Aging Better:
Pathways to Enhance Wellbeingof Elderly Population in Indonesia
Unmet Needs Report

December 2023

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ABOUT KOPERNIKAs a research & development (R&D) lab, Kopernik ﬁnds what works by experimenting with potential solutions to address social and environmental
challenges.
VISIONMISSION

OUR WORK

Kopernik envisions a world where disadvantaged
individuals can realize their full potential, living with
dignity and free from the constraints of poverty. In
our vision, the well-being of our planet is prioritized,
ensuring a harmonious coexistence between people
and the environment.

Kopernik is committed to ﬁnding eﬀective solutions
to address social and environmental challenges. We
use a ‘lean experimentation’ approach and apply the‘innovation funnel’ — a process that articulates how
potential solutions are generated from theidentiﬁcation of challenges, testing, implementation,and subsequent adoption at a larger scale.

As we strive for collective impact, we engage
partners from the development, public, and private
sectors to develop, test and implement products,
services, and strategies that uplift underserved
communities. We also collaborate with the creative
sector to advocate for social and environmental
issues.

ABOUT KOPERNIK’S UNMET NEEDS RESEARCH
To ﬁnd eﬀective solutions, Kopernik conducts ‘Unmet Needs Research’ to identify and gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and unmet
needs faced by speciﬁc communities. In 2023, Kopernik's research has focused on Indonesia’s elderly population. Based on the ﬁndings andresults of this research, we will design and test potential solutions to improve the quality of life of older individuals in Indonesia.
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KOPERNIK.INFOTABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | AppendicesPosyandu Lansia, a community care facility for elders to receive
routine medical checkup.
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KOPERNIK.INFOEXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background

Exploring Experimental Solutions

Indonesia, the fourth most populous country in the world, is known
for its young population, with a median age below 30 years.
Despite this ‘demographic bonus’, as it is often referred to, Global
Age Watch ranks Indonesia at 74th out of 96 countries worldwide,
highlighting the growing challenges faced by a minority of elderly
people in the country. With projections indicating a signiﬁcant
increase in the elderly population in the coming decades,
Indonesia’s older people are likely to face even bigger challenges.
It is against this background that Kopernik has undertaken thisunmet needs research with a primary focus on the needs of theelderly population.

The Kopernik team embarked on the task of identifying potential solutions that
could address these challenges, by conducting additional research, drawing
on our internal previous project experiences, and conducting brainstorming
sessions among team members. This process resulted in a total of 27 ideas,
which were subsequently evaluated against criteria related to potential
impact, cost, ease of implementation and novelty.
From the pool of 27 ideas, eight stood out as particularly promising, and well
worth considering as experimental initiatives. These ideas include 1) An
Entrepreneurship School, 2) Employment Generation Program, 3) Pre-elderly
Financial Literacy Training, 4) Mobile Clinic, 5) Self Health Assessment Tools,6) Toilet Support System, 7) Cleaning Task Force, 8) Community-based
Caretaking System, and 9) Intergenerational Program.

The Challenges
Field interviews were conducted with 66 people, which included
32 elderly individuals in Yogyakarta and Bali. These interviews
revealed eight priority challenges, spanning across the dimensionsof income & wealth, health, home environment, and social
networks. These priority challenges are as follows: 1) informal,labor intensive and unstable work, 2) insuﬃcient and low-yield
assets, 3) diﬃculty in accessing healthcare facilities, 4)Inconsistency in health check-ups, 5) lack of adequately equipped
healthcare facilities, 6) unconducive living environments aﬀecting
safety and mobility, 7) limited availability of caretakers and 8)
limited social interactions.
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KOPERNIK.INFO

Call to action
Through our Unmet Needs research, Kopernik aims not only to shed light on
the challenges faced by elderly individuals in Indonesia but also to stimulate
discussions on other challenges that require closer attention. We hope thisreport will serve as a basis for further challenge identiﬁcations and generate
additional intervention ideas that can eﬀectively address the identiﬁed
challenges. We look forward to engaging in conversations with partners andorganizations and taking collective action to implement these experiments inthe coming years while we are still ahead of the demographic changes.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | Appendices

A backyard of an elderly’s house located far away from the main road.
4

KOPERNIK.INFOThis report identiﬁes the unmet needs and challenges of elderly individuals in Yogyakarta
and Bali and serves as a guideline for the testing of potential solutions.
Research Objectives:
To identify the key challenges faced by elderly individuals in Yogyakarta and Bali, and propose potential solutions forexperimentation in order to improve older people’s wellbeing.
July
2022

October
2022

January2023

August2023

Desk Research

Field Research

Synthesis of Challenges

Exploration of prior research on
the wellbeing of elderly people

In-depth interviews of elderly
people and other stakeholders

Thematic analysis and synthesisof challenges facing older
people● Analysis of diﬀerent wellbeing
measurements used inresearch on elderly people’s
wellbeing.
● Analysis of Indonesia’s
population composition.
● Literature review on thechallenges facing elderly
people in Indonesia.

● Development of aquestionnaire to measureelderly people’s wellbeing
status.
● Interview of 66 people
including 32 older people intwo locations● Observation of elderly
people’s living conditions.

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KOPERNIK.INFO● Analysis of responses frominterviews and observation.
● Identiﬁcation of recurring
challenges.

Generation & Prioritisationof Potential Solutions
Development of potential
solutions for experimentation● Generation of ideas.
● Prioritisation of potential
solutions using the following
criteria: ease of
implementation; cost, potential
impact; and novelty.
● High-level experiment designfor priority intervention ideas.

Indonesia is a country with a young population, with a median age of 29.6 years in 2022,
while that of OECD countries is 39.9 years.
Indonesia’s population pyramid (2022)

Source: Worldbank; Statistica.com; World Economics; Worldometers
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KOPERNIK.INFOOECD countries’ population pyramid (2022)

Indonesia’s ‘demographic bonus’ is often referred to in the media and political debates.

Screenshots of media articles that Cita was putting for the
deep-dive session

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KOPERNIK.INFOMeanwhile, the Global AgeWatch Index*, which assesses the social and economic wellbeingof the elderly population around the world, ranked Indonesia at 74th of 96 countries in 2015.
Country ranking in the Global Age Watch Index (2015)
N=96 countries………
…
Source: Global Agewatch Index 2015. Full report can be accessed here.
*The Index represents 91 per cent of the world's population aged 60 and over, amounting to some 901 million people. 2015 is the most recent data available.
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KOPERNIK.INFO

Indonesia performed poorly in 3 of the 4 sub-indices, which are: Income Security, Health
Status, Capability, and Enabling Environment.
Country Rank on Sub-Index 1: Income Security#, N=96 countries

...….

…

Country Rank on Sub-Index 4: Enabling Environment#, N=96 countries

…

..

…..

………..

9

…..

……

Country Rank on Sub-Index 3: Capability#, N=96 countries

Country Rank on Sub-Index 2: Health Status#, N=96 countries

KOPERNIK.INFOMeasurement of four sub-indices as key
domains of older people
Sub-Index 1: Income Security
Measured by pension coverage, poverty
rate in old age, the relative welfare ofolder people, and living standards using
GNI per capita as a proxy.
Sub-Index 2: Health Status
Measured by three indicators: life
expectancy at 60, healthy life expectancy
at 60, and psychological well being.
Sub-Index 3: Capability
Measured by employment levels andeducation status of older people, as
proxies for engagement and humancapital in older age.
Sub-Index 4: Enabling Environment
Measured by access to public transport,
physical safety, social network and civic
freedom.

A rapid demographic shift is taking place in Indonesia, as people live longer and have fewer
children.
Birth rate and life expectancy trend in Indonesia (1960-2022)
Birth rate in# of children
per 1,000
peopleLonger life

Few

er ch
ildre
n

Source: World Development Indicators (WDI), Worldbank
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KOPERNIK.INFOLife
Expectancy inYears oldAs Indonesia’s population continues to age, and is expected to resemble the demographic proﬁleof OECD countries as they were in the year 2010 by 2050, the challenges faced by older people
are likely to become more pronounced.
Old age dependency ratio*, selected countries, 1960 - 2050

Before 2050,
Indonesia will reachthe demographic
proﬁle of OECD
countries as they
were in the 2010s.

Estimate*Age dependency ratio, old, is the ratio of older dependents--people older than 64--to the working-age population--those aged 15-64. Data shown as the proportion of
dependents per 100 working-age population.
Source: World Development Indicators (WDI), Worldbank
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KOPERNIK.INFOThe Indonesian government has developed a national strategy for the elderly populationthat covers social security, health, environment, institutions, and rights.
National strategy on the elderly population in Indonesia

Social security, income, and individual capacity improvement

Health and life quality improvement for elderly people

Presidential
Regulation No.
88 2021 on
Elderly National
Strategy

Human resources and environment development that iselderly-people friendly

Institutional and human resources capacity improvement for elderly
peopleRespect, protection, and fulﬁllment of the rights of elderly people

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KOPERNIK.INFOTABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | Appendices

One of Kopernik team members interviewing elderly in Gunungkidul.
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KOPERNIK.INFOCriteria applied for selecting ﬁeld interview locations:Interview Location Selection Criteria
Indonesia is transitioning towards an aging population due to the rising dependency ratio and the increasing number of elderly individuals inrecent years. However, it is important to note that the characteristics of the elderly population in Indonesia vary across provinces, spanning fromAceh to Papua. To focus our research eﬀorts, we developed location selection criteria comprising several indicators.

