Avoiding Greenhouse Gas
Emissions

The Essential
Role ofChemicals

17 Case Studies
Summaries
Applying the ICCA & WBCSD Avoided Emissions Guidelines
December 2017

B

Foreword
The chemical industry has a key role to play on a game-changing path towards a low-carbon future.
Reducing further its greenhouse gas emissions during the manufacturing phase of chemical products is
one part of this contribution. But the chemical sector can and will contribute via further supporting highefficiency processes and products in the many value chains where chemicals play a role.
Looking ahead in 6 key solution areas, ICCA estimates that by 2030, light materials for transportation,
efficient buildings and lighting, electric cars, wind & solar power and improved tires together have thepotential, at global scale, to avoid 2.5 Gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions globally every year. That’s
twice the amount currently emitted by all the cars in the world!
However a accounting for the reductions of these efficient processes and products can be complex
and not always straightforward. Typically, the majority of chemical products are part of an assembly
or more complex end products. This leads to challenges when quantifying the emission reductions
enabled by chemical components/ingredients in individual final solutions. The amount of the calculated
emissions (“avoided emissions”) depends greatly on the system boundaries used and the choice of thereference products.
The International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) and the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) Chemical Sector have together recognized the importance of establishing specificguidelines to help quantify and report the contribution of chemical products in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions over the product life cycle. Guidelines were published in 2013 and revised in 2017.
The goal of the present report is to illustrate and quantify, through examples offered by ICCA members
and associations, to what extend efficient processes and solutions can contribute to greenhouse gas
savings. It demonstrates how to quantify such “avoided emissions” in an unbiased way, applying the ICCA/WBCSD guidelines to individual cases. We hope this will encourage all chemical companies to apply theguidelines when calculating the avoided emissions enabled by their products. We expect this report will
demonstrate that the evaluation of the avoided emissions must be carefully conducted, ensuringconsistency and transparency.
We encourage all concerned parties, and especially chemical companies to develop robust studies. This
will, I am sure, further enhance the credibility of industry as solution provider for a low carbon economy.

Bunro Shiozawa
Chair of ICCA Energy andClimate Change Leadership Group1

Related ICCA documents
Available on www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate•	Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions - the Essential Role of Chemicals:
17 Case Studies - Technical Reports•

 ccounting for and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Avoided along theA
Value Chain based on Comparative Studies: Guidelines•	Greenhouse gas emission reductions enabled by products from the chemicalindustry: Quantifying the global potential2

Table of contents
Foreword
Setting the scene
Fact sheets illustrating the essential role of chemicals
•

•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•

•
•

•

Case 1 - B ASF
External thermal insulation composite system for the refurbishmentof a house in Germany
Case 2 - B raskem
Polypropylene (PP) containers for water-based paints
Case 3 - E
 vonik
Feed additives – 4 amino acids for pig and broiler production:
DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine and L-Tryptophan
Case 4 - India Glycols Ltd (IGL)
Bio-Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) from renewable source
Case 5 - J apan Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Association (JCMA)
Aircraft materials (CFRP, Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic) for weight reduction
Case 6 - J
 apan Chemical Industry Association (JCIA)
Materials for fuel efficient tires
Case 7 - S
 ABIC
Multilayer Polyethylene packaging films
Case 8 - S
 olvayEngineering plastics for vehicle light-weighting
Case 9 - S umitomo Chemical
Broiler production with feed additive DL-Methionine
Case 10 - Akzo Nobel
A comparative life cycle study of three fouling control systems for marine vessels
Case 11 - BASF
The Green Sense® Concrete solution – optimizing concrete mixturesby reducing cement content
Case 12 - Braskem
Rigid containers for chocolate drink powder in Brazil
Case 13 - Eastman
Alternative product distribution logistics and greenhouse gas emissions reduction
Case 14 - Evonik
Feed additives - DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, L-Tryptophan
and L-Valine in broiler and pig production
Case 15 - SABIC
Renewable Polyethylene based on HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) diesel
Case 16 - Solvay and AGC Glass Europe
Double-glazed windows in buildings and contribution of sodium carbonate
in avoiding greenhouse gas emissions
Case 17 - Toray
100% Bio-based Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)Calculating avoided emissions: the ICCA/WBCSD guidance
Acknowledgements
Our call

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3

Setting thescene
The Paris Agreement promotes the development by member countries of long-term strategies for lowering
GHG emissions. Beyond 2030, breakthrough technological innovations will be required to achieve the 2 degree
temperature target. Right now, chemicals have enormous potential in enabling a low carbon future. Longer term
it will be necessary to empower the chemical industry’s role as a global “solutions creator” with new innovations
and enhanced collaboration between value chain partners.
The chemical industry plays an essential role in enabling other industries to improve their energy efficiency
and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Several reports by ICCA International Council of Chemical
Associations) have underpinned the scale of the chemical industry’s contribution to enabling emissions
reduction, also known as “avoided emissions”. “Innovation for Greenhouse Gas Reductions: A life cycle
quantification of carbon abatement solutions enabled by the chemical industry” (2009) and “ICCA Building
Technology Roadmap: The Chemical Industry’s Contribution to Energy and Greenhouse Gas Savings in
Residential and Commercial Construction” (2013) are the most relevant examples. Subsequently, to improveconsistency in the assessment and reporting of avoided emissions, ICCA and WBCSD (World Business Council
for Sustainable Devlopment) published a practical guidance document entitled “Addressing the Avoided
Emissions Challenge” (2013).
Building on this past work, ICCA recently conducted a study on the maximum potential for annual GHG
emissions reduction enabled by the chemical industry for six selected solutions in a specific year:
wind and solar power, efficient building envelopes, efficient lighting, electric cars, fuel efficient tires andlightweight materials. This study showed that global emissions would be over 9 GtCO2e per year lower
if the selected six solutions were used to their full potential right now; this exceeds the annual emissionsof the United States.

Why case studies?
The main purpose of this publication is to demonstrate, via robust, quantified, concrete examples that solutions
enabled by chemical products can contribute to significant greenhouse gas savings. The case studies in thisreport were offered by ten chemical companies and two associations. They exemplify the application of the
ICCA & WBCSD Chemical Sector guidelines“Addressing the Avoided Emissions Challenge: Guidelines from thechemical industry for accounting for and reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions avoided along the value
chain based on comparative studies”. Assembling these case studies is aimed at motivating all stakeholders tofeed climate change discussions with robust greenhouse gas life cycle assessments, and to motivate chemicalcompanies to generate high quality case studies. The present report on 17 case studies can also be used as an
educational material to develop robust and more transparent LCA case studies.

4Fact sheets and technical reports
Case studies are presented in the form of summary “fact sheets” assembled in the present document,complemented with technical reports giving more details on the assumptions and calculations, inagreement with the ICCA/WBCSD guidance.
The case studies illustrate how the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions can be enabled by chemical
products. They are part of a series brought to you by ICCA. The studies were adapted from original workby companies by applying the ICCA/WBCSD Chemical Sector guidelines. Chemical industry members
offered life cycle assessment [LCA] case studies for the purpose of showing illustrative examples on how
to calculate avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The avoided emission calculations were based on
the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD – Chemical Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little andEcofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were outside the scope
and usually not considered.
Discover the technical reports on the ICCA website at www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

Objectives
Through the publication of this series of 17 case studies, and of the guidance on how to quantify avoided
emissions along life cycles, the ICCA would like to achieve the following objectives:
1.	Raise awareness about emission reduction potential of chemical products: Raise the awareness of
stakeholders including customers, investors, policy-makers and citizens, about the emission reduction
potential enabled by chemical products when taking a life cycle perspective.
2. Illustrate the application of the guidelines: The case studies provide practical examples on how to apply
the ICCA & WBCSD guidelines, and illustrate how to interpret some of the requirements. This may help
other companies start using the guidelines and can help them structure their studies.
3.	Motivate other chemical companies to use the guidelines: The case studies will inspire and motivate
other chemical companies and chemical industry associations to create and publish similar information.
It is the intention of ICCA to complement the current case studies with additional ones over time. In thisway, the collection of case studies will grow, and cover a broader range of chemical products from various
geographical regions. Ultimately, value chain partners and companies from other sectors may apply theguidelines to their own business sector as well, which could lead to an increased number of publications
on the ICCA website and elsewhere. The findings from those studies could feed and illustrate the global
picture of the overall potential of GHG emissions reductions by the chemical industry (and other sectors).
4. Promote full life cycle approach: With the case studies, the ICCA wants to promote the use of Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) as comprehensive decision-support tool and concept forthe chemical industry and its stakeholders.

5Fact sheets
illustrating theessential roleof chemicals
The case study illustrate how the reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions can be enabled by chemical
products. Chemical industry members of ICCA offered life cycle assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The avoided emission calculations were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World
Business Council for Sustainable Development) – Chemical Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little andEcofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were outside the scope
and usually not considered. The case studies have been reviewed by Ecofys and Quantis. The review meant
to check that case studies follow the ICCA/WBCSD Guidance in terms of structure as well as requirements.
The review was also an opportunity to assess whether the case studies used sound methods to calculate
the avoided emissions, in terms of life cycle assessment calculation and of robustness of input data.

6

The Essential Role of Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
External
thermal insulation
systemThe Essential
Rolecomposite
of Chemicals
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

for the refurbishment of a house in Germany
External thermal insulation composite system
A BASF case studyforthe refurbishmentof a housein Germany
External
thermal insulation
composite
systemA
study
forBASF
the case
refurbishmentof a house in Germany
Chemical insulation products such as expanded
polystyrene (EPS) have excellent thermal insulation
properties. They are used as part of an External Thermal
Chemical insulation
as expanded
Insulation
Compositeproducts
System suchto improve
the thermal
polystyrene
thermal insulation
insulationof (EPS)
outer havewalls,excellent
thereby reducing
energyproperties. Theyused
as part of an External Thermal
consumption
andareGHG
emissions.
Chemical insulation products such as expanded
Insulation Composite System to improve the thermal
Insulationmaterials
play aexcellent
vital role inthermal
combatting
climate changepolystyrene(EPS) haveinsulation
insulation of outer walls, thereby reducing energy
bysaving heating
coolingbuildings.
The
study
properties.
They andare usedasenergy
part ofinan
External
Thermalconsumption and GHG emissions.
comparesalternatives
for antoexisting
detached
house inInsulation two
Composite
Systemimprovethe thermal
Insulation materials
play
a vitalroleisincombatting
climate change
Germany:onein which
the
house
left
as is (representing
theinsulationof outerwalls,
therebyreducing
energyby saving averageheatingcoolingenergy andin buildings.
The study
weightedofGHG
non-refurbishedalready refurbishedconsumption
andandemissions.
comparestwo alternatives
for inanwhichexisting
house inhousesin Germany),and onethedetachedfaçades are
Insulation materials play a vital role in combatting climate change
Germany: onein whichGerman
the houseis left asusing
is (representing
refurbishedto current
standards
an Externaltheby saving heating and cooling energy in buildings. The study
weightedInsulation.
average ofComposite
non-refurbishedandalready
refurbished
ThermalSystembased
on expanded
compares two alternatives for an existing detached house inhouses in Germany),polystyrene(EPS). and one in which the façades are
Germany: one in which the house is left as is (representing therefurbished to current German standards using an External
EPS
is a lightweight,
rigid, plastic foam
insulation
weighted
average of non-refurbishedandalready material
refurbished
Thermal Insulation. Composite System based on expanded
producedfrom solid beads
of inpolystyrene.
The difference
houses in Germany),and onewhich the façades
arepolystyrene (EPS).
betweenthetocradle-to-grave
GHG
emissionsof antheExternalhouse left as
refurbishedcurrent German
standards
using
EPS
is athelightweight,
rigid, plastic
foam
insulationmaterial
is,andnewly-insulatedhousewith theETIC
amount
ThermalInsulation.
Composite
Systembased
onSystem
expandedproduced
solid beadsof polystyrene.
The differenceto
141 tonsfromofavoidedemissionsover a service
life of 40 years.
polystyrene(EPS).
betweencradle-to-grave
GHG
emissionsof thehouse
Theresultthe
is largely
dominatedby theuse phase,thatis theleft as
EPS is a lightweight, rigid, plastic foam insulation material
is, and the newly-insulatedwith the ETIC
amountcombustionof heating fuel housewith associated
GHGSystememissions.
The
produced from solid beads of polystyrene. The difference
to 141 tonsof manufacture
avoided emissions
over a service
life ofSystem
40 years.
impactof theand disposalof the ETIC
isbetween the cradle-to-grave GHG emissions of the house left as
The result
largelydominatedphase,
is thevery
small isandhence
not visiblebyinthe
theuseresultfigurethat
below.
is, and the newly-insulated house with the ETIC System amountcombustion of heating fuel with associated GHG emissions. The
Full
study
available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
to 141tonsof avoided
emissions over a service life of 40 years.
impact of the manufacture and disposal of the ETIC System is
The result is largely dominated by the use phase, that is thevery small and hence not visible in the result figure below.
combustion of heating fuel with associated GHG emissions. The
Fullstudyofavailable
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
impactthe manufactureand disposal of the ETIC System isvery small and hence not visible in the result figure below.

A BASF case study

External Thermal Insulation Composite System based on
expanded polystyrene
External Thermal Insulation Composite System based on
expandedExterior wall polystyrene
External Thermal Insulation Composite
System based on
1. Adhesive
2. Polystyrene insulation board
expanded polystyrene
Exterior wall

Exterior wall
12

3 4 3

5

12

3 4 3

5

12

3 4 3

5

3. Reinforcement plaster
4. Reinforcement mesh
5. Exterior plaster
1. Adhesive
2. Polystyrene insulation board
3. Reinforcement plaster
4. Reinforcement mesh
5. Adhesive
Exterior plaster1.
2. Polystyrene insulation board
3. Reinforcement plaster
4. Reinforcement mesh
5. Exterior plaster

Cradle-to-grave GHG emissions of the detached house in Germany over 40 years left

is, incomparison
to the house with modern façade insulation
Fullasstudy
available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
Cradle-to-grave GHG emissions of the detachedGHG
house
in Germany
over 40 years left
emissionsin kg CO2e
as is, in comparison to the house with modern façade insulation

Production - EPS insulation board
Production - Aluminium profile
Production - DowelHouse left as is

Cradle-to-grave GHG emissions of the detached house in Germany over 40 years left
GHG emissionsin kg CO2e
as is, in comparison to the house with modern façade
insulation

Production - Adhesive
Production
insulation
board
Production -- EPS
Reinforcing
meshHouse left as is
Insulated house

Production
Transportationof materials
Production -- Adhesive
EPS
insulation board
Production
Reinforcingprofilemesh
Usephase ---Heating
Production
Aluminium

House left as is

0,00E+00

GHG emissions in kg CO2e
Avoided emissions: 141 tons of CO2e

5,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,50E+05

0,00E+00

2,00E+05

2,50E+05

Avoided emissions: 141 tons of CO2e

Insulated house

0,00E+00
Insulated house

Production -- Aluminium
Production
Base coat profile
Production -- Finish
Dowel coat
Production

5,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,50E+05

2,00E+05
2,50E+05
Avoided emissions:
141 tons of CO2e

ProductionEndof Life-- Base
Production
Dowelcoat
Production-- Adhesive
Finish coat
Avoidedemissions
Production
Transportationof materialsmesh
Production - Reinforcing
Use phase --Heating
Production
Base coatEndof Life- Finish coat
Production

Avoidedemissions
Transportationof materials

Use phase - HeatingThis case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products,
as part of a
End of Life
series of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
Avoided emissions
purposeof showing illustrative
to calculate avoided
greenhouse gas emissions.
5,00E+04
1,00E+05 examples on how
1,50E+05
2,00E+05
2,50E+05 The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - ChemicalFor
more caninformation,
visit
Sector,withthe supportof how
Arthur
Little andof
Ecofys.
Other life
environmental
impactssuch aswater
andland www.icca-chem.org
use changeThis casestudy
illustrates
theD.reduction
greenhousegascycle(GHG)
emissionsbe enabled
bypleasechemicalproducts,
as partwereof aoutsideofthe
scopeand brought
usually notconsidered.
seriescasestudiesto youby ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the

purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
outside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

7

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
Polypropylene (PP) containers for
The
Essential
water-based
paints Role of Chemicals
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Polypropylene (PP) containers for
A Braskem case study
water-based paints
Polypropylene(PP)
containers for
Replacingtinplate rigid
containers
by Polypropylene
A Braskem
case
study
containers for waterbased paints in Brazil can lead to a 18%
water-based
paintsreduction in GHG emissions amounting to 0.6 kgCO e per
A Braskem case study

2

Replacing overtinplate
containers
bythe
Polypropylene
container,
the rigid
whole
lifecycle ofpaint containers.
containers for waterbased paints in Brazil can lead to a 18%
If one million liters of paint were packaged in such
reduction in GHG emissions amounting to 0.6 kgCO2e per
polypropylene containers instead of tinplate containers,
container,
over the rigid
whole
lifecycle ofpaint containers.
Replacing
containers
bythe
Polypropylene
thiswould tinplateavoid GHG emissions
equivalent
to those of acontainersforwaterbased
paintsin Brazil
can
lead
a 18%
If
one millionof paint
were
packagedin suchpassenger
carliters
giving
5.5 laps
aroundthe Earthandtothereductionin
GHG
emissionsamounting
to
0.6
kgCO
e
polypropylene
containers
ofacidtinplate
2 perequivalentof 1.26
Olympicinstead
pools ofrain.containers,
container,
over
the
whole
lifecycle
of
the
paint
containers.
this would avoid GHG emissions equivalent to those of a
Brazil is one of the five largest markets for paints. In 2014,
passenger
carliters
giving paint5.5 laps
aroundthe Earthand theIf
one billion
millionwere
packagedsuch
1.397
liters of ofpaint were
produced,
and inthismarket is
equivalent of 1.26
Olympicinstead
pools ofacid
rain.containers,
polypropylene
containersoftinplateessentially dominated by tinplate (TP) pails.
thisemissionsequivalent
to In
those
Brazilwould
is oneavoidof theGHG
five largest
markets
for paints.
2014,of aWith the objective of proposing a solution to the paint pail
passengercargiving5.5
laps
around
the
Earth
and
theis
1.397 billion liters of paint were produced, and this market
market to reduce environmental impact, Braskem developed anequivalentof
1.26
Olympic
pools
of
acid
rain.
essentially dominated by tinplate (TP) pails.
alternative packaging that is lighter and more resistant toBrazilis oneof theonfivelargest markets
paints.
In 2014,
With theobjectiveofproposinga solution
the paint
pail
corrosion,
based
polypropylene(PP).for to
1.397
liters environmentalof paint were produced,
and thisdeveloped
market is anmarketbillion
to reduce
impact, Braskem
Life cycle GHG emissions for a typical 18 litre tinplate container
essentiallydominated thatby tinplate(TP)pails.
alternative packaging
is lighterandmore resistant toamount to 3.33 kgCO2e/container whereas PP containers havecorrosion,
basedonpolypropylene
(PP).
With
objective
proposinga solution tothemajority
paint paila totaltheemissionof of
2.73
kgCO2e/container.
Theofmarketto thereduceenvironmental
impact,developed
Life
cycle
GHG
for a typical
18Braskem
litre
container
impactinlifeemissions
cycleof thesecontainers
are tinplateconcentrated
inan
alternativeand moreamountto packaging
3.33process
kgCO2thate/container
whereasPPresistantcontainers
the productionof isthelightermaterials(tinplate
and to havecorrosion,
basedofon
polypropylene(PP). The majority ofa total emission
2.73
kgCO2e/container.
polypropylene).
impactin thelifeemissions
cycle of thesecontainers
are tinplateconcentrated
in
Life
GHG
a typical
18
litre
The cycle
main trade-offs
of the forpolythelene
container
in thecontainer
life cycle
theproduction
processofthematerials(tinplateandamount3.33 kgCO
whereasPPWater
containers
2e/container
are in thetoimpact
categories
of LandUse andUse. havepolypropylene).
a total emission of 2.73 kgCO2e/container. The majority of
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
impactin thelife cycle
containers
are concentratedin
The maintrade-offs
of ofthethese
polythelene
container
in the life cycle
theproduction
processofthematerials(tinplateandare in the impact categories of Land Use and Water Use.
polypropylene).
CO eq Emissions: 1,397 billion litres of paint in market

