሙ䛷䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿䝔䝺䝡➼䛾䝯䝕䜱䜰䜢௓䛧䛶䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻ᵝ䚻䛺ゅᗘ䛛䜙䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䜢┘ど䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶ከ኱䛺䝇䝖䝺䝇せᅉ䛻䛺䜛䛸ᣦ᦬䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䝣䝉䜲䞁኱⤫㡿䛾䜿䞊䝇䛷䛿䚸኱⤫㡿⮬㌟䛜ᐇ㝿䛿ⱥㄒ䜢༑ศ䛻⌮ゎ䛩䜛⬟ຊ䛜䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸኱⤫㡿⮬䜙㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䜢䝏䜵䝑䜽䛩䜛ᙺ๭䜢ᯝ䛯䛧䛶䛔䛯䛸䝧䞊䜹䞊 (ibid.) 䛿ㄝ᫂䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛾ሙྜ䛿䚸䛥䜙䛻ู䛾ே≀7ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧䜢䛣䛾䝰䝙䝍䞊ᙺ䛻ᤣ䛘䛶䛔䛯䛣䛸䛜䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶䛾䝸䝇䜽䜢䛥䜙䛻㧗䜑䛯䛸ゝ䛘䜛䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛾఍ぢ䛻≉᭷䛷䛒䛳䛯䛾䛿䚸ྠẶ䛜䛂⚾䛾ㄆ㆑䛸ぢゎ䛃䛸㢟䛩䜛᪥ᮏㄒ䛾ᩥ᭩䛸䛭䛾ⱥヂ䠄䠝㻠 ุ䚸ྛ 㻢 䝨䞊䝆䠅䜢⏝ព䛧䛶䛔䛯䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䜙䛿఍ぢ䛾ෑ㢌䛻㞟䜎䛳䛯グ⪅䛻㓄ᕸ䛥䜜䚸ᶫୗẶ⮬䜙䛂᪥ᮏㄒ䛜ศ䛛䜙䛺䛔᪉䛿䚸൅䛾ヰ䜘䜚䜒ⱥᩥ䜢䛧䛳䛛䜚ㄞ䜣䛷䛟䛰䛥䛔䛃䛸࿧䜃䛛䛡䜛䛸ྠ᫬䛻䚸㉁ၥ䜢䛩䜛ሙྜ䛻䛿䛣䛾ⱥᩥ䜢ㄞ䜣䛰䛖䛘䛷⾜䛖䜘䛖㔥䜢่䛧䛶䛔䛯䚹䛣䜜䛿䚸ྠẶ䛜఍ぢ䛾୰䛷⧞䜚㏉䛧ゝཬ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸䛚䜚䚸䛭䜒䛭䜒䝯䝕䜱䜰䛾䛂ㄗሗ䛃䛻䜘䛳䛶⮬䜙䛾Ⓨゝ䛾ពᅗ䛜᤬䛨᭤䛢䜙䜜䛯䛸䛾ㄆ㆑䛛䜙ྲྀ䛳䛯୍✀䛾⮬⾨⟇䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䛜䚸䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺Ⓨヰ⪅䛾䛂ㄗヂ䛃䛻ᑐ䛩䜛㆙ᡄᚰ䛜䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶䛥䜙䛺䜛䝥䝺䝑䝅䝱䞊䛻䛺䛳䛯䛷䛒䜝䛖䛣䛸䛿᝿ീ䛻㞴䛟䛺䛔䚹䛣䜜䜙䛾᮲௳䜢⥲ྜⓗ䛻຺᱌䛩䜛䛸䚸ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛾䛣䛾᪥䛾఍ぢ䛿㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛸䛳䛶㠀ᖖ䛻䝸䝇䜽䛾㧗䛔䜒䛾䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸ゝ䛘䜘䛖䚹㻌㻠㻚㻠㻌 Lengthening 䛾᳨ド㻌䛣䛣䛛䜙䛿䚸ୖ㏙䛾䜘䛖䛺㧗䝸䝇䜽≧ἣ䛻䛒䛳䛶䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ヂฟ䜢㑅ᢥ䛧䚸䛭䛾ពᛮỴᐃ䛾⫼ᬒ䛻䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ุ᩿䛜䛒䛳䛯䛾䛛䜢䚸䝔䜽䝇䝖ศᯒ䛸䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊⤖ᯝ䜢஺䛘䛺䛜䜙ぢ䛶䛔䛟䚹௨ୗ䚸 ST 䛿ᶫୗẶ䛾Ⓨゝ䚸 TT 䛿㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䛷䛒䜛䠄ୗ⥺➹⪅䚸௨ୗྠᵝ䠅8 䚹୍䛴┠䛾஦౛䛿䚸ST ෆ䛾୍䛴䛾༢ㄒ䛜䚸 TT 䛷䛿」ᩘ䛾༢ㄒ䛸䛧䛶ヂฟ䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛౛䛷
䛒䜛䚹

ST1:

ሗ㐨䛾⮬⏤䛣䛭䛜ᶒຊ䜢䝏䜵䝑䜽䛩䜛䚹

TT1:

I believe that the freedom to report is a very very valuable concept becausethat is the only way one can check or curb or put restraints on state power.

