ಟኈㄽᩥせ᪨䠘ಟኈㄽᩥせ᪨䠚㻌 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 JAITSㄽᩥ㢟┠㸸ᆅ᪉⮬἞యࡢ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢᅜ㝿஺ὶဨ㸦ⱥᩥ㢟┠㸸Coordinators for International Relations as Interpreters and Translators inJapanese Local Governments㸧ᥦฟ⪅㸸బ⸨ᆂ 1ᤵ୚ᶵ㛵㸸ᮾிእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔ྲྀᚓᏛ఩ࡢྡ⛠㸸ಟኈ㸦ゝㄒᏛ㸧Ꮫ఩ྲྀᚓࡢ᪉ἲ㸸ㄢ⛬ྲྀᚓᖺ᭶᪥㸸2014 ᖺ 3 ᭶ 26 ᪥せ᪨㻌 ᮏㄽᩥࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊᆅ᪉⮬἞య࡛໅ົࡍࡿࠕㄒᏛᣦᑟ➼ࢆ⾜࠺እᅜ㟷ᖺᣍ⮴஦ᴗࠖ㸦௨ୗࠊJET ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㸧ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚᥇⏝ࡉࢀࡓᅜ㝿஺ὶဨ㸦௨ୗࠊCIR㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌧ᙺ
CIR 7 ேࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏᅜෆࡢබⓗᶵ㛵ࡲࡓࡣẸ㛫௻ᴗ࡟໅ົࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡀ࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏே㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅࡟ 5 ே࡟ಶูࡢ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝࢆ⾜࠸ࠊㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆ௨ୗࡢ 3 ࡘࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽศᯒࠊ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࠶ࡿࠋ ➨୍࡟ࠊ㏻ヂ⩻ヂࢆᢸ࠺ேᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ CIR ࡢ᭷ຠᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➹⪅ࡣᖹᡂ 17
㸦2005㸧ᖺ 4 ᭶࠿ࡽᖹᡂ 24㸦2012㸧ᖺ 4 ᭶ࡲ࡛ᶓ὾ᕷᙺᡤࡢᅜ㝿஺ὶᢸᙜ㒊⨫࡟໅ົࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠᕷ࡛㞠⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᘏ࡭㸱ྡࡢ CIR ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᴗົࡶᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋྠᕷ
࡛ࡣ CIR ࢆ୺࡟⩻ヂᢸᙜ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊCIR ࡢ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⬟ຊࡣಶே࡟ࡼࡗ࡚኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊ஦ົ㐙⾜ࡢணᐃࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᢸᙜ⫋ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
CIR ࡀ㏻⩻ヂ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ά⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊෆ㒊࡛⫋ဨࡀ⮬ศ࡛㏻⩻ヂࢆࡍࡿ࠿ࠊࡲࡓࡣእ㒊ࡢᴗ⪅࡟ጤクࡍࡿ㔞ࢆ኱ᖜ࡟ቑࡸࡉ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ
CIR ࡟ᢸᙜࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⬟ຊࡢᇶ‽ࢆ▱ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᶓ὾ᕷࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ௚ࡢ⮬἞యࡢ CIR ᢸᙜ⫋ဨ࡟ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨஧࡟ࠊCIR ࢆ⮬἞యࡀ㞠⏝ࡍࡿᚲせᛶ࡬ࡢ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞⿬௜ࡅࢆぢฟࡍࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏆ᖺࠊᆅ᪉⮬἞యࡢ㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡀ㐕㏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵࠊJET ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ CIR ࡢ㞠⏝ேᩘࢆῶࡽࡋࡓࡾࠊᗫṆࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿ⮬἞యࡀฟ࡚࠸ࡿࠋJET ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡟ࡼࡿ CIR ࢆ 1 ྡ㞠⏝ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣᖺ㛫 700 ୓෇⛬ᗘࡢබ㈝㈇ᢸࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊᇸ⋢┴ᕝཱྀᕷࡸᐩᒣ┴㨶ὠᕷࡣྠࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛࡢ CIR ࡢ㞠⏝ࢆ୰Ṇࡋࡓࠋᶓ὾ᕷ࡛ࡶᖹᡂ 23 ᖺᗘண⟬ࡢ✚⟬᫬࡟ࡣࠊண⟬୙㊊࠿ࡽ CIR ᗫṆࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊண⟬᱌࡟ࡣィୖࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊ⤖ᒁࠊ
Sato, Kei, “Coordinators for International Relations as Interpreters and Translators in Japanese
Local Governments”, Interpreting and Translation Studies, No.14, 2014. pages 305-308. © by theJapan Association for Interpreting and Translation Studies.

