Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

HARMONISED EUROPEAN STANDARD

Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz;
Transmitter-receiver systems;
Part 1: Harmonised Standard for access to radio spectrum

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Reference
REN/ERM-TG28-512-1

Keywords
harmonised standard, radio, testing

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Contents
Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................................5
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................5
Modal verbs terminology....................................................................................................................................6
1

Scope ........................................................................................................................................................72

References ................................................................................................................................................7

2.1
2.2

3
3.1
3.2
3.3

4

Normative references ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Informative references ........................................................................................................................................ 7

Definitions, symbols and abbreviations ...................................................................................................8Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Symbols .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................................... 9Technical requirements specifications .....................................................................................................9

4.1
Environmental profile......................................................................................................................................... 9
4.2
Conformance requirements for transmitters ....................................................................................................... 9
4.2.1
Modulation and carrier keying ...................................................................................................................... 9
4.2.1.1
Definition ................................................................................................................................................ 9
4.2.1.2
Method of measurement .......................................................................................................................... 9
4.2.1.3
Limits ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.2.2
Frequency error ........................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.2.1
Definition .............................................................................................................................................. 10
4.2.2.2
Method of measurement ........................................................................................................................ 10
4.2.2.3
Limits .................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.3
Output field strength (H-field) .................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.3.1
Definition .............................................................................................................................................. 10
4.2.3.2
Method of measurement ........................................................................................................................ 10
4.2.3.3
Limits .................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2.3.3.1
Minimum transmitted field .............................................................................................................. 10
4.2.3.3.2
Maximum transmitted field ............................................................................................................. 10
4.2.4
Transmitter spurious emissions................................................................................................................... 11
4.2.4.1
Definition .............................................................................................................................................. 11
4.2.4.2
Radiated H-field .................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2.4.2.1
Method of measurement (< 30 MHz) .............................................................................................. 11
4.2.4.2.2
Limits .............................................................................................................................................. 11
4.2.4.3
Effective radiated power ....................................................................................................................... 11
4.2.4.3.1
Method of measurement (≥ 30 MHz) .............................................................................................. 11
4.2.4.3.2
Limits .............................................................................................................................................. 12
4.3
Conformance requirements for receivers parameters ....................................................................................... 12
4.3.1
Receiver sensitivity ..................................................................................................................................... 124.3.1.1
Definition .............................................................................................................................................. 124.3.1.2
Method of measurement ........................................................................................................................ 124.3.1.3
Limits .................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.3.2
Receiver spurious emissions ....................................................................................................................... 13
4.3.2.1
Definition .............................................................................................................................................. 13
4.3.2.2
Radiated H-field .................................................................................................................................... 13
4.3.2.2.1
Method of measurement (< 30 MHz) .............................................................................................. 13
4.3.2.2.2
Limits .............................................................................................................................................. 13
4.3.2.3
Effective radiated power ....................................................................................................................... 13
4.3.2.3.1
Method of measurement (≥ 30 MHz) .............................................................................................. 13
4.3.2.3.2
Limits .............................................................................................................................................. 14
4.3.3
Receiver blocking ....................................................................................................................................... 14

5
5.1
5.2
5.3

Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures ....................................................................15
Normal and extreme test conditions ................................................................................................................. 15External test power source................................................................................................................................ 15
Normal test conditions...................................................................................................................................... 15

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5.3.1
5.3.2
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.2.1
5.4.2.2.
5.5

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Normal temperature and humidity .............................................................................................................. 15
Normal test voltage ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Extreme test conditions .................................................................................................................................... 15
Extreme temperatures ................................................................................................................................. 15
Extreme test voltages .................................................................................................................................. 16
General requirement .............................................................................................................................. 16
Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures .......................................................................................... 16
Measurement uncertainty ................................................................................................................................. 16

Annex A (informative):

Relationship between the present document and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU .........................................................17

Annex B (normative):

Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving theuse of radiated fields ......................................................................................18

B.1

General ...................................................................................................................................................18

B.1.1
B.1.2
B.1.3

Normal test signals ........................................................................................................................................... 18
Test fixture ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Measuring receiver ........................................................................................................................................... 18

B.2

Outdoor test site .....................................................................................................................................19

B.2.1
B.2.2

General requirements ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Standard position .............................................................................................................................................. 19

B.3

Test antenna............................................................................................................................................20

B.3.1
B.3.2

Below 30 MHz ................................................................................................................................................. 20
Above 30 MHz ................................................................................................................................................. 20

B.4

Substitution antenna ...............................................................................................................................20

B.4.1
B.4.2

General ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Optional additional indoor site ......................................................................................................................... 21

B.5

Guidance on the use of radiation test sites .............................................................................................22

B.5.1
B.5.2
B.5.3
B.5.4
B.5.5
B.5.6

General ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Measuring distance ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Test antenna...................................................................................................................................................... 22
Substitution antenna ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Artificial antenna .............................................................................................................................................. 22
Auxiliary cables ................................................................................................................................................ 22

B.6

Further optional alternative indoor test site using an anechoic chamber ...............................................23

B.6.1
B.6.2
B.6.3
B.6.4

General ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
Example of the construction of a shielded anechoic chamber .......................................................................... 23
Influence of parasitic reflections in anechoic chambers ................................................................................... 23
Calibration of the shielded RF anechoic chamber ............................................................................................ 24

Annex C (normative):

Spurious limits, radiated H-field at 10 m distances ....................................26

Annex D (informative):

E-fields in the near field at low frequencies.................................................27

Annex E (informative):

Change history ...............................................................................................30

History ..............................................................................................................................................................31

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Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be foundin ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys noright to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.