Full Life Cycle Impact Assessment Profile
Comparative environmental profile of tinplate containers
for Water-based Paints against polypropylene containers –Climate change + all other environmental impact categories
Full Life Cycle Impact Assessment Profile
Comparative environmental profile of tinplate containers
for Water-based Paints against polypropylene containers –Climate change + all other environmental impact categories
18L PP Pail
Full Life
Cycle Impact Assessment Profile
18L TP Pail
Climate Change
(kgof
CO2
Comparative environmental
profiletinplate containerseq); 18%
for Water-based Paints against
polypropylene containers –
100%
Ozone
Depletion(kg
Human
Toxicity
Climatechange+ all other environmental
impactcategories
18L PP
Pail 77%
CFC-11 eq); 31%(CTUh);
80%

18L TP Pail
Eutrophication(kg PO4--- eq);
63%Toxicity
Human(CTUh); 77%
18L PP Pail
18L TP Pail
Eutrophication
Ecotoxicity(kg PO4--eq);
63%(CTUe);
79%
Human Toxicity(CTUh); 77%

Climate60%
Change (kg CO2eq); 18%
40%
100%
20%
80%
0%
Climate60%
Change(kg CO2eq); 18%

Resource
Consumption
Ecotoxicity
Eutrophication(kg
Sb eq);79%
30%(CTUe);(kg PO4--- eq); 63%
Land Use (m2a); -43%
Resource Consumption(kgEcotoxicity
Sb eq); 30%(CTUe); 79%

40%
100%
20%
80%

0%
60%
40%
20%
0%

Land Use (m2a); -43%
Resource Consumption(kg Sb eq); 30%
Land Use (m2a); -43%

Respiratory Inorganics(kg PM2.5
Ozone Depletion(kg eq); 72%
CFC-11 eq); 31%

Photochemical
Ozone
Respiratory
Inorganics
Formation(kg 72%
C2H4 eq);(kg
PM2.5 eq);
54%
Ozone Depletion (kgCFC-11 eq); 31%

Acidification(kg SO2 eq);
Photochemical
Ozone
24% Inorganics
Respiratory
Formation(kg C2H4 eq);
(kg PM2.554%eq); 72%
Water Use (m3); -42%
Acidification (kg SO2 eq);
Photochemical
Ozone
24%
Formation (kg C2H4 eq);
54%
Water Use (m3); -42%
Acidification (kg SO2 eq);
24%

Water Use (m3); -42%

2 available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
Full study

The main trade-offs of the polythelene container in the life cycle
are in300,0
the impact categories of Land Use and Water Use.
46,50

CO 2eq Emissions: 1,397 billion litres of paint in market

Millions of kg ofMillions
CO2eq of kg ofMillions
CO2eqof kg of CO2eq

250,0 available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
Full study
200,0
300,0

250,0
0
100,0
200,0
50,0
150,0

46,50

0
100,0

1 18L Tinplate
Container

1 18L Tinplate
Container

50,00
1 18L Tinplate
Container

8

1 18L Tinplate Container
1 18L Polypropylene Container

150,0
CO
250,0
2 eq Emissions: 1,397 billion litres of paint in market
100,0
200,0
300,0
50,0
150,0

kg CO2eq

AvoidedEmissions
1 18L Tinplate
Container

3.33
kg CO2.73
2eq
0.60
3.33

1 18L Polypropylene Container
2.73
COof
Considering the Brazilian 2014 market (1,397 billionkg
litres2eq
paint)
for Emissions
the studied 18L containers, the graph highlights0.60
theAvoided46,50
1 18L Tinplate
3.33
emissionsin COContainer
2eq for both solutions and the emissions
avoidedby the substitutionof tinplate by plastic containers
1 18L Polypropylene
Container
Considering
the Brazilian
2014 market (1,397 billion litres 2.73
of
Avoided Emissions(46.5 millions of kg CO2eq).
1 18L Plastic
paint) for the studied 18L containers, the graph highlights theContainer
Avoided Emissions
0.60
emissions in CO2eq for both solutions and the emissions
avoided by the substitution of tinplate by plastic containers
Avoided Emissions
Considering
Brazilian2014 market (1,397 billion litres of(46.5
millionsthe
of kg
CO2eq).
1 18L Plastic
Container
paint) for the studied 18L containers, the graph highlights theemissions in CO2eq for both solutions and the emissions
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aavoidedbyoffered
the substitutionof tinplateby caseplastic
containers
series of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry
members
Life Cycle Assessment[LCA]
studies
for theAvoided Emissions
purpose of1 showing
on how to calculate avoided
greenhouseemissions.
(46.5 millionsof gaskg CO
18L Plasticillustrative examples
2eq). The avoided emission calculations

were basedContaineron the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World
Business
for Sustainable- ChemicalFor
more Council
information,pleaseDevelopment)
visit www.icca-chem.org
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

The Essential Role of Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
Feed
additives– 4 amino
acids
for
pig and broiler production:
The
Essential
RoleofChemicals
DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine and L-Tryptophan
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Feed additives – 4 amino acids for pig and broiler production:An
Evonik case study
DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine and L-Tryptophan

Feed additives – 4 amino acids for pig and broiler production:
An Evonik case study

Supplementing animal feed with essential
DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine and System
L-Tryptophan
boundaries and share of influence of Evonik’s products
amino acids can save significant amounts offeed raw materials, resulting in minimized use
Supplementing
animalfeed with essentialofarable land forcrop production
and thus,
System boundaries and share of influence of Evonik’s products
aminoCO
acids
can
save
significantamountsoffewereq
emissions.
2
feed raw materials, resulting in minimized use
Furthermore,
feed
supplementation
with these
Supplementing
animalfeed with essentialof arable land for crop production and thus,
System boundaries and share of influence of Evonik’s products
essentialamino
reduces
both
nitrogenamino acids
canacids
save signifi
cantamountsoffewer CO2eq emissions.
andgasresulting
emissions
resulting fromfeedgreenhouse
raw materials,
in minimized
use
Furthermore,
feed
supplementation
with
these
feedingexcretion.
of arableandland
for crop
production andthus,essential
acids reduces both nitrogen
Out of scope of the LCA study,
fewer COeq
2aminoAnimalfeed
is emissions.
specifically formulated to meet theno share of influenceand greenhouse gas emissions resulting fromphysiologicalneeds of animals,withparticuFurthermore,nutrition
feed supplementationtheseIndirect influences, usage of
feeding and excretion.
larly
the necessary
sharesof essential
essential
amino acids
reduces
both amino
nitrogensecondary data within LCA study
Out of scope of the LCA study,
Animalfeed ofis certain
specififormulated
to meettheacids.
Lackaminoacidsresulting
in pigandfromandgreenhousegascally
emissions
Directinflofuence,
usage ofno shareinfluence
primary
data in LCA study
physiologicalnutritionneeds of animals,
particubroiler
feed
be compensatedeither byaddingfeeding
andcanexcretion.
Indirect influences, usage of
larly
the necessaryof essentialahigherpercentagesharesof protein-richfeedamino
composecondarydata
withinstudy
Outof scopeof theLCALCA
study,
Animal feed is specifically formulated to meet thenoshareinfluence
acids. such
Lack asof oilcertainin pignents
seed,amino
or by acids
fortifying
theandfeed
Directinflofuence,
usage ofphysiological nutrition needs of animals, particuprimary infl
data
in LCAusage
study ofIndirectuences,broiler
feed canbe compensatedeitheraddingwithessential
aminoacids produced
by byEvonikProcesses and systems analyzed in broiler and pig production
larly the necessary shares of essential amino
secondary data within LCA study
a higherpercentage of protein-rich feed compofor
this purpose.
acids. Lack of certain amino acids in pig and
The
scope
of the study
Directinfluence,usage includesofnents such as oil seed, or by fortifying the feed
productionof inagricultural
primary data
LCA studyraw
The
present
casebestudy
compares either
a supplemented
broiler
feed cancompensatedby addingwith essential amino acids produced by Evonikmaterials and amino acids, as
Processes and systems analyzed in broiler and pig production
feed
mix percentage
including cristalline
amino acids
with twoa higherof protein-richfeed compowell as typical feed formulation
for this purpose.
non-supplemented
feed ormixes
based onthesoybean
The thescopeof the study
includesnents such as oil seed,by fortifying
feedanddifferencesin animal
production of andagricultural
performanceexcretionraw
byTheproteinpresent
case
comparesa supplemented
asrich
feedstudy
ingredientin onecase,and onwithessential
amino
acids
producedby Evonik
Processes and systems analyzed in broiler and pig production
materialssupplemented
and amino acids,
feeding
low asfeedthis
mixpurpose.
includingcristalline
acids
with
two
soybeanand rapeseedin theamino
second
case.
The
for
well
as typicalfeedformulation
protein
dietsof includes
diets
The scopeof instead
the
study
non-supplemented
feed
mixes based
study
addresses bothanimals,
broiler on
andsoybean
pigs.
and
the
differencesin animal
withhighercrude
proteinproductionofagriculturalraw
The present case study compares a supplemented
performanceexcretionbycontent.
as protein rich feed ingredient in one case, and on
materials
andandaminoacids, as
Full
study
available
at:www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
feed mix including cristalline amino acids with two
feeding
supplemented
lowwell as typicalfeed formulation
soybean and rapeseed in the second case. The
proteininsteadinofanimal
diets
non-supplemented feed mixes based on soybean
and the diets
differences
study addresses both animals, broiler and pigs.
withhigher crude
protein byperformanceandexcretion
as protein rich feed ingredient in one case, and oncontent.supplemented low
feeding
Full study available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
soybeanand rapeseedin the second case. The
protein diets instead of diets
study addresses both animals, broiler and pigs.
with higher crude protein
1

An Evonik case study

11

content.

Warming
Potential GWP100 [CML2001] of broiler and pig production
Full Global
study available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

GWP [kg COGWP
GWP [kg CO2e/fU]
2e/fU][kg CO2e/fU]

50

Broiler production

48

The global warming potential of the supplemented feed mix for broiler production shows
Global Warming Potential GWP100 [CML2001] of broiler and pig production
40
50
30

lower environmental impacts due to substitution of protein rich feed ingredients like oil
seeds by feed ingredients with lower crude protein contents.
Broiler production

34
48

GlobalWarming Potential GWP100 [CML2001]
of broiler and pig production
The global warming potential of the supplemented feed mix for broiler production shows
40
25
20
50
30
10
40
20
0
30
10
20
0
10
0

34

48
4

Option 1
Amino acid supplement

Option 2
Soybean meal supplement

Broiler production
5
4
Option 1
Amino acid supplement

8

25

5

25
Pig Production
Option 2
Soybean meal supplement

34Option 3
Rapeseed meal supplement

8
Option 3
Rapeseed meal supplement

Pig
production
lowerenvironmental impacts due to substitution of protein rich feed ingredients like oil
seeds
byproduction
feed
ingredients
withoflower
crude
proteincontents.
The
globalwarming
potential
options
2 and
3 withoil seeds as source for the additional
Broiler
amino
acids
have
a
higherGWP
thanthe
supplemented
mixbroiler
optionproduction
1. The portionof
The global warming potential of the supplemented feed feed
mix forshows
soybeanmeal originating
fromdueland
has caused
land usechangehas a signifilike
cant
lower
environmental
impacts
to thatsubstitutionof proteinrichfeed ingredientsoil
Pigproduction
infl
uence
on theestimatedwith
GWP.lower crude protein contents.
seeds
by feedingredientsThe global warming potential of options 2 and 3 with oil seeds as source for the additionalamino acids have a higher GWP than the supplemented feed mix option 1. The portion ofsoybeanmeal originating from land that has caused land use change has a signifi cantPigproduction
infl
the estimated
GWP.
Theuence
globalonwarming
potentialof options 2 and 3 with oil seeds as source for the additionalamino acids have a higher GWP than the supplemented feed mix option 1. The portion of

8 of greenhouse gassoybean
This case Pig
study
illustrates how the reduction(GHG) mealemissionscanfrombe enabled
by chemical
products,
ashas
part
of a cantoriginating
land that hascaused land
use change
a signifi
Production
5
4Broiler production
series of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry
offeredLifeGWP.
Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
inflmembers
uence on theestimated
purpose of Option
showing
Option 1
2 illustrative examples
Option 3on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
basedmealon supplement
the guidelines
developedby ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Amino acid supplement wereSoybean
Rapeseedmeal supplement
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were
Broiler production
Pig
Production
outsidethescope
and usuallyThis casestudy
illustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - ChemicalFor
more caninformation,
visit
Sector,withthe supportof how
Arthur
Little andof
Ecofys.
Other life
environmental
impactssuch aswater
andland www.icca-chem.org
use changeThis casestudy
illustrates
theD.reduction
greenhousegascycle(GHG)
emissionsbe enabled
bypleasechemicalproducts,
as partwereof aoutsideofthe
scopeand brought
usually notconsidered.
seriescasestudiesto youby ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
outside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

9The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
Bio-Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) from
The
Essential
renewable
source Role of Chemicals
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Bio-Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) fromAn India Glycols Limited case study
renewable source
Bio-Mono
GlycolThefrom
avoided emissions are presented as the difference ofThe
MEG Ethylene
ensuresLimited
lesser GHG
emissiontheAnBio-based
India Glycols
caseat(MEG)
study
GHG emissions over an MEG life cycle (Cradle-to-Gate).
raw material phase during lifecycle of MEG production.
renewable
sourceAvoided emission of Bio-MEG production compared to
The lower GHG emissions ensured by the bio-route is

The avoidedproduction
emissions isarepresented
as thedifferenceofsignificant. The
avoidedemission
An India Glycols Limited case study Petro-MEG
GHG emissions
over
MEG
life
cycle
(Cradle-to-Gate).
amountto 407 kg
COan
eq/MT
MEG
produced.
2

The Bio-based due
MEGtoensureslesser GHG
emissionat thepredominantly
use of renewablematerial(sugarcane
raw material
during comparedlifecycle ofto
MEG
production.
molasses)asphaseraw material
MEG
production
Thethelower
GHGemissionsensuredby thebio-route
is
via
petro
route
which causes
significant
GHG emission
predominantly
due
to
use
of
renewablematerial(sugarcane
duringcrude
oilexcavation
andprocessing
stages.
The Bio-based MEG ensures lesser GHG emission at themolasses)asphaseraw material
compared
MEG productionrawmaterial
duringlifecycle
ofto
MEG
A casestudy comparing
GHG
emissionsof Bioproduction.
MEG production
via
the
petro
route
which
causessignificant
GHG emission
The
lower
GHGLimited
emissionsby the bio-routeat India
Glycols(IGL)ensured
with the conventional
petroisrouteduringcrude oildue
excavation
andprocessing
stages.
predominantly
to
use
of
renewablematerial(sugarcane
has been carried out. The results are presented using
the IPCC
molasses)asrawmaterial
comparedtoMEG
production
A casestudy comparing
GHG Theemissionsof Biodata
MEG
2013
GWP100amethodology.
Eco Inventof production
Petrovia
the
route
which
significant GHG
emissionat India
Glycols
Limited(IGL)causes
withtheconventional
petro
route
MEG
forpetro
this study
aremainlyfocusedon plants
in Europe.
duringcrude
oilexcavation
andprocessing
stages.
has been
carriedout. TheisresultsareCO
presented
usingper
theMT
IPCC
The
total CO1,221 kg
2 generated
2 equivalents
2013
GWP100amethodology.
Eco
InventPetroof
Bio-MEGcompared
to 1,628
kgdataCO
equivalents
2of
A
case
studyproduction,comparing
GHG Theemissionsof BioMEG
production
MEG
this study
are mainly
focusedon plants in Europe.
forIndia
theforPetro-MEG
production.
at
Glycols
Limited(IGL) withthe conventional
petro route
The been
total CO1,221 kg
2 generated
2 equivalents
hascarriedout. TheisresultsareCO
presented
usingper
theMT
IPCC
of
Bio-MEGproduction,compared
to 1,628
kgdataCO2ofequivalents
2013
GWP100amethodology.
The EcoInventPetrofor thefor
Petro-MEG
MEG
this study production.
are mainly focused on plants in Europe.