① The proportion of elderly people in the location
The proportion of older people in a location isrequired to measure the impact from the expectedintervention. The more elderly people residing in thearea, the greater impact from the intervention will be.

② The proportion of elderly people in rural areas
Elderly people in rural areas generally tend to livewith inadequate infrastructure for their safety andmobility. Therefore, one of the selection criteria wasto ensure that rural areas were represented that havea signiﬁcant number of older people living in thelocation’s rural areas.
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KOPERNIK.INFO③ The proportion of elderly households in rural areas‘Elderly households’ refers to households that have atleast 1 older person over the age of 60. We
considered the proportion of elderly households inrural area to avoid technical problems during datacollection, and to gain insight into elderly individuals’
well being from the perspective of other household
members.

④ Human Development Index (HDI)
HDI measures the levels of social and economic
development. It is composed of four principal areas ofinterest: mean years of schooling, expected years ofschooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national
income (GNI) per capita.

Two locations, Gunungkidul Regency in Yogyakarta and Karangasem Regency in Bali,
were selected.
Field interview locations

Karangasem Regency,
Bali Province
Gunungkidul Regency,
Yogyakarta Province
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KOPERNIK.INFOThe elderly population in Yogyakarta is experiencing growth, contributing to an aging
demographic with a high dependency ratio, who are often overlooked as breadwinners.
Population Pyramid in Yogyakarta, 2022

Yogyakarta’s elderly population is increasing
Yogyakarta has the highest number of older people in Indonesia.
Based on the population pyramid, there is a declining trend of toddlers (age0-4), while the elderly population group (65-75+) experienced
a relatively high growth rate from 2018 to 2022 and is expected to growfurther until 2025. This phenomenon is related to improvements in overall life
expectancy.

Characteristics
High dependency
ratio

Underappreciatedbreadwinner

Source: BPS DIY
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KOPERNIK.INFODescription
Yogyakarta experienced an increasein elderly-dependency ratio from12,43 in 2000 to 15,72 in 2020.
6 out of 10 elderly people in
Yogyakarta are breadwinners.
They mostly work in the agricultural
sector with a low level of income,Rp 1,020,000 compared to thenational level of Rp 1,452,000.

Much like Yogyakarta, Bali has undergone a transformation in its elderly demographic,
evolving into an aging population over the past few years.
Population Pyramid in Bali, 2022

Bali will have more older people with fewer children in the future
Bali is one of the provinces in Indonesia entering the aging population phase.
The demographic composition is shifting, with a growing proportion of older
individuals while the number of children is comparatively lower as illustrated
in the population pyramid chart. The aging index* in Bali is projected to reach
67.09 in 2025. Examining the distribution across districts, Tabanan and
Klungkung stood out as the areas with the highest number of older people in
2021.

Characteristics
Low pension
coverage fromlayoﬀsWorking in
the informal,
agricultural
sector*The number of older people per 100 children
Source: BPS DIY
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KOPERNIK.INFODescription
During the COVID-19 pandemic many
workers were laid oﬀ, including older
people. However, pension coverage islower as compared to the national level.
About 54% of older people in Bali are
involved in the agricultural sector and88.19% of them are working informally.

In the two locations, interviews were conducted with 66 respondents representing ﬁve typesof stakeholders.
Research locations
Types of respondents

Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta

Karangasem, Bali

Older People●

16 older people*●

16 older people*

Family Members●

12 family members●

13 family members

Local Government●●●

BAPPEDA Provinsi DIY
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi DIY
Dinas Sosial Provinsi DIY●●●

BAPPEDA Kabupaten Karangasem
Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Karangasem
Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Karangasem●

District-level health facility in
Gunungkidul●

District-level health facility in Karangasem●

ERAT Indonesia-

Public Health Facilities
Local CSOs

*During the analysis, we identiﬁed the respondents using only their initials to protect their anonymity.

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KOPERNIK.INFOInterview questions were developed to capture the challenges faced by older people acrossfour well-being dimensions.
Dimensions

Not exhaustive

Income & Wealth●●●

Please describe your current sources of income
Please describe your current expenditure allocation
Please provide list of assets you owned currently

Health●●●●Please describe your current health condition
What are the current challenges for you to check your health condition regularly?
What healthcare services have you received so far?
What healthcare services have you not received so far that you consider important for you?

Home Environment●●●

Please describe the current condition at home
Please describe the safety conditions in your home
What are the challenges of living in your home?

●●

Who do you often interact with at home?
How often are you involved in the following activities?
(Religious, health, political, charitable activity)

Social Networks

19

High Priority Questions

KOPERNIK.INFOTABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | AppendicesTraditional kitchen in one of elderly respondents in Gunungkidul
still uses wood as fuel.
20

KOPERNIK.INFOEight key challenges faced by the elderly were identiﬁed across the four dimensions ofincome and wealth, health, housing, and social networks.
Dimensions

Challenges
1

Informal, labour intensive, and unstable work, coupled with no pension2

Insuﬃcient and low-yield assets

3

Diﬃculty in accessing healthcare facilities

4

Inconsistency in undergoing routine health check-ups

5

Lack of healthcare facilities adequately equipped to receive and treat the elderly population

Income and Wealth

Health

6 Unconducive living environment for the safety and mobility of elderly people

Home environment

Social Networks

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KOPERNIK.INFO

7Limited availability of caretakers within and outside the family

8

Limited social interactions

Challenge 1: From the income & wealth perspective, older individuals face challenges interms of their informal, high-risk, and unstable working environment.
Do you have a pension?

Are you still working?

%. N = 32 respondents%. N = 32 respondents

Yes

No

Yes

No

12%

88%

59%

41%

Only 12.5% of older peopleinterviewed have a pension scheme.
As they have worked in the informal
sector, most older people do not have
suﬃcient pension coverage for theirneeds.*

Almost 60% of older people that weinterviewed are still working; notbecause they still can, but because
they need to. They mostly do highlylabor intensive work such as
agriculture, livestock farming andfood/craft making.

“I used to carry 50 buckets of saltwater everyday to make salt. But nowadays I only
work on my cassava farm near my house because I have pain in my shoulders”- IWT, 75 years old

Working conditions in a cattle cage where one of theelderly work each day, Gunungkidul.

*This is in line with the research ﬁndings (TNP2K & SMERU in 2020) that due to the absence of a pension, elderly people are still working to fulﬁll their basic needs.

22

KOPERNIK.INFOChallenge 2: In addition to unstable incomes, most older individuals have limited andlow-yield assets such as a small house, land for farming, or cattle.
Types of assets owned by elderly individuals#. N = 32 respondents (multiple choice)

23

House
13

Land
6

CattleMotorcycle
Merchandise
inventory
Cart

2
1
1

No Assets

3

The elderly individuals typically inherited only asmall part of land/housing and/or cattle from theirparents. However these assets don’t generate
suﬃcient income to fulﬁll their needs.
The older individuals mostly rely on thegovernment’s social safety net program. Since,
2004 the Indonesian government provides social
safety net for several areas, including foodsecurity such as subsidized rice and essential
groceries. An additional social safety net
provision is cash transfer to low income, targetedhouseholds.

“I was born during the war, at that time my parents only gave me this 3 acres of land. It’s not muchbecause we have 10 children to take care with. Fortunately, we can live suﬃciently from it”- IKS, 80 years old

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KOPERNIK.INFOMost elderly people only have two typesof assets - land for farming, and cattle.

Challenge 3: Many older people live in areas that are far from healthcare facilities - whichhinders their ability to seek proper healthcare.
Access to Puskesmas%. N = 32 respondents
Walking
distance
9%

Beyond walking
distance91%

Due to the distance to Puskesmas* and/or
poor road conditions, 29 of 32 respondents
found it diﬃcult to go to the PUSKESMAS toreceive health check ups and healthcare.
While some PUSKESMAS oﬀer routine
check-ups for elderly people at community
centers that are closer to their homes, called
Posyandu Lansia, this is highly dependent on
the availability of local government funding
and many PUSKESMAS are unable to provide
this service.

“I go to a private doctor every time I’m sick. I have to pay IDR 100,000 for every visit. I
know I can get treatment for free at the Puskesmas, but it’s too far to walk there and I
cannot ride a motorcycle.” - TPN, 83 years old

Posyandu Lansia are held at community centers that arelocated closer to where elderly people live.

