ENGLISH

2021Ⴉ
‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊ೥ඊ਋Ⴊ஬࣏व
2021 INTERNATIONAL COSMOS PRIZE
The Commemorative Lectures೗௹ӱ ୰ࢽఖཆሓ෗ ே఑च֧፜֭შጥव਋Ⴊ੤व

Host: EXPO ʼ90 Foundation

ኬ಑
Table of Contents،‫ؕ؞ץآ‬Program⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜ 22021Ⴉ‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊ೥ඊೄ֭ൾऴՒ઄฻
Introduction and the Achievements of the 2021 Prize Recipient⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜Ө໴ཎೄጸ፾
Biography of Interlocutor⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜Ө஬࣏ಃፍ
Lecture Materials⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜Өඊ֭኎ൺՔೡ࡝
Prize Title and Motive of the Prize⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜Ӡຕ็֭ೡ౯Քඊ֭ஓถ
Prize Objective and Contents of the Prize⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜⿜Ө1،‫ؕ؞ץآ‬Program႘ಐӱӠ፭Ꭼ4Ⴉ1ଈ23႘ӡ႘Ӣ୙ଢ଼2ಐ00ᇀ⿤୙ଢ଼4ಐ00ᇀӡ႘቎ಐ৖Ӣ2021Ⴉ‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊ೥ඊೄൾऴࢭໂ

಑༌ӱӨ ୙ଢ଼2ಐ00ᇀ
୙ଢ଼2ಐ10ᇀӨӨӨӨ೥ඊ਋Ⴊ஬࣏
؉՛‫״‬՛Ք؎‫׾׸כؠ‬౳Ӡӡ2021Ⴉ‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊ೥ඊೄՒ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬ேጵ་ॺ኎ዮੱ೨)Ө໴ཎՒಱਝࣤး
؉՛‫״‬՛Ք؎‫׾׸כؠ‬౳௨ဿ ዼࡴᎤ ౳ (ੜဒᆒጵ་ॺᇌॺᆪၟᇠ๔႞ੱ೨)୙ଢ଼3ಐ10ᇀӨӨӨTime and Date: 14:00-16:00 (JST, UTC+9:00), Sunday, 23 January, 2022
16:00-18:00 (AEDT, UTC+11:00), Sunday, 23 January, 2022
Timetable:

14:00 Opening Video
14:10 Commemorative Lecture2021 International Cosmos PrizewinnerDr. Peter Bellwood(Emeritus Professor, Australian National University, Australia)
15:10 Break time
15:15 Dialogue and Question-and-answer session
Dr. Peter Bellwood
Dr. SATO Yo-Ichiro(Professor, Kyoto Prefectural University, Japan)
16:00 Closing

2ӼӺӼӻႩ೥ඊೄ֭ൾऴ
Introduction of the 2021 Prize recipient؉՛‫״‬՛Ք؎‫׾׸כؠ‬შౠ ӡ78ఄӢDr. Peter Bellwood (Age 78)‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬Ӡ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬ேጵ་ॺ኎ዮੱ೨
Emeritus Professor, Australian National University, Australia
Dr. Peter Bellwood is a prominent archaeologist, who has
been exploring the process of agricultural dispersal—which
has been closely correlated with human migrations—from a
global viewpoint, while studying human life in Oceania andSoutheast Asia during the Neolithic Age as his main research
theme. He has proposed the “early farming dispersal
hypothesis” based on interdisciplinary research inarchaeology, linguistics and human biology, clarifying the
agricultural origins and the process of early farmer migrationand dispersal. At the same time, through this research, he has
investigated the history of “The Harmonious Coexistenceb e t w e e n N a t ure a n d H um a n ki n d”, fro m a h olist ic
perspective.

