https://doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2022008

https://www.innovationforever.com

Journal ofModern Nursing Practice and Research
Open Access

ISSN 2708-2202 (Online)

Research Article
Effects of the Humanized Nursing Model in Obstetric Nursing Based on the Use andGratification Theory
Lizhen Luo1, Jinjin Liu1*
1

The Obstetrics Department, Shiyan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shiyan, China*

Corresponding to: Jinjin Liu, Bachelor, the Obstetrics Department, Shiyan Maternal and Child HealthHospital, No. 9 Kaixuan Avenue, Zhangwan District, Shiyan City 442000, China; Email: 644615055@
qq.comReceived: May 25, 2022 Revised: June 27, 2022 Accepted: July 20, 2022 Published: September 15, 2022

Abstract
Objective: To explore the application effect of the humanized nursing model in obstetric nursing based on
the use and gratification theory.
Methods: A total of 148 parturients who were hospitalized in the Obstetrics Department of our hospitalfrom January 2018 to January 2020 were selected as the study subjects. The parturients were then divided
into 2 groups, the study group and the control group, based on the order of maternal admission in a ratioof 1:1. Routine obstetric nursing was implemented for patients in the control group. For patients in the
study group, an analysis of their needs for humanized care based on the use and gratification theory was
performed and a humanized nursing model was constructed. The Edinburgh postnatal depression scale(EPDS), general self-efficacy scale (GSES-C32), and Berlin social support scale (SSS) were used to assessthe depression, self-efficacy and social support of patients in the two groups before and after nursing. The
pregnancy outcomes and nursing satisfaction of patients in the two groups were also compared.
Results: There was no significant difference in the EPDS scores between patients from the two groups
before nursing (P>0.05). There was a significant reduction in the EPDS scores of patients from bothgroups after nursing, with greater reductions seen in patients from the study group than their counterpartsin the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total efficiency expectation (EE-16),
outcome expectation (OE-16) and GSES-C32 scores between patients from the two groups before nursing(P>0.05). After treatment, there was a significant increase in these parameters in patients from both groups,
with the increase being more pronounced in the study group than the control group (P<0.05). There wasno significant difference in the utilization of subjective support, objective support, social support and total
scores between the two groups before nursing (P>0.05). After nursing, there was a significant increase in
the utilization of subjective support, objective support, social support and total scores in patients from bothgroups. The increase was more pronounced in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). The
rates of cesarean deliveries, neonatal asphyxia and postpartum hemorrhage of patients in the study groupwere lower than those of patients in the control group (P<0.05). The rate of nursing satisfaction in the
study group was 97.30%, significantly higher than that of 86.49% seen in the control group (P<0.05).
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This open-access article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.

1/7

J Mod Nurs Pract Res 2022; 2(3): 8

https://doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2022008

Conclusion: The humanized nursing model in obstetric nursing based on the use and gratification theory
is a reliable strategy in obstetric nursing. It can reduce postpartum anxiety and depression, enhance selfefficacy and social support, improve pregnancy outcomes and increase nursing satisfaction.
Keywords: use and gratification theory, humanized, nursing model, obstetrics, parturients, effect
Citation: Luo L, Liu J. Effects of the Humanized Nursing Model in Obstetric Nursing Based on the Use and Gratification Theory.
J Mod Nurs Pract Res, 2022; 2(3): 8. DOI: 10.53964/jmnpr.2022008.