Foreword
This draft Harmonised European Standard (EN) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM), and is now submitted for the combined Public Enquiry and Votephase of the ETSI standards EN Approval Procedure.
The present document has been prepared under the Commission's standardisation request C(2015) 5376 final [i.2] toprovide one voluntary means of conforming to the essential requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisationof the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment and repealing
Directive 1999/5/EC [i.1].
Once the present document is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance with
the normative clauses of the present document given in table A.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of the present
document, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements of that Directive and associated
EFTA regulations.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering avalanche beacons operating at 457 kHz transmitterreceiver systems, as identified below:
Part 1:"Harmonised standard for access to radio spectrum;"Part 2:"Harmonised standard for features for emergency services."

National transposition dates
Date of latest announcement of this EN (doa):

3 months after ETSI publication

Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this EN (dop/e):

6 months after doa

Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow):

18 months after doa

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression ofprovisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

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1

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Scope

The present document specifies technical characteristics and methods of measurements for avalanche beacons operating
at 457 kHz transmitter-receiver systems.
NOTE:

The relationship between the present document and essential requirements of article 3.2 of
Directive 2014/53/EU [i.1] is given in annex A.

2

References

2.1

Normative references

References are specific, identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number. Only the citedversion applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found athttps://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE:

While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.

The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1]

CISPR 16-1-1 (2015): " Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus andmethods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus".

[2]

CISPR 16-1-4 (2010): "Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antennas
and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements".

[3]

CISPR 16-1-5 (2014): "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus andmethods; Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antenna calibrationsites and reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz".

[4]ETSI EN 300 718-2: "Avalanche Beacons operating at 457 kHz; Transmitter-receiver systems;
Part 2: Harmonised Standard for features for emergency services".

2.2

Informative references

References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of thereferenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE:

While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.

The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist theuser with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1]

Directive 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on theharmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market ofradio equipment and repealing Directive 1999/5/EC.

[i.2]

Commission Implementing Decision C(2015) 5376 final of 4.8.2015 on a standardisation request
to the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation and to the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute as regards radio equipment in support of Directive
2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council.

[i.3]

ITU Radio Regulations (2012), Appendix 1 (REV.WRC-12) "Classification of emissions andnecessary bandwidths".

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[i.4]

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

ETSI TR 100 028 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".

3

Definitions, symbols and abbreviations

3.1

Definitions

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
avalanche beacons: portable radio systems used for locating avalanche victims, for the purpose of direct rescue
NOTE:

I.e. for rescue by comrades not buried by the avalanche.

artificial antenna: tuned reduced-radiating dummy load equal to the nominal impedance specified by the manufacturer
conducted measurements: measurements which are made using a direct connection to the equipment under test
E-field: electric component of the field measured as voltage per unit length
environmental profile: range of environmental conditions under which equipment within the scope of the present
document is required to comply with the provisions of the present document
H-field: magnetic component of the field measured as current per unit lengthH-field test antenna: electrically screened loop or equivalent antenna, with which the magnetic component of the field
can be measured
integral antenna: antenna designed as an indispensable part of the equipment, with or without the use of an antennaconnector
radiated measurements: measurements which involve the absolute measurement of a radiated field(S + N)/N: ratio, expressed in Decibels, between the sum of the wanted signal plus the noise floor and the noise floor

3.2

Symbols

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
A1A

Class of emission

NOTE:

See ITU Radio Regulations [i.3].

E
Eo
NOTE:
f
H
Ho
NOTE:
N
P
R
Ro
NOTE:
t
Z

Electrical field strength
Reference electrical field strength
See annex B.
Frequency
Magnetic field strength
Reference magnetic field strength
See annex B.
NewtonPower
Distance
Reference distanceSee annex B
Time
Wave impedance

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l
NOTE:

3.3

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Wavelength
See annex B

Abbreviations

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
RF

Radio Frequency

4

Technical requirements specifications

4.1

Environmental profile

The technical requirements of the present document apply under the environmental profile for operation of theequipment, which shall be declared by the manufacturer. The equipment shall comply with all the technicalrequirements of the present document which are identified as applicable in annex A at all times when operating within
the boundary limits of the declared operational environmental profile.

4.2

Conformance requirements for transmitters

4.2.1

Modulation and carrier keying

4.2.1.1

Definition

The modulation is the method for generating the RF carrier. The carrier keying defines the on and off times for a
non-continuous carrier.

4.2.1.2

Method of measurement

The carrier keying shall be measured by means of an oscilloscope connected to a suitable coil antenna. The
measurements shall be done under normal as well as under extreme test conditions.

4.2.1.3

LimitsThe modulation shall be of type A1A, i.e. double sideband amplitude modulation with no modulating auxiliary carrier,
as used for telegraphy.
The carrier keying shall be as shown in figure 1:• on time: 70 ms minimum;• off time: 400 ms minimum;• period: 1 000 ms ± 300 ms (on time plus off time).

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

1 000 ± 300 ms

status≥ 70 ms≥ 400 ms

on

time

off
Figure 1

4.2.2
4.2.2.1

Frequency error
Definition

The frequency error of the transmitter system is the difference between the measured carrier frequency and the nominal
carrier frequency.