Avoided emission of Bio-MEG production compared to
MEG is used worldwide. Global demand for MEG was estimatedPetro-MEG
production
is signifi
cant. The
avoidedemissionTheemissionspresented
as thedifferenceoftobeavoided
22 million
tonnes inare
2012with a capacityof 28 million
amount
to
407
kg
CO
eq/MT
MEG
produced.
2 MEG life cycle (Cradle-to-Gate).
GHG
emissionsoverantonnes. The demand for MEG continues to increase steadily. IGL
Avoidedemissionof Bio-MEG
MEG
isproducesusedworldwide.
Globalproduction
demandforcompared
MEG wasestimatedalone
around150,000
tonnes per
annum
of to
Bio-MEG.
Petro-MEG
productionissignificant.
Theavoidedemission
to be 22 million tonnes in 2012 with a capacity of 28 million
By using the per annum production data of Bio-MEG by India
amount The
to 407kg COfor
MEG produced.
tonnes.
demandMEG continues
to increase steadily. IGL
2eq/MT
Glycols Limited, total avoided CO2e emissions stemming fromalone isproduces
around 150,000
tonnes per
annumof Bio-MEG.
MEG
usedworldwide.
GlobaldemandforMT-COMEG wasestimated
Bio-MEG production amounts to ~ 61,030
2e comparedtobe22
milliontonnes
in
2012
with
a
capacityof28
millionBypetrousingroutethe per
annum
production data of Bio-MEG by India
toMEG
production.
tonnes.
demandMEG continues
to increasesteadily.
IGL
Glycols The
Limited,total foravoidedCO2e emissions
stemming
from
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
alone
producesaround150,000
tonnesper
annumof
Bio-MEG.
Bio-MEG production amounts to ~ 61,030 MT-CO2e comparedto
MEG
production.
Bypetrousingroutethe per
annum
production data of Bio-MEG by India
Glycols
avoided CO2e emissions stemming fromFull
studyLimited,available total
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

Bio-MEG production amounts to ~ 61,030 MT-CO2e compared
The total CO2 generated is 1,221 kg CO2 equivalents per MT
to petro route MEG production.
CO 2eq emissions stemming from the manufacturing of Bio-MEG (Cradle-to-Gate)of Bio-MEG production, compared to 1,628 kg CO2 equivalents
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
Emission in kg CO 2 eq per MT of Bio-MEG Production
for the Petro-MEG production.
1,400

CO 2eq emissions stemming from the manufacturing of Bio-MEG (Cradle-to-Gate)

1,221

Emission in kg CO 2 eq per MT of Bio-MEG Production
800
1,400
494
600eq emissions stemming from the manufacturing of Bio-MEG (Cradle-to-Gate)
CO
1,200
2
282
400
1,000
137
147
76
Emission in kg CO 2 eq per MT of Bio-MEG Production
200
37
29
800

1,221

1,200

1,000

0
1,400
600
1,200
400

18

494

282
Steam

Summary1
1,221

Raw material plays keyrole in MEG production.
Summary
In Petro route MEG
production, the raw
Raw material plays key
Electricity
Fossil Fuel
Bio-Gas Oxygen liquid Transport
Chemicals
Other
Total
282
(CradleBio-Ethanol
to gate) Steammaterial is crude oil
400
(RFO)
role in MEG production.
137
147
76
compared to sugarcane
200
Summary(Petroroute)
Production
Emission in kg CO 2 eq per MT of Conventional-MEG
In Petro route MEG
37
29
1
18
molasses for bio route.
0eq
emissions
stemmingfromthemanufacturing
of
MEG
via
the
Conventional
Petro
route
CO
production, the raw
1,800
2
Sugarcane molasses is
1,628(Cradleto gate) Steam
Raw
material
plays
1,600 Bio-Ethanol
material
is crudeoil key
Electricity
Fossil Fuel
Bio-Gas Oxygen liquid Transport
Chemicals
Other
Total
a renewable material as
(RFO)
1,400
role
in MEGtoproduction.
comparedsugarcane
raw material is
Emission in kg CO 2 eq per MT of Conventional-MEG (Petro route) Production
1,200
In
Petro route
MEG
molasses
for bioroute.
cultivated again and
1,800
1,000
eq
emissions
stemmingfromthemanufacturing
of
MEG
via
the
Conventional
Petro
route
CO
production,
the raw is
Sugarcane molasses
2
1,628
850
again. During cultivation
1,600
800
(Cradleto gate)material
is crudeoil asa renewablematerial
1,400
stage, it absorbs CO2
600
compared
toissugarcane
raw material
1,200
eq
per
MT
of
Conventional-MEG(Petroroute)
Production
Emission
in
kg
CO
335 2
from atmosphere and
400
126
138
26
154
molassesbioandroute.
cultivated for
again
1,000
reduces GHG load of
1,800
200
850
1
Sugarcanemolassesisagain.
Duringcultivation
1,628
800
1,600
atmosphere.
0arenewablematerialasstage,
itabsorbs
CO
Ethylene
Electricity
FossilFuel
OxygenliquidTransport
Chemicals
Other
Total
2
600
1,400
raw
is
335
frommaterial
atmosphere
and
400
126
1,200
138
26
154
cultivated
again
and
reduces
GHG
load
of
200
1,000
1
850
again.
During cultivation
atmosphere.
0800
Ethylene
Electricity
Fossil Fuel
Oxygen liquid
Transport
Chemicals
Other
Total
stage,
it absorbs
COThis case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical
products,
as part ofa2
600
seriesofcasestudiesbrought
to
you
by
ICCA.
Chemicalindustrymembers
offered
Life
Cycle
Assessment [LCA]
studies for the335
fromcase
atmosphere
and
400
126
138
26
154
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
reduces GHG
load of200
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business- Chemical
1 Council for Sustainable Development)
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water andland use change were
atmosphere.
0
Bio-Ethanol

Electricity

137

Fossil Fuel
(RFO)
147

Bio-GasOxygen liquid

76

Transport

Chemicals

Other

Total

1,000
200
37
29
1
18
800
0
494
eq
emissions
stemmingfromthemanufacturing
of
MEG
via
the
Conventional
Petro route
CO
2
600

Ethyleneoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyconsidered.
Electricity
Fossilillustrates
Fuel
OxygenliquidOther can be enabled
Total by chemical products, as part of aThis casehownotthereductionTransportof greenhouseChemicals
gas (GHG) emissions

series of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World
Business
for Sustainable- ChemicalFor
more Council
information,pleaseDevelopment)
visit www.icca-chem.org
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

10

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential Role of Chemicals
The
Roleof Fibre
Chemicals
AircraftEssential
materials (CFRP,
CarbonAvoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Reinforced Plastic) for weight reduction
Aircraft materials (CFRP, Carbon Fibre
A JCMA case study
The Japan Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Association
Reinforced
Plastic)(CFRP,
for weight
reduction
Aircraftmaterials
CarbonFibre
The use of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
A
JCMA casePlastic)
study for weight reduction
The Japan Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Association
Reinforced
reduces the weight of the aircraft while maintaining the
A JCMA case study

same strength and safety. As with automobiles, weight
The use ofinCarbon
Reinforced(CFRP)
reduction
aircraftFibre
directlyleads toPlastic
improved
fuelreduces the weightof theaircraftmaintaining
consumption,
therebysignificantlywhile
contributing
to thesamestrengthandsafety.
Aswithautomobiles,
weightreductioninCOemissionsinthetransportation
sector.
The use of Carbon
2 Fibre Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
reductioninaircraftdirectlyleads
toimproved
fuelreduces the weight of the aircraft while maintaining the
The study compares two alternative aircrafts, one consists
consumption,
significontributing tosame strengththereby
and safety.
Ascantly
with automobiles,
weightof 3 wt% CFRP based on Boeing 767 (called “conventional
reduction in CO
emissionsinthetransportation
sector.
aircraftdirectly leads to improved fuel2
aircraft”), the other consists of 50wt% CFRP, where metal
consumption,
thereby signifi
cantlyaircrafts,
contributing
toThe
studyarecomparesalternative
oneaircraft”).
consists
materials
replacedtwo
with
CFRP (called“CFRP
reductioninCOemissionsinthetransportation
sector.
2
of 3 wt% CFRPCFRP
basedaircrafton Boeing(calledBody“conventional
Consequently,
has a767
reducedweightaircraft”),
other consistsof 50wt%
CFRP, where
metal
of
20%.
The
studythecomparestwo alternative
aircrafts,
one consists
materials
are replaced
CFRP 767(called“CFRP
aircraft”).
of
3 wt% CFRP
based withon Boeing(called“conventional
A comparison of the two alternatives demonstrates that
Consequently,
CFRP
aircraftofhasa reduced
weightaircraft”),
the other
consists
50wt%
CFRP,Body
where
metal
the CFRP aircraft has a lower carbon footprint andof 20%. are replaced with CFRP (called “CFRP aircraft”).
materials
reduced CO2 emission: the avoided emissions amount toConsequently,
CFRP
aircrafthas a reduced
Body weightA
theatwoalternatives
demonstrates
27comparison
kt-CO2 /unitof
over
10 yearuse period,
calculatedthat
as theof20%.
the CFRP aircraft
a lowerover
carbonfootprint life
andcycle. The
difference
in CO2 hasemissionsthe aircraft’s
reducedCO2areemission:
avoidedemissionstoCOby the usephase ofamountthethataircraft.
A
comparisonof dominatedthe twothealternatives
demonstrates
2 savings
27 kt-COover
a 10year carbon
use period,
calculatedthe
CFRP2 /unit
aircrafthas
a lowerfootprint
and as theFull study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
difference
in2CO
over theemissions
aircraft’s life
cycle.toThereduced COemission:
the avoided
amount2 emissions
COaredominated
by
the
use
phase
of
the
aircraft.
27 kt-CO
/unit
over
a
10
year
use
period,calculated
as the2 savings
2
differenceinCOemissionsovertheaircraft’s
life
cycle.
The
Full study available2at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
CO2 savings are dominated by the use phase of the aircraft.

The avoided CO 2 emissions per aircraft unit (kt-CO 2 /unit)

The Japan Carbon Fiber Manufacturers Association
The avoided CO 2 emissions per aircraft unit (kt-CO 2 /unit)
The avoided CO 2 emissions per aircraft unit (kt-CO 2 /unit)

Parts
Manufacture
and Assembly
Parts
Manufacture
and Assembly
Parts
Manufacture
and Assembly

Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

CO2 emissions during the stages of raw material procurement manufacture of materials of body structure materials (ktCO2/unit)
CO2 emissions during the stage of manufacture CO
duringthe structure
stages ofparts
raw material
procurement aircraft
assemblyof body(kt-CO2/unit)
2 emissions
manufacture of materials of body structure materials (ktCO2/unit)
CO2 emissions during the usage stage (kt-C2/unit 10 years)
CO2 emissions
emissions during
during thethe stagestagesofofmanufacture
raw material-procurement CO
2manufactureof overmaterialsofbodymaterialsCOthe entire
life structure
cycle
10(ktCOyears)
2/unit)aircraftassemblyof body
structureparts(kt-C(kt-CO/unit)
2 emissions
2/unit2

COmanufacture
abatement(kt-C2of/unit
10years)
CO22 emissions
emissions during
during thethe stage
usage
stage
(kt-C
2/unit 10 years)
aircraft assembly of body structure parts (kt-CO2/unit)
CO2 emissions over the entire life cycle (kt-C2/unit 10 years)
CO2 emissions during the usage stage (kt-C2/unit 10 years)
CO2 emissions abatement (kt-C2/unit 10 years)
CO2 emissions over the entire life cycle (kt-C2/unit 10 years)
CO2 emissions abatement (kt-C2/unit 10 years)

CFRP Aircraft

Conventional Aircraft

0.9

0.7

CFRP Aircraft
3.0
0.9
CFRP Aircraft
364.0
0.9
3.0
368.0

Conventional Aircraft
3.8
0.7
Conventional Aircraft
390.0
0.7
3.8
395.0

3.0
27
364.0

3.8
390.0

368.0
364.0
27
368.0

395.0
390.0
395.0

27

This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
This
case
study
illustrates
theD.reduction
greenhousegascycle(GHG)
emissionsbe enabled
bypleasechemicalproducts,
as partwereof aFor
more caninformation,
visit
Sector,withthe supportof how
Arthur
Little andof
Ecofys.
Other life
environmental
impactssuch aswater
andland www.icca-chem.org
use change
seriescasestudiesto youby ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for theoutsideofthe
scopeand brought
usually notconsidered.
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

11

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential Role of Chemicals
The
Essential
Roleof Chemicals
Materials
for fuel efﬁcienttires

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

A Japan Chemical Industry Association case study

Materials for fuel efﬁcient tires
Materials
fora keyfuel
cienttires On the casebasis of 2012 data and forecasting the Japanese market
Fuel
efficient tires
play
roleIndustry
toefﬁ
improvean Association
A JapanChemicalstudy

size by 2020, the total expected avoided CO2e emissions fromautomobile’s fuel consumption. The entire chemicalfuel efficient tires is calculated to reach 6.37 million t-CO2e inproducts formulation, the specific structure of syntheticOn
the basis of 2012 data and forecasting the Japanese market
Japan.
Fuel effiand
cient
tires
play a keyrole to improvean content
rubberthedispersion
technologyof higher
size by 2020, the total expected avoided CO2e emissions fromautomobile’s
fuel consumption.
The Greenhouseentire chemicalsilicain the rubber
bring significant
gasOn
the basisof 2012
data and forecasting the Japanese market
Fuel efficient tires play a key role to improve an
Full study
available
fuelefficienttiresat:is www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
calculated to reach 6.37 million t-CO2e inproducts formulation,
the specifi
c structureof synthetic
emissions
reduction during
the lifetimeof tires.
size
by
2020,
the
total
expected avoided CO2e emissions fromautomobile’s fuel consumption. The entire chemical
Japan.
rubber and the dispersion technology of higher content
fuel
effi
cient
tires
is
calculated
to reach 6.37 million t-CO2e in
The
fuel
effi
cient
tires
ensurelessfrictionwhile
anautomobile
isproducts formulation, the specific structure of synthetic
silica in the rubber bring significant Greenhouse gas
The
tread
portionoftire
Japan.
movingandreducerolling
resistancecompatible
withmaintaining
rubber and the dispersion technology of higher content
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
emissions reduction during the lifetime of tires.
grip
use
phasebring
duringthe car’s
lifecycle.
silicaatinthetherubbersignificant complete
Greenhousegas
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
The
fuel efficienttires ensure
less friction
while
an automobile isemissions
reduction
duringlifetimetires.
The study comparesthe
GHG theemissionsofof
vehiclesequipped
The tread portion of tiremoving and reduce rolling resistance compatible with maintaining
withfuel effi
efficientcient tires
tiresensure
to emissions
from vehicles
conven-is
The fuelless friction
while an with
automobileTreadgrip at the use phase during the car’s complete lifecycle.
The tread portion of tire
tionaltires.
avoidedemissionsrepresent
228withkg-CO
movingandThereducerolling
resistancecompatible
maintaining
2e for
Belt
Theselected
study
GHG
emissionsof vehicles
equippedthepassenger
car
model
(over
30,000km
car
use forgrip
at the comparesusephasetheduringthecar’scompletelifecycle.
Carcass (ply)with fueleffiofcient
tires
to 4emissions
fromvehicles4,423kg-CO
with convenboth
types
tires)
withtires. They
represent
2e
Tread
The study compares the GHG emissions of vehicles equippedtionalThe avoided
emissionsrepresent
228 kg-CO
for
forthetires.
selectedtruck/bus
model (over120,000kmuse) in
2eJapanBeltwith fuel efficient tires to emissions from vehicles with convenTread
the
model
(over
30,000km
car emissions
use for(seeselected
Figure 1 passenger
and 2).The car
results
show
thatthe avoided
Carcass (ply)tional tires. The avoided emissions represent 228 kg-CO2e for
Belt
both
of tires)
4 tires. They
represent 4,423kg-CO
at thetypes
use phaseof withautomobiles
are dominatedby the GHG2ethe selected passenger car model (over 30,000km car use forfor the selectedtruck/bus
model (over 120,000km use) in Japanemissionsrelatedto fuel consumption.
Carcass (ply)both types of tires) with 4 tires. They represent 4,423kg-CO2e(see Figure 1 and 2).The results show that the avoided emissions
for the selected truck/bus model (over 120,000km use) in Japan
at the use phase of automobiles are dominated by the GHG(see Figure 1 and 2).The results show that the avoided emissions
emissions related to fuel consumption.
at the use phase of automobiles are dominated by the GHG
Avoided CO2e emissions for the studied passenger car model (with 4 tires) over 30,000km use
emissions related
to fuel consumption.
AvoidedAvoided
CO 2 e emission
CO 2 e Avoided
emission(kg-COCO/unit)
AvoidedAvoided
CO 2 e emission
CO 2 e Avoided
emission(kg-COCO/unit)
2(kg-CO2 e emission
2 /unit) (kg-CO 2 /unit)2(kg-CO2 e emission
2 /unit) (kg-CO 2 /unit)

A Japan Chemical Industry Association case study

PCR

250.0

228
211

Avoided CO2e emissions for the studied passenger car model (with 4 tires) over 30,000km use
200.0

PCR
Avoided
150.0CO2e emissions for the studied passenger car model (with 4 tires) over 30,000km use
250.0

PCR

100.0
200.0
250.0
50.0
150.0
200.0
0.0
100.0
150.0
50.0
100.0

228

211
4.4

3.2

0.4

Manufacture

Production

Distribution

8.8
In-useDisposal/recycling

Total

8.8

4.4

3.2

0.4

4.4
Manufacture

3.2
Production

0.4
Distribution

In-useDisposal/recycling

Total

Manufacture

Production

Distribution

4,335
In-useDisposal/recycling

4,423
Total

Avoided
0.0CO 2e emissions for the studied Truck/bus model (with 10 tires) over 30,000km use
50.0
0.0
5,000

228

211

TBR

Avoided4,000CO 2e emissions for the studied Truck/bus model (with 10 tires) over 30,000km use

8.8

3,000CO e emissions for the studied Truck/bus model (with TBR
Avoided
10 tires) over 30,000km use
2
5,000
2,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
3,000
4,000
0
2,000
3,000
-1,000
1,000
2,000
0
1,000
-1,0000-1,000

TBR
83

4

3

4,335

4,423

4,335

4,423
-2

Manufacture

Production

Distribution

83

4

3

83

4

3

In-useDisposal/recycling

Total

-2

Manufacture
Production
Distribution
In-use can be enabled
Disposal/recycling
Total-2This case study illustrates
how the reduction ofgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
by chemical
products, as partof aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showingProduction
illustrative examples on how
to calculate avoided greenhouse
The avoided emission calculations
Manufacture
Distribution
In-use gas emissions.
Disposal/recycling
Total

were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
This
study
illustrates
how developed
the reduction
greenhousegas (GHG)
be enabled
by chemical
products, aspart of awere casebasedon theguidelines
by of
ICCA
and WBSCD(Worldemissions
Business can
Councilfor Sustainable
Development)- Chemical
seriescase
brought
to youby ICCA.
Chemicalindustrymembers
offeredinformation,
Life
Cyclesuch
Assessment
[LCA]
case
studies
forwerethe
For more
visit
www.icca-chem.org
Sector,ofwith
thestudies
supportof Arthur
D. Little
and Ecofys.
Other
life cycle
environmental
impacts
aspleasewater andland
usechangepurposeof
showing
illustrative
examplesonhowtocalculate
avoidedgreenhousegasemissions.
The
avoidedemission
calculations
outside the scope and usually not considered.
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

12

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The
The Essential
Essential Role
Role ofof Chemicals
Chemicals

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Multilayer Polyethylene packaging ﬁlms
A SABIC case study

Multilayer
Multilayer Polyethylene
Polyethylene packaging
packaging ﬁ
ﬁlms
lms
A SABIC case study
A SABIC case study