1 INTRODUCTION
Puerperium (defined as the time from delivery of theplacenta to return of the uterus to its normal pre-pregnancy
size, usually 6 weeks) and childbirth are inevitable links
in maternal life. During labor, women often experience
severe pain. This is especially true for primiparas (women
who are giving birth for the first time). Due to their lackof awareness of childbirth or difficulty in adapting to themother’s role, they usually experience a series of negative
emotions such as tension, anxiety and depression[1]. In
addition, fetal movement and weight-bearing cause increases
in blood pressure and heart rate, and may also induce sleep
disorders. This in turn causes patients to be poorly compliant
to treatment. Negative emotions may also lead to postpartum
uterine contractions, increased rates of cesarean delivery andrisk of childbirth[2,3]. Current routine obstetric care in healthcenters ignores maternal needs and emotions, thus hindering
pregnancy outcomes[4]. Following the rapid developmentof the Internet that has occurred in recent years, the use andgratification theory has gradually been applied in nursing
and medical fields as a new method of solving problems.
The use and gratification theory was proposed by theAmerican scholar Katz. It is based on the needs and desiresof individuals to use the media in a social environment andobtain satisfaction from these needs[5]. It emphasizes on
the individual’s initiative to change the individual’s active
behavioral pattern[6]. With the transformation of modern
nursing modes, people are no longer satisfied with routine
basic nursing. Humanized nursing has become a new trend
in the development of modern nursing modes. It can improvenurses’ awareness of active service and provide patients withthe best quality nursing services[7,8]. Therefore, it is imperative
to clinically explore more precise, optimized and humanizednursing interventions.
In the past, there was a paucity of studies reporting on
the effect of the humanized nursing model based on the use
and gratification theory in obstetric nursing. Therefore, thisstudy attempts to compare the efficacy of routine obstetricnursing and the humanized nursing model based on use andgratification theory in obstetric nursing.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Participants
A total of 148 patients admitted to the obstetrics

Innovation Forever Publishing Group

2/7

department of our hospital from January 2018 to January
2020 were included in this study. A random number
table was established using SPSS23.0 software, and theparticipants were randomly assigned into two groups.
Before enrollment, the study obtained the informed consent
of the patients, and the study protocol was approvedby the Hospital Ethics Committee (grant number: ESXDE20180103), and all procedures were in compliancewith the ethical guidelines outlined in the Declaration of
Helsinki.
Inclusion criteria: (1) Primipara with singleton pregnancies who received examination at our hospital on aregular basis; (2) Patients with complete clinical data; and (3)Patients who provided informed consent.
Exclusion criteria: (1) Patients with vital organ
dysfunction e.g. heart, liver, kidney, lung, etc.; (2) Patientswith severe pregnancy and labor complications; (3) Patientswith coagulation disorders and indications for cesareandelivery; and (4) Patients with lallopathy, cognitive
disorders or mental disorders.
Termination criteria: (1) Subjects that experienced
serious adverse reactions or complications during thestudy, or whose condition worsened; (2) Subjects who quit
the study voluntarily; and (3) Subjects who underwent
other treatment methods during the study period. Upon
termination, a case would not be included in the statistics,
and other subjects would be included.
According to the order of maternal admission, patientswere divided into a study group and a control group, with
74 cases in each group. Patients in the control group wereaged between 20 and 36 years old, with an average of(28.37±5.24) years. The gestational week was between
36 and 40 weeks, with an average of (39.21±2.53) weeks.
The body mass index (BMI) was between 23.12 and28.25kg/m2, with an average BMI of (25.46±2.38)kg/m2.
Educational background: 21 cases of junior middle schoolor below, 25 cases of senior high school level, 28 cases ofjunior college, college or above. Patients in study groupwere aged between 21 and 38 years old, with an averageof (28.80±5.30) years. The gestational age was between 37
and 41 weeks, with an average of (39.14±2.46) weeks. The