305305ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘14 ྕ 2014 వ๫ண⟬ࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚㞠⏝ࢆ⥅⥆ࡋࡓ⌧≧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋCIR ࡢῶဨࠊࡲࡓࡣᗫṆࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣண⟬㠃࠿ࡽࡢ᳨ウࡋ࠿⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊண⟬ࡢ㠃ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊCIR ά⏝ࡢ᭷┈ᛶࡸ CIR ࡀᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᴗົࡢ௦᭰ྍ⬟ᛶࢆྵࡵࡓ᳨ウࡀ⾜࠼ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ⮬἞యࡀ㞠⏝ࡍࡿ௚ࡢ⫋ဨࡸ᪥ᮏே㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅ࡢ⬟ຊࡸពḧࡶໟᣓࡋࡓㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ ➨୕࡟ࠊ᪥ᮏྛᆅࡢ⮬἞య࡛ࡣ CIR ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ά⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋCIR ࡣ┴ࠊᨻ௧ᣦᐃ㒔ᕷࠊᕷࠊ⏫ᮧᙺሙ࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞つᶍࡢ⮬἞య࡛㞠⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCIR ࡀᢸ࠺ᴗົෆᐜࡀ⮬἞య࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊᖖ㆑ࡸఏ⪺᝟ሗࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ CIR ࡢເ㞟ᅋయ࡛࠶ࡿ⥲ົ┬ᡤ⟶ࡢ㈈ᅋἲேࠕ⮬἞యᅜ㝿໬༠఍ࠖࡀⓎ⾜ࡍࡿᩥ᭩࡞࡝࡛ศ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᐇ㝿࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴗົ࡟ᦠࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ୰❧ⓗ࡞❧ሙ࠿ࡽ⾜ࢃࢀࡓㄪᰝࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣⓙ↓࡟➼ࡋ࠸ࠋCIR ࡀᐇ㝿࡟ᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᴗົෆᐜࢆ⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝ࠿ࡽิᣲࡋࠊCIR ᚿᮃ⪅ࡸ⮬἞య⫋ဨ࡟ᑐࡋ࿘▱ࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 CIR 7 ே 8 ⫋ሙࠊ࠾ࡼࡧ᪥ᮏே㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅ 5 ே 9 ⫋ሙ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪺ࡁྲྀࡾㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊุ᫂ࡋࡓ஦ᐇࡣḟࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㻌 ➨୍䛻䚸CIR 䜢㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅䛸䛧䛶ά⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛻䛿୍ᐃ䛾᭷ຠᛶ䛜ㄆ䜑䜙䜜䜛䛜䚸䛭䛾᮲௳䛸䛧䛶 CIR 