Efficient packaging solutions through material
effectiveness can help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
Multilayer polyethylene packaging film (a) and Packaging
emissions throughout the entire life cycle of packagingof pack of six beverage bottle with multilayer PE
Efficient packaging
solutionsthroughmaterial thesolutions.
A study was
conducted
to calculate
packaging film (b).
Efficient packaging
solutionsthroughmaterial
effectivenesscan help
reducegreenhousegasduring(GHG) thereductionin greenhousegas (GHG)
emissions
Multilayer polyethylene packaging film (a) and Packaging
effectivenesscan help
reducegreenhouse(GHG)
emissionsentire
life
cycle
ofgas
packaginglife
cycle ofthroughout
2 typesof thepackaging:a five layered
packagingMultilayerlm (a) andPE
Packagingof pack of polyethylene
six beverage packaging
bottle with fimultilayer
emissionsthroughout
theentire lifeof packaging
solutions.
A
study
conducted
tocyclecalculatethefilm compared
to awasconventionalthreelayeredpackagingofpack of six
bottle with multilayer PE
packagingfilmbeverage(b).
solutions.
A study
was conductedcalculate during
thepackaging film (b).
reductioningreenhousegasapplication.
(GHG)toemissions
thefi
lm for collation
shrinkfilm
reduction
in2greenhousegas (GHG)
thelife cycle oftypes of packaging:a emissions
five layeredduring
packagingThe
primaryof packaging
is to prevent
packaged
products
lifeof role2 typesof packaging:a fivelayered
layeredpackagingfilmcyclecompared
to a conventional
threepackagingfromgetting
damagedduringtransporting,storing,
handling,
film
lm forcompared
toshrink
a conventional
three layered packaging
ficollation
film application.
shelving,
preservation,
openingand usage. Multilayer PE
film for collation
shrinkfilm application.
The
primaryfilms
roleareof packaging
is to prevent
packaged
products
packagingused for applications
such
as bottle
water
The
primaryroleofpackagingistoprevent
packagedfromgetting
damagedduringtransporting,storing,
handling,
packs, beer cans pack, beverage collation shrink film. products
fromgetting
damaged aduring
handling,
shelving,
preservation,
opening
andusage. storing,Multilayer
PE film,
SABIC
hasdeveloped
recipetransporting,formultilayer
PE packaging
shelving,
preservation,
opening
andusage.
Multilayer
PEwaterits
packaging
fi
lms
are
used
for
applications
suchasbottlewhich enhances material properties of the film and improves
Conventional three layer packaging film (45 µm) andpackaging
fi
lms
are
used
for
applications
suchasbottlewater
packs,
beer
cans
pack,
beveragecollation
shrinkfilm.
effectiveness allowing 22% reduction in film thickness. SABIC’s
SABIC five layer packaging film (35 µm)
packs,
beercans pack,collation
film.
SABIC
has
developed
recipe forthe
multilayer
PE packaging
lm,
five layer
packagingfilma beverage
matches
three shrink
layer
reference
fifilmSABIC
has developeda recipefor multilayer
PEandpackagingwhich
enhances
propertiesof theopticalfilm
improves
its
specification
withmaterial
respect
to shrinkforce,
andtensilefilm,
Conventional three layer packaging film (45 µm) andwhich
enhances
material
properties
of
the
fi
lm
and
improves
effectivenessallowing
22%
reductioninfilm
thickness.
SABIC’s
properties. However it is 22% lighter in weight for equivalent its
Conventionalthreelayer packaging
film (45 µm) and
SABIC five layer
packagingfilm (35 µm)
effectiveness22%
reductionin area.
filmlayer
thickness.
SABIC’s
SABIC five layer packaging film (35 µm)
fifunctionalve layer packaging
lm
matchesthefilmthreereference
film
unitallowing
basis fii.e.
1000
m2 of
fispecifive layerpackaging
film
matchesthreelayer
referencefilm
cationwith that
respect
toreduction
shrinkthe
force,
opticaland tensile
The
study
shows
22%
in film
thicknessof thespecificationwithrespecttoshrinkforce,
opticalandtensileproperties.
Howeveritis22%
lighterinweightforequivalent
packaging film results in close to 22% reduction in lifecycle2
properties.
However
it is1000
22%
lighterin weight
functional
unit
basis
i.e.
m
of1000film
area.
greenhousegasemissions.
Everym2 of fiforve equivalent
layer PE film
2functional
unit
basis
i.e.
1000
m
of
fi
lm
area.
The
study
shows
that
22%
reductioninfilm
thickness
results in 40 kg of avoided GHG emissions compared ofto the
The
study
shows
that
22%
reductioninfilm
thicknessofthepackagingfilm
results
in
close
to
22%
reductioninlifecycle
conventional three layer film. The study demonstrates that2
packagingfilm
results
in
close
to
22%
reductioninlifecycle
greenhousegasemissions.
Every
1000
m
of
fi
ve
layer
PE
film
increase in material effectiveness through product innovations
2
greenhousegasemissions.
Every
1000
m
of
fi
ve
layer
PE
film
resultsin
40
kg
of
avoidedGHG
emissionscomparedtohas a strong and linear impact in reducing the lifecycle
resultsin
40
kg
of
avoidedGHG
emissionscomparedtoconventional
three
layer
fi
lm.
The
study
demonstrates
that
environmental footprint of plastic packaging.
conventional
three layer
film. The study
demonstrates
that
increasein material
effectivenessthroughproduct innovations
Full study available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
increasein material
effectivenessthrough productinnovations
has
a strongand linear
impact in reducing
the lifecycle
has a strong andlinear impact
in reducing
the lifecycle
environmental
footprintof plastic
packaging.
Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions over the lifecycle of five layer PE packaging film versus conventional three layer packaging film
environmental footprint of plastic packaging.
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
Full200
study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

The avoided CO 2e emissions per 1000 m2 of packaging film
Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions over the lifecycle of five layer PE
packagingfilm versus
conventional
threethreelayer packaging
film
Emissions
per life cycle
SABIC fivelayer
Conventional
Avoided Emissions
150
AvoidedGreenhouse Gas Emissions over the lifecycle of five layer PE packaging
conventional
three layer
packagingfilmphase (kg CO2e)film versus
packagingfilmlayer packaging
filkg
CO2 eq./functional(35 microns)

200
200
100
150
150
50
100
100
0

(45 microns)

unit

The avoided CO 2e emissions per 1000 m2 of packaging film

Production of Polyethylene 66
85
19
2
The avoided
CO 2eSABIC
emissions1000 mthreeof packaging
film
Emissions
per life cycle
five layer per
Conventional
Avoided Emissions
Processing«Blown
Film
18
22
4kg CO eq./functional
packagingfilmlayer packaging
filphase (kg
Emissionsper CO
life2e)cycle
SABIC
five layer
Conventional
three
AvoidedEmissions2
Extrusion»(35 microns)(45packaging
microns) fil
unit
phase (kg CO2e)
packaging
film
layer
kg CO2 eq./functional
unit
Distributionof Polyethylene 66
1 (35 microns)
1 (45 microns)0
Production
85
19

Production of Processing Distribution Use phase
50 polyethylene ”Blow Film50
Extrusion”

End of Life

EntireLifecycle

Production
Polyethylene
Use phase of«Blown
ProcessingFilm
Extrusion»
Processing«Blown
Film
End of Life
Extrusion»
Distribution
Entire Lifecycle
Distribution
Use
phase
AvoidedEmissionsUse phaseEndof Life

66
18
18
60

85
22
22
78

19
4
418

1145
1185
040
110
Conventional three layered packaging film
Sabic fi ve layered packaging film
40
0(45 microns)(35 microns)-60-78
Entire18
0 Production of Processing Distribution Use phase End of Life
polyethylene”Blow Film Distribution Use phase End of Life
Lifecycle
Productionof Processing
Entire
End
of
Life
60
78
18
Extrusion”
Entire Lifecycle
145
185
40
polyethylene ”Blow Film
Lifecycle
EntireLifecycle
145
185
40
Conventional threeExtrusion”
layered packaging film
Sabic fi ve layered packaging film
Avoided Emissions
40(45 microns) three layered packaging film
(35 microns)
Conventional
Sabic
fi vehowlayeredlm greenhouse
This case study illustrates
the packaging
reductionfiof
gas Emissions(GHG) emissions40can be enabled by chemical products, as part of a
Avoided(45 microns)(35 brought
microns) to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for theseries of case studies
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseriesof casestudiesbrought
youby ICCA.ofChemicalindustrymembers
offeredcan
LifebeCycle
Assessment[LCA]
case studies
for oftheThis casestudy
illustrates
howto
the
reduction
greenhousegas (GHG)
emissionsenabledby chemical
products,
as parta
purposeshowing
illustrative
exampleson how
to calculate
avoidedgreenhouse
The avoided
emission
calculations
seriesof ofcasestudiesbrought toyou by ICCA.
Chemicalindustrymembers
offeredgas
Lifeemissions.
Cycle Assessment[LCA]
case studies
for thewere basedon the guidelines
byhow
ICCA
WBSCD
(WorldBusiness Council
for Sustainable
Development)- Chemical
purposeof showing
illustrative developed
examples on
to andcalculate
avoidedgreenhousegas emissions.
The avoided
emission calculations
For
more Council
information,
visit
Sector,with thesupportof Arthur
D. Little andEcofys.
Other
life cycle
environmental
impacts
aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change
were
were basedon theguidelines
developedby ICCAand
WBSCD(WorldBusiness
forsuchSustainable
Development)- Chemicaloutsidethe scopeand usuallynotD.
considered.
Sector, withthe supportof Arthur
Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

13

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
Engineering plastics
The
Essential Role of Chemicals
for vehicle light-weighting
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Engineering plastics
A Solvay case study
for vehicle light-weighting
Engineering
plastics
Lightweight
car parts playa key role in designing moreA
Solvaycase study
fuel-efficient cars. Even small and specific car parts likeforenginevehiclelight-weighting
themount housing
made of 280 grams of Technyl ,An engine mount housing®

A Solvay case study

Lightweight
carplastic,
parts playa key role inthat
designinganengineering
demonstrates
it bringsmore
fuel-effi
cientcars. Evengas
small
and specifi
c car partslikesignificantgreenhousesavings
as comparedto theAn engine mount housing
the engine version
mount housingof 280aluminumgrams of alloy
Technyl®,traditional
made ofmade
400 grams
anengineering
demonstrates
it bringsmore
equivalent.
Lightweight
carplastic,
parts playa key role inthat
designing
significantgreenhousegassavings
ascomparedto thefuel-effi
cient cars.
small andspecific car
parts
like
An engine mount housingInthe studiedcase,Even
the avoided
emissionsfor thisvery
traditionalversion
made
of
400
grams
aluminum
alloy
®
the
enginemount
housing
made
of
280
grams
of
Technyl,small part represent 2.0 kg CO2 eq. per car during its
equivalent.
anengineering
plastic,
demonstrates
thatproduction
it brings ofcompletelife cycle.
Considering
the totalsignificantgreenhousegassavings
ascomparedtheInstudiedcase,
theunderavoidedemissionsthistovery
thethespecifi
c car
model
study
(280,000for
cars/year,
traditionalversion
made
of
400
grams
aluminum
alloy
small
represent
2.0 kgcar duringwith apart
10 years
lifetime),theCOemissionsdueitsto
2 eq. peravoided
equivalent.
completelife cycle.
Considering
thetotaltproductionof
thistechnology
changeamount to
5,600
CO2 eq.
Figure 1 - view of the Engine Mount Housing, a connecting part between thethethespecifi
c car
model
under
study
(280,000for
cars/year,
Instudiedcase,
theavoidedemissions
thisvery
The “engine mount housing” is a small car part that ensuresengine and the vehicle structure, in its application surrounding (from [6])with apart
10 years
lifetime),theCOemissionsdueitstoTechnyl® versus aluminium alloy
small
represent
2.0 kgperavoided
car during
2 eq.
one attachment
point between
theengine/gearbox
and thethis technology
changeamount to5,600 tproduction
CO eq.
completelife cycle.
Considering
theofvehiclestructure
in a small-medium
sizetotalcar. The 2comparison
Figure 1 - view of the Engine Mount Housing, a connecting part between thethespecifi
c
car
model
under
study
(280,000
cars/year,
The “engine
mounthousing”levelis aandsmall
car part
takes
place atthe end-use
focusesonthatthe ensures
specific
engine and the vehicle structure, in its application surrounding (from [6])Technyl® versus aluminium alloy
withparta 10(e.g.
years
lifetime),theemissionsavoidedtoone
attachment
betweenthecarengine/gearbox
and
the
car
thepoint
remainderof theis outside
theduesystemthis technology
changeamount tosize
5,600
CO2comparison
eq.
vehiclestructure ina small-medium
car.t The
boundaries).
Figure 1 - view of the Engine Mount Housing, a connecting part between thetakesplace atthe end-use
level
and
focusesonthatthe ensures
specific®
The comparison“enginemounthousing”
is apartsmall
car ofpartvehicle structure, in its application surrounding (from [6])
The
shows
that carmadeTechnylenables to engine and theTechnyl® versus aluminium alloycar(e.g. thepoint
remainderof thecar
is outside theandsystemone part
attachment
betweenengine/gearbox
the
avoid
emissions bothbecauseofthe
loweremissions at the
production
boundaries).
vehicle andstructure
in a itsmall-medium
size car. The during
comparison
phase,
becausereduces fuel consumption
the useEngine Mount
Engine Mount
®
takes
place
at theend-useandfocuseson thespecific to
Al Si9 Cu3 alloy
Technyl A218V50 Bk 21N
The comparison
shows
that
car aspart
Technylenablesphase(i.e. whendriving
the levelcar)a maderesultof thereducedweight.
Polyamide 6.6 compound (50% glass fi ber)car part(e.g. thebothremainder
ofofthecar emissions
is outside atthethesystemavoid
emissionsbecauselower
production
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climateboundaries).
phase,
and because it reduces fuel consumption during the use
Engine Mount
Engine Mount
Al Si9 Cu3 alloy
Technyl A218V50 Bk 21N
phase(i.e. when driving
the car)result of
reducedweight.
®
The comparison
shows thatcar asparta madeof theTechnylenablesto®

®

Polyamide 6.6 compound (50% glass fi ber)avoid
emissionsbecause of lower emissions at the production
Full study
availableboth
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
Avoided emissions
phase, and because it reduces fuel consumption during the use
over the life cycle ofphase(i.e. whenan engine
mountdriving the car) as a result of the reduced weight.
housing: comparing
Technyl with theover the life cycle ofreference (metal alloy).
an engine mounthousing: comparing
AvoidedemissionsTechnyl® withtheover
the life
cycleofreference(metalalloy).
an engine mounthousing: comparing
Technyl® with thereference (metal alloy).

Fullstudy ®available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
AvoidedemissionsFigure 2 - Illustration of the two versions of the studied Engine Mount(only parts indicated by the red arrows are considered)Engine Mount
Engine Mount
Al Si9 Cu3 alloy
Technyl ® A218V50 Bk 21N
Polyamide 6.6 compound (50% glass fi ber)Figure1 2– -Chemical
Illustrationof the twoofversionsof thestudied Engine
Mount
Table
composition
grade ENAC
AISi9Cu(Fe)(ENAC
46000)(only parts indicated by the red arrows are considered)

Table
composition
grade ENAC
AISi9Cu(Fe)(ENAC
46000)
Figure1 2– -Chemical
Illustrationof the twoofversionsof thestudied Engine
Mount(only parts indicated by the red arrows are considered)

Table 1 – Chemical composition of grade ENAC AISi9Cu(Fe) (ENAC 46000)
1/5

1/5

1/5

This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World
Business
for Sustainable- ChemicalFor
more Council
information,pleaseDevelopment)
visit www.icca-chem.org
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

14

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

The Essential Role of Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
Broiler
production withfeed additive
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

DL-Methionine
Broiler production with feed additive
A Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. case study
DL-Methionine
Broiler production with feed additiveA
Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. case study
DL-Methionine

Since methionine is the first limiting amino acid in broiler
feed, the supplementation with DL-Methionine plays a keyrole to reduce nitrogen content in broiler feed.
Since methionine is the first limiting amino acid in broiler
Reducing the nitrogen content in the feed is an effective
feed, the supplementation with DL-Methionine plays a key
way to reduce nitrous oxide (N2 O) emission - which has arole to reduce nitrogen content in broiler feed.
greenhouseeffectisaround300
timesamino
greateracid
than
Since methionine
the first
limiting
in carbon
broiler
Reducing
the nitrogencontent
the feedis anplays
effective
dioxidemanuremanagement
process,by
feed,the- during
supplementation
with in
DL-Methionine
a key
way to reduce
nitrousexcretion
oxide(N2ofO)emission- which has adecreasing
nitrogenanimals.
role
nitrogencontent
inthe
broilerfeed.
greenhouse effect around 300 times greater than carbon
Inthis casethe
study,
two options
forinbroiler
feediswith
Reducing
nitrogencontent
the feedan different
effective
dioxide - during manure management process, byproteinare comparedin2 O)
life-cycle
GHG
emissions:
way to contents
reduce nitrous
oxide (Nemission- whichhas adecreasing nitrogen excretion of the animals.
astudy feed supplemented
control
greenhouseeffect aroundwith
300 DL-Methionine
times greater andthana carbon
In thiswithout
case
study,
two options
for feeds
broilersatisfy
feed with
feed
DL-Methionine.
Boththe different
nutrient
dioxide- during
manuremanagement
process,
byprotein contents
are animalcompared
inoflife-cycle
GHG emissions:requirementsof thefor adequate
growth.
decreasing
nitrogenexcretion
the animals.
a study feed supplemented with DL-Methionine and a control
The
lifecase
cyclestudy,
assessment
caseforstudy
shows
In thistwo options
broiler
feedthat,
withwhiledifferent
feed without DL-Methionine. Both feeds satisfy the nutrient
havingslightly higher
impact ininthe
raw material
production,
protein acontents
are comparedlife-cycle
GHG emissions:requirements of the animal for adequate growth.
supplementing
feed with DL-Methionine
results inavoideda study feed supplemented
with DL-Methionineanda control
The life
cycle
assessment
case
shows
that,
emissions
overthe life cycleasastudyresultofsatisfy
reducednitrogenfeed
without
DL-Methionine.
Both
feeds
thewhile
nutrient
having a slightly
higherimpactin the raw
material
production,
excretion.
Theofestimatedcontributionof thestudiedfeed torequirements
theanimalfor adequate
growth.
supplementing
feed with DL-Methionine
results
in 2avoided
GHGemission reduction
amounts to 0.114
kg CO
e per kg
The life cycle assessment case study shows that, whileemissionsover thelife oncycle
a result ofof broiler meat,
based
theas
difference
in reduced
life-cyclenitrogen
GHG
having a slightly higher impact in the raw material production,
excretion.
estimated
contributionof the studied feed toemissions The
betweenthe twofeed options.
supplementing feed with DL-Methionine results in avoided
GHG emission reduction amounts to 0.114 kg CO2e per kg
The overallover
contribution
to GHGin Japanemissionsthe life cycle
as aemission
result of reduction
reduced nitrogenof broiler meat, based on the difference in life-cycle GHG
isforecasted
toamountto161.77kt
CO
e
in
2020.
excretion. The estimated contribution of2the studied feed toemissions between the two feed options.
GHG
emission reduction amounts to 0.114 kg CO e per kg
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate2
Theoverall
contribution
GHG
emissioninreductionin Japanof broiler
meat,
based ontothe
differencelife-cycle GHG
isforecasted
toamountto161.77kt
CO
e
in
2020.
emissions between the two feed options.
2

A Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. case study

Fullavailable
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
Thestudy
overall
contribution
to GHG emission reduction in Japan100
GHG emission
and reduction
is forecasted
to amount
to 161.77kt CO2e in 2020.

contribution (kg-CO 2e/Kg0.9
Full Broiler
study availablemeat) at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
0.8
100
GHG emission and reduction
0.7
Control feed - Study feed =contribution (kg-CO 2e/Kg0.9
0.114 (kg-CO2e/kg -broiler
meat)
0.6
Broiler meat)
0.8
0.5
100
GHG emission and reduction
Study feed vs Control feed
0.7
Control
feed -(kg-CO
Study feed=
contribution
e/Kg2 production
0.4
0.9
CO2equiv. emission on
0.114 (kg-CO
Broilermeat)2e/kg -broiler meat)
0.6
and manure management step
0.3
0.8
and that descrepancy
0.5
0.2
0.7
Study feed
feed=
Control
feedvs- Control
Study feed
0.4
CO2equiv.
emissionon
production
e/kg-broiler
meat)
0.114
(kg-CO
0.1
0.6
2
and manure management step
0.3
0.0
0.5
and thatdescrepancy
Study
feed
vs Control feed
0.2
0.4
CO2equiv. emission on production
0.1
and manure management step
0.3
and that descrepancy
0.0
0.2
0.1

0.912
0.798
0.628

0.912

0.603
0.798

0.912
0.628

0.603

0.628

0.603

0.309

0.798

0.170
0.309
Feed prodiction
Study feed

0.170
Manure management
0.309
Control feed

Total

0.170
Feed prodiction
Study feed

Manure management

Total

Control feed

This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of a
0.0 by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for theseries of case studies brought to you
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how Feedto calculate
avoided greenhousegas emissions.
calculations
prodiction
ManuremanagementThe avoided emissionTotal
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Studyfeedlife cycle environmental
Control feed
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys.
Other
impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - ChemicalFor
more caninformation,
visit
Sector,withthe supportof how
Arthur
Little andof
Ecofys.
Other life
environmental
impactssuch aswater
andland www.icca-chem.org
use changeThis casestudy
illustrates
theD.reduction
greenhousegascycle(GHG)
emissionsbe enabled
bypleasechemicalproducts,
as partwereof aoutsideofthe
scopeand brought
usually notconsidered.
seriescasestudiesto youby ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
outside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

15

The Essential Role of Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
A
comparative
life cycle
studyofof Chemicals
three
The
Essential
Role
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

fouling control systems for marine vessels
A comparative life cycle study of three
An AkzoNobel case study
fouling
control systems
marinevessels
A comparative
life cycle forstudyof threeIntersleek
1100SR is a biocide-freefluoropolymer foulingbetween 2%-10%, weed growth in the region of 10%-30%,
An
AkzoNobel
case
study
fouling
controlsystemsformarinevessels
and animal growth (such as tubeworms or barnacles) in excess
control system, which improves the coating’s performance
An AkzoNobel case study

compared to the silicon based fouling control system
Intersleek 1100SR
a biocide-freefluoropolymer
fouling
700 and isthebiocide foulingcontrol system
controlsystem,which
improvesthecoating’s
performance
Intersmooth 7460HS.
comparedto the silicon
based foulingcontrol system
Intersleek 1100SR
is a biocide-freefluoropolymer
fouling
Intersleek 1100SR ensures lower surface hull roughness,
Intersleek
700 andthe improves
biocide foulingcontrol performancesystemcontrolsystem,which
the coating’s
better coefficient of friction and better foul release
Intersmoothcompared
to7460HS.
the silicon based fouling control systemproperties, which relatively to the Intersmooth 7460HS
Intersleek
700
and ensures
the biocide
fouling
controlsystemIntersleek
1100SRlower
surfacehullandroughness,
system,leads
to reduced
fuelconsumption
avoidedIntersmooth
7460HS.
bettercoefficientoffrictionandbetterfoul
releasein-service emissions of up to 9%. This lifecycle study
properties,
which relatively
to thesurface
Intersmooth
7460HS
coversthe1100SR
vessel’sfull life-cycle.
Fuelandhulllube
oilIntersleek
ensureslowerroughness,
system,leads
toreducedfuelconsumption
andavoidedconsumption
haveofbeen
consideredseparately.
better coefficient
frictionand better
foul releasein-service
emissions
of
up
to
9%.
This
lifecycle
study
properties, which relatively to the Intersmooth 7460HS
The settlement of fouling organisms on the underwater hull iscoversvessel’sfull life-cycle.
Fuel and lube
system,theleads
to reduced
fuel consumption
and oilavoidedwell known to adversely influence the fuel consumption of
consumption
have been
consideredseparately.
in-service
emissionsof up
to 9%. This
lifecycle study
vessels. A layer of slime (multi-culture comprised of bacteria andcoversthe vessel’s
full life-cycle.
Fuellube oil hull is
The settlementof saidfouling
organisms
ontheandunderwater
phytoplankton)isto resultin increased
fuel consumptionofconsumption
have
been
consideredseparately.
well known to adversely influence the fuel consumption ofvessels.
A layer ofof foulingslime (multi-cultureof bacteria
The settlement
organisms oncomprised
the underwaterhull isand
phytoplankton)
is
said
to
resultinincreasedfuelconsumptionofwell known to adversely influence the fuel consumption ofof 40%.
between 2%-10%, weed growth in the region of 10%-30%,
This study focuses on three products:
and animal growth (such as tubeworms or barnacles) in excess
1. Intersleek 1100SR, a biocide-free fluoropolymer foulingof
40%. 2%-10%, weed growth in the region of 10%-30%,
betweencontrol system;
andanimalgrowthas tubeworms
barnacles)
in excess
ThisIntersleek
study focuseson
threeproducts:
2.
700, a(suchsilicon-based
foulingorcontrol
system;of40%.
1. IntersmoothIntersleek 1100SR,
a biocide-freefluoropolymer
fouling
3.
7460HS,a widely usedbiocide foulingcontrol
control
Thissystem.
study system;
focuses on three products:
2. Intersleek
a silicon-based
fouling
control system;
1.
Intersleekin700,
1100SR,a biocide-freefluoropolymer
foulingDifferences
fuel consumption
betweenthe considered
3. control
Intersmooth
7460HS, a widely used biocide fouling control
system;solutions by far outweigh environmental impacts fromsystem.
2.
Intersleekdistribution,
700, a silicon-based
fouling
control system;
production,
application,
maintenanceand3.
Intersmooth
7460HS,awidelyusedbiocidefouling thecontrol
DifferencesThein fuelconsumption
thetoconsidered
end-of-life.
ratio
between thebetween
emissionscreatesystem.
solutionsand
by farenvironmental
impactsfromsolutiontheoutweigh
avoided emissions
duringuse canbe up toproduction,
distribution,
application,
maintenanceand
600:1,
andonly
slightlydiffers
betweensolutions(1)and (2).
Differences in fuel consumption between the considered
end-of-life.
The
ratio
betweentheemissionstocreatesolutionsby far outweighenvironmental impacts from theFull study available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
solutionandtheavoidedemissionsuse canand
be up toproduction, distribution, application,during
maintenance
600:1,
andonly
slightlydiffers
betweensolutions(1)
andend-of-life. The ratio between the emissions to createthe(2).
solution
the avoided
emissions during use can be up to
Full study andavailable
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

GHG emissions during the entire life cycle of fouling control system
600:1, and only slightly differs between solutions (1) and (2).
vessels.
A layerof slime(multi-culturecomprised
Avoidedemissionsrelativeto the reference
system of bacteria andFullmiles
studyofavailable
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
phytoplankton)
said
result inconsidered:increased fuelconsumption
Functional unitisfortheto
3 systems
travelling
2,365,200of
nauticala 300 meterlong container ship, with an underwaterarea
12,000 m2during
and a loading
capacityof 70,000
deadcontrol
weight system
tonne, during 15 years of operation, including 3 maintenance cycles.
GHGofemissions
the entire
life cycleof fouling
Avoided emissions relative to the reference system
Functional
unit forduring
the 3 systems
considered:
2,365,200
nautical miles of a 300 meter long container ship, with an underwater
Globalpotential
GHG
emissionsthe entire
lifewarming
cycle travellingof foulingcontrol systemareaof 12,000
m2 anda loadingofsystem
70,000 dead weight
tonne, during 15 years of operation, including 3 maintenance cycles.
Avoidedemissionsrelativeto thecapacity
reference
IntersmoothIntersleek
Intersleek
IntersmoothIntersleek
Intersleek
7460HS scheme

700 scheme

1100SR scheme

Intersmooth
7460HS scheme

Intersleek
700 scheme

Intersleek
1100SR scheme

Intersleek
700 scheme

Intersleek
1100SR scheme

7460HS scheme*

700 scheme*

1100SR scheme*

Intersmooth
7460HS scheme*- 12Intersleek
700 scheme*- 12Intersleek
1100SR scheme*

Paint
and thinner-Productionof ingredients
manufacturing
Intersmooth
Trp of ingredients and7460HS -scheme*
Containers
thinnermanufacturing
Production of ingredients
Paint and thinnerTrpof paint
and thinner
ingredients
andmanufacturingthinner
Application
NB-Containers
Paint
and thinner
manufacturing
In service
manufacturing
Trp ofandpaintand thinner
M&R
removal-Containers
Application
NB endmanufacturing
Waste treatment-of service
life
In
Trp
of paint and thinner
-SUM
M&R
and
removal--Application NB
Avoidedemissions(rel.)
0%
Waste
treatmentend-In service
life tCO eq / functional unit
* of
Unit:
2
M&R and removal
SUM
Waste treatment end
Avoided0%of life emissions (rel.)- -812
Intersleek- 12
700 scheme*
-3
- 81
-2
- -123- -842
Intersleek- 121100SR scheme*
-4
- 84
-2
- -123Functional0unit for the 3 systems considered: travelling 2,365,200 nautical miles of a 300 meter long container ship, with an underwaterof ingredients- 81
Globalwarming
potential
area of 12,000 m2 and a loading
capacityof 70,000
dead weight tonne, during 15Production
years ofoperation, including
3 maintenancecycles. - 84
-20,000

tCO 2 eq / functionaltCO 2 eq / unit
functionaltCO 2 equnit
/ functional unit

0-40,000-20,000-60,0000-40,000-80,000-20,000-60,000-100,000-40,000-80,000-120,000-60,000-100,000-140,000-80,000-120,000-160,000-100,000-140,000-180,000-120,000-160,000-140,000-180,000-160,000-180,000

16Intersmooth
7460HS scheme

Global warming potential

Trp of ingredients andthinner- -333-2- 106,550
-3
- 106
-3
- - 33- -314-2- 159,819

-

-3
- 105
-4
- 31

- 106,550-3- 159,819-3- 106,790- -10633-- 4%- 106,550- 160,060- -10531-6%- 159,819- 106- 106,790
- 4%

- 105
- 160,060
-6%

unit
* SUM
Unit:
tCO2eq / functional- chemical products,- 106,790 as part-of
160,060
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissionscan be enabledbyaseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
Avoidedemissions(rel.)
0%
4%-6%
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemicalunit* Unit: tCO2eq / functional
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
This
case
study
illustrates
theD.reduction
greenhousegascycle(GHG)
emissionsbe enabled
bypleasechemicalproducts,
as partwereof aFor
more caninformation,
visit
Sector,withthe supportof how
Arthur
Little andof
Ecofys.
Other life
environmental
impactssuch aswater
andland www.icca-chem.org
use change
seriescasestudiesto youby ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for theoutsideofthe
scopeand brought
usually notconsidered.
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
The Green Sense® Concrete solution – optimizing
The Essential
ofcement
Chemicals
concretemixtures by Role
reducing
content
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The Green Sense® Concrete solution – optimizing
A BASF case study
concrete mixtures by reducing cement content
®
The
Green
Concreteis generally
produceda mixture of paste solution – optimizing
A BASF
caseSensestudyfrom Concrete
and aggregates. The paste is composed of cement andconcretemixtures by reducing cement content
water and coats the surfaces of the fine and course

432 Park Avenue Tower built with Green Sense ® Concrete.
It is the tallest residential tower in the western hemisphere.
432 Park Avenue Tower built with Green Sense ® Concrete.
It is the tallest residential tower in the western hemisphere.
432 Park Avenue Tower built with Green Sense ® Concrete.
It is the tallest residential tower in the western hemisphere.

Picture by Richard
PictureBerenholtz
by Richard
PictureBerenholtz
by Richard Berenholtz

A BASF case study

Concrete is generally
frommixturepaste
aggregates.
Chemicalproduced
admixturesareaadded
to ofmodifyandaggregates.
paste is properties.
composed Theof cement
or
improve
specifiThec concrete
cementandwater and coats
the results
surfacesthelevels
fine andcourseproduction
processin ofhighof greenhouse®
aggregates.
Chemical
admixtures
are
added
to of
modifygas(GHG)emissions.
The
Green
Sense
Concrete
Concrete is generally produced from a mixture
paste
or
improve
specificconcrete
properties.
The
cementoptimization
process
from
BASF
offersanenvironmentallyand aggregates. The paste is composed of cement andproduction
process
inthathighlevelsof greenhousepreferable
concretesolution
meets
often
exceeds
water
and coats
the results
surfacesofthefine andandcourse®
gas(GHG)
emissions.
The
Green
Sense
Concrete
performancetargets.
aggregates. Chemical admixtures are added to modify
optimization
process
from BASF
offers anenvironmentallyor
improve
specific concrete
properties.
The
cementCement,a fundamental
componentof concrete,
generates
preferable
concretesolution
that
meets
and
often exceeds
production
process
resultsinhighlevelsofgreenhousea large carbon footprint during its production from the two
performancetargets. The Green Sense® Concretegas(GHG) ofemissions.
processes
combustionand calcination. The life cycle
optimization
process
from
BASF
offersan environmentally
Cement, a fundamental
componentof concrete,
generates
assessment
study
comparesthe environmental
impacts
of apreferable
concretesolution
that
meets
and
often
a large carbon
footprintmixture
during with
its production
fromthe exceeds
twoconventional
concretean optimized
Green
Sense®
performancetargets.
processesmixture.
of combustionand calcination.
The life cyclecement
Concrete
This optimized
mixture incorporates
assessment
study
comparesthe environmental
impactsof areplacement
materials
andinnovative
Cement,a fundamental
component
ofconcrete
concrete,admixturesgenerates
conventional
concretemixturean
optimized
Sense®
without
impactingthe required
fresh
and
hardened
concretealarge carbon
footprint
during with
its
production
fromGreenthetwoConcrete
This optimized
mixtureassociatedincorporates
cementproperties.
The
avoided
GHG
with
this
processesmixture.
ofcombustionand emissions
calcination.
The life cycle®
3
replacement
materials
andinnovative
concreteadmixtures
optimized
Green
Sense
Concretemixtureare 73kg CO2ofeq/m
assessment
study
comparesthe environmental
impactsa3
without
impactingthe required
fresh100,000
andhardened
concreteofconcrete.
For
a projectrequiringm ofGreen
concrete,conventional
concretemixturewith
anoptimized
Sense®
properties.
The
avoidedGHG
emissionsassociated
with
this
this
examplewould
resultin over
7.3
milliontons of avoided
Concretemixture.
This
optimized
mixtureincorporates
cement®
optimized
Green
Concretemixture73
kg CO2 eq/m3
CO
InSenseaddition
to a reduction
inare
GHG
emissions,
2 emissions.
replacement
materials
andinnovative
concreteadmixturesof concrete.
For a® projectrequiringm3 oflower
concrete,
the
Green
Sense
Concretemixturealso
showswithout
impactingtherequiredfresh100,000
and hardened
concretethisexampleThe
wouldresultin over
7.3 millionof avoided
environmental
impactin GHG
ozone
depletion
andtonshumantoxicity.
properties.
avoidedemissionsassociated
with
this
CO
InSenseaddition
to a reduction
inare
GHG
emissions,®
3
2 emissions.
optimized
Green
Concretemixture73kg
CO
2 eq/mFull study available at:www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate®
theGreen Sense
Concretemixture100,000
also showsof concrete.
For a projectrequiringm3 oflower
concrete,environmental
impactin ozonedepletion
andtonshumantoxicity.
thisexample would
resultin over
7.3 millionof avoided

Cradle-to-gate
GHG emissions
per m of in
Green
Concrete mixtures in comparison to conventional concreteCOemissions.
to a reduction
GHGSense
emissions,
Full 2study
availableIn
at:additionwww.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
the Green Sense® Concrete mixture also shows lower
environmental impact in ozone depletion and human toxicity.
3®

Cradle-to-gate GHG emissions per m3 of Green Sense ® Concrete mixtures in comparison to conventional concrete

Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

Cradle-to-gate GHG emissions per m3 of Green Sense ® Concrete mixtures in comparison to conventional concrete
73 kg of CO 2
avoided emissions

73 kg of CO 2
avoided emissions

73 kg of CO 2
avoided emissions

This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World
Business
for Sustainable- ChemicalFor
more Council
information,pleaseDevelopment)
visit www.icca-chem.org
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

17

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential Role of Chemicals

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Rigid containers for chocolate
drink powder in Brazil
Rigid
containers
for chocolate
The
Essential
A
Braskemcase study Role of Chemicals
drink powder in Brazil

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

A Braskem case study

Replacing tinplate rigid containers with polypropylene
containers for chocolate drink powder in Brazil can leadto a 56% reduction in GHG emissions.
Replacing tinplate rigid containers with polypropylene
Considering the Brazilian market size in 2010, a fullcontainers for chocolate drink powder in Brazil can lead
replacement of tinplate containers by polypropylene
to a 56% reduction in GHG emissions.
containers could lead to total GHG reductions by
Considering
10ktonCO2e.the Brazilian market size in 2010, a full
replacement of tinplate containers by polypropylene
241 million tinplate containers for Chocolate Drink Powder
containers could lead to total GHG reductions by
Replacing
containers
with In
polypropylene
were sold intinplate2010 onrigid
the Brazilian
market.
the same year,
10 ktonCO2e.
containers
for chocolate
drink powder
in Brazil
can lead
87 million polypropylene
containers
were used
to package
to56% product.
reductionin GHG emissions.
241asamemilliontinplate containers
for Chocolate Drink Powder
thewere sold in 2010 on the Brazilian market. In the same year,
Considering
Brazilianin 2010,amounta full to
Life cycle GHGtheemissionsformarket
tinplatesize
containers
87 million polypropylene containers were used to package
replacementof tinplatecontainers
by polypropylene
0.21 kgCO2e/container
whereaspolypropylene
containers
the same product.
containers
could
total GHG
reductionsbyare responsible
for leada totaltoemissionof 0.09
kgCO2e/container.
10
e.
Life
cycle
GHG
emissionsfortinplate
containers
amountto
ThektonCO
majorityofGHG
emissions
in
the
life
cycle
of
these
2
0.21
kgCO2aree/container
whereaspolypropylene
containers
containersconcentrated
in
the
raw
material
241 million tinplate containers for Chocolate Drink Powder
areresponsible orfor a total emissionof 0.09
kgCO e/container.
(polypropylene
production
and processing.
were
sold in 2010 tinplate)on the Brazilian
market.
In the 2same year,
The majority of GHG emissions in the life cycle of these87
polypropylene
containers wereusedto package
No million
trade-offs
in other environmental
impactcategories
werecontainers are concentrated in the raw material
thesameproduct.
foundin thefull Life Cycle Assessment study that supports(polypropylene or tinplate) production and processing.
this cycle
case-study
as can be for
seen.
Life
GHG emissions
tinplate containers amount toNo trade-offs in other environmental impact categories were
0.21study
kgCO
whereas polypropylene containers
Fullavailable
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
2e/container
found in the full Life Cycle Assessment study that supports
are responsible for a total emission of 0.09 kgCO2e/container.
this case-study as can be seen.
The majority of GHG emissions in the life cycle of thesecontainers
are concentrated
in the raw material
Fullstudy available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate(polypropylene
or tinplate) production and processing.
Scenario Analysis