4.2.2.2

Method of measurement

The carrier frequency shall be measured by means of a test fixture (see annex B, clause B.1.2). The measurements shallbe done under normal as well as under extreme test conditions as defined in clause 5.

4.2.2.3

Limits

The frequency error shall not exceed ±80 Hz at 457 kHz.

4.2.3
4.2.3.1

Output field strength (H-field)
Definition

The H-field is measured in the direction of maximum field strength under specified conditions of measurement.

4.2.3.2

Method of measurement

The H-field produced by the equipment shall be measured on the axis of the transmitting antenna at distances of 10 m
on an outdoor test site (see annex B).

4.2.3.3
4.2.3.3.1

LimitsMinimum transmitted field

The minimum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not be lower than -6 dBμA/m (0,5 μA/m) at a distance of
10 m.

4.2.3.3.2

Maximum transmitted field

The maximum transmitted field strength at 457 kHz shall not exceed 7 dBμA/m (2,23 μA/m) at a distance of 10 m.

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4.2.4
4.2.4.1

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Transmitter spurious emissions
Definition

Spurious emissions are emissions at frequencies other than those of the carrier and sidebands associated with normal
modulation. The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power orfield strength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.

4.2.4.2
4.2.4.2.1

Radiated H-field
Method of measurement (< 30 MHz)The field strength shall be measured for frequencies below 30 MHz. The equipment under test shall be measured at a
distance of 10 m on an outdoor test site. The test antenna shall be a calibrated shielded magnetic field antenna. The
equipment under test and test antenna shall be arranged as stated in annex B, clause B.2.
The equipment under test shall be switched on in transmit mode (see clause 4.2). The measuring receiver shall be tuned
over the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz, except for the frequency band ±20 kHz from the frequency on which thetransmitter is intended to operate.
At each frequency at which a spurious signal is detected the equipment under test and the test antenna shall be rotateduntil maximum field strength is indicated on the measuring receiver. This level shall be noted.
The limits are quoted in dBμA or dBμA/m, so it is necessary to reduce the reading as explained in annex D formeasuring equipment calibrated in dBμV or dBμV/m.

4.2.4.2.2

LimitsRadiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 2.
Table 2
State
Transmit

Frequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz
27 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct

Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz-3,5 dBμA/m

A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.

4.2.4.3
4.2.4.3.1

Effective radiated power
Method of measurement (≥ 30 MHz)On a test site, selected from annex B, the equipment shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting supportand in the position closest to normal use as declared by the manufacturer.
The test antenna shall be oriented for vertical polarization. The output of the test antenna shall be connected to ameasuring receiver.
The equipment shall be switched on in transmit mode, and the measuring receiver shall be tuned over the frequency
range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz.
At each frequency at which a spurious component is detected, the test antenna shall be raised and lowered through thespecified range of heights until a maximum signal level is detected on the measuring receiver.
The equipment shall then be rotated through 360° in the horizontal plane, until the maximum signal level is detected by
the measuring receiver.
The maximum signal level detected by the measuring receiver shall be noted.
The substitution antenna shall be oriented for vertical polarization and calibrated for the frequency of the spurious
component detected.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

The frequency of the calibrated signal generator shall be set to the frequency of the spurious component detected. The
input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver shall be adjusted in order to increase the sensitivity of the measuring
receiver, if necessary.
The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified range of heights to ensure that the maximum signal isreceived.
When a test site according to clause B.3 is used, there is no need to vary the height of the antenna.
The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be adjusted until an equal or a known related level to that detectedfrom the transmitter is obtained on the measuring receiver.
The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be recorded as a power level and corrected for any change of input
attenuator setting of the measuring receiver.
The measurement shall be repeated with the test antenna and the substitution antenna oriented for horizontal
polarization.
The measure of the effective radiated power of the spurious components is the larger of the two power levels recorded
for each spurious component at the input to the substitution antenna, corrected for the gain of the substitution antenna if
necessary.

4.2.4.3.2

LimitsThe power of any radiated emission shall not exceed the values given in table 3.
Table 3
State

Operating

47 MHz to 74 MHz
87,5 MHz to 118 MHz
174 MHz to 230 MHz
470 MHz to 862 MHz
4 nW

Other frequencies between
30 to 1 000 MHz

250 nW

4.3

Conformance requirements for receivers parameters

4.3.1

Receiver sensitivity

4.3.1.1

Definition

The maximum usable sensitivity of the receiver is the minimum level of the signal (H-field strength) at the nominal
frequency of the receiver which, when applied to the receiver input with normal test modulation (see clause 4.2.1.3),
produces either of the following:•a (S + N)/N ratio of 6 dB, measured at the terminals of the electroacoustic transducer for beacons with an
acoustic signal indication;•

an unambiguous optical indication of a received beacon signal for beacons with optical signal indication.