䛿㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䛻ពḧ䛜䛒䜛䛣䛸䚸䛚䜘䜃㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⬟ຊ䛜᥇⏝ᙜึ䛛䜙㧗䛔䛣䛸䛜ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䚹᥇⏝๓䛻 CIR ᮏே䛜㏻ヂ⩻ヂ䜢⮬἞య䛷⾜䛖䛣䛸䜢ᕼᮃ䛩䜛䜿䞊䝇䛿䚸䠓ே୰䠏ே䛸༙ᩘ௨ୗ䛷䛒䜛䚹䜎䛯᥇⏝㑅⪃䛻䛿䚸㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⬟ຊ䜢┤᥋ၥ䜟䜜䜛ෆᐜ䛜䛺䛟䚸䝪䝷䞁䝔䜱䜰䜔༢Ⓨ䛾䜰䝹䝞䜲䝖䛷㏻ヂ⤒㦂䜢✚䜏䚸⩻ヂ⤒㦂䛿䛒䜎䜚䛺䛔 CIR 䛜䚸᮶᪥ᚋ䛻ᮏே䛾ດຊ䜔⮬἞యᅜ㝿໬༠఍䛾◊ಟ䜢㏻䛨䛶㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⬟ຊ䜢ྥୖ䛥䛫䜛䜿䞊䝇䛜୍⯡ⓗ䛷䛒䜛䚹ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅䠓ே䛾䠟䠥䠮䛾୰䛷䚸㏻ヂ䝖䝺䞊䝙䞁䜾䜢኱Ꮫ䜔ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵䛷ཷ䛡䛯䛣䛸䛜䛒䜛䛾䛿䚸䜟䛪䛛䠍ྡ䛰䛳䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸୍ᐃ௨ୖ䛾⬟ຊ䜢ഛ䛘䛯 CIR 䛜᮶᪥䛧䚸㏻ヂ⩻ヂ஦ົ䜢ᢸ䛘䜀䚸㏻ヂ⩻ヂ஦ົ䜢ᕷሙ䛾┦ሙ䛷እὀ䛩䜛䛾䛸ẚ㍑䛧䚸౯᱁㠃䛷䛿ྜ⌮ᛶ䛜䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䜙䜜䜛䚹㏻ヂ⩻ヂᴗົ䛾ከ䛔 CIR 䛿䚸ᖺ㛫䛷㏻ヂ䜢 30 ᅇ⛬ᗘ䚸⩻ヂ䜢 900 䝨䞊䝆⛬ᗘ⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛䛜䚸䛣䜜䜢኱ᡭ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ఍♫䛻እὀ䛧䛯ሙྜ䛾㈝⏝䛿 970 ୓෇⛬ᗘ䛸䛺䜚䚸CIR 䛾䠍ே䛾㞠⏝㈝⏝ 700 ୓෇⛬ᗘ䛾䜋䛖䛜Ᏻ౯䛷䛒䜛䚹䛺䛚ᴗົ䜢እὀ䛩䜛㝿䛾㏻ヂ⪅䛾⬟ຊ䛿䚸䛂⤒㦂ᖺᩘ䠏ᖺ⛬ᗘ䚸୍⯡ⓗ䛺ၟㄯ䞉㝶⾜䛻䛚䛔䛶ṇ☜䛺㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䛜䛷䛝䜛䛃⛬ᗘ䛸௬ᐃ䛧䛶䛔䜛䛯䜑䚸㈝⏝ᑐຠᯝ䜢⟬ᐃ䛩䜛䛻䛿䚸CIR 䛻䜒ྠᵝ䛾⬟ຊ䛜ồ䜑䜙䜜䜛䚹㻌 ➨஧䛻 CIR 䜢㞠⏝䛩䜛䛣䛸䛾ព⩏䛿䚸ᑗ᮶䛾ぶ᪥ᐙ䜢⫱䛶䜛䛣䛸䛷䛒䜛䚹CIR 䛾୰䛻䛿ᑗ᮶䜒䚸཭ዲぶၿ䛾ಁ㐍䛻䛴䛸䜑䜛䛣䛸䛻ពḧ䛜䛒䜛ே䛜ከ䛟䚸ㄪᰝᑐ㇟䛾༙ᩘ௨ୖ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜ᮏ✏䛾ㄪᰝ䛷᫂䜙䛛䛻䛺䛳䛯䚹CIR 䛜⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛㏻ヂ⩻ヂᴗົ䛿䚸๓㏙䛧䛯䜘䛖䛻䛔䛟䛴䛛䛾᮲௳ୗ䛷䛒䜜䜀䚸እὀ䜢䛩䜛䜘䜚䜒 CIR 䛻ᢸ䛳䛶䜒䜙䛳䛯᪉䛜ྜ⌮ᛶ䛿䛒䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸᪥
ᮏே㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅䜔䛭䛾௚䛾⫋ဨ䛻㏻ヂ⩻ヂᴗົ䜢ᢸᙜ䛥䛫䛯᪉䛜䚸CIR 䜢㏻⩻ヂ⪅䛸䛧䛶ά⏝䛩䜛䜘䜚䜒ຠ⋡ᛶ䛜ୖ䛷䛒䜛ྍ⬟ᛶ䜒኱䛔䛻䛒䜛䚹᪥ᮏே㏻ヂ⩻ヂ⪅䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ㄪᰝ䛷䚸
CIR 䛜୺䛻ᐇ᪋䛧䛶䛔䜛㏲ḟ㏻ヂ䜢ᖺ཰ 400 ୓෇⛬ᗘ䜎䛯䛿䛭䜜௨ୗ䛷ᐇ᪋䛧䛶䛔䜛౛䛜䠕⫋ሙ୰䠑⫋ሙ䛸」ᩘぢ䜙䜜䜛䛛䜙䛷䛒䜛䚹䛣䜜䛿♫఍ಖ㝤ᩱ䛺䛹䛾㞠⏝୺㈇ᢸ䜢⪃៖䛧䛶䜒䚸
306306

ಟኈㄽᩥせ᪨᪥ᮏே㏻⩻ヂ⪅䛾⥲ே௳㈝䛿ᖺ㛫 700 ୓෇௨ୗ䛸䛺䜚䚸CIR 䛾㛵㐃㈝⏝䛸䜋䜌ᆒ⾮䛩䜛䚹䜎䛯䛭䛾௚䛻 CIR 䛜⾜䛳䛶䛔䜛ከᩥ໬ඹ⏕ᴗົ䛺䛹䜢䚸౛䛘䜀ᅾఫእᅜே䛺䛹䛻⾜䜟䛫䜛䛣䛸䛿䚸⮬἞య䛜⊂⮬䛷ᅜ㝿஺ὶဨ䜢㞠⏝䛩䜜䜀ྍ⬟䛷䛒䜛䛧䚸ᐇ㝿䛻⾜䜟䜜䛶䜒䛔䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸
CIR 䛿ᖐᅜ䛩䜛䛣䛸䛜᫂䜙䛛䛷䛒䜚䚸䜎䛯ⱝ䛔ཧຍ⪅䛜䜋䛸䜣䛹䛷䛒䜛䛯䜑䚸ᖐᅜᚋ䛻᪥ᮏ䛸䛾཭ዲぶၿ䛻ᑾ䛟䛩ྍ⬟ᛶ䛿䚸௚䛾㑅ᢥ⫥䛻䜘䜛ேᮦ䜘䜚䜒┦ᑐⓗ䛻㧗䛔䚹⌧ᅾ䛿ά⏝䛜䛒䜎䜚㐍䜣䛷䛔䛺䛔䜒䛾䛾䚸ከᩥ໬ඹ⏕ศ㔝䛻 CIR 䛻ᦠ䜟䛳䛶䜒䜙䛔䚸᪥ᮏᩥ໬䛾୰ᚰ䛷䛒䜛ᙺᡤ䛸እᅜே♫఍䛸䛾ᯫ䛡ᶫ䛻䛺䛳䛶䜒䜙䛖䛣䛸䛜䚸CIR 䛾ᑗ᮶䛾ᕼᮃ䛻䜒ྜ⮴䛧䚸㈗㔜䛺ேᮦ䛾ά⏝᪉ἲ䛸䛔䛘䜛䚹㻌 ➨୕䛻䚸CIR 䛜ᢸ䛖ྍ⬟ᛶ䛜᭱䜒㧗䛔ᴗົ䛜⩻ヂ䛷䛒䜛䛣䛸䛜௒ᅇ䛾ㄪᰝ䛻䜘䛳䛶᫂☜䛻ุ᫂䛧䛯䚹䛣䜜䛿⮬἞యᅜ㝿໬༠఍䛾ྛ✀ᩥ᭩䛻䜘䜛⤫ィ䛺䛹䛸୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹≉䛻ᨻ௧ᣦᐃ㒔ᕷ䜔┴ᗇ䛷䛿䚸CIR 䜢஦ᐇୖ䚸⩻ヂ㏻ヂᢸᙜ⪅䛸䛧䛶ά⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛౛䛜」ᩘぢ䜙䜜䛯䚹⮬἞య䛾つᶍ䛸ᴗົෆᐜ䜢⤖䜃䛴䛡䛯ඛ⾜◊✲䛸䜒䚸౛䛘䜀⩻ヂ䜢ᢸ䛖ẚ㔜䛜኱つᶍ⮬἞య䜋䛹኱䛝䛔䛸䛩䜛㠃䛻䛴䛔䛶䛿୍⮴䛧䛶䛔䜛䚹䛧䛛䛧䛺䛜䜙䚸ᮏ㉁ⓗ䛻䛿つᶍ䛸ᴗົෆᐜ䛿䛒䜎䜚㛵ಀ䛿䛺䛟䚸⮬἞య䛻䜘䛳䛶 CIR 䛾ᴗົෆᐜ䛿␗䛺䛳䛶䛔䜛䛸䛔䛖䛾䛜ᐇែ䛷䛒䜛䚹㻌 CIR 䜢㞠⏝䛧䛶䛔䜛ᆅ᪉⮬἞య䛿䚸ᐇ᪋䛧䛶䛔䜛ᅜ㝿ᴗົ䛻᭷┈䛺ά⏝᪉ἲ䜢ぢฟ䛩ᚲせ䛜䛒䜛䚹Abstract
The dissertation analyzes the results of interviews with 7 active or former CIRs,
Coordinators for International Relations, who work in local municipalities in Japan hired
through a national program called JET program with view to provide answers to the following
three questions.
Firstly, the research provides answers to the question whether CIRs are effective
human resources to carry out interpretation and translation assignments in local governments.
The author had worked in Yokohama City Government from 2005 to 2012 and worked with 3
different CIRs, one at a time, as the person in charge of the program. Yokohama had given
them mainly translation tasks. It did not take a while for the author to realize their translationand interpretation skills varied greatly among individuals. It was extremely difficult andimportant for city employees to get the general idea on how much translation andinterpretation skill new CIRs would have. The interviews with the foreign employees andanalysis with relevant data made clear that hiring CIRs capable of interpreting and translating
at the onset of their employment term may be more cost-effective than outsourcing the tasks
to interpretation or translation agencies. But in that case, CIRs should also have strong will tolearn interpretation or translation skills. It turned out, in the interview, that less than half of
the interviewees were willing or expecting to do interpretation or transla tion assignments
prior to the commencement of their contract with hiring municipalities.
