CMYK

1505451 表紙Ｅ案 1

Prescriptions for effective
implementation of the Sustainable
Development Goals in Japan

5

Project On Sustainability Transformation beyond 2015
http://www.post2015.jp/en/Our planet has gone through various changes over the last 15 years.
Poverty is no longer considered as purely an economic problem, and wehave learned that it has to be addressed in the context of environmental
and social problems as well. Climate change is one of the issues that hascomplexity. The frequent occurrence of natural disasters hits the poorest and
PRVWYXOQHUDEOHPDNLQJLWHYHQPRUHGLI¿FXOWIRUWKHPWRJHWRXWRISRYHUW\Moreover, climate change could also affect the patterns of food production,
which would cause further concerns for the already vulnerable regions’ foodsecurity. To eradicate poverty we must also address social problems, as the
SRRUHVWZLOOQRWEHDEOHWREHQH¿WIURPDQ\*'3JURZWKXQOHVVPHDVXUHVare taken to reduce the social disparities. We need to tackle the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, environmental and social) in
a comprehensive manner so that we can achieve a prosperous world where
nobody is left behind.

Preface

S-11 POST2015: Project On Sustainability
Transformation beyond 2015
:LWKWKHH[SLUDWLRQRIWKH0LOOHQQLXP'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV 0'*V DW
the end of 2015, a heated discussion on the direction of the post-2015
GHYHORSPHQWDJHQGDDQGWKH6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV 6'*V 
has been going on for years within the international community. The
project aims to contribute to this debate by conducting research fromvarious perspectives, in order to make an intellectual contribution
WRWKHDFKLHYHPHQWRIVXVWDLQDEOHVRFLHW\³32673URMHFW2Q
6XVWDLQDELOLW\7UDQVIRUPDWLRQEH\RQG´LVDWKUHH\HDUSURMHFWWKDWVWDUWHGLQ$SULODQGLPSOHPHQWHGZLWKVXSSRUWIURPWKH
(QYLURQPHQW5HVHDUFKDQG7HFKQRORJ\'HYHORSPHQW)XQG (57') 
0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW-DSDQ

プロジェクトリーダー：慶應義塾大学 蟹江憲史
S-11-1 資源環境制約下の開発・成長の方向性と目標及び効果的ガバナンスの提示

環境省・外務省等

アドバイザー
西岡秀三（IGES）
黒田かをり（CSO ネットワーク）
富本幾文（山口大学）
植田和弘（京都大学）

環境に関連する分野

開発に関連する分野

テーマリーダー：九州大学 馬奈木俊介
S-11-2 資源環境制約の観点からの目標と指標の提示テーマリーダー：東京大学 北村友人
テーマリーダー：地球環境戦略研究機関 森秀行

S-11-3 開発の観点からの目標と指標の提示

S-11-4 持続可能な開発目標実現のためのガバナンスの研究

国連 2QHRIWKHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWIHDWXUHVRIWKH6'*VFRPSDUHGWRWKH0'*V
is their absolute inclusiveness. Indeed, this is why each UN member stateneeds to establish its own targets and methods for implementation adapted
to its needs and situations, in addition to the global targets set by the UN.
,QGHHGWKH6'*VQHHGWREH³SUHVFULEHG´IRUHDFKFRXQWU\DQGUHJLRQVR
WKDWWKH\FRXOGHIIHFWLYHO\FRQWULEXWHWRWKHRYHUDOOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI6'*V
globally, regionally, and nationally.
 2XUWHDPLVKHUHE\LVVXLQJDOLVWRI³SUHVFULSWLRQV´IRU-DSDQ¶VLPSOHPHQWD
WLRQRIWKH6'*V,WLVRXUDWWHPSWWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHPHWKRGVWRDGGUHVVWKH
FKDOOHQJHVFXUUHQWO\IDFLQJ-DSDQZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKH6'*VEDVHG
on the results of our three-year research work on sustainability and how toachieve the sustainability in society. This report offers some insights as toZKDWVKRXOGEHGRQHWRDGGUHVV-DSDQ¶VGRPHVWLFSUREOHPVZKLOHFRQWULEXWLQJWRLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*VRQDJOREDOVFDOH2XUUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
DUHWRDGGUHVVWKHQHHGWR¿OOLQH[LVWLQJJDSEHWZHHQWKHJOREDOJRDOVDQG
WKHFXUUHQWSROLFLHVLQ-DSDQ%\³WUDQVODWLQJ´JOREDOJRDOVDQGWDUJHWVLQWRWKHQDWLRQDOFRQWH[WWKLVSUHVFULSWLRQLVWU\LQJWRPDNH-DSDQ¶VGRPHVWLFSROLFLHV
adjusting to the global standards.
 -DSDQKDVLQIDFWDOUHDG\YDULRXVSROLFLHVUHODWHGWRWKH6'*V+RZHYHU
some may not necessarily have long-term policy-goals towards 2030.
0RUHRYHUWKHFRXQWU\KDV\HWWRDGGUHVVYDULRXVRWKHU6'*VUHODWHGLVVXHVThere are also numerous emerging problems that we need to address in the\HDUVWRFRPH1RZWKDWZHKDYHJOREDOJRDOVDQGWDUJHWV-DSDQQHHGVWRGH¿QHLWVUROHDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQIXO¿OOLQJWKHP)XUWKHUGLVFXVVLRQVKRXOG
be continued across the country in the coming years, in order to establish
DFOHDUHUVHWRIJRDOVZKLFKLQFOXGHVQXPHULFDOWDUJHWV KHUHZHXVH³X´WR
indicate such targets, for example, X%, XSHUVRQVHWF´LQVWHDGRISUHFLVHQXPHULFDOWDUJHWV 7KH6'*VZLOOVHUYHDVJXLGHSRVWVIRURXUIXWXUHGLVFXVsion, and approaches for these discussion are included in the section of³*RYHUQDQFH´RIWKLVGRFXPHQW :HVKRXOGDOVREHDZDUHRIWKHULVNVRIVLGHHIIHFWVRIDQ\³SUHVFULSWLRQ´)RULQVWDQFHZKHUHDVDGGUHVVLQJIRRGVHFXULW\LVRQHRIWKHPRVWHVVHQWLDO
HOHPHQWVRIWKH6'*VLWFRXOGDOVRFRQWULEXWHWRDQLQFUHDVHRI&22 emission
DVD³VLGHHIIHFW´XQOHVVWKHUHDUHVLPXOWDQHRXVHIIRUWVWRHQKDQFHWKHXVHRI
UHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\,QWKLVUHJDUGWKH6'*VFRXOGVHUYHDVDVRUWRI³FKHFNOLVW´for overall policy implementation.

等

Message from the Project Leader

 7KHVHWRI³SUHVFULSWLRQV´SUHVHQWHGKHUHLVE\QRPHDQVDQDEVROXWHOLVWThere is certainly plenty of room for improvements in our recommendations,and there could be even more effective sets of recommendations for implePHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*VLQ-DSDQ:HVLQFHUHO\KRSHWKDWWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRI
this report will provoke constructive discussions in various fora.

 ,Q6HSWHPEHUWKH81*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\DGRSWHGWKHSRVW
GHYHORSPHQWDJHQGDWLWOHG³7UDQVIRUPLQJRXUZRUOGWKH$JHQGDIRU
6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW´ZLWK6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV 6'*V and their associated 169 targets to be accomplished by 2030.
 7KH6'*VDLPWRKHOSGHILQHWKHIXWXUHJOREDOGHYHORSPHQWIUDPHZRUNWKDWIROORZVWKH0LOOHQQLXP'HYHORSPHQW*RDOV 0'*V ZKLFKLQFOXGHGHLJKW
goals starting with halving poverty by 2015. While enormous progress has
EHHQPDGHVLQFHWKH0*'VZHUHDGRSWHGWKHUHDUHVRPHXQIXO¿OOHGWDUJHWVDQGJRDOVWKDWDUHDGGUHVVHGWKURXJKWKH6'*V

6 3267 3URMHFW/HDGHU
Professor Norichika Kanie
Keio University

Prescriptions for effective implementation of the
Sustainable Development Goals in Japan
Poverty &Disparity

Food

Health

Education

Gender

Water

Resources &EnergyBiodiversity
Governance

Prescription 1.1

Eradicate poverty and social disparity

2

Prescription 1.2$GGUHVVSUREOHPVFDXVHGE\VRFLRHFRQRPLFGLVSDULW\3

Prescription 2.1

Reduce environmental impacts caused by food production

6

Prescription 2.2

Provide access to sustainability information on agricultural products

Prescription 2.3

6HFXUHDVWDEOHIRRGVXSSO\DQGUHYLWDOLVHORFDOFRPPXQLWLHV

8Prescription 2.4$GDSWWRFOLPDWHFKDQJHDQGSUHVHUYHVHHGVDQGJHQHWLFUHVRXUFHV

9

Prescription 3.1

Promote long and healthy lives

12

Prescription 3.2$GGUHVVPHQWDOKHDOWKSUREOHPVDQGGUXJDGGLFWLRQV

13

Prescription 3.3

Prevent and control communicable diseases

14

Prescription 3.4

Establish equal access to quality medical and elderly care services

15

Prescription 4.1

Promote equal access to quality education and vocational training

18

Prescription 4.2

3URPRWH(GXFDWLRQIRU6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW (6'19

Prescription 4.3

Promote inclusive education

20

Prescription 4.4

Promote international collaboration in research and higher education

21

Prescription 5.1$GGUHVVJHQGHULQHTXDOLW\LQHPSOR\PHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGZDJHV

24

Prescription 5.2

Promote women’s leadership in society

25

Prescription 5.3(QGDOOIRUPVRI*HQGHU%DVHG9LROHQFHDQGSURPRWHKXPDQULJKWV

26

Prescription 6.1$GGUHVVZDWHUUHODWHGULVNV

29Prescription 6.2

Maintain sound water cycles and improve water quality

30

Prescription 6.3

Promote water literacy

31

Prescription 6.4

Contribute to global efforts to address water problems around the world

32

3UHVFULSWLRQ

Improve energy efficiency

35

3UHVFULSWLRQ

Promote use and production of renewable energy

36

3UHVFULSWLRQ

Improve energy literacy and promote energy autonomy



3UHVFULSWLRQ

Improve resource productivity

38

Prescription 8.1

Conserve biodiversity

41

Prescription 9.1(VWDEOLVKLQVWLWXWLRQVIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V44

Prescription 9.2

0RELOLVHILQDQFHVIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V45

Prescriptions for thematic areas

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Poverty & Disparity

 7KH0'*VVHWWKHWDUJHWRIKDOYLQJWKHSURSRUWLRQRISHRSOHZKRVHLQFRPHLV
OHVVWKDQ86'DGD\E\ZKLFKZDVVXFFHVVIXOO\PHW7KHQXPEHU
of the people living under extreme poverty has been significantly reduced from
1.9 billion (1990) to 836 million (2015).
Whereas extreme poverty is not necessarily a wide-spread social problem

Prescription 1.1 Eradicate poverty
and social disparity

LQ-DSDQVRFDOOHG³UHODWLYHSRYHUW\´KDVEHFRPHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSUREOHPV LQ UHFHQW \HDUV -DSDQ¶V UHODWLYH SRYHUW\ UDWH WKH SURSRUWLRQ RISHRSOHZLWKQHWLQFRPHEHORZDGHILQHGWKUHVKROGVHWE\WKH2(&' SRYHUW\
OLQH ZDVLQDQGLVOLNHO\WRLQFUHDVHLQFRPLQJ\HDUV )LJXUH
 7KHILJXUHLVVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHUWKDQWKHDYHUDJHRI2(&'FRXQWULHV

TargetsinJapan

Targetsforglobalefforts$ Reduce the relative poverty rate (especially among children) to X%
or less by 2030.
% 'HFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURISDUWWLPHZRUNHUVWROHVVWKDQPLOOLRQ
E\IURPPLOOLRQLQ 1RWH ZKLOHDLPLQJWRUHGXFH
it to X by the year 2030.
C. Provide equal pay for equal work by 2030, regardless of age,
GLVDELOLW\DQGJHQGHU 6'* 
a. (UDGLFDWHH[WUHPHSRYHUW\ GHILQHGDVHDUQLQJOHVVWKDQ86'
a day) worldwide by 2030.
b. Make substantial contributions to international efforts to establish
appropriate policy frameworks based on development strategies
aimed at eradication of poverty and enhancement of genderequality at national, regional and global levels, that would ultimately
promote investment for the eradication of poverty.
c. %\  FRQWULEXWH WR JOREDO VWUDWHJLHV IRU WKH HQKDQFHPHQW
of youth employment. Implement labour-related international
DJUHHPHQWVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2UJDQLVDWLRQ ,/2 )LJXUH 
One factor causing such a striking income gap in society is the diversification of employment patterns. The number of the people who have low-paying
and/or irregular employment has been increasing significantly in recent years.
)LJXUHLQGLFDWHVWKHDSSDUHQWLQFUHDVHLQWKHSURSRUWLRQRISHRSOHZKR
have irregular employment (indicated with red dots) in the whole working
SRSXODWLRQ H[FOXGLQJ H[HFXWLYH SRVLWLRQV  ZKLFK UHDFKHG  LQ 
Moreover, the proportion of female workers with irregular employment is significantly higher than that of male counterparts.
 )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH QXPEHUV RI SDUWWLPH ZRUNHUV LQ UHFHQW \HDUV ,W
indicates that while the number itself has not shown any significant change,
the proportion of the people in the 15-34 age group has been increasing.

Number of part-time workers (10,000people)

Related UN SDG targets

正規の職員
・従業員
regular employees
労働者派遣事務所の派遣社員
agency workers

Relative poverty rate

その他
OthersChild poverty rate

Figure 1.1-1 Relative poverty rates and child poverty rates in Japan





  








  


 





 





 






  




6RXUFH2(&'  ³,QFRPH,QHTXDOLW\8SGDWH´

2

2005年平均2006年平均2007年平均2008年平均2009年平均2010年平均2011年平均2012年平均2013年平均

Figure 1.1-3 Number of employees in different groups
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³5HSRUWRQ:RUNOLIH%DODQFH´Cabinet Office (2015)   

Figure 1.1-2 Relative poverty rates of OECD countries (2007 and 2011)

パート・アルバイト
Part-time
workers
契約社員・
嘱託
Contract
employees
契約社員・
嘱託+その他
Contract
employees
and others

非正規職員比率
Ratio of non-regular workers

Number of part-time workers (10,000people)

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³&RPSUHKHQVLYH6XUYH\RI/LYLQJ&RQGLWLRQV´0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUH 2000年2月

1995年2月

1990年2月

1985年2月

36.7％





















     
 $JH
 $JH

 

Ratio
of part-timeworkers
in the agegroup of 15-34


Figure 1.1-4 Number of part-time workers
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³$QQXDO5HSRUWRQ:RUNOLIH%DODQFH´&DELQHW2IILFH 

Current situation andits implication for the prescription
 7KH SRSXODWLRQ RI -DSDQ KDV EHHQ GHFUHDVLQJ LQ UHFHQW \HDUV )LJXUH
1.2-1), and is expected to decrease by approximately 10 million from 2010
WR$VIRUWKHSURSRUWLRQRIHDFKDJHJURXSZKHUHDVWKHHOGHUO\SRSXOD
tion (65 years old and over) is expected to increase from 23% to 31%, theworking age population (15-64 years old) is expected to decrease from 63%
to 58%. The trend is likely to continue for the foreseeable future, and weneed to take various measures by 2030 in order to slow down the process.
Moreover, aging of the population is particularly significant in rural areas. The
social gap between the urban and rural areas with regard to this problem must
be addressed as a matter of urgency.

Poverty & Disparity
Prescription 1.2 Address problems
caused by socio-economic disparity

TargetsinJapan$ $GGUHVVVRFLRHFRQRPLFIDFWRUVWKDWDUHREVWUXFWLQJFRXSOHVIURPstarting families by 2030.
% Establish sufficient child care facilities by 2018 which will contributeto the work-life balance of young families (Note 3).
C. Increase the proportion of women returning to their jobs after theirfirst child birth from the current figure of 38% to 55% by 2020 (Note6), and aim to increase it to X% by 2030.
' Reduce the child poverty rate to X% or less by 2030.

Targetsforglobaleffortsa. Contribute to global efforts to establish social security systems toinclude the poor and most vulnerable.
b. Contribute to global efforts of establishing reproductive and sexual
health care systems accessible by the entire population by 2030.
c. Contribute to the promotion of equality worldwide by providing
governmental efforts to introduce social security systems.
d. Ensure legal identity for each individual worldwide by 2030.
e. $GGUHVVFKLOGODERXUSUREOHPV LQFOXGLQJWKHXVHRIFKLOGVROGLHUV 
by 2025.

One of the factors that is significantly contributing to the population
decrease in the country is its declining birth rate. It is certainly partly due to
WKHFKDQJHRIRXUOLIHVW\OHV+RZHYHUZHVKRXOGEHDZDUHWKDW VRFLDOHFRQRPLFSUREOHPVDUHDOVRSOD\LQJWKHLUSDUWLQWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ$FFRUGLQJWRDVXUYH\FRQGXFWHGE\WKH1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI3RSXODWLRQDQG6RFLDO6HFXULW\Research in 2010, the average number of children couples would ideally liketo have is 2.42, but the actual number of children they are planning to have is
DURXQGPRVWO\GXHWRWKHKLJKFRVWRIFKLOGUHDULQJDQGHGXFDWLRQ )LJXUH
1.2-2).
 7KH JRYHUQPHQW DQQRXQFHG LQ  WKH ³QHZ ]HUR ZDLW OLVWHG FKLOGUHQVWUDWHJ\´GHFODULQJWKDWLWZRXOGSURYLGHHQRXJKFKLOGFDUHIDFLOLWLHVVRWKDWthere would be no waiting lists for services, and that everyone who wished
to continue working after child birth would be able to do so. The strategy also
includes concrete numerical targets to be fulfilled in the coming 10 years. The
proportion of children under the age of three who can benefit from childcare
services is supposed to rise to 38% from the current figure of 20%, whereas
childcare for children six to nine years old is supposed to be raised from 19%
to 60% by 2018.

Related UN SDG targets
 &KLOGSRYHUW\LVVWHDGLO\ZRUVHQLQJLQ-DSDQDVLVFOHDUO\LQGLFDWHGLQ)LJXUH
1.1-1. This is a serious problem in that it could deprive children of the opportunity for equal education and consequently trap them in a cycle of poverty.
-DSDQ¶V$FWWR3URPRWHWKH(UDGLFDWLRQRI&KLOG3RYHUW\HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH
LQ -DQXDU\  LQ RUGHU WR ³SURPRWH HTXDO RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU HGXFDWLRQ IRU
all children so that they would be able to develop their abilities to their fullSRWHQWLDOUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLUILQDQFLDOEDFNJURXQGV´)XUWKHUOHJDOPHDVXUHVZHUH WDNHQ UHJDUGLQJ WKLV PDWWHU LQ $XJXVW  DOWKRXJK QR VSHFLILF
numerical targets were included.
 7KH8.LQHVWDEOLVKHGWKH³&KLOG3RYHUW\$FW´ZKLFKLQFOXGHV
measureable targets to be fulfilled by 2020, and the government has been
FORVHO\ REVHUYLQJ SURJUHVV -DSDQ FRXOG  OHDUQ IURP WKH 8.¶V HIIRUWV DQGshould establish more specific targets in order to tackle the issues more effectively.
(10,0000)
1st Baby boom 1966: “Hinoe-uma” year(‘47-’49)(a bad luck year when
Number of newborns: couples tend to avoid
2,696,638
having babies)
Number of newborns:
1,360,974

2nd Baby boom(‘71-’74)
Number of newborns:
2,091,983

1989: ”1.57 shock”
Birthrate went down to
the record low figure of
1.57
2005

2013
Number of newborns:
1,029,816
Birthrate: 1.49

Total

less than 30

Birthrate hit the lowest
ever
figure of 1.26

Figure 1.2-1 Birth rates and the numbers of newborns in Japan
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³:KLWH3DSHURQPHDVXUHVDJDLQVW
GHFOLQLQJELUWKUDWH´&DELQHW2IILFH Prefer to prioritise life with thepartner

Due to the lack of an
appropriate social environment
for child-rearing

Husband does not wantto have any more children

The youngest would not befinancially independent before
the retirement of husband

Husband is not supportive anddoes not share the burden ofchildrearing and housework

Cannot take any more
psychological and physicalburden associated withchildrearing

Due to health reasonsDue to difficulties ingetting pregnant

Afraid of the risk of latechildbearing

Do not have enough spacein the house toaccommodate more children

Due to other commitments(e.g. career and/orhousework)

Cannot afford the highcost of child-rearing andeducation

Number of newborns

Birth rates

Number of newborns
Birth rates

Figure 1.2-2: Reasons for not having the ideal number of children indifferent age groups of women
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³:KLWH3DSHURQPHDVXUHVDJDLQVW
GHFOLQLQJELUWKUDWH´&DELQHW2IILFH 3

Targets for issues related to poverty and social disparity

Prescription
1.1:Eradicate
poverty anddisparity

Prescription
1.2: Address
problems
caused by$'

Reduce the relative poverty rate (especially amongchildren) to X% or less by 2030.

%''HFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURISDUWWLPHZRUNHUVWROHVVWKDQPLOOLRQE\IURPPLOOLRQLQ 1RWH 
while aiming to reduce it to X by the year 2030.

C'

Provide equal pay for equal work by 2030, regardless
RIDJHGLVDELOLW\DQGJHQGHU 6'* a*Eradicate extreme poverty (defined as earning less
WKDQ86'DGD\ ZRUOGZLGHE\

Make substantial contributions to international efforts
to establish appropriate policy frameworks based on
b development strategies aimed at eradication of poverty* and enhancement of gender equality at national,
regional and global levels, that would ultimately
promote investment for the eradication of poverty.
c*%\  FRQWULEXWH WR JOREDO VWUDWHJLHV IRU WKH HQ
hancement of youth employment. Implement labourrelated international agreements of the International/DERXU2UJDQLVDWLRQ ,/2 $'$GGUHVV VRFLRHFRQRPLF IDFWRUV WKDW DUH REVWUXFWLQJ
couples from starting families by 2030.

%'

Establish sufficient child care facilities by 2018 which
will contribute to the work-life balance of young families(Note 3).

C'

Increase the ratio of women returning to their jobs after
their first child birth from the current figure of 38% to
55% by 2020 (Note 6), and aim to increase it to X%
by 2030.

''

Reduce the child poverty rate up to X% or less by
2030.

a
*

Contribute to global efforts to establish social security
systems to include the poor and most vulnerable.

b*Contribute to global efforts of establishing reproductive and sexual health care systems accessible by theentire population by 2030.

c*

Contribute to the promotion of equality worldwide byproviding governmental efforts to introduce social
security systems.

d*Ensure legal identity for each individual worldwide by
2030.

e
*

$GGUHVV FKLOG ODERXU SUREOHPV LQFOXGLQJ WKH XVH RI
child soldiers) by 2025.

socio-economic disparity' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

4Related UN SDGs

Notes1.

National Institute of Population and 6ocial 6ecurity Research (2012)「日本の将来推計人口（平成24年1月推計）」( -apan s population decrease
statistics and future prospects (estimate taken in -anuary 2012) ) http//www.ipss.go.jp/syoushika/tohkei/newest04/sh2401top.html

2.

Cabinet Office (2015)『平成2年版少子化対策白書』( White Paper on measures against declining birth rate 2015 )http//www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/whitepaper/

3.

Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2008)「『「新待機児童ゼロ作戦』について（概要）」( Introduction of new ]ero wait listed children strategy(summary) ) http//www.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/2008/02/dl/h022-1a.pdf

4.

Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2015)「保育所入所待機児童数（平成26年10月）」( The number of children on waiting lists for childcare
services ) http//www.mhlw.go.jp/file/04-+oudouhappyou-1190000-Koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku-+oikuka/000008425.pdf

5.

Cabinet Office,「子供・子育て支援新制度関連基礎データ」( %asic facts new childcare support system )http//www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shinseido/outline/#toukei

6.

Cabinet Office,「仕事と生活の調和推進のための行動指針」( *uideline for work-life balance )http//wwwa.cao.go.jp/wlb/government/20barrier_html/20html/indicator.html

.

Cabinet Office (2015)「仕事と生活の調和（ワーク・ライフ・バランス）レポート2014」( $nnual Report on Work-life %alance 2014 )http//wwwa.cao.go.jp/wlb/government/top/hyouka/report-14/]entai.html

8.

United Nations (2015) The Millennium 'evelopment *oals Report 2015http//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_M'*_Report/pdf/M'*%202015%20rev%20(-uly%201).pdf

9.

Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2014)「平成25年 国民生活基礎調査の概況」( Comprehensive 6urvey of /iving Conditions 2014 )http//www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/k-tyosa/k-tyosa13/index.html

10. Cabinet Office (2014)「子どもの貧困対策の推進に関する法律の施行について」( Introduction of Child Poverty $ct )http//www8.cao.go.jp/kodomonohinkon/pdf/hinkon_law_tsuuchi.pdf
11. OEC' (2010) OEC' )actbook 2010 Economic, Environmental and 6ocial 6tatistics
http//www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook-2010_factbook-2010-en
12. OEC' (2014) Income Inequality Update http//www.oecd.org/els/soc/OEC'2014-Income-Inequality-Update.pdf(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)5

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Food ,Q -DSDQ IDUPHUV WHQG WR RYHUXVH IHUWLOLVHUV UHSRUWHGO\ OHDYLQJ H[FHVV
nutrients in fields. This is undesirable not only in terms of economic efficiency,
but also in terms of environmental protection, due to the fact that it could cause
water pollution and nitrous oxide emissions, which will contribute to global
warming. It is indeed possible to reduce the effects on the environment without
decreasing yields per hectare by using an appropriate amount of fertiliser.

Prescription 2.1 Reduce
environmental impacts caused byfood production

In fact, the amount of the fertiliser used in the EU has decreased steadily
IURP  RQZDUGV ZKLOH \LHOG SHU KHFWDUH KDV EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJ )LJXUHV 7KHDPRXQWRIIHUWLOLVHUXVHGLQ-DSDQLVODUJHUWKDQLQ(XURSHDQ
countries, and further efforts should be made to significantly decrease its use.
 ,QWKLVUHJDUGHFRIULHQGO\IDUPLQJKDVEHHQDFWLYHO\SURPRWHGLQ-DSDQ

TargetsinJapan$ Reduce the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides per hectare
to below X% by 2030.
% ,QFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIFHUWLILHG³HFRIDUPHUV´WRX by 2030.
C. Increase organic farming’s share of farmland to at least 1.0% by
2018 (Note 10), and to X% by 2030.
' Reduce the amount of antibiotics used for growth promotion in the
animal husbandry sector by X% by 2030.
E. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector by
X% by 2030.
) Promote scientific management plans aimed at restoring marine
resources to maximum sustainable yield levels depending on the
biological characteristics of each resource.