4.3.1.2

Method of measurement

For beacons with an acoustic indicator, the terminals of the transducer shall be made accessible for the purposes of thepresent document.
A test signal at a carrier frequency equal to the nominal frequency of the receiver, modulated by the normal test
modulation (see clause 4.2) shall be applied in the best coupling position, i.e. when the antenna rod is parallel to thelines of the magnetic field. An audio frequency load and a measuring instrument for measuring the S/N ratio shall beconnected to the terminals of the electroacoustic transducer.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

The level of the test signal shall be adjusted until a (S + N)/N ratio of 6 dB is obtained. The (S + N)/N ratio is measured
flat over a bandwidth of 20 kHz. The field strength at the receiver shall be measured by a substitution method. Under
these conditions, the level of the test signal at the input is the value of the reference maximum usable sensitivity whichshall be recorded.
For beacons providing optical indication, the level of the test signal shall be adjusted until an unambiguous indication of
the presence of a transmitter is obtained. The field strength at the receiver shall be measured by a substitution method.
Under these conditions, the level of the test signal at the input is the value of the reference maximum usable sensitivity
which shall be recorded.

4.3.1.3

Limits

The appropriate indication shall be achieved for a field strength not higher than 80 nA/m at a frequency of 457 kHz.

4.3.2
4.3.2.1

Receiver spurious emissions
Definition

The level of spurious emissions shall be measured at normal conditions as their effective radiated power or fieldstrength radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna.

4.3.2.2
4.3.2.2.1

Radiated H-field
Method of measurement (< 30 MHz)The field strength shall be measured for frequencies below 30 MHz. The equipment under test shall be measured at a
distance of 10 m on an outdoor test site. The test antenna shall be a calibrated shielded magnetic field antenna. The
equipment under test and test antenna shall be arranged as stated in annex B, clause B.1.
The equipment under test shall be switched on in receive mode. The measuring receiver shall be tuned over thefrequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz.
At each frequency at which a spurious signal is detected the equipment under test and the test antenna shall be rotateduntil maximum field strength is indicated on the measuring receiver. This level shall be noted.
The limits are quoted in dBμA or dBμA/m, so it is necessary to reduce the reading as explained in annex D formeasuring equipment calibrated in dBμV or dBμV/m.

4.3.2.2.2

LimitsRadiated emissions below 30 MHz shall not exceed the generated H-field at 10 m given in table 4.
Table 4
State
ReceiveFrequency 9 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz
6 dBμA/m descending 3 dB/oct

Frequency 10 MHz ≤ f < 30 MHz-24,5 dBμA/m

A graphical representation is shown in annex C, figure C.1.

4.3.2.3
4.3.2.3.1

Effective radiated power
Method of measurement (≥ 30 MHz)On a test site, selected from annex B, the equipment shall be placed at the specified height on a non-conducting supportand in the position closest to normal use as declared by the manufacturer.
The test antenna shall be oriented for vertical polarization. The output of the test antenna shall be connected to ameasuring receiver.

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The equipment shall be switched on in receive mode, and the measuring receiver shall be tuned over the frequency
range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz.
At each frequency at which a spurious component is detected, the test antenna shall be raised and lowered through thespecified range of heights until a maximum signal level is detected on the measuring receiver.
The equipment shall then be rotated through 360° in the horizontal plane, until the maximum signal level is detected by
the measuring receiver.
The maximum signal level detected by the measuring receiver shall be noted.
The substitution antenna shall be oriented for vertical polarization and calibrated for the frequency of the spurious
component detected.
The frequency of the calibrated signal generator shall be set to the frequency of the spurious component detected. The
input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver shall be adjusted in order to increase the sensitivity of the measuring
receiver, if necessary.
The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified range of heights to ensure that the maximum signal isreceived.
When a test site according to clause B.3 is used, there is no need to vary the height of the antenna.
The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be adjusted until an equal or a known related level to that detectedfrom the receiver is obtained on the measuring receiver.
The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be recorded as a power level and corrected for any change of input
attenuator setting of the measuring receiver.
The measurement shall be repeated with the test antenna and the substitution antenna oriented for horizontal
polarization.
The measure of the effective radiated power of the spurious components is the larger of the two power levels recorded
for each spurious component at the input to the substitution antenna, corrected for the gain of the substitution antenna if
necessary.

4.3.2.3.2

LimitsThe power of any radiated emission shall not exceed the values given in table 5.
Table 5
State
Operating

4.3.3

30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
2 nW

Receiver blocking

Receiver blocking is not applicable for avalanche beacons, due to propagation physics (i.e. magnetic).
The operating range of avalanche beacons is very small, typically 60 m (the minimum range to be compliant to thestandard is about 40 m).
Avalanche beacons use magnetic antennas. They operate in the near field (the transition near field / far field is atlambda/2pi = 104 m).
In the near field the magnetic field strength varies with 1/r3; therefore avalanche beacons receiver intrinsically need tohandle large signal strength ratios: 60 m / 1 m correspond to a dynamic range of 106 dB at least.
This is tested indirectly with clause 4.4.2 of ETSI EN 300 718-2 [4] "Changes in the received signal".

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

5

Test conditions, power sources and ambient
temperatures

5.1

Normal and extreme test conditions

Type testing shall be made under normal test conditions, and also, where stated, under extreme test conditions.
The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in clauses 5.2 to 5.4.

5.2

External test power source

During type tests, the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by an external test power source capable ofproducing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in clauses 5.3.2 and 5.4.2. The internal impedance of theexternal test power source shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the purpose of thetests, the voltage of the external test power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the equipment.
The non-grounded terminal of the batteries shall be disconnected, but batteries shall be left in place. The external test
power source shall be suitably de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. The
power leads shall be as short as practicable and properly dressed. For radiated measurements fully charged internal
batteries should be used. The batteries used should be as supplied or recommended by the manufacturer.
During tests the external test power source voltages shall be within a tolerance ±1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.