TT1 䛾๓༙䛻㊊䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻ぢ䛘䜛㒊ศ䛿䚸䛭䛾┤๓䛾ᶫୗẶ䛾Ⓨゝ䛻䛒䛳䛯䛂⚾䛿ሗ㐨䛾⮬⏤䜢୍␒㔜せ䛺౯್䛰䛸⪃䛘䛶䛔䜎䛩䛃䜢⧞䜚㏉䛧䛯䜒䛾䛺䛾䛷䚸䜐䛧䜝ὀ┠䛻್䛩䜛䛾䛿ᚋ༙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸䛂䝏䜵䝑䜽䛃䛸䛔䛖᪥ᮏㄒ䛷䛾Ⓨゝ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸 “check” 䚸“curb” 䚸“put restraints on” 䛸䛔䛖୕✀㢮䛾ⱥㄒ⾲⌧䛜⏝䛔䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹䝏䜵䝑䜽䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䛿䛭䜒䛭䜒ⱥㄒ䛷䛒䜛䛯䜑䚸㏻ヂ⪅䜒୍᪦䛿ཎⓎヰ⪅䛾౑⏝䛧䛯༢ㄒ䜢䛭䛾䜎䜎ⱥㄒ䛸䛧䛶ヂฟ䛧䛯䜒䛾䛾䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛾ᩥ⬦䛻䛚䛡䜛䛂䝏䜵䝑䜽䛃䛾౑䜟䜜᪉䛸ⱥㄒ䛾䝙䝳䜰䞁䝇䛸䛾㐪䛔䛻㐪࿴ឤ䜢ぬ䛘䛯䛯䜑䛛䚸ู䛾⾲⌧䜢஧✀㢮⥆䛡䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛣䛷䚸䛒䛘䛶㏻ヂ⪅䛜㏣ຍ䛾䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䜢๭䛔䛶䚸䜘䜚ཎᩥ䛻㏆䛔⾲⌧䜢ᶍ⣴䛧䛯⫼ᬒ䛻䛿䚸䛣䜜䜎䛷䛻ぢ䛶䛝䛯䜘䛖䛻඲⯡ⓗ䛻㧗䝸䝇䜽䛺≧ἣ䛻ຍ䛘䛶䚸ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛ヰ㢟䛜䚸఍ぢ䛻ཧຍ䛧䛶䛔䜛グ⪅䛯䛱䛻┤᥋䛛䛛䜟䜛ၥ㢟䛷䛒䛳䛯Ⅼ䜒↓ど䛷䛝䛺䛔䚹䛩䛺䜟䛱䚸䛂ᶒຊ䛾┘ど䛃䛸䛔䛖ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵䛻䛸䛳䛶ᴟ䜑䛶㔜せ䛺ᙺ๭䛻䛛䛛䜟䜛㒊ศ䛷䛒䜛䛜䜖䛘䛻䚸䛂䝏䜵䝑䜽䛃䛾ヂฟ䛿䛣䛾䝁䞁䝔䜽䝇䝖䛻䛚䛔䛶㧗䛔䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ୖ䛾䝸䝇䜽䛸䛺䜚䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛺ヂฟ䜢ᘬ䛝ฟ䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖ぢ᪉䜒䛷䛝䜛䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹ḟ䜒ྠ䛨䜘䛖䛻୍䛴䛾༢ㄒ䛻」ᩘ䛾ヂฟ䛜඘䛶䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛౛䛰䛜䚸䝸䝇䜽䜢㧗䜑䛶䛔䜛䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛እⓗせᅉ䛿ୖグ䛾౛䛸䛿␗䛺䜛䚹

8ᨻ἞ୖࡢⓎゝࢆ㏻ヂࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮

ST2:䛣䛣䛜䚸㡑ᅜ䛸䛾㛫䛾୍␒䛾᰾ᚰⓗ䛺ㄽⅬ䛷䛩䚹TT2:

In other words, this is the heart of the debate, the difference of opinion, thedifference of stances and thinking between the Japanese and the South
Korean governments.

ST2 䛾┤๓䛾㒊ศ䛷䚸ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛿ᚑ㌷៘Ᏻ፬䛾⛣㏦䜔៘Ᏻᡤ䛾᪋タ⟶⌮䛺䛹䛻䛚䛔䛶ᅜᐙ䛾㛵୚䛜䛒䛳䛯䛣䛸䛿ㄆ䜑䛺䛜䜙䜒䚸䛂ᅜᐙ䛾ពᛮ䛃䛸䛧䛶䛂⤌⧊ⓗ䛻䛃ዪᛶ䜢ே㌟኎㈙䛧
䛯䛸䛔䛖ドᣐ䛿䛺䛔䛸ᙉㄪ䛧䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺஦ᐇ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䛂ㄆ䜑䛶䛔䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖䛾䛜᪥ᮏ䛾❧ሙ
䛰䛃䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䛜 ST2 䛷ゝ䛖䛸䛣䜝䛾䛂᰾ᚰⓗ䛺ㄽⅬ䛃䛷䛒䜛䜟䛡䛰䛜䚸䛣䛾Ⅼ䛿ྠ᫬䛻㡑ᅜ䛛䜙䜏䜜䜀᭱኱䛾཯ㄽ䝫䜲䞁䝖䛷䛒䜚䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䛻䜒䛣䛖䛧䛯䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁ୖ䛾䝸䝇䜽䜢ព㆑䛧䛯䜘䛖䛺ᙧ㊧䛜ぢ䛶ྲྀ䜜䜛䚹䛸䛔䛖䛾䜒䚸䛂᰾ᚰⓗ䛺ㄽⅬ䛃䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䛻ᑐ䛧䚸ᑐᛂ䛩䜛୕✀㢮䛾ⱥヂ䜢ฟ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䜙䛷䚸᭱ึ䛾 “the heart of the debate” 䛜᭱䜒┤ヂⓗ䛺䛜䜙䜒䚸 ヰ 䛾 ὶ 䜜 ୖ 䜔䜔 ᪥ ᮏ ഃ 䛾 ୺ ᙇ 䛾 ጇ ᙜ ᛶ 䜢 ᙉ ㄪ 䛧䛯 ༳ ㇟ 䜢 ୚ 䛘 䜛 䛾䛻 ᑐ 䛧 䚸 ⥆ 䛟 “thedifference of opinion” 䛭䛧䛶᭱ᚋ䛾 “the difference of stances and thinking” 䛸䚸ᚎ䚻䛻䜘䜚୰❧ⓗ䛺⾲⌧䜈䛸ኚ໬䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹㻌 ḟ䛾౛䜒ྠᵝ䛾ㄽⅬ䛻䛴䛔䛶ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛜ㄒ䛳䛶䛔䜛㒊ศ䛰䛜䚸ྠ䛨୺ᙇ䜢ఱᗘ䜒⧞䜚㏉䛩䛣䛸䛿䚸ཷ䛡ᡭ䛛䜙ぢ䜛䛸⮬ᕫᘚㆤ䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䜒ឤ䛨䜙䜜䜛䛯䜑䚸ᫎീ䛛䜙䛿䛣䛾䛒䛯䜚䛷఍ぢ䛾⥭ᙇឤ䛜ቑ䛧䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛺༳㇟䛜ఏ䜟䛳䛶䛟䜛䚹䛭䛾ሙ䛻䛔䛶௰௓ᙺ䜢ᢸ䛳䛶䛔䜛㏻ヂ
⪅䜒䚸཮᪉䛛䜙ㄗゎ䜢ᣍ䛛䛼䜘䛖䛻䛧䜘䛖䛸䛔䛖㓄៖䛛䜙䛛䚸ヂฟ䛾䛥䜙䛺䜛 lengthening 䛜⏕䛨䛶䛔䜛䚹