*The ﬁrst level of healthcare in Indonesia is conducted by Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat (or PUSKESMAS) - a community health center at the sub-district level. Indonesian citizens
are eligible to receive free healthcare at the PUSKESMAS using their national health insurance (BPJS Kesehatan), and health screening at the PUSKESMAS is a requirement toreceive further treatment and care in bigger hospitals for free.
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KOPERNIK.INFOChallenge 3: 78 percent of respondents have health issues such as rheumatism, headaches,
vision problems and high uric acid levels.
Participants with health issues

Participants’ health issues%. N = 32 respondents# of issue identiﬁed. N = 24 respondents (multiple answer)
Rheumatic

10
8

Vertigo/ headache
Cataract/ vision problem

7

Gout

7

22%

Shortness of breath
Limited mobility due to injury

4

Coughing

478%

Hypertension

3

Gerd

3

Hearing loss

3

Others*
: Yes

: No

*Others include heart disease, calculus of kidney, diabetes, hand tremors, dysentery, senility, and hypotension.
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KOPERNIK.INFO

5

1

Challenge 4: 72% of respondents don’t have access to Posyandu Lansia, and are much lesslikely to undergo routine health checkups.
Regular checkups amongst
those with access

Access to Posyandu Lansia

Regular checkups amongst
those without access%. N = 9 respondents%. N = 32 respondents%. N = 23 respondents
No

No

No
44%

72%
83%

Yes
56%
Yes

28%

Yes

17%

While those who have access to Posyandu Lansia are more likely to have regular healthcheckups, their caretakers often only bring the elderly individuals to a healthcare facility
when they are already showing signs of illness.
Posyandu Lansia, a monthly health check provided forelderly people at sub-village level.

“There is no Posyandu Lansia or door-to-door health check here. I bring WA to the
Puskesmas when he’s feeling unwell” - MD, a caretaker for WA 85 years old

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KOPERNIK.INFOChallenge 5: Elderly people require specially equipped healthcare facilities and personnel
but they are in short supply.
Elderly-friendly Puskesmas in Indonesia*%. N = 10,203 Puskesmas

No
37%*Source: Ministry of Health

Yes
63%

In 2020, there were 6,398 (63%) elderly-friendly
Puskesmas nationally. The elderly-friendly Puskesmas
have these characteristics:
1. Integrated One-Stop Services that allow elderly
patients to register, receive health check-ups, andobtain medication in one room – reducing thehassle for them.
2. Priority Service for Elderly Patients that reduces
the need to wait in long queues.
3. Inclusive Facilities that include handrails in
restrooms and other areas, as well as non-slip
ﬂoors to prevent falls.
Even with a growing number of the elderly-friendly
Puskesmas, the availability of geriatric care inIndonesian hospitals is extremely low at 6.6% acrossall public hospitals.

“In this Puskesmas, we do not have a special doctor to treat elderly people. We only
keep patients’ (elderly individuals) medical records who seek treatment here andreport to the Health Department” - BD - Puskesmas Nglipar
27

KOPERNIK.INFOCommunity Health Center (Puskesmas) in Karangasem,
Bali.

Challenge 6: Most elderly people reside in homes that aren't adequately designed for theirneeds, thereby risking their safety and mobility.
Bathroom location

Type of toilet%. N = 32 respondents%. N = 32 respondents
Unavailable

50%

In the mainbuilding

40.6%

Unavailable

9.4%

Outside themain building

Toilets are often located 10 meters awayfrom the main building, without any
connected roof. Access to a bathroom
becomes more challenging during thenight and the rainy season.

81.2%

Squat

9.4% 9.4%

Sitting

Majority of the squat toilets are without
any hand railing support and areunsafe, especially for older people withbad knees and increases the risk of falls
among elderly people*.
NC’s bathroom outside of the main house building,
without a connected roof.

“I was going to the bathroom by myself after the rain. Unfortunately, as the ﬂoor was
slippery, I fell down. I broke my hips and became bedridden for two years.”– MP, female, 65 years old.

*Research by Yuliyana (2019) found that age and weight have a correlation with elderly people’s satisfaction in using squat toilet.

28

KOPERNIK.INFOChallenge 6: Many elderly people live in houses built with toxic materials, dirt ﬂoors, andlimited access to clean water.
Other issues in the housing environment# of issues identiﬁed. N = 32 respondents
17

Leaking roof
Lack ofclean water

8

Dirt ﬂoor

6

Asbestos
exposure

6

Elderly individuals often live in houses that are
not well maintained, leading to issues such as
roof leaks.
In Gunungkidul, the only available spring water ismuddy and contaminated with phosphor.
Dirt ﬂoors carry parasites, viruses and bacteria
which can cause diarrheal, skin and respiratory
diseases. This situation is worse for elderly
people who live together with free-range
animals such as chicken and ducks.

Muddy water from the water spring in
Gunungkidul.

Breathing in asbestos ﬁbers increases the risk ofserious disease**Globally, asbestos causes an estimated 255,000 deaths annually (Furuya, 2018). Despite 67 countries in the world
totally banning the use of asbestos for building materials, Indonesia has unclear regulations related to its usage.1
1Regulation of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 03/Men/1985 concerning Occupational Health and Safety
Using Asbestos focuses only on work safety and does not ban the use of asbestos as building materials

29

KOPERNIK.INFO

One of elder people’s house is built withasbestos in the walls and has a dirt
ﬂoor.

Challenge 7: Many elderly individuals are not able to receive full support from theircaregivers as they do not live in the same house as their caregivers.
Cleaning
Alone
(n=7)
With family
member(n=25)Taking medicine

71.4%

28%

28.6%

With family
member(n=25)

71.4%

32%

68%

72%

Groceries

Meal
Alone
(n=7)

28.6%

42.9%

57.1%

42.9%

32%

68%

28%

: Have to do themselves

57.1%

72%
: Supported

Elderly individuals require support to eﬀectively manage andmeet their needs. When older people live alone, their ability toperform various tasks independently, such as cleaning,cooking and grocery shopping is limited. Especially for
activities involving travel, they must rely on others. Living with afamily member signiﬁcantly beneﬁts elderly individuals
providing them with caregivers who can assist in theseessential tasks.
However, managing their needs independently does notnecessarily mean that these needs are entirely fulﬁlled. Elderly
people residing alone typically address their requirements at abasic level. Consequently, many aspects of their needs often
go unattended, leading to issues such as untidy and unclean
living spaces, irregular meals and missed medication
schedules.

“I fully rely on my neighbor to get medicine from the pharmacist for me, since I live alone”– ML, male, 72 years old.

30

KOPERNIK.INFOChallenge 8: Limited social interaction is associated with decreasing mobility.
Social interaction level & association with physical ability%. N = 32 respondents
Social interactions
MediumPhysical ability

Low
Low(n=11)

27%

Medium(n=8) 13%High8%(n=13)

High

36%

38%

31%

36%

50%

62%

Elderly people often rely on their caregivers
for companionship at home andtransportation to places where they cansocialize with friends and relatives. Elderly
individuals living with extended family
members typically experience fulﬁlled
social interactions through daily
engagement.
However, when elderly people live alone
or with immediate family members whoare either working or unable to assist withdaily mobility, they often lack regularsocial interaction. This contributes to their
feelings of isolation.

“We do not have any children, so it’s only the two of us. We want to participate in the village
meetings, but it’s painful for us to walk there. Sometimes, the head of village comes to visit
us to check on us. And that’s the only other person that I talk to other than my husband.”– GNM, female, 80 years old.
31

KOPERNIK.INFO

In addition to regular health check-ups,
Posyandu Lansia also oﬀers an opportunity for
elderly people to meet each other.

For most elderly people, family members are
their main source of social interaction.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | Appendices“Gejog lesung” is one of social activities for elderly women in Gunungkidul.
32

KOPERNIK.INFOHow dowe solve thechallenges facedby elderly
individuals inrural areas?

33

KOPERNIK.INFOThe Kopernik team generated a long-list of 27 potential solutions to these 8 challenges,
which were then prioritized into a list of 9.
Generating Potential Solutions

Research oninterventions insimilar conditions

Learning from
Kopernik’s past
projects

Ideas from Kopernik
team

27 potential solutions

34

KOPERNIK.INFO

Prioritization● Ease of Implementation: Operations
How straightforward, quick, andresource-eﬃcient it is to execute theexperiment?
● Ease of Implementation: Cost
How ﬁnancially feasible and cost-eﬀective
it is to carry out the experiment?
● Potential Impact
How straightforward and achievable is it
to carry out the experiment in comparison
to its anticipated results, beneﬁts, orinﬂuence?
● Novelty
How does the experiment introduce aunique approach, solution, or method that
diﬀerentiates it from existing or previous
initiatives?

Experiment Ideas

9 experiment ideasWe evaluated each potential solution by considering ease of implementation in terms ofoperations and cost, potential impact, and novelty, categorizing them into low, medium andhigh scoring categories (1/6)
1Informal, labour intensive, and unstable work, coupled with no pension2

Insuﬃcient and low-yield assets

Unconditional Cash Transfer (UCT):
Cash transfers to the elderly throughagents without the prerequisite ofenrollment is a policy widely adopted indeveloping countries, including Indonesia
through the Program Keluarga Harapan(PKH). Another policy in Indonesia relevantto the principles of UCT is Bantuan
Langsung Tunai (BLT).

Older People’s Entrepreneurship School:
Organizing a series of knowledge sharing
sessions for elderly people to learn
entrepreneurship and earn income from it. The
curriculum could consist of topics such as asset
identiﬁcation, business ideation, technicalbusiness skills, and business scale up. Thisinitiative aims to provide alternative sources ofincome from these business activities.