5.3

Normal test conditions

5.3.1

Normal temperature and humidity

The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of temperature andhumidity within the following ranges:•

temperature: +15°C to +35°C;•

relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.

When it is impracticable to carry out tests under these conditions, a note to this effect, stating the ambient temperatureand relative humidity during the tests, shall be added to the test report.

5.3.2

Normal test voltage

The normal test voltage shall be declared by the manufacturer. The values shall be stated in the test report.

5.4

Extreme test conditions

5.4.1

Extreme temperatures

The extreme operating and storage temperatures used for the tests shall be those declared by the manufacturer for theequipment.
The equipment shall be able to operate correctly in the temperature range from -20 to +45°C and shall be stored without
damage in the temperature range from -25 to +70°C.

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16

5.4.2

Extreme test voltages

5.4.2.1

General requirement

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

The extreme test voltages shall be declared by the manufacturer.

5.4.2.2

Procedure for tests at extreme temperatures

Before measurements are made the equipment shall have reached thermal balance in the test chamber.
The equipment shall be switched off during the temperature stabilizing period.
In the case of equipment containing temperature stabilization circuits designed to operate continuously, the temperaturestabilization circuits shall be switched on for 15 minutes after thermal balance has been obtained, and the equipment
shall then meet the specified requirements.
If the thermal balance is not checked by measurements, a temperature stabilizing period of at least one hour, or such
period as may be decided by the accredited test laboratory, shall be allowed. The sequence of measurements shall bechosen, and the humidity content in the test chamber shall be controlled so that excessive condensation does not occur.

5.5

Measurement uncertainty

The interpretation of the results recorded in a test report for the measurements described in the present document shallbe as follows:•

the measured value related to the corresponding limit will be used to decide whether an equipment meets therequirements of the present document;•

the value of the measurement uncertainty for the measurement of each parameter shall be included in the test
report;•the recorded value of the measurement uncertainty shall be, for each measurement, equal to or less than the
figures in table 6.
Table 6
Parameter
Uncertainty
RF frequency±1 x 10-6
Radiated emission of transmitter, valid up to 1 GHz±2 dB(Substitution method)
Radiated emission of transmitter, valid up to 1 GHz (direct±6 dB
measurement, using calibrated antennas)
Temperature±1°C
Humidity±5 %Transmitted H field at a distance of 10 m
±0,1 μA/m
Carrier keying times
±3 ms
NOTE:
For the test methods according to the present document the uncertainty
figures are valid to a confidence level of 95 % calculated according to themethods described in the ETSI TR 100 028 [i.4].

For the test methods, according to the present document, the measurement uncertainty figures shall be calculated andshall correspond to an expansion factor (coverage factor) k = 1,96 or k = 2 (which provide confidence levels ofrespectively 95 % and 95,45 % in the case where the distributions characterizing the actual measurement uncertainties
are normal (Gaussian)). Principles for the calculation of measurement uncertainty are contained in ETSITR 100 028-2 [i.4], annex D.
Table 6 is based on such expansion factors.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Annex A (informative):
Relationship between the present document and theessential requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU
The present document has been prepared under the Commission's standardisation request C(2015) 5376 final [i.2] toprovide one voluntary means of conforming to the essential requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisationof the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment and repealing
Directive 1999/5/EC [i.1].
Once the present document is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive, compliance with
the normative clauses of the present document given in table A.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of the present
document, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding essential requirements of that Directive and associated
EFTA regulations.
Table A.1: Relationship between the present document andthe essential requirements of Directive 2014/53/EU

No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Harmonised Standard ETSI EN 300 718-1
Requirement
Essential
Clause(s) of the
Description
requirements ofpresent
Directive
document
Modulation and carrier keying
3.2
4.2.1
Frequency error
3.2
4.2.2
Maximum output field strength
3.2
4.2.3
Transmitter spurious emissions
3.2
4.2.4
Receiver Sensitivity
3.2
4.3.1
Receiver spurious emissions
3.2
4.3.2

Requirement Conditionality
U/C

Condition

U
U
U
U
U
U

Key to columns:
Requirement:No

A unique identifier for one row of the table which may be used to identify a requirement.

Description

A textual reference to the requirement.

Essential requirements of Directive
Identification of article(s) defining the requirement in the Directive.
Clause(s) of the present document
Identification of clause(s) defining the requirement in the present document unless anotherdocument is referenced explicitly.
Requirement Conditionality:
U/C

Indicates whether the requirement is unconditionally applicable (U) or is conditional upon the
manufacturer's claimed functionality of the equipment (C).

Condition

Explains the conditions when the requirement is or is not applicable for a requirement which isclassified "conditional".

Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to the present document is maintained in the list
published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of the present document should consult frequently thelatest list published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of the present document.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Annex B (normative):
Test sites and general arrangements for measurements
involving the use of radiated fields
B.1

General

B.1.1

Normal test signals

Tests on the transmitter shall be performed with the equipment switched on in the normal transmit mode.
For tests on the receiver, the test signal shall be an A1A signal modulated as indicated in clause 4.2.1.

B.1.2

Test fixture

The test fixture shall couple to the generated electromagnetic field from the equipment under test without disturbing theoperation of the said device. The test fixture shall be provided with a 50 Ω standard connector, where the generated
field can be sampled.
NOTE:

A test fixture may be provided by the manufacturer to enable extreme temperature measurements to be
made, where applicable.