J Mod Nurs Pract Res 2022; 2(3): 8

https://doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2022008
BMI was between 23.09 and 28.27kg/m2, with an averageof (25.50±2.37)kg/m2. Educational background: 19 cases ofjunior middle school or below, 26 cases of senior high school,
29 cases of junior college, college or above. The baseline dataof patients in the two groups was balanced.
2.2 Methods
Patients in the control group received routine obstetriccare. This included monitoring of maternal vital signs before
delivery to understand the general condition of the expectant
mothers. The patients were also taught how to take deep
breaths and maintain a comfortable position during delivery,
and were also provided with guidance on neonatal care after
delivery or discharge. Out-of-hospital rehabilitation manuals
were distributed, and the new mothers were reminded tocome for their reviews on time.
Patients in the study group received a humanized nursing
model based on the use and gratification theory. The patients
received a questionnaire on humanized nursing needs that
included prevention of prenatal and postpartum depression,
postpartum uterine and wound recovery, neonatal care,breastfeeding, postpartum nutrition and postpartum exercise.
According to the results of the survey and maternal needs,
a humanized nursing model was established. (1) Mental
nursing: Since the women are primiparas, they may bear arelatively heavy psychological burden and easily experienceanxiety and depression before and after childbirth. Therefore,
nursing staff should pay due attention to the parturients’mental health and enhance communication with them, so as
to learn about their worries and help them to build a goodmindset. Nursing staff should also communicate with theparturients’ family members to obtain more knowledge
about the parturients’ condition. Family members may also
take part in the mental nursing for parturients. (2) Healtheducation: Due to the lack of knowledge about childbirthand labor pain in primiparas, it is easy for them to develop
negative emotions. Doctors and nurses should improve thepatients’ knowledge and understanding of the process ofchildbirth, and strengthen nursing interventions throughhealth education applicable to primiparas. (3) Physiologicalcare: The nursing staff should ensure that the soon to bemother maintains a positive and enthusiastic attitude before
entering the delivery room. She must be informed about theadvantages and disadvantages vaginal delivery and cesarean
section. She must also be taught how to mitigate the pain
associated with labor. There should be adequate family
and social support for primiparas. In addition, nursing staff
should help mothers familiarize themselves with the layout
and environment of the delivery room. Mothers should
be encouraged to comply with follow-up treatment, andtheir sense of security should be heightened. After delivery,
nursing staff should monitor the mother and newborn in realtime and promptly respond to anything that goes wrong.
Nursing staff should provide individualized nursing careto each mother. It is not a good idea to impart complex

Innovation Forever Publishing Group

3/7

and diverse knowledge to the new mothers, as this tends
to affect their understanding and mastery of childbirth andmotherhood. Relevant content should be compiled in amanual to help mothers and their families understand what
they need to understand. (4) Environmental care: Maternal
recovery is closely related to the external environment. An
appropriate environment that is sterile and well ventilated
must be ensured. (5) Diet and exercise care: After the motheris discharged from the hospital, she can take part in diet andexercise counseling provided by the nursing staff throughplatforms such as WeChat. This allows the new mother tovoice out her feelings, experiences and opinions. Diet andexercise plans should be formulated for the new mothers
to help facilitate the recovery process. Excessive exercise
in the immediate postpartum period should be strongly
discouraged, as it can lead to postpartum injuries. (6) Nursing
staff should visit mothers once a month to learn about theirfamily support, assess their physical and mental state, andguide their recovery.
2.3 Observation Indicators and Efficacy Determination(1) Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS)
scores: The EPDS[9] was used to evaluate the mental stateof parturients in the two groups before and after nursing.
The scale consists of 10 items namely fear, anxiety, mood,insomnia, enjoyment, sadness, self-blame, crying, self-harmand reaction ability. A score of 1,2 or 3 is given if the patient
occasionally, often or always experiences a given feelingrespectively. The highest possible total score is 30. Higherscores indicate greater maternal depression.
(2) General self-efficacy scale (GSES-C32)[9] score:
The GSES-C32 was used to evaluate the self-efficacy forparturients in the two groups before and after nursing. It
included two parallel scales, the EE-16 and the OE-16. These
scales each contain 16 items, and each item is divided into 10
grades. Higher scores indicate higher maternal self-efficacy.
Social support scale (SSS) score: SSS was used tocompare social support for parturients in the two groups
before and after nursing. It comprises subjective support,
objective support and utilization of social support, eachcontaining 10 items. Items are scored on a scale of 1 to 5,
where 1 indicates that the respondent considers the statement
to be completely false, and 5 indicates they consider thestatement completely true. Higher scores indicate more social
support.
(1) Pregnancy outcomes: Pregnancy outcomes mainly
included the rate of cesarean deliveries, neonatal asphyxia
and 2-hour postpartum hemorrhage volume.
(2) Nursing satisfaction: A satisfaction scale preparedby our hospital was used to evaluate the satisfaction of theparturients with nursing. The evaluation mainly covered
communication skills, service attitude, nursing skills, health