ST3: 㻌 䛣䛾ᅜᐙ䛾ពᛮ䛸䛧䛶䚸⤌⧊ⓗ䛻ዪᛶ䜢ᢼ⮴䛧䛯䚸ᅜᐙ䛾ពᛮ䛸䛧䛶⤌⧊ⓗ䛻ே㌟኎㈙䜢䛧䛯䛸䛔䛖Ⅼ䛜䚸䛚䛭䜙䛟ୡ⏺䛾䜏䛺䛥䜣䛛䜙䚸᪥ᮏ䛿≉᭷䛰䛸㠀㞴䛥䜜䜛⌮⏤䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛛䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䚹

TT3: 㻌 The reason I am spending so much time on this point is that it is thisargument that Japan, in Japan’s case, it was the will of the State todeliberately and organizationally and systematically engage in the abductionof women and the human trafficking of women. It is this point that seems, I
think, in the eyes of the people of the world to separate Japan from all of theother nations and all of the other peoples of the world. It is the area that Japanis considered to be unique and peculiar and odd and different from everyoneelse.
TT3 䛾ෑ㢌䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿ᶫୗẶ䛜ྠ䛨ヰ䜢⧞䜚㏉䛧䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䜢⮬ぬ䛧䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䛸䜜䜛⾲⌧䜢ຍ䛘䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸ሙ䛻⏕䜎䜜䛯୍✀䛾⥭ᙇ㛵ಀ䜢⦆࿴䛧䜘䛖䛸㏣ຍⓗ䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䜢๭䛔䛶䛔䜛䜘䛖䛻䜏䛘䜛䚹⥆䛟㒊ศ䛷䛿䚸ᶫୗẶ䛜䛂ᅜᐙ䛾ពᛮ䛸䛧䛶䛃䛸䛔䛖⾲⌧䜢஧ᗘ⏝䛔䛶䛔䜛䛾䛻ᑐ䛧䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛿ྠ䛨⾲⌧䜢⧞䜚㏉䛩䛣䛸䛿㑊䛡䚸ᢼ⮴䛸ே㌟኎㈙䜢୪䜉䛶⾲⌧䛩䜛䛺䛹䛾9ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧⪺䛣䛘䜔䛩䛥䛾ᕤኵ䜢⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯ᚋẁ䚸ᶫୗẶ䛜᪥ᮏ䛿ୡ⏺䛛䜙䛂≉᭷䛰䛃䛸㠀㞴䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䛟䛰䜚䛷䛿䚸䛂≉᭷䛃䛸䛔䛖୍ゝ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶䚸ୗ⥺㒊䛻䛒䜛ᅄ䛴䛾ヂ䜢ฟ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸 “ separate Japan from all of the other nations and all of the other peoples of

the world”䛸䛔䛳䛯 ST3 䛻䛿䜒䛸䜒䛸ྵ䜎䜜䛶䛔䛺䛔⾲⌧䜢ຍ䛘䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸䝙䝳䜰䞁䝇䜢⿵䛳䛶䛔䜛 䚹㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛿䛭䜜䛮䜜䝇䝍䜲䝹䛜䛒䜚䚸䛩䜉䛶䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛜㧗䝸䝇䜽䛾ሙ㠃䛷䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺௜ຍ䜢క䛖ヂฟ䜢⾜䛖䜟䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䛰䜝䛖䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸」ᩘ䛾ゎ㔘䛜ྍ⬟䛺༢ㄒ䜔⾲⌧䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸 ST 䛷䛿୍䛴䛾༢ㄒ䛷⾲䛧䛶䛔䛯䛸䛧䛶䜒䚸ヂฟ䛾㝿䛻」ᩘ䛾㑅ᢥ⫥䜢ᥦ♧䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖᪉ἲ䛿䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺ሙ㠃䛷䛾㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿⌋䛧䛟䛺䛔䜘䛖䛰䚹౛䛘䜀䚸 Baker 䠄1997, p. 116䠅 䛿䚸๓㏙䛾
䝣䝉䜲䞁኱ ⤫ 㡿䛾䜿䞊䝇䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸㏻ ヂ ⪅䛿䚸⮬䜙䛜ヂ ฟ 䜢⾜䛖䛂 䝁䞁䝔䜽䝇䝖䛾㔜 ኱ᛶ䛃䛸䛂ఱ䜙䛛䛾ㄗゎ䛜⏕䛨䛯䛸䛝䛾༴㝤ᛶ䛃䜢ㄆ㆑䛧䛶䛔䜛䛜䜖䛘䛻䚸 ㈐௵䜢ྲྀ䜙䛥䜜䜛䛣䛸䜈䛾ᜍ䜜䛛䜙䚸 䛂 ୍䛴䛾ヂฟ䛾䜏䜢㑅ᢥ䛩䜛䝸䝇䜽䛃䜢㑊䛡䚸ྠ⩏ㄒ䜔㢮⩏ㄒ䜢ḟ䛛䜙ḟ䜈䛸⧞䜚ฟ䛩䛣䛸䛷䚸ཎⓎヰ⪅䛾ពᅗ䛧䛯ព࿡䜢ヂ䛧₃䜙䛥䛺䛔䜘䛖䛻䛧䛶䛔䜛䛸ศᯒ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䝧䞊䜹䞊䛾ゝ䛖䛂䝸䝇䜽䛃䜔䛂ᜍ䜜䛃䛜䚸䝢䝮䛾ゝ䛖䛸䛣䜝䛾䛂䝸䝇䜽䛃䛸㔜䛺䜛䛸⪃䛘䜜䜀䚸ྠ⩏ㄒ䜔㢮⩏ㄒ䛾⨶ิ䛿䚸䜎䛥䛻㏻ヂ⪅䛻䜘䜛䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛾⾲ฟ䛷䛒䜚䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ lengthening 䛸䛔䛖⌧㇟䛜⏕䛨䛯䛸ゎ㔘䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛻䛺䜛䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ヂฟ᪉ἲ䛿䚸 Schäffner䠄2012䠅 䛜ศᯒ䛧䛯 2007ᖺ䛾⡿௖㤳⬻఍ㄯᚋ䛾ඹྠ఍ぢ䛾㏻ヂ䛷䜒☜ㄆ䛥䜜䛶䛚䜚䠄౛䛘䜀㻌 “convene elections”㻌䛾┤ᚋ䛻㻌 “call elections”㻌 䜢⥆䛡䜛䛺䛹䠅䚸䛣䛾᫬䛻䛿䝃䝹䝁䝆௖኱⤫㡿䛜䝣䝷䞁䝇ㄒ䛷 48
䝽䞊䝗ㄒ 䛳䛯䛾䛻ᑐ 䛧䛶䚸㏻ ヂ ⪅ 䛾ⱥ ㄒ 䛾ヂ ฟ 䛿 67 䝽䞊䝗䛻ୖ 䛳䛯䛸グ 㘓 䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛 䠄p.