Targets a. Contribute to the prevention of air, water, and land pollution indeveloping countries through technology transfers of resourcefor
efficient agriculture with lower environmental impacts, infrastructure
globaldevelopment, and capacity-building.
efforts

2QHVXFKHIIRUWLVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKH³HFRIDUPHU´FHUWLILFDWLRQV\VWHPZKLFK UHFRJQL]HV HQYLURQPHQWDOO\FRQVFLRXV IDUPHUV ZKR KDYH PDGH WKHeffort to reduce the use of chemical fertilisers and to maintain the quality of
WKHLUIDUPODQG:KLOHWKHQXPEHURI³HFRIDUPHUV´ZDVULVLQJDIWHUWKHV\VWHPbegan, it has been decreasing in recent years due to the reasons such as
the rising average age of farmers and farmers not renewing their certification)LJXUH 
Organic farming has been actively promoted from 2006 onwards. Currently
RQO\RI-DSDQ¶VIDUPODQGLVXVHGIRURUJDQLFIDUPLQJDQGWKHJRYHUQment has set the target of increasing this to 1.0% by 2018.
 7KHOLYHVWRFNLQGXVWU\DOVRKDVLVVXHV$QWLELRWLFVDGGHGWRDQLPDOIHHGWR
promote growth is said to promote antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While regulations control the use and amount of antibiotics depending on livestock typeand growth stage, the EU has completely banned the use of antibiotics as

Related UN SDG targets

JURZWKSURPRWHUVLQDQLPDOIHHG-DSDQVKRXOGGRWKHVDPHFRQWLQXHWRVWULYH
IRUVDIHIRRGSURGXFWLRQLQ-DSDQ
With regard to fishery resources, it is essential to determine the appropriate
amount of fish catch based on constant monitoring of available resources.
,QWKLVUHJDUGWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH/DZRIWKH6HDVWDWHV
DV IROORZV ³WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH EHVW VFLHQWLILF HYLGHQFH DYDLODEOH WR LW
ensure through proper conservation and management measures that the
PDLQWHQDQFH RI WKH OLYLQJ UHVRXUFHV LQ WKH H[FOXVLYH HFRQRPLF ]RQH LV QRWHQGDQJHUHG E\ RYHUH[SORLWDWLRQ´ 1RWH   1HYHUWKHOHVV LW LV QRW DOZD\V(Total amount of Nitrogen Phosphate and Potash)

easy to accurately determine the maximum sustainable yield due to limited
data availability. It is crucial to continue improving assessment methods while
enhancing the use of available scientific data in order to achieve sustainable
use of fishery resources.

Japan South Korea The Netherlands UK

Germany

FranceUSA

Figure 2.1-1 Chemical fertiliser use per hectare

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³)DFLOLWDWLRQRIHFRIULHQGO\IDUPLQJ´
0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV    
  
 
    
             








Japan

South Korea The Netherlands

UK

Germany

France1999
2000 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006  2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 
2013 
2014 


USA

Figure 2.1-2 Fertiliser use per hectare
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³)DFLOLWDWLRQRIHFRIULHQGO\IDUPLQJ´
0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV 6

Figure 2.1-3 Certified “eco-farmers”
6RXUFH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV  ³)DFLOLWDWLRQRIHFRIULHQGO\IDUPLQJ´Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Food 7KHUHDUHYDULRXVVRUWVRIIRRGODEHOOLQJLQ-DSDQEDVHGRQWKH)RRG6DQLWDWLRQ$FW-$6$FWDQG+HDOWK3URPRWLRQ$FWWKURXJKZKLFKFRQVXPHUVDUH
offered a range of information on various aspects relating to food (i.e., health,
K\JLHQHDQGVDIHW\ +RZHYHUWKLVLVQRWWKHFDVHUHJDUGLQJWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ
about environmental impacts from its production, processing and distribution
processes. Moreover, certain information about the responsibility for compli-

Prescription 2.2 Provide access tosustainability information on
agricultural products

TargetsinJapan

Targetsforglobalefforts$ %\HVWDEOLVKDVVHVVPHQWDQGODEHOOLQJV\VWHPVIRUDUDQJHRI
information about food (health, safety, origin, environmental impact,economic impact, social impact, etc.) so that anyone can choose
highly sustainable food.
% Promote food literacy about sustainability-related aspects of foodby providing relevant information.
C. %\UHGXFHIRRGORVVSHUFDSLWDE\RUX% at both theretail and consumer levels.
a. Provide support to developing countries to enhance scientificand technical capacity to shift toward sustainable production andconsumption patterns.
b. Provide support for governments, local authorities, and companies
to incorporate sustainability information into their plans and regular
reports, etc.
c. Contribute to global efforts to eliminate exploitation in foodproduction by promoting fair trade.

Related UN SDG targets

ance of manufacturers (e.g., unfair labour conditions for their workers) is also
not easily accessible. Thus, those consumers who wish to make a conscious
choice based on sustainability–related factors are currently left without enoughinformation.
In order to be able to provide such information, it is necessary for all
the parties involved in food production, distribution, and consumption, tocooperate with each other. Moreover, cooperation with parties abroad is also
necessary, considering the fact that most of the food we consume is imported
in one way or another. One can easily assume that a substantial amountof time and effort would be needed to establish such networks and collectenough information about all sorts of food we consume on a daily basis.
Thus, we should first aim to establish evaluation systems on these aspects,
and recommend some manufacturers to use them to certify that their products
are up to the standard of their sustainability-conscious customers. This will
enable consumers to make an informed choice regarding sustainability, which
will contribute to establishing a sustainable society.
 2QWKHRWKHUKDQG-DSDQFXUUHQWO\WKURZVDZD\PLOOLRQWRQQHVRIIRRGDQGGULQNHYHU\\HDUPLOOLRQWRPLOOLRQWRQVRIWKLV³IRRGORVV´LVHVWLPDWHG
to be edible, and that amount is about twice the amount of the food provided
WKURXJKIRUHLJQDLGWRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV PLOOLRQWRQQHV0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV  )LJXUH 7KH6'*VGHFODUHWDUJHW
12.3 being to halve food loss per capita at the retail and consumer levels.
-DSDQVKRXOGVHWDQHYHQKLJKHUJRDORIUHGXFLQJIRRGORVVWROHVVWKDQKDOI
the current amount.

Total amount of food consumed
domestically: 84.24 tons

Valuable by-products
soybean meal, wheat bran, etc.
(12.33 million tons)

Converted to feed or fertiliser(12.33 million tons)

Food-derived waste(17.13 million tons)
Food consumers

Food business
operators
Food producers
Food wholesaler
Food retailer
Food service industry

Total amount of foodwaste:
18.74 million tons

Business-related waste(6.41 million tons)

Estimated edible amount(3-4 million tons)
Imperfect, returned, leftovers andunsoldRecycled
Converted to fertiliser: 2.04 million tons
Converted to feed: 0.64 million tons
Converted to energy: 0.41 million tons

Incinerated and/or buried
3.22 million tons

“Food loss”(estimated edible amount: 5-8 million)

Householdconsumers

Recycled(feed, energy, etc.)

Waste from households(10.72 million tons)

0.67 million tons

Estimated edible amount(2-4 million tons)
Leftovers, excessive removals,
direct discarding

10.05 million tons

Incinerated and/or buried

Figure 2.2-1 Food loss in Japan
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³$GGUHVVLQJIRRGORVVSUREOHPLQ-DSDQ´0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV  

7

Current situation andits implication for the prescriptionFood -DSDQ LV KLJKO\ GHSHQGDQW RQ IRRG LPSRUWV DQG QRW QHFHVVDULO\ ZHOOSUH
pared for unforeseen circumstances that could cut off imports. It is essentialfrom the viewpoint of sustainability to establish and maintain systems thatwould guarantee a stable supply of food in various situations. The foodself-sufficiency ratio and food supply capability could serve as indicators
to measure the capacity of such systems. The food self-sufficiency ratio is

Prescription 2.3 Secure a stable
food supply and revitalise local
communities

defined as the proportion of domestic consumption met from domestic production.
 7KH0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV 0$)) GHFODUHGLQLWV
³%DVLF3URJUDPPHVIRU)RRGV$JULFXOWXUHDQG5XUDO$UHDV´WKDWWKH\ZRXOG

TargetsinJapan

Targetsforglobalefforts$ %RRVWIRRGVHOIVXIILFLHQF\UDWLRWRRQFDORULHVXSSO\EDVLVDQG
RQDSURGXFWLRQYDOXHEDVLVE\)XUWKHUHIIRUWVVKRXOGEH
made to achieve even higher targets by 2030.
% %\  GHYHORS IRRG VXSSO\ FDSDELOLW\ WR VHFXUH VWDEOH IRRG
supply of X kcal/person per day, in line with current consumption
patterns.
C. 6HFXUH D VWDEOH IRRG VXSSO\ IRU WKH SRSXODWLRQ E\ HIIRUWV WKDW
include cooperative relations with countries in the region relating
to food imports.
' Increase the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products,
thereby revitalising local communities.
E. %\HVWDEOLVKPHDQVVRWKDWWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQFDQHDVLO\access food sustainably.

aim to achieve a food self-sufficiency ratio up to 50% on calorie supply

a. Contribute to raising agricultural and fisheries productivity anderadicating hunger through international cooperation, including
technology transfer in agriculture and fisheries, building
infrastructure for transport and stockpiling, and supporting capacitybuilding, etc.

FORVHVWWRWKHFXUUHQW-DSDQHVHGLHW ZRXOGQRWVDWLVI\WKHHVWLPDWHGHQHUJ\EDVLVDQGWRRQDSURGXFWLRQYDOXHEDVLVE\)XUWKHUHIIRUWVVKRXOG
be made to achieve even higher targets by 2030.
 )RRG 6XSSO\ &DSDELOLW\ LV WKH LQGLFDWRU SURSRVHG E\ WKH 0$)) ZKLFK LV
GHILQHGDVWKHFRXQWU\¶V³SRWHQWLDOSURGXFWLYLW\´RIIRRG7KLVLQGLFDWRUUHYHDOVIRXUSDWWHUQVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUHZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWZKLOH-DSDQ¶VIRRG
self-sufficiency rate has not shown any significant change, the food supply caSDELOLW\KDVEHHQJUDGXDOO\GHFUHDVLQJ$PRQJWKHIRXUSDWWHUQVVKRZQLQWKH
WDEOHWKHSDWWHUQV$DQG% EDVHGRQULFHVR\EHDQVDQGZKHDWZKLFKDUH
UHTXLUHPHQW NFDOSHUVRQGD\  $QRWKHUIRRGUHODWHGSUREOHPLQ-DSDQLQUHFHQW\HDUVLVDFFHVVWRIRRG
especially among elderly. This is partly due to the closure of smaller grocery

Related UN SDG targets

stores in rural areas and the increase of large-scale commercial facilities in
VXEXUEDQDUHDVLQVWHDG$FFRUGLQJWRDVXUYH\FRQGXFWHGE\0$))RI
local authorities indicated that they are aware of the need to improve suchVLWXDWLRQVDQGHVWDEOLVKHDVLHUDFFHVVWRIRRGLQWKHLUUHJLRQV )LJXUH ;<ĐĂůͬƉĞƌƐŽŶͬĚĂǇͿWĂƩĞƌn D

Plantings including indevastated farmlandsWĂƩĞƌn CWĂƩĞƌn B

NoWĂƩĞƌn A

Food self-sufficiency
ratio on calorie supply
basis
Food self-sufficiency ratio has been maintained over the past 17 years

3DWWHUQ$ )RFXVLQJ RQ WKH PD[LPLVDWLRQ RI WKH DPRXQW RI FDORULHV DYDLODEOH SHU XQLW E\ FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ WKHproduction of major cereals (rice, wheat, soybean) while taking nutritional balance into account
3DWWHUQ% )RFXVLQJ RQ WKH PD[LPLVDWLRQ RI WKH DPRXQW RI FDORULHV DYDLODEOH SHU XQLW E\ FRQFHQWUDWLQJ RQ WKHproduction of major cereals (rice, wheat, soybean)
3DWWHUQ& )RFXVLQJRQWKHSURGXFWLRQRISRWDWRHVIRUWKHVDNHRIPD[LPLVDWLRQRIWKHFDORULHVDYDLODEOHSHUXQLWZKLOH
taking nutritional balance into account
3DWWHUQ' )RFXVLQJRQWKHSURGXFWLRQRISRWDWRHVIRUWKHVDNHRIPD[LPLVDWLRQRIWKHFDORULHVDYDLODEOHSHUXQLW

Table 2.3-1 Food self-sufficiency ratio in Japan
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³-DSDQ¶VIRRGVXIILFLHQF\´
0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV

8

Yes

Table 2.3-2 Access to food:“Do you feel the need for the specific measures to be taken to ensure
easier access to food for the locals?”
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³$QQXDO5HSRUWRQ-DSDQHVH$JULFXOWXUH´0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVWU\DQG)LVKHULHV 

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Food 7KH )LIWK$VVHVVPHQW 5HSRUW RI WKH ,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO 3DQHO RQ &OLPDWH
Change (IPCC), published in 2013 and 2014, concluded that warming of theclimate system is unequivocal. The level of impact of climate change on foodsupplies varies by region, but generally speaking, the production of major
cereals (including wheat, rice, and corn) is expected to be affected negatively,
DQGWKHLPSDFWVDUHH[SHFWHGWREHFRPHPRUHVHYHUHZLWKWLPH )LJXUH 

Prescription 2.4 Adapt to climatechange and preserve seeds andgenetic resources -DSDQ LV KLJKO\ GHSHQGHQW RQ IRRG LPSRUWV ZKLFK PHDQV WKH FRXQWU\ LV
YXOQHUDEOHWRFKDQJHVLQJOREDOIRRGSURGXFWLRQSDWWHUQV-DSDQVKRXOGPDNH
a significant contribution to global efforts toward climate change adaptation, inorder to secure stable food supplies worldwide.

Targets $ Regularly review food production systems adapted to climate
inchange (e.g., changing varieties planted, improving soil quality).
Japan

Targetsforglobaleffortsa. Promote resilient agriculture by ensuring the conservation of
ecosystems, enhancing the capacity to adapt to climate change
and deal with natural disasters such as droughts and floods, andimproving soil quality.
b. Contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity of seeds,
cultivated plants, domestic animals, livestock and their wild
relatives by establishing seed banks and plant banks.
c. Provide support for developing countries to incorporate adaptation
measures to climate change into national and local planning.

One of the most important elements in our fight against climate change
is the conservation of genetic resources. Native species in various regions
are believed to posses genetic resources that would enable them to adapt
WRYDULRXVFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQVEXWRIWKHJHQHVRIWKHZRUOG¶VFURSVKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQORVWDFFRUGLQJWR)$2UHSRUWV0RUHRYHUDPRQJVSHFLHV
in the livestock sector worldwide, 8% are already extinct, while 22% are at riskof extinction.
The genetic resources of various organisms have not been adequately

Related UN SDG targets

VWXGLHG-DSDQVKRXOGWKHUHIRUHPDNHDVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRZDUGFRRSerative efforts at various levels (global, regional, national and local) to maintainvaluable genetic resources, such as through the establishment of gene banks
and seed banks.

Figure 2.4-1 Projected changes in productivity due to climate change
6RXUFH,3&&  ³&OLPDWH&KDQJH6\QWKHVLV5HSRUW´

9Targets for food-related issues$'

Reduce the use of chemical fertiliser and pesticide perhectare to below X% by 2030.

%',QFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIFHUWLILHG³HFR)DUPHUV´XSWRX by 2030.

C'

Increase organic farming’s share of farmland to at least
1.0% by 2018, and up to X% by 2030.

''

Reduce the amount of antibiotics used for growthpromotion in the animal husbandry sector by X% by
2030.

E
'

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector by X% by 2030.

)'

Promote scientific management plans aimed at
restoring marine resources to maximum sustainable
yield levels depending on the biological characteristics
of each resource.

a*Contribute to the prevention of air, water, and land
pollution in developing countries through technology
transfers of resource-efficient agriculture with lower
environmental impacts, infrastructure development,
and capacity-building.

$'%\HVWDEOLVKDVVHVVPHQWDQGODEHOOLQJV\VWHPV
for a range of information about food (health, safety,
origin, environmental impact, economic impact, social
impact, etc.) so that anyone can choose highly sustainable food.

%'

Promote food literacy about sustainability-related offood by providing relevant information.

C'%\UHGXFHIRRGORVVSHUFDSLWDE\RUX%
both at the retail and consumer levels.

a*Provide support to developing countries to enhancescientific and technical capacity to shift toward sustainable production and consumption patterns.

b*Provide support for governments, local authorities,
and companies to incorporate sustainability information into their plans and regular reports, etc.

c*

Contribute to the global efforts to eliminate exploitation
in food production by promoting fair trade.

$'%RRVW IRRG VHOIVXIILFLHQF\ UDWLR WR  RQ FDORULH
VXSSO\EDVLVDQGRQDSURGXFWLRQYDOXHEDVLVE\)XUWKHUHIIRUWVVKRXOGEHPDGHWRDFKLHYHHYHQ
higher target by 2030.

%'%\  GHYHORS IRRG VXSSO\ FDSDELOLW\ WR VHFXUH
stable food supply of X kcal/person per day, in linewith the current consumption patterns.

C'

6HFXUH D VWDEOH IRRG VXSSO\ IRU WKH SRSXODWLRQ E\efforts that include cooperative relations with countries
in the region relating food imports.

''

Increase the competitiveness of domestic agricultural
products, thereby revitalising local communities.

E'%\HVWDEOLVKPHDQVVRWKDWWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQ
can easily access food sustainably.

a*Contribute to raising agricultural and fisheries productivity and eradicating hunger through international cooperation, including technology transfer in agriculture
and fisheries, building infrastructure for transport andstockpiling, and supporting capacity-building, etc.

$'

Regularly review food production systems adapted
to climate change (e.g., changing varieties planted,
improving soil quality).

a*Promote resilient agriculture by ensuing the conservation of ecosystems, enhancing the capacity to adapt toclimate change and deal with natural disasters such as
draughts and floods, and improving soil quality.

b*

Contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity ofseeds, cultivated plants, domestic animals, livestockand their wide relatives by establishing seed banks
and plant banks.

c'

Provide support for developing countries to incorporate adaptation measures to climate change into
national and local planning.

Prescription
2.1: Reduce
environmental
impacts
caused byfood
production

Prescription
2.2: Provide
access tosustainability
information on
agricultural
products

Prescription
2.3: Secure astable foodsupply andrevitalise local
communities

Prescription
2.4: Adapt
to climatechange andpreserve
seeds andgenetic
resources' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

10Related UN SDGs

Notes1.

Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries (2015)「環境保全型農業の推進について」( )acilitation of eco-friendly farming )http//www.maff.go.jp/j/seisan/kankyo/ho]en_type/pdf/212_suisin.pdf

2.

Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries (2008)「環境保全を重視した農法への転換を促進するための施策のあり方（2）」( )acilitating conversion to eco-friendly farming (vol.2) ) http//www.maff.go.jp/j/study/kankyo_ho]en/0/pdf/data4.pdf

3.

新藤純子（2010）「食料増産と資源・環境問題としての肥料」(6+IN'O, -unko (2010) )ertili]er as food production and resource and environmental
problems ) http//www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/maga]ine/pdf/mg]n12301(13).pdf

4.

Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries (2015)「家畜に使用される抗菌性物質に対する農林水産省のリスク管理措置」( Risk management
measures of the Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries to antimicrobial substances used for livestock )http//www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/johokan/risk_comm/r_kekka_iyaku/pdf/siryou_4up.pdf

5.

Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries (2003)「抗生物質の使用と薬剤耐菌性の発生について」( The use of antibiotics and its effects on drugresistant bacteria ) http//www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/johokan/risk_comm/r_kekka_iyaku/h151110/pdf/031110_giji.pdf

6.

Consumer $ffairs $gency (2011)「食品表示制度をめぐる事情」( %asic facts about food labeling scheme in -apan )http//www.caa.go.jp/foods/pdf/110930shiryo2_1.pdf

.

Consumer $ffairs $gency (2013)「食品表示法の概要」( )ood /abeling $ct 6ummary ) http//www.caa.go.jp/foods/pdf/130621_gaiyo.pdf

8.

Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries (2013)「食品ロス削減に向けて」( $ddressing food loss problem in -apan )http//www.maff.go.jp/j/shokusan/recycle/syoku_loss/pdf/0902shokurosu.pdf

9.

Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries (2014)『平成25年度 食料・農業・農村白書』( $nnual Report on -apanese $griculture 2014 )http//www.maff.go.jp/j/wpaper/w_maff/h25/index.html

10. Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries (2014)「有機農業の推進に関する基本的な方針」( %asic principles for promoting organic farming in-apan ) http//www.maff.go.jp/j/press/seisan/kankyo/pdf/140425-01.pdf
11. )isheries $gency (2015)『平成26年度 水産白書』( $nnual Report on -apan's )isheries 2015 ) http//www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/kikaku/wpaper/h26/
12. Ministry of $griculture, )orestry and )isheries,「日本の食料自給力」( -apan s food sufficiency ) http//www.maff.go.jp/j/]yukyu/]ikyu_ritu/012_1.html
13. IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014 6ynthesis Report https//www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/6YR_$R5_)IN$/_full.pdf(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)11

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Health +HDOWK\OLIHH[SHFWDQF\ +/( LVGHILQHGDVWKHQXPEHURI\HDUVDSHUVRQPLJKWH[SHFWWROLYHLQDµKHDOWK\¶VWDWH:KHUHDV-DSDQWRSVWKHJOREDOOLIH
H[SHFWDQF\OHDJXH \HDUVIRUPHQDQG\HDUVIRUZRPHQLQ 
LWVSHRSOHDOVRHQMR\WKHORQJHVW+/(LQWKHZRUOG+HDOWKLVRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVIRUDQ\RQHWROLYHDKDSS\OLIH )LJXUH 
 ([WHQGLQJ+/(LVHVVHQWLDOIRUWKHHQWLUHVRFLHW\DVZHOOLQWKDWLWVLJQLIL

Prescription 3.1 Promote long andhealthy lives

cantly contributes to the reduction of social welfare costs, including medical
DQGHOGHUO\FDUH6RFLDOZHOIDUHVSHQGLQJLQ-DSDQKDVVWHDG\LQFUHDVHGRYHU
WKH\HDUV )LJXUH DQGLVH[SHFWHGWRLQFUHDVHHYHQIXUWKHUWRDGDSWWR
the aging population. Currently, around 40% of social welfare costs is covered

Targetsforglobalefforts

not promote inter-generational equity.
 ,WZDVLQWKLVFRQWH[WWKDWWKH³-DSDQ5HYLWDOLVDWLRQ6WUDWHJ\´ZDVDSSURYHG
by the Cabinet in 2013, emphasising the need to take action to reduce social
ZHOIDUH FRVWV WKURXJK VXFK PHDVXUH DV H[WHQGLQJ +/( E\ PRUH WKDQ RQHyear by 2020, reducing the number of metabolic syndrome sufferers by 25%

a. Contribute to global efforts to eradicate all forms of malnutrition by2030.
b. Contribute to global targets to reduce mortality rates of pregnant
women, newborns and children under the age of five.
c. Contribute to global efforts to reduce the number of traffic accident
casualties.
d. Contribute to a reduction in the number of pollution-related
LOOQHVV VXIIHUHUV DQG YLFWLPV E\ XWLOLVLQJ -DSDQ¶V HQYLURQPHQWDO
technologies.
e. %\FRQWULEXWHWRWKHUHGXFWLRQRISUHPDWXUHGHDWKVIURPQRQFRPPXQLFDEOHGLVHDVHV 1&' 
f. In particular, provide support for capacity-building relating to early
warning of health risks, risk mitigation, and risk management.

by 2020 (from 2008), and encouraging regular health check-ups. The Ministry
RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUHKDVDOVRHPSKDVLVHGWKHQHHGWRH[WHQG+/)
DQG QDUURZ WKH ³KHDOWK JDS´ LQ LWV  VWUDWHJ\ HQWLWOHG ³+HDOWK -DSDQ 
6HFRQG7HUP ´ZKLFKLQFOXGHVGHWDLOHGJRDOVDQGWDUJHWVIRUWKHSURPRWLRQ
of a healthy society in the next decade.

Life
Expectancy
Men

TargetsinJapan

by national debt, leaving the burden to future generations. This situation does$ Extend healthy life expectancy by 1 year (Note 3) by 2020, and an
additional X years by 2030.
% Reduce the number of metabolic syndrome sufferers by 25% by
2020, from 2008 (Note 3), and an additional X% by 2030.
C. %\LQFUHDVHWRWKHUDWLRRIKDYLQJUHJXODUPHGLFDOFKHFN
ups (Note 3), and to X% by 2030.
' %\DLPWRIXOO\LPSOHPHQWWKH:+2)UDPHZRUN&RQYHQWLRQon Tobacco Control.

