JAITS

博論要旨

論文題目: The Study on Translation Methods and Principles of Japanese-Mongolian
Phraseological Words and Expressions (based on some translation
examples)
提出機関：Mongolian State University of Education
提出者：Ashgai Delgermaa1
指導教官：S. Erdenemaam (Ph. D), professor, Ishida Priscilla (Ph. D), associate professor
提出年月：2011 年 6 月
取得学位：Хэл бичгийн ухааны ДОКТОР (Ph. D)

DOCTOR (Ph. D) of Philology

英文要旨
1. Significance of the Research StudyAt present time Mongolia develops a close cooperation in economical, cultural and education
sphere with Japan. Consequently, the actuality of the issue about Japanese language teaching
methods perfection increases. Besides teaching methods raising the quality of foreign language
acquisition, the role of translation theory development takes a significant part. In this context I havechosen the present theme for the future research study.
2. Rationale for the Research Study
There are a few basic methods in the translation theory. Those methods have one aim tocommunicate the source language meaning and its individual characteristics to receptor language
without changing of a literal language form.
During translation unknowing two languages regulations, inappropriate language form choice fordescription of source language meaning or irrelevant usage of translation methods cause wrong
reception of meaning. The most universal case, which brings such a mistake, is the literalism. As
the literal translation not only distorts the source language meaning or distracts the norm of certaintranslating language, it is also becomes as cause for these two mistakes at the same time. Especially,
for the qualitative translation the issue how to describe the relation between whole and part of thecontext, in other words, the relation of general and particular units or its component connection
takes a particular role.
The phraseological words and expressions contain a complete meaning, being as an independent
unit of a context, mostly in the form of sentence with ellipsis. In other words, phraseological unit isa special segment, which relates to main part of the text. Moreover, it includes emotional feelings
Ashgai Delgermaa, “The Study on Translation Methods and Principles of Japanese Mongolian
Phraseological Words and Expressions (based on some translation examples),” Interpreting andTranslation Studies, No.11, 2011. pages 221-228. © by the Japan Association for Interpreting andTranslation Studies

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with national peculiarity and it’s not translatable or non equivalent. However, it’s possible totranslate the meaning and a particular language function by certain types of methods. And thosemethods are used for indication of formal and semantic particularity of phraseological words andexpressions.
Consequently, the comparative study of Japanese and Mongolian phraseology in aspects of origin,formal and semantic structure and classification has significance for revealing out the similarities
and differences in two languages. Also, it has a sense in determining of adequate methods totranslate the phraseological units.
3. Review of Previous Studies
Phraseology is a comparatively new field of study, so the first theoretical definition was suggested
by Swiss linguist Charles Bally in the beginning of XX century. Later Russian scholars such as V. V.
Vinogradov (1946, 1947), B. A. Larin (1956), S. I. Ojegov (1957), N. N. Amosova (1963), S. G.
Gavrin (1963), V. N. Teliya (1965), M. N. Shanskii (1969) and others have studied the phraseology
issues as a definition, domain, and semantic classification from different aspects.
As the result of numerous scholarly studies the particularities of internal and external relations ofphraseological units and variations of its research methods have been revealed. In Mongolia theissue of phraseology was introduced by the Academician B. Rinchen’s (1950) study. Since that time,
L. Mishig (1959), Choi Luvsanjav (1966), J. Tumurtseren (1964a, 1974b), G. Ts. Pyurbeev (1972),
D. Dashdavaa (1973), G. Akim (1982), Yuni So Voni (1995), M. Bazarragchaa (1999), J. Bayansan(2002), J. Bat - Ireedui (2009) and other scholars research developed more theoretical andmethodological issues ofMongolianlanguage phraseology.