The test laboratory shall calibrate the test fixture by carrying out the required field measurements at normal
temperatures at the prescribed test site and then by repeating the same measurements on the equipment under test using
the test fixture for all identified frequency components.
The test fixture is only required for extreme temperature measurements and shall be calibrated only with the equipment
under test.

B.1.3

Measuring receiver

The term "measuring receiver" refers to a selective voltmeter or a spectrum analyser. The bandwidth of the measuring
receiver shall be according to CISPR 16-1 [1], [2] and [3]. The quasi-peak detector for the measuring receiver shall beapplied, see table B.1.
Table B.1
Frequency (f)9 kHz ≤ f < 150 kHz
150 kHz ≤ f < 30 MHz
30 MHz ≤ f ≤ 1 000 MHz

Detector type
Quasi-peakQuasi-peakQuasi-peak

ETSI

Bandwidth
200 Hz to 300 Hz
9 kHz to 10 kHz
100 kHz to 120 kHz

19

B.2

Outdoor test site

B.2.1

General requirements

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

The outdoor test site shall be on a reasonably level surface or ground. For measurements at frequencies below 30 MHz
no artificial ground plane shall be used. For measurements at frequencies 30 MHz and above, a conducting groundplane of at least 5 m diameter shall be provided at one point on the site. In the middle of this ground plane, a
non-conducting support, capable of rotation through 360o in the horizontal plane, shall be used to support the test
sample in its standard position, at 1 m above the ground plane, with the exception of equipment with floor standing
antenna. For this equipment, the antenna shall be raised, on a non-conducting support, 100 mm above the turntable, thepoint(s) of contact being consistent with normal use. The test site shall be large enough to allow the erection of ameasuring or transmitting antenna at a distance of 10 m or optionally 30 m. The distance actually used shall be recordedwith the results of the tests carried out on the site.
Sufficient precautions shall be taken to ensure that reflections from extraneous objects adjacent to the site do notdegrade the measurements results.

2

1-4 m

1
1m

Ground plane 5 m Diameter minimum

4

3

Figure B.1

B.2.2

Standard position

The standard position in all test sites, except for equipment which is intended to be worn on a person, shall be as
follows:-

for equipment with an integral antenna, it shall be placed in the position closest to normal use as declared by
the manufacturer;-

for equipment with a rigid external antenna, the antenna shall be vertical;-

for equipment with non-rigid external antenna, the antenna shall be extended vertically upwards by anon-conducting support.

For equipment intended to be worn close to the body or hand held, the non-conducting support may, at the request of
the manufacturer be replaced with a simulated man, if appropriate. The use of the simulated man shall be stated in thetest report.
The simulated man shall consist of an acrylic tube, filled with salt water (1,5 grams NaCl per litre of distilled water).
The tube shall have a length of 1,7 m ± 0,1 m and an internal diameter of 300 mm ± 5 mm with side wall thickness of
1,5 mm ± 0,5 mm.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

To reduce the weight of the simulated man it may be possible to use an alternative tube which has a hollow centre of
200 mm maximum diameter.
The sample shall be fixed to the surface of the simulated man, at the appropriate height for the equipment.

B.3

Test antenna

B.3.1

Below 30 MHz

A calibrated loop antenna shall be used to detect the field strength from the test sample. The antenna shall be supported
in the vertical plane and be rotated about a vertical axis. The lowest point of the loop shall be 1 m above ground level.

B.3.2

Above 30 MHz

The test antenna is used to detect the radiation from both the test sample and the substitution antenna, when the site isused for radiation measurements. Where necessary, it is used as a transmitting antenna, when the site is used for themeasurement of receiver characteristics.
This antenna is mounted on a support such as to allow the antenna to be used in either horizontal or vertical polarizationand for the height of its centre above ground to be varied over the range 1 m to 4 m. Preferably a test antenna withpronounced directivity should be used. The size of the test antenna along the measurement axis shall not exceed 20 % of
the measuring distance.
For receiver and transmitter radiation measurements, the test antenna is connected to a measuring receiver, capable ofbeing tuned to any frequency under investigation and of measuring accurately the relative levels of signals at its input.

B.4

Substitution antenna

B.4.1

GeneralWhen measuring in the frequency range up to 1 GHz the substitution antenna shall be a λ/2 dipole, resonant at theoperating frequency, or a shortened dipole, calibrated to the λ/2 dipole. The centre of this antenna shall coincide withthe reference point of the test sample it has replaced. This reference point shall be the volume centre of the sample when
its antenna is mounted inside the cabinet, or the point where an external antenna is connected to the cabinet.
The distance between the lower extremity of the dipole and the ground shall not be less than 0,3 m.
The substitution antenna shall be connected to a calibrated signal generator when the site is used for spurious radiation
measurements and transmitter effective radiated power measurements. The substitution antenna shall be connected to acalibrated measuring receiver when the site is used for the measurement of receiver sensitivity.
The signal generator and the receiver shall operate at the frequencies under investigation and shall be connected to theantenna through suitable matching and balancing networks.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Ceiling
Absorbing material
1,35 mReference pointof test sample

Corner reflector

Wall/2 Test antenna

45°
Feeder to test
receiver or signal
generator

/2

3-4m

1,35 m- 0,75 m
0,6 m

Floor
Figure B.2: Indoors site arrangement (shown for horizontal polarization)