HLE

Related UN SDG targets

9.13 years

Women

Life
Expectancy

12.68 years

HLE

Figure 3.1-1 Average life expectancy and HLE in Japan
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³$QQXDO+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUH
5HSRUW´0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUH -3<WULOOLRQ
䠄඙෇䠅



㻝㻞㻜
㻝㻝㻜
㻝㻜㻜

ᅜẸᡤᚓ㢠㸦඙෇㸧㸿
1DWLRQDOLQFRPH $⤥௜㈝⥲㢠㸦඙෇㸧㹀%
7RWDODPRXQWRIEHQH¿WV㸦ෆヂ㸧Pensionᖺ㔠
་⒪careMedical⚟♴ࡑࡢ௚
6RFLDO:HOIDUH

㻥㻜

㹀㸭㸿




 


 






 



   

-3<WKRXVDQG
䠄୓෇䠅



(estimatedbudget)ண⟬䢉䢚䡬䡹



㻝㻝㻢㻚㻤


  

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

 











㻝㻜㻡㻚㻞ᖺ㔠
Pensions་⒪Medicalinsurance⚟♴䛭䛾௚ WV
2WKHUEHQH¿
㻝ேᙜ䛯䜚♫఍ಖ㞀⤥௜㈝6RFLDOVHFXULW\EHQH¿WSHUFDSLWD

㻣㻜
㻢㻜
㻡㻜

㻥㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻤㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻣㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻣㻤㻚㻟

㻤㻜

㻝㻜㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻢㻜㻚㻜㻜ᖺ㔠
Pensions୍ேᙜ䛯䜚♫఍ಖ㞀⤥௜㈝䠄ྑ┠┒䠅
6RFLDOVHFXULW\EHQH¿
WVSHUFDSLWD

㻡㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻠㻣㻚㻠

㻠㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻠㻜
㻟㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻟㻜

་⒪
Medicalinsurance

㻞㻠㻚㻤

㻞㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻞㻜
㻝㻜㻚㻜㻜

㻝㻜
㻜

㻜㻚㻝

㻜㻚㻣

㻝㻥㻡㻜
䠄᫛࿴㻞㻡㻕

㻝㻥㻢㻜䠄᫛࿴㻟㻡㻕

㻟㻚㻡⚟♴䛭䛾௚WV
2WKHUEHQH¿

㻜㻚㻜㻜
㻝㻥㻣㻜
䠄᫛࿴㻠㻡㻕

㻝㻥㻤㻜䠄᫛࿴㻡㻡㻕

㻝㻥㻥㻜
䠄ᖹᡂ㻞㻕

㻞㻜㻜㻜
䠄ᖹᡂ㻝㻞㻕

㻞㻜㻝㻜㻔ᖹᡂ㻞㻞㻕

㻞㻜㻝㻡㻔ண⟬䢉䢚䡬䡹㻕㈨ᩱ䠖ᅜ❧♫఍ಖ㞀䞉ேཱྀၥ㢟◊✲ᡤ䛂ᖹᡂᖺᗘ♫఍ಖ㞀㈝⏝⤫ィ䛃䚸ᖺᗘ䚸ᖺᗘ䠄ண⟬䝧䞊䝇䠅䛿ཌ⏕ປാ┬᥎ィ䚸

Figure 3.1-2 Social welfare cost in Japan by yearᖺᗘ䛾ᅜẸᡤᚓ㢠䛿䛂ᖹᡂᖺᗘ䛾⤒῭ぢ㏻䛧䛸⤒῭㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀ䛾ᇶᮏⓗែᗘ䠄ᖹᡂᖺ᭶᪥㛶㆟Ỵᐃ䠅䛃䠄ὀ䠅ᅗ୰䛾ᩘ್䛿䚸ཬ䜃୪䜃䛻ᖺᗘ䠄ண⟬䝧䞊䝇䠅䛾♫఍ಖ㞀⤥௜㈝䠄඙෇䠅䛷䛒䜛䚹

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³,QWHJUDWHGUHIRUPRIWKHVRFLDOVHFXULW\DQGWD[V\VWHPV´0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUH

12

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

HealthMaintaining good mental health is crucial to appreciate a long
DQGKHDOWK\OLIH$Q\RQHFDQGHYHORSDPHQWDOLOOQHVVDQGQRRQHLVLPPXQH
to mental health problems. Taking a holistic approach, including appropriate
exercise, well-balanced nutrition and good rest to recover from physical andpsychological fatigue of everyday life, is particularly of importance to improve
any mental health problems.
 7KHQXPEHURIVXLFLGHVLQ-DSDQKDVKRYHUHGDURXQGWRD

Prescription 3.2 Address mental
health problems and drug addictions\HDURYHUWKHODVWIHZGHFDGHV )LJXUH :KLOHWKHUHDUHYDULRXVIDFWRUV
that drive people to commit suicide, including health problems and financial
problems, substantial number of suicides are said to be caused by depression)LJXUH 

TargetsinJapan$ %\UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIVXLFLGHVSHUE\X%.
% %\UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIGHDWKVIURPRYHUZRUNWROHVVWKDQX persons.
C. Promote efforts to prevent and cure addiction to alcohol and drugs.

Targets a. Promote global efforts to prevent and cure addiction to alcohol anddrugs.
forglobalefforts

Under the circumstances, it is of critical importance to address the matter in acomprehensive manner as the society as a whole. Moreover, while death fromoverwork is one of the most serious problems among the country’s working
population, around 800 workers claim compensation for the health problems(cerebral or heart diseases) caused by overwork. Moreover, the number of
employees who claim compensation related to mental health problems has
been increasing steadily, reaching the record high figure of 1456 in 2014

Related UN SDG targets)LJXUH :HVKRXOGDGGUHVVYDULRXVIRUPVRIKDUDVVPHQWLQZRUNSODFHV
including power harassment and sexual harassment, academic harassment at
schools and universities, and also bullying at schools.

Problems at school
Love affairs
OthersFamily problems
Problems at
work

Economic
problems

Health problems

Figure 3.2-2 Causes of suicide (2014)
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWHIURP³6XLFLGH6WDWLVWLFV´&DELQHW2IILFH

Suicide death rates (per 100,000 capita)

The number of suicide deaths (Total)ປ⅏⿵ൾㄳồ௳ᩘ᥎⛣

Total Number of suicide deaths
Suicide death rates

ϭϲϬϬ
ϭϰϬϬ
ϭϮϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
ϴϬϬ
ϲϬϬ
ϰϬϬ
ϮϬϬ
Ϭ
ϮϬϭϬᖺᗘ

ϮϬϭϭᖺᗘ

ϮϬϭϮᖺᗘ

Cerebral or cardiac⬻䞉ᚰ⮚⑌ᝈ
diseasesϮϬϭϯᖺᗘ

ϮϬϭϰᖺᗘ

Mental disorders⢭⚄㞀ᐖ

Figure 3.2-1 Suicides (national total and per 100,000)(1980-2015)

Figure 3.2-3 Number of employee compensation claims (2010-2014)

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³:KLWHSDSHURQ6XLFLGH3UHYHQWLRQLQ
-DSDQ´&DELQHW2IILFH DQG

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³1XPEHURIGHDWKIURPRYHUZRUNDQG
RWKHUZRUNUHODWHGDFFLGHQWVLQ´0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUH 13

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

HealthPrescription 3.3 Prevent andcontrol communicable diseases

TargetsinJapan$ %\  HUDGLFDWH FRPPXQLFDEOH GLVHDVHV LQFOXGLQJ $,'6
WXEHUFXORVLVPDODULDDQGWURSLFDOGLVHDVHVIURP-DSDQ% %\  VWUHQJWKHQ UHVSRQVHV YDFFLQDWLRQ GHYHORSPHQW RI
emergency medical systems, etc.) to new communicable diseases,
and prevent their occurrence and spread.
C. %\FRQGXFWFRQWLQXRXVDVVHVVPHQWVRIWKHULVNRILQIHFWLRXV
diseases considering the long-term impacts of climate change andother factors, and establish/update the necessary guidelines.

Targets a. %\PDNHVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQVWRJOREDOHIIRUWVWRHQGWKH
HSLGHPLFVRI$,'6WXEHUFXORVLVPDODULDDQGWURSLFDOGLVHDVHVDQG
forcombat hepatitis, waterborne diseases, and other communicableglobaldiseases.
efforts

Related UN SDG targets

Infectious diseases occur when microbes invade and infect the body,
FDXVLQJGLVHDVH6'*7DUJHWGHFODUHVWRHQGWKHHSLGHPLFVRIWKUHHPDMRULQIHFWLRXV GLVHDVHV QDPHO\$,'6 WXEHUFXORVLV DQG PDODULD DQG QHJOHFWHG
tropical diseases, and combating hepatitis, water-borne diseases and othercommunicable diseases.
 $QHVWLPDWHGPLOOLRQSHRSOHZRUOGZLGHZHUHUHSRUWHGO\OLYLQJZLWK+,9
LQ%HWZHHQPLOOLRQDQGPLOOLRQZHUHQHZFDVHVRI+,9LQIHFWLRQin 2014, a significant decrease from 3.81 million in 2000. While there iscurrently no cure or effective vaccine to deal with the diseases, advancementof treatment regimen have made it possible to slow down progression of thedisease.
 7KHUH ZHUH  +,9 SDWLHQWV DQG $,'6 VXIIHUV LQ -DSDQ DW WKH
end of 2014. The number has been steadily increasing in recent years, more
WKDQQHZ+,9FDUULHUVDQGPRUHWKDQQHZ$,'6SDWLHQWVUHSRUWHG
annually. The country must make its utmost effort to the prevent further spread
RIWKHVHGLVHDVHV )LJXUH 
Tuberculosis is currently killing around 1.5 million people around the world
HYHU\\HDU,WZDVWKHELJJHVWNLOOHULQ-DSDQXQWLOWKHVEXWWKHPRUWDOLW\rate from this disease has dropped from around 146.4 per 100,000 then toLQ$OVRWRWDOPRUELGLW\IURPWKHGLVHDVHKDVGURSSHGIURPper 100,000 in 1951 to 16.1 in 2013. The country’s efforts to fight tuberculosis
KDYH VLJQLILFDQWO\ LPSURYHG WKH RYHUDOO VLWXDWLRQ +RZHYHU WKH IDFW UHPDLQV
that 56 people are infected by tuberculosis each day across the country,
among which six people lose their lives even today.
With regard to malaria, around 198 million people were infected across theworld in 2013, among which over 580,000 people lost their lives. The situation,
KRZHYHUKDVLPSURYHGVLJQLILFDQWO\FRPSDUHGWR,Q-DSDQLQGLJHQRXVmalaria disappeared more than half a century ago, and there have been nocases of domestic infection reported, presumably due to the change of theliving conditions of mosquitoes, changes in people’s lifestyles and residential
structure in the country. We should further continue our efforts to end the threemajor infectious diseases within and around the country.
 ,QUHFHQW\HDUV-DSDQKDVIDFHGHPHUJLQJLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHVVXFKDVWKH
0LGGOH(DVW5HVSLUDWRU\6\QGURPH 0(56 (ERODKHPRUUKDJLFIHYHUDYLDQLQIOXHQ]DDQGQHZVWUDLQVRISDQGHPLFLQIOXHQ]D,Q$XJXVWWKH0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUHRI-DSDQFRQILUPHGWKHILUVWGRPHVWLFLQIHFWLRQRIGHQJXHIHYHULQQHDUO\\HDUV7KHYLUXVHVRIVRPHRIWURSLFDOGLVHDVHV
including dengue fever are primarily transmitted by particular kinds of mosquitoes that live widely across the country.
It is important to consider the impacts global warming on mosquito-borne
diseases, as they are known to rapidly become epidemic under favourable
environmental conditions. We should therefore be aware of the future potentialof epidemics of infectious diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, and-DSDQHVHHQFHSKDOLWLV 7DEOH 

1.

Number of patients

2.

3.
4.
5.

Figure 3.3-1 Total HIV and AIDS patients in Japan
6RXUFH0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUH  ³+,9DQG$,'6LQ-DSDQ´

14*lobal warming will increase the number of mosquitoes,
causing the increased population density of mosquitoes inresidential areas.
Warming climate will contribute to increase the number ofmosquitoes (including their eggs and larvae) surviving winter,leading to increases in the number of mosquitoes in subsequent years.
The number of mosquitoes surviving winter in the larval stage
will increase as standing water in urban areas will not free]e.
6ignificant increase in average temperature during summer inurban areas could cause rapid epidemics of mosquito-borne
diseases.
$s the habit of wearing short-sleeved shirts and shorts
becomes more common during hot summer months, people
become more prone to mosquito-borne diseases.

Table 3.3-2: Potential effects of global warming on the status ofanimal-borne diseases in Japan
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³*OREDOZDUPLQJDQGLWVHIIHFWVRQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHV´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW  

Current
situation
andCurrent
situation
andprescription
policy prescription
its
implication
for theHealthThe aging of the population will inevitably lead to an increased financial
EXUGHQ RQ KHDOWK FDUH VHUYLFHV +RZ WR SURYLGH WKH SRSXODWLRQ ZLWK TXDOLW\health care services in a sustainable manner in the coming years is one of the
PRVWSUHVVLQJLVVXHVFXUUHQWO\IDFLQJ-DSDQ0RUHRYHUUHJLRQDOJDSVVKRXOG
be addressed urgently, including access to health care services and the
VXSSO\RIKXPDQDQGILQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHVIRUKHDOWKFDUHLQUXUDODUHDV )LJXUH

Prescription 3.4 Establish equal
access to quality medical andelderly care services

3.4-1).
In this regard, maintaining the appropriate number of skilled health workers
LV RI FULWLFDO LPSRUWDQFH 7KH 0LQLVWU\ RI +HDOWK /DERXU DQG :HOIDUH KDVHVWLPDWHG WKDW DQ DGGLWLRQDO  WR  PLOOLRQ QXUVLQJ FDUH ZRUNHUV ZLOO

Targetsforglobalefforts

be needed in 2025, potentially causing a shortage of 300,000 care workers

a. Provide support for global efforts in establishing social security
systems for the poorest and most vulnerable in developing
countries.
b. Promote equitable societies by providing support to establish
effective social welfare policies.
c. Make a significant contributions to the achievement of Universal+HDOWK&RYHUDJH 8+& In this regard, we should aim to build truly barrier-free environments in our)LJXUH :KLOHZHXUJHQWO\QHHGWRWDNHDFWLRQWRDYRLGVXFKDVFHQDULRLWZLOOQRWEHDQHDV\WDVNLQWKHIDFHRIDGHFOLQHLQ-DSDQ¶VZRUNLQJDJHSRSXODWLRQ)LQDOO\ZHVKRXOGDOVREHDZDUHRIWKHZHOIDUHRIYXOQHUDEOHSHRSOHLQ
society, including women, children, persons with disabilities and the elderly,
and provide appropriate social infrastructure to effectively serve their needs.
society that are accessible to everyone and comfortable for all, including thevulnerable.

Related UN SDG targets

䡚

㻔㻝㻝㻕

㻝㻚㻝㻡 䡚

㻔㻠㻕䡚 㻝㻚㻝㻡

㻔㻝㻜㻕㻝㻚㻜㻡 䡚 㻝㻚㻝㻡㻔㻝㻟㻕䡚 㻝㻚㻜㻡

㻔㻝㻢㻕㻜㻚㻥㻡 䡚 㻝㻚㻜㻡㻔㻞㻝㻕䡚 㻜㻚㻥㻡㻔㻝㻜㻕䡚 㻜㻚㻥㻡

㻔㻥㻕

Figure 3.4-1 Disparity of medical expenditure, by region
6RXUFH0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWK/DERXUDQG:HOIDUH  ³$QDO\VLVRIUHJLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVRIPHGLFDOH[SHQVHV´Development of a comprehensive strategy to secure
enough care workers

TargetsinJapan$ %\SURYLGHWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQZLWKHTXDODFFHVVWRTXDOLW\KHDOWKFDUHVHUYLFHV%\LQFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURIQXUVLQJFDUH
workers to 2.48 million (Note 21), and to X people by 2030.
% %\SURYLGHWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQZLWKVDIHLQH[SHQVLYHDQG
sustainable transport systems.
C. Recognise and value unpaid care including elderly care andhousework through social welfare systems.

Strategic planning for the coming decade: human resources development in the nursing sector

A comprehensive national
strategy is needed to “push up”
the number of care workers

Projected demand forcare workers
2.48 million

Deficit ofapprox. 300,000
care workers

Estimated number ofcare workers in 2025
2.15 million
Future situation of the shortage of care workers (if current strategies are continued)

1.71 million

Figure 3.4-2 Estimated (red) and desirable (blue) numbers of nursing care workers by year
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³5HVXOWVRIWKHSURMHFWLRQVRIWKHGHPDQGIRUHOGHUO\FDUHSUDFWLWLRQHUV SURYLVLRQDOILJXUH ´
Working team on the projections of supply and demand for elderly care practitioners (2015)15

Targets for health-related issues

Prescription$'

Extend healthy life expectancy by 1 year by 2020 and
an additional X years by 2030.

%'

Reduce the number of metabolic syndrome sufferers
by 25% by 2020, from 2008 (Note 3), and an additional
X% by 2030.

C'%\LQFUHDVHWRWKHUDWLRRIKDYLQJUHJXODU
medical check-ups, and to X% by 2030.

''%\DLPWRIXOO\LPSOHPHQW:+2)UDPHZRUN&RQ
vention on Tobacco Control.

a*Contribute to global efforts to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030.

b*

Contribute to global targets to reduce mortality rates
of pregnant women, newborns and children under theage of five.

c*

Contribute to the global efforts to reduce the number oftraffic accident casualties.

d*Contribute to a reduction in the number of pollutionUHODWHGLOOQHVVVXIIHUHUVDQGYLFWLPVE\XWLOLVLQJ-DSDQ¶V
environmental technologies.

e*%\  FRQWULEXWH WR WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI SUHPDWXUHGHDWKVIURPQRQFRPPXQLFDEOHGLVHDVHV 1&' f*In particular, provide support for capacity-building
relating to early warning of health risks, risk mitigation,and risk management.

$'%\UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIVXLFLGHVSHU
by X%.

%'%\UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIGHDWKVIURPRYHUZRUN
to less than X persons.

C'

Promote efforts to prevent and cure addiction toalcohol and drugs.

a*Promote global efforts to prevent and cure addiction toalcohol and drugs.

$'%\HUDGLFDWHFRPPXQLFDEOHGLVHDVHVLQFOXGLQJ
$,'6WXEHUFXORVLVPDODULDDQGWURSLFDOGLVHDVHVIURP-DSDQ%'%\  VWUHQJWKHQ UHVSRQVHV YDFFLQDWLRQ GHYHO
opment of emergency medical systems, etc.) to newcommunicable diseases, and prevent their occurrence
and spread.

C'%\FRQGXFWFRQWLQXRXVDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHULVNRI
infectious diseases considering the long-term climate
impacts of climate change and other factors, andestablish necessary guidelines.

a*%\PDNHVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQVWRJOREDOHIIRUWVWR HQG WKH HSLGHPLFV RI$,'6 WXEHUFXORVLV PDODULD
and tropical diseases, and combat hepatitis, waterborne diseases, and other communicable diseases.

$'%\  SURYLGH WKH HQWLUH SRSXODWLRQ ZLWK HTXDODFFHVV WR TXDOLW\ KHDOWK FDUH VHUYLFHV %\ 
increase the number of nursing care workers to 2.48
million, and to X people by 2030.

%'%\SURYLGHWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQZLWKVDIHLQH[pensive and sustainable transport systems.

C'

Recognise and value unpaid care including elderly
care and housework through social welfare systems.

a*Provide support for global efforts in establishing social
security systems for the poorest and most vulnerable
in developing countries.

b*

Promote equitable societies by providing support toestablish effective social welfare policies.

c*Make a significant contribution to the achievement of
8QLYHUVDO+HDOWK&RYHUDJH 8+& 

3.1: Promotelong andhealthy lives

Prescription
3.2: Address
mental healthproblems
and drug
addictions

Prescription
3.3: Preventand control
communicablediseases

Prescription
3.4: Establish
equal accessto quality
medical andelderly careservices' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

16Related UN SDGs

Notes1.

Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2014)『平成26年版厚生労働白書』( $nnual +ealth, /abour and Welfare Report 2014 )http//www.mhlw.go.jp/wp/hakusyo/kousei/14/

2.

Prime Minister of -apan and +is Cabinet (Kantei) (2015)「『日本再興戦略』改訂2015」( -apan Revitalisation 6trategy (revised edition 2015) )http//www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/seicho_senryaku2013.html#c16

3.

Prime Minister of -apan and +is Cabinet (Kantei) (2013)「日本再興戦略 中短期工程表」( -apan Revitalisation 6trategy Mid-term plan )http//www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kei]aisaisei/pdf/koutei_jpn.pdf

4.

-apan +ealth Promotion and )itness )oundation 21, http//www.kenkounippon21.gr.jp/kenkounippon21/about/index.html

5.

Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare,「社会保障・税一体改革」( Integrated reform of the social security and tax systems )http//www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/hokabunya/shakaihoshou/kaikaku.html

6.

Cabinet Office,「自殺の統計」( 6uicide 6tatistics ) http//www8.cao.go.jp/jisatsutaisaku/toukei/

.

Cabinet Office (2014, 2015)『自殺対策白書』( White paper on 6uicide Prevention in -apan )http//www8.cao.go.jp/jisatsutaisaku/whitepaper/index-w.html

8.

Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare,「休養・こころの健康」( Maintenance of physical and psychological wellbeing )http//www1.mhlw.go.jp/topics/kenko21_11/b3.html

9.

Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare,「平成26年度『過労死等の労災補償状況』を公表」( Press release Number of death from over work andother work-related accidents in 2014 has been released ) http//www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/000008944.html

10. UN$I'6 (2015) )act sheet 2015 http//www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/+ow$I'6changedeverything/factsheet
11. UN$I'6 (2015) +ow $I'6 changed everything - M'* 6 15 years, 15 lessons of hope from the $I'6 response
http//www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2015/M'*6_15years-15lessonsfromthe$I'6response
12. Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2015)「平成26（2014）年エイズ発生動向-概要-」( +I9 and $I'6 in -apan 2014 )http//api-net.jfap.or.jp/status/2014/14nenpo/h26gaiyo.pdf
13. The Tuberculosis 6urveillance Center (2013)「『結核の統計』資料編」( T% statistics 2013 ) http//www.jata.or.jp/rit/ekigaku/toukei/adddata
14. The Tuberculosis 6urveillance Center (2015)「結核の常識2015」( %asic facts about T% ) http//www.jata.or.jp/dl/pdf/common_sense/2015.pdf
15. Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2014)「最近の結核対策」( Contemporary T% control in -apan )http//www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-6hingikai-10601000-'aijinkanboukouseikagakuka-Kouseikagakuka/0000036293_1.pdf
16. World +ealth Organisation (W+O), 10 facts about tuberculosis http//www.who.int/features/factfiles/tuberculosis/en/
1. World +ealth Organisation (W+O) (2014) World Malaria Report 2014 http//www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2014/report/en/
18. Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public +ealth,「マラリア」( Malaria ) http//idsc.tokyo-eiken.go.jp/diseases/malaria/
19. Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2015)『平成2年版厚生労働白書』( $nnual +ealth, /abour and Welfare Report 2015 )http//www.mhlw.go.jp/wp/hakusyo/kousei/15/
20. Ministry of the Environment (200)「地球温暖化と感染症〜いま、何がわかっているのか？〜」( *lobal warming and pandemics facts and future
prospects ) https//www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/pamph_infection/full.pdf
21. Working team on the projections of supply and demand for elderly care practitioners (2015)「介護人材需給推計（暫定値）の検証結果」( Results ofthe projections of the demand for elderly care practitioners (provisional figure) )http//www.mhlw.go.jp/file/05-6hingikai-12601000-6eisakutoukatsukan-6anjikanshitsu_6hakaihoshoutantou/000005026.pdf
22. Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2015)「平成25年度医療費の地域差分析」( $nalysis of regional differences of medical expenses )http//www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-6eisakujouhou-12400000-+okenkyoku/000009590.pdfl(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)17

Current situation andits implication for the prescription
Education is a means for developing skills that will be required inachieving sustainable society. It would therefore be of critical importanceto ensure equal opportunities for education and vocational training for all
throughout one’s lifetime, regardless of age, disability, gender, and financial
VLWXDWLRQ+RZHYHUDGHHSHQLQJRIVRFLRHFRQRPLFGLVSDULWLHVLQ-DSDQKDV
created a social gap in access to quality education.

Education
Prescription 4.1 Promote equal
access to quality education andvocational training

TargetsinJapan$ %\SURYLGHIUHHHDUO\FDUHDQGHGXFDWLRQIRUFKLOGUHQRISUH
school age (3-5 years). Particular attention should be paid to thediverse needs of children of various backgrounds. Ongoing debate
on lowering the compulsory school age to five should be continued.
% %\ \HDU X, prior to 2030, provide free high school education(including private schools).
C. %\  LQFUHDVH SXEOLF H[SHQGLWXUHV RQ KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ WRRI*'3' %\LQFUHDVHSXEOLFH[SHQGLWXUHVRQHGXFDWLRQWRXRI*'3

Targetsforglobaleffortsa. )XUWKHU HQKDQFH HIIRUWV WR LPSURYH HGXFDWLRQ LQ GHYHORSLQJ
countries through various measures (e.g., constructing schools,
training teachers, improving teaching materials and curriculum,
strengthening ties between authorities and local communities).
b. Provide support for informal literacy education in countries whereilliteracy rates are relatively high.
c. )XUWKHU HQKDQFH VXSSRUW WR GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV DQG FRXQWULHV
affected by conflicts, by providing vocational training and technicaleducation, in close cooperation with industrial sectors in thosecountries.

Related UN SDG targets

One factor contributing to such a situation is the country’s low level of public
H[SHQGLWXUHVRQHGXFDWLRQ-DSDQ¶VSXEOLFVSHQGLQJRQHGXFDWLRQDPRXQWHG
WRMXVWRI*'3LQWKHILIWKFRQVHFXWLYH\HDU-DSDQUDQNHGDVWKH
OHDVWJHQHURXVVSHQGHURQHGXFDWLRQDPRQJRIWKH2(&'PHPEHUVIRUZKLFKGDWDZHUHDYDLODEOHDQGLQFRQWUDVWWRWKH2(&'DYHUDJHRIDVRI
 )LJXUH This situation results in a heavy economic burden imposed on students
DQGWKHLUIDPLOLHV)RULQVWDQFHRIH[SHQGLWXUHVRQSUHVFKRROHGXFDWLRQ
LQ -DSDQ ZDV SDLG E\ LQGLYLGXDOV ZKLOH WKH 2(&' DYHUDJH ZDV 
Regarding spending for higher education, the percentages were 66% andUHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJXUH  7KHKLJKFRVWRIIRUPDOHGXFDWLRQEHLQJERUQHE\KRXVHKROGVLQ-DSDQLVDbarrier for equal educational opportunities for all, especially when it comes tohigher education. Moreover, it is also one of the biggest factors contributing to-DSDQ¶VGHFOLQLQJELUWKUDWH
If education is actually contributing to a widening of the socio-economic gap,
rather than promoting fairness and equality in society, it could be counterproductive for the sake of achieving sustainable society where a variety of skills
is required. Moreover, the widening of the gap between the rich and poor will
inevitably cause a variety of social problems.
 ,WZDVLQWKLVFRQWH[WWKDWWKH0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUH6SRUWV6FLHQFH
and Technology formulated in 2013 the basic policy aimed at providing freechildcare and education to pre-school aged children (3-5 years) by 2020.
-DSDQVKRXOGVWLFNWRWKLVWDUJHWDQGFRQWLQXHLWVHIIRUWVWRDFKLHYHWKHJRDOE\then.
 )UHHKLJKVFKRROHGXFDWLRQLVFXUUHQWO\SURYLGHGRQO\DWVWDWHVFKRROVDQG
WKRVHIDPLOLHVZLWKDQDQQXDOLQFRPHRIOHVVWKDQ-3<PLOOLRQVWLOOVXIIHU
from the heavy financial burden of tuition fees for their children to attend
SULYDWHVFKRROV-DSDQVKRXOGHQFRXUDJHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIIUHHHGXFDWLRQDW
private schools as well. Moreover, ongoing efforts to increase public expendiWXUHVRQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQIURPWKHFXUUHQWRI*'3WRZKLFKLVWKH
DYHUDJHILJXUHRIRWKHU2(&'FRXQWULHV
Currently around 58 million school-aged children around the world are notbenefitting from primary education due to various reasons, including poverty
and conflicts. More than half are girls. Opportunities for secondary education
are also limited in these regions, and so are opportunities for vocational
training and technical education that would lead to employment and entrepreneurship. The lack of education is causing higher unemployment rates among
younger generations in developing countries. This situation could potentially
OHDG WR VRFLDO XQUHVW LQ WKRVH FRXQWULHV -DSDQ VKRXOG IXUWKHU HQKDQFH LWVefforts to improve access to education and training in developing countries, inclose cooperation with other donor countries and relevant organisations.