J Mod Nurs Pract Res 2022; 2(3): 8

https://doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2022008
education and humanistic care, with total score of 100. A total
score of greater than 80 was considered to be satisfactory,
that of 60-80 was considered to be relatively satisfactory, andthat below 60 was considered to be unsatisfactory. Higherscores indicated better satisfaction. The total satisfaction rate
was worked out using the formula: (Satisfactory + relatively
satisfactory) / total number of cases ×100%.

subjective support, objective support, social support and total
scores between the two groups before nursing (P>0.05). Afternursing, there was a significant increase in the utilization ofsubjective support, objective support, social support and total
scores in patients from both groups. The increase was more
pronounced in the study group than in the control group(P<0.05). See Table 3 for details.

2.4 Statistical Analysis
The study data was analyzed and processed using
the SPSS 18.0 software. Measurement data was tested
by Shapiro-Wilk line for normal distribution. Normally
distributed measurement data was expressed as mean ±standard deviation. The independent samples t test was used
for homogeneity of variance, and the independent samples
t test was used for unequal variance. The paired samples
t test was used for comparison before and after treatment
within a given group. The enumeration data was described
as a percentage (%) and processed with the Chi-square test.
Statistical significance was assumed at P<0.05.

3.4 Comparison of Pregnancy Outcomes
The rates of cesarean deliveries, neonatal asphyxia andpostpartum hemorrhage of patients in the study group werelower than those of patients in the control group (P<0.05).
See Table 3 and Figure 3 for details.

3 RESULTS
3.1 Comparison of EPDS Scores
There was no significant difference in the EPDS scores
between patients from the two groups before nursing(P>0.05). There was a significant reduction in the EPDS
scores of patients from both groups after nursing, with greater
reductions seen in patients from the study group than theircounterparts in the control group (P<0.05). See Figure 1 fordetails.
3.2 Comparison of GSES-C32 Scores
There was no significant difference in the total EE-16,
OE-16 and GSES-C32 scores between patients from the twogroups before nursing (P>0.05). After treatment, there wasa significant increase in these parameters in patients fromboth groups, with the increase being more pronounced in the
study group than the control group (P<0.05). See Table 1 andFigure 2 for details.

3.5 Comparison of Nursing Satisfaction between the TwoGroups
The rate of nursing satisfaction in the study group was
97.30%, significantly higher than that of 86.49% seen in thecontrol group (P<0.05). See Table 4 for details.
4 DISCUSSION
Most mothers experience changes in their psychologicalstatus and social roles during pregnancy and childbirth.
This is especially true for primiparas, who have to bear
the pressures of family life, physical discomfort, hormone
secretion and social influence[6]. Relevant studies haveshown that the incidence of postpartum depression in foreigncountries is 3.5%-33%, while the incidence of postpartum
depression in China is 4.5%-20%[10,11]. Some maternal
stress factors in the prenatal period may affect normaldelivery, prolong the delivery process and affect pregnancy
outcomes[12]. Routine obstetric care solely focuses on the
distribution and promotion of oral and rehabilitation manuals.
However, it lacks humanistic care. Therefore, it is imperativethat effective nursing intervention and health education is
implemented for pregnant women[13,14].

3.3 Comparison of SSS Scores
There was no significant difference in the utilization of

The results of the study showed that the EPDS score ofpatients in the study group after nursing was lower thanthat of those in the control group. This indicates that theapplication of the humanized nursing model based on
the use and gratification theory can effectively reduce

Figure 1. Comparison of EPDS scores of the two groupsof parturients before and after nursing.

Figure 2. Comparison of total GSES-32 scores of the twogroups before and after nursing.