Livestock Distribution:
Providing livestock such as chickens to elderly
people. This initiative aims to enhance the older
people’s livelihoods by oﬀering a sustainablesource of food and income. In addition, older
people also can raise and sell the livestock in
the longer term, improving their purchasing
power to access nutritious food, contributing toa better quality of life.

Elderly Community Currency:
Establishing a community currency for
elderly people earned through service. Thisinitiative provides incentives for elderly
people for their active participation in thecommunity through special currency or
tokens that older people can earn andspend within their community. These
tokens can be used to access services,
improving elderly people's’ well-being.

Elderly Employment Program - Aquaponics:
Providing alternative sources of food andincome for older people throughcommunity-level aquaponics. Initially Kopernik
will provide a series of training sessions on how
to install and maintain the aquaponic facility.
Subsequently, the selected group of older
people will be responsible for managing theaquaponic system.

Pre-elderly Financial Literacy Training:
Developing pre-elderly ﬁnancial literacy on aset of topics including budgeting, retirement
planning, and asset management. This course
aims not only to improve ﬁnancial literacy, butalso to prevent older people from borrowing
from loan sharks.

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We evaluated each potential solution by considering ease of implementation in terms ofoperations and cost, potential impact, and novelty, categorizing them into low, medium andhigh scoring categories (2/6)
3

Diﬃculty in accessing healthcare facilities

Posyandu Incentives for Elderly Individuals:
Providing various incentives to nudge elderly people
to visit Posyandu for health checks. These incentives
range from cash incentives for attendance, providing
a psychologist for older people to consult with,packages of groceries that older people can takehome, and social activities like traditional dancing.

Home Visit Welfare Check:
Creating a system where a group of people will come to theolder people’s houses and conduct a welfare check.
The welfare check is done to assess whether elderly
individuals need additional help to feed themselves, are wellstocked in their groceries and medicines, determine the older
people’s mental status, and to provide companionship.

Ride Sharing for Elderly Individuals:
Creating a system to provide older people withriders that can take them to healthcare facilities.
The riders can regularly come to the older people’shouses and oﬀer their service, and can also be
booked in advance for a speciﬁc time and date.
The riders will take the older people to thehealthcare facilities, wait for them, take them toprocure medicines as needed, and take them home.

Mobile Clinic:
Providing elderly individuals with a door-to-door visit byhealthcare workers to conduct health check-ups at theirhomes. The healthcare workers are equipped with proper
medical equipment and vehicles, so that they are also able toprovide necessary medicines for elderly people who need it.

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We evaluated each potential solution by considering ease of implementation in terms ofoperations and cost, potential impact, and novelty, categorizing them into low, medium andhigh scoring categories (3/6)
4Inconsistency in undergoing routine health check-ups

Posyandu Incentive for Family:
Encouraging families to bring elderly family
members to Posyandu Lansia by oﬀeringvarious incentives, such as free food andgroceries, discounts at local shops, andnutritional supplements. This aims to enhanceelderly health and well-being by ensuringolder individuals are undergoing regularcheck-ups.

Health Promotion through Religious Activities:
Promoting the beneﬁts of regular check-ups andgood health practices through local religious
activities such as through pengajian (praying
group) or activities done at banjar (hamlet). The
goal is to encourage older people to conduct
regular health check-ups at their local healthcare
facilities through the support of religious ﬁguresthat older people trust.

Elderly People Self Assessment Tools:
Oﬀering an intuitive multimedia platform forseniors to independently evaluate their healthstatus. With user-friendly interfaces,
audio-visual aids, and personalized feedback,the tools empower older people to monitor
their well-being themselves, identify potential
health issues early, and stay proactive inmanaging their health.

Village Scope Radio:
Creating a local radio program to broadcast healthinformation for older people. This includes
invitations to the next Posyandu Lansia, andsharing beneﬁts of conducting regular check-ups
and simple tips that older people can follow tomaintain their health. The radio show can also
serve as a networking tool for older people to relay
messages to others through the radio.

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Older People as Health Advocates:
Involving older people as advocates andspokespersons in health socialisation activities. By
being advocates could allow for elderly individuals
to tailor the health activities better to their needs.
Having older individuals as spokespeople isexpected to establish trust as part of thesocialisation among elderly individuals because
they could better relate to their peers.

We evaluated each potential solution by considering ease of implementation in terms ofoperations and cost, potential impact, and novelty, categorizing them into low, medium andhigh scoring categories (4/6)
5Lack of healthcare facilities adequately equipped to receive and treat the elderly

Geriatric Training for Local Providers:
Providing communities and local healthworkers with specialized geriatric training
to better support elderly people.
Participants will learn about age-related
health issues, mobility aids, and eﬀective
communication strategies. In addition, thisis expected to establish a support networkand elderly care tailored to the local setting.
Special Facilities in Health Facilities:
Equipping healthcare facilities with tools
and systems specially designed for elderlycare. This includes specialized equipment,
geriatric training for staﬀ, and eﬃcientpatient management systems, ensuring thatelderly patients receive tailored,
compassionate, and prompt medical
attention in a supportive environment.

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KOPERNIK.INFOGeneral Home Support System:
Enhancing elder safety and mobility throughsmart technology and mobility aids.
Integrated sensors and automated lighting
can prevent falls, while remote monitoring by
caregivers ensures prompt assistance.
This intervention fosters independence
among elderly individuals and provides themwith a secure and supportive homeenvironment.
Toilet Support System:
Enhancing bathroom safety for elderly people
with handrails, non-slip mats, sitting toilet,
and motion-activated lighting to encourage
elderly people’s independence while
maintaining a secure and accessible
environment. In addition, this can include
provision of an emergency call button toensure prompt assistance by caregivers.

6

Unconducive living environment for safety
and mobility of elderly people
Cleaning Task Force:
A dedicated service designed to assist elderly
people in maintaining a clean and hygienic home.
A team of trained volunteers conducts regularhousekeeping, ensuring a thorough cleaning of
all areas. They pay special attention to high-touch
surfaces, minimizing the risk of infections andclutter that hinders mobility. This intervention
aims to create a comfortable and safe homeenvironment.

We evaluated each potential solution by considering ease of implementation in terms ofoperations and cost, potential impact, and novelty, categorizing them into low, medium andhigh scoring categories (5/6)
7Limited availability of caretakers within and outside the family

Community-Based Caretaking System:
Organizing a system for volunteers and community
members to take care of elderly people. They will
provide essential care for elderly individuals including
provision of meals, transportation and companionship.
This system creates a network catering to diverse elder
needs while fostering community support.

Healthy Food Service & Eating Buddies:
Providing elderly people with healthy food and meal
companions. By ensuring access to wholesome food andsocial interaction, this initiative is expected to improve thewell-being of elderly people, addressing both theirnutritional needs and the importance of social
engagement, one meal at a time.

Co-Living for Elderly People:
Aiming to pair solitary elders and facilitate shared living
arrangements in a communal household. By matchingthem together, the program fosters a supportive
environment where elderly individuals can cohabit,oﬀering companionship and shared responsibilities while
promoting a sense of community and mutual care.

Proximity Housing Grants:
Providing housing subsidies for families who are willing tolive near their elderly family members. By incentivizing
and supporting families to live near their ageing relatives,
the initiative will enable easier access to care and support
for elderly people, ensuring their well-being.

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KOPERNIK.INFO

We evaluated each potential solution by considering ease of implementation in terms ofoperations and cost, potential impact, and novelty, categorizing them into low, medium andhigh scoring categories (6/6)
8Limited social interactions

Pet Program:
Providing elderly individuals with pets toaccompany and care for. By oﬀering pets to them,this initiative aims to enhance their emotional
well-being and sense of companionship while also
allowing them to take on the responsibility ofcaring for an animal.
Intergenerational Program:Informal get together/live–in activities that bringelderly and young people together. By organizingthese interactions, the program fosters a platform
for them to connect, share experiences, and learn
from each other, promoting mutual understanding.

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Hobby Club:
Establishing clubs tailored to the hobbies and interests ofelderly individuals. By organizing these clubs, theprogram aims to create a supportive environment where
older people can engage in activities they enjoy, fosteringa sense of community while providing opportunities forsocial interaction and passion fulﬁllment.