Funding provided byprivate individuals
Average 5.6%

%DFKHORURU
higherHungary
Chile
Czech
Italy
Slovakia
Japan

PolandAustralia
Spain

Estonia
USA
South Korea
Germany

Switzerland
PortugalMexicoFranceIsraelOECD average
CanadaIrelandUK
The Netherlands
Austria
Slovenia

Denmark

NorwayNew Zealand
IcelandSwedenFinland
Belgium

Funding provided by
the governmental andother organisations

Figure 4.1-1 Expenditure on educational institutions in OECD
countries as a percentage of GDP (2011)18

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP2(&'  ³(GXFDWLRQDWD*ODQFH´TXRWHGLQ0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUH6SRUWV6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\  ³3XEOLFDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDQGILQDQFHRIHGXFDWLRQLQ-DSDQ´+LJKVFKRRO
or less$QQXDOIDPLO\income-3<PLOOLRQ
or less-3<PLOOLRQ
or less-3<PLOOLRQ
or less-3<PLOOLRQ
or less-3<PLOOLRQ
or moreFigure 4.1-2 Educational choice and family income
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³:KLWH3DSHURQ(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUH6SRUWV6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\´0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUH6SRUWV6FLHQFH
and Technology (2010)

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Education
Prescription 4.2 Promote
Education for Sustainable
Development (ESD)

TargetsinJapan$ %\  SURPRWH FLYLF OLWHUDF\ LQ WKH HQWLUH SRSXODWLRQ WKURXJK(6'WKHUHE\HQKDQFLQJWKHSHRSOH¶VXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVXVWDLQDEOH
development and lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, respect
IRUSHDFHDQGJOREDOFLWL]HQVKLSDQGFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\% Promote environments where people of all ages can appreciate
the opportunity to learn about sustainable development throughout
their lives.
C. Promote education on disaster risk prevention and risk management
WKURXJK(6'ZLWKLQDQGDURXQGVFKRRO

Targets a. 3URYLGH OHDGHUVKLS DQG IDFLOLWDWLRQ WR SURPRWH WKH *OREDO $FWLRQ
3URJUDPPH *$3 RQ(GXFDWLRQIRU6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW
forglobal b. Provide leadership and facilitation to promote the development ofefforts(6'PRQLWRULQJPHFKDQLVPVDQGLQGLFDWRUV

Related UN SDG targets

Our planet is currently faced with various problems, including environmental problems, food security, natural resources and energy security, various
new and conventional security problems, and human rights violation, manyof which are intertwining with each other. It is therefore essential for the entire
population to take the necessary actions to address those various problems
for the sake of achievement of sustainable society, while fully recognising theindivisible nature of these problems.
Education has an important role to play in this regard by developing ‘civic
literacy’ among the people, thereby raising their awareness towards globally
important issues, such as the protection of the natural environment and thepromotion of social justice, including addressing generational gaps withinsocieties.
 ,WZDVLQWKLVFRQWH[WWKDWWKHFRQFHSWRI(6' (GXFDWLRQIRU6XVWDLQDEOH
'HYHORSPHQW ZDVLQWURGXFHG(6'LVDQHZDSSURDFKWRHGXFDWLRQDLPHG
at developing capacities of students to critically reflect those global problems
needed to be addressed for the achievement of sustainable society, andquestion our current systems and behaviours, thereby enhancing the transforPDWLRQRIWKHVRFLHW\LQDKROLVWLFPDQQHU )LJXUH 
 ,QUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI(6'WKH81*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\GHFODUHG
 WKH ³81 'HFDGH RI (GXFDWLRQ IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW´'(6' 81(6&2KDVEHHQOHDGLQJWKH'HFDGHDQGKDVGHYHORSHGDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ6FKHPHIRUWKH'HFDGH7KH81(6&2:RUOG
&RQIHUHQFH RQ (GXFDWLRQ IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW (6'  ZDV KHOG LQ
1RYHPEHULQ1DJR\D-DSDQ7KH&RQIHUHQFHUHVXOWHGLQ$LFKL1DJR\D'HFODUDWLRQFDOOLQJIRUXUJHQWDFWLRQWRPDLQVWUHDP(6'DQGLQFOXGH(6'LQ
the post-2015 development agenda. The declaration called on all nations to
LPSOHPHQW WKH *OREDO$FWLRQ 3URJUDPPH RQ (6' *$3  WR PRYH WKH (6'agenda forward.
 -DSDQVKRXOGVWHDGLO\LPSOHPHQWWKH*$3DQGUHODWHGSROLFLHVLQFOXGHGLQ$LFKL1DJR\D'HFODUDWLRQWKHUHE\UDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVRIWKHSHRSOHUHJDUGLQJVXVWDLQDEOHVRFLHW\,WLVDOVRRILPSRUWDQFHIRU-DSDQWRHQKDQFHWKHFRQFHSW
RI (6' LQ GLVVHPLQDWLQJ NQRZOHGJH DERXW GLVDVWHU SUHYHQWLRQ DQG GLVDVWHU
risk mitigation among the entire population.
 $OVR-DSDQVKRXOGWDNHDOHDGLQJUROHLQLPSOHPHQWLQJWKH*$3DQGGHYHORSPHQW RI (6' PRQLWRULQJ PHFKDQLVPV DQG LQGLFDWRUV DV RQH RI WKHDGYRFDWHVRI(6'Environmental
education
International
understanding
education

Energy education

ESD concept(knowledge, values, and actions)
Disaster risk
management

Comprehensive development ofEnvironment, Economy, andSociety

Culture Education

Other related
education

Biodiversity
Climate change

Figure 4.2-1 ESD: Holistic approach to education
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³(6' (GXFDWLRQIRU6XVWDLQDEOH
'HYHORSPHQW ´0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUH6SRUWV6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\

19

Current situation andits implication for the prescription
 6XVWDLQDEOH VRFLHW\ LV D VSDFH ZKHUH DOO WKH PHPEHUV OLYH LQ KDUPRQ\based on mutual respect on their diversities, including age, gender, disability,
FXOWXUHUDFHRULJLQVUHOLJLRQVDQGVRFLRHFRQRPLFDOVWDWXV$FKLHYHPHQWRI
an inclusive and equitable society has been recognised as one of the top priorLWLHVIRU-DSDQDQGLWVJRYHUQPHQW)URPWKHYLHZSRLQWRILQFOXVLYHHGXFDWLRQ
it would be essential to develop environments where all students can study in
one classroom and community, regardless of their strengths or weaknesses
LQDQ\DUHDVLQFOXGLQJGLVDELOLWLHV$WWKHVDPHWLPHVFKRROVDQGWHDFKHUV
should be able to provide education services to the pupils and students withspecific needs.

Education
Prescription 4.3 Promote
inclusive education

TargetsinJapan$ %\  GHYHORS HIILFLHQW PHFKDQLVPV DQG LQVWLWXWLRQV ZKHUH
children and youths with a disability are guaranteed access toquality education, thereby ensuring their financial independence
after completing education.
% Promote favourable environments for inclusive education byincreasing the number of teachers and staff members, as well asthat of school counsellors and social workers.
C. Establish flexible and supportive systems in which foreign orstateless children would not be deprived of their rights for education.
a. 5DLVH DZDUHQHVV RI FLWL]HQV UHJDUGLQJ JOREDO UHIXJHH SUREOHPV

thereby preparing local communities to accept more refugees,
Targets
while providing long-term support to refugees.
forglobal b. Provide support to developing countries in introducing inclusive
efforts
education of various forms, depending on the needs andcircumstances of each individual country.

Related UN SDG targets

The number of students attending special support education schools has increased by 30% over thelast decade. There has been particularly sharp increase in the number of high school students.
The number of students attending special support schools
Kindergardens

Elementary
schools

SecondaryschoolsHigh
schools

Inclusive education is an approach that provides all pupils and students
with equal opportunities to receive primary and secondary education in one
FODVVURRP UHJDUGOHVV RI WKHLU GLVDELOLWLHV ZKLOH HQVXULQJ ³>U@HDVRQDEOH DF
FRPPRGDWLRQRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VUHTXLUHPHQWVLVSURYLGHG´DVZDVVWDWHGLQ$UWLFOHRIWKH³81&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH5LJKWVRI3HUVRQVZLWK'LVDELOLWLHV´
DGRSWHGDWWKHVW81*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\LQ-DSDQUDWLILHGWKH&RQ
vention in 2014, and is well aware of the crucial importance of promotion ofinclusive education.
 ,Q-DSDQVSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQIRUWKHSXSLOVDQGVWXGHQWVLVDYDLODEOHQRWRQO\at special support education schools but also in special support education
classes for the handicapped attending ordinary elementary and secondary
VFKRROV +RZHYHU FXUUHQWO\ WKH VXSSRUW SURYLGHG WR GLVDEOHG SXSLOV DQGstudents is less than enough, due to the lack of the supply of qualified teachers
and necessary facilities. Moreover, further support should be provided todisabled students after completion of their education in finding suitable jobs
)LJXUH 
 ,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHDKDUPRQLRXVVRFLHW\LQ-DSDQZHVKRXOGDOVRSURYLGH
further support for the education of children with foreign origins, who are inFUHDVLQJ LQ QXPEHU LQ UHFHQW \HDUV /DVW EXW QRW OHDVW -DSDQ VKRXOG VWDUWVHULRXVO\ FRQVLGHULQJ DFFHSWLQJ PRUH UHIXJHHV DV -DSDQ FXUUHQWO\ DFFHSWV
a significantly lower number of them compared to other developed nations.
-DSDQVKRXOGDOVRPDNHIXUWKHUHIIRUWVWRSURPRWHUHIXJHHV¶DQGLPPLJUDQWV¶
VRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQE\UDLVLQJDZDUHQHVVDPRQJFLWL]HQVDQGHQKDQFLQJWKHGHvelopment of related political institutions and systems.
 $FFRUGLQJWRDUHSRUWSXEOLVKHGE\WKH0LQLVWU\RI-XVWLFHWKHQXPEHURIIRUHLJQ QDWLRQDOV UHVLGLQJ LQ -DSDQ KDV UHDFKHG  LQ  DPRQJZKLFKDUHFKLOGUHQ\HDUVROGRUXQGHU7KHPDMRULW\RIWKRVHFKLOGUHQ
DUHOLNHO\WRUHPDLQLQ-DSDQLQWKH\HDUVWRFRPHPDNLQJWKHPDQLQWHJUDOSDUW
of the communities with whom local residents should be working harmoniously
WREXLOGVXVWDLQDEOHVRFLHW\7KH³&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH5LJKWVRIWKH&KLOG³JXDU
antees the rights of children with foreign origins to equally receive education
LQWKHFRXQWU\RIUHVLGHQFH)UHHSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQLVSURYLGHG
WR WKH FKLOGUHQ RI IRUHLJQ QDWLRQDOV UHVLGLQJ LQ -DSDQ +DYLQJ VDLG WKDW ZH
should also be aware that those children with diverse backgrounds might need
VSHFLDOHGXFDWLRQDOVXSSRUWLQFOXGLQJ-DSDQHVHODQJXDJHOHVVRQV&XUUHQWO\WKHVXSSRUWDYDLODEOHWRWKRVHFKLOGUHQLVKDUGO\HQRXJK )LJXUH DQG
the government and the local authorities should promptly take the necessary
DFWLRQVWRDFKLHYHDWUXO\LQFOXVLYHVRFLHW\LQ-DSDQLQWKH\HDUVWRFRPH

Concerns about their progress at
school and school life in general

Identity crisis“I cannot keep up with other students”“I cannot make friends at school”““I wonder whether I can continue my studies at thisschool…”“I am not motivated because I am not doing well at
school””

Feeling uncomfortable in the newenvironment

2003

2004 2005 2006 20072008

2009 2010 2011

2012

2013

Figure 4.3-1
Number of special support education schools and their students
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³6SHFLDOHGXFDWLRQLQ-DSDQ
3UHVHQWVLWXDWLRQDQGIXWXUHFKDOOHQJHV´0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUH6SRUWV6FLHQFH
and Technology (2014)20

Feeling of insecurity about everyday life
“I’ve never had any language problems in
my own country…”“We were actually far better off in our own
country….”

Anxiety about the future

Concerns about coming across various
boundaries due to visa issues
Concerns about educational and career “opportunities“Where am I going to end up in the future?”“Who am I?”“Why I am here?”
Where in the world my ‘homecountry’ actually is?”Conflicts with parents
Frustrated about the fact that their life has beenhugely affected by the decisions of their parents“Why did I have to come to Japan in the firstplace?”
I feel embarrassed that my parents look andbehave differently from my Japanese friends’’”

Figure 4.3-2 Concerns and issues children of foreign origin tend to face at school
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP´3UREOHPVFKLOGUHQZLWKIRUHLJQRULJLQWHQGWRIDFHDWVFKRROVLQ-DSDQ´%HQHVVH(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH %(5'   

Current situation andits implication for the prescription
 $V JOREDOLVDWLRQ KDV EHHQ IXUWKHU DGYDQFLQJ WRGD\ VR LV WKH JUDYLW\ RI
JOREDOSUREOHPVLQFOXGLQJJOREDOZDUPLQJDQGSDQGHPLFV'XHWRWKHWUXO\transnational nature of these problems, any single actor—nation or region—is incapable of dealing with them alone. International cooperation is without
doubt essential in dealing with global problems.

Education

We are living in the time of history when knowledge and technology havebecome sources of sustainable growth, making the role of higher education
institutions and research institutions even more important in addressing these
problems.

Prescription 4.4 Promoteinternational collaboration in
research and higher education
TargetsinJapan$ )RVWHU TXDOLW\ WHDFKLQJ DW KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQV LQ -DSDQ
thereby enhancing their international competitiveness, so students
FDQ EHQHILW IURP -DSDQ¶V UHVHDUFK DQG WHFKQLFDO FDSDELOLWLHV
necessary for solving global problems.

Targetsforglobaleffortsa. )XUWKHU HQKDQFH VFKRODUVKLS SURJUDPPHV IRU VWXGHQWV IURPdeveloping countries. Provide further support to improve the qualityof research and higher education in developing countries.
b. Promote research and education on global issues in developing
countries by further enhancing support.
c. (QKDQFH-DSDQ¶VLQYROYHPHQWLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVHDUFKSURJUDPPHVand make a significant contribution to addressing global problems.

Related UN SDG targets

 +LJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWHVLQ-DSDQVKRXOGIXUWKHU
enhance their contribution to human resource development in developing countries, while sharing knowledge and experiences with them, thereby
enhancing cooperation with them in finding effective solutions of a variety of
global problems.
 ,QWKLVUHJDUGLWZRXOGEHRILPSRUWDQFHWRIXUWKHUHQKDQFH-DSDQ¶VVFKRO
arship programme for over sea students, particularly those from developing
FRXQWULHV ZKHUH -DSDQ FDQ PDNH D VLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ LQ DGGUHVVLQJ
various problems, such as environment and energy, pandemics, aging of
VRFLHW\WKURXJK-DSDQ¶VWHFKQRORJLFDOVWUHQJWKVDQGSUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFH )XUWKHUPRUH WKH FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQV LQ
-DSDQ DQG GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV VKRXOG EH HQKDQFHG DV ZHOO DV FRRS
eration between the private sectors on both sides, thereby establishing andenhancing a sustainable platform for effective human resource and educational and research cooperation involving industry, academia, and governmental
VHFWRUV,QRWKHUZRUGV-DSDQVKRXOGHQKDQFHFROODERUDWLRQZLWKGHYHORSLQJ
countries in research and education to address global problems, rather thanmerely providing educational and technical supports.
 7KH-DSDQ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\$JHQF\ -67 DQG-DSDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RRSHUDWLRQ$JHQF\ -,&$ KDYHODXQFKHGDSURJUDPPHFDOOHG³6FLHQFHDQG
7HFKQRORJ\5HVHDUFK3DUWQHUVKLSIRU6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW 6$75(36 ´
LQZKLFKUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ-DSDQDQGGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDUHFROODERUDWLQJLQHQKDQFLQJUHVHDUFKUHODWHGWRJOREDOSUREOHPV-DSDQVKRXOGIXUWKHU
enhance its involvement in various international research programmes, such
DV WKH ³)XWXUH (DUWK´ SURJUDPPH RQ JOREDO VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG PDNH D VLJnificant contribution in addressing global problems through its advanced technologies.

Promotion of Science and Technology
Promotion of research, development, and innovation

Development aid through ODA

Addressing global challenges
Seeking solutions to global issues
Enhancing the role of science communities

Addressing regional challenges
Seeking solutions to regional problems and capacity
development aimed at addressing such issues

The role of Japan
Contribution through its advanced science and technology
Contribution through human resource development

Contribution to global efforts by providing expertise and lessons learned fromtheir own experience. Promotion of global economy by serving as new markets.

Science andtechnology

International cooperation

The potential of developing countries

For the sake of theplanet, for the sake ofprosperous future.

Collaboration with partners indeveloping countries

Figure 4.4-1 Addressing global problems:Concepts and methods (SATREPS)
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³6$75(36´-DSDQ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\$JHQF\ 21

Targets for education-related issues

Prescription
4.1: Promoteequal accessto quality
education andvocational
training

Prescription
4.2: Promote$'%\  SURYLGH IUHH HDUO\ FDUH DQG HGXFDWLRQ WR
children of pre-school age (3-5 years). Particularattention should be paid to the diverse needs ofchildren of various backgrounds. Ongoing debate on
lowering the compulsory school age to five should becontinued.

%'%\ \HDU X, prior to 2030, provide free high school
education (including private schools).

C'%\LQFUHDVHSXEOLFH[SHQGLWXUHVRQKLJKHUHGX
FDWLRQDOWRRI*'3''%\LQFUHDVHSXEOLFH[SHQGLWXUHVRQHGXFDWLRQWRXRI*'3

)XUWKHU HQKDQFH HIIRUWV WR LPSURYH HGXFDWLRQ LQ GH
veloping countries through various measures (e.g.,aconstructing schools, training teachers, improving*
teaching materials and curriculum, strengthening ties
between authorities and local communities).
b*

Provide support for informal literacy education incountries where illiteracy rates are relatively high.

c*)XUWKHUHQKDQFHVXSSRUWWRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDQG
countries affected by conflicts, by providing vocational
training and technical education, in close cooperation
with industrial sectors in those countries.

$'%\SURPRWHFLYLFOLWHUDF\LQWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQWKURXJK(6'WKHUHE\HQKDQFLQJWKHSHRSOH¶VXQGHU
standing of sustainable development and lifestyles,
human rights, gender equality, respect for peace and
JOREDOFLWL]HQVKLSDQGFXOWXUDOGLYHUVLW\%'

Promote environments where people of all ages canappreciate the opportunities to learn about sustainable
development.

C'

Promote education on disaster risk prevention and risk
PDQDJHPHQWWKURXJK(6'ZLWKLQDQGDURXQGVFKRRO

a*

Provide leadership and facilitation to promote the*OREDO $FWLRQ 3URJUDPPH *$3  RQ (GXFDWLRQ IRU6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW

b*Provide leadership and facilitation to promote the deYHORSPHQWRI(6'PRQLWRULQJPHFKDQLVPVDQGLQGLFD
tors.

$
'

%\GHYHORSHIILFLHQWPHFKDQLVPVZKHUHFKLOGUHQ
and youths with disability are guaranteed access toquality education, thereby ensuring their financial independence after completing education.

%'

Promote favourable environments for inclusive
education by increasing the number of teachers andstaff members, as well as that of school counsellors
and social workers.

C'

Establish flexible and supportive systems in which
foreign or stateless children would not be deprived of
their rights for education.

a*

5DLVHDZDUHQHVVRIFLWL]HQVUHJDUGLQJJOREDOUHIXJHH
problems thereby preparing local communities to
accept more refugees, while providing long-term
support to refugees.

b*

Provide support to developing countries in introducing
inclusive education of various forms, depending on theneeds and circumstances of each individual country.

$')RVWHU TXDOLW\ WHDFKLQJ DW KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQV LQ -DSDQ WKHUHE\ HQKDQFLQJ WKHLU LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVVRVWXGHQWVFDQEHQHILWIURP-DSDQ¶V
research and technical capabilities necessary forsolving global problems.

a*)XUWKHUHQKDQFHVFKRODUVKLSSURJUDPPHVIRUVWXGHQWV
from developing countries. Provide further support toimprove the quality of research and higher educationin developing countries.

b*

Promote research and education on global issues indeveloping countries by further enhancing support.

c*(QKDQFH-DSDQ¶VLQYROYHPHQWLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVHDUFKprogrammes and make a significant contribution to addressing global problems.

Education for
Sustainable
Development(ESD)

Prescription
4.3: Promote
inclusiveeducation

Prescription
4.4: Promoteinternational
collaborationin researchand higher
education' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

22Related UN SDGs

Notes1.

OEC' (2014) Education at a *lance 2014 OEC' Indicators http//www.oecd.org/edu/Education-at-a-*lance-2014.pdf

2.

Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology (2015)「我が国の教育行財政について」( Public administration and finance of
education in -apan ) https//www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kyouikusaisei/bunka/dai3/dai1/siryou4.pdf

3.

Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology (2010)『平成21年度文部科学白書』( 2010 White Paper on Education, Culture, 6ports,
6cience and Technology ) http//www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/hpab200901/detail/1295628.htm

4.

OEC' (2010) OEC' )actbook 2010 Economic Environmental and 6ocial 6tatistics, OEC' Publishing, Paris
http//www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-factbook-2010_factbook-2010-en

5.

Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology (2013)『平成25年度文部科学白書』( 2013 White Paper on Education, Culture, 6ports,
6cience and Technology ) http//www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/hpab201401/135015.htm

6.

両角亜希子他 (200)「高等教育のファンディング・システムの国際比較」東京大学総合教育研究センター (MOROZUMI, $kiko, et.al, (200) Interna-

tional Comparative $nalysis of )inancing Mechanisms of +igher Education ) http//www.he.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/mono8.pdf
.

Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology, E6' (Education for 6ustainable 'evelopment)
http//www.mext.go.jp/unesco/004/133990.htm

8.

Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology (2015)「『持続可能な開発のための教育（E6'）に関するユネスコ世界会議』の概要報
告」( UNE6CO World Conference on Education for 6ustainable 'evelopment 6ummary )http//www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/other/micro_detail/__ics)iles/afieldfile/2015/03/1/1355832_01_1.pdf

9.

Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology,「共生社会の形成に向けたインクルーシブ教育システム構築のための特別支援 教育の推進（報告）概要」( Promotion of special education enhancing inclusion in school and society )http//www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/044/attach/1321668.htm

10. Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology (2012)「通常の学級に在籍する発達障害の可能性のある特別な教育的支援を必要とする児童生徒に関する調査結果について」( Results of the survey on the availability of support to the pupils and students with developmental disorderattending normal schools ) http//www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/tokubetu/material/__ics)iles/afieldfile/2012/12/10/132829_01.pdf
11. Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology (2012)『特別支援教育資料』(Information about 6pecial Education)
12. Ministry of +ealth, /abour and Welfare (2011)「平成23年障害者雇用状況の集計結果」( 6tatistics of the employment situation of people with disabilities 2011 ) http//www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/2r9852000001vuj6-att/231125houkoku.pdf
13. The Tokyo )oundation (2012)「障害者の高等教育に関する提言 ― 進学を選択できる社会に向けて ― 」( Recommendations on higher education
for people with disabilities towards the society with diverse options and opportunities for education ) http//www.tkfd.or.jp/files/doc/2012-04.pdf
14. Ministry of Education, Culture, 6ports, 6cience and Technology (2014)「特別支援教育の現状と課題」( 6pecial education in -apan Present situationand future challenges ) http//www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/004/siryo/__ics)iles/afieldfile/2014/12/24/135314_14.pdf
15. %enesse Educational Research and 'evelopment Institute (%ER') (2014)「外国にルーツを持つ子ども達が直面する就学問題」( Problems children
with foreign origin tend to face at schools in -apan ) http//berd.benesse.jp/special/co-bo/co-bo_theme1-.php
16. 6th Immigration Control Policy Roundtable, 6ubcommittee on refugee recognition systems (2014)「難民認定制度の見直しの方向性に関する検討結果（報告）」( Review report on refugee recognition system ) http//www.moj.go.jp/content/001130133.pdf
1. Multicultural Center Tokyo (2014)『外国にルーツのある子ども達の高校進学に関する実態調査報告書』(Report on the situation of children of foreign

origin regarding their high school education)
18. -apan 6cience and Technology $gency (2014)「6$TREP6 2014」( 6$TREP6 2014 ) http//www.jst.go.jp/global/pdf/brochure2014_j.pdf
19. )uture Earth – research for global sustainability, http//www.futureearth.org/(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)23

Current situation andits implication for the prescription
 6XVWDLQDEOH JURZWK XOWLPDWHO\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK LQGL
vidual in society, and is of utmost importance to mobilise all available human
UHVRXUFHV 7KLV LV HVSHFLDOO\ WKH FDVH ZLWK -DSDQ ZKHUH WKH SRSXODWLRQ LV
ERXQG WR GHFUHDVH LQ WKH FRPLQJ \HDUV )URP WKH YLHZSRLQW RI VXVWDLQDELO
ity, prospective demographic changes will pose significant challenges to thecountry.