Rigid containers for chocolate
drink powder in Brazil
A Braskem case study

No trade-offs in other environmental
impact categories were
Scenario Analysis
found 0,25
in the full Life Cycle Assessment study that supports
Scenario Analysis
this case-study as can be seen.
0,2

Scenario Analysis

Kg CO2 eq/FUKg CO2 eq/FU

Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
0,25
0,15

0,12 kg CO2

0,12 kg CO2

0,15
Scenario
Analysis
0,05

Scenario Analysis
1 Metallic Container

1 Plastic Container

Avoided Emissions

Kg CO2 eq/FU

0,2
0,15
0,1

1 Tinplate Container
Photochemical Oxidation(kg C2H4 eq); 71%

1 Metallic Container

1 Plastic Container

0,12 kg CO2

Avoided Emissions

Abiotic depletion(kg Sb eq); 29%
100%

Acidification(kg SO2 eq); 73%

80%

Full 1Life
Cycle Impact Assessment Profile
PP Container
Abiotic
60% depletion(kg Sb profieq); 29%
Comparative
full environmental
le of polypropylene
1 Tinplate Container
Terrestrial
100%
Acidification
Ecotoxicity as compared to tin
containers= tin
40%containers (100%
Eutrophication(kg SO2 eq); 73%(kg 1,4-DBeq); 88% Oxidation
Photochemical(kg PO4—eq); 69%(kg C2H4eq); 71% the absence80%
containers)
showingoftrade-offs.
20%
Terrestrial
Ecotoxicity(kg 1,4-DB eq); 88%
Aquatic Ecotoxicity,
Marine
1 PP
Container(kg 1,4-DB eq); 80%
1 Tinplate Container
Photochemical Oxidation(kg C2H4 eq); 71%
Aquatic Ecotoxicity,
Aquatic Ecotoxicity,
Marine(kg 1,4-DB eq); Fresh
80% Water(kg 1,4-DB eq); 89%
Terrestrial
Ecotoxicity(kg 1,4-DB eq); 88%
Aquatic Ecotoxicity,
Fresh Water(kg 1,4-DB eq); 89%

60%
0%
40%
20%
Abiotic depletion(kg0%
Sb eq); 29%
100%
80%
60%
Human Toxicity(kg 40%
1,4-DB eq); 98%
20%0%
Human Toxicity(kg 1,4-DB eq); 98%

Eutrophication(kg PO4—eq); 69%
Global Warming(kg CO2 eq); 56%
Acidification(kg SO2 eq); 73%
Ozone LayerGlobal Warming(kg CO2 eq); 56%
Depletion – ODP(kg CFC-11 eq); 1%
Eutrophication(kg PO4—eq); 69%
Ozone Layer
Depletion – ODP(kg CFC-11 eq); 1%

Table 2 – the results of the case study

Aquatic Ecotoxicity,
Marine(kg 1,4-DB eq); 80%

Global Warming(kg CO2 eq); 56%

1 Plastic Container 1 Metalic Container
kCO2/400g of
kCO /400g of
Life Cycle
Stage
Table
2 – the resultsof the case study2
chocolate powder
chocolate
powderAquatic Ecotoxicity,
Ozone
Layer
Fresh Water(kg 1,4-DB eq); 89%

Raw Material

0.06
Human
Toxicity
1 (kgPlastic
1,4-DB Containereq); 98%
/400g
of
kCO
2
Life Cycle Stage
Manufacturing/Processing chocolate
0.02powder
0.06
2.54E-03

Depletion – ODP(kg CFC-11 eq); 1%

0.12
1 Metalic Container
kCO2/400g of
0.10powder
chocolate
0.12
5.11E-03

Table 2 – the results of the case study
Manufacturing/Processing
0.02
0.10
End of Life/Disposal
3.82E-03-0.02

End of Life/Disposal
Avoided Emissions
Raw Material

1 Plastic
Container
2.54E-03/400g ofkCO20.09
chocolate powder
3.82E-03
0.12
0.06

1 Metalic
Container
5.11E-03/400g ofkCO20.21
chocolate powder
-0.02
0.12

Total
Manufacturing/Processing

0.09
0.02

0.21
0.10

Avoided Emissions
Transport

0.12
2.54E-03

5.11E-03

End of Life/Disposal

3.82E-03

-0.02

Total

0.09

0.21

Transport
TotalStage
Life Cycle

0,05
0

1 PP Container

Raw Material
Transport

0,2
0,1

0,1
0
0,25

Full Life Cycle Impact Assessment Profile
Comparative full environmental profile of polypropylene
containers as compared to tin containers (100% = tin
containers) showing the absence of trade-offs.
Full Life Cycle Impact Assessment Profile
Comparative full environmental profile of polypropylene
containers as compared to tin containers (100% = tin
containers) showing the absence of trade-offs.

0,050This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
1 Metallic Containerpurpose
1 Plastic
Container
Avoided Emissionsof showing
illustrative examples
on how to calculate avoided
greenhousegas emissions. The
avoided emission calculations
AvoidedEmissions0.12
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

18

This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
Figure avoided
3 – Graph
Of EachFootprint
And TheAvoided Emissions
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate
greenhousegasPackage´semissions. The
avoided emission
calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
Alternative product distribution logistics
The
Essential
Role ofreduction
Chemicals
and greenhousegas emission
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Alternative product distribution logistics
An Eastman Chemical Company case study
and greenhouse gas emission reduction
Alternative
product
distribution
logistics
Astudy
has been carriedout to characterize
the avoidedcase
An
EastmanChemicalCompany
study
emissions associated with an innovative mode of chemical
andgreenhouse gas emission reduction
product distribution logistics between Eastman and other

GHG Emissions (simplified calculation method)

An Eastman Chemical Company case study

A study has
been carriedout called
to characterize
avoidedof
chemicalcompany
partners,“Alternatethe
Methods
emissionsassociatedwith wasan innovativemodeof chemical
Supply”(AMS).
This study
initiated andperformed
byproduct distribution
logistics tobetweenEastman andother
EastmanChemical Company
better understandthelife
chemicalcompany
partners,“Alternate
Methods
cycle
impactsof theEastmansupplychain, andofA studyhas
beencarriedout calledtocharacterizetheavoidedof
Supply”(AMS).
This
study
was
initiated
andperformedbydistribution
swaps
between2chemicalcompanies.
emissions associated with an innovative mode of chemical
EastmanChemicalCompanytobetterunderstandthelife
product
logistics
betweenEastmanand other
AMS can distribution
be used when
two chemicalcompanies
producea
cycle
impactsof thepartners,
Eastmancalled
supply“Alternate
chain, andofchemicalcompany
Methods
practically identical and mutually interchangeable chemical of
distributionswaps
2 chemicalcompanies.
Supply”
Thisbetween
study
was
initiated
performed
byproduct in(AMS).
two separate
geographic
regions.andIf bothcompanies
EastmanChemicalCompanytobetterunderstandthelife
AMSwilling
can bewhen
two thenchemicalcompanies
produceaareto usedengagein AMSa specifi
c quantityof chemical
cycle
impactsof thesupplychain,
andof thepracticallyandEastman
mutuallyinterchangeablechemicalproduct
to identicalbe sold
canbeswappedin orderto reduce
distribution
swaps
between2 chemicalcompanies.
product ofin inter-continental
twoseparate
geographic
regions.
If bothtocompanies
amounttransportation
required
distributeare willingto toengagein AMSthenspecific quantityofchemicalthat
product
customers.
aaswap
takes
place
under
AMS
can beused
when
twoSuchchemicalcompanies
produceaa
product agreement
to identicalbe sold canswappedin alternative
order to reducetheofbilateral
andbe
representsanmethodpracticallyandmutuallyinterchangeablechemicalamount oftransportation
required
distributeshipping
compared
standardregions.
shipping
where
productinasinter-continental
twoseparatewith
geographic
If methods
bothtocompanies
thatwilling
product
customers.
Such
swap
takes
place of
under
a
each
company
distributes
its
ownaaproducts
are
to to
engagein AMSthenspecific globally.
quantity
chemicalbilateral agreement
andbe
represents
analternative
methodofproduct
to
be
sold
can
swappedinorder
toreducetheThis study shows that such bilateral agreements do contributeshippingofasinter-continental
compared with transportation
standard shipping
methodswhereamountrequired
toFor
distributeto significant reductions in greenhousegas emissions.
theeachproductcompany
distributes
its
ownaproducts
globally.
thattocustomers.
Such
swap
takes
place
under
yearlong period studied, an estimated 2,450 tonnes of CO2 abilateralagreement
andrepresents
analternativeofThis study
shows thatsuchbilateral
do method
contributeequivalentemissionwere
avoidedasagreements
comparedagainstconvenshippingascomparedwithstandard
shipping
methods
where
to signifi
cant reductions
in ed
greenhousegasapproachemissions.
For thetionallogistics.
The simplifi
assessment
recommendedeachown
globally.
yearlong
period distributes
studied,an itsestimated
2,450usedtonnesof CO2 thebythecompany
WBCSD/ICCA
guidelines
hasproducts
been
to calculate
equivalentwereascomparedpatterns.
againstconvendifference
betweenthesuch
2 avoideddifferent
distribution
This study emission
shows thatbilateralagreements
do contributetionallogistics.
The
simplifi
edassessment
approachrecommended
to signifi
reductions
in greenhouse gas emissions. For the
Fullstudycantavailable
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
by
the WBCSD/ICCA
guidelines
has been
to calculate
yearlong
period studied,an estimated2,450usedtonnesof CO2 thedifference
betweenthe2different
distribution
patterns.
equivalent emission were avoided as compared against conven-

GHG Emissions (simplified calculation method)

100%

2,453

0

80%
GHG Emissions (simplified calculation method)
100%
0
2,453
60%
80%
100%
40%
60%
80%

40,0002,453

40,000040,00040,000040,0002,453
40,000

20%
40%
60%
0%
20%
40%
0%
20%

0%

Solution of Reporting Company

0

Solution to Compare to

2,453

Solutionof Reporting
Company
AvoidedLife Cycle
EmissionsLife Cycle Emissions of Identical parts
Life Cycle Emissions of Different Parts

Solution to Compare to

AvoidedLife Cycle
Emissions
Solutionof Reporting
CompanyLife Cycle Emissions of Identical parts
Life Cycle Emissions of Different Parts

Solution to Compare to

0

2,453

Avoided Life Cycle Emissions
Life Cycle Emissions of Identical parts
Life Cycle Emissions of Different Parts

tionallogistics.
The
ed assessment approach recommended
Full study
available
at:simplifi
www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
How tosave shipping
using bilateral agreements
by the
WBCSD/ICCA
guidelines
hasroutes
been using
used conventional
to calculate the
The map shows the transportation
methods (left) and bilateral exchanges (right). The names of Eastman’s AMS
difference
the 2 different
distribution
patterns.
partnersbetween
and the chemical
products
being distributedand swapped, are confidential.
Full Howstudytoavailable
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
save shipping
using bilateral agreements

The map shows the transportation routes using conventional methods (left) and bilateral exchanges (right). The names of Eastman’s AMS
partners and the chemical products being distributed and swapped, are confidential.
How to save shipping using bilateral agreements
The map shows the transportation routes using conventional methods (left) and bilateral exchanges (right). The names of Eastman’s AMS
partners and the chemical products being distributed and swapped, are confidential.

This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World
Business
for Sustainable- ChemicalFor
more Council
information,pleaseDevelopment)
visit www.icca-chem.org
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

19

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential Role of Chemicals
The
Essential Role of Chemicals
Feed additives - DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, L-Tryptophan and

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

L-Valine in broiler and pig production
Feed additives - DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, L-Tryptophan andFeedadditives- DL-Methionine, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, L-Tryptophan andAn
Evonikcaseandstudy
L-Valine
in broiler
pig production
L-Valine in broiler and pig production
Supplementing animal feed with essential amino acids

An
Evonik case study
can save significant amounts of feed raw materials,
An Evonik
caseresultingin minimized
use ofstudy
arable land for crop

Supplementing
feed CO
withessential
amino acids
production
and animal
thus, fewer
emissions.
2eq
can
save
significantamountsoffeedrawmaterials,
Supplementing
animalfeed with essential
amino acids
Furthermore,
feed
supplementation
with theseresultinginminimized
use of arable
land
for
crop
can
save
significantamountsoffeedrawmaterials,
essential amino acids reduces both nitrogen andproduction
and
thus,
fewer
CO
eq
emissions.
2
resulting in minimized
use ofresulting
arableland
cropgreenhousegas emissions
fromforfeeding
production
and
thus,
fewer
CO
eq
emissions.
2
Furthermore,andexcretion.feed supplementation with theseessential amino
acids
reduces both nitrogenandFurthermore,
feed
supplementation
Animal feed is specifi
cally formulated towith
meetthesethegreenhousegas acids
emissions
resultingfrom feeding
essentialamino
reduces
both
nitrogenandphysiological nutrition needs of animals, particularlyand excretion.
greenhousegasemissions
resultingfromfeeding
the necessary shares of essential amino acids. Lack of
andexcretion.
Animalfeed
is acids
specifiincallyformulatedmeetthecertainamino
animalfeed cantobe
compensatedphysiologicalneeds
of animals,
particularly
eitherbyaddinga higherpercentage
of protein-richAnimalfeed
isnutrition
specificallyformulatedtomeet
the feed
the necessarysuch
sharesofessential
aminoacids.theLackcomponents
as oilseed,
byfortifying
feedofphysiologicalnutritionneeds
oforanimals,
particularly
certainamino aminoacids
inacids
animalfeedamino
cancompensatedwithessential
producedbybe
Evonikfor ofthenecessarysharesofessential
acids.
Lackeitherbyaminoaddinga higherpercentage
protein-rich
feed
this
purpose.
certainacids
in animal
feed canofbe
compensatedcomponentssuchas oil seed,or by fortifying
the feedeitherbyaddingahigherpercentage
ofprotein-rich
feed
In this case study, a supplemented feed mix incl. cristalline
with essentialsuch
amino
acids
producedby Evonik
forfeedcomponents
as
oil
seed,
or
by
fortifyingtheamino acids is compared to two non-supplemented feed
this purpose.
with
amino
acidsasproduced
by Evonik
formixesessential
based onsoybeanprotein richfeed ingredientin
thispurpose.
In thiscase
study,a supplemented
feedincl. cristalline
one
case
and
soybeanand rapeseedin mixthe second
case.
amino
acids
is compared
two non-supplemented
feed
This
conducted
bothtoanimals,
broilerThis
In thisis casestudy,
aforsupplemented
feed
mixandincl.pigs.
cristalline
mixes
based
on
soybeanasproteinrich
feed
ingredient
study
presents
anupdateof
Evonik’s
LCA
on
feed
amino acids is compared to two non-supplemented feedin
®
one
case
andon
soybeanandin thesecondcase.
additives
from
2011,
now
including(ValAMINO
) in
mixes
based
soybeanasrapeseed
proteinL-Valine
rich
feed
ingredientThis
isconducted
for
both
animals,
broiler
and
pigs.
This
as
fi
fth
limiting
amino
acid
in
additionto
DL-Methionine
one case and soybean and rapeseed in the second case.
®
®
study
an forupdateof
Evonik’s
LCA on(MetAMINO), L-Lysine(Biolys), L-ThreonineThis
ispresents
conducted
both
animals,
broiler
andfeedpigs. This®
®
®
additives
from
2011,
now
including
L-Valine(ValAMINO)(ThreAMINO)
andL-Tryptophan(TrypAMINO).
study presents an update of Evonik’s LCA on
feed
®
as
fi
fth
limiting
amino
acid
in
additionto
DL-Methionine
additives
from 2011,
now including L-Valine (ValAMINO )Full study available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate®
®
(MetAMINO), L-Lysine(Biolys), L-Threonine
as fifth limiting
amino acidin addition
to DL-Methionine®
®
® ) and L-Tryptophan® (TrypAMINO ).
(ThreAMINO(MetAMINO ), L-Lysine (Biolys ), L-Threonine

1

The barrel of Liebig, an example to overcome the limiting minimum
The example is explained
through the specifi c lack of
The barrel of Liebig, an example to overcome the limiting
methionineminimum
in a typical broiler
diet. The defi
ciency of
The barrel of Liebig, an example to overcome the limiting
minimum
The example(barrel
is explained
methionine
in thethrough can
the specifi
c lack of
middle)be balanced
The example is explained
methionine
in aadditional
typical broiler
either throughthrough the specifi c lack ofdiet. The defi ciency
consumptionof feedof(barrel
methionine in a typical broiler
methionine
the c
onthe right (barrelside) orinspecifi
diet. The defi ciency of
middle) can be balanced
supplementation
with puremethionine®(barrel in theeitherthrough(Barrel
additionalon theMetAMINO
middle) can be balanced
consumptionof feed (barrel
leftside).
either through additionalon the right side) or specifi c
consumption of feed (barrel
supplementation with pureon the right®side) or specifi c
MetAMINO (Barrel on the
supplementation with
System boundaries – Availability of primary data for
thepureleftmodelingside).
MetAMINO ® (Barrel on theindividual scenarios for the functional unit
left side).
11

System boundaries – Availability of primary data for modeling theindividual scenarios for the functional unit
System boundaries – Availability of primary data for modeling theindividual scenarios for the functional unit

Out of scope of the LCA study,
no share of influence®
(ThreAMINO) and(TrypAMINO®).
Full study available
at: L-Tryptophan
www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

Global Warming Potential GWP100 [CML2001] excl. biogenic carbon of broiler and pig production

GWP GWP
excludingexcludingbiogenic
GWP
biogenic
carbonexcludingcarbonbiogenic carbon[kg CO[kg
CO2e/fU] [kg CO2e/fU]
2e/fU]