9 potential solutions were chosen as priority experiment ideas.
The potential solutions priority matrix
N = 27 potential solutions*highEase of Implementation(Operation + Budget)

Aquaponics
Toilet support system
Intergenerational
programFinancial literacy
training
Cleaning
task force
Health mobile
clinic

Avg: 3.8

lowPotential Impact
IncomeHealth

Housing

Social relation*Bubble size represents the novelty score, the smaller the bubble, the less novelty value
41

KOPERNIK.INFOCommunity based
caretaking systemlow

Avg: 2.6

Dimension:

Self assessment
tool

Eldersentrepreneurshipschoolhigh

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | Appendices

Daily activities of an elder include sitting while enjoying their free time.
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KOPERNIK.INFO

Based on the prioritisation process, Kopernik developed an initial high-level design of nine
experiments.
Dimensions

Challenges
1

Informal, labour intensive, and unstable work, coupled with no pension

Entrepreneurship School
Employment Program2

Insuﬃcient and low-yield assets

Pre-elderly Financial Literacy Training

3

Diﬃculty in accessing healthcare facilities

Mobile Clinic

4

Inconsistency in undergoing routine health check-ups

Self Assessment Tools

5

Lack of healthcare facilities adequately equipped to receive and treat the elderly

Geriatric training for local providers*6

Unconducive living environment for safety and mobility of the elderly

Toilet Support System
Cleaning Task Force

7

Limited availability of caretakers within and outside the family

Community-based caretaking system

8

Limited social interactions

Intergenerational Program

Income and Wealth

HealthHome environment

Social Networks*The potential solutions to this challenge did not make it into the top priority matrix
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KOPERNIK.INFO

Priority ideas to experiment

Experiment Idea 1: Entrepreneurship School

44
KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 1: Entrepreneurship School

Data collection period: 8 months
Experiment design (before & after assessment)

OutputOutcome

Total participants n = 15 elderly individuals
Intervention

Participant Criteria
Elderly farmworker● Working in small
farm area (lessthan 1 hectare)● Live within walking
distance, or
maximum 1 km
from the school
location●

Elderly people participating in the schools with following
curriculum:
Tangible and intangible asset identiﬁcation● Business ideation● Basic business operation skills for elders (e.g:communication, ﬁnancial, marketing, etc)
● Growth strategy

KOPERNIK.INFO

Increased income
from the new
business activity(IDR)*●*Reaching this outcome requires further intervention in terms of assistance to elders to create their business
45

Improved understanding
on business (%)

Higher motivation tostart a business (%)

Experiment Idea 2: Financial Literacy Training

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KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 2: Financial Literacy Training
Data collection period: 12 to 24 months
Experiment design (before & after assessment)

OutputOutcome

Total participants n = 15 pre elders
Intervention

Participant Criteria
Between 45-59
years old
● Low yield assets● Preferably receive
direct cashtransfer fromgovernment●

Elders participating in the ﬁnancial literacy training, which
include:Introduction to ﬁnancial literacy● Budgeting and ﬁnancial planning● Simple banking concepts● Retirement planning● Asset management

Improved understanding
on ﬁnancial literacy
Increased savings
(IDR)

●

*to achieve this outcome, follow up implementation project to assist the actual business establishment is needed
47

KOPERNIK.INFOHigher willingness
to save

Experiment Idea 3: Elderly Employment Program - Aquaponics

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KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 3: Elderly Employment Program - Aquaponics
Data collection period: 12 to 18 months
Experiment design (control & treatment groups comparison)

OutputOutcome

Total participants n = 10 elderly individuals

Participant Criteria
Elderly farmworker,
working in small farmarea (less than 1
hectare)● As the aquaponic
facility needs to be
managed by a group(preferably living
nearby), theassignment into control
and treatment may not
be randomized.

Control

Treatment●

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KOPERNIK.INFO

A group of elderly
individuals (n=5) doing
traditional farming
activities

A group of elderly
individuals (n=5)
incorporate aquaponics
into their farming activities.
Training and installation ofaquaponics will be
provided as part of theintervention

Meaningful harvestof vegetables andﬁsh achieved fromthe aquaponic
facility

Increased income
from the harvest
and/or reduced
food expenses

Experiment Idea 4: Mobile Clinic

50
KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 4: Mobile Clinic
Data collection period: 6 to 12 months
Experiment design (control & treatment groups comparison)

OutputOutcome

Total participants n = 15 elderly individuals
Participant Criteria
Elderly individuals
with diﬃculties toaccess regular
health check ups● Elderly people canbe randomized tojoin control v.s
treatment groups

Control

Treatment

A group of elderly
individuals (n=5~10) with
diﬃculties in accessing
health facilities

A group of elderly
people (n=5~10) areprovided with a regular
health checkup service
through a mobile clinic●

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KOPERNIK.INFOHigher percentage ofelderly people
undergo regular healthcheck ups (%)

Improved healthconditions

Experiment Idea 5: Personal Health Assessment Tool

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KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 5: Personal Health Assessment Tool
Data collection period: 4 to 6 months
Experiment design (control & treatment groups comparison)

OutputOutcome of theTreatment

Total participants n = 10~20 elderly individuals
Participant Criteria

Control

Elderly individuals
with low awarenessof routine healthcheck ups
● Elderly individuals
can be assigned
randomly to control
or treatment group

A group of elderly people(n=5~10) with low awarenessof health checkup routine

Treatment●

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A group of elderly people(n=5~10) received training
and tools (urine colour,
pulse check, balance testetc) to conduct personal
health assessment

Increased knowledge
on their own healthcondition

Increased monthly
health check-up rates

Experiment Idea 6: Cleaning Task Force

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KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 6: Cleaning Task Force
Data collection period: 12 months
Experiment design (before & after comparison)

OutputOutcome

Improved cleanlinessof the house(assessed by theelderly individuals aswell as a third party)

Improved comfort andsafety in the house

Total participants n = 10 elderly households
Participant Criteria

Intervention

Houses that do not getcleaned regularly will beselected as eligible
households
A group of elderly houses receiving the service of thecleaning task force.

55

KOPERNIK.INFOExperiment Idea 7: Toilet Support System

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KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 7: Toilet Support System
Data collection period: 6 to 12 months
Experiment design (before & after comparison)

OutputOutcome

Total participants n = 10 elderly people
Participant Criteria
Elderly individuals who
have experienced fall or
physically have high risk
to fall● Elderly who has slipperytoilet ﬂoor and squatting
toilets.

Intervention●

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KOPERNIK.INFO

Improved ease to useof the new toilet
A group of elderly individuals (n=10) provided with atoilet support system consisting of:● Sitting toilet● Hand railing● Non-slip mat

Elderly individuals
feel safer at home
Reduced perceived
risk of slip/fallExperiment Idea 8: Community Based Caretaking System

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KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 8: Community Based Caretaking System
Data collection period: 6 to 12 months
Experiment design (control & treatment groups comparison)

OutputOutcome

Total participants n = 20 elderly individuals
Participant Criteria
Elderly people wholack immediate
access to caretakers,
who live alone, orlive with family
members who areunable to provide
regular support
They will berandomly assigned
to control ortreatment group

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KOPERNIK.INFOControl

Treatment
Increased adherence tomedication

A group of elderly people(n=10) without thecommunity-based caretaking
system

A group of elderly people(n=10) receiving thecommunity-based caretaking
supportFewer missed meals

Leaves house
more frequently

Elderly people
have their basic
needs fulﬁlled
more consistently

Experiment Idea 9: Intergenerational Program

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KOPERNIK.INFO
This illustration
is AI generated

Design of Experiment Idea 9: Intergenerational Program
Data collection period: 4-6 months
Experiment design (before & after comparison)

OutputOutcome

Total participants n = 5 elderly people
Participant Criteria

Intervention

Elderly people
who live alone orwith a working
family member● Youth aged
between 21-35●

A group of elderly regularly interacting with youth (agedbetween 21-35) through the intergenerational program, which
includes, for instance:●
local language sharing●
traditional arts course●
traditional cooking

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Improved feeling of
connectedness withthe community

Improved mental
healthThis report calls for urgent attention and action to invest in the elderly population,with a special focus in the rural area, before major demographic shifts in Indonesia
comes into eﬀect.

Urgency of sustainable eldercare
amid demographic changes

Improve rural eldercare byprioritizing access and wellness

Community-driven elderly support
goes beyond government aid

As Indonesia undergoes a shift in its
population pyramid from expansive toconstrictive by 2040, interventions toenhance the wellbeing of the elderly
population need to commence
immediately. Delaying intervention until
the elderly population reaches 20%
would be prohibitively costly.

The elderly population in rural areas faces
unique challenges inherent to the region such as, inadequate infrastructure.
Addressing these challenges early on
contributes to the wellbeing of the rural
elderly population. In the long run, thisproactive approach will alleviate theburden on our social welfare andhealthcare system in caring for our elderly
population.

Solutions to address the challenges
faced by the rural elderly population go
beyond government support. Various
community-led interventions have thepotential to increase the wellbeing of ourelderly population. Investment in ourelderly population is the responsibility of
the nation to create a better future for all.