Gender
Prescription 5.1 Address genderinequality in employment
opportunities and wages

TargetsinJapan$ %\LQFUHDVHWRWKHHPSOR\PHQWUDWHRIZRPHQ±
years of age (Note 12), and to X% by 2030.
% %\  LQFUHDVH WR  WKH UDWLR RI ZRPHQ ZKR FRQWLQXH
working after the birth of their first child (Note 12), and to X%
by 2030.
C. %\  LQFUHDVH WR WKH UDWH RI PDOH HPSOR\HHV ZKR WDNH
parental leave (Note 12), and to X% by 2030.
' %\SURYLGHDOOSDUHQWVDFFHVVWRFKLOGFDUH 1RWH 
E. Recognise and value unpaid care and household work, throughsocial welfare systems.
) %\HQFRXUDJHPHQWRVKDUHWKHEXUGHQRIKRXVHZRUNDQG
childcare so that their partners/wives do not spend more than X
times what men spend on those tasks.
* %\DFKLHYHHTXDOSD\IRUHTXDOZRUNDQGHOLPLQDWHJHQGHU
based wage disparities.
+ %\UHGXFHE\±WKHUDWLRRIHPSOR\HHVZKRZRUN
hours or more per week (Note 13).
a. Protect labour rights for all, especially for the vulnerable, including

Targets
immigrant workers and female employees, and promote safe andfor
comfortable working conditions.
globalb. Recognise and value unpaid care and household work, throughefforts

 1HYHUWKHOHVV -DSDQ KDV RQH RI WKH KLJKHVW ODERXU PDUNHW JHQGHUJDSVDPRQJWKHDGYDQFHGHFRQRPLHV$FFRUGLQJWRILJXUHVSXEOLVKHGE\WKH
Cabinet Office in 2014, for males the labour force participation rate in working
DJHSRSXODWLRQ \HDUVDQGRYHU ZDVDQGIRUZRPHQ )LJXUH
 $URXQGPLOOLRQZRPHQDUHWKXVQRWLQODERXUIRUFHDERXW
of the entire non-labour force population of the country. While 3.03 million
women are actively seeking employment, the rest are not seeking jobs, either
for personal and/or other reasons (e.g., family responsibility, health issues,
DQGVWXG\ RUODERXUPDUNHWUHODWHGUHDVRQV³&KLOGELUWKDQGFKLOGFDUH´WRSVDPRQJ RWKHU UHDVRQV   IROORZHG E\ D PDUNHWRULHQWHG UHDVRQ ³ODFNRISURVSHFWVIRUDSSURSULDWHHPSOR\PHQW´ ³KHDOWKUHDVRQV´  
DQG³HOGHUO\FDUHDQGQXUVLQJ´  LQGLFDWLQJWKDWIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLW\HV
pecially pregnancy and childcare responsibility that follows, are major barriers
IRUZRPHQ¶VORQJWHUPFDUHHUV )LJXUH  7KH³-DSDQ5HYLWDOL]DWLRQ6WUDWHJ\´DSSURYHGE\&DELQHWLQVHWWKH
target of increasing the female employment rate of 25–44 years of age toIURP  DQGLQFUHDVHWKHUDWLRRIIHPDOHHPSOR\HHVUHWXUQLQJ
to their jobs after birth of their first child to 55% from 38% (2010) by 2020.
Moreover, it declared that ratio of male employees who take parental leaveshould be raised from 2.63% (2011) to 13% by 2020. It also claims that access
WRFKLOGFDUHVKRXOGEHJXDUDQWHHGWRDOOSDUHQWVE\
 $FFRUGLQJWRDQ2(&'VXUYH\-DSDQHVHZRPHQVSHQGPLQXWHVSHU
day on unpaid labour such as housework and childcare, while men spend PLQXWHV7KH JHQGHU GLVSDULW\ LQ WKH VKDULQJ RI GRPHVWLF ZRUN LQ -DSDQLV LQGHHG VLJQLILFDQW FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU 2(&' FRXQWULHV )LJXUH  
0RUHRYHU WKH *OREDO *HQGHU *DS ,QGH[ ***,  LQGLFDWH WKDW -DSDQHVH
women earn 40% less than men, illustrating a serious gender disparity inwages as well. While the difference is partly due to the fact that the percentage of female workers in non-regular employment is significantly higher thanthat of men, it has also been pointed out that women are paid more than 30%
OHVVWKDQWKHLUPDOHFRXQWHUSDUWVLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHSULQFLSOHRI³HTXDOSD\IRUHTXDOZRUN´LVQRWQHFHVVDULO\SUDFWLFHGLQ-DSDQ

social welfare systems.

Related UN SDG targets

Men
Women

Figure 5.1-1 Labour force participation rate
Lack of prospects for finding a
job close enough to the house

Lack of prospects forfinding a job suitable forown knowledge or skill

Health reasons

Elderly careand nursing

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³/DERXU)RUFH6XUYH\´6WDWLVWLFV%XUHDX0LQLVWU\RI,QWHUQDO$IIDLUVDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQV Denmark
Australia
Germany
USA

OthersCanadaSpain

Lack of prospects
for appropriate
employment

Childbirth andchildcare

Lack of prospects forfinding an
employment withsuitable conditions(hours, wages, etc.)

FranceUK
OECD average
The Netherlands
MexicoOthers

Italy
Japan

Lack of prospects for finding a job under the current
economic situation or in the current season

South Korea
Women

Figure 5.1-2 Female non-labour force population by reasons
24

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP
³:KLWH3DSHURQ*HQGHU(TXDOLW\´&DELQHW2IILFH  

Men

Figure 5.1-3 Minutes spent on domestic work
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³%DODQFLQJSDLGZRUNXQSDLGZRUNDQGOHLVXUH´2(&'Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Gender :RUOG (FRQRPLF )RUXP KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKLQJ *OREDO *HQGHU *DS ,QGH[***,  ZKLFK LOOXVWUDWHV WKH FRXQWULHV¶ JHQGHU HTXDOLW\ OHYHO UHJDUGLQJ
education, economy, health and politics since 2006 (indicated on a scale of 0WR 7KH³*OREDO*HQGHU*DS5HSRUW´UDQNHG-DSDQWKRXWRI
FRXQWULHV ZLWK VLJQLILFDQW JHQGHU GLVSDULWLHV LQ SROLWLFDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQ )LJXUH
5.2-1).

Prescription 5.2 Promote women’s
leadership in society $&DELQHW2IILFHVWXG\UHSRUWHGWKHUDWLRRIIHPDOHSDUOLDPHQWDULDQVDWLQWKH+RXVHRI5HSUHVHQWDWLYHVDQGLQWKH+RXVHRI&RXQFLORUVVLJ
nificantly lower than most other countries. Moreover, nearly 40% of municipal
FRXQFLOV LQ -DSDQ GR QRW KDYH HYHQ RQH IHPDOH FRXQFLORU 7KHVH ILJXUHV$ %\UDLVHWRZRPHQ VVKDUHRIOHDGHUVKLSSRVLWLRQVLQ

Targetsbusinesses and other areas, and to X% by 2030 (Note 3).
in% Introduce measures for human resources development aimed atJapanachieving gender equality in workplaces.

Targets a. Ensure equal opportunities for both genders to participate indecision-making processes of various areas of society.
for
globalefforts

Related UN SDG targets

suggest that the participation of women in political processes is a crucial issue.
 ,QWKHJRYHUQPHQWLVVXHGDVHFRQG%DVLF3ODQIRU*HQGHU(TXDOLW\ZLWKWKHJRDORI³LQFUHDVLQJWKHVKDUHRIZRPHQLQOHDGHUVKLSSRVLWLRQV WRDW
OHDVWE\LQDOOILHOGVRIVRFLHW\´9DULRXVHIIRUWVDUHEHLQJXQGHUWDNHQ
to expand women’s participation in policy and decision-making processes inall fields of society ever since.
 :KHUHDV WKH RYHUDOO VKDUH RI ZRPHQ LQ ³OHDGHUVKLS SRVLWLRQV´ KDV EHHQJUDGXDOO\LQFUHDVLQJVLQFHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIWKH³%DVLF3ODQ´LQYDULRXVILHOGVZRPHQ¶V SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LV VWLOO IDU IURP HQRXJK -DSDQ VKRXOG LQGHHG IXUWKHU

Figure 5.2-1 GGGI: scores of Japan (blue) and average scores (black)
6RXUFH:RUOG(FRQRPLF)RUXP  ³7KH*OREDO*HQGHU*DS5HSRUW´

Pharmacists

Doctors

Dentists

Heads of local councils
Local organisations

Researchers

Reporters (Japan Newspaper Publishers andEditors Association)

Members of agricultural committees

Lecturers or a higher position at university

Research andeducation

Media

Employment

Assistant principals or a higher position at high school

Managerial positions (section chief or higher) in privatecompanies (with 100 employees or more)Managerial staff (equivalent to Directors) in private companies(with 100 employees or more)Managerial staff in (equivalent to Chiefs ) in private companies(with 100 employees or more)

JudgesLaw

Lawyers

Public prosecutors

Members of national advisory councils

Administration

Managerial positions in prefectural government

Government officials

Managerial positions in Ministers

Prefectural governors

Members of prefectural assemblies

Diet members (The House of Councillors)

Government

Agriculture, fishery, andforestry

Diet members (The House of Representatives)

HQKDQFHLWVHIIRUWVWRPHHWWKHWDUJHWE\ )LJXUH 

Other
professional work

Figure 5.2-2 Proportion of women in “leadership positions”
in various fields of society
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP
³:KLWH3DSHURQ*HQGHU(TXDOLW\´&DELQHW2IILFH 1RWH³/HDGHUVKLSSRVLWLRQV´LQFOXGH  HOHFWHGSDUOLDPHQWDULDQVDQGFRXQFLOORUV  SHUVRQV
whose titles are equivalent to or higher than section-manager in private corporations or other
ERGLHVDQG  SHUVRQVZKRHQJDJHLQKLJKO\SURIHVVLRQDOMREVLQVSHFLDOL]HGRUWHFKQLFDOSURIHVVLRQV *HQGHU(TXDOLW\3ODQQLQJDQG&RRUGLQDWLRQ&RXQFLO 

25

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Gender *HQGHUEDVHG YLROHQFH *%9  FRXOG KDSSHQ LQ DQ\ VRUW RI UHODWLRQVKLSV
between men and women, ranging from sexual harassment at workplaces
and other public spaces, stalking by former partners or strangers, to domestic
YLROHQFHDJDLQVWVSRXVHVDQGSDUWQHUV*%9XQGHUPLQHVQRWRQO\WKHVDIHW\
but also the dignity, overall health status, and human rights of individuals
ZKR H[SHULHQFH LW :KLOH *%9 DJDLQVW PHQ GRHV H[LVW ZRPHQ DFFRXQW IRUPrescription 5.3 End all forms of
Gender-Based Violence andpromote human rights

the overwhelming majority of the victims of domestic violence. The numberof arrests of husbands for violence against their wives has increased sharply
RYHUWKHSDVWIHZ\HDUV )LJXUH 7KHQXPEHURIUHSRUWHGFDVHVRIUDSH
KDVEHHQLQGHFOLQHRYHUWKH\HDUV+RZHYHUWKLVPLJKWQRWQHFHVVDULO\PHDQ
WKDWDFWXDORFFXUUHQFHVRIUDSHDUHGHFUHDVLQJ$VXUYH\E\WKH&DELQHW2IILFH

TargetsinJapan$ (QGDOOIRUPVRI*HQGHU%DVHG9LROHQFH *%9 % %\\HDUXLQDOOSUHIHFWXUHVHVWDEOLVK*HQGHU(TXDOLW\&HQWUHV
that explicitly declare their ability to provide support to victims of*%9 1RWH 
C. %\LQFUHDVHWRXWKHQXPEHURI9LROHQFH&RXQVHOOLQJDQG
6XSSRUW&HQWUHVLQPXQLFLSDOLWLHV' %\\HDUX, establish appropriate training systems for professionals
GHDOLQJ ZLWK *%9 LQFOXGLQJ SROLFH GRFWRUV QXUVHV ODZ\HUV
counsellors, and teachers.
a. Make a significant contribution to global efforts to end all forms

Targetsof discrimination against women and girls throughout the world.
forb. (QG DOO IRUPV RI *%9 LQFOXGLQJ KXPDQ WUDIILFNLQJ DQG VH[XDO
globalexploitation and other forms of exploitation. End all forms ofefforts
violence in public and private spaces.

revealed that 6.5% of women had experienced forced sexual intercourse by
PHQEXWRIWKHPVDLGWKDWWKH\GLGQRWUHSRUWWKHLQFLGHQWVWRDQ\RQH
)LJXUH 
 *%9DIIHFWVQRWRQO\WKHVDIHW\DQGGLJQLW\RILQGLYLGXDOVEXWDOVRWKHSXEOLFKHDOWKHFRQRPLFVWDELOLW\DQGVHFXULW\RIVRFLHWLHVDQGQDWLRQV$VWXG\E\WKH
(XURSHDQ,QVWLWXWHIRU*HQGHU(TXDOLW\  RQWKHHFRQRPLFFRVWVRI*%9
LQWKH8.UHYHDOHGWKDWWKHHFRQRPLFFRVWRI*%9EHWZHHQLQWLPDWHSDUWQHUVZDV DURXQG (85  ELOOLRQ RI ZKLFK *%9 DJDLQVW ZRPHQ DFFRXQWHG IRU
(85ELOOLRQ DQGWKHWRWDOHFRQRPLFFRVWRI*%9ZDV(85ELOOLRQ RIZKLFK*%9DJDLQVWZRPHQDFFRXQWHGIRU(85ELOOLRQ  -DSDQ¶V &DELQHW DSSURYHG LWV WKLUG %DVLF 3ODQ IRU *HQGHU (TXDOLW\ LQ

Related UN SDG targets'HFHPEHU  ZKLFK FDOOHG IRU WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI *HQGHU (TXDOLW\Centres in all prefectures by 2015, where residents can receive confidential
FRQVXOWDWLRQDERXWWKHHIIHFWVRI*%9DQGDQLQFUHDVHWKHQXPEHURI9LROHQFH
&RXQVHOOLQJDQG6XSSRUW&HQWUHVIURP  WR  ZKHUHYLFWLPV
can receive professional support regarding violence by their spouses.
 $ UHFHQW UHSRUW E\ WKH *HQGHU (TXDOLW\ %XUHDX RI WKH &DELQHW 2IILFH
UHYHDOHGWKDWRQO\SUHIHFWXUHVDUHHTXLSSHGZLWK*HQGHU(TXDOLW\&HQWUHVWKDWH[SOLFLWO\GHFODUHWKHLUDELOLW\WRSURYLGHVXSSRUWWRWKHYLFWLPVRI*%97KH
governmental efforts have not produced adequate results so far, and further
efforts require urgent attention.

Talked to close friend(s)Talked to family member(s) and/or relative(s)(Number of arrests)
Murder/manslaughter

Injurious
assaults

Reported the incident to the police

Assaults

Sought advice from medical specialists (doctors and/or nurses)

Sought advice from authorities other than police
Sought advice from specialists and/or related organisations inprivate sector (lawyers, counsellors, etc.)
Sought advice from school staff (teachers, school counsellors
and nursing teachers)

OthersNever talked to (and/or sought advice from) anyone about
the incident

No answer
1999 2000

2001 2002

2003 2004 2005

2006 20072008 2009 20102011 2012 2013 2014

Figure 5.3-1 Number of men arrested for domestic violence
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP
³:KLWH3DSHURQ*HQGHU(TXDOLW\´&DELQHW2IILFH  

26

Figure 5.3-2 GBV victims and their reactions
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP
³:KLWH3DSHURQ*HQGHU(TXDOLW\´&DELQHW2IILFH  

Targets for issues related to gender equality

Prescription
5.1: Address
gender inequality inemployment$'%\  LQFUHDVH WR  WKH HPSOR\PHQW UDWH RI
women 25-44 years of age (Note 12), and to X% by
2030.

%
'

%\  LQFUHDVH WR  WKH UDWLRQ RI ZRPHQ ZKRcontinue working after the birth of their first child, andto X% by 2030.

C'%\LQFUHDVHWRWKHUDWHRIPDOHHPSOR\HHV
who take parental leave (Note 12) and to X% by 2030.

''%\SURYLGHDOOSDUHQWVZLWKDFFHVVWRFKLOGFDUH
(Note 12).

E'

Recognise and value unpaid care and housework,through social welfare systems.

)'%\  HQFRXUDJH PHQ WR VKDUH WKH EXUGHQ RI
housework and childcare so that their partners/wives
do not spend more than X times that men spend on
those tasks.

*'%\  DFKLHYH HTXDO SD\ IRU HTXDO ZRUN DQGeliminate gender-based wage disparities.

+'%\  UHGXFH E\  WKH UDWLR RI HPSOR\HHV
who work 60 hours or more per week (Note 13).

a*Protect labour rights for all, especially for the vulnerable, including immigrant workers and female
employees, and promote safe and comfortableworking conditions.

b*

Recognise and value unpaid care and housework,through social welfare systems.

$'%\  UDLVH WR  ZRPHQ¶V VKDUH RI OHDGHUVKLS
positions in businesses and other areas, and to X%
by 2030 (Note 3).

%'

Introduce measures for human resources development
aimed at achieving gender equality in workplaces.

a*Ensure equal opportunities for both genders to participate in decision-making processes of various areas ofsociety.

$'(QGDOOIRUPVRI*HQGHU%DVHG9LROHQFH *%9 %'%\ \HDU X LQ DOO SUHIHFWXUHV HVWDEOLVK *HQGHUEquality Centres that explicitly declare their ability to
SURYLGHVXSSRUWWRYLFWLPVRI*%9 1RWH 

C'%\LQFUHDVHWRXWKHQXPEHURI9LROHQFH&RXQ
VHOOLQJDQG6XSSRUW&HQWUHVLQPXQLFLSDOLWLHV''%\ \HDU X, establish appropriate training systems
IRU SURIHVVLRQDOV GHDOLQJ ZLWK *%9 LQFOXGLQJ SROLFH
doctors, nurses, lawyers, counsellors, and teachers.

a*Make a significant contribution to global efforts to end
all forms of discrimination against women and girls
throughout the world.

b*(QGDOOIRUPVRI*%9LQFOXGLQJKXPDQWUDIILFNLQJDQG
sexual exploitation and other forms of exploitation. End
all forms of violence in public and private spaces.

opportunities
and wages

Prescription
5.2: Promotewomen’sleadership insociety

Prescription
5.3: End allforms of
Gender-Based
Violenceand promote
human rights

Related UN SDGs

' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

27

Notes1.

World Economic )orum (2014) The *lobal *ender *ap Report 2014 http//www3.weforum.org/docs/***R14/***R_CompleteReport_2014.pdf

2.

Cabinet Office (2015)『平成2年版男女共同参画白書』( White Paper on *ender Equality 2015 )http//www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/whitepaper/h2/]entai/index.html

3.

*ender Equality %ureau, Cabinet Office (2011)「2020年30％」の目標の実現に向けて」( Toward the realisation of the 30% by 2020 goal )http//www.gender.go.jp/kaigi/renkei/2020_30/pdf/2020_30_all.pdf

4.

6tatistics %ureau, Ministry of Internal $ffairs and Communications (2015)「労働力調査」( /abour )orce 6urvey )http//www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/sokuhou/nen/ft/index.htm

5.

OEC', %alancing paid work, unpaid work and leisure http//www.oecd.org/gender/data/balancingpaidworkunpaidworkandleisure.htm

6.

World Economic )orum (2014) Closing the *ender *ap in -apan http//www3.weforum.org/docs/WE)_Closing*ender*ap_-apan_Report_2014.pdf

.

European Institute for *ender Equality (2014) Estimating the costs of gender-based violence in the European Union
http//eige.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/M+041445EN2.pdf

8.

*ender Equality %ureau, Cabinet Office (2010)「第3次男女共同参画基本計画」( The Third %asic Plan for *ender Equality )http//www.gender.go.jp/about_danjo/basic_plans/3rd/

9.

*ender Equality %ureau, Cabinet Office (2015)「性犯罪被害者等のための総合支援に関する実証的調査研究報告書」( Report of empirical study oncomprehensive support provided for sexual crime victims ) http//www.gender.go.jp/e-vaw/chousa/2014houkoku.html

10. *ender Equality %ureau, Cabinet Office (2014)「『性犯罪被害者支援に関する調査研究』報告書」( Report of study on support provided for sexual
crime victims ) http//www.gender.go.jp/e-vaw/chousa/images/pdf/h26_seihan]ai_houkoku.pdf
11. Prime Minister of -apan and +is Cabinet (Kantei) (2015)「『日本再興戦略』改訂2015」( -apan Revitali]ation 6trategy (revised edition 2015) )http//www.kantei.go.jp/jp/headline/seicho_senryaku2013.html#c16
12. Prime Minister of -apan and +is Cabinet (Kantei) (2013)「日本再興戦略 中短期工程表」( -apan Revitali]ation 6trategy Mid-term plan )http//www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kei]aisaisei/pdf/koutei_jpn.pdf
13. Cabinet Office,「仕事と生活の調和推進のための行動指針」( Work-/ife %alance $ction Plans )http//wwwa.cao.go.jp/wlb/government/20barrier_html/20html/indicator.html(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)28

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Prescription 6.1 Address waterrelated risks

TargetsinJapan$ %\UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIGHDWKVDQGYLFWLPVIURPQDWXUDO
disasters to less than X per 100,000 people.
% Establish the necessary infrastructure to ensure access to water inemergency situations such as large-scale disasters and droughts.
C. %\FROOHFWGDWDDQGUHYLHZDGDSWDWLRQPHDVXUHVIRUULVNV
posed by climate change.

Targetsforglobaleffortsa. Provide technical support through technology transfers relatedWR GLVDVWHU ULVN SUHYHQWLRQ DQG PDQDJHPHQW 6XSSRUW KXPDQ
resources development and institution-building to help address
water-related disasters.
b. &RQWULEXWH WR JOREDO HIIRUWV IRU GLVDVWHU ULVN UHGXFWLRQ '55  E\developing early warning systems.
c. %\FRQWULEXWHWRJOREDOHIIRUWVWRSURWHFWWKHYXOQHUDEOHIURPfloods, and significantly reduce the number of victims.

Related UN SDG targets

No water stoppage
1 year2-3 years
4-7 years
8 years or more 7KH6HQGDL)UDPHZRUNIRU'LVDVWHU5LVN5HGXFWLRQZDVDGRSWHG
DWWKH7KLUG81:RUOG&RQIHUHQFHRQ'LVDVWHU5LVN5HGXFWLRQKHOGLQ6HQGDLin March 2015, which declared the goal to substantially reduce global disastermortality by 2030, with the aim of lowering the average global mortality per LQ WKH SHULRG ± FRPSDUHG WR ± -DSDQ VKRXOG
however, set even more ambitious targets to reduce the number of victims
from 2020 to 2030, as victims from 2005 to 2015 were much higher in number
WKDQRWKHUFRXQWULHV7KLVLVEHFDXVHWKHILJXUHLQFOXGHVYLFWLPVRIWKH*UHDW(DVW-DSDQ(DUWKTXDNHLQ
 0RUHWKDQRI-DSDQHVHSRSXODWLRQLVVHUYHGE\DZDWHUVXSSO\DQG
blessed with relatively easy access to safe drinking water at a reasonable
FRVW +RZHYHU QDWXUDO GLVDVWHUV LQ UHFHQW \HDUV LQFOXGLQJ WKH *UHDW (DVW-DSDQ(DUWKTXDNHDVZHOODVKHDY\UDLQVDQGW\SKRRQVKDYHFDXVHGVLJ
nificant damage to the water supply infrastructure, causing water shortages
IRU UHODWLYHO\ ORQJ SHULRGV LQ GLVDVWHUKLW UHJLRQV 6XFK HYHQWV GHPRQVWUDWH
-DSDQ¶VJUDYHQHHGIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\WREHIXOO\SUHSDUHG
for emergency situations in order to maintain water supplies to all the people)LJXUH 
Climate change could also change precipitation patterns, causing unexpectHGGURXJKWVRUIORRGVLQVRPHUHJLRQV )LJXUH)LJXUH :KHUHDV
we need to be prepared for these changes, it is highly unpredictable as tohow and to what extent they could affect different regions. We should constantly review our adaptation strategies to climate change, not only from theviewpoint of infrastructures but also that of human resources, based on thedata collected in each region.

Frequency of low rainfall periods per year

Water

 $FFRUGLQJ WR VWDWLVWLFV IURP WKH )LUH DQG 'LVDVWHU 0DQDJHPHQW $JHQF\
PRUHWKDQSHRSOHORVWWKHLUOLYHVLQ-DSDQIURPWRGXHWR
natural disasters, and more than 3,000 people were reported missing. The
financial damage caused by natural disasters during this period was estimatedDV-3<WULOOLRQ'DPDJHFDXVHGE\IORRGVWVXQDPLVVWRUPVXUJHVKHDY\rains, and landslides is particularly significant. We need to properly address
such phenomena, especially since the frequency of such disasters is increasing due to climate change.

Trend = 0.24 times/10 decades

Figure 6.1-1
Water supply status (water stoppages and cutoffs) of past 30 years
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³2FFXUUHQFHRI'URXJKW´0LQLVWU\RI/DQG,QIUDVWUXFWXUH7UDQVSRUWDQG7RXULVP

Number of days with daily rainfall greater than 100mm

Figure 6.1-2 Frequency of low rainfall periods
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³&OLPDWHFKDQJHPRQLWRULQJUHSRUW´-DSDQ0HWHRURORJLFDO$JHQF\  

Trend = 0.27 days/10 decades

Figure 6.1-3 Changes in rainfall patterns
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³&OLPDWHFKDQJHPRQLWRULQJUHSRUW´-DSDQ0HWHRURORJLFDO$JHQF\  

29

Current situation andits implication for the prescription
 0DQ\ ZDWHUVKHG DUHDV LQ -DSDQ IDFH FKDOOHQJHV LQ SURSHUO\ PDLQWDLQLQJDQG PDQDJLQJ IRUHVWV GXH WR D GHFOLQLQJ DQGRU DJLQJ SRSXODWLRQ 6KRXOG
this situation continue, the percentage of forests with water-holding soil isestimated to decline to 56% in the coming five years from current figure of7KH1DWLRQZLGH)RUHVW,PSURYHPHQWDQG&RQVHUYDWLRQ2SHUDWLRQ3ODQDGRSWHGLQVHWWKHWDUJHWRILQFUHDVLQJWKHUDWLRRIVXFKIRUHVWVIURP
WR-DSDQVKRXOGFRQWLQXHHIIRUWVWRIXUWKHULPSURYHWKHILJXUHE\

Water

Urban areas also face various challenges, such as decreased river flows,
urban flooding, and groundwater depletion, caused by decreased infiltration and groundwater recharge associated with changes in water use and theadvance of urbanisation. Moreover, some areas are affected by land subsidHQFHDOWKRXJKWKHVLWXDWLRQKDVEHHQLPSURYLQJLQUHFHQW\HDUV )LJXUH /DQGVXEVLGHQFHLVLUUHYHUVLEOHDVWKHODQGVXUIDFHZLOOQRWUHWXUQWRLWVRULJLQDO
level even if groundwater levels start to recover. Meanwhile, rapid recoveryof groundwater levels, as a result of regulating groundwater pumping, has
FDXVHGGDPDJHWRXQGHUJURXQGVWUXFWXUHVLQVRPHUHJLRQV-DSDQQHHGVLQ
tegrated responses to these issues based on data collected over the years,
aiming for appropriate groundwater use.

Prescription 6.2 Maintain soundwater cycles and improve water quality

TargetsinJapan

Targetsforglobalefforts$ %\LQFUHDVHWRWKHVKDUHRIIRUHVWVZLWKIDYRXUDEOHVRLO
conditions for water-holding capacity (Note 11), and to X% by2030.
% %\RSWLPLVHWKHZDWHUF\FOHLQXUEDQDUHDVDQGHOLPLQDWHWKH
problem of land subsidence.
C. %\  HVWDEOLVK UHJLRQDO FRPPLWWHHV DURXQG DOO FODVV $
ULYHUVLQ-DSDQIRUORFDOUHVLGHQWVDQGH[SHUWVWRGLVFXVVLVVXH
including efficient water use, flood control and environment, in acomprehensive manner.
' %\  LQFUHDVH WKH UDWLR DFKLHYLQJ  HQYLURQPHQWDO TXDOLW\standards (X% for rivers, X% for marine areas, X% for lakes).

It is of critical importance to involve local residents and other actors affectedby water-related problems in discussion about maintaining sound water
cycles.
 :DWHUTXDOLW\LQ-DSDQLVHYDOXDWHGE\HQYLURQPHQWDOVWDQGDUGVIURPWKH
perspective of the living environment and health. While most standards in
KHDOWKFDWHJRU\DUHEHLQJPHWDFURVV-DSDQWKRVHLQWKHOLYLQJHQYLURQPHQW
category have a low achievement rate, especially the water quality of lakes)LJXUH  $OWKRXJK LPSURYLQJ ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQ ODNHV DQG FORVHG ZDWHU
areas is not easy and will require long-term commitment, we should maintainour efforts to improve overall water quality across the country in all fields forthe sake of achieving sustainable society.

a. Contribute to global water conservation efforts through suchmeasures as supporting implementation of sustainable forest
management.
b. 6XSSRUW JOREDO HIIRUWV WR HQKDQFH LQWHJUDWHG ZDWHU UHVRXUFHmanagement by 2030.
c. Contribute to global efforts to significantly reduce by 2030
the number of deaths and patients from illnesses caused bycontaminated water, through technology transfers, infrastructure
support, and human resources development.
d. %\SUHYHQWPDULQHSROOXWLRQIURPKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVRQODQG
including marine sediments and eutrophication.