B.4.2

Optional additional indoor site

When the frequency of the signals being measured is greater than 80 MHz, use may be made of an indoor test site. If
this alternative site is used, this shall be recorded in the test report.
The measurement site may be a laboratory room with a minimum area of 6 m by 7 m and at least 2,7 m in height.
Apart from the measuring apparatus and the operator, the room shall be as free as possible from reflecting objects otherthan the walls, floor and ceiling.
The potential reflections from the wall behind the equipment under test are reduced by placing a barrier of absorbent
material in front of it. The corner reflector around the test antenna is used to reduce the effect of reflections from the
opposite wall and from the floor and ceiling, in the case of horizontally polarized measurements. Similarly, the cornerreflector reduces the effects of reflections from the sidewalls for vertically polarized measurements. For the lower partof the frequency range (below approximately 175 MHz), no corner reflector or absorbent barrier is needed. For practicalreasons, the λ/2 antenna in figure B.2 may be replaced by an antenna of constant length, provided that this length is
between λ/4 and λ at the frequency of measurement, and the sensitivity of the measuring system is sufficient. In thesame way, the distance of λ/2 to the apex may be varied.
The test antenna, measuring receiver, substitution antenna and calibrated signal generator are used in a way similar tothat of the general method. To ensure that errors are not caused by the propagation path approaching the point at which
phase cancellation between the direct and the remaining reflected signals occurs, the substitution antenna shall be
moved through a distance of ±0,1 m in the direction of the test antenna as well as in the two directions perpendicular tothis first direction.
If these changes of distance cause a signal change of greater than 2 dB, the test sample should be re-sited until a changeof less than 2 dB is obtained.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

B.5

Guidance on the use of radiation test sites

B.5.1

GeneralFor measurements involving the use of radiated fields, use may be made of a test site in conformity with therequirements of clause B.1. When using such a test site, the following conditions should be observed to ensure
consistency of measuring results.

B.5.2

Measuring distance

Evidence indicates that the measuring distance is not critical and does not significantly affect the measuring results,
provided that the distance is not less than λ/2 at the frequency of measurement, and that the precautions described inthis annex are observed. Measurements at low frequencies and distances less than λ/2 are considered in the present
document and shall be followed. Measuring distances of 3 m, 5 m, 10 m and 30 m are in common use in European test
laboratories. Measurements at distances different to 10 m need to have a correction factor added to give a resultant at
10 m so that comparison with the limit is possible. The correction factor used shall be stated in the test report.

B.5.3

Test antenna

Different types of test antenna may be used, since performing substitution measurements reduces the effect of the errors
on the measuring results.
Height variation of the test antenna over a range of 1 m to 4 m is essential in order to find the point at which theradiation is maximum.
Height variation of the test antenna may not be necessary at the lower frequencies below approximately 100 MHz.

B.5.4

Substitution antenna

Variations in the measuring results may occur with the use of different types of substitution antenna at the lower
frequencies below approximately 80 MHz. Where a shortened dipole antenna is used at these frequencies, details of thetype of antenna used should be included with the results of the tests carried out on the test site. Correction factors shallbe taken into account when shortened dipole antennas are used.

B.5.5

Artificial antenna

The dimensions of the artificial antenna used during radiated measurements should be small in relation to the sample
under test.
Where possible, a direct connection should be used between the artificial antenna and the test sample. In cases where itis necessary to use a connecting cable, precautions should be taken to reduce the radiation from this cable by, forexample, the use of ferrite cores or double-screened cables.

B.5.6

Auxiliary cables

The position of auxiliary cables (power supply and microphone cables etc.) which are not adequately de-coupled, maycause variations in the measurement results. In order to get reproducible results, cables and wires of auxiliaries should
be arranged vertically downwards (through a hole in the non-conducting support), or as specified in the technicaldocumentation supplied with the equipment.
Care shall be taken to ensure that test cables do not adversely affect the measuring result.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

B.6

Further optional alternative indoor test site using ananechoic chamber

B.6.1

GeneralFor radiation measurements, when test frequency of the signals being measured is greater than 30 MHz, use may bemade of an indoor test site being a well-shielded anechoic chamber simulating a free space environment. If such achamber is used, this shall be recorded in the test report.
The test antenna, measuring receiver, substitution antenna and calibrated signal generator are used in a way similar tothat of the general method, clause B.1. In the range 30 MHz to 100 MHz, some additional calibration may be necessary.
An example of a typical measurement site may be an electrically shielded anechoic chamber being 10 m long, 5 m
broad and 5 m high. Walls and ceiling should be coated with RF absorbers of 1 m height. The base should be covered
with absorbing material 1 m thick, and a wooden floor, capable of carrying test equipment and operators. The
construction of the anechoic chamber is described in the following clauses.

B.6.2

Example of the construction of a shielded anechoic
chamber

Free-field measurements can be simulated in a shielded measuring chamber where the walls are coated with RFabsorbers. Figure B.3 shows the requirements for shielding loss and wall return loss of such a room. As dimensions andcharacteristics of usual absorber materials are critical below 100 MHz (height of absorbers < 1 m, reflection attenuation< 20 dB) such a room is more suitable for measurements above 100 MHz. Figure B.4 shows the construction of an
anechoic shielded measuring chamber having a base area of 5 m by 10 m and a height of 5 m.
Ceilings and walls are coated with pyramidal formed RF absorbers approximately 1 m high. The base is covered withabsorbers forming a non-conducting sub-floor or with special ground floor absorbers. The available internal dimensionsof the room are 3 m × 8 m × 3 m, so that a maximum measuring distance of 5 m length in the middle axis of this room
is available.
At 100 MHz the measuring distance can be extended up to a maximum of 2λ.
The floor absorbers reduce floor reflections so that the antenna height need not be changed and floor reflection
influences need not be considered.
All measuring results can therefore be checked with simple calculations and the measurement uncertainties have thesmallest possible values due to the simple measuring configuration.