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KOPERNIK.INFOTABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | Appendices

An elderly woman live in a traditional wooden house in Gunungkidul.
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KOPERNIK.INFOLIST OF REFERENCES
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Bali. (2023). Proyeksi Penduduk Provinsi Bali Menurut
Kelompok Umur (Ribu Jiwa), 2021-2023. Retrieved fromhttps://bali.bps.go.id/indicator/12/184/1/proyeksi-penduduk-provinsi-bali-menurut-kelompokumur.html

Sari, R.R.N. (2023). Di Hari Sumpah Pemuda, Jokowi Bicara Strategi Besar Hadapi Bonus
Demograﬁ. Retrieved fromhttps://www.suara.com/news/2023/10/28/105327/di-hari-sumpah-pemuda-jokowi-bicara-strat
egi-besar-hadapi-bonus-demograﬁ

Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi D.I. Yogyakarta. (2023). Proyeksi Penduduk menurut
Kelompok Umur dan Jenis Kelamin di D.I. Yogyakarta (x 1000), 2017-2025 (Jiwa),
2023-2025. Retrieved fromhttps://yogyakarta.bps.go.id/indicator/12/174/1/proyeksi-penduduk-menurut-kelompok-umurdan-jenis-kelamin-di-d-i-yogyakarta-x-1000-2017-2025.html

Scobie, J., Asfour, L., Beales, S., McGeachie, P., Gillam, S., Mihnovits, A., & … Zaidi, A. (2015).
Global AgeWatch Index 2015 Insight report. Retrieved fromhttps://www.helpage.org/silo/ﬁles/global-agewatch-index-2015-insight-report.pdf

Furuya, S., Chimed-Ochir, O., Takahashi, K., David, A., & Takala, J. (2018). Global Asbestos
Disaster. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5), 1000.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15051000
Indonesian Ministry of Health. (2022). Lansia Berdaya, Bangsa Sejahtera. Retrieved fromhttps://drive.google.com/ﬁle/d/1fAhhlCAsshO7_T0Bz3xwEnB84Nn7DrTL/view?usp=sharing
Indonesian Presidential Oﬃce. (2021, September). Peraturan Presiden (PERPRES) Nomor 88
Tahun 2021 tentang Strategi Nasional Kelanjutusiaan. Retrieved fromhttps://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/178090/perpres-no-88-tahun-2021
Kristina. (2021). 8 Dampak Positif Jumlah Penduduk yang Besar bagi Bangsa Indonesia.
Retrieved fromhttps://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5706904/8-dampak-positif-jumlah-penduduk-yangbesar-bagi-bangsa-indonesia
O’Neill, A. (2023). Indonesia: Average age of the population from 1950 to 2100. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.statista.com/statistics/319168/average-age-of-the-population-in-indonesia/#:~:te
xt=In%202020%2C%20the%20median%20age%20of,the%20Indonesian%20population%20
was%2029.2%20years.
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KOPERNIK.INFOThe World Bank. (n.d.). World Development Indicators. Retrieved fromhttps://databank.worldbank.org/Human-development-index/id/363d401b
Tim Nasional Percepatan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan. (2020). The Situation of the Elderly inIndonesia and Access to Social Protection Programs: Secondary Data Analysis. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.tnp2k.go.id/download/83338Elderly%20Study%20-%20Secondary%20Data%20A
nalysis.pdf
World Economics. (n.d.). OECD. Retrieved fromhttps://www.worldeconomics.com/Regions/OECD/
Worldometer. (n.d.). Indonesia Population. Retrieved fromhttps://www.worldometers.info/world-population/indonesia-population/
Yuliyana, R., Haryadi, H. & Diarina, A. (2019). The Relationship between the Characteristics of
the Respondents and the Satisfaction of the Elderly Using Squat Toilets. Jurnal Ilmiah
Keperawatan Indonesia [JIKI]. 2. 31. 10.31000/jiki.v2i2.1271.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 | Executive Summary
02 | Background of Research
03 | Field Interviews
04 | Key Challenges Facing Elderly People
05 | Potential Solutions and Evaluation
06 | High-Level Design of Priority Experiments
07 | References
08 | Appendices

An elderly woman carrying leaf plates in her head for sale in Karangasem.
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KOPERNIK.INFOLocation Selection: Yogyakarta and Bali were chosen as the locations for unmet needs
research based on speciﬁc selection criteria.
Location Selection
Criteria

Proportion of elderly
population

Proportion of elderly inrural area

Province

Proportion of elderly
household in rural area

Human Development
Index (HDI)

Regency

Yogyakarta

Potential Location

East Java

CentralJava

Yogyakarta
Bali

Yogyakarta

Bali

Gunungkidul

Karangasem

East JavaNorth
Sulawesi

Description

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KOPERNIK.INFO

Bali

These are the 5 provinceswith the highest proportionof elderly people inIndonesia. Yogyakarta was
the highest among all with
15.52% (BPS, 2021).

The highest proportion ofelderly in rural areas can befound in Yogyakarta(20.52%), East Java
(15.68%), and Bali (15.26%)
respectively.

Yogyakarta (51.46%) andBali (40.54%) are the two
provinces with the highest
proportion of elderly inrural areas respectively.

Gunungkidul (70.16) and
Karangasem Regency(67.36) are categorized as‘last mile’ as they havelower HDI than the national
level (72.29) (BPS, 2021).

Respondents’ Demographics: The elderly respondents in Gunungkidul and Karangasem have
similar characteristics in terms of age and gender.
The age category

Respondents gender distribution%. N = 32 respondents (16 in each location)%. N = 32 respondents (16 in each location)

Gunungkidul

25%

Karangasem 12.5%

56.3%

56.3%

18.8%

31.3%

Young-old: elders aged 59 - 68 years old
Middle-old: elders aged 69 - 79 years old
Old-old: elders aged above 79 years old

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Gunungkidul

66.7%

Karangasem

62.5%: Male:Female

33.3%

37.5%

Respondents’ Demographics: Over 90% of the respondents have low to medium literacy and43.8% are widowed.
Participants’ literacy level

Marital status of respondents%. N = 32 respondents%. N = 32 respondents

9%
Gunungkidul

56.3%

43.8%

Karangasem

56.3%

43.8%

47%
44%

Low
Not able to read
and write

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KOPERNIK.INFO

MediumLimited ability to read
and write

High
Able to read andwrite without
diﬃculties: Married:WidowedWellbeing Dimensions: This research looked at four dimensions and 9 sub-dimensions ofwell-being.

Dimensions in this research

Income & wealth

HealthHome environment

Social networks

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Stable Income

Physicalability

Literacy level

Healthcare quality

Healthcare access

Safe home & environment

Asset
availability

Availability of caretakers

Family and social networks

Income and Wealth Indicators: Elderly people are expected to be able to identify andmanage their income sources, expenses, ﬁnancial tool preference, as well as assets (1/2)
Ideal
Condition
Secure jobthat provide
adequate
incomeIndicator

Parameter
What types of jobs elders do

Types of jobs
What types of jobs does elders
want to doComplete knowledge of income
source as well as the expenses

Financial status

Total source ofincome exceed theStable source
regional minimumof incomewage

Active saving
account: high priority
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Output

KOPERNIK.INFO

Data types

What types of jobs
Primaryelders do
What types of jobs
does elders want Primary
to do
Identifying theincome source and Primary data
expenseQuestion types
Closed question(multiple)
Open-ended question

Description
Subject choose whether they are still working
or not, and if they are, what type of jobs do theydo.
Subject reveals what types of jobs would they
prefer doing other than their current jobs,
especially related to their current conditions.

Closed question

Subject choose list of incomes and expenses

Received total income from
Adequate source
current job or pensions in aof income frommonthly basis, above the poverty
salaryline (IDR 500,000)

Primary data

Open ended question

Subject reveal his/her income from current job
and pensions

Received private transfer fromfamily in a monthly basis, above
the poverty line (IDR 500,000)

Adequate sourceof income fromprivate transfers

Primary data

Open ended question

Subject reveal his/her income from privatetransfers

Total income received is able to
fulﬁll primary needs, with extra
savings

Managing ﬁnancial
Primary data
resources

Closed question

1. I can’t make ends meet
2. I have just enough, no more
3. I have enough, with a little extra sometimes
4. I always have money left over: medium priority: low priority

Income and Wealth Indicators: Elderly people are expected to be able to identify andmanage their income sources, expenses, ﬁnancial tool preference, as well as assets (2/2)
Ideal
Condition

Indicator

Low degreeof ﬁnancial
risk

High knowledge ofﬁnancial tool type

Asset
availability

Asset ownership: high priority
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KOPERNIK.INFOParameter

Output

The awareness of tool helping to The types ofmanage the ﬁnanceﬁnancial tool

Own an asset that provide
ﬁnancial return: medium priority

Data types

Question types

Description

Primary data

Closed question(multiple)

Subject choose ﬁnancial tools they know

Types of asset

Primary data

Closed question(multiple)

Subject choose assets they have (lands,
ﬁnancial assets, gold, car)

The intention ofusing assets

Primary data

Closed question

1. Fulﬁlling needs
2. Passive income: low priority

Health Indicators: Elderly people are expected to be able to have easy access to healthcare
and long-term care that are inclusive (1/2)
Ideal
Condition
Easy accessto healthcare
facilities thatare suitablefor elders'needs

Indicator

Parameter

OutputData Types

Whether elders have somekind of illness

Identifying the type of
illness

Primary Data

Closed question(multiple)

Subject choose types of illness they currently
suﬀer from

Healthinfrastructure

The number of barriers toseek healthcare

Types of challenges to seek
Primary Data
healthcare

Closed question(multiple)

Subject choose the types of barriers theyusually face in seeking for healthcare

Healthawareness

Have high awareness to seek
care for their health
Current health practices(nutritional, take care of body,etc)Primary Data

Types of care received

Primary Data

Frequency of care received Primary Data
Types of carereceived

Types of care
supplied: high priority
72

Description

Illness

Types of care currently
received and the frequency

There isadequate andinclusive
long-term
care

Question Types

KOPERNIK.INFOClosed question(multiple)

Subject choose from types of health practices
they currently conduct

Scale

Subject rate the importance of their current
health practices

Closed question(multiple)

Subject choose the types of healthcare they
currently receive

Open ended question

Subject reveal the frequency of healthcare
they currently receive

The types of care wanted as it
Expected care received
is not yet received

Primary Data

Open ended question

Subject reveal the types of care that they wish
to receive for managing their current healthconditions

The types of care received
that is most beneﬁcial

Primary Data

Scale

Subject rate the importance of the healthcare
they currently receive

Primary Data

Open ended question

Subject reveal the types of healthcare facilities
and providers available to elders in the area-

Government data on the type and number ofhealthcare facilities and providers to elders in
the area

Types of beneﬁcial care

Types of care supplied by thegovernment and/or
Types of care available
healthcare facilities: medium priority: low priority

Secondary Data

Health Indicators: Elderly people are expected to be able to have easy access to healthcare
and long-term care that are inclusive (2/2)
Ideal Condition Indicator
Safe work types
and environment: high priority
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KOPERNIK.INFO

Job strains

Parameter
How the job strain isaﬀecting thewellbeing of elders: medium priority

OutputTypes of job strains

Data Types

Primary

Question Types
Closed questions(multiple)
Open ended-question: low priority

Description
Subject choose whether they are suﬀering some kindof strains due to their current job.
Subject reveal how the job strain are aﬀecting their
daily activities.