75䠅 䚹ST 䛷䛿୍䛴䛾༢ㄒ䛷⾲⌧䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛ሙྜ䛷䜒䚸ヂฟ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿」ᩘ䛾⾲⌧䜢ฟ䛩⤖ᯝ䚸ヂฟ඲య䛜㛗䛟䛺䜛䛣䛸䚸䛩䛺䜟䛱ᮏ◊✲䛷䛔䛖䛸䛣䜝䛾 lengthening 䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᶫୗẶ䛾఍ぢ䜢ᢸᙜ䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䜒䚸๓㏙䛾䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖䝯䝕䜱䜰䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛻ᑐ䛧䛶௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛻ㄝ᫂䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹
䜂䛸䛴䛾ヂ䛜䜄䛳䛯䜚䛨䜓䛺䛡䜜䜀䚸䛷䛝䜛䛰䛡䛯䛟䛥䜣ヂ䛧䜎䛩䚹⪺䛔䛯ே䛯䛱䛜䛂䜟䛛䛳䛯䛃䛸䛔䛖㢦䜢䛧䛶䛟䛰䛥䛳䛯䜙䚸䛭䛣䛷䝇䝖䝑䝥䛩䜛䛸䛔䛖ឤ䛨䛺䜣䛷䛩䛽䚹䛰䛛䜙䚸㏻ヂ䛿䜏䜣䛺᪩ཱྀ䛷䛩䚹䛸䛝䛹䛝䛂䛹䛖䛧䛶ヂ䛜㛗䛟䛺䜛䛾䛛䛃䛸⪺䛛䜜䜛䛾䛷䛩䛜䚸䛣䛖䛔䛖⫼ᬒ䛜䛒䜛䜣䛷䛩䛽䠄Ọ⏣, 2014 䠅䛣䛾グ஦䛛䜙䜒䚸㏻ヂ⪅⮬㌟䛜 lengthening 䜢⮬ぬ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸୍ᐃ⛬ᗘ䚸ព㆑ⓗ䛻⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜䛖䛛䛜䛘䜛䚹ᶫୗᕷ㛗䛾఍ぢ䛻䛚䛡䜛䛭䛾௚䛾 lengthening 䛾౛䛸䛧䛶䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜ⱥヂ䛾㝿䛻䛒䛘䛶䜒䛸䛾᪥ᮏㄒ䜢⧞䜚㏉䛩䜿䞊䝇䜒ぢ䜙䜜䛯䚹ST4: 㻌 䛯䛰䚸䛣䛾៘Ᏻ፬ၥ㢟䛻㛵䛧䛶䚸୙ྜ⌮䛺㆟ㄽ䛿䜒䛖⤊Ṇ➢䜢ᡴ䛴䜉䛝䛰䛸ᛮ䛳
䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹

10

ᨻ἞ୖࡢⓎゝࢆ㏻ヂࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮

TT4: 㻌 Having said all of this however, I believe that we have now reached a point intime where we should perhaps put an end to what I would call fugori is theword that the mayor is using… perhaps irrational, or unreasonable arguments
or debates.
䛣䛣䛷䛿䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛾䛂୙ྜ⌮䛃䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䜢⧞䜚㏉䛧䛯䛖䛘䛷䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜ཎⓎヰ⪅䛾Ⓨゝ䜢୍ே⛠䛷ヂ䛩䛸䛔䛖ᙺ๭䛛䜙㞳䜜䚸⮬䜙䛾ヂฟ䛻ㄝ᫂䜢ຍ䛘䛶䛔䜛䚹䛥䜙䛻䛿䚸䛭䛾ヂ䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒㑅ᢥ⫥䜢஧䛴ᥦ♧䛩䜛䛸䛔䛳䛯ᙧ䛷䚸඲య䛸䛧䛶㠀ᖖ䛻㧗䛔䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䜢๭䛔䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䛾䜘䛖䛺ヂฟ䛾㑅ᢥ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸䛣䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛿ᮏ◊✲䛾䛯䜑䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛾୰䛷ḟ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿ᖖ䛻䚸䛸䛶䜒ព㆑䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛰䛛䜙䛣䛭䚸⪺䛔䛶䛔䜛䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䛩䜉䛶䛾ே䛜⣡ᚓ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸␗䛺䜛ヂ䜢䛯䛟䛥䜣ฟ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛩䚹ᖖ䛻ᚰ䛜䛡䛶䛔䜛䛾䛿䚸᭱ึ䛻බᘧヂ䠄 official translation 䠅䜢ฟ䛩䛣䛸䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸䛭䜜䛷䛿༑ศ䛻ศ䛛䜙䛺䛔䚸ㄝ᫂䛜㊊䜙䛺䛔䛸䛔䛖ே䛾䛯䜑䛻䚸䜋䛛䛾ヂ䜢ḟ䚻䛻ฟ䛧䜎䛩䚹䛭䛾㝿䛻䛿䚸ᗘ䛜㐣䛞䛺䛔䜘䛖䛻ὀព䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䠄୰␎䠅䜒䛧䚸䜔䜚㐣䛞䛯䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿㛫㐪䛘䛯䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䛸Ẽ䛵䛔䛯䛸䛝䛻䛿䚸䛭䛾㒔ᗘㅰ䜛䜘䛖䛻䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛭䛖䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ಙ㢗ឤ䛜㔊ᡂ䛥䜜䜛䛸ᛮ䛖䛛䜙䛷䛩 9 䚹䛣䛾Ⓨゝ䛛䜙䛿䚸ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺ሙ㠃䛷㏻ヂ䜢䛩䜛㏻ヂ⪅䛜䛔䛛䛻⮬ศ䛾┤㠃䛧䛶䛔䜛䝸䝇䜽䜢ㄆ㆑䛧䚸䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛾ព㆑䜢䜒䛳䛶ヂฟ䜢㑅䜣䛷䛔䜛䛛䛜䛿䛳䛝䜚䛸ఏ䜟䛳䛶䛟䜛䚹᭱ᚋ䛾౛䛿䚸䛭䛖䛧䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛾䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛻䜒ᣊ䜙䛪䚸≉ᐃ䛾ヂฟ䛜䝰䝙䝍䞊䠄ᱜෆ㆟ဨ䠅䛻䜘䛳䛶ၥ㢟ど䛥䜜䚸㏻ヂ䜢୰᩿䛥䛫䜙䜜䛯୍㐃䛾ὶ䜜䜢♧䛧䛯䜒䛾䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䛾఍ぢ䛻䛚䛔
䛶䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾⨨䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛≧ἣ䛾䝸䝇䜽䛾㧗䛥䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸ཎⓎヰ䛾୰䛾䛯䛳䛯୍䛴䛾༢ㄒ䛜ᴟ䜑䛶㧗䝸䝇䜽䛸䛺䜚䛖䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂☜䛻♧䛥䜜䛶䛔䜛୍౛䛸ゝ䛘䜘䛖䚹