Ӡ؉՛‫״‬՛Ք؎‫׾׸כؠ‬შౠ֮Ւ‫׃ח؀חװן‬ဪႊ‫֪ח׭ח‬։֐‫׊‬ශุ৯ಐ༉֭ᇿ‫ב֖׈‬೗֩ଞ੄‫׻‬՛֪֖ؓ֩֋‫׈‬Ւฌै࿨֩౽ኾ֦෗፬֭ࡤ၌֪ቹไ֪৘ይ֘‫׊‬Ⴚ஢֭४ై֭
ఓ‫׉‬ሑ‫ב‬ଞ੄֘‫׊‬ணଽॺೄ֦ց‫׊‬Փშౠ֮ணଽॺՒସ୤
ॺՒ෗፬ภᆾॺ֭ॺ఑࿨ଞ੄֪‫׊ׇ‬զഷৼႺ஢४ైं๊է
‫ב‬࿓൓֖ՒႺ஢֭਍ଳ֧ഷৼႺ஢ኁ֭ࡤ၌Ք४ైथ࿘‫ב‬ነ‫ׁ֪֧֧׊֪֘֊׈‬Ւ֭֒ଞ੄‫֥֖ྫྷב‬Ւಛ๹֧෗৖֧֭੢
ภ֭፾ౝ‫ב‬ျ஽࿨֩౽࿾֊‫֖֞੄༷׈‬ՓॺӨ፾

Professional Preparation

1966Ⴉ‫بצ‬؋‫׭׸؟‬་ॺ໘઄1969Ⴉ‫بצ‬؋‫׭׸؟‬་ॺ་ॺࢇ֪֥ೲౠ஼೘ၜ

1980Ⴉ‫بצ‬؋‫׭׸؟‬་ॺ་ॺࢇ֪֥შౠ஼೘ၜ

1966
1969
1980

B.A. University of Cambridge (King’s College)
M.A. University of Cambridge
Ph.D. University of Cambridge

AppointmentsධӨ፾
1967-1972Ⴉ‫ן‬՛‫׾ب؞פ‬་ॺ஬౧

1973-1975Ⴉ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬ேጵ་ॺ஬౧

1976-1983Ⴉ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬ேጵ་ॺඑੇ஬౧

1984-1999Ⴉ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬ேጵ་ॺനੱ೨ӡணଽॺӢ

2000-2013Ⴉ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬ேጵ་ॺੱ೨ӡணଽॺӢ

2013Ⴉ-ଵఓ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬ேጵ་ॺ኎ዮੱ೨

1967-1972 Lecturer in Prehistory, University of Auckland, New
Zealand.
1973-1975 Lecturer in Prehistory, Australian National University
1976-1983 Senior Lecturer in Prehistory, Australian National
University
1984-1999 Reader in Archaeology, Australian National University
2000-2006 Professor of Archaeology, Level E1, Australian
National University
Professor of Archaeology, Level E2, School of
2007-2013 Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National
University
2013-now Emeritus Professor of Archaeology, Level E2, School of
Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National
University೗ེ֩ിӨ Select books

1. Bellwood, Peter S. 1978 The Polynesians (revised edition 1987), London, Thames and Hudson.
ሠዅӱըؒ‫ח׬؂؟‬թ་ነ၎, 1985
2. Bellwood, Peter S. 1978 Man’s Conquest of the Pacific, Auckland and London, Collins; North American edition, Oxford University Press.
ሠዅӱը໤ᇓዼ⿜ဪႊ‫֭ח؀חװן֧ח׭ח‬෗፬ౝթሓท་ॺഞᄟઅ, 1989
3. Bellwood, Peter S. 1985. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago (revised edition 1997 and 2007), Academic Press, Sydney, University of
Hawaii Press, and ANU Press.
4. Bellwood, Peter S. 2005 First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies (revised edition in preparation for Wiley Blackwell), Oxford, Blackwell.
ሠዅӱըႺ஢਍ଳ֭෗፬ౝթੜဒ་ॺॺടഞᄟव, 2008
5. Bellwood, Peter S. ed. 2013 First Migrants: Ancient Migration in Global Perspective, Chichester, Boston and Oxford, Wiley Blackwell.
6. Bellwood, Peter S. 2017. First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia, Chichester, Boston and Oxford,
Wiley Blackwell.
7. Bellwood, Peter 2022. The Five-Million-Year Odyssey. Princeton University Press.
3؉՛‫״‬՛Ք؎‫׾׸כؠ‬შౠ֭઄฻The Achievements of Dr. Peter BellwoodணଽॺՒସ୤ॺՒ෗፬ภᆾॺ֭ॺ఑࿨ଞ੄֪‫׊ׇ‬զഷৼႺ஢४ైं๊է‫ב‬࿓൓֖ՒႺ஢֭਍ଳ֧ฌै२ད֦‫׊׋׈־‬ഷৼႺ஢ኁ֭४ై֭थ࿘‫ב‬ነ‫֖֪֞֊׈‬Փ
Dr. Bellwood has advocated the “early farming dispersal hypothesis” based on interdisciplinary research in archaeology,
linguistics and human biology, and clarified the agricultural origins and the dispersal process of early farmers found invarious parts of the world.