Related UN SDG targets

Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture
Chikugo-Saga Plain,
Fukuoka Prefecture

Kanto Plain, Saitama Prefecture

Kujukuri Plain, Chiba Prefecture

Areas where land subsidence of more than 2 cm/year was observed in 2013 (4 areas)
andAreas where land subsidence was observed by the end of 2013 (64 areas)

Figure 6.2-1 Land subsidence in Japan
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP
³-DSDQ¶VODQGVXEVLGHQFHKD]DUGSURILOH´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW  
Rivers
Total

Achievement rates

Sea

Lakes

1974

1977

1980

1983

1986

1989
Total

1992
Rivers

1995
Lakes

1998

2001

2004

2007

2010

2013

Sea

Figure 6.2-2 Rate of achievement of environmental standards
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³$QQXDO5HSRUWRQWKH(QYLURQPHQWWKH6RXQG0DWHULDO&\FOH6RFLHW\DQG%LRGLYHUVLW\´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW 30

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Water $&DELQHW2IILFHVXUYH\LQIRXQGWKDWDERXWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQ
was aware of the sources of tap water, indicating a decrease in awareness in
UHFHQW\HDUV )LJXUH 
The residents of metropolitan areas demonstrated a lower level ofawareness, while younger generations were generally less aware. Proper
water literacy, including knowledge about the origins of tap water and des-Prescription 6.3 Promote water
literacy

tination of wastewater helps people to understand the need to protect water
resources, thereby promoting integrated management of water resources.
Moreover, water literacy provides opportunities to reflect on the appropriate
relationships between people and the natural environment.

TargetsinJapan

Targetsforglobalefforts$ %\  UDLVH WKH DZDUHQHVV OHYHO DERXW ZDWHU VRXUFHV DQGdrainage to more than X%.
% Promote environmental education starting with water as an
introductory theme. Publish supplementary educational materials.
C. %\  LQFUHDVH E\ X WKH QXPEHU RI FLWL]HQV SDUWLFLSDWLQJ
in water quality monitoring, and train X ³FLWL]HQ VFLHQWLVWV´knowledgeable about the local water environment andecosystems.
' %\  LPSURYH FLWL]HQV¶ OLWHUDF\ OHYHOV DERXW ZDWHUUHODWHG
disasters.
a. 6XSSRUW WKH LQYROYHPHQW RI ORFDO FRPPXQLWLHV LQ LQLWLDWLYHV WR
improve water quality and sanitation.
b. 6XSSRUW DFWLYLWLHV WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVV DERXW VXVWDLQDEOH
development and lifestyles in harmony with nature, and by 2030
establish access to information for all regarding these matters.
c. 6XSSRUWGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV¶HIIRUWVWRHQKDQFHWKHLUVFLHQWLILF
and technical capabilities to achieve sustainable patterns of
production and consumption.

 9DULRXVLQLWLDWLYHVKDYHEHHQWDNHQE\FLWL]HQVDFURVVWKHFRXQWU\LQUHFHQW
years, including monitoring tests of local water resources, in the hope ofraising awareness of the entire community regarding their surrounding enviURQPHQW0RUHWKDQFLWL]HQVLQFOXGLQJERWKDGXOWVDQGFKLOGUHQSDU
WLFLSDWHGGXULQJWKHSDVW\HDUVPRQLWRULQJDWRWDORIVLWHV$VWKH
QXPEHU RI FLWL]HQV NQRZOHGJHDEOH DERXW WKHLU ORFDO ZDWHU HQYLURQPHQW DQGecosystems increases, these activities will become an integral part of local
activities, leading to more sustainable communities.
 $PRQJ LQLWLDWLYHV IRU HGXFDWLRQ RQ ZDWHU UHVRXUFHV WKH :RUOG :DWHU
Monitoring Challenge (WWMC) is an international education and outreachprogramme aimed at building public awareness and involvement in protectLQJZDWHUUHVRXUFHVDURXQGWKHZRUOG&LWL]HQVFRQGXFWPRQLWRULQJWHVWVDQ
activity that improves participants’ levels of water literacy, but the programme
JRHVHYHQIXUWKHUE\HQFRXUDJLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQPRUHIRUPDOFLWL]HQPRQLWRU

Related UN SDG targets

ing efforts.

Results by size of cities (2008)

4'R\RXNQRZZKHUH\RXUZDWHUFRPHVIURP"

Yes(Speciﬁc locations mentioned)

Mega-cities n=432

37.4

25.1

Medium cities n=764

40.1

24.9

Small cities n=431

47.6

Towns and villages n=221

51.1

19.1

18.4

15.7

19.4
25.8
25.8

14.2
14.5

12.5
8.6

No, not so much
No, not at all

Yes, to a certain extent(general locations, i.e. rivers and/or lakes)

Results by year

Residents of mage-cities tend to know less about their water sources,
due to complicated water supply systems in their area of residence.
Results by age group

1994 n=2113

24.1

53.8

13.7 8.4

1999 n=2157

45.3

26.6

16.4 11.7

2001 n=2111

45.2

28.5

14

12.3

2008 n=1839

42.5

17.3

14.9

0%

20%

25.2
40%

60%

80%

70 and over
60 〜 69
50 〜 59
40 〜 49
30 〜 39
20 〜 29

n=306
n=403
n=394
n=294
n=297
n=145
0%

100%

$VWKH\HDUJRHVE\RYHUDOOZDWHUOLWHUDF\RIWKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQKDV
shown decreasing trend.

53.9
55.8
44.9
39.1
22.9
25.9
22.1
16.6
20%

40%

21.6
13.1 11.4
26.1
11.4 6.7
31
12.7 11.4
23.8
22.1
15
25.9
25.3
28.3
33.1
60%

80%

100%

Younger generations who have never used other sources of water thanwater pipes (i.e. well water etc.) tend to have lower awareness aboutwater sources.

Figure 6.3-1 Awareness of water resources
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³7KHWK0HHWLQJ5HIHUHQFHPDWHULDO´1DWLRQDO/DQG&RXQFLO 31

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Water
Prescription 6.4 Contribute to global efforts to address water problems around the world

Targetsforglobalefforts

a. %\PDNHDVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRJOREDOHIIRUWVWRHQVXUH
access to safe and affordable drinking water and appropriate
sanitation.
b. 7R DFKLHYH WKDW WDUJHW -DSDQ VKRXOG SURYLGH PRUH WKDQ X% ofinternational official development assistance spent on water andsanitation.
c. Provide further technical support and contribute to human
UHVRXUFHVGHYHORSPHQWLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVEDVHGRQ-DSDQ¶Vexperience, advanced technologies, and knowledge about waterrelated disasters.

Related UN SDG targets

 7KH 0LOOHQQLXP 'HYHORSPHQW *RDOV VHW WKH JRDO RI KDOYLQJ  E\  WKHnumber of people who do not have sustainable access to safe drinking waterand sanitation facilities. The world managed to achieve the goal for safe
drinking water by 2010. Currently more than 90% of the global population
has access to safe drinking water, but ensuring access to sanitation facilities
turned out to be more difficult task. Currently 2.4 billion people do not yet have
DFFHVVWRVDQLWDWLRQIDFLOLWLHV )LJXUH  -DSDQ KDV PDGH VLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQV LQ DGGUHVVLQJ ZDWHU SUREOHPVDURXQG WKH ZRUOG $OWKRXJK ILJXUHV IRU  )LJXUH   LQGLFDWH VRPH
GHFUHDVH LQ WKH VKDUH RI 2IILFLDO 'HYHORSPHQW $VVLVWDQFH 2'$  SURYLGHG
EOXH GRWV  E\ -DSDQ IRU ZDWHU DQG VDQLWDWLRQ   -DSDQ UHPDLQV WKHworld’s largest donor in this sector.
 -DSDQLVKLJKO\GHSHQGHQWRQLPSRUWHGIRRGDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\RQ³LQYLVLEOH´
ZDWHULPSRUWV/DUJHTXDQWLWLHVRIZDWHUDUHFRQVXPHGWRSURGXFHWKHIRRGRQZKLFKWKH-DSDQHVHVXEVLVW7KHLPSOLFDWLRQLVWKDW-DSDQLVXVLQJODUJHTXDQ
tities of water abroad. This hypothetical quantity of consumed water is called³YLUWXDOZDWHU´%HFDXVH-DSDQ¶VLPSRUWVODUJHTXDQWLWLHVRIIRRGWKHTXDQWLW\of this virtual water is also significant. The amount of virtual water imported
LQLVHVWLPDWHGDWELOOLRQPñHTXLYDOHQWWR-DSDQ¶VGRPHVWLFDQQXDOZDWHUXVDJH )LJXUH 
 7KXV-DSDQGHSHQGVRQIRUHLJQVRXUFHVIRUPXFKRILWVZDWHUDQGEHDUVDlarge responsibility to address the global water crisis.
 -DSDQKDVYDULRXVDGYDQWDJHVLQDGGUHVVLQJWKHZDWHUFULVLVLQFOXGLQJQRW
only advanced technologies needed for clean water supplies and sanitation,
but also expertise in dealing with water-related disasters based on experiHQFH -DSDQ VKRXOG IXUWKHU HQKDQFH LWV HIIRUWV DQG SURPRWH GLVFXVVLRQV LQ
various international fora regarding global targets on water and sanitation,water resources management, and climate change.

Japan

Germany

USA

S.Korea

FranceThe Netherlands

Figure 6.4-2 ODA spent on water and sanitation
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP2(&'6WDW

Figure 6.4-1 Achievement of Millennium Development Goals: Water and sanitation(Trillion m3)

6RXUFH81,&():+2 ³3URJUHVVRQ6DQLWDWLRQDQG'ULQNLQJ:DWHUXSGDWHDQG0'*$VVHVVPHQW´

Figure 6.4-3 Amount of virtual water imports (2005)
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³9LUWXDO:DWHU´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW

32

Targets for water-related issues

Prescription$'%\UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIGHDWKVDQGYLFWLPVRI
natural disasters to less than X per 100,000 people.

%'

Establish the necessary infrastructures to ensure
access to water in emergency situations such as largescale disasters and droughts.

C'%\FROOHFWGDWDDQGUHYLHZDGDSWDWLRQPHDVXUHVfor risks posed by climate change.

a*Provide technical support through technology transfers
related to disaster risk prevention and management.
6XSSRUWKXPDQUHVRXUFHVGHYHORSPHQWDQGLQVWLWXWLRQ
building to help address water-related disasters.

b*

Contribute to global efforts for disaster risk reduction'55 E\GHYHORSLQJHDUO\ZDUQLQJV\VWHPVc*Contribute to global efforts to protect the vulnerablefrom floods, and significantly reduce the number ofvictims.

$'%\LQFUHDVHWRWKHVKDUHRIIRUHVWVZLWKID
vourable soil conditions for water-holding capacity andto X% by 2030.

%'%\  RSWLPLVH ZDWHU F\FOH LQ XUEDQ DUHDV DQGeliminate the problems of land subsidence.

C'%\  HVWDEOLVK UHJLRQDO FRPPLWWHHV DURXQG DOOFODVV$ULYHUVLQ-DSDQIRUORFDOUHVLGHQWVDQGH[SHUWV
to discuss issue including efficient water use, flood
control and environment, in a comprehensive manner.

''%\  LQFUHDVH WKH UDWLR DFKLHYLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO
quality standards (X% for rivers, X% for marine areas,
X% for lakes).

a*Contribute to global water conservation efforts throughsuch measures as supporting implementation of sustainable forest management.

b*

6XSSRUW JOREDO HIIRUWV WR HQKDQFH LQWHJUDWHG ZDWHU
resource management by 2030.

c*

Contribute to global efforts to significantly reduce by
2030 the number of deaths and patients from illnesses
caused by contaminated water, through technology
transfers, infrastructure support, and human resources
development.

d*%\SUHYHQWPDULQHSROOXWLRQIURPKXPDQDFWLYL
ties on land, including marine sediments and eutrophication.

$'%\  UDLVH WKH DZDUHQHVV OHYHO DERXW ZDWHU
sources and drainage to more than X%.

%'

Promote environmental education starting with water,
as an introductory theme. Publish supplementary educational materials.

C'%\  LQFUHDVH E\ X WKH QXPEHU RI FLWL]HQV
participating in water quality monitoring, and train X³FLWL]HQVFLHQWLVWV´NQRZOHGJHDEOHDERXWWKHORFDOZDWHU
environment and ecosystems.

''%\LPSURYHFLWL]HQV¶OLWHUDF\OHYHOVDERXWZDWHU
related disasters.

a*

6XSSRUWWKHLQYROYHPHQWRIORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQLQLWLD
tives to improve water quality and sanitation.

b*

6XSSRUW DFWLYLWLHV WR UDLVH DZDUHQHVV DERXW VXVWDLQ
able development and lifestyles in harmony withnature, and by 2030 establish access to information for
all regarding these matters.

c*

6XSSRUWGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV¶HIIRUWVWRHQKDQFHWKHLU
scientific and technical capabilities to achieve sustainable patterns of production and consumption.

a*%\  PDNH D VLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR JOREDO
efforts to ensure access to safe and affordable drinking
water and appropriate sanitation.

b*

7RDFKLHYHWKDWWDUJHW-DSDQVKRXOGSURYLGHPRUHWKDQ
X% of international official development assistancespent on water and sanitation.

c*

Provide further technical support and contribute tohuman resources development in developing countries,
EDVHGRQ-DSDQ¶VH[SHULHQFHDGYDQFHGWHFKQRORJLHVand knowledge about water-related disasters.

6.1: Address
waterrelated risks

Prescription
6.2: Maintainsoundwater cycles
and improvewater quality

Prescription
6.3: Promotewater literacy

Prescription
6.4:
Contributeto global
efforts toaddress water
problems
around theworld

Related UN SDGs

' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

33

Notes1.

Ministry of /and, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2015)「平成25年水害統計調査」( )lood 'amage 6tatistics 6urvey )http//www.mlit.go.jp/river/toukei_chousa/kasen/suigaitoukei/

2.

National /and Council (2015)「今後の水資源政策のあり方について−水の恵みを享受できる『幅を持った社会システム』への転換−答申」( )uture
policy direction on water resources towards the inclusive social system where the entire population can benefit from the blessing of water resources )http//www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/water02_hh_000061.html

3.

Ministry of /and, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism,「日本の水資源の現状と課題」( Current status of water resources in -apan and future
prospects ) http//www.mlit.go.jp/mi]ukokudo/mi]sei/mi]ukokudo_mi]sei_tk2_000011.html

4.

Ministry of /and, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2013)「大規模災害等に対する水供給システムへの被災状況と対応」( 6urvey on the impactsof natural disasters on public water systems and responses on the ground ) http//www.mlit.go.jp/common/001020124.pdf

5.

National /and Council (2014)「ゼロ水（危機的な渇水）への備え」( Preparing for Zero Water conditions in severe drought )http//www.mlit.go.jp/common/001055.pdf

6.

Ministry of the Environment (2014)「平成25年度全国の地盤沈下地域の概況」( -apan s land subsidence ha]ard profile 2014 )http//www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/25652.pdf

.

Ministry of the Environment (2015)『平成2年版環境白書・循環型社会白書・生物多様性白書』( $nnual Report on the Environment, the 6ound
Material-Cycle 6ociety and %iodiversity in -apan 2015 ) http//www.env.go.jp/policy/hakusyo/h2/pdf/2_4.pdf

8.

6tudy *roup on the future water environment conservation (2011)「今後の水環境保全の在り方について（取りまとめ）」( )uture prospects of water
environment conservation ) http//www.env.go.jp/council/former2013/11seto/y110-10/ref01_3.pdf

9.

National /and Council (2014)「第1回（今後の水資源のあり方について第11回）：08-2 参考資料集（2/3）」( The 1th Meeting, Reference material
08-2 ) http//www.mlit.go.jp/policy/shingikai/water02_sg_000042.html

10. Inter-Ministerial Committee on the National %iodiversity 6trategy (2014)「生物多様性国家戦略2012-2020の実施状況の点検結果」( Overview of theimplementation process of National %iodiversity 6trategy of -apan 2012-2020 ) https//www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/2405.pdf
11. Ministry of the Environment (2014)『平成26年版環境白書・循環型社会白書・生物多様性白書』( $nnual Report on the Environment, the 6ound
Material-Cycle 6ociety and %iodiversity in -apan 2014 ) https//www.env.go.jp/policy/hakusyo/h26/pdf.html
12. )orestry $gency,「『森林整備保全事業計画』の策定について」( On the introduction of the forest management conservation plan )http//www.rinya.maff.go.jp/j/press/kanbatu/140530.html
13. Ministry of /and, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (2014)『平成26年版日本の水資源』( -apan s water resources 2014 )http//www.mlit.go.jp/mi]ukokudo/mi]sei/mi]ukokudo_mi]sei_fr2_000012.html
14. 6teering Committee for National Water Mapping Project (2014)「身近な水環境の全国一斉調査 第11回調査結果概要」( Nationwide survey of water
environment Results of the 11th survey ) http//www.japan-mi]umap.org/003main/00outline/parts/2014.pdf
15. World Monitoring Challenge, http//www.monitorwater.org/default.aspx
16. Ministry of the Environment,「バーチャルウォーター」( 9irtual Water ) https//www.env.go.jp/water/virtual_water/@1. UNICE), W+O (2015) Progress on 6anitation and 'rinking Water 2015 update and M'* $ssessment
http//apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/152/1/989241509145_eng.pdf"ua 1
18. OEC'.6tat, http//stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx
19. Ministry of /and, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism,「渇水の発生」( Occurrence of 'rought 1983-2012 )http//www.mlit.go.jp/mi]ukokudo/mi]sei/mi]ukokudo_mi]sei_tk2_000015.html
20. -apan Meteorological $gency (2015)「気候変動監視レポート2014」( Climate change monitoring report 2014 )http//www.data.jma.go.jp/cpdinfo/monitor/『第六十五回 日本統計年鑑 平成28年』(Chapter
21. 6tatistics %ureau, Ministry of Internal $ffairs and Communications (2015)「第29章 災害・事故」
29 'isasters and accidents, -apan 6tatistical Yearbook 2016 ) http//www.stat.go.jp/data/nenkan/29.htm

22. 6tatistics %ureau, Ministry of Internal $ffairs and Communications (n.d.)「日本の長期統計系列：第29章 災害・事故」( /ong-term statistical trends of-apan , Chapter 29 'isasters and accidents) http//www.stat.go.jp/data/chouki/29.htm(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)34

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Resources & Energy 6'*GHFODUHVWKDWWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\VKRXOG³%\GRXEOHWKHJOREDOUDWHRILPSURYHPHQWLQHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\´ ³(QHUJ\HIILFLHQF\´KHUH
UHIHUVWRSULPDU\HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQSHUXQLWRI*'3 7KHWDUJHWLVEDVHG
RQWKH³6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\IRU$OO´ 6($// LQLWLDWLYHODXQFKHGE\816HF
UHWDU\*HQHUDO%DQ.LPRRQLQ6HSWHPEHU:KHUHDVHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\
KDVLPSURYHGE\SHU\HDUIURPWRWKH6'*VDLPWRIXUWKHUPrescription 7.1 Improve energy
efficiency

LPSURYHLWE\SHU\HDUGRXEOLQJWKHFXUUHQWUDWHLQ )LJXUH  )LJXUHLQGLFDWHVSULPDU\HQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQSHUXQLWRI *'3IURP WR  :KLOH -DSDQ DFKLHYHG WKH KLJKHVW OHYHO RI HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\in the world until the mid-nineties, energy efficiency of other countries has$ %\  LQFUHDVH SULPDU\ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ UDWH E\ PRUH WKDQ
X%/year, to contribute to the global target of doubling the global
Targets
UDWHRILPSURYHPHQWLQHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\ 6'* inJapan % Promote development and dissemination of energy-efficienttechnologies to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Targets a. Make a significant contribution to global efforts to improve energy
efficiency.
forglobalefforts

DOVRLPSURYHGVLJQLILFDQWO\-DSDQ¶VHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\LPSURYHPHQWUDWHKDVUHPDLQHGDURXQGGXULQJWKHVDPH\HDUV )LJXUH  7KHJRYHUQPHQWKDVWKXVHVWDEOLVKHGDPRUHDPELWLRXVSODQIRU -DSDQ¶V
energy-related policies, with higher targets for energy efficiency improvement
UDWH)RULQVWDQFHWKH0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRP\7UDGHDQG,QGXVWU\SXEOLVKHGWKH
³/RQJWHUP(QHUJ\6XSSO\DQG'HPDQG2XWORRN´LQ-XO\LQGLFDWLQJWKH
SURVSHFW RI DFKLHYLQJ  LQ DQQXDO HFRQRPLF JURZWK WR  ZKLOH GH
creasing energy consumption during the same period through energy-saving

Related UN SDG targets

schemes. This would lead to an annual energy efficiency improvement rate of
DERXW0RUHRYHUWKHWKHQ1DWLRQDO6WUDWHJ\2IILFHDQQRXQFHGLQ
an improvement rate of primary energy efficiency in different scenarios forenergy and environment, each of which indicated an annual improvement rateof 2.0–2.3%.
 -DSDQVKRXOGPDNHDGGLWLRQDOFRQFUHWHFRPPLWPHQWVWRDFWLYHO\FRQWULEXWH
WRWKHIXOILOPHQWRI6'*E\ZKLOHHQKDQFLQJWKHFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQG
integrated approaches indicated above.

Global energyĞĸciency target

China

EuropeFranceGermany

India

Japan

South Korea

RussiaUK

USA

World average

Figure 7.1-1 Primary energy consumption per unit GDP (PPP)
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP
³:RUOG'HYHORSPHQW,QGLFDWRUV´7KH:RUOG%DQN

ChinaEuropeFrance Germany India

Japan

S. Korea Russia

UK

USA World Average

Figure 7.1-2 Energy efficiency improvement rates (1990-2010)
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP
³:RUOG'HYHORSPHQW,QGLFDWRUV´7KH:RUOG%DQN

35

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Resources & Energy 6'*VWDWHVWKHWDUJHWWR³%\LQFUHDVHVXEVWDQWLDOO\WKHVKDUHRI
UHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\LQWKHJOREDOHQHUJ\PL[´:KLOHWKLVWDUJHWPD\QRWVHHP
DVFRQFUHWHDVRWKHU6'*VWKH6($//LQLWLDWLYHPHQWLRQHGLQ3UHVFULSWLRQKDVDFOHDUWDUJHWRIGRXEOLQJWKHJOREDOUDWHRILPSURYHPHQWRIUHQHZDEOH
energy in total final energy consumption by 2030.
 -DSDQ LQWURGXFHG D IHHGLQ WDULII IRU UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ LQ  ZKLFKPrescription 7.2 Promote use andproduction of renewable energy

has been effectively enhancing the use of renewable energy. Nevertheless,
UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\¶V VKDUH RI  WRWDO SULPDU\ HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ LQ -DSDQUHPDLQHGDWDERXWLQ )LJXUH $ ,QFUHDVHWKHVKDUHRIUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\LQ-DSDQ VSULPDU\HQHUJ\ 6RIDUWKH-DSDQHVHJRYHUQPHQWKDV\HWWRVHWXSDFOHDUVHWRIWDUJHWV

and final energy up to X% by 2030.
Targetsin% (QKDQFH 5 ' RQ UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG HVWDEOLVK
Japan
effective dissemination programmes and facilities required forregarding its renewable energy consumption. The Ministry of Economy, Trade
DQG ,QGXVWU\ SXEOLVKHG D UHSRUW ³/RQJWHUP (QHUJ\ 6XSSO\ DQG 'HPDQG
2XWORRN´LQLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHVKDUHRIUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\LQWRWDOSULPDU\sustainable supply of renewable energy.

HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ LV H[SHFWHG WR LQFUHDVH WR DERXW ± E\ $a. Contribute global efforts to promote the use of renewable energy

Targetsthrough technology transfer and technical cooperation with otherforparties and nations.
globalb. 6XSSRUW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV¶ HIIRUW WR LPSURYH WKH DFFHVV WR
efforts

Ministry of the Environment report published in 2015 revealed prospects forthe share of renewable energy to increase to 14–21% in the coming years.
$QRWKHUVFHQDULRE\WKHJRYHUQPHQW¶V(QHUJ\DQG(QYLURQPHQW&RPPLWWHHLQrenewable energy.

2012 projected the share of renewable energy increasing to about 15–24%.

Related UN SDG targets

Renewable energy sources are of critical importance for achieving susWDLQDEOHVRFLHW\LQ-DSDQQRWRQO\EHFDXVHWKH\HPLWOLWWOHRUQRJUHHQKRXVH
gases, they could also enhance the nation’s level of energy self-sufficiency.
 ,QWKLVUHJDUGLQYHVWPHQWLQWR5 'IRUUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\UHVRXUFHVDQGWKH
establishment of effective programmes to promote the technologies should befurther enhanced, in order to achieve the figures projected by several ministries for the share of renewable energy used in various sectors.

Energy and Environment
Conference(2012)

25.0%

20.0%

15.0%

Ministry of Environment(2015)
Ministry of Economy,

10.0%
7.2%

Trade, and Industry (2015)

5.0%

0.0%
1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Figure 7.2-1 Ratio of renewable energy in primary energy supply and target ratios by various authorities
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³-DSDQµV(QHUJ\:KLWH3DSHU´$JHQF\IRU1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHVDQG(QHUJ\  ³/RQJ7HUP(QHUJ\6XSSO\'HPDQG2XWORRN´0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRP\7UDGHDQG,QGXVWU\  ³5HSRUWRQWKHSRWHQWLDORIVSUHDGRIUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\DQGGHFHQWUDLVHG
HQHUJ\LQ´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW  ³&KRLFHVIRUHQHUJ\DQGHQYLURQPHQWVFHQDULRVRIGHWDLOHGGDWD´1DWLRQDO3ROLF\8QLW 36

Current
situation
andCurrent
situation
andprescription
policy prescription
its
implication
for theResources & Energy

considering the national socio-economic circumstances and the characteristics of different sources of energy.
 6LQFHWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRIIHHGLQWDULIIVLQ-DSDQ HQDEOLQJUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\producers to receive preferential rates and secure market to sell their energy),some local residents have taken the initiative and started renewable energy
businesses in various parts of the country. Moreover, some local authorities
and municipalities have enacted renewable energy regulations in their own jurisdictions. Residents have been actively exchanging and sharing experienceand information, significantly boosting their level of energy literacy.

Prescription 7.3 Improve energy
literacy and promote energy
autonomy$ Continue to make improvements in electrical supply systems sothat by 2020, consumers are able to exercise more choice ofTargets
electricity source.
inJapan % Respect more local autonomy in the construction and operation ofenergy-related facilities.