B.6.3

Influence of parasitic reflections in anechoic chambers

For free-space propagation in the far field condition the correlation E = Eo (Ro/R) is valid for the dependence of the
field strength E on the distance R, whereby Eo is the reference field strength in the reference distance Ro.
It is useful to use this correlation for comparison measurements, as all constants are eliminated with the ratio andneither cable attenuation, nor antenna mismatch, or antenna dimensions are of importance.
Deviations from the ideal curve can be seen easily if the logarithm of the above equation is used, because the ideal
correlation of field strength and distance can then be shown as a straight line and the deviations occurring in practice areclearly visible. This indirect method more readily shows the disturbances due to reflections and is far less problematicalthan the direct measurement of reflection attenuation.
With an anechoic chamber of the dimensions suggested in clause B.4 at low frequencies up to 100 MHz, there are no far
field conditions and therefore reflections are stronger so that careful calibration is necessary; in the medium frequency
range from 100 MHz to 1 GHz the dependence of the field strength on the distance meets the expectations very well.

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24

B.6.4

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Calibration of the shielded RF anechoic chamber

Careful calibration of the chamber shall be performed over the range 30 MHz to 1 GHz.

a (dB)

110
100
90
80
70

Minimum limit for the shielding loss

60
50
40
30
20
10
Limit of the return loss

0

10 k

100 k

1M

10 M

30 M 100 M 300 M 1 G

Figure B.3: Specification for shielding and reflections

ETSI

f (Hz)

25

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

10 m

Equipment
under test

Measurement distance

Measuring
Antenna5m

Non-conductive turntables
Non-conductive surface

1m
Ground plan

Measurement distance5m

Non-conductive turntables

Absorbers

Filter blocks andcoaxial feedthroughShielded room withoutabsorbers for thetest instruments

Figure B.4: Example of construction of an anechoic-shielded chamber

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Annex C (normative):
Spurious limits, radiated H-field at 10 m distances
30

20

Transmitter spurious limits
Transm itter spurious limits

H-field, dBµA/m

10

0

-10

Receiverand limits
Receiverspurioustransm itter standby
spurious lim its

-20

-30
0.001

0.01

0.1

1
frequency, M Hz

Figure C.1

ETSI

10

100

27

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Annex D (informative):
E-fields in the near field at low frequencies
E-field at low frequencies is often in the near field and it is in reality only possible to measure with the shielded loop
antenna; in this case there is also a relation between the E-field and the H-field by the wave impedance Z. In the nearfield the wave impedance is highly dependent on the type of radiating antenna (loop or open end wire) and thewavelength. If the power density at a certain distance is the same for a H-field and an E-field generated signal, thefollowing calculation can be made:In the direction of maximum power in the near field, the power density S is:

S=

E2
2
2
= He Ze = Hm Zm
Ze

(D.1)

where:• S= power density;• E= electrical field generated by an E-field antenna at distance d;• He= magnetic field generated by an E-field antenna at distance d;• Hm= magnetic field generated by a H-field antenna at distance d;• Ze= wave impedance of a field generated by an E-field antenna at distance d;• Zm= wave impedance of a field generated by an H-field antenna at distance d.

λ2π(near field) (D.2)λλ
if d <
2πd
2π(near field) (D.3)

Z m = Z 0 2π
Ze = Z0d

if d <

λEquation (D.1) gives:

He = Hm

Zm
Ze(A/m) (D.4)

Equation (D.2) and (D.3) into (D.4) gives:

He = Hm

2πd

λ

= Hm

2πdf c300(D.5)

where fc is the carrier frequency in MHz.
For 2πd/λ = 1, d = 10m and fc = 4,78 MHz, and using equation (D.5), this gives:

He = Hmfc
4 , 78ETSI(f in MHz) (D.6)

28

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

For 2πd/λ < 1 if fc < 4,78 MHz then equation (D.5) is valid, (i.e. near field).
For 2πd/λ > 1 if fc > 4,78 MHz then He = Hm, (i.e. far field).
The method allows an electric generated E-field to be measured as a magnetic generated H-field by adding a correction
factor derived from (D.6).
For a graphical representation of the correction factor, see figure D.1.

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

10

Correction factor for relevant H-field, dB

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60
0,001

0,01

0,1

1
Frequency, MHz
Figure D.1

ETSI

10

100

30

Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

Annex E (informative):
Change history
VersionInformation about changes
2.1.1
Receiver sensitivity was added

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Draft ETSI EN 300 718-1 V2.1.0 (2017-09)

History
Document history
Edition 1

March 1997

Publication as ETSI ETS 300 718

V1.1.1January 1999

Publication as ETSI TS 100 718 (Historical)

V1.2.1

May 2001

Publication

V2.1.0

September 2017

EN Approval Procedure

ETSI

AP 20171217: 2017-09-18 to 2017-12-18