Full study
110 available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

Indirect influences, usage of
secondary data within LCA study
Out of scope of the LCA study,
Directinflofuence,
usage ofno shareinfluence
Out of scope
study,
primary
data ofin theLCALCA
study
Indirectnoshareinfl
of uences,influenceusage of
secondary data within LCA study
Indirect influences, usage of
Direct influence,usageLCAof study
secondarydata within
primary data in LCA study
Direct influence, usage ofprimary data in LCA study

Broiler production

100
109
The global warming potential of the supplemented feed mix for broiler production shows lower
90
GlobalWarming
Potential
GWP100 [CML2001] excl. biogenic carbon
of broiler
andproduction
environmental
impacts
duepigto substitutionof protein rich feed ingredients like oil seeds by feed
80
34
ingredients with lower crude protein contents. Option 4 shows the reduction potential by
70
79
75
110
Global Warming Potential GWP100 [CML2001] excl. biogenic carbon
ofproduction
broiler and pig production
Broiler60
supplementing MetAMINO ® only. The portion of soybean meal originating from land that has
69
100
109
50
The
globalwarmingof thesupplemented
feedonmixtheforextent
broilerofproduction
shows lower
110
undergoneland use potentialchange hasa signifi
cant influence
GWP.
90
Broiler production
53
40
100
environmental impacts due to substitution of protein rich feed ingredients like oil seeds by feed
109
80
The global warming potential of the supplemented feed mix for broiler production shows lower30
34
90
ingredients with lower crude protein contents. Option 4 shows the reduction potential by70
79
75
environmental
due to substitution of protein rich feed ingredients like oil seeds by feed20
Pig
productionimpacts
80
60
supplementing
MetAMINO ® only. The portion of soybean meal originating from land that has
69
34
10
6
ingredients with lower crude protein contents. Option 4 shows the reduction potential by
70
79
4
50
75
undergoneland use potentialchange hasa signifi2cantuenceoilonseeds
the extent
of GWP.
The
global warmingof options
andinfl3 withas source
for the additional amino
53
060
supplementing MetAMINO ® only. The portion of soybean meal originating from land that has
69
40
acids have a higher GWP than the supplemented feed mix option 1. The portion of soybean meal
Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
50
undergone land use change has a signifi cant influence on the extent of GWP.
30
originating from land that has undergone land use change has a signifi cant influence on the
Amino acid
Soybean meal
Rapeseed meal
SBM53
incl. MetAmino®
40
20
Pig production
supplement
supplement (SBM)
supplement
extent of GWP.
30
104Broiler 6production
Pig Production
The production
global warming potential of options 2 and 3 with oil seeds as source for the additional amino20Pig0acids have a higher GWP than the supplemented feed mix option 1. The portion of soybean meal
10
Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
4Option 16
Theglobal warming potential of options 2 and 3 with oil seeds as source for the additional amino
originating from land that has undergone land use change has a signifi cant influence on the
Amino acid
Soybean meal
Rapeseed meal
SBM incl. MetAmino®
0
acids have a higher GWP than the supplemented feed mix option 1. The portion of soybean meal
supplement
supplement
supplement
Option 1
Option 2(SBM)
Option 3
Option 4
extent of GWP.
®
originatingfrom landthat has undergone
land usebychangehas a products,
signifi cant infl
Amino
acid
meal
Rapeseed meal
SBM
incl. MetAmino
This caseillustrates
how thereductionof greenhousegas (GHG)
emissionscan be enabledchemicalasuencepart onof thea
Broiler
productionSoybean
Pigstudy
Production
supplement
supplement
supplement
series of(SBM)case studies
brought to you by ICCA. Chemicalextent
industrymembers offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for theof GWP.

of showing
Broiler production purpose Pig
Productionillustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations

were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purposeshowing
illustrativeon how
to calculategas
avoidedgas beemissions.
avoided products,
emission calculations
This
caseofstudy
illustrates
how examples
the reductionof greenhouse(GHG)greenhouseemissions canenabled The
by chemical
as part of awere
onstudies
the guidelines
developedby ICCAand WBSCD
Business
for Assessment
Sustainable [LCA]
Development)- Chemical
seriesbasedof casebrought toyou by ICCA.
Chemicalindustry(World
members
offeredCouncil
Life Cycle
case studies
for theFor
more gas
information,pleasevisit
Sector, withthe supportof Arthur
D. Little on
andhow
Ecofys.
Other life
cycle environmental
impactssuch aswater
andland www.icca-chem.org
use change
were
purposeof showing
illustrative
examplesto calculate
avoidedgreenhouseemissions.
The
avoidedemission
calculations
outsidethe scopeusually notconsidered.
were
based
on theandguidelines
developedby ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

20

The Essential Role of Chemicals
AvoidingGreenhouse Gas
Emissions
The Essential
Roleof Chemicals
Renewable
Polyethylene
based
HVO
The Essential
Role
ofonChemicals
Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions(Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) diesel
Renewable Polyethylene based on HVO
A SABIC case study(Hydrotreated
Vegetable basedOil) diesel
Renewable Polyethylene
on HVOA
SABIC case study(Hydrotreated
Vegetable Oil) dieselshows that the palm oil based route may have avoided emisA Life Cycle Assessment study evaluated GHG emissions
sions potential but only if 00% or near 100% of the methane
linked to polyethylene produced via two renewable routes:
1. Waste animal fats based renewable diesel and 2. Palm oil is captured.
shows that the palm oil based route may have avoided emisA Lifeacids
Cyclebased
Assessment
study
evaluatedemissionsfatty
renewablediesel.
These GHG
are compared
The significance of contribution of the chemical productsions potential but only if 00% or near 100% of the methane
linkedto polyethylene
produced
via tworenewableResultsroutes:withfossilnaphtha route
to produce
polyethylene.
(polyethylene in this case) to avoided emissions along theis captured.
1. Waste thatanimalbased
dieselandindicate
thefats
animalfatsrenewable
based routeleads
to2.a Palmsignifioil
value
is assessed
to be route“extensive”
according
ICCA’sshowschainsthat thepalm oil based
may haveavoidedtoemisA
Life
Cycle
Assessment
study
evaluated
GHG
emissionsfatty acids
renewable
These
arecomparedcantlylowerbasedcarbonfootprintdiesel.
than thefossilroute.
For
The signifi
cancebutofUse
contribution
ofnearthechemicalproduct
guidance
criteria.
ofif renewable
feedstocks
towards
sions
potential
only
00%
or
100%
of
the
methanelinkedtopolyethylene
producedvia
two
renewable
routes:withpalmfossiloilnaphtharoute to produce
Results
theroute, complete
capture polyethylene.
of methane emissions(polyethylene
this case)to areavoidedemissionsalong theisproduction
polymers
thatrecyclable
at end-of-life
iscaptured.of in1.
Waste thatanimalfats
baseddieselandindicate
theprocessing
animalfatsrenewable
route
leads
to2.a Palmsignifioil
duringpalm oilisbasedcriticalto ensure
lower
value
chainsis assessed
toeconomy
be “extensive”
accordingto ICCA’sagoodexampleof circularconcept
and it can
fatty
acids
based
renewablediesel.
These
arecomparedcantly lower
carbonfootprint
than
fossil route.
carbonfootprint.
Likewise,palmoiltheplantation
mustFornotThesignificriteria.
cance of contributionof thechemical towards
product
guidanceof renewable
feedstocks
provideimportant Useadvantages
in termsof GHG mitigation.
withfossilnaphtharoute
toproducepolyethylene.
Results
the palmroute, complete
captureof transformation
methane emissions
havebeenoilassociatedwith recent
land(polyethylene
this case)to areavoidedemissionsalong theisproduction of inpolymers
thatrecyclable
at end-of-life
indicatethat oiltheprocessing
animal fatsisbased
routeleads lower
to a signifiFull
study
available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
during palm
to ensure(forests
to plantation)for it to criticalhave lower
GHG emissions
value
chainsisassessedtobe“extensive”
accordingto ICCA’sa good example of circular economy concept and it cancantlylower carbon
footprint
than
fossil route.
carbonLikewise,palmoiltheplantation
mustFornotthan
thefootprint.
fossil route.
guidance
criteria.
Useofrenewable
feedstocks
towards
provide important advantages in terms of GHG mitigation.
theroute, complete
captureof transformation
methane emissions
havepalm
beenoilassociatedwith recent
land
productionof cyclepolymers
that areat end-of-life
Product life
schematicof recyclable
Polyethylene
from wasteisIn
the quest
towards
GHG mitigation,
recentadvancementsinduringpalm
oilprocessing
iscriticaltoensurelower
Fullstudyexample
available
at: circular
www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
animalfats(forests to plantation) for it to have lower GHG emissions
a goodofeconomy concept and it canclimatescience warnof a dire palm
need oilfor plantation
drastic acceleration
carbonLikewise,must notof
than thefootprint.
fossil route.
provide important advantages in terms of GHG mitigation.
effortsand signifi
cantly steeper
reduction
global GHG (Green
have been
associatedwith recent
landintransformation
Product life cycle schematic of Polyethylene from waste
In the quest
towards GHG
recentadvancements
in
House
Gas)
emissions.
SABIC
developed
a renewable
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate(forests
to plantation)
formitigation,
it tohas
havelower GHG
emissionsanimal fatsclimatesciencewarn ofa direneed forbased
drasticon
accelerationpolyethylene
product
thatis produced
renewable ofthanthefossilroute.
efforts andfor
significantlyproduction
steeper reduction
in global
GHG(Greenfeedstock
ethylene
via steamcracking
prior
toProduct life cycle schematic of Polyethylene from wasteIn
the quest
towards GHG
mitigation,
recent advancements
inHouseGas) emissions.
SABIC
hasproduced
developed
a renewable
subsequent
polymerizationof theethyleneto polyethanimal fatsclimatesciencewarn ofa direneed forbased
drasticon
accelerationpolyethylene
product
thatis produced
renewable ofylene.
Renewable
feedstock
for the cracker
is Hydrogenatedefforts
andforsignificantlyproduction
steeper reduction
in global
GHG(Greenfeedstock
viaproduced
steam
cracking
prior
toVegetable
Oil ethylene(HVO) diesel, which isfrom hydrogenaHouseGas)
emissions.
SABIC
has
developedarenewable
subsequentof theproduced
ethyleneto polyethtionof wastepolymerization
animal fats. This
feedstockdoes
not interfere
withpolyethylene
productthat is produced
basedis on
renewable
ylene.chains.
Renewable
feedstock
for thecracker
Hydrogenatedfood
On theother hand,
it offsets
requirement
for fossil
feedstockfor
production
viaproduced
steam cracking
prior to
Vegetablefeedstock
Oil ethylene(HVO)for
diesel,which isfrom hydrogenanaphtha
the cracker
on a proportional
scale.
subsequent
polymerizationoftheproduced
ethylenetopolyethtion of waste animal fats. This feedstock does not interfere
with
The
study
shows thatpolyethylene
basedoniswaste
animal fatsylene.
Renewable
feedstockforthecracker
Hydrogenatedfood chains. On the other hand, it offsets requirement for fossil
canlead toOilsubstantial
avoidedemissions.
In parallel,
the study
Vegetable(HVO)for
diesel,which
isonproduced
from hydrogenanaphtha feedstock
the cracker
a proportional
scale.
tion of waste animal fats. This feedstock does not interfere with
The study
shows
thatotherpolyethylene
based requirement
on waste animal
fats
food
chains.
On thehand, it offsets
for fossil
Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions over the lifecycle of renewable polyethylene based on waste animal fats versus conventional
can lead feedstock
to substantial
avoidedemissions.
In parallel,scale.
the study
naphthafor thecracker
on a proportional

A SABIC case study

fossil naptha route

The
shows
that polyethylene
basedUnit
on waste
Emissionsper Functional(kgCO 2animaleq) fats
2 studyGHG
The avoided CO 2e emissions per functional unit
AvoidedGreenhouse
Gas Emissions
over thelifecycletheof renewable
polyethylene based on waste animal fats versus conventional
can
lead
to
substantial
avoidedemissions.
In
parallel,study
2
fossil naptha route

Emissions per life
cycle phase(kg CO2 eq.)

Reporting
Solution to
Avoided Emissions
company’s
compare to (fossil
kg CO2 eq./functional
solution (renewable
polyethylene)unit
GHG Emissions per Functional Unit (kgCO 2 eq)
2
The avoidedCOe emissions
unit
polyethylene)
1
Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions over the lifecycleof renewable polyethylene
based
on2wasteanimalper
fatsfunctionalversus conventional

2
fossil naptha route0

Emissions
per life
Feedstockproduction
cycle phase
Manufacture(kg CO2 eq.)

1

1
-1
2
1
-1
2
0
-2
1
-1
-2
1
-1
-3
0
-2
-1
-2
-1
-3
-2
-2
-3

Manufacture

Plastics
Use phase
End of LifeGHG Emissions per
Functional Unit (kgCO 2 eq)
processing

Feedstockproduction

Manufacture

Solution to comparetoManufacture
Feedstockproduction

Solution to compare to
Feedstockproduction

Solution to compare to

Omitted life cycle
Plastics
phasesUse phaseprocessing

Overall life
cycle
End of Life
Overall life
cycle

Reportingcompany
solution
Omitted life Use
cycle
Plastics
phase
End of Life
phasesprocessing

Avoided Emissions-1.88 Reporting
0.68 Solution to
2.56
company’s
compare to (fossil
kg CO2 eq./functional
1.13
1.18
0.05
solution (renewable
polyethylene)
The avoided
CO 2e emissions
per functional unitunit
Plastics processing
0 polyethylene)
00
Emissions per life
Reporting
Solution to
Avoided Emissions
Feedstockproduction
-1.88
0.68
2.56
Use phase
00
0kg CO2 eq./functional
cycle phasecompany’s
compare to (fossil(kg CO eq.)solution (renewable 1.18polyethylene)
unit
Manufacture
1.13
0.05
End of Life 2
-0.24
-0.24
0
polyethylene)
Plastics
processing000Overall life cycle
-0.99
1.62
2.61
Feedstock production
-1.88
0.68
2.56
Use phase000Manufacture
1.13
1.18
0.05
End of Life
-0.24
-0.24
0
Plastics processing000Overall life cycle
-0.99
1.62
2.61
Use phase000Overall life
cycle
life cycle
This Omittedcase study
illustrates
howthereductionof greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aReporting company solution
series of phases
case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical End
industry[LCA] case studies
for theof Life members offered-0.24 Life Cycle Assessment-0.24
0purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
Overall
life
cycle
-0.99
1.62
2.61
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were
Reportingcompany
solutionoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereThis case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aoutside the scope and usually not considered.
series of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were
For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
outside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

21

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential Role of Chemicals

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

AvoidingGreenhouse
Gas Emissions
Double-glazed
windows
in buildings

AGC_Corporate Logo_CMYK.ai

andcontributionof sodiumcarbonate
The
Essential
Roleof Chemicals
Double-glazed
windows
inbuildings
in avoiding greenhouse gas emissions
and contribution of sodium carbonate
A Solvay and AGC Glass Europe case study
in avoiding greenhouse gas emissions
Double-glazed windows in buildings
GHG
emissions andcan be AGC
avoided Glassby replacing
existing single
A Solvay
Europecase study
and with
contribution
ofinsodium
carbonateglazing
double glazing windows
houses in Europe.
Overall estimated avoided emissions resulting from suchin avoiding
emissionsGHG
emissionscan beavoidedreplacing
singlereplacement
amounttogreenhouse
3,400 kgbyCO
eq. per existingm²gas
of glazing
AGC_Corporate Logo_CMYK.ai

AGC_Corporate Logo_CMYK.ai

Double glazing unit with a low-e coating

2

glazingwithdoubleglazing
windows in houses in Europe.
over a 30
yearservicelifetime.
Overall estimated avoided emissions resulting from such
Extrapolation to the real European market gives a figure of
replacement amount to 3,400 kg CO2 eq. per m² of glazing
360 million tonnes CO2 emissions that will be avoided forover a 30 year service lifetime.
every
single yearcanof replacement
ofreplacing
windows existingin Europe.
GHG emissions
be avoided bysingleExtrapolation
to thereal European
marketgives
figure ofThe
contributionof sodiumcarbonate,
key
rawinamaterial
glazingwith double
glazing
windows
inahouses
Europe.
360glass,
millionCOto
thatwill be avoidedforforistonnesessential
avoid
these
emissions.
Its suchOverallestimated
avoidedemissions
resultingfrom
2 emissions
every
singleyearof replacementof windowsinEurope.
quantifi
cationreliesonc assumptions.
replacement
amountto specifi
3,400 kg
CO
eq.
per
m²
of
glazing2
Theof sodiumcarbonate, a key raw material
overcontribution
a 30 year service
lifetime.
The contribution of sodium carbonate is “extensive” accordingfor glass, is essential to avoid these emissions. Its
tothe ICCA/WBCSD
becausethis chemical
an ofExtrapolation
to theguidance,
real European
marketgives a fiisgure
quantification relies on specific assumptions.
indispensableraw material
to make glass.
360 million tonnes
CO2 emissions
that will be avoided forThe
contributionof ofsodiumcarbonate“extensive”
accordingevery
single year
replacementof iswindows
in Europe.
For every m2 of double glazing, sodium carbonate can betothe
ICCA/WBCSD
guidance,
becausethischemicalis an
The contribution of sodium carbonate, a key raw material
estimated to be responsible for 19% (441 kgCO2) of the total
indispensablerawmaterial
to
makeglass.
for glass, is essential to avoid these emissions. Its
avoided emissions thanks to double glazing (2,322 kgCO2),
quantifi
onspecifisodiumc assumptions.
For
everycationmof relies
doubleglazing,carbonate
canofbeassuming
a 2mass
allocation,and excluding
the effecttheestimatedto beresponsible
19%
kgCO
the
total
low e-coating(1,092kg CO2carbonate).forOnthe(441basis
of theselected
The
contributionof sodiumis “extensive”
according2) ofavoidedemissions
thanksdoubleglazing(2,322kgCO),
assumptions(presented
into
the
full
study),
sodiumcarbonate
tothe ICCA/WBCSD
guidance,
becausethischemicalis 2anassuminga massallocation,
the effectthe kgcan be estimatedcontribute90excluding
kgglass.
CO2 avoided
forofevery
indispensable
rawto
material
toand
make
low
e-coatingkg CO2). On forthethisbasis
of the selected
emittedduring(1,092
its manufacturingmarket.
For every m2 of double glazing, sodium carbonate can beassumptions (presented in the full study), sodium carbonate
Overall calculated
avoided emissions
wouldof course
affected
estimated
to be responsiblefor 19% (441kgCO
thebetotal
2) offorcan be estimated to contribute 90 kg CO2 avoided
every kg
ifavoided
the ratioof renewable
lowtocarbon
the European
emissions
thanksdoubleenergy
glazingin(2,322
kgCO2), mix
emitted during its manufacturing for this market.
would signifi
cantlyallocation,
increase inandtheexcluding
coming 30theyears.
assuminga masseffect of theOverall
calculated
avoidedwouldofcoursebe affectedlow
e-coating(1,092kg COemissions
).
On
the
basis
of
the
selected2
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
ifassumptions
the ratio of renewablecarbonenergysodiumin the European(presentedlow
in thefull study),
carbonatemix
wouldcantlytoincreasein theyears.for every kg
can besignifi
estimated
contribute90 coming
kg CO2 30
avoidedThe computation of energy consumption for house heating
is based on hypotheses representative of the 6 European
Double glazing unit with a low-e coating
representative zones considered: (North (Helsinki), Central
Maritime (Brussels), Central Continental (Frankfurt), Central
The computation of energy consumption for house heating(Prague), South Central (Sofia), South (Roma).
is based on hypotheses representative of the 6 European
representative zones considered: (North (Helsinki), Central
It takes into account:
Maritime (Brussels), Central Continental (Frankfurt), Central
glazing
unit witha low-e coating-DoubleDistributionof outside
temperatures(meteorological data),(Prague), South Central (Sofia), South (Roma).
- Energy mix for heating housing buildings.
The computation of energy consumption for house heatingIttakesGlass
intoforaccount:Source:Europeis basedon hypotheses
representative of the 6 European- Distribution of outside temperatures (meteorological data),
representative zones considered: (North (Helsinki), Central- Energy mix for heating housing buildings.
Maritime (Brussels), Central Continental (Frankfurt), Central(Prague),South Central (Sofia), South (Roma).
Source: Glass for Europe