Targetsforglobalefforts

7KH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI FLWL]HQV DQG ORFDO UHVLGHQWV LQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ
processes is essential when developing sustainable energy systems, while

a. 6XSSRUW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV¶ HIIRUWV WR SURPRWH HQHUJ\autonomy through involvement of various actors, by establishing
public institutions with higher transparency and human resources
development in related sectors.

Related UN SDG targets

 $QRWKHULVVXHXQGHUGLVFXVVLRQLVVZHHSLQJUHJXODWRU\UHIRUPVRI-DSDQ¶V
HQHUJ\V\VWHPV-DSDQHVHFRQVXPHUVFXUUHQWO\IDFHOLPLWHGFKRLFHVRIHQHUJ\resources. Their choice of energy utility depends on where they live. Under
new plans, consumers will be able to freely choose their electricity supplier
starting in 2016, and all power transmission networks will be equally accessible starting in 2020 )LJXUH ,QSUHSDUDWLRQIRUPRUHFKRLFHFLWL]HQV
need to significantly improve their energy literacy, so that they can make theproper choices of energy resources. That is to say that they should be able
to make their own decisions based not only on the cost of energy, but also on
factors such as emissions of greenhouse gases, the generation and disposalof waste, the stability of supply, safety, and potential financial benefits for the
local economy.
In a society whose residents have a high level of energy literacy, actors suchas government authorities and private bodies will not be able to build energyrelated facilities without the prior consent of local and regional residents. We
DUHPRYLQJWRZDUGDQHZHUDLQZKLFKLQLWLDWLYHVDQGFKRLFHVE\FLWL]HQVZLOO
be the key to ensure energy autonomy across the country.

Production
Enhance competition among
energy producers, which will leadto efficiency and cost reduction.

Transmission

Sales

All power transmission networks(including electricity and gas) will
be equally accessible for all
retailers.

Consumers will be able to purchaseenergy from any retailer, irrespectiveof their area of residence.

Electricity
Electricity retailers

Gas retailers

Mobile phone
network operators

Internet service
providers

Housing
manufacturers

Mail order firms

Electronics retailers

Green electricity

Large-scale energy plants

ChoiceMunicipal gas

LNG terminals

Electricity production using locallyavailable sources of energy
including renewable ones

Ensure neutrality by commissioning an
independent company to manage
electricity transmission networks.
Likewise, transmission networks of thethree major companies will be managed
by an independent company which is
not involved in production or retailing.

Retailers could offer various priceplans including package deals where
they provide their respective services
together with energy.

Figure 7.3-1 Integrated reforms of energy systems
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³2QFRPSUHKHQVLYHUHIRUPRIHQHUJ\V\VWHPV´$JHQF\IRU1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHVDQG(QHUJ\

37

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Resources & Energy
Prescription 7.4 Improve resource
productivity

TargetsinJapan

Targetsforglobalefforts$ %\LQFUHDVHUHVRXUFHSURGXFWLYLW\WR-3<WRQDQG
WR-3<X/ton by 2030.
% %\LQFUHDVHWKHUHF\FOLQJUDWHWRDQGWRX% by 2030.
C. %\UHGXFHILQDOGLVSRVDOYROXPHWRPLOOLRQWRQVDQGWR
X tons by 2030.
' 7DNH LQLWLDWLYH LQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH ³\HDU IUDPHZRUN
programmes on sustainable consumption and production
SDWWHUQV´ <)3 
a. Create a recycling-based society on a global scale, through the
UHJLRQDO 5 )RUXP LQ $VLD DQG VXSSRUW IRU -DSDQHVH ZDVWH
management and recycling industries overseas.
b. (QKDQFH PHDVXUHV WR SUHYHQW WKH VSUHDG RI KD]DUGRXV ZDVWH$OVR SURPRWH LPSRUWV RI HIILFLHQW UHVRXUFHV WKDW DUH GLIILFXOW WR
use properly in developing countries, and exports of recyclable
resources whose domestic use is limited, on the condition thatthey will not cause environmental pollution.
c. %\  VXSSRUW LPSURYHPHQWV LQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG LQGXVWULHVin developing countries and boost their sustainability, throughtechnology transfers and expanded us of industrial processes that
improve resource efficiency and consider a cleaner environment.

 5 5HGXFH5HXVHDQG5HF\FOH LQLWLDWLYHVLQ-DSDQKDYHEHHQUHODWLYHO\successful, as is illustrated in significant reductions of final disposal volume
through such measures as the introduction of individual recycling laws. Efforts
to achieve a recycling-based society has been strongly enhanced across thecountry in recent years.
 $GYDQFHGXVHDQGVXSSO\RIUHF\FODEOHUHVRXUFHVLVOLNHO\WRIDFHLQWHQVLILHG
constraints around the world, as observed when global commodity prices rise.
Meanwhile, various precious metals and rare metals are being disposed aswaste in landfills.
 7KHDFFLGHQWDW7RN\R(OHFWULF3RZHU&RPSDQ\¶V)XNXVKLPD'DLLFKL1XFOHDU3RZHU3ODQWUHVXOWLQJIURPWKH*UHDW(DVW-DSDQ(DUWKTXDNHRQ0DUFK
2011, seriously damaged public confidence in the safety of nuclear power.
Meanwhile, the overall amount of waste worldwide has increased, partly
GXHWRHFRQRPLFDQGSRSXODWLRQJURZWKLQGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV$VLDFXUUHQWO\generates 40% of global waste, and in 2050 is expected to double its 2010
waste output.
 8QGHU WKHVH FLUFXPVWDQFHV LW LV HVVHQWLDO IRU -DSDQ WR DFWLYHO\ DGGUHVVmaterial flow targets through various measures, such as increasing resource
HIILFLHQF\DQGSURGXFWLYLW\,WLVLQWKLVFRQWH[WWKDWWKH-DSDQHVHJRYHUQPHQWLQ
SXEOLVKHGLWV³UG)XQGDPHQWDO3ODQIRU(VWDEOLVKLQJD6RXQG0DWHULDO
&\FOH6RFLHW\´ZKLFKVHWWDUJHWVWREHDFKLHYHGE\WKHHQGRIWKHILVFDO\HDUIRUWKUHHDUHDVUHVRXUFHSURGXFWLYLW\UHF\FOLQJUDWHDQGDPRXQWRIILQDO
disposal )LJXUHV .

Target to bereached by
2020

Recycling rate (%)

Related UN SDG targets

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Figure 7.4-2 Recycling rate (trend and target)
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³7KHUG)XQGDPHQWDO3ODQIRU(VWDEOLVKLQJD6RXQG0DWHULDO&\FOH6RFLHW\´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW  

38

Amount of final disposal (million ton)

Resource productivity (JPY 10,000/t)

Target to bereached by
2020

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Target to
be reached
by 2020

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Figure 7.4-1 Resource productivity (trend and target)

Figure 7.4-3 Amount of final disposal (trend and target)

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³7KHUG)XQGDPHQWDO3ODQIRU(VWDEOLVKLQJD6RXQG0DWHULDO&\FOH6RFLHW\´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW  

6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³7KHUG)XQGDPHQWDO3ODQIRU(VWDEOLVKLQJD6RXQG0DWHULDO&\FOH6RFLHW\´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW  

Targets for issues resources and energy

Prescription$'%\  LQFUHDVH SULPDU\ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ UDWH E\more than X%/year, to contribute to the global targetof doubling the global rate of improvement in energy
HIILFLHQF\ 6'* %'

Promote development and dissemination of energy-efficient technologies to significantly reduce greenhousegas emissions.

a*Make a significant contribution to global efforts toimprove energy efficiency.

$',QFUHDVH WKH VKDUH RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ LQ -DSDQ¶V
primary energy and final energy up to X% by 2030.

%'(QKDQFH5 'RQUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\WHFKQRORJLHVDQG
establish effective dissemination programmes andfacilities required for sustainable supply of renewableenergy.

a*Contribute global efforts to promote the use ofrenewable energy through technology transfer andtechnical cooperation with other parties and nations.

b*

6XSSRUW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV¶ HIIRUWV WR LPSURYH WKHaccess to renewable energy.

$'

Continue to make improvements in electrical supply
systems so that by 2020, consumers are able toexercise more choice of electricity source.

%'

Respect more local autonomy in the construction andoperation of energy-related facilities.

a*

6XSSRUW GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV¶ HIIRUWV WR SURPRWH
energy autonomy through involvement of various
actors, by establishing public institutions with higher
transparency and human resources development inrelated sectors.

$'%\  LQFUHDVH UHVRXUFH SURGXFWLYLW\ WR -3<WRQDQGWR-3<X/ton by 2030.

%'%\  LQFUHDVH WKH UHF\FOLQJ UDWH WR  DQG WR
X% by 2030.

C'%\  UHGXFH ILQDO GLVSRVDO YROXPH  WR  PLOOLRQ
tons, and to X tons by 2030.

''

7DNH LQLWLDWLYH LQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH ³\HDU
framework programmes on sustainable consumption
DQGSURGXFWLRQSDWWHUQV´ <)3 a*Create a recycling-based society on a global scale,
WKURXJKWKHUHJLRQDO5)RUXPLQ$VLDDQGVXSSRUWIRU
-DSDQHVHZDVWHPDQDJHPHQWDQGUHF\FOLQJLQGXVWULHV
overseas.

7.1: Improveenergyefficiency

Prescription
7.2: Promoteuse andproductionof renewableenergyPrescription
7.3: Improveenergyliteracy andpromoteenergyautonomy

Prescription
7.4: Improve
resource
productivity

Related UN SDGs

(QKDQFHPHDVXUHVWRSUHYHQWWKHVSUHDGRIKD]DUGRXVZDVWH$OVRSURPRWHLPSRUWVRIHIILFLHQWUHVRXUFHVWKDWb are difficult to use properly in developing countries, and* exports of recyclable resources whose domestic use islimited, on the condition that they will not cause environmental pollution.
c*%\  VXSSRUW LPSURYHPHQWV LQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQGindustries in developing countries and boost their sustainability, through technology transfers and expanded
us of industrial processes that improve resource efficiency and consider a cleaner environment.

' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

39Notes1.

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2014)「エネルギー基本計画」( %asic Energy Plan )http//www.meti.go.jp/press/2014/04/20140411001/20140411001-1.pdf

2.

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2015)「長期エネルギー需給見通し」( /ong-Term Energy 6upply-'emand Outlook )http//www.meti.go.jp/press/2015/0/2015016004/2015016004_2.pdf

3.

Ministry of the Environment (2015)「平成26年度2050年再生可能エネルギー等分散型エネルギー普及可能性検証検討委託業務報告書」( Report on
the potential of increasing the use of renewable energy by 2050 ) http//www.env.go.jp/earth/report/h2-01/

4.

Ministry of the Environment (2014)「平成25年度2050年再生可能エネルギーと分散型エネルギー普及可能性検証検討報告書」( Report on thepotential of spread of renewable energy and decentraised energy in 2050 ) https//www.env.go.jp/earth/report/h26-01/

5.

$gency for Natural Resources and Energy (2015)『平成26年度エネルギーに関する年次報告（エネルギー白書2015）』( -apan s Energy White
Paper 2015 ) http//www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/whitepaper/2015pdf/

6.

International Energy $gency (IE$) and the World %ank (2015) 6ustainable Energy for $ll 2015 - Progress Toward 6ustainable Energy
http//www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/Event/Energy%20and%20Extractives/Progress%20Toward%206ustainable%20Energy%20-%20*lobal%20Tracking%20)ramework%202015%20-%20Key%20)indings.pdf

.

The World %ank, 6ustainable Energy for $ll http//data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/sustainable-energy-for-all

8.

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry,「総合エネルギー統計」( Comprehensive Energy 6tatistics )http//www.enecho.meti.go.jp/statistics/total_energy/results.html#headline2

9.

National Policy Unit (2012)「エネルギー・環境に関する選択肢 シナリオ詳細データ」( Choices for energy and environment scenarios of detailed
data ) http//www.cas.go.jp/jp/seisaku/npu/policy09/sentakushi/database/shousai-data_shincho+seicho+teiseicho.xls

10. $gency for Natural Resources and Energy (2014)『平成25年度エネルギーに関する年次報告（エネルギー白書2014）』( -apan s Energy White
Paper 2014 ) http//www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/whitepaper/2014pdf/
11. $gency for Natural Resources and Energy,「エネルギーシステムの一体改革について」( On comprehensive reform of energy systems )http//www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/electricity_and_gas/energy_system_reform/
12. Ministry of the Environment (2013)「第三次循環型社会形成推進基本計画」( The 3rd )undamental Plan for Establishing a 6ound Material-Cycle
6ociety ) http//www.env.go.jp/recycle/circul/keikaku/keikaku_3.pdf
13. The World %ank, World %ank Indicators http//data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)40

Current situation andits implication for the prescription

Biodiversity
Prescription 8.1 Conserve
biodiversity$ )XOO\ LPSOHPHQW ³7KH 1DWLRQDO %LRGLYHUVLW\ 6WUDWHJ\ RI -DSDQ±´E\WKHWDUJHW\HDU

TargetsinJapan% Prevent further invasion of alien species, and implement
measures to greatly reduce their impacts on terrestrial and marine
ecosystems.
C. Implement scientific management plans aimed at recoveringmarine resources up to maximum sustainable yield levels, definedby biological characteristics of the respective resources.
a. %\FRQWULEXWHWRSURWHFWLRQDQGUHFRYHU\RIHFRV\VWHPVDQG
secure sustainable use of ecosystem services.
b. %\  XUJHQWO\ LPSOHPHQW VXEVWDQWLDO PHDVXUHV WR SURWHFW
endangered species and prevent their extinction.
c. Promote equitable use of genetic resources and appropriate

Targets
access to them based on international agreements.
ford. Contribute to global efforts to stop poaching and illegal trade ofglobalendangered species.
effortse. Mobilise finance from various sources for conservation of
biodiversity and ecosystems and their sustainable use.
f. %\FRQWULEXWHWRSUHYHQWLRQRIPDULQHSROOXWLRQRIDOOIRUPVLQ
particular those caused by land-based activities, including marine
sediments and eutrophication.

 $QHVWLPDWHGPLOOLRQOLYLQJVSHFLHVOLYHRQRXUSODQHW7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
8QLRQ IRU &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI 1DWXUH ,8&1  SXEOLVKHV D ³5HG /LVW RI 7KUHDW
HQHG6SHFLHV³HYHU\\HDU$FFRUGLQJWRWKHOLVWDPRQJVSHFLHVHYDOXDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\ZHUHFRQVLGHUHG³HQGDQJHUHG´ )LJXUH  7KH810LOOHQQLXP(FRV\VWHP$VVHVVPHQWFRQGXFWHGIURPWR
indicated that the extinction rate of species has significantly increased during
the past several centuries due human activities, and that the rate of extinction
could be 1,000 times the natural rate. The document further warned that thepace of extinction could increase another tenfold in the near future. It also
pointed out that the deterioration of ecosystems has significantly affected
WKHSRRUPDNLQJLWHYHQPRUHGLIILFXOWWRDFKLHYHWKH0'*V$GGUHVVLQJWKH
problem of biodiversity is essential to achieve sustainable society, as changes
in biodiversity affect the poor and vulnerable seriously.
The 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on%LRORJLFDO'LYHUVLW\ &23 ZDVKHOGLQLQ1DJR\D$LFKL3UHIHFWXUHZKHUH ³7KH 6WUDWHJLF 3ODQ IRU %LRGLYHUVLW\ ±´ ZDV DGRSWHG 7KH
6WUDWHJLF 3ODQ ZDV FRPSRVHG RI ILYH VWUDWHJLF REMHFWLYHV DQG  LQGLYLGXDOWDUJHWV )LJXUH -DSDQHVWDEOLVKHGWKH³-DSDQ%LRGLYHUVLW\)XQG³DWWKH
6HFUHWDULDWRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQRQ%LRORJLFDO'LYHUVLW\ZLWKWKHNH\REMHFWLYHRI
supporting human resources development in developing countries. Moreover,-DSDQKDVPDGHVLJQLILFDQWILQDQFLDOFRQWULEXWLRQVWRDFKLHYHWKH$LFKL%LRGLYHUVLW\7DUJHWVDPRXQWLQJWR-3<ELOOLRQVRIDU
 -DSDQKDVPDQ\HQGHPLFVSHFLHVDQGULFKELRWDZLWKRYHUNQRZQ
species, and more than an estimated 300,000 species, considering unknown
VSHFLHV'HFUHDVLQJELRGLYHUVLW\LVKRZHYHUDVHULRXVSUREOHPIRU-DSDQDV
well. In 2010, the Ministry of Environment conducted a comprehensive evaluDWLRQ RQ ELRGLYHUVLW\ LQ -DSDQ FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW KXPDQ DFWLYLWLHV KDYH EHHQ
affecting entire ecosystems, and that damage to ecosystems in inland waters,
FRDVWDODQGPDULQHDUHDVDQGLVODQGVKDVEHHQSDUWLFXODUO\VLJQLILFDQW )LJXUH
8.1-3).
 7KH0LQLVWU\SXEOLVKHGWKH³1DWLRQDO%LRGLYHUVLW\6WUDWHJ\RI-DSDQ´LQDVDURDGPDSWRZDUGVWKHDFKLHYHPHQWRIWKH$LFKL7DUJHWV-DSDQQHHGVWRHQKDQFHLWVHIIRUWVWRZDUGVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDVXVWDLQDEOH
society in harmony with nature, based on this roadmap.
Strategic Plan 2011–2020“Vision” (mid-term targets to be fulfilled by 2050)“Realising a world where human beings are living in harmony with nature”

Related UN SDG targets“Mission” (short-term goals to be achieved by 2020)
By 2020, swiftly take effective actions to prevent further damage tobiodiversity in order to maintain resilient ecosystem that would provide
necessary services to the population in the years to come.
20 individual targets (Aichi Targets)

Figure 8.1-2 “Strategic Plan 2011–2020”: prospects and purposes
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP%LRGLYHUVLW\&HQWHURI-DSDQ³$LFKL%LRGLYHUVLW\7DUJHWV´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW

RatioRelpppppppa
of endangered species in each taxonomic group

Mammalian

Bird

Insect10,425 species

10,038 species

Fish

Vascular plant
281,052 species

species

Amphibianspecies

Relpppppppa
Endangered
species

32,900 species

Species
not regarded
Relpppppppa
as endangered

Relpppppppa
Species
not evaluated by IUCN

Figure 8.1-1 “Endangered species”: Evaluation by IUCN
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³$QQXDO5HSRUWRQWKH(QYLURQPHQWWKH
6RXQG0DWHULDO&\FOH6RFLHW\DQG%LRGLYHUVLW\LQ-DSDQ´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW  

Figure 8.1-3 Damage to biodiversity in Japan
6RXUFH³2YHUYLHZRI-DSDQ%LRGLYHUVLW\2XWORRN´0LQLVWU\RIWKH(QYLURQPHQW 41

Targets for issues related to biodiversity$ )XOO\LPSOHPHQW³7KH1DWLRQDO%LRGLYHUVLW\6WUDWHJ\RI'  -DSDQ±´E\WKHWDUJHW\HDUPrevent further invasion of alien species, and%implement measures to greatly reduce their impacts on'terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

Implement scientific management plans aimed at re-

C covering marine resources up to maximum sustainable'  yield levels, defined by biological characteristics of therespective resources.

Prescription
8.1: Conserve
biodiversitya*%\FRQWULEXWHWRSURWHFWLRQDQGUHFRYHU\RIHFR
systems, and secure sustainable use of ecosystemservices.

b*%\XUJHQWO\LPSOHPHQWVXEVWDQWLDOPHDVXUHVWR
protect endangered species and prevent their extinction.

c*Promote equitable use of genetic resources and appropriate access to them based on international agreements.

d*Contribute to global efforts to stop poaching and illegal
trade of endangered species.

e*

Mobilise finance from various sources for conservationof biodiversity and ecosystems and their sustainable
use.

f
*

%\FRQWULEXWHWRSUHYHQWLRQRIPDULQHSROOXWLRQRI
all forms, in particular those caused by land-based activities, including marine sediments and eutrophication.

' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

42Related UN SDGs

Notes1.

Ministry of the Environment (2012)「生物多様性国家戦略2012-2020〜豊かな自然共生社会の実現に向けたロードマップ〜」( National %iodiversity
6trategy 2012-2020 Roadmap to the life in harmony with nature ) http//www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/2063.pdf

2.

Ministry of the Environment (2014)「生物多様性国家戦略2012-2020の実施状況の点検結果」( Review of the implementation processes of the
National %iodiversity 6trategy 2012-2020 ) https//www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/2405.pdf

3.

Ministry of the Environment (2014)『平成26年版環境白書・循環型社会白書・生物多様性白書』( $nnual Report on the Environment, the 6ound
Material-Cycle 6ociety and %iodiversity in -apan 2014 ) https//www.env.go.jp/policy/hakusyo/h26/pdf.html

4.

Convention on %iological 'iversity, 6trategic Plan for %iodiversity 2011-2020, including $ichi %iodiversity Targets https//www.cbd.int/sp/default.shtml

5.

Ministry of the Environment (n.d.)「ミレニアム生態系評価の概要」( Overview of Millennium Ecosystem $ssessment )http//www.env.go.jp/press/file_view.php"serial 1134&hou_id 9660

6.

Millennium Ecosystem $ssessment (2005) Ecosystems and +uman Well-being 6ynthesis. Island Press, Washington, 'C.
http//www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf

.

Ministry of the Environment (2015)『平成2年版環境白書・循環型社会白書・生物多様性白書』( $nnual Report on the Environment, the 6ound
Material-Cycle 6ociety and %iodiversity in -apan 2015 ) http//www.env.go.jp/policy/hakusyo/h2/pdf.html

8.

Ministry of the Environment (2010)「生物多様性総合評価報告書/生物多様性総合評価の概要」( Overview of -apan %iodiversity Outlook )http//www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/activity/policy/jbo/jbo/index.html

9.

Ministry of the Environment, %iodiversity Center of -apan,「愛知目標」( $ichi %iodiversity Targets ) http//www.biodic.go.jp/biodiversity/about/(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)43

Current
situation
andCurrent
situation
andprescription
policy prescription
its
implication
for theGovernance
Prescription 9.1 Establish
institutions for implementation of the SDGs

TargetsinJapan$ Introduce an institution to ensure policy coherence regarding the
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V% Provide necessary support to local governments for theirLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V
C. Establish a mechanism where further discussion with various
VWDNHKROGHUVRQWKHVH³3UHVFULSWLRQV´FDQEHHQKDQFHG
' Promote partnerships across public and private sectors andsecure the funding for effective policy implementation.
E. Establish indicators to monitor implementation of policies
LQGLFDWHGLQWKHVH³3UHVFULSWLRQV´
a. Provide support to developing countries in their implementation
RIWKH6'*VLQFOXGLQJLQVWLWXWLRQEXLOGLQJDQGVWDWLVWLFDOFDSDFLW\Targetsbuilding.
forb. 7DNHWKHLQLWLDWLYHLQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*VDWERWKJOREDO
globaland regional levels, as well as follow-up and review processes.
efforts c. 'LVVHPLQDWH -DSDQ¶V H[SHUWLVH DQG WHFKQRORJLHV WR VXSSRUWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V

Related UN SDG targets

 7KH ³$JHQGD IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW´ VWDWHV WKDW WDUJHWV DUHdefined as aspirational and global, with each government setting its own
national targets guided by the global level of ambition but taking into accountnational circumstances, and that each government is expected to decide
how these aspirational and global targets should be incorporated in national
planning processes, policies and strategies (paragraph 55).
 7KH6'*VWDNHDQLQWHJUDODSSURDFKWRWKHWKUHHDVSHFWVRIVXVWDLQDEOHGHvelopment, namely environment, economy and society, due to their indivisible
QDWXUH )LJXUH *RYHUQPHQWVDUHWKXVH[SHFWHGWRSURPRWHEDODQFHG
SROLFLHVIRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*VDWWKHQDWLRQDOOHYHO0LQLVWULHVDQG
agencies dealing with matters related to sustainable development will have to
HQVXUHWKHFRQVLVWHQF\RIYDULRXVGRPHVWLFSROLFLHV,QWKLVUHJDUG)UDQFHKDV
HVWDEOLVKHG WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI (FRORJ\ 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW DQG (QHUJ\ZKLFKLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUYDULRXV6'*UHODWHGPDWWHUV6LPLODUO\0DOWDKDVHVWDEOLVKHGD0LQLVWU\IRU6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW(QYLURQPHQWDQG&OLPDWH&KDQJHDQG/X[HPERXUJKDVHVWDEOLVKHGD0LQLVWU\IRU6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORS
PHQWDQG,QIUDVWUXFWXUH,QFRQWUDVW-DSDQGRHVQRWKDYHDVLPLODUPLQLVWU\RU
agency that could deal with various matters related to policies for integrated
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V,WZRXOGVHHPGHVLUDEOHWRHVWDEOLVKDPLQLVWU\RUDJHQF\WRJXLGHWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*VLQ-DSDQLQDFRPSUH
hensive manner, or some type of coordinating structure that will manage theRYHUDOOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V0RUHRYHUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDSURFHVV
to enhance public dialogue about related issues would certainly help effective
national implementation.
On the other hand, it is important to recognise that local areas face diverse
problems and challenges, so national targets decided by the central government might not always be relevant for them. The government should therefore
support local governments and residents by raising awareness about the
6'*V DQG HQKDQFLQJ GLVFXVVLRQ RQ DSSURSULDWH SROLFLHV LQ HDFK UHJLRQ
These can be expected to be anchored to historical and cultural backgroundsof regional activities related to sustainable development as well as regional
strengths and uniqueness.
 (IIHFWLYH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 6'*V ERWK DW QDWLRQDO DQG ORFDO OHYHOVZLOOLQHYLWDEO\UHTXLUHDFRPSUHKHQVLYHDSSURDFK7KH6'*VLQWDUJHW
states the need for adopting a multi-stakeholder approach and enhancing
global partnership, involving governments, civil societies, private sectors,
UN agencies and other existing mechanisms, taking full advantage of theirknowledge and expertise, such as technologies and financial resources, while
also mobilising available resources. The importance of global partnership has
been repeatedly emphasised at related international fora, including the World
6XPPLW RQ 6XVWDLQDEOH 'HYHORSPHQW KHOG LQ  -RKDQQHVEXUJ 6XPPLW 
and Rio+20. While nobody would deny the importance of enhanced partnership involving various actors, a challenge for such partnerships is to enhance
its effectiveness in implementing policies, while ensuring transparency. We
should promote our efforts to address those matters to further enhance global
SDUWQHUVKLSVRWKDWLWFRXOGSURPRWHHIIHFWLYHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V ,Q6HSWHPEHU81'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO$IIDLUV '(6$ 
ODXQFKHG ³3DUWQHUVKLSV IRU 6'*V´ DQ RQOLQH SODWIRUP DLPHG DW VKDULQJ LQ
IRUPDWLRQRQPXOWLVWDNHKROGHULQLWLDWLYHVIRUWKH6'*V7KHSODWIRUPFRQWDLQVDERXWLQLWLDWLYHVIRUWDUJHWVDVRI'HFHPEHU
 $ORQJVLGHPRELOLVDWLRQRIQHFHVVDU\UHVRXUFHVWKURXJKJOREDOQHWZRUNVLW
is also essential to review and monitor the implementation processes of the
6'*V5HJDUGLQJWKHLQGLFDWRUVWKH6'*VLQSDUDJUDSKVWDWHVWKDW³>J@
oals and targets will be followed-up and reviewed using a set of global indicaWRUV´DQGWKDW³>W@KHVHZLOOEHFRPSOHPHQWHGE\LQGLFDWRUVDWWKHUHJLRQDODQG
QDWLRQDOOHYHOV´:KHUHDVWKH$JHQGDEULHIO\WRXFKHVXSRQPHWKRGVRI
UHYLHZDQGPRQLWRULQJRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSURFHVVHVRIWKH6'*VZHKDYH
\HWWRLGHQWLI\LWVGHWDLOHGIUDPHZRUN-DSDQVKRXOGPDNHDVLJQLILFDQWFRQ
tribution in this global process, while establishing a system to review its own
national implementation process.