The phraseology of Japanese language developed by scholarly works of Morita Yoshiyuki (1966,1985), Shiraishi Daiji (1969, 1977), Miyaji Yutaka (1974a, 1974b, 1982ab, 1991), Muraki Shinjirou(1985), Kunihiro Tetsuya (1985), Ito Makoto (1989, 1997a, 1997b) and Ishida Priscilla (1996, 1999,
2001) identified main issues as definition of phraseology, domain, norms and the theoretical andmethodological aspects.
In fact, in scholarly works the phraseological units are formulated in different ways and their terms
vary respectively. Some of the examples, are ‘idiom, phraseme, phraseloid, restricted collocation,
semantic phraseme’ and so on. The usage of these terms is related to the different aspects ofphraseology study. In this research study the term phraseological unit was used, based on thedefinition “The phraseological unit is the restricted collocation, which reflects the national lifestyle,customs, cultural and thought characteristics“, “The phraseological unit is the restricted and stableon structural side and a meaningfully screwed unit”, which was suggested by the Mongolian
scholar M. Bazarragchaa (1999:7) and J. Bat-Ireedui (2011). In accordance with English translationof this term, I used the A. P. Cowie’s (2009) variation such as phraseological unit, phraseologicalwords and expressions.

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4. Research Aim
The aim of the research work, will direct firstly, to reveal the similarities and differences ofJapanese and Mongolian phraseological units and determine adequate translation methods andprinciples of Japanese phraseology into Mongolian language.
5. Objectives of Research Study
Within the aim and domain of this research study the following objectives have been set up.
§1. Review and analyze previous theoretical studies of phraseological units from the aspectsof origin, semantics, structural particularity and classification.
§2. Review and analyze previous study of Japanese phraseological units from the aspects oforigin, semantics, structural particularity and classification criteria.
§3. Review and analyze previous study of Mongolian phraseological units from the aspects oforigin, semantics, structural particularity and classification criteria.
§4. Compare and reveal the similarities, differences between the Japanese-Mongolianphraseological units from the aspects of semantics, structure, and form; suggest appropriate
criteria to classify it from the semantic aspects.
§5. Identify translation methods and principles of Japanese-Mongolian phraseological words
and expressions with its variations.
6. The hypothesis of the Research Study
The study and comparison of Japanese-Mongolian phraseological units from the origin, semantics,
grammar structures, classification and translation methods are the significant condition for
determining the two languages particularities. Especially, determining adequate translation methods
and principles, will help to resolve language difficulties, which occur during translation.
Consequently, the results of this research study will contribute to the development of Japanese,
Mongolian language acquisition methodology.
7. The object of the Research StudyThe Japanese-Mongolian phraseological units.
8. The subject of the Research Study
Translation methods of Japanese-Mongolian phraseological units.
9. Theoretical and methodological basis for the Research Study
Considering the suggested issues such as aim, domain, research methods in this research study thephraseological domain were determined based on the concepts of Russian scholars as V. V.
Vinogradov (1947:22-27), M. N. Shanskii (1969:3) and Mongolian scholar D. Dashdavaa(1973:83-88).
In terms of translation I used the concepts of Russian scholar A. V. Fyodorov (1968:11)’s andMongolian scholar R. Gurbazar (1996:5) in accordance with “Translation is the reverse of themeaning, which was described by one means of language, using means of another language”, A. D.
Shveitser (1988:75)’s “Translation is the equivalent transmission process of source language223