A Solvay and AGC Glass Europe case study

OutsideInsideOutsideInside

It takes into account:- Distribution of outside temperatures (meteorological data),- Energy mix for heating housing buildings.Internal heat
Sun

Source: Glass for Europe

Internal heat
Sun

OutsideInsideFree solar
heat gain
Internal heat
Free solar
heat gainSunemitteditsat:manufacturing
for this market.
Full studyduring
available
www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

Free solar
heat gain

Overall calculated avoided emissions would of course be affected
if theratio
of renewablelowenergyinof
the European mix
GHGemissions
duringthecarbon
entire life
cycle
DGU
would
significantlyincreaseinthecoming30
years.
glazing (DGU = double glazing / SGU = single
glazing)

Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

GHG emissions during the entire life cycle of
The figure highlights the emissions avoided during
glazing (DGU = double glazing / SGU = single
30 years when substituting 1m² of single-glazed
glazing)
windows by 1m² of low-e coated double-glazed
windows in European houses.
The figure highlights the emissions avoided during
30 years when substituting 1m² of single-glazed
GHG emissions during the entire life cycle ofwindows by 1m² of low-e coated double-glazed
glazing (DGU = double glazing / SGU = single
windows in European houses.
glazing)

SGU
DGU

SGU 0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

GHG Emissions for 1m2 of double glazing (kg CO2 eq./m2.RSL)
Production of soda ash

DGU
0

500

Fabrication of the glazing unit
1,000

1,500

CO2 resulting from the heating of the house during use phase
2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

CO2 avoided
4,000

4,500

GHG Emissions for 1m2 of double glazing (kg CO2 eq./m2.RSL)

The figure highlights theThis
emissionsavoidedduringcase study
illustrates
how the reductionof greenhouse(GHG)ofemissions
beenabledchemicalasphasepart ofCOa2 avoided
SGU
2 resulting
from bythe heatingof the products,
house during use
Productionof soda ash gas
Fabrication
the glazing unitcanCOseries1m²
of casestudies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
30 years when substitutingof single-glazed
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
windows by 1m² of low-e
coatedwere
baseddouble-glazedon the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change were
windows in European houses.

This caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reductionof greenhouse
gas
can
of a
outsidethestudy
scope
and usually
0500
1,000 (GHG) emissions
1,500
2,000be enabled
2,500 by chemical
3,000 products,
3,500 as part4,000
4,500
2
2
series of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members
offeredLife
Assessment[LCA]
GHG Emissionsfor 1mofCycledouble glazing(kg CO2 eq./m.RSL) case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculationsof sodaash
Fabrication
the glazing unitCouncil
CO2 resulting
from the heating of
the house during use
CO2 avoided
were based on the guidelines developed byProduction
ICCA and
WBSCD(Worldof Businessfor Sustainable
Development)- phaseChemicalSector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change were
For more information,
visit
outside the scope and usually not considered.
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members
offeredinformation,
Life Cycle Assessment
case
studies for the
For moreplease[LCA]visit
www.icca-chem.org
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

22

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org

The Essential Role of Chemicals
The Essential Role of Chemicals

Avoiding Greenhouse Gas Emissions

100% Bio-based Polyethylene
AvoidingGreenhouse
Terephthalate(PET)Gas Emissions
100% Bio-based Polyethylene
A
Toray Essential
case study
The
Terephthalate(PET) Role of Chemicals
A Toray case study

In shifting towards a low carbon and oil independentsociety, plastic products from non-petroleum based
feedstocks are desired, while innovation in petroleum
In shifting
towards
a low carbon
andprogressing.
oil independentusage
as energy
sources
has been
Toray’ssociety, plastic
products
from non-petroleum
basedsolutionis the 100%
bio based
polyethylene terephthalate
feedstocks
are desired,while innovationin petroleum(PET)
for materialsof polyester
fibers, which
are one ofusage
as widely-usedenergy sources
has been
Toray’sthemosttextilesin theprogressing.
world.
solution is the 100% bio based polyethylene terephthalate
The study compares the lifecyle GHG emissions of one(PET) for materials of polyester fibers, which are one ofkilogram of two alternative kinds of PET as the material tothe most widely-used textiles in the world.
makepolyester
textilea products.
Toray’ssolution
is a 100% bio
In shifting
towards
low carbon
and oilindependent
The study
compareslifecyle
GHG
emissionsofbased
one
based
PET,
whileproducts
the thereference
to compare
to is thesociety,plastic
fromsolution
non-petroleum
kilogram of twoalternativekinds
of PET as thematerial toconventional
petroleum
based
PET.
feedstocks
aredesired,while
innovationin petroleum
make polyester
textileproducts.
Toray’ssolution is a Toray’s
100% biousage
as energy
sources
has
progressing.
In the basecase calculation,thebeenfeedstock
for the raw
based PET,
while
the reference
solution
to compare
to is thesolution
is
the
100%
bio
based
polyethylene
terephthalatematerials of the reporting company’s solution are: sugarcane
conventional
petroleumbased PET.bers, which are one of(PET)
forandmaterialsof polyester
in Brazil
India, andcorn in thefiUSA.
While the raw
themostwidely-usedtextilesthe
In the basecalculation,
thein
feedstock
for therawmaterialsof casethe solution
to compare
to world.
are from
petroleum.
materialsofthereportingcompany’s
solutionare:sugarcane
The avoided
study compares
theinlifecyle
GHG
emissionsTheemissionsthe basecaseamount of
to oneinBrazil andIndia,and cornkinds
in theWhilethe
raw tokilogramof2e/kg
two
alternativeofUSA.
PET
as
the ofmaterial
1.08
kgCO
of PET. The
carbonneutrality
bio basedmaterialsofthesolutiontocomparetoarefrompetroleum.
make polyester
textile ofproducts.
Toray’ssolution
is a 100% bio
carbonin incineration
the disposal
stage
contributes
based
PET, whilereferencesolutioncompareThe
avoidedemissionsin the basecase toamountto to is thetothereductionoftheemissions.
conventional
petroleum
PET. neutrality of bio based
1.08
kgCO2e/kg
of PET. based
The carbon
The possible impact of the land use change due to bio-basedcarbonin incinerationof the disposal
stage contributes
In the basecasebeen
calculation,
theatfeedstock
the raw during
feedstocks
has
estimated15.1 m2 offorcroplandtothereductionofemissions.
materialsof the reporting
solutiona year to produce
the bio company’s
based feedstock
forare:
1kg sugarcaneof PET.
in Brazil
and India,
andcornlandin theWhilethetorawThe
possible
impactof theuseUSA.
changedue
bio-based
Full study available at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
materials of has
the beensolution
to compare
to arefrom
petroleum.
feedstocks
estimated
at 15.1
m2 ofcroplandduringayear
toproduce
the
bio
based
feedstock
for
1kg
of
PET.
The avoided emissions in the base case amount to

GHG emissions of reporting company’s solution andsolution to compare to by process (kgCO 2e/kg-PET)

100% Bio-based Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET)GHG emissionsof reporting company’s solution andkg-CO
2 e/kgsolution to compare to by process (kgCO 2e/kg-PET)A Toray case study

kg-CO
e/kg
4.00 2

1.08
kgCOof PET.
The carbon neutrality of bio based
Full study
available
www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate
2e/kg at:carbon in incineration of the disposal stage contributes
to the reduction of emissions.

5.00

4.50

3.42

5.00

4.50

3.00
4.00
GHG emissions of reporting company’s solution and
3.42

2.00

solution to compare to by process (kgCO 2e/kg-PET)

3.00
1.00

kg-CO 2e/kg
2.00

0.00
5.00
1.00

Resource
Resource Polymerization
troughtrough4.00
TPA
EG production
0.00
production
3.00
Resource
Resource Polymerization
troughtroughReporting company’s solution
TPA
EG production
2.00Solution
to compare to
production

Disposal

4.50
Total
3.42

Disposal

Total

Disposal

Total

1.00

Reporting company’s solution
Solution to compare to

0.00
Resource
troughTPA
production

Resource Polymerization
troughEG production

Reporting company’s solution
Reportingcompany’s solution

Solution to compare to

2.39

1.04

0.37
Reporting company’s solution

0.50
Solution to compare
to

0.67
2.39

0.67
1.04

DisposalResource through EG production

0
0.37

2.29
0.50

Total
Polymerization

3.42
0.67

4.50
0.67

TheResource
possiblethroughimpactTPAof theland use change due to bio-based
production
feedstocks has been estimated at 15.1 m2 of cropland during
Resource
throughthe
EGbio
productiona yearto produce
based feedstock for 1kg of PET.
Resource
through
TPA production
Full Polymerization
study available
at: www.icca-chem.org/energy-climate

DisposalSolution to compare to

0

2.29

Reporting company’s solution
3.42

Solution to compare to
4.50

Resource through TPA production

2.39

1.04

Resource through EG production

0.37

0.50

Polymerization

0.67

0.67

Total

Disposal
Total

This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment[LCA] case studies for the2.29
0purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
3.42
4.50
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental impacts such as water and land use change wereoutsidethestudy
scope
and usuallyThis caseillustrates
hownottheconsidered.
reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical
For more information,
visit
Sector, with the support of Arthur D. Little and Ecofys. Other life cycle environmental
impacts such aspleasewater andland www.icca-chem.org
use change wereoutside the scope and usually not considered.

For more information, please visit www.icca-chem.org
This case study illustrates how the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be enabled by chemical products, as part of aseries of case studies brought to you by ICCA. Chemical industry members offered Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] case studies for the
purpose of showing illustrative examples on how to calculate avoided greenhouse gas emissions. The avoided emission calculations
were based on the guidelines developed by ICCA and WBSCD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) - Chemical

23

Calculating
avoidedemissions:the ICCA/
WBCSD
guidance24

Life cycle approach
The chemical industry contributes to almost every modern technology and has long been developing
innovative products that improve sustainability. With that in mind, the industry supports the use of life cycle
assessment (LCA) methodologies because these enable the assessment of the environmental impact of
products and technologies over their complete life cycle, including production, use and end-of-life handling.
As such, they are critical to assessing – and ultimately improving – sustainability.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the many environmental impacts that LCAs can quantify.
By comparing GHG emissions along the life cycle of two alternative products of equal benefit to users, we
can understand which technology avoids GHG emissions, improving sustainability. LCA standards help toimprove the quality and reliability of these assessments.
A reduction in GHG emissions is represented by the difference between the life cycle
emissions from the solution of the reporting company and the solution to compare to
Solution to compare to:
Raw material
supplier

Material
manufacturer

GHG emissions:
Material
processor

Assemblerof parts

Technology
user

Disposalcompany

140

Solution of reporting company:
Chemicalcompany
Emissions reduction:

100
40

The WBCSD/ICCA guidance: version V1 and V2
The consistent measurement and reporting of LCAs increases credibility and comparability of theresults, leading to better decision making by stakeholders along the value chain. Measuring avoided
emissions of GHG over the value chain of products in particular, is an area where consistency ofapproach is essential. But, it has often given rise to debate among stakeholders. To address theseconcerns, in early 2012 the World Business Council of Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Chemical Sector
project “Reaching Full Potential” and the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) the formed
a taskforce to develop practical guidelines to improve consistency in the assessment and reporting of
avoided emissions.

25

These guidelines have been updated in 2017. They are aimed at improving reporting consistency acrossthe industry. In the future, it is our intention to engage other stakeholders in the value chain so as to further
improve the guidelines and the quality of the methodology. We believe this is an important step in improving
the sustainability of our society.

Content of the guidance
The guidance describes how to carry out and communicate on avoided emissions calculation, in terms
of: Purpose of study, Function of the product/application, data Quality requirements, and consistency ofFunctional unit between the solutions that are compared. The guidance addresses very important questions
such as how to select the reference solution to be compared to, or the necessity of quantifying scenarios of
future developments and their uncertainties.
Directions are given on how to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the contribution of a chemical
product to value chain avoided emissions to individual value chain partners.
Indeed, Life cycle avoided emissions almost always result from efforts of multiple partners along the value
chain. Therefore, avoided emissions calculated shall always be first attributed to the complete value chain.
However, criteria to categorize the significance of the contribution of chemical products to such value chain
avoided emissions as “fundamental”, “extensive”, “substantial”, “minor” or “too small to claim” are defined
The ultimate objective of life cycle thinking and calculation is to ensure that robust life cycle assessments
are at the core of the solution we choose.

26

Acknowledgements
The case studies in this report were offered by ten companies and two associations. ICCA would like tothank the people that have been involved in the avoided GHG emissions case studies project, in particular
the ICCA Energy and Climate Change Leadership Group / cLCA Task Force Co-chairs: Michel Bande(Solvay), Motozo Yoshikiyo (Japan Chemical Industry Association) (2nd phase), and the cLCA Task Force
Participants: Yuki Hamilton O. Kabe (Braskem S.A.); Michael H. Mazor (The Dow Chemical Company);
Barclay Satterfield, Jason Pierce and Lauren Johnson (Eastman Chemical Company); Abdelhadi
Sahnoune (ExxonMobil Chemical Company); Rob van der Heijden (Shell Global Solutions International
B.V.); Pierre Coërs (Solvay); Hiroyuki Kamata (Toray Industries, Inc.); Kiyoshi Kasai and Reiko Nonaka(Japan Chemical Industry Association).
ICCA would also like to thank the other people who have been involved in the development of thecase studies, and in particular: Klas Hallberg (Akzo Nobel), Nicola Paczkowski (BASF), Yuki Hamilton
Onda Kabe (Braskem), Christina Merz (Evonik), Randy Waymire and Jason Pierce (Eastman Chemical
Company), Rakesh Bhartia (India Glycols), Makoto Terauch (Japan Chemical Industry Association),
Rajesh Mehta and Ananda Sekar (SABIC), Jean-François Viot (Solvay) and Guy Van Marcke (AGC Glass
Europe), Jiro Mori (Sumitomo Chemical).
Ecofys has reviewed the first series of cLCA case studies that were published on the ICCA website in
December 2015, while Quantis has reviewed a second series of case studies in 2016, to check if they arein compliance with the ICCA & WBCSD guidelines “Guidelines from the chemical industry for accounting
for and reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions avoided along the value chain based on comparative
studies”. ICCA would like to thank Annemarie Kerkhof and Karlien Wouters of Ecofys and Sebastien
Humbert from Quantis for their review of the case studies and advice on their quality.
We would also like to thank Pierre Coërs (Solvay) in his role as Chair of the cLCA Task Force (3rd phase)for coordinating the case study project, and Nonaka Reiko for her active support.

27

Our callBusiness and policies required to realise potential savings
along the value chains
Actions to deliver the potential emissions savings the chemical industry can enable will need to focus on:•	Joint cooperation and action from all partners in the value chain.
-	As the contribution of the chemical industry occurs alongside that of others.
•	An enabling policy environment that:-	Stimulates emission reductions along the value chain including use and end-of-life phases.
-	Promotes technology-neutral policies which enable cost-effective renewable energy.
-	Encourages renewables while also ensuring a reliable, affordable and consistent supply of electricity.
-	Provides financial support for innovation development but once commercialised integrates theminto normal market conditions.
-	Sets energy efficient standards, encouraging manufacturers to provide clear information and taking
action to raise public awareness.
•	Novel business models-	Pilot projects, LCA studies, R&D investment, value chain cooperation from architects to craftsmen.

In order to unlock its potential for emissions avoidance theICCA, the voice of the global chemical industry, calls for:•	Recognition by governments, regulators, value chains and their aligned industries that the future iscross sectoral.
•	An enabling regulatory environment endorsed and mandated at inter-governmental level.
•	Action demanded of all partners in the value chain in realising the potential avoided emissions.
•	Incentives for investment in pilot projects and R&D to deliver novel business models.
•	Financial support focused on development of pre-commercial innovative technologies.
•	All technologies should have equal access to market, gradually, removing subsidies
as soon as the technology is commercial.

28

About the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA)
The International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) is the worldwide voice of the chemical industry, representing
chemical manufacturers and producers all over the world. Responding to the need for a global presence, ICCA was createdin 1989 to coordinate the work of chemical companies and associations on issues and programs of international interest.
It comprises trade associations representing companies involved in all aspects of the chemical industry.
ICCA is a chemical industry sector with a turnover of more than 3,600 billion euros. ICCA members (incl. observers &Responsible Care members) account for more than 90 percent of global chemical sales.
ICCA promotes and co-ordinates Responsible Care® and other voluntary chemical industry initiatives. ICCA has a central rolein the exchange of information within the international industry, and in the development of position statements on mattersof policy. It is also the main channel of communication between the industry and various international organizations that areconcerned with health, environment and trade-related issues, including the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD).
ICCA operates by coordinating the work of member associations and their member companies, through the exchange of
information and the development of common positions on policy issues of international significance. Three main issues
focused on by ICCA are: Chemicals Policy & Health, Climate Change & Energy, Responsible Care®.
ICCA also serves as the main channel of communication between the industry and various international entities, such as
inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) and NGOs that are concerned with these global issues.

For more information, please contact the ICCA Extended Secretariat:
Rachelina Baio: rba@cefic.be
Servet Gören: sgo@cefic.be
Sachiko Kohno: skohno@jcia-net.or.jp

This publication and its content, where applicable, are subject to the copyright of ICCA AISBL. Reproduction
is authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided that the source is mentioned and acknowledged.
ICCA claims no copyright on any official document or in the public domain. Copyright, if any, or third party
material found must also be respected.

Photography © Shutterstock. Design: www.landmarks.be

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