Innovation Forever Publishing Group

4/7

J Mod Nurs Pract Res 2022; 2(3): 8

https://doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2022008
Table 1 Comparison of Self-efficacy Scores between the Two Groups Before and After Nursing (Score, mean±SD)
EE-16

Group

OE-16

GSES-C32

Before Nursing

After Nursing

Before Nursing

After Nursing

Before Nursing

After Nursing

Study group (n=74)

96.33±17.68

126.34±20.37a

94.09±16.35

127.40±21.03 a

189.34±23.56

287.13±25.30 aControl group(n=74)

96.37±17.57

113.86±18.71 a

94.21±16.43

114.54±18.42 a

190.12±23.48

235.09±24.11 a

t

0.014

3.881

0.044

3.957

0.202

12.810P

0.989<0.001

0.964<0.0010.840<0.001

Notes: aP<0.05 vs. the situation before nursing in the same group.
Table 2. Comparison of SSS Scores between the Two Groups Before and After Nursing
Subjective Support

Objective Support

Utilization of Social Support

Total ScoreGroup

BeforeNursing

After
Nursing

BeforeNursing

After
Nursing

BeforeNursing

After
Nursing

BeforeNursing

After
Nursing

Study group(n=74)

17.16±2.5626.48±3.05a

9.52±1.47

13.34±1.75a

5.37±2.03

9.85±2.63 a

31.16±5.3149.15±5.76 aControl group(n=74)

17.20±2.58

21.56±2.79 a

9.48±1.46

11.28±1.67 a

5.40±2.06

7.21±2.26 a

31.22±5.29

41.44±5.43 a

t

0.095

10.240

0.166

7.326

0.089

6.549

0.069

8.379

P

0.870

<0.0010.970<0.001

0.985<0.001

0.975<0.001

Notes: aP<0.05 vs. the situation before nursing in the same group.
Table 3. Comparison of Pregnancy Outcomes between the Two Groups (n, %)Group

Cesarean Deliveries

Neonatal Asphyxia

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Study group (n=74)

3 (4.05)

0 (0.00)

4 (5.41)

Control group (n=74)

12 (16.22)

3 (4.05)

13 (17.57)

2

χ

6.009

5.895

5.383

P

0.014

0.015

0.020

Figure 3. Comparison of pregnancy outcomes between the two groups.

postpartum depression. It emphasizes the leading role andsubjective initiative of the client in the service process, andformulates corresponding nursing measures according to
the needs of the client. Humanized nursing models shouldbe established with the needs of the expectant mothers inmind[15]. This is consistent with the findings of Li[16] andInnovation Forever Publishing Group

5/7

Medeiros et al[17]. This study investigated maternal needs
for humane care, women’s perception of childbirth, usageof knowledge and information, and how women use themedia. A nursing program was then developed on this basis.
In the plan, health education is disseminated according to
the needs and interests of the patients. This nursing model

J Mod Nurs Pract Res 2022; 2(3): 8

https://doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2022008
Table 4. Comparison of Nursing Satisfaction between the Two Groups (n, %)Group

Satisfactory

Relatively Satisfactory

Unsatisfactory

Total Satisfaction Rate

Study group (n=74)

58 (77.42)

Control group (n=74)

30 (38.71)

14 (19.35)

2 (2.70)

72 (97.30)

34 (45.16)

10 (13.51)

64 (86.49)