Figure 9.1-1 Links among SDGs through their targets
6RXUFH81 E ³*OREDO6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW5HSRUW´

44

Current
situation
andCurrent
situation
andprescription
policy prescription
its
implication
for theGovernance
Prescription 9.2 Mobilise finances
for implementation of the SDGs
$ 6HFXUH EXGJHWV IRU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 6'*V WKDW UHTXLUHTargets
cross-sectoral policies.
in% Enhance multi-sector partnerships, thereby promoting business,Japaninvestment, innovation, and the necessary financial resources.

a. Provide support to developing countries for their implementation
RIWKH6'*V

Targets b. Enhance multi-sector partnerships, thereby promoting business,investment, innovation, and mobilisation of finances.
forglobal c. Enhance multilateral and bilateral financial support aimed atefforts
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*VDQGWKHLUIROORZXSDQGUHYLHZ
d. $FKLHYHWKHWDUJHWRIRI2'$*1,WRGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHV
DQGWRRI2'$*1,WR/'&V 6'* 

Related UN SDG targets

Many of the issue areas require cross-sectoral approaches for implementing
WKH6'*V)RULQVWDQFHDGHFOLQLQJELUWKUDWHLVFDXVHGE\WKHFRPELQDWLRQRI
several factors, including economic factors (e.g., educational expenses) andsocial factors (e.g., lack of childcare facilities, resulting in women’s untimely
UHWLUHPHQWDIWHUFKLOGELUWK 6LPLODUO\WKHODFNRIDSSURSULDWHMRERSSRUWXQLWLHVfor persons with disabilities after they completed their education is a problem
FDXVHGE\PXOWLSOHIDFWRUV$VVXFKIOH[LEOHILQDQFLQJDSSURDFKHVDUHLQGHHG
essential to achieve sustainable society by securing cross-sectoral budgets is
also of critical importance.
 ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*VUHTXLUHVHQKDQFHGSDUWQHUVKLSVEHWZHHQWKH
governmental sector, civil society and the private sector, thereby utilising theexpertise, technologies and financial resources controlled by each actor, while
also mobilising other potential resources. With regard to financing from the
SULYDWHVHFWRUJRYHUQPHQWVKDYHLQWURGXFHG3ULYDWH)LQDQFH,QLWLDWLYHV 3), 
where the private sector’s financial and technological capabilities are utilisedin construction and maintenance of public facilities, an approach that has
LPSURYHG WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI SXEOLF VHUYLFHV7KH QXPEHU RI 3), SURMHFWV KDV
EHHQLQFUHDVLQJDQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\-3<WULOOLRQZDVVSHQWLQWKHILVFDO\HDU )LJXUH 7KH3),DSSURDFKLVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKDWRI6'*VLQWKDWit is aimed at providing cost-effective public services. Nevertheless, a similar
DSSURDFKLVSRWHQWLDOO\XVHIXOIRUWKHHIIHFWLYHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V
because the finance of private actors are as important as that of the public
sector. The financial resources of the private sector are valuable not only for
QDWLRQDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI 6'*V EXW DOVR JOREDO LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WKURXJK
investment in social welfare systems such as education and health, and enKDQFHPHQWRIEXVLQHVVDFWLYLWLHVLQ/'&V -DSDQ KDV LQFUHDVHG LWV RIILFLDO GHYHORSPHQW DVVLVWDQFH 2'$  VLQFH
WKH V DQG ZDV WKH ZRUOGµV ODUJHVW GRQRU FRXQWU\ IURP  WR 
7KH FRXQWU\¶V 2'$ EXGJHW KDV GHFOLQHG RYHU WKH ODVW WZR GHFDGHV GXH WR
LWV VHYHUH HFRQRPLF DQG ILVFDO VLWXDWLRQ -DSDQ FXUUHQWO\ UDQNV ILIWK DPRQJWKHGRQRUFRXQWULHV )LJXUH 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRPDQG )UDQFH KDYH JUDGXDOO\ LQFUHDVHG WKHLU 2'$ EXGJHWV VLQFH  HYHQDIWHUWKHJOREDOILQDQFLDOFULVLVLQ,QWHUPVRI2'$*1, *URVV1DWLRQDO,QFRPH UDWLRV-DSDQ¶V2'$DVDVKDUHRI*1,ZDVLQUDQNLQJWK DPRQJ  PHPEHU FRXQWULHV RI 2(&'¶V 'HYHORSPHQW $VVLVWDQFH&RPPLWWHH '$&  )LJXUH -DSDQVKRXOGIXUWKHUHQKDQFHLWVGHYHORS
ment aid efforts, thereby contributing to global partnerships. While addressing
JOREDOSUREOHPVLQGLFDWHGLQWKH6'*VLQFOXGLQJSRYHUW\DQGFOLPDWHFKDQJHWKURXJKYDULRXVPHWKRGVLQFUHDVLQJWKH2'$EXGJHWUHPDLQVRIYLWDOLPSRUWDQFH WR WKH OHDVW GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV /'&V  WKDW DUH PRVW GHSHQGDQW RQ
external assistance. It will also contribute to the maintenance of international
peace and security by addressing the root causes of conflicts and terrorism.
:KLOH2'$QRZDFFRXQWVIRUMXVWRIWRWDOLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVRXUFHIORZVLQWR
developing countries, it plays as vital a role as ever, in that it is the main international public resource that can be explicitly dedicated to poverty reduction.
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGIRUHLJQGLUHFWLQYHVWPHQW )', LVSOD\LQJDVLJQLILFDQWUROH
LQFRXQWULHVZLWKKLJKHULQFRPHV-DSDQVKRXOGHQFRXUDJHJUHDWHU)',IORZV
to its development aid recipient countries, by providing the necessary support
DQGLQFHQWLYHVWR-DSDQ¶VSULYDWHVHFWRU

Figure 9.2-2 ODA - USD billion (2014)
6RXUFH2(&'³2IILFLDO'HYHORSPHQW$VVLVWDQFH´(JPY 100 million)(Number of projects)

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142014 Number of registered projects
2014 Value of the projects

Figure 9.2-3 ODA as per cent of GNI: DAC members (2014)
6RXUFH2(&'³2IILFLDO'HYHORSPHQW$VVLVWDQFH´

Figure 9.2-1 Number and value of PFI projects
6RXUFH$XWKRU¶VRZQHODERUDWLRQEDVHGRQGDWDIURP³&XUUHQWVWDWXVRI3),´&DELQHW2IILFH 45

Targets for issues related to governance$'Introduce an institution to ensure policy coherence
UHJDUGLQJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V%'

Provide necessary support to local governments for
WKHLULPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V

C'

Establish a mechanism where further discussion withYDULRXV VWDNHKROGHUV RQ WKHVH ³3UHVFULSWLRQV´ FDQ EH
enhanced.

''

Promote partnerships across public and private sectors
and secure the funding for effective policy implementation.

E'

Establish indicators to monitor implementation of
SROLFLHVLQGLFDWHGLQWKHVH³3UHVFULSWLRQV´a*Provide support to developing countries in their implePHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 6'*V LQFOXGLQJ LQVWLWXWLRQEXLOGLQJ
and statistical capacity building.

b*

7DNH WKH LQLWLDWLYH LQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 6'*V DW
both global and regional levels, as well as follow-up
and review processes.

c*'LVVHPLQDWH -DSDQ¶V H[SHUWLVH DQG WHFKQRORJLHV WR
VXSSRUWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*V$'

6HFXUH EXGJHWV IRU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 6'*V WKDW
require cross-sectoral policies.

%'

Enhance multi-sector partnerships, thereby promoting
business, investment, innovation, and the necessaryfinancial resources.

a*

Provide support to developing countries for their implePHQWDWLRQRIWKH6'*Vbimplementation *Enhance multi-sector partnerships, thereby promoting
business, investment, innovation, and mobilisation offinances.

Prescription
9.1: Establish
institutions for
implementationof the SDGs

Prescription
9.2: Mobilise
finances forof the SDGsc*

Enhance multilateral and bilateral financial support
DLPHG DW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 6'*V DQG WKHLU
follow-up and review.

d*$FKLHYH WKH WDUJHW RI  RI 2'$*1, WR GHYHORS
LQJFRXQWULHVDQGWRRI2'$*1,WR/'&V
6'* ' 'RPHVWLF7DUJHWV* &RQWULEXWLRQWR*OREDO7DUJHWV

46

Related UN SDGs

Notes1.

UN (2015a) Transforming Our World The 2030 $genda for 6ustainable 'evelopment. United Nations.

2.

UN (2015b) *lobal 6ustainable 'evelopment Report (2015 edition)
https//sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/158*6'R%202015%20$dvance%20Unedited%209ersion.pdf

3.

Ministry of Ecology, 6ustainable 'evelopment and Energy, Republic of )rance, http//www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/

4.

Ministry for 6ustainable 'evelopment, Environment and Climate Change, Republic of Malta,
https//www.gov.mt/en/*overnment/*overnment%20of%20Malta/Ministries%20and%20Entities/Pages/sus-dev,-env-and-climate-change-portfolio.aspx

5.

Ministry for 6ustainable 'evelopment and Infrastructure, *rand 'uchy of /uxembourg,http//www.guichet.public.lu/entreprises/en/organismes/ministere-dev-durable-infrastructures/index.html

6.

%äckstrand, K. (2006) 'emocrati]ing *lobal Environmental *overnance" 6takeholder 'emocracy after the World 6ummit on 6ustainable 'evelopment, European -ournal of International Relations 12 (4) 46-498.

.

Partnership for 6'*s, Partnerships engagement for the 6ustainable 'evelopment *oals https//sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnerships

8.

Cabinet Office (2015)「P)Iの現状について」( Current status of P)I ) http//www8.cao.go.jp/pfi/150508_pfi_genjyou.pdf

9.

-apan International Cooperation $gency (-IC$) (2015)「国際協力機構年次報告書2015」( $nnual Report 2015 )http//www.jica.go.jp/about/report/2015/index.html

10. OEC', Official 'evelopment $ssistance 2014 http//www.compareyourcountry.org/oda"lg en(N%：$ll websites retrieved in 'ecember 2015)47

List of prescriptions
containing an “X”
Some of the prescriptions include the variable “X” as the target (“X%”, “X people”,
etc.) instead of precise numbers. This could be because of the absence of
medium-term national policies or plans to 2030, or because the government has
yet to define the country’s relevant targets, taking global trends into account. The
following section contains the list of such targets that will require further discussion
taking into account Japan’s roles and responsibilities, after which appropriate
targets should be decided. Prescriptions on “governance” could serve as useful
guidelines for how to proceed with future discussion on the matter.

Prescription number
A

Reduce the relative poverty rate (especially among children) to X % or less by 2030.

B

Decrease the number of part-time workers to less than 1.24 million by 2020 from 2.17 million in 2003, whileaiming to reduce it to X by the year 2030.

C

Increase the propotion of women returning to their jobs after their first child birth from the current figure of 38%
to 55% by 2020, and aim to increase it to X% by 2030.

D

Reduce the child poverty rate up to X% or less by 2030.

A

Reduce the use of chemical fertiliser and pesticide per hectare to below X% by 2030.

B

Increase the number of certified “eco-Farmers” to X by 2030.

C

Increase organic farming’s share of farmland to at least 1.0% by 2018, and to X% by 2030.

D

Reduce the amount of antibiotics used for growth promotion in the animal husbandry sector by X% by 2030.

E

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector by X% by 2030.

2.2

C

By 2030, reduce food loss per capita by 50% or X% at both the retail and consumer levels.

2.3

B

By 2030, develop food supply capability to secure stable food supply of X kcal/person per day, in line with thecurrent consumption patterns.

A

Extend healthy life expectancy by 1 year by 2020 and an additional X years by 2030.

B

Reduce the number of metabolic syndrome sufferers by 25% by 2020, from 2008, and an additional X% by
2030.

C

By 2020, increase to 80% the ratio of having regular medical check-ups, and to X% by 2030.

A

By 2030, reduce the number of suicides per 100,000 by X%.

B

By 2030, reduce the number of deaths from overwork to less than X persons.

A

By 2030, provide the entire population with equal access to quality health care services. By 2025, increase thenumber of nursing care workers to 2.48 million, and to X people by 2030.

B

By year X, prior to 2030, provide free high school education (including private schools).

D

By 2030, increase public expenditures on education to X% of GDP.

A

By 2020, icrease to 73% the employment rate of women 25-44 years of age, and to X% by 2030.

B

By 2020, increase to 55% the ratio of women continue working after the birth of their first child, and to X% by
2030.

C

By 2020, increase to 13% the rate of male employees who take parental leave, and to X% by 2030.

1.1

1.2

2.1

3.1

3.2
3.4
4.1

5.1

F
5.2

A
B

5.3

6.1

C

By 2030, increase to X the number of Violence Counselling and Support Centres in municipalities.

D

By year X, establish appropriate training systems for professionals dealing with GBV, including police, doctors,
nurses, lawyers, counsellors, and teachers.

A

By 2030, reduce the number of deaths and victims from natural disasters to less than X per 100,000 people.

A
6.2
D
A
6.3

By 2030, encourage men to share the burden of housework and childcare so that their partners/wives do not
spend more than X times what men spend on those tasks.
By 2020, raise to 30% women‘s share of leadership positions in businesses and other areas, and to X% by
2030.
By year X, in all prefectures, establish Gender Equality Centres that explicitly declare their ability to provide
support to victims of GBV.

C

By 2018, increase to 78% the share of forests with favourable soil conditions for water-holding capacity, and to
X% by 2030.
By 2020, increase the ratio achieving environmental quality standards (X% for rivers, X% for marine areas,
X% for lakes).
By 2030, raise the awareness level about water sources and drainage to more than X%.
By 2030, increase by X% the number of citizens participating in water quality monitoring, and train X “citizen
scientists” knowledgeable about the local water environment and ecosystems.
To achieve that target, Japan should provide more than X% of international official development assistancespent on water and sanitation.
By 2030, increase primary energy efficiency rate by more than X%/year, to contribute to the global target of
doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency (SDG 7.3).

6.4

b

7.1

A

7.2

A

Increase the share of renewable energy in Japan’s primary energy and final energy up to X% by 2030.

A

By 2020, increase resource productivity to JPY 460,000/ton, and to JPY X/ton by 2030.

B

By 2020, increase the recycling rate to 17%, and to X% by 2030.

C

By 2020, reduce final disposal volume to 17 million tons, and to X tons by 2030.

7.4

49

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): goals and targets
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.5
1.a

1.b

By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25
a day
By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its
dimensions according to national definitions
Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve
substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic
resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance,
natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinanceBy 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability
to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development
cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed
countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gendersensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions

Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainableagriculture
2.1
2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.a

2.b

2.c

By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year roundBy 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting andwasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating
women and older persons
By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women,
indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, otherproductive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and nonfarm employment
By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase
productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change,
extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality
By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and theirrelated wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional
and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization ofgenetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed
Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural researchand extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural
productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries
Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel
elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordancewith the mandate of the Doha Development Round
Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely
access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility

Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
3.1
3.2

50

By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births
By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce
neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000

3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.a
3.b

3.c
3.d

live births
By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis,
water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment
and promote mental health and well-being
Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning,
information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services
and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil
pollution and contamination
Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all
countries, as appropriate
Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicablediseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, inaccordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing
countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all
Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce
in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States
Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction andmanagement of national and global health risks

Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7

4.a
4.b

4.c

By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading
to relevant and effective learning outcomes
By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primaryeducation so that they are ready for primary education
By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary
education, including university
By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical andvocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational
training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations
By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy andnumeracy
By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development,
including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights,
gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and appreciation of cultural
diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent,
inclusive and effective learning environments for all
By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including
vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes,
in developed countries and other developing countries
By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher
training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing States

Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
5.1

End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

51

5.2
5.3
5.4

5.5
5.6

5.a

5.b
5.c

Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking andsexual and other types of exploitation
Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation
Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure andsocial protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationallyappropriate
Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making
in political, economic and public life
Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with theProgramme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for
Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences
Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control overland and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with nationallaws
Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote theempowerment of women
Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and theempowerment of all women and girls at all levels

Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
6.1
6.2
6.3

6.4
6.5
6.6
6.a

6.b

By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying
special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling andsafe reuse globally
By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supplyof freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity
By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation
as appropriate
By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers andlakes
By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- andsanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater
treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management

Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.a

7.b

By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including
renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment inenergy infrastructure and clean energy technology
By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for
all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked
developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support

Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
8.1
8.2

52

Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per centgross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries
Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including

8.3

8.4

8.5
8.6
8.7

8.8
8.9
8.10
8.a
8.b

through a focus on high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship,
creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises,
including through access to financial services
Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour todecouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programmes
on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead
By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people
and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value
By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training
Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking andsecure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers,and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, inparticular women migrants, and those in precarious employment
By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture
and products
Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance andfinancial services for all
Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the
Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries
By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of theInternational Labour Organization

Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization andfoster innovation
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

9.5

9.a

9.b
9.c

Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, tosupport economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all
Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment andgross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries
Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial
services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets
By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency
and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries
taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities
Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particulardeveloping countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of researchand development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending
Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial,technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries
and small island developing States
Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a
conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities
Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal andaffordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020

Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
10.1

By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher
than the national average
10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability,
race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies andpractices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard
10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality53

10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation ofsuch regulations
10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic
and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions
10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementationof planned and well-managed migration policies
10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed
countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements
10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where
the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States andlandlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes
10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors
with costs higher than 5 per centGoal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
11.1
11.2

11.3
11.4
11.5

11.6
11.7
11.a
11.b

11.c

By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums
By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving roadsafety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations,
women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainablehuman settlement planning and management in all countries
Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease thedirect economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters,with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air
quality and municipal and other waste management
By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for womenand children, older persons and persons with disabilities
Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening
national and regional development planning
By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated
policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience todisasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030,
holistic disaster risk management at all levels
Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable andresilient buildings utilizing local materials

Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
12.1

12.2
12.3
12.4

12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8

54

Implement the 10-year framework of programmes on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking
action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing
countries
By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production
and supply chains, including post-harvest losses
By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in
accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in orderto minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment
By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integratesustainability information into their reporting cycle
Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities
By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development
and lifestyles in harmony with nature

12.a
12.b
12.c

Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable
patterns of consumption and production
Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs andpromotes local culture and products
Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, inaccordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies,
where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions ofdeveloping countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects thepoor and the affected communities

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts*
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation,
impact reduction and early warning
13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needsof developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully
operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible
13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least
developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized
communities* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international,
intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
14.1

By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including
marine debris and nutrient pollution
14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including
by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive
fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time
feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics
14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law andbased on the best available scientific information
14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate
subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies,
recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed
countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation 1
14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from thesustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism
14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account theIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in orderto improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing
countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries
14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets
14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law asreflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and theirUHVRXUFHVDVUHFDOOHGLQSDUDJUDSKRIெ7KH)XWXUH:H:DQW´
1Taking into account ongoing World Trade Organization negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda and the Hong Kong
ministerial mandate.

55

Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation andhalt biodiversity loss
15.1

15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
15.a
15.b
15.c

By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems
and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international
agreements
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore
degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought andfloods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance theircapacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development
Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by
2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species
Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote
appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed
Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demandand supply of illegal wildlife products
By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species
on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty
reduction strategies and accounts
Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity
and ecosystems
Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide
adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation
Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing thecapacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities

Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at
all levels
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4

Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children
Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all
By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets andcombat all forms of organized crime
16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms
16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels
16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation andinternational agreements
16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels,in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime
16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development

Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership forsustainable development
Finance17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improvedomestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection
17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment56

by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to
0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target toprovide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries
17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources
17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering
debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor
countries to reduce debt distress17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries
Technology
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science,technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved
coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology
facilitation mechanism
17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing
countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed
17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least
developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications
technology
Capacity-building
17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries tosupport national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, SouthSouth and triangular cooperationTrade
17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World
Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda
17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed
countries’ share of global exports by 2020
17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed
countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin
applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market
accessSystemic issues
Policy and institutional coherence
17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence
17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication andsustainable development
Multi-stakeholder partnerships
17.16 Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships thatmobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of thesustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries
17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience andresourcing strategies of partnerships
Data, monitoring and accountability
17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small
island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregatedby income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics
relevant in national contexts
17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement
gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries(United Nations Resolution A/RES/70/1 Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)57

Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude to numerous experts who provided their comments and advice based on their expertise during thecourse of our work for the publication of “Prescriptions for effective implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Japan”. In
particular, we would like to thank Mr. Masaki Inaba (Ugoku/Ugokasu), Professor Taikan Oki (University of Tokyo), Professor Kazuo Kuroda(Waseda University), Ms. Kaori Kuroda (CSO Network Japan), Professor Akio Takayanagi (Ferris University), Professor Ikufumi Tomimoto(Yamaguchi University), Dr. Shuzo Nishioka (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies), and Dr Yasuaki Hijioka (National Institute forEnvironmental Studies ), for sharing their ideas and thoughts with us. We would also like to thank numerous experts from Beyond MDGs
Japan, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, who provided us with much appreciated insights
and expertise, from which our work has greatly benefitted.

POST 2015 (S-11), “Prescriptions for effective implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Japan”,
POST 2015 Report, 2016

(January 2016)
58

Project Member

Project On Sustainability Transformation beyond 2015

Advisory Board

S-11-2 SDGs in terms of planetary well-being
Shuzo Nishioka

Institute for Global Environmental Strategy

Kaori Kuroda

CSO Network Japan

Ikufumi Tomimoto

Yamaguchi University

Kazuhiro Ueta

Kyoto University

Theme Leader

Sub Theme Leader

S-11-1 Integrating goals and governance towards sustainability
transformation
Project Leader/
Theme Leader

Norichika Kanie

Keio University

Project Manager

Mari Kosaka

Keio University

Sub Theme Leader

Sub Theme Leader

Sub Theme Leader

Sub Theme Leader

Shunsuke Managi

Kyushu University

Hiroki Nakamura

Kyushu University

Tetsuya Tamaki

Kyushu University

Masachika Suzuki

Sophia University

Kazuhiro Ikeda

Japan Women’s University

Takayoshi Kusago

Kansai University

Keishiro Hara

Osaka University

Michinori Uwasu

Osaka University

Seiji Hashimoto

Ritsumeikan University

Koji Amano

Ritsumeikan University

Hanako Umezawa

Keio University

Koji Shimada

Ritsumeikan University

Maki Koga

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Naoki Yoshikawa

Ritsumeikan University

Yui Nakagawa

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Yuka Hayakawa

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Yuko Motoki

Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc.

Aya Naito

Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc.

Frank Biermann

Utrecht University, andEarth System Governance Project

Oran YoungThe University of Carifornia Santa BarbaraPeter Haas

The University of Massachusetts Amherst

Arild Underdal

The University of Oslo

Steinar Andresen

Fridtjof Nansens InstituttMåns Nilsson

Stockholm Environment Institute

Joyeeta Gupta

The University of Amsterdam

Steven Berenstein

The University of Toronto

Marc Levy

Columbia University

Marcel Kok

PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment
AgencyLászló Pintér

The Central European University

Dora Almassy

The Central European University

Laurence Tubiana

Sciences Po Paris

Tancrède Voituriez

Sciences Po Paris

Ruben Zondervan

Earth System Governance Project, andLund University

Lynn Wagner

International Institute for Sustainable
Development (Canada)

Pamela Chasek

International Institute for Sustainable
Development (Canada)

Faye Leone

International Institute for Sustainable
Development (Canada)

Kate Offerdahl

International Institute for Sustainable
Development (Canada)

Sub Theme Leader

Shinsuke Murakami

The University of Tokyo

Ichiro Daigo

The University of Tokyo

S-11-3 SDGs in terms of human well-being
Theme Leader

Yuto Kitamura

The University of Tokyo

Mikiko NishimuraInternational Christian University

Mark Langager

International Christian University

Masahisa Sato

Tokyo City University

Jun Kawaguchi

Osaka University

Brent Edwards

Drexel University

Makiko Hayashi

The University of Tokyo

Eri Yamazaki

The University of Tokyo

Taeko Okitsu

The University of Tokyo

Eriko Yagi

The University of Tokyo

Takayo Ogisu

Nagoya University

James Williams

George Washington University

Sub Theme Leader

Taro Yamamoto

Nagasaki University

Sub Theme Leader

Hidefumi Kasuga

Kansai University

Sub Theme Leader

Masaru Yarime

The University of TokyoAli Kharrazi

The University of Tokyo

S-11-4 Governance and SDGs
Theme Leader

Sub Theme Leader

Hideyuki Mori

Institute for Global Environmental Strategy

Eric Zusman

Institute for Global Environmental Strategy

Tetsuro Yoshida

Institute for Global Environmental Strategy

Simon Olsen

Institute for Global Environmental Strategy

Ikuho Miyazawa

Institute for Global Environmental Strategy

Takahiro Yamada

United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability

Naoya Abe

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Andante Hadi
Pandyaswargo

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Robert Lindner

United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability

Yunus Fransiscus

The University of Surabaya

Casey Stevens

United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability

Norichika Kanie

United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability

Hanako Umezawa

United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability

Yui Nakagawa

United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability

George William C.
Hong

De La Salle University

Tomoki Ehara

E-konzal

Yuki Ochi

E-konzal

Minoru Yoshikawa

Mizuho Information & Research Institute, Inc.

Yasuko Kameyama

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Tomohiro Tasaki

National Institute for Environmental Studies

Sub Theme Leader

Sub Theme Leader

Hikaru Kobayashi

Keio University

Yingjiu Bai

Keio University

Kanako Morita

Keio University

Noriko Shimizu

Institute for Global Environmental Strategy

Akihisa Mori

Kyoto University

As of June 2015