ST5: 㻌 ඛ䜋䛹䚸グ⪅䛛䜙䛤㉁ၥ䛒䜚䜎䛧䛯䛜䚸᪥ᮏ䛾៘Ᏻᡤ䛿㌷䛜⟶⌮䛧䛶䛔䛯䛣䛸䛿㛫㐪䛔䛒䜚䜎䛫䜣䚹

TT5:

In response to a previous question from the floor, I mentioned a few moments
ago that there is no doubt but that these facilities—which were called comfort
stations in Japanese—there is no doubt that they were run by the government.

ST6:䛣䜜䛿ᵝ䚻䛺⌮⏤䛜䛒䜚䜎䛩䛜䚸䛣䜜䛿䚸Ṕྐⓗ䛺䚸ṔྐᏛ⪅䛻䜖䛰䛽䛯䛔䛸ᛮ

TT6:

Excuse me, and the interpreter would like to correct her choice of words

䛔䜎䛩䚹

because it is very sensitive issue. They were managed.
that he was using, by the government.

11

Kanri is the wordࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧

ST7:

䛯䛰䚸㌷䛜⟶⌮䛧䛶䛔䛯䛣䛾᪥ᮏ䛾᪋タ䜒䚸

TT7:

But in regard to these facilities which were managed by the military,ST8:Ẹ㛫ᴗ⪅䛜⟶⌮䛧䛶䛔䜛᪋タ䜒

TT8:whether they were managed … Mr. Sakurauchi doesn’t seem to like the word
managed. 䠷ᑠኌ䛷᪥ᮏㄒ䛷䛾䜔䜚䛸䜚䠹 㻌 So excuse me, this is a very very
delicate and sensitive issue. The original word that is being used is kanri,
which can be translated as being in charge of or being … looking after thefacility. But it can also be used as, interpreted to mean operate, which Mr.
Sakurauchi feels is an inappropriate word. But manage in terms of the facility
is being looked after by the military, that has been acknowledged, butwhether it was the military that has been involved in this or whether it was a
private broker that was involved in this,ST9:䛭䛾᪋タ䛾୰䛷⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛⌧≧䛿䚸኱ኚ୙ᖾ䛺䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛻ኚ䜟䜚䛿䛒䜎䛫
䜣䚹

TT9:

The point that I’m making is that whether it was managed or looked after by
military organization or by private person or organization, the point is, what
happened in those facilities was … were things that were very very tragic andfull of great suffering.

䛣䛾䜘䛖䛻㏻ヂ⪅䛜⮬䜙䛾ヂฟ䛻ㄝ᫂䜢ຍ䛘䜛ᵝᏊ䛿䚸㏻ᖖ䛾఍㆟㏻ヂ䛺䛹䛷䛿㢖⦾䛻┠䛻䛩䜛䛣䛸䛿䛺䛔䛜䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯ᑐᛂ䜔䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿䛂⟶⌮䛃䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䛻ᑐ䛧䛶ఱᗘ䜒⧞䜚㏉䛧㐪䛖ヂㄒ䜢඘䛶䜛䛸䛔䛳䛯㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛺ヂฟ䜒䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜⨨䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛㧗䝸䝇䜽䛺≧ἣ䜔䚸䛂⟶⌮䛃䛸䛔䛖ゝⴥ䛜䛣䛾䝁䞁䝔䜽䝇䝖䛾୰䛷ᣢ䛴䛒䛔䜎䛔䛷㝈ᐃⓗ䛺ព࿡ྜ䛔䜢ే䛫䛶⪃䛘䜜䜀䚸୍ᐃ䛾ㄝ᫂䛜䛴䛟䚹⧞䜚㏉䛧䛾ᘬ⏝䛻䛺䜛䛜䚸 Baker䠄1997䠅 䛷ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䛯䝣䝉䜲䞁኱⤫㡿䛾㏻ヂ䜒䚸⮬䜙䛾 “helpless” 䛸䛔䛖ヂฟ䜢䜑䛠䜚䚸䛭䛾ព࿡䛩䜛䛸䛣䜝䜔㑅䜣䛰᰿ᣐ䜢ㄝ᫂䛩䜛ሙ㠃䛜䜏䜙䜜䛯 䠄p. 118䠅 䚹䛣䛾Ⅼ䛻䛴䛔䛶 Baker䠄ibid., p. 123䠅 䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜䝣䝉䜲䞁኱⤫㡿䛾Ⓨゝ䜢ṇ☜䛻ヂ䛧䛶䛔䛺䛛䛳䛯䛸䛧䛶⣕ᙎ䛥䜜䜛䛺䛹䛂䛒䜙䜖䜛㈐௵䛃䜢㏨䜜䜛䛯䜑䛻⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䜒䛾䛸ศᯒ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛣䜜䜒䜎䛯䚸䛣䛾䜰䝷䝡䜰ㄒ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛻䜘䜛䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛸䛧䛶ㄝ᫂䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䚹
㏻ヂ⪅䛜䛣䛖䛧䛯䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢⾜䛖䛾䛿䚸ୡ⏺䛾ሗ㐨ᶵ㛵䛾㛵ᚰ䜢㞟䜑䜛䜘䛖䛺䝙䝳䞊䝇䛾ሙྜ䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䝭䝇䛜኱䛝䛟䛂ㄗヂ䛃䛸䛧䛶ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䜙䜜䚸᫬䛻䛿㏻ヂ⪅䛾䜻䝱䝸䜰䛻኱䛝䛟യ䛜䛴䛔䛯䜚䚸䜽䝷䜲䜰䞁䝖䜢ኻ䛳䛯䜚䛩䜛౛䛜Ỵ䛧䛶ᑡ䛺䛟䛺䛔䛣䛸䜒ཎᅉ䛻ᣲ䛢䜙䜜䜘䛖䚹ᶫୗẶ䛾㏻ヂ⪅䜒㐣ཤ䛾ⱞ䛔⤒㦂䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸ᮏ◊✲䛾䛯䜑䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛷௨ୗ䛾䜘䛖䛻㏙䜉䛶䛔䜛䚹᭱ึ䛻᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛛䜙┤᥋䛚ཷ䛡䛧䛯௙஦䛿䚸䜚䛭䛺㖟⾜䛾఍㛗䛾ㅮ₇䛰䛳䛯䛸