Secondly, the interview gives an answer to the question what kind of benefit we307307ࠗ㏻ヂ⩻ヂ◊✲࠘14 ྕ 2014 

have from hiring CIRs. Under budget difficulties, some municipalities are now reducin g thenumber of CIRs they are hiring or completely cancelling the program. It became apparent thatthe logic of hiring a CIR in a local government body is investing in human resources that may
help Japan to enhance friendship with foreign countries. Althou gh CIRs can be more cost
efficient than outsourcing in such tasks as interpretation and translation , there is no reason for
their being the only choice for carrying out these assignments. Japanese professional in -houseinterpreters or translations or city officials trained to be interpreters or translators can be as
good as, or in some cases, might be more reasonable than CIRs. The raison d'etre of theyoung people coming from foreign countries is that they have higher chances of choosing todevote themselves to friendship between Japan and their native countries based on the fact
confirmed in the research that CIRs tend to be willing to enhance international amity.
Thirdly, the surveys by interviewing give sufficient evidence to prove that almost allCIRs are expected to take on translation regardless of size and location of their contractingorganization. They gave a clear image that some prefectural offices and cities designated bycabinet order assume the role of their CIRs as solely translators. Some ea rlier studies suggestthat tasks of CIRs correlate with size of employers. However, it is deemed appropriate what
they do is varied regardless of the size.
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࠙ⴭ⪅⤂௓ࠚబ⸨ᆂ㸦SATO Kei㸧ᮾிእᅜㄒ኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔⥲ྜᅜ㝿Ꮫ◊✲⛉ᅜ㝿ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩ࣭ࣙࣥ㏻ヂᑓಟࢥ࣮ࢫಟ஢ࠋᶓ὾ᕷᙺᡤ࡛ᅜ㝿⫋⫋ဨ࡜ࡋ࡚ 7 ᖺ㛫໅ົࡋࠊ୺࡟ᅜ㝿஺ὶࠊJET ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿࠋ308
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