‫ן‬՛‫ח׬؂آ׽׮‬୤໖֭४ై֪৘֘‫׊‬ଞ੄
Archaeological research about human dispersals of Austronesiansؒ‫ח׬؂؟‬ᇌँ֋໤ᇓዼ֭ဪ֭ဥy֪ஃ֋‫׊‬थ࿘‫ב‬ணଽॺ࿨೚ሓ֪‫׉ׇ‬ነ‫֖֪֞֊׈‬Փֽ֞Ւ‫ן‬՛‫ח׬؂آ׽׮‬୤໖֭෗y֋ࡤ၌֖֞਎฿‫ב‬ணଽॺՒ෗፬ॺՒସ୤ॺ֭֩֨๔኷ऌ֧֭੢၍ଞ੄֊‫ॺ׈‬఑࿨֪Ⴞ࠶֖֞Փ֒‫֭׈׋‬ถऐ‫ב‬ຳ஽֖֥Ւ෗፬֭
४ై֋‫ן‬՛‫ח׬؂آ׽׮‬୤໖֭඘஽֪֮Ւॆዼਙട֭ᄇ࿶ׁ৘ይ֖֩֋‫׈‬Ւഷৼඳፍภౌೄ֭ࡤ၌Ք४་֪ቹไ֪৘૒֖֥փ
֧֞֒‫ב‬ነ‫֖֪֞֊׈‬Փ
By using archaeological methodologies, Dr. Bellwood has clarified the process by which Polynesian culture spread throughout theeastern islands of the Pacific Ocean. He has also traced the migration tracks of the Austronesian language family taking aninterdisciplinary approach based on joint research with specialists in archaeology, anthropology, linguistics and other scientificdisciplines. By integrating these research findings, Dr. Bellwood elucidated that, in the case of Austronesians, fueled by thedevelopment of maritime skills, human dispersals had a close connection with the migrations and expansions of early food-producing
populations.

զഷৼႺ஢४ైं๊է֭࿓ಘ
Advance of the “early farming dispersal hypothesis”

ฌै֭ൂདࡰ֪։֐‫׊‬Ⴚ஢֭४ై֭ඡੳ‫ॺב‬఑࿨֩ሑሓ֦ᆲଭ֘‫ׇ֥֢֪֧֒׊‬Ւ๐ౝಐ༉֪։֐‫׊‬ഷৼႺ஢֭४་थ࿘
‫ב‬ད੃ਊኟ֦ᄾॵ֘‫֪֧֒׊‬ถୱ֖Ւඳፍภౌೄ֧ସ୤୤໖֭४་֭৘૒֮Ւ‫ן‬՛‫ח׬؂آ׽׮‬୤໖֭‫֎֦֮֩־‬Ւฌै֭໣
֎֭೗ጅ֩ସ୤୤໖ׁ֪࿪֦ࣤ֌‫ב֧֒׊‬ಘ֖֞Փშౠ֮Ւ෗֭ആཆ֭ࡤ၌֧Ⴚ஢‫׃‬ସ୤֭४ై֋ቹไ֪֊֊‫׊׎‬ଵඉ‫ב‬զഷৼႺ஢४ైं๊է֧֖֥࿓ಘ֖֞Փ
By reproducing the conditions of agricultural dispersals
in various regions worldwide in an interdisciplinarymanner, he succeeded in making global comparisonsof the early farming expansion process in the prehistoric
period. In other words, Dr. Bellwood showed that therelationshipbetweenthe
expansionsoffood-producing populations and language families
could be applied not only to the Austronesian speaking
peoples but also to many other major language
families around the world. He advanced the “early
farming dispersal hypothesis,” which postulates thathuman population movements were intimately ೗֩୤໖֭୆ད֧೗֩4֣֭Ⴚ஢਍ଳད
The homelands of many major language families and 4 major agricultural homelands
correlated with farming and language dispersals.