Home Environment Indicators: Elderly people are expected to live in a safe home andenvironment to be able to age in place (1/2)
Ideal
Condition

Indicator
Availability of
aﬀordable
housingLive in a safe
home andenvironment

Parameter
Live in a house

Own minimum ﬂoor area
equal to 7.2 square meters
per capita
Have access to proper
drinking water
Have access to proper
Proportion ofsanitationelderly who live
Home equipped with strong
in a liveablebuilding, roof, and ﬂoor
homestructure
Availability of goodenvironmental design

Feeling safe intheneighborhood: high priority
74

Output

KOPERNIK.INFO

Data Type

Description
Government data on the number of elders
live in a house

Proportion of elders live in a house

Secondary data-

Proportion of elders own minimum
ﬂoor area

Primary data

Open ended question Subject reveal his/her ﬂoor area

Primary data

Open ended question

Primary data

Open ended question Subject reveal his/her access to sanitation

Primary data

Open ended question

Subject reveal his/her house structure (wall,roof, and ﬂoor)

Primary data

Closed questions(multiple)

Checkboxes: steps, ramps, railing, lighting,safety features, non-slip and non-skid ﬂoor
surfaces, and repairs to ﬂooring

Proportion of elders have access toproper drinking water
Proportion of elders have access toproper sanitation
Proportion of elders live in a homeequipped with strong building, roof,
and ﬂoor structure●
Proportion of elders live in agood environmental design●
Types of good environmental
design needed by elders athome and surroundings

Availability of services
Types security tools or systems
provided to keep safe in thePrimary data
available in the neighborhoodneighborhood
Factors make elders feel safe Types of factors make elderly safe at
Primary data
at homehome: medium priority

Question Type: low priority

Subject reveal his/her source of drinking
water

Subject reveal security tools or systems
Open-ended questions available at his/ her neighborhood ( (eg:regular checking, poskamling, etc)
Subject reveal his/her reason of feeling safe
Open-ended questions
at home

Home Environment Indicators: Elderly people are expected to live in a safe home andenvironment to be able to age in place (2/2)
Ideal
Condition

Indicator

Parameter

Output●Elders motivation to remain in
their current residence
Proportion ofelderly who
Able to age inwant to remainplacein their current
residence●●●

Elders need to be able to age
in place●●: high priority
75

KOPERNIK.INFO: medium priority

Data Type

Question Type

Description

Proportion of elders who wants
to remain in their current
residencePrimary data

Open-ended question

Subject reveal his/her house structure (wall,roof, and ﬂoor)

Reasons to remain in current
residence
Reasons to move out current
residencePrimary data

Open-ended question

Subject reveal his/her reasons to remain or
move out current residence

Challenges to be able to age inplace

Primary data

Open-ended question

Subject reveal his/her challenges to be able
to age in place

Primary data

Open-ended question

Subject reveal his/her needs to be able toage in place

Secondary data-

Government data on type of needs tosupport elderly to be able to age in place

Types of needs to be able toage in place: low priority

Social Networks Indicators: Elderly people are expected to have a sound social networks
that supports their wellbeing.
Ideal
Condition

Indicator

Parameter

OutputData TypePrimary Data

Question Type
Closed questions(multiple)

Types of social networks
Closed questions

Have a soundsocialnetworks forsupportSocialnetworks

Social roles: high priority
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KOPERNIK.INFO

Primary Data

How important it is for
elders to have good social
networks

How having certain rolesin the community is
beneﬁcial for wellbeing: medium priority

Open-ended
question

Types of social activities

Primary Data

Closed questions

Types of social roles

Primary Data

Open ended
questions: low priority

Description
Subjects choose the person in their social network
who they regularly contact with.
Subjects reveal the frequency of contact with said
person.
Subjects ranked the importance of the person in theirsocial networks.
Subjects reveals the importance of the person in theirsocial networks for their wellbeing
Subject asked about how often they involved inthese activities:●
Religious●
Health●Political●
Charity
Using 1 - 5 scale (1 = never, 5 = several times a week)
Subjects reveal why they choose that number
Subjects asked about their involvement/roles in theneighborhood

PATIENT JOURNEY

The Indonesian Healthcare System: Elderly patients have a diﬀerent journey in accessing
healthcare as compared to other patients.

Regional Public Hospitals

Level 1 Health Care Facility

Level 2 Health Care Facility

Patients receive primary care here, typically by general
physicians. Whereas if advanced care is needed,
patients will receive a referral letter to seek treatment
at the next level of health care facility.

Patients receive care and hospitalization from specialist
physicians - according to their illnesses. Patients with
illnesses that cannot be treated by specialist physicians
will receive a referral to the next level of health carefacility.

Patients receive care from sub-specialist physicians especially for illnesses that require long-term, complex,
or high-risk medical interventions and hospitalizations.
Level 3 facilities typically receive patients from many
public hospitals.

District-Level Department of Health

Provincial-Level Department of Health

Ministry of Health

ELDERLY PATIENTJOURNEY

Governmental
Bodies:Community Care Facility

Puskesmas and Doctor’sClinics
Level 1 Health Care Facility

Elderly people receive routine medical
check-up by health care professionals but not necessarily a physician. If further
health assessment is needed, elderly
people are encouraged to go to Level 1
Health Care Facilities. No referrals are
given from here.

Elderly receive primary care here typicallyby general physicians. They will receive areferral letter to seek treatment at thenext level of health care facility, if needed.
But routine medications for advanced
illnesses can be prescribed by physiciansat this level.

Elderly people receive care from
specialist physicians - according to theirillnesses. Elderly will receive a referral tonext level for more advanced illnesses if
needed. Routine check-ups for several
ageing illnesses are done at this level.

Village-Level Government

District-Level Department of Health

Provincial-Level Department of HealthPosyandu Lansia

Governmental
Bodies:77

Centralized Public Hospitals andUniversity Hospitals
Level 3 Health Care Facility

Puskesmas and Doctor’s Clinics

KOPERNIK.INFO

Regional Public Hospitals
Level 2 Health Care Facility

Centralized Public
Hospitals and University
Hospitals
Level 3 Health Care Facility
Elderly people receive care fromsub-specialist physicians, especially forageing illnesses that require long-term,complex, or high-risk medical
interventions.

Ministry of HealthPriority Scoring - Challenge 1: Informal, labour intensive, and unstable work, coupled with nopension.
Unconditional
Cash Transfer (UCT)

Elders Community
Currency

Elders Entrepreneurship
SchoolElders Employment Program- Aquaponics

Short
description

Cash transfer to elderly people
through agent without
prerequisite for enrollment.
This policy is widely adopted indeveloping countries, includingIndonesia with Program
Keluarga Harapan (PKH).
Another policy in Indonesia that
relevant with the principle of
UCT is Bantuan Langsung Tunai(BLT).

Establishing a community
currency for elders earned
through service. This initiative
provides incentive for elderly
for their active participation in
the community through special
currency or tokens that elders
can earn and spend within
their community. These tokens
can be used to accessservices, improving elder’swell-being.

Organizing a series ofknowledge sharing for elders tolearn entrepreneurship andearn income from it. The
curricula consist of topics suchas asset identiﬁcation, businessideation, technical skills on
business, and business scale
up. This initiative aims toprovide alternative sources ofincome from business activity.

Providing alternative source offood and income for elders
through community-level
aquaponics. At the beginning,
Kopernik will provide a seriesof training on how to installand maintain aquaponic.
Afterwards, the selectedgroup of elders will
responsible for managing theaquaponic system.

Operation

1

1

2

3

Budget12

2

2

Potential
Impact2

3

3

3

Novelty

1

2

2

2

Low
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KOPERNIK.INFO

MediumHigh

Priority Scoring - Challenge 2: Insuﬃcient and low-yield assets.
Livestock Distribution

Pre-elderly Financial Literacy Training

Short
description

Providing various livestock e.g chicken for elders. This initiative
aims to enhance the elder’s livelihood by oﬀering a sustainablesource of food and income. In addition, elders also can raise andsell the livestock in the long term, improving their purchasing
power to access nutritious food, contributing to better life quality.