12ᨻ἞ୖࡢⓎゝࢆ㏻ヂࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮ᛮ䛔䜎䛩䚹䠄୰␎䠅⩣᪥䚸䝣䜱䝘䞁䝅䝱䝹䞉䝍䜲䝮䝈䛜グ஦䜢㍕䛫䛶䛔䛶䚸䛂䠄఍㛗䛿䠅䛣䜜䛣䜜䛸ゝ䛳䛯䛃䛸᭩䛔䛶䛔䜛䛾䜢ぢ䛶䚸⚾䛿䛂䛭䜜䛿㐪䛖䚹஦ᐇ䛸䛧䛶ㄗ䛳䛶䛔䜛䚹䛭䜜䜢ゝ䛳䛯䛾䛿
㏻ヂ⪅䠄䛷䛒䜛⚾䠅䛰䛃䛸ᛮ䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹㏻ヂ⪅䜢㏻䛧䛶ᙼ䛜ㄒ䛳䛯䛸ゝ䛖䛾䛺䜙䛭䛾㏻䜚䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䛡䜜䛹䚸ᙼ䛜┤᥋ゝ䛳䛯ヂ䛷䛿䛺䛔䚹ᘬ⏝➢䛾୰䛻ධ䛳䛶䛔䛶䛿䛔䛡䛺䛔䚸䛸ឤ䛨䜎䛧䛯
10䚹䛴䜎䜚䚸䛣䛖䛧䛯⤒㦂䛾✚䜏㔜䛽䛜䚸≉䛻ᨻ἞ⓗⓎゝ䛾㏻ヂ䜢ᢸ䛖㏻ヂ⪅䛻䝸䝇䜽䛾Ꮡᅾ䜢ᙉ䛟ㄆ㆑䛥䛫䚸ព㆑ⓗ䛻䛫䜘䚸↓ព㆑䛻䛫䜘䚸ヂฟ䛻䛚䛡䜛䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢⾜䜟䛫䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛛䛸᥎ᐹ䛥䜜䜛䚹㻡㻚㻌 䜎䛸䜑㻌㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ㑅ᢥ䛻䛚䛔䛶䚸䝸䝇䜽䛜୍ᐃ䛾ᙳ㡪䜢ཬ䜌䛧䛶䛔䜛䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛛䛸䛾௬ᐃ䛻ᇶ䛵䛝䚸䛒䛘䛶ᴟ䜑䛶㧗䝸䝇䜽䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛ᨻ἞ⓗⓎゝ䛾㏻ヂ䜢஦౛䛸䛧䛶ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸lengthening 䛸䛔䛖⌧㇟䜢ษ䜚ཱྀ䛻᳨ド䜢ヨ䜏䛯䚹䛭䛾⤖ᯝ䚸ᑡ䛺䛟䛸䜒 2013 ᖺ䛻⾜䜟䜜䛯ᶫୗᚭ䞉኱㜰ᕷ㛗䛾グ⪅఍ぢ䛾㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䛿䚸䝸䝇䜽䛾㧗䛔≧ἣ䜔せ⣲䛸࿧ᛂ䛩䜛䜘䛖䛺ᙧ䛷䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛜᝟ሗ䜔ㄝ᫂䛾௜ຍ䛸䛔䛖㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛺᪉␎䜢⏝䛔䛶䛚䜚䚸䛭䛾⤖ᯝ lengthening ⌧㇟䛜㢖⦾䛻㉳䛝䛶䛔䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹䜎䛯䚸㏻ヂ⪅⮬㌟䜒䝸䝇䜽䛾Ꮡᅾ䜢ㄆ㆑䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䜢ព㆑䛧䛺䛜䜙ヂฟ䜢㑅ᢥ䛧䛶䛔䜛ሙྜ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䜒䚸䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳
䞊䜢㏻䛨䛶ᾋ䛛䜃ୖ䛜䛳䛶䛝䛯䚹ゝ䛖䜎䛷䜒䛺䛟䚸䛯䛳䛯୍䛴䛾஦౛ศᯒ䜢䜒䛳䛶䚸㏻ヂ◊✲䛻䛚䛡䜛䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛸䛔䛖ᴫᛕ䛾㐺ᛂྍ⬟ᛶ䜢ㄽ䛨䜛䛣䛸䛿䛷䛝䛺䛔䛜䚸䛩䛷䛻ඛ⾜◊✲䛷ྲྀ䜚ୖ 䛢 䜙 䜜 䛶 䛝 䛯 䜰 䝷 䝡 䜰 ㄒ 䛸 ⱥ ㄒ 䠄 Baker, 1997 䠅 䚸 䝗 䜲 䝒 ㄒ 䛸 ⱥ ㄒ 䚸 䝣 䝷 䞁 䝇 ㄒ 䛸 ⱥ ㄒ䠄Schäffner, 2012䠅 䛾஦౛䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸௒ᅇ䚸᪥ᮏㄒ䛸ⱥㄒ䛾㛫䛾ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛾ᴫᛕ䜢౑䛖䛣䛸䛷ㄝ᫂ྍ⬟䛺ඹ㏻㡯䛜」ᩘ☜ㄆ䛥䜜䛯䛣䛸䛿䚸௒ᚋ䛾◊✲䛾Ⓨᒎ䛾䛯䜑䛻䜒㈗㔜䛺Ⓨぢ䛷䛒䛳䛯䛸ゝ䛘䜘䛖䚹⌧ᅾ䚸」ᩘ䛾◊✲⪅䛸䛸䜒䛻䚸᪥ᮏ䛷㛤䛛䜜䛶䛔䜛ᵝ䚻䛺グ⪅఍ぢ䛾఍ぢෆᐜ䠄ཎⓎヰ䠅䛸㏻ヂ⪅䛾ヂฟ䜢䝁䞊䝟䝇໬䛩䜛䝥䝻䝆䜵䜽䝖䛻ྲྀ䜚⤌䜣䛷䛚䜚䚸䛣䛾䝁䞊䝟䝇䜢ά⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸ⱥㄒ䛛䜙᪥ᮏㄒ䜈䛾ヂฟ䜒ྵ䜑䛯䜘䜚ከ䛟䛾஦౛䜢⥙⨶ⓗ䛻ศᯒ䛷䛝䜛䜒䛾䛸ᮇᚅ䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䜎䛯䚸グ⪅఍ぢ䛛䜙᭶᪥䛜⤒䛳䛶䛧䜎䛳䛯䛯䜑䛻䚸ಶู䛾ヂฟ䛻䛴䛔䛶ヲ䛧䛟⪃䛘䜢⪺䛝ฟ䛩䛣䛸䛜䛷䛝䛺䛛䛳䛯䜒䛾䛾䚸㏻ヂ⪅䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䜒ే䛫䛶ᐇ᪋䛧䛯䛣䛸䛻䛿䚸୍ᐃ䛾ព⩏䛜䛒䛳䛯䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹๓㏙䛾ᯇᒣ 䠄2008䠅 䛻ぢ䜙䜜䜛䜘䛖䛻䚸䝥䝻䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛻䜘䜛ᐇ㦂䝕䞊䝍䜢ศᯒ䛧䛯䜚䚸ᐇ㊶⤖ᯝ䜢䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛸⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛯䜚䛧䛯◊✲䛿ᑡ䛺䛟䛺䛔䛜䚸䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛾䜘䛖䛻䚸 ST 䛸 TT 䜢ẚ㍑䛩䜛䛰䛡䛷䛿༑ศ䛺ศᯒ䛜㞴䛧䛔䝔䞊䝬䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ᐇ㝿䛾⌧ሙ䛷ヂฟ䜢⾜䛳䛯㏻ヂ⪅䛻䛭䛾ෆᐜ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䜢⾜䛖௒ᅇ䛾䜘䛖䛺ᡭἲ䛜᭷ຠ䛺䛾䛷䛿䛺䛔䛛䛸ឤ䛨䛯䚹䛥䜙䛻䚸ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿䛂㧗䝸䝇䜽䞉㧗䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䛾⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛾஦౛䜢ぢ䜛䛣䛸䛷䚸䝢䝮䛾ᣦ᦬䛩䜛䜘䛖䛺䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛻ᇶ䛵䛟┦㛵㛵ಀ䛜ぢ䛔䛰䛫䜛䛛䛻↔Ⅼ䜢ᙜ䛶䛯䛜䚸䜒䛧䚸䛭䛾䜘䛖䛺䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸䛩䜛䛺䜙䜀䚸䛂ప䝸䝇䜽䞉ప䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䛾⤌䜏ྜ䜟䛫䛻䛚䛔䛶䜒䚸஦౛ศᯒ䛻䜘䜛᳨ド䛜ྍ⬟䛺䛿䛪䛷䛒䜛䚹䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛸䛔䛖ᴫᛕ⮬య䛜䜎䛰⌮ㄽ໬䛾㏵