෗፬֭ဥᙕᆪַ֭࿪ࣤथ࿘֪৘֘‫ॺ׊‬఑࿨ଞ੄Interdisciplinary research about human adaptation to island environments෗፬֮Ւዃ130ቮႩ๶֪‫֪ؤؘ׭‬ြཧ֖֞ؐ‫ؗ‬Ք‫ؗؐ׃׮׽פءם‬Ք؊‫آ‬՛‫׈֊׮׬بء‬ଵภ෗፬֪౼‫ֽ֦׊‬Ւဥᙕᆪׁ֪ࡤ၌֖
֥࿪֖֥ࣤ֌֞Փშౠ֮Ւ೗֧֖֥ဪႊ‫֭ח׭ח‬ဥᙕᆪ֪։֐‫׊‬ணଽॺՔଽ෗፬ॺ࿨ಈ፯‫ב‬ዿփ֥Ւ෗፬֭ဥᙕᆪַ֭ภᆾ
࿨Քᇌँ࿨֩࿪ࣤथ࿘‫ॺב‬఑࿨֩౽࿾֊‫׈‬ነ‫֖֪֞֊׈‬Փֽ֞Ւ5ቮႩ๶֭Ⴚ஢्ౡࡒ๶֭ؐ‫ؗ‬Ք‫ת‬؉‫ࡤ֭׮بם‬၌Ւ։‫ֲׇ‬ႊཨே֊‫ן֭׈‬՛‫ח׬؂آ׽׮‬୤໖֭෗‫׃‬ସ୤֭ࡤ၌ׁ֪֩֨ସਸ֖֥փ‫׊‬Փ
Beginning from Homo erectus, which reached Java approximately 1.3 million years ago, to Homo floresiensis and down to Homosapiens, humans have migrated also to island regions and adapted themselves to the new environments there. Drawing onarchaeological and paleoanthropological examples primarily from Southeast Asian islands, he illustrated the biological and culturalprocesses of human adaptation to island environments, from an interdisciplinary perspective. Moreover, he made reference to themigration of Homo sapiens 50,000 years ago before the beginning of agriculture, as well as the spread of Austronesian peoples andlanguages from southern China.
4໴ཎೄጸ፾
Biography of InterlocutorႺॺೄ௨ဿ ዼࡴᎤ
Dr. SATO Yo-Ichiroੜဒᆒጵ་ॺᇌॺᆪၟᇠ๔႞ੱ೨
Professor, Kyoto prefectural University, Japanִ֭֗֎֪ད੃ৄ੩ౝؔ‫ؚ‬՛‫ؕח׭‬৛ྙ
Director, Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, JapanӠᎬऒ౅ଡશ቎ྎภֽ‫׋‬Փੜဒ་ॺႺॺᆪ໘Փேጵ࡬࿿ॺଞ੄സଞ੄ࡿՒอࣰ་ॺൃੱ೨Ւຳ஽ད੃ৄ੩ॺଞ੄സੱ೨Քᆱ
സྙՒੜဒౌ઄་ॺੱ೨Ւ෗৖ᇌँଞ੄৿ஓጫಈ֩֨‫ב‬૪֥ଵධՓᎬඳᇌँॺवഷ༉वྙՓ
Ӡ؉՛‫״‬՛Ք؎‫֭׾׸כؠ‬ըԐԺՆՇՈӨԐԱՆՁԵՆՇթ‫ב‬ՒըႺ஢਍ଳ֭෗፬ౝթӡੜ་ഞᄟवӢ֧֖֥ྙဂഡ೩ׁ֧֧֪੢৆ዅՓը൲ᄂ֭
ৄ੩ॺթӡ৆ೲӢՒըඳ֭෗፬ౝթըᇚ֭႘቎ౝթ֩֨ՒႺ஢Ւৄ੩Ւඳ֭ᇀኾ֦໣෾ེ֭ിՔᎪᇌ֋ց‫׊‬ՓBorn in Kushimoto Town, Wakayama Pref., he graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University. He assumed his present
positions after working in various posts, such as a researcher at the National Institute of Genetics, an associate professor at
Shizuoka University, a professor/deputy director-general at the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, a professor at Kyoto
Sangyo University, and an executive director at the National Institutes for the Humanities. He is the first chairperson of the Society ofJapanese Food Studies.
He co-supervised with OSADA Toshiki the Japanese translation of Peter Bellwood’s “First Farmers,” which was published as “Ⴚ஢਍ଳ֭෗፬ౝ” (lit., The Human History of the Origin of Agriculture) by Kyoto University Press. He has written many books and essays inthe fields of agriculture, the environment, and food culture, including “൲ᄂ֭ৄ੩ॺ” (lit., The Environmental Studies of
Slash-and-burn Agriculture) (editorial supervision), “ඳ֭෗፬ౝ” (lit., The Human History of Food Culture), and “ᇚ֭႘቎ౝ” (lit., The
History of Rice in Japan).