2

χ

5.804

P

0.016

helps mothers to actively learn about postpartum recovery
and reduce postpartum depression.
Primiparas often face various problems during thepuerperal period due to lack of experience, knowledge andlimited ability to take care of themselves. This is anything
but conducive to the growth and development of neonates.
It also affects postpartum recovery and reduces selfefficacy[18,19]. The study results showed that after nursing,
the total EE-16, OE-16 and GSES-C32 scores of patients inboth groups increased significantly. However, the increase
was more pronounced in the study group than the control
group. This suggests that the combination of the humanizednursing model and the use and gratification theory caneffectively improve maternal self-efficacy. The humanizednursing model and the use and gratification theory are basedon the needs of the expectant mothers. Through enhanced
communication with expectant mothers, nursing staff can
get a better understanding of their psychological state of andhelp them establish a positive attitude towards pregnancy
and childbirth. Through strengthened nursing interventions,nursing staff can improve patients’ knowledge, explain
the advantages and disadvantages of labor, and explain
the differences between vaginal and cesarian delivery.
They can also educate primiparas on how to mitigate thepain associated with labor and enhance family and social
support[20]. Nursing staff should help mothers familiarize
themselves with the layout and environment of the delivery
room to prevent them from rejecting follow-up treatment
and to enhance their sense of security[21].
The results also showed that the subjective support,
objective support, social support utilization rate and total
score of patients in both groups improved significantly afternursing. A much greater improvement was seen in the study
group than in the control group. This suggests that thismodel can effectively increase social support for mothers.
Relevant clinical studies have shown that the applicationof a humanized nursing model can significantly improvematernal compliance, reduce the incidence of adverse
events in the postpartum period, and improve nursing
satisfaction[22]. Studies have shown[23] that most mothers
experience adverse events such as increased blood pressure,increased heart rate and sleep disturbance due to negative
emotions, all of which may be unfavorable for childbirth.
The results showed that the rate of cesarean deliveries,
neonatal asphyxia and postpartum hemorrhage among

Innovation Forever Publishing Group

6/7

patients in the study group were lower than those of patientsin the control group. Also, the rate of nursing satisfactionof patients in the study group was significantly higher thanthat of patients in the control group. These two findings
suggest that the humanized nursing model based on the use
and gratification theory can improve pregnancy outcomes
and improve nursing satisfaction.
It must be stated that this study has limitations of its own,
namely the small sample size, short observation period andlack of long-term follow-up. It is hoped that future studies
with larger sample sizes, longer observation periods andlong-term follow-up may be carried out to arrive at moreaccurate and definite conclusions.
5 CONCLUSION
The humanized nursing model in obstetric nursing
based on the use and gratification theory is a reliablestrategy in obstetric nursing. It can reduce postpartum
anxiety and depression, enhance self-efficacy and social
support, improve pregnancy outcomes and increase nursing
satisfaction. It has created a new concept for the care ofobstetric patients. It is hoped that more health personnel
can promote and apply this nursing model in the course ofhealthcare provision.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declared to have no conflict of interest.
Author Contribution
Both authors contributed to the manuscript and approved
the final version.
Abbreviation List
BMI, Body mass index
BSSS, Berlin social support scale
EE-16, Efficiency expectation
EPDS, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale
GSES-C32, General self-efficacy scale
OE-16, Outcome expectation
SSS, Social support scale
References[1]

