Japan Awakened Asia—A Miracle of the 20th Century
The Road to the Independence of India—A Story to Be Passed Down to the Next Generation
By Probir Bikash Sarker

Introduction
From an address by Prime Minister Abe Shinzo in India
On August 22, 2007, while visiting India, the then Prime Minister Abe Shinzo gave an address titled“Confluence of the Two Seas” at the Indian Parliament. Although Prime Minister Abe while in office
was severely exposed to various criticism, as a Bangladeshi, I highly appreciate his address. PrimeMinister Abe spoke most clearly and in a very dignified manner about the relationship between
India/Bangladesh and Japan and emphasized its historical significance, among Japanese statesmen.
His address shall be long remembered in history. The following is excerpt from the website of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
Today I have the great honour of addressing the highest organ of state power in this largest
democracy in the world. I come before you on behalf of the citizens of another democracy thatis equally representing Asia, to speak to you about my views on the future of Japan and India.
“The different streams, having their sources in different places, all mingle their waters in thesea.”
It gives me tremendous pleasure to be able to begin my address today with the words of Swami
Vivekananda, the great spiritual leader that India gave the world.
My friends, where exactly do we stand historically and geographically? To answer thisquestion, I would like to quote here the title of a book authored by the Mughal prince Dara
Shikoh in 1655. We are now at a point at which the Confluence of the Two Seas is coming intobeing.
The Pacific and the Indian Oceans are now bringing about a dynamic coupling as seas offreedom and prosperity. A “broader Asia” that broke away geographical boundaries is now
beginning to take on a distinct form. Our two countries have the ability--and theresponsibility--to ensure that it broadens yet further and to nurture and enrich these seas tobecome seas of clearest transparence.
1This is the message I wish to deliver directly today to the one billion people of India. That is
why I stand before you now in the Central Hall of the highest chamber, to speak with you, thepeople’s representatives of India.
A number of times in history, Japan and India attracted one another.
Vivekananda came to be acquainted with Tenshin Okakura, a man ahead of his time in earlymodern Japan and a type of Renaissance man. Okakura was then guided by Vivekananda andenjoyed also a friendship with Sister Nivedita, Vivekananda’s royal disciple and a
distinguished female social reformer. Many people are aware of all that.
Tomorrow I will be taking a morning flight to Kolkata, where I expect to meet the son ofJustice Radhabinod Pal. Justice Pal is highly respected even today by many Japanese for thenoble spirit of courage he exhibited during the International Military Tribunal for the FarEast.
People from the Bengal who forged a relationship with Japan –- be it the person whose namegraces Kolkata’s international airport (Chandra Bose), or, going back a bit further in time,
the ageless poet Rabindranath Tagore –- were engaged at the deepest level of their soul with
their Japanese contemporaries. Indeed, the depth and the richness of the exchanges that theintellectual leaders of Japan and India enjoyed during the early modern age are in some waysbeyond what we in the modern day can imagine.
[Omitted]
Here, I would like to share with you my own views on the many contributions that India has
made – and can make – to the world. I realize that it may seem odd to speak of India’s
contributions to a congregation such as this, but I ask your indulgence, as it ties to what I will
touch upon soon afterwards.
I would argue that among many contributions that India can make to the world history, there
is first of all its spirit of tolerance. I would like to quote, if I may, Vivekananda again, part ofthe conclusion of deeply meaningful remarks he delivered in Chicago in 1893. He said,“help and not fight,” “assimilation and not destruction,” “harmony and peace and not dissention.”2