5

PRESENTATION BY PETERBELLWOOD ON RECEIVING
THE COSMOS PRIZE FOR
2021

Polynesians on
Mauke Island, Cook
Is, 1969

6

Polynesian double canoes with raised platforms for hand-to-hand fighting
assembled off Tahiti in 1774, in preparation for an attack on the neighbouring
island of Mo’orea. Painted by William Hodges from sketches made during theSecond Voyage of Captain James Cook (1772–1775). The priest or chief at left
wears a headdress with radiating tropic-bird feathers.

The distribution of the Austronesian languages, around 210 degrees of longitude from
Madagascar to Easter Island. The dates indicate the timing for Austronesian arrival
according to archaeological and linguistic information.
7

Ancient Austronesian societies often left intriguing monumental carvings,
perhaps of their ancestors. Here are two examples from Rapanui (Easter Island)in the far east of Polynesia, and central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Rapanui statues
below perhaps date to around 500 years ago, whereas the Sulawesi one at rightis undated, but could be as much as 3000 years old.
The statues have the same arm and hand positions, similar facial shapes, andare torsos from the waist up. However, the intervening distance of 14,000 km
between Sulawesi and Easter Island, plus the potential difference in date, makes
direct contact most unlikely. This is a situation of shared inheritance of anancestral tradition of human representation.

Austronesian migrations occurred in rapid stages thatcovered long distances, separated by periods of relative
stability. Two cases of rapid long-distance movement were
those of Lapita pottery makers into Island Melanesia andWest Polynesia around 1000 BCE, and of the first East
Polynesians who settled a vast area of the central andeastern Pacific around 1000 CE. These two migrations,however, occurred almost 2000 years apart.

8

The reconstructed directions and dates for the migrations of the Austronesian-speaking peoples

9Lapita-style red-slipped and stamped pottery(with stamped linear patterns and impressed circles) from
Vanuatu (left, courtesy Matthew Spriggs) and the southeastern
Solomon Islands (right), c.1000–900 BCE.

Lapita-like pottery from northern Luzon, Philippines(left) and the Mariana Islands (right), c. 1500–1000
BCE. Courtesy Kazuhiko Tanaka and Brian Butler

10

Language family

No. languages

Longitudinal extent*

Latitudinal extent*

Proto-language
homelandAustronesian

spoken today(Ethnologue)#
1258

210°

65°

TaiwanIndo-European (Table
9.2)

445

110°

55°

Anatolia, Pontic Steppes(homeland debated)

Transeurasian

79

125°

45°

Niger-Congo

1542

60°

45°

Afro-Asiatic

377

75°

35°

Sino-Tibetan

457

60°

30°

Tupi-Guarani

76

35°

30°

N.E. China (Liao Riverbasin)
West African Sahel (theBantu homeland was in
Nigeria/Cameroon)
Levant, N.E. Africa(homeland debated)
Middle and lower
Yellow River Valley
S.W. Amazonia

Uto-Aztecan

61

30°

35°

Nilo-Saharan

207

30°

25°

Arawak

55

20°

30°

Central or western
MexicoEast African
Sahel/Sudan
Western Amazonia

Trans-New Guinea

481

43°

12°

New Guinea Highlands

Austroasiatic

167

25°

20°

S. China or northern S.E.
Asia (homeland debated)

Kra-Dai (Tai-Kadai)

91

15°

20°

S.E. China

Dravidian

86

10°

10°

Pakistan or Deccan
Peninsula (homeland
debated)

The world’s most extensive
agriculturalist language families,
ordered by approximate
territorial extent at 1500 CE.
#Ethnologue: Languages of theWorld.
http://www.ethnologue.com.
*In degrees, and approximately.