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communicative results into receptor language, in various forms depending on differences of
linguistics, cultural and communication factors between two languages”, which emphasizes the text
equivalency between source and receptor languages.
In addition, the term source language was marked as SL, receptor language as RL, source text as ST,
translated text as TT.
10. Research methods
This research study carried out with the usage of mainly the comparative methods of linguistics.
Also contrastive linguistics, structural linguistics and translational linguistics methods have beenused. In particular, to determine the similarities and differences of phraseological units in Japanese,
Mongolian languages I used the comparative-contrastive and structural linguistics methods. The
translational linguistics methods were used for the definition of translation methods and principles
of phraseological units.
11. Research materials
The study was based on contemporary Japanese literature, research materials, special dictionaries
and selected Mongolian translations of Japanese literature.
12. Novelty of the Research Study
The particularity of phraseological units and its translation methods were studied by many
scientists and researchers. But, the principles, which leads to translation methods and their relation
with translation theory is not mentioned yet. In our country the phraseology study was made incertain extent in case of Russian, Mongolian and English languages. The comparative study ofJapanese-Mongolian phraseology with its translation method and principle is still not taken into
special consideration.
The Japanese phraseology study begins from late 1960-s and was carried out in case ofJapanese-German, Japanese-English and Japanese-Korean languages. Consequently, this researchstudy is innovative in aspects of taking up for the first time the issue of Japanese-Mongolianphraseology. Also, there was an attempt to determine the phraseology translation methods and its
principles in regular relation.
13. Practical Significance of the Research Study
Some ideas of this study can be included in qualified textbooks and lesson materials at universities
within contemporary Japanese, Mongolian language lexicology, semantics and translation area.
Also, predictions and estimations can be used in above study of Japanese and Mongolian language.
In addition, I hope that the results of this research study will support the comparative study ofphraseology in two languages, as well as solving the theoretical problems of translation to certain
extent.
14. Approbation of the Research Study
Some results of this research study were taken into discussion at the 2007, 2009 Conference at theMongolian State University of Education and have been awarded the 1st place as the best master
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degree and doctoral research presentation. Some parts of this research study was published as a
research paper in the journal “The issues of foreign language teaching methodology” Vol. 16 in
2007, Vol. 22, 24 in 2009 and Vol. 27, 28 in 2011.
Moreover, this research study was continued and completed at the University of Tsukuba as thefellowship research project of the Japan Foundation. Some findings of it were presented at the 11th
conference of the Japan Association for Interpreting and Translation Studies and submitted to the
web journal “Invitation to Translation Studies in Japan” Vol. 5 in 2010.
The first version of this thesis was taken into discussion at the Russian Language and Literature
Department meeting at the Foreign Language School, the Mongolian State University of Education
on 12 January, 2011. The second discussion proceeded at the Foreign Language School Conferenceof the same University on 20 May, 2011. The third discussion proceeded at the Academic Council
meeting of the Mongolian State University of Education on 27 May, 2011. The preliminary defenseof this thesis was held at the Academic Council on Philology on 7 June, 2011 and the comments,
critical views submitted by researchers and scholars were taken into consideration each time.
15. Structure of the Research Thesis
This research thesis contains an introduction, two main chapters, conclusions, a card catalogue,
bibliography and appendices. Each chapter is divided into 3 sections.
16. The main Content of Research Thesis
The introduction covers rationale aim and objectives of this research study. Also, the issues of theresearch study such as novelty, data processing, practical significance, approbation and discussions
have been represented in this part.
The first section of first chapter describes the observation on antecedent study of phraseology andformulates the phraseological unit’s particularity in their relation, considering the theoreticalconcepts, regulations, related extent, classification and its criteria. The second and third section
formulates the origin, semantic and grammar-form particularity of Japanese-Mongolianphraseological units and suggests an adequate model of classification, based on the survey ofantecedent study. In order to determine the types of phraseological units in two languages, I
collected from translation literature 300 Japanese phraseological units, also the same amount ofMongolian phraseological units from special dictionaries and research materials and then classified
using suggested model.
Chapter (I). The origin, structure and classification of Japanese-Mongolian phraseological words
and expressions§1. 1 The origin, structure, classification of phraseological words and expressions§1. 2 The Japanese phraseological words and expressions§1. 3 The Mongolian phraseological words and expressions
The second chapter includes the comparative study of Japanese-Mongolian phraseological units,determining the translation methods and their principles. As the first chapter, it consists of 3225