If you insert these exhortations into the context of the modern day, it is clear that these words
preaching tolerance can hardly be considered relics of the past. Instead, we can recognize thatthey now hold a tone that is even more compelling than before.
From the reign of Ashoka the Great to Mahatma Gandhi’s satyagraha movement ofnonviolent resistance, the Japanese people are well aware of the unbroken spirit of tolerancein Indian spiritual history.
I would like to emphasize today to the people of India that the Japanese people stand ready towork together with the Indian people so that this spirit of tolerance becomes the leading
principle of this century.
[Omitted]
My friends, Japan and India have come of late to be of the same intent to form a “Strategic
Global Partnership,” in which the two countries are going to expand and fortify their relations.
As for how Japan has come to such a conclusion, I hope that through what I have just laid out
as my personal views you have come to understand the recognition and expectations Japan
has towards India.
This partnership is an association in which we share fundamental values such as freedom,democracy, and the respect for basic human rights as well as strategic interests.
Japanese diplomacy is now promoting various concepts in a host of different areas so that aregion called “the Arc of Freedom and Prosperity” will be formed along the outer rim of theEurasian continent. The Strategic Global Partnership of Japan and India is pivotal for such
pursuits to be successful.
By Japan and India coming together in this way, this “broader Asia” will evolve into animmense network spanning the entirety of the Pacific Ocean, incorporating the United Statesof America and Australia. Open and transparent, this network will allow people, goods, capital,
and knowledge to flow freely.
Can we not say that faced with this wide, open, broader Asia, it is incumbent upon us two
democracies, Japan and India, to carry out the pursuit of freedom and prosperity in thisregion?
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“Confluence of the Two Seas,” Speech by H.E. Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan atthe Parliament of the Republic of India, Website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of JapanThe region combining the eastern part of India, including the present state of West Bengal andBangladesh, came to be called Bengal by the British. Although at the time of independence of India,Bengal was divided into two countries on account of religious reason, ethnically the same Bengal
people live in the region.
As a person born in Bengal, I am very much pleased with former Prime Minister Abe’s speech inwhich he mentioned our great Bengalese, Swami Vivekananda, poet Tagore and Justice Pal. Especially,
I am grateful to Mr. Abe for referring to the relationship between Vivekananda and Okakura Tenshin,which probably most Japanese people have forgotten.
The relationship between Japan and Bengal has been developed through a grand drama in an age ofturbulence and drastic changes in the history of Asia by prominent players, Vivekananda, Tagore, andOkakura Tenshin; Rash Behari Bose, Touyama Mitsuru; Subhas Chandra Bose and Tojo Hideki during
the Greater East Asia Conference; and Justice Pal and Shimonaka Yasaburo during the Tokyo Trials(the International Military Tribunal for the Far East).
I want to tell this historical story to the people of Japan from the standpoint of a Bengalese.
Since names of Indian people are sometimes different from the actual pronunciation, I use Indiannames generally known in Japan. In addition, as of 2001, Calcutta became Kolkata and Madras became
Chennai. In this book, however, the former names shall be used.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 The beginning of exchanges between Japan and Bengal
The exchanges during the early modern period
Vivekananda and Japan
Okakura Tenshin’s visit to India
Asia is one
The influence given by Tenshin over Indian nationalists

Chapter 2 Tagore and Okakura Tenshin“Modern Renaissance man” –Tagore
Tenshin’s influence over Bengal Renaissance
Tagore’s Nobel Prize in Literature and GITANJALI
Tagore’s visit to Japan and the beginning of a new Indo-Japan relationship
What Tagore left in Japan

Chapter 3 Rash Behari Bose and Japan
Touyama Mitsuru, Behari Bose and Japan
Behari Bose and Nakamura-ya
Marriage with Toshiko Souma

Chapter 4 Inherited intent on independence
The outbreak of the Greater East Asia War and the establishment of the Indian Independence League
From Behari Bose to Chandra Bose

Chapter 5 Chandra Bose and Indian National Army
Chandra Bose, who moved Japan
Determination toward Indian independence expressed during the Greater East Asia War
The Greater East Asian War, which was the Greater East Asia itself
The failure of the Battle of Imphal and the death of Bose

Chapter 6 Historical significance of “Dissentient Judgment of Justice Pal”
Justice Pal, “a man of justice”
How Justice Pal came to join the Tokyo Trials
Deception of the Tokyo Trials revealed by Justice Pal
Justice Pal in later years and Japan

Chapter 7 A short history of Bangladesh
Division of Bengal under the British colonial rule
Separation from India and independence of Bangladesh
Unstable political situation remaining even after independence
Political and economic stability brought by Sheikh Hashina’s government5Special dialogue between Pema Gyalpo and Sarker
The independence of Bangladesh and the Tibetans
Support for Bangladesh by Japan
Proud Bengalese
The significance of exchanges between Okakura Tenshin and Tagore“Asianism” was right
Shibusawa Eiichi and Tagore
Chandra Bose seen by Gandhi and Nehru
Cultural exchanges between Japan and India led to the independence of India

Conclusion
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