The major language
families of the Old
World at 1500 CE.
All appear to havespread after thecommencement ofagriculture andherding, except for theAustralian and
Caucasian languages,
and those in northernEurasia (Uralic andChukchi-Kamchatkan).
Khoisan languages insouthwestern Africa
are thought to havespread in part withsheep and goatherders from East
Africa about 2000
years ago.
11

Language families in the Americas at 1500 CE.
Although not as extensive as those in the Old World, themajority are thought to have spread with early farmers,
except for Eskimo-Aleut, Athabaskan, and probably
Algonquian and Jê.
N.B. Many regions of the Americas lost their indigenous
languages to disease and dispossession during the earlycolonial era (these are labelled ‘u’ on the map).

Map of the Old World, to show how I relate the homelands of many major language families (named in lower case) to 4
major agricultural homelands – the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East, northern Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, and New
Guinea. The modern Japanese and Korean languages belong to the Transeurasian family, which has a suggested
homeland in the large riverine plain of northeastern China, centered on the Liao Valley, about 7000 years ago.

12

Major source regions of the world’s domesticated plants and animals.

The three main homelands of food productionin East Asia – the Liao, Yellow and Yangzi
Valleys. These were the respective homelandsof the Transeurasian language family (Liao),
Sino-Tibetan (Yellow River), and theAustroasiatic, Austronesian and Kra-Dai
populations of Southeast Asia (Yangzi andsoutheast China). Foxtail and common millet
were the major crops in the Liao and Yellow
River valleys, and rice in the Yangzi.

13Agricultural homelands in East Asia.
Millets were domesticated in the Liao Valley (mainlycommon millet) and Yellow Valley (mainly foxtail
millet), and rice was domesticated in the Yangzi
Valley. In both cases, the dates for earlydomestication fall around 7000–6000 BCE, but thesecrops reached their maximum productive capacity
around 4500 BCE.
Between 6000 and 2000 BCE, populations on theseriverine plains in China appear to have increased by
up to 30 or 50 times.

The Chinese Neolithic.
A. Model of a Yellow River Neolithic village. Note the defensive
ditch, large central house, and the pottery kilns at rear left. 5th
millennium BCE. Banpo Site Museum, Shaanxi Province.
B. Stone reaping knife with a serrated edge, of a type used for bothmillet and rice harvesting in the Yellow River Neolithic. 6th
millennium BCE. Jiahu Site Museum, Henan Province, central China.
C. Earthenware pottery dish with rice chaff temper in its clay from
Shangshan. 8th millennium BCE. Shangshan Site Museum, Zhejiang
Province.
D. A reconstructed pile dwelling of the Hemudu culture, 5thmillennium BCE. Hemudu Site Museum, Zhejiang Province. The
staircase is not part of the reconstruction – a notched pole would
have been more likely in 5000 BCE.
E Tianluoshan, Zhejiang Province: exposed house piles and awooden walkway, and (foreground) an earth oven left unexcavatedwith baked clay heating balls. Tianluoshan Site Museum, Zhejiang
Province. 5th millennium BCE.