13

ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘15 ྕ㸦2015㸧ୖ䛻䛒䜚䚸༑ศ䛺ᐇド◊✲䛜⾜䜟䜜䛶䛔䜛䛸䛿ゝ䛔㞴䛔䛺䛛䚸᪂䛯䛺䝸䝇䜽≧ἣ䛻↔Ⅼ䜢䛒䛶䛯䜒䛾䜒ྵ䜑䛶䚸᪥ᮏ䛛䜙䛾㈉⊩䜢⥆䛡䛶䛔䛟䛣䛸䛜ᚲせ䛰䜝䛖䚹㻌 䜎䛯䚸௒ᅇศᯒ䛾ษ䜚ཱྀ䛸䛧䛶╔┠䛧䛯㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛻䛚䛡䜛 lengthening 䛸䛔䛖⌧㇟䛻䛴䛔䛶䜒䚸䛥䜙䛺䜛◊✲䛾ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹௒ᅇ䛿䝢䝮䛾䝸䝇䜽⟶⌮䛾ᴫᛕ䜢⏝䛔䛯䛯䜑䚸䝸䝇䜽䛸䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛾┦㛵㛵ಀ䜢୰ᚰⓗ䛻ぢ䛯䛜䚸఍ぢ඲య䜢㏻䛨䛯䝽䞊䝗ᩘ䜔ヂฟ᫬㛫䜢ẚ㍑䛩
䜛䛣䛸䛷䜒᪂䛯䛺Ⓨぢ䛜䛒䜛䛛䜒䛧䜜䛺䛔䚹䛯䛰䚸㏻ヂ◊✲䛻䛚䛔䛶௒ᚋ lengthening 䛻╔┠䛧䛯◊✲䜢⾜䛖䛺䜙䜀䚸䜘䜚᫂☜䛺ᐃ⩏䜔ᴫᛕᩚ⌮䛜ᚲせ䛸ᛮ䜟䜜䜛䚹䛔䛪䜜䜒䚸௒ᚋ䛾ㄢ㢟䛸䛧䛯䛔䚹᭱ᚋ䛻䚸௒ᅇ䛿ᨻ἞ⓗ䛺グ⪅఍ぢ䛾㏻ヂ䜢஦౛䛸䛧䛶ྲྀ䜚ୖ䛢䛯䛜䚸᭷ຊᨻ἞ᐙ䛾Ⓨゝ䛿䛹䛾䜘䛖䛺ሙ䛷Ⓨ䛫䜙䜜䛯䛸䛧䛶䜒䚸ከ䛟䛾ሙྜᗈ䛟䝯䝕䜱䜰䜢㏻䛨䛶ሗ䛨䜙䜜䜛䛣䛸䛛䜙䚸እᅜㄒ䛜䛛䛛䜟䜛䛸䛝䛻䛿䛂䝯䝕䜱䜰㏻ヂ䛃䛸䛧䛶䛾ഃ㠃䜒ే䛫ᣢ䛴䚹䝯䝕䜱䜰㏻ヂ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䛣䜜䜎䛷䚸䝔䝺䝡䛾䝙䝳䞊䝇␒⤌䛻䛚䛡䜛ᨺ㏦㏻ヂ䛾◊✲䛿άⓎ䛻䛺䛥䜜䛶䛝䛯䛜䚸䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖䛾ᬑཬ䛸ᢏ⾡㠉᪂䛻䜘䜚䚸䝯䝕䜱䜰䜢௓䛧䛯㏻ヂ䛾ᶵ఍䜔᪉ἲ䛿ከᵝ໬䛧䛶䛔䜛 䠄Pöchhacker,