『通訳翻訳研究』 No.11 (2011)sections. In the first section the two languages phraseological units were compared in aspects oforigin, semantic, grammar-form particularity, as a result of the similarities and differences between
them have been determined. In the second section, based on the survey of antecedent study related
to phraseology translation method, I suggested the model of phraseology translation method. Thenin order to indicate the types of phraseology translation methods, used in Japanese-Mongoliantranslation, I analyzed the collected examples of phraseology translation. As a result of it the typesof translation methods and their variations were revealed by the researcher. Also, I tried todetermine the principles of phraseology translation methods in their regular relations and levels.
Chapter (II). The comparative-contrastive study of Japanese-Mongolian phraseological words andexpressions and translation principles§2. 1 The comparative-contrastive study of Japanese-Mongolian phraseological words andexpressions§2. 2 The translation method of Japanese phraseological words and expressions into Mongolian
language§2. 3 The basic translation principles of Japanese phraseological words and expressions into
Mongolian language
Conclusion part contains current research findings.
17. Conclusions
Issues covered in this study achieved a goal, concluded as follows.
§1. The “conceptual mapping” or metaphor is the main motive for forming phraseological words
and expressions, which occur as a result of associative and contrastive psychological actions. As aresult of metaphorical comparison the idiomatic characteristic occurs, in consequence of it thephraseological units form becomes stable, and used as a ready-made product. But the idiomatic andstable characteristics don’t appear at the same level. This phenomenon comes from metaphoricalcomparison or reinterpretation, which is the cause of idiomatic characteristic, also the factor ofculture-linguistic values that affect stability too. So, these two characteristics appear inphraseological units not in complete forms, but only at element level under different conditions.
Considering the fact, that a ready-made productivity occurs in universal typology, I suggested thephraseology classification model determined by D. Dashdavaa (1973) as the most adequate methodof phraseology classification in its domain.
§2. At the end of the analysis made on determinations of Japanese-Mongolian phraseology origin I
concluded, that in case of identify the phraseological units by structure and typology may have asimilarities. But, in case of determination by meaning content the differences will dominate. As, thephraseological units meaning content includes the national cognitive stereotypes and etalons ofevaluation, so the classification of it may have many variations. So, considering this fact I
suggested to classify the phraseology of two languages, as simile and metaphor phraseology, whichemphasizes their origin. The Japanese and Mongolian phraseology, in aspect of meaning may be
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The Study of Translation Method and Principles of Japaneseand Mongolian Phraseological Words and Expressionsclassified in two types, such as phraseology with positive meaning, which appreciates the humanactivity and negative meaning, which criticizes it. From the semantic structure side, the same
conception or meaning can be described by similar or different semantic component structure,
which shows the similarities and differences in cognitive stereotypes and etalons of evaluation
between two nations. In aspect of semantic field relation, the phraseology of two languages
contains the same characteristics of words, such as ambiguous, synonymous, antonymous andhomonymous meaning. As the grammar-form particularity it can be taken up the similarity ofmorphological structure between them, which comes from similar organization of grammar
structure in Altaic languages. Also, I tried to measure the stability of two language phraseologicalunits at morphological and syntactical level. The result of the measurement have shown and proventhat the idiomatic and stability characteristics exist at different level in each case of phraseologicalunits. So, I classified the phraseological words and expressions sampled from translated literatureand selected dictionaries and research materials, using the model suggested by D. Dashdavaa(1973). The results showed, that in Japanese language:
1. Phraseological fusion 24.3%
2. Phraseological unity 22.7%
3. Phraseological composition 43.7%
4. Phraseological expression 9.3% counts respectively.
In Mongolian language:
1. Phraseological fusion 40.7%
2. Phraseological unity 24.3%
3. Phraseological composition 22.7%
4. Phraseological expression 12.3%
counts respectively, which shows that in Mongolian language the case of phraseological fusion
exceeds more than in Japanese. As other types count comparatively a close proportion, it’s clear,that in case of increasing the quantity of phraseological units, the results will not change
significantly.
§3. Via review and analysis of previous studies related to phraseology translation methods, I tried todetermine the explanatory, analogical, literal and equivalent translation methods as a model of it.
As a result of the analysis of 300 samples of phraseology translation it’ was obvious:
1. Explanatory 73.4%
2. Analogical 16.3%
3. Literal 3.3%
4. Equivalent 4.7%
5. Combined methods (analytical description and literal) 4.7%
count respectively. This result allows concluding, that the national particularity and characteristicsof phraseology become a cause for translating by explanatory method in most cases. Also, in two227

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languages the analog and equivalent phraseological units appear rarely, as the same as a literaltranslation method. In addition, one possible variation of combining methods was emerged during
this research.
§4. In order to determine the main principles of phraseology translation methods in their regular
relations I analyzed all utilized kinds of translation methods. Afterwards, I defined that explanatory
method shows a pragmatic equivalency level; analogical method shows a referential equivalency
level; literal and the equivalent translation methods show formal and component equivalency level
respectively. The results of the research proved that all revealed types of phraseology translation
methods are in line with hierarchy of equivalency level. In other words, the methods are used at thesame level, by certain type of translation operations as the text translation. At the end it proved thefact, that a meaning of phraseological units is equivalent to the context.
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【著者紹介】
アシガイ デルゲルマー (Ashgai Delgermaa) モンゴル国の日本語の通訳・翻訳者、日本語教師。現在、モンゴル文化教育大学で日モ語・モ日語の翻訳、比較対照文法などを教えている。言語学的観点から翻訳方法・原則に関する研究に力を注いでいる。
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