14

The Transeurasian languages at their greatest pre-colonial extents15ඊ֭኎ൺՔೡ࡝
Prize Title and Motive of the Prizeඊ֭኎ൺPrize title‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊThe International Cosmos Prizeඊ֭ೡ࡝Ӡ෗৖֋ಛ๹‫ב‬ໞֲྔᎬ֖֩֋‫׈‬ภ֌‫׊‬զಛ๹֧෗৖֧֭੢ภէ֧փօԏԧԟԞ՝ԃӺ֭‫׻‬՛֮ؓՒད੃එָ֥֭֭֘ภ኏ց‫ׁ֭׊‬ՒਸֲՒ֭֜ภ኏ঊ၌‫ב‬౫և‫׊‬ད੃‫ࡴב‬໲ׁ֧֖֥֭֭໎ևՒ¢ད੃ঢ়£๺ࡿ֭੢ภ֭ந᎓‫ב‬Ւฝ֖֎ଣ࿊‫ׇ׀‬օ֧֘‫ח׊‬؉՛‫֦ؠ‬ց֢֞ՓӠ֭֒‫ׇ‬օ֩੢ภ֭ց‫׉‬ሑ֭ጫश֭֞‫֪֮׀‬Ւָ֥֭֘ภ኏ଵඉ֪ྫྷ֙‫׊‬໣ዻ֭ཨ֭ျࡴตՒภ኏໲֧ད੃֧֭ະୗࡕໜ֭৘૒
ต‫ב‬शነ֘‫֋֧֒׊‬ഓጅ֦ց‫׊‬Փ֖֊֖Ւ֭֒शነ֪֮Ւ֒‫ֽ֦֭׋‬ऎॺ֭೗ጺ֦ց֢֞ᇀื࿨Ւ৔ଭ࿨ሑሓ֟֐֦֮ᆊഋᇀ֦
ց֢֥Ւျ஽࿨Ւህউ࿨֩೚ሓ֪‫׊ׇ‬ශ֖փᎲຎ‫֋־‬ᅢጅ֦ց‫׊‬ՓӠ‫֮׋׎׋׎‬ၟ֪Ւད੃࿨౽࿾֊‫֭׈‬ျ஽࿨֩ሑሓᎪ֭ഓጅต‫ב‬࿓਍֖֞փՓ֖֥֜Ւ֭֒ଞ੄ᇀኾ֪։֐‫׊‬ዓ‫֞׋‬઄฻‫ב‬ᄇ઻֖ᅴअ֖Ւ֒‫ב׋‬ପൠ֘‫ׇ֥֢֪֧֒׊‬ශ֖փअཏ৑֭ྌጺ‫֖ු້ב‬Ւ֭֜ถऐ‫ב‬෗፬੢ྫྷ֭ች‫׉‬ց‫׊‬ဘ඙֞‫֞׀֖׈‬փ֧౩օՓ
Ӡच֮፜֭ยՒ፜֮ภ኏֭ඉ֦྇ց‫׊‬Փच֭ቮშ਋Ⴊզ‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊէ֮Ւ֭֜ጫႪ‫ב‬ᄇ࿶֚֔Ւད੃֧෗፬֭ነ႘֪஭ଝ֖֞
փ֧Ⴊ৪֖֥փ‫׊‬ՓÅचშ਋Ⴊ੤व༌4षጫಈवӡᇓถ5Ⴉ3ଈ24႘Ӣ֪֥ฑ࿊

Motive of the Prize
Expo’90 was an event dedicated to the theme “The Harmonious Coexistence between Nature and Humankind”-how we as
human beings can truly respect and live in harmony with nature. The perspective sought throughout the exposition was one
that grasped life on Earth in its total context and stressed the need to understand our world as single interdependent entity.
Exhibitors and organizers emphasized the need to chart a correct course for Spaceship Earth.

Of vital impo r tance fo r resea rch conducted now and in the futu re is the need to under stand the cha racter of theinterdependent relationship among all living organisms and the earth. The answers, however, cannot fully be attained withanalytical and reductive methods that have ser ved the mainstream of science to the present. The necessity for newparadigms formed through integrated and inclusive approaches has been realized.