Developing pre-elders’ ﬁnancial literacy on a set of topics
including budgeting, retirement planning, and asset management.
This course aims not only to improve their ﬁnancial literacy, butalso to prevent them from borrowing from loan sharks.

Operation

2

3

Budget1

2

Potential
Impact33Novelty

2

2

Low
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MediumHigh

Priority Scoring - Challenge 3: Diﬃculty in accessing healthcare facilities.
Posyandu Incentives for
EldersShort
description

Providing various incentives tonudge elders to visit Posyandu
for health check. This
incentives ranges from cash
incentive for attendance,
providing a psychologist for
elders to consult with,packages of groceries elders
can take home, and social
activity like traditional dancing.

Ride Sharing for Elders

Home Visit Welfare Check

Creating a system where aCreating a system to provide
group of people will come toelders with riders that can takethem to any healthcare facilities. the elders’ houses and conduct
The riders can regularly come to a welfare check. The welfare
the elder's’ house and oﬀer their check is done to assess
service, and can also be booked whether elders need additionalin advance for a speciﬁc time and help to feed themselves, arewell stocked in their groceries
date. The riders will take theelders to the healthcare facilities, and medicine, to determine theelders’ mental status, and to
wait for them, take them toprovide companionship.
procure medicines, and takethem home.

Mobile Clinic
Providing elders with adoor-to-door visit byhealthcare workers to conduct
health check-ups at elders’
homes. The healthcare
workers are equipped withproper medical equipment andvehicles, so that they are alsoable to provide medicine for
elders who needed it.

Operation

2

2

1

2

Budget1

3

2

2

Potential
Impact2223Novelty

2

2

1

2

Low
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MediumHigh

Priority Scoring - Challenge 4: Inconsistency in undergoing routine health check-ups (1/2)
Posyandu Incentive for Family

Elders Self Assessment Tools

Health Promotion in Religious
Activities

Short
description

Encouraging families to bring elders to
Posyandu Lansia by oﬀering various
incentives, such as free food andgroceries, discounts at local shops, andnutritional supplements. This aims toenhance elder health and well-being
through by ensuring elders undergoingregular check-ups.

Oﬀering an intuitive multimedia platform
for seniors to independently evaluate
their health status. With user-friendly
interfaces, audio-visual aids, andpersonalized feedback, the tools
empower elders to monitor theirwell-being themselves, identify potential
health issues early, and stay proactive inmanaging their health.

Promoting the beneﬁts of regularcheck-ups and good health practices
through local religious activities such as
through the pengajian (praying group) or
the activities done at banjar (hamlet).
The goal is to encourage elders conduct
regular health check-ups at their local
healthcare facilities through the support ofreligious ﬁgures that the elders trust.

Operation

1

3

2

Budget1

2

3

Potential
Impact232Novelty

2

2

2

Low
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MediumHigh

Priority Scoring - Challenge 4: Inconsistency in undergoing routine health check-ups (2/2)
Village Scope Radio

Elders as Health Advocate

Short
description

Creating a local radio program to broadcast health informationfor elders. This includes invitation to the next Posyandu Lansia,
and sharing beneﬁts of conducting regular check-ups and simple
tips that elders can follow to maintain their health. The radio canalso serve as a networking tool for elders when they relay
messages to others through the radio.

Involving elders as advocates and spokespersons in healthsocialisation activities. Being advocates allows elders to tailor thehealth activities better to their needs. Having elders as
spokesperson is expected to establish trust on the socialisation
among elders because they have their peers who they can relate
with.

Operation

1

2

Budget1

3

Potential
Impact32Novelty

2

2

Low
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KOPERNIK.INFO

MediumHigh

Priority Scoring - Challenge 5: Lack of healthcare facilities adequately equipped to receive
and treat the elderly.
Geriatric Training for Local Providers

Special Facilities in Health Facilities

Short
description

Providing communities and local health workers with specialized
geriatric training to better support elders. Participants will learn
about age-related health issues, mobility aids, and eﬀective
communication strategies. In addition, this is expected toestablish a support network and elderly care tailored to the local
setting.

Operation

2

2

Budget

2

2

2

3

1

1

Potential
ImpactNovelty

Low
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KOPERNIK.INFO

MediumHigh

Equipping healthcare facilities with tools and systems speciallydesigned for the elderly care. This includes specialized
equipment, geriatric training for staﬀ, and eﬃcient patientmanagement systems, ensuring that elderly patients receive
tailored, compassionate, and prompt medical attention in a
supportive environment.

Priority Scoring - Challenge 6: Unconducive living environment for safety and mobility of theelderly.
General Home Support System

Toilet Support System

Cleaning Task Force

Short
description

Enhancing elder safety and mobility
through smart technology and mobility
aids. Integrated sensors and automatedlighting can prevent falls, while remotemonitoring by caregivers ensures prompt
assistance. This intervention fosters
independence among the elders andprovides a secure and supportive homeenvironment for elders.

Enhancing bathroom safety for elders
with handrails, non-slip mat, sitting toilet,
and motion-activated lighting toencourage elders’ independence while
maintaining a secure and accessible
environment. In addition, this can include
provision of an emergency call button toensure prompt assistance by caregivers.

A dedicated service designed to assist
elders in maintaining their house clean andhygienic. A team of trained volunteers
conducts regular housekeeping, ensuring athorough cleaning of all areas. They pay
special attention to high-touch surfaces,
minimizing the risk of infections and cluttersthat hinder mobility. This intervention aims tocreate a comfortable and safe homeenvironment.

Operation

3

3

2

Budget3

2

2

Potential
Impact233Novelty

2

2

3

Low
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MediumHigh

Priority Scoring - Challenge 7: Limited availability of caretakers within and outside the family.
Community-Based
Caretaking System

Co-Living for Elderly

Healthy Food Service &Eating Buddy

Proximity Housing Grants

Short
description

Organizing a system forvolunteers and community
members to take care ofelders. They will provide
essential care for the elderly
including provision of meals,
needed transportation andand companionship. Thissystem creates a network
catering to diverse elder
needs while fosteringcommunity support.

Aiming to pair solitary elders
and facilitate shared living
arrangements in a communal
household. By matching them,
the program fosters a
supportive environment where
elders can cohabit, oﬀering
companionship and shared
responsibilities while
promoting a sense ofcommunity and mutual care.

Providing elders healthy foods
and meal companions. By
ensuring access to wholesome
food and social interaction, thisinitiative is expected to improve
the well-being of elders,
addressing both their nutritional
needs and the importance ofsocial engagement, one meal ata time.

Providing housing subsidy forfamilies who are willing to live
near their elders. By
incentivizing and supporting
families to live near theirelders, the initiative will enableeasier access to care andsupport for the elderly,
ensuring their well-being.

Operation

2

1

1

1

Budget2

1

2

1

Potential
Impact33

32Novelty

2

3

3

3

Low
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MediumHigh

Priority Scoring - Challenge 8: Limited social interactions.
Pet Program

Intergenerational Program

Hobby Club

Short
description

Providing elders with pets to accompany
and care for. By oﬀering pets to them, thisinitiative aims to enhance their emotional
well-being and sense of companionshipwhile also allowing them to take on the
responsibility of caring for an animal.

Informal get together/live–in activities
that bring elderly and young people
together. By organizing theseinteractions, the program fosters aplatform for them to connect, shareexperiences, and learn from each other,promoting mutual understanding.

Establishing clubs tailored to the hobbies
and interests of the elderly. By organizingthese clubs, the program aims to create a
supportive environment where seniors canengage in activities they enjoy, fostering a
sense of community while providing
opportunities for social interaction andpassions fulﬁllment.

Operation

2

2

2

Budget2

3

3

Potential
Impact233Novelty

2

2

1

Low
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KOPERNIK.INFO

MediumHigh

Authors

Acknowledgements
The authors of this report extend special gratitude to Toshi Nakamura for engaging in
intellectual debates, providing thorough feedback, and encouraging us to uncoverhidden opportunities within the chaos of the data. Thank you to Ewa Wojkowska forediting this report, and to Nanda Riska who has been our greatest supporter throughout
the process.

Cita Febronia Utami

Gumilang Andika

Thank you so much to everyone at Kopernik who participated in the discussion session
for the draft of the report, expressed their support, and provided us with insightful
feedback. A special thank you to the Solutions Lab team who helped us create thepathways to prioritise our solutions, and the CSI team who made this report beautiful.
We express our gratitude to ERAT Indonesia, especially Sapta Widi, Tisan Cahya, andthe volunteers in Gunungkidul, for the immense help and scrumptious local food during
our data collection in Yogyakarta. Also to Jero Jedang, Nyoman Togar, and Komang
Adnyana for assisting us in the data collection in Karangasem, as well as helping us
navigate through the beautiful Balinese language spoken by our beloved elders there.
Lastly, we are profoundly thankful for all the members of the golden generation we met
along the way. They welcomed us with huge smiles, shared glimpses of theirknowledge, wisdom, and daily lives, and inspired us with their resilience. May we all age
as gracefully as they have.

Ivanie Destila Sari

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KOPERNIK.INFO

Putu Arya Wigita

This report is dedicated to our elderly family members - our parents and grandparents.

88

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