Uguz F, Gezginc K, Korucu DG et al. Are major depression and

J Mod Nurs Pract Res 2022; 2(3): 8

https://doi.org/10.53964/jmnpr.2022008

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

generalized anxiety disorder associated with oligohydramnios inpregnant women? A case-control study. Perspect Psychiatr C,
2017; 53: 275-279. DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12174
Kim BN, Kwon SM. Initial Psychometric properties of the
korean altman self-rating mania scale: Preliminary validation
study in a non-clinical sample. Psychiat Invest, 2017; 14: 562567. DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.5.562
Sunnqvist C, Sjöström K, Finnbogadóttir H. Depressive
symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum in women anduse of antidepressant treatment-a longitudinal cohort study. Int
J Women’s Health, 2019; 11: 109-117. DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.
S185930
Rehman B, Ahmad J, Rashid K et al. An epidemiological study
to assess the mental health status of pregnant women in a tertiarycare hospital, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Int J Reprod
Contracept Obstet Gynecol, 2017; 6: 2580-2583.
Dagvadorj A, Ganbaatar D, Balogun O et al. Maternalsocio-demographic and psychological predictors for risk ofdevelopmental delays among young children in Mongolia. BMC
Pediatr, 2018; 18: 68-70. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1017-y
Petrozzi A, Gagliardi L. Breastfeeding self-efficacy scale:
Validation of the italian version and correlation withbreastfeeding at 3 months. J Pediatr Gastr Nutr, 2016; 62: 137139. DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000902
Xia CJ. Influence of lateral decubitus delivery on delivery
outcomes based on humanized nursing [In Chinese].
Chinese Med Clin Med, 2019; 19: 821-823. DOI: 10.11655/
zgywylc2019.05.060
Bu N. Observation on the effect of humanized nursing on
improving nursing quality in obstetrics and delivery room [InChinese]. Chinese Med Gu, 2022; 20: 26-29.
Shrestha SD, Pradhan R, Tran TD et al. Reliability andvalidity of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
for detecting perinatal common mental disorders (PCMDs)
among women in low-and lower middle-income countries: A
systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Child, 2016; 16: 1-19. DOI:
10.1186/s12884-016-0859-2
Ghorat F, Esfehani RJ, Sharifzadeh M et al. Long term effect ofvaginal delivery and cesarean section on female sexual functionin primipara mothers. Electron Physician, 2017; 9: 3991-3996.
DOI: 10.19082/3991
Yazdanimehr R, Omidi A, Sadat Z et al. The Effect of
mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy on
depressionand anxiety among pregnant women: A randomized
clinical trial. J Caring Sci, 2016; 5: 195-204. DOI: 10.15171/

Innovation Forever Publishing Group

7/7

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

jcs.2016.021
Yee LM, Martinez NG, Nguyen AT et al. Using a patientnavigator to improve postpartum care in an urban women’s
health clinic. Obstet Gynecol, 2017; 129: 925-933. DOI:
10.1097/AOG.0000000000001977
Mori E, Tsuchiya M, Maehara K et al. Fatigue, depression,maternal confidence, and maternal satisfaction during the firstmonth postpartum: A comparison of Japanese mothers by age
and parity. Int J Nurs Pract, 2017; 23: e12508. DOI: 10.1111/
ijn.12508
Hoekzema E, Barba-Müller E, Pozzobon C et al. Pregnancy
leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure. Nat
Neurosci, 2017; 20: 287-296. DOI: 10.1038/nn.4458
Abraji NN. Exploring the application effect of humanizednursing in obstetrics and gynecology nursing. World Latest Med
Inform Digest, 2019; 19: 301-303.
Li Y. The effect of humanized nursing mode on thepsychological state and rehabilitation of patients with ovariancyst pedicle torsion in the second and third trimesters ofpregnancy [In Chinese]. Prim Med Forum, 2022; 26: 85-87.
Medeiros RMK, Teixeira RC, Nicolini AB et al. Humanized
care: The insertion of obstetric nurses in a teaching hospital[In Portuguese]. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 2017; 69:
1091-1098. DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0295
Li C, Li Q, Li X. Effects of comprehensive nursing intervention
on maternal self-efficacy and childbirth [In Chinese]. J Pract
Clin Med, 2016; 20: 204-205.
Yang W, Wang L, An X et al. Effects of midwifery-based
comprehensive intervention on maternal self-efficacy andchildbirth outcome [In Chinese]. J Chinese People’s Liberation
Army, 2016; 33: 24-27.
Sun C, Guo D. Observation on the application effect ofhumanized nursing in obstetrics and gynecology nursing [InChinese]. Chinese Foreign Women’s Health Res, 2019; 8: 67-68.
Ertel KA, Huang T, Rifas-Shiman SL et al. Perinatal weightand risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms.
Ann Epidemiol, 2017; 27: 695-700. DOI: 10.1016/j.annepi
dem.2017.10.007
Li JY. Study on the Value of Humanized Service in Obstetrics
and Gynecology Nursing [ In Chinese]. Gu China Med, 2019;17: 235-236.
Barkin JL, Wisner KL, Bromberger JT et al. Factors associatedwith postpartum maternal functioning in women with positive
screens for depression. J Women’s Health, 2016; 25: 707-713.
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5296

J Mod Nurs Pract Res 2022; 2(3): 8