2012, p. 124䠅䚹௒ᚋ䛾䝯䝕䜱䜰㏻ヂ䚸䛒䜛䛔䛿䜘䜚ᗈ⩏䛾䝙䝳䞊䝇䞉䝖䝷䞁䝇䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁◊✲䛾Ⓨᒎ䛾䛯䜑䛻䜒䚸䛣䜜䜎䛷୰ᚰⓗ䛻ᢅ䜟䜜䛶䛝䛯ᨺ㏦㏻ヂ䛺䛹䛾ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸㏲ḟ㏻ヂ
䛻↔Ⅼ䜢ᙜ䛶䛯ᮏ◊✲䛜ከᑡ䛺䜚䛸䜒㈉⊩䛷䛝䛯䛣䛸䜢㢪䛖䚹......................................................
䛆ⴭ⪅⤂௓䛇㻌
ᯇୗెୡ䠄 MATSUSHITA Kayo䠅㻌 ᅜ㝿ᇶ╩ᩍ኱Ꮫ෸ᩍᤵ䚹ᮅ᪥᪂⪺グ⪅䚸䝃䜲䝬䝹䞉䜲䞁䝍䞊䝘䝅䝵䝘䝹ᑓᒓ㏻ヂ⪅䜢⤒䛶䚸❧ᩍ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔␗ᩥ໬䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁◊✲⛉༤ኈᚋᮇㄢ⛬䛷㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䜢Ꮫ䜆䚹ᑓ㛛䛿䝙䝳䞊䝇䞉䝖䝷䞁䝇䝺䞊䝅䝵䞁䚹......................................................
䛆ト䛇㻌㻝㻚㻌 䛣䛣䛷䛾䛂䜶䝣䜷䞊䝖䛃䛿䝎䝙䜶䝹䞉䝆䝹䛾䛂ດຊ䝰䝕䝹䛃 䠄Gile, 1995䠅 䛻䛚䛡䜛 effort 䛸༊ู䛩䜛䛯䜑䚸䛂ດຊ䛃䛷䛿䛺䛟䜹䝍䜹䝘⾲グ䛸䛧䛯䚹㻞㻚㻌BLOGOS 䛾䝩䞊䝮䝨䞊䝆 䠷Online䠹 http://blogos.com/article/85539/䠄2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 31᪥䠅 䜢ཧ↷䚹㻟㻚㻌 ᪥ᮏእᅜ≉ὴဨ༠఍䛾බᘧ䝩䞊䝮䝨䞊䝆䠷Online䠹 http://www.fccj.or.jp䠄2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶

31 ᪥䠅 䛻䜘䜛䚹㻠㻚㻌 ື⏬䛿ᮏ✏ᇳ➹᫬Ⅼ䠄2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 31 ᪥ 䠅䛷」ᩘ䛾䝞䞊䝆䝵䞁䛜 YouTub e ୖ䛷☜ㄆ䛷䛝䜛䚹䝖䝷䞁䝇䜽䝸䝥䝖䛾సᡂ䛻ᙜ䛯䛳䛶䛿䚸䝙䝳䞊䝇ᑓ㛛䝯䝕䜱䜰ᒁ䝡䝕䜸䝙䝳䞊䝇䝗䝑䝖䝁䝮䛜YouTube 䛻䜰䝑䝥䝻䞊䝗䛧䛯ື⏬ 䠷Online䠹 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=

Ba0P8Mx-VpU䠄 2013 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 8 ᪥ 䠅䜢౑⏝䛧䛯䚹㻡㻚㻌 ྠ༠఍䛿 2013 ᖺ 9 ᭶䛤䜝䛛䜙఍ぢ䛾䝷䜲䝤䝇䝖䝸䞊䝭䞁䜾ᫎീ䜢⮬䜙Ⓨಙ䛧䛶䛚䜚䚸⌧ᅾ䛷䛿䜋䜌䛩䜉䛶䛾఍ぢ䛜⏕୰⥅䛾ᙧ䛷䜲䞁䝍䞊䝛䝑䝖ど⫈䛷䛝䜛䜘䛖䛻䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛

14ᨻ἞ୖࡢⓎゝࢆ㏻ヂࡍࡿ㝿ࡢࣜࢫࢡ⟶⌮㻢㻚㻌 ᱜෆᩥᇛẶ䛾බᘧ䝩䞊䝮䝨䞊䝆䠷Online䠹 http://www.sakurauchi.jp/profile/index.html

䠄2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 31 ᪥䠅 䛻䜘䜛䚹㻣㻚㻌 ヂฟ䜢䝏䜵䝑䜽䛩䜛➨୕⪅䛾Ꮡᅾ䛜㏻ヂ⪅䛾䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛻୚䛘䜛ᙳ㡪䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿䚸ᮾி⿢ุ䛻䛚䛡䜛䝰䝙䝍䞊䛾ᙺ๭䜢ㄽ䛨䛯Ṋ⏣ 䠄2008䠅 䛻ヲ䛧䛔䚹㻤㻚㻌 ᭩䛝㉳䛣䛧䛻㝿䛧䛶䛿ྍㄞᛶ䜢㔜ど䛧䚸ᮏ◊✲䛷䛿ศᯒ䛾ᑐ㇟䛸䛧䛺䛔෕ㄒ䜔ゝ䛔┤䛧䚸ゝ䛔䜘䛹䜏䛿┬␎䛧䛯䚹㻥㻚㻌 ᮏ◊✲䛾㏻ヂ⪅䜲䞁䝍䝡䝳䞊䛿ⱥㄒ䛷⾜䛳䛯䜒䛾䜢䚸➹⪅䛜᪥ᮏㄒ䛻ヂ䛧䛯䚹
10. ྠୖ䚹䛆ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩䛇㻌

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ᯇᒣᬗᏊ䠄 2008 䠅.㻌 䛂ⱥ᪥㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛸䝜䞊䝖䝔䜲䜻䞁䜾䠖ヂฟ᫬㛫䛻╔┠䛧䛯⪃ᐹ䛃䛄㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲䛅㻌 ➨ 8 ྕ䠈 1–18 㡫䠊Ỉ㔝ⓗ䠄 2015䠅䠊䛄ྠ᫬㏻ヂ䛾⌮ㄽ䠖ㄆ▱ⓗไ⣙䛸ヂฟ᪉␎䛅 ᮅ᪥ฟ∧♫䠊Ọ⏣ṇ⾜䠄 2014 䠅. 䛂䜰䞁䝖䝙䜸⊦ᮌ䛾䛄ඖẼ䛷䛩䛛䞊䟿䛅䛿䛹䛖䜔䛳䛶ⱥㄒ䛻ヂ䛩䛾䛛䠛䛃䛄BLOGOS䛅 [Online] http://blogos.com/article/85539/?p=2 䠄 2015 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 31 ᪥䠅Ṋ⏣⌃௦Ꮚ䠄 2008 䠅. 䛄ᮾி⿢ุ䛻䛚䛡䜛㏻ヂ䛅㻌 䜏䛩䛪᭩ᡣ䠊

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