The Commemorative Foundation for Expo’90 realizes the importance of aholistic global perspective and wishes to extend its support to those dedicatedto this approach. Therefore, it has decided to reward the endeavors of
researchers and scientists all over the world who have shown their dedicationin this respect, thus giving them the recognition they so greatly deserve. By sodoing, not only are the ideals of the Foundation upheld, but also it is hopedthat a new tide of values is promoted and its fruits shared with all of
humankind.
※Established at the 4th meeting of the board of directors on March 24th, 1993.
೨ඊಠ
International Cosmos Prize Award Ceremony

16ຕ็֭ೡ౯Քඊ֭ஓถ
Prize Objective and Contents of the Prize
Prize Objectiveຕ็֭ೡ౯1990Ⴉ֪་ఙ्֦௹֔‫֞׋‬ே఑च֧፜֭შጥव֮Ւ෗৖֋ಛ

The theme of the I nte r national Ga rden and G reene r y
E xposition, o r E xpo’90, held in Osaka, Japan was “TheHarmonious Coexistence between Nature and Humankind”.
The international horticulture and garden exposition became
a vehicle for exploring and giving substance to this theme.
7KHÁRZHUVDQGJUHHQHU\EHFDPHV\PEROVRIWKHP\VWHU\RIlife and appealed to all who attended that the dignity ofMother Earth be protected.
The Commemorative Foundation for Expo’90 has aspired toperpetuate this fundamental principle by establishing the
I nte r national Cosmos Pr i ze fo r resea rch and wo r kaccomplished in accordance with these concepts andthemes.

๹‫ב‬ໞֲՒྔᎬ֖֩֋‫׈‬ภ֌‫׊‬զಛ๹֧෗৖֧֭੢ภէ‫ב‬ৰ቎ጫႪ्֧֖֥௹֔‫֞׋‬Փ֜‫֮׋‬च֧፜֪ඉ྇֔‫׊׋‬ภ኏්֭ᅃ֧ሀ֩
‫׊‬ད੃֭ໞଯ‫חב‬؉՛‫׊֘ؠ‬զփ֭֭֠ఋ࿳է֦ց֢֞Փ֭֒ጫႪ
‫ב‬૫ൡ֖Ւ֔‫֪׈‬ᄇ࿶֚֔‫ׇ֥֢֪֧֒׊‬෗፬֭ᆵ౵֭ໃු֪৳
ይ֖֞փ֧Ⴊ৪֖Ւ֭֜ೡ౯֪஽ཙ֘‫׊‬઄฻‫ב‬ପൠ֘‫׀֞׊‬च֭ቮშ਋Ⴊզ‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊէ‫ב‬ຕ็֘‫׊‬Փඊ֭ஓถ

Contents of the Prize

1. ೨ඊ֭໴ඉ

1. Focus and scope of research to be awarded
The prize will be awarded for research and work that has
achieved excellence and is recognized as contributing to a
VLJQLÀFDQWXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJOLYLQJ
organisms, the interdependence of life and the global environment, and the common nature integrating these interrelationships. It should be characterized by a global perspective whichtries to illuminate the relationships between diverse phenomena, in keeping with the concepts and principle of “The Harmonious Coexisetence between Nature and Humankind.”च֧፜֪ඉ྇֔‫׊׋‬ད੃එָ֥֭֭֘ภ኏໲֭ະୗ৘૒ਸֲ
֒‫֭׈׋‬ภ኏໲֧ད੃֧֭ະୗࡕໜՒະୗఢዿ֪৘֖Ւད੃࿨౽
࿾֊‫֭֜׈‬ᇥँ֧໣ዻต֭ཨ֪ց‫׊‬৘૒ตՒျ஽ต֭቎ಱ‫ב‬शነ֖‫ׇ‬օ֧֘‫׊‬ଞ੄ঊ၌‫ॺ׃‬ട֪৘֘‫׊‬઄฻֦ց֢֥Ւզಛ๹֧
෗৖֧֭੢ภէ֧փօጫႪ֭૛ถᄇ࿶֪֧֎֪৳ይ֘‫֧׊‬Ⴁ‫׈׀‬‫ׁ֭׊׋‬ՓThe following points will be the standards by which theachievements will be evaluated.
(1) The body of achievements should show an inclusive and integrated methodology and approach, in contrast to analytic
and reductive methodologies.
(2) The achievements must be based on a global perspective.
,IWKHIRFXVLVRQDSDUWLFXODUSKHQRPHQRQRUVSHFLÀFDUHDLW
PXVWKDYHXQLYHUVDOVLJQLÀFDQFHDQGDSSOLFDELOLW\(3) The achievements should offer a long-term vision whichleads to further developments, rather than solutions to limited
problems.

එ਋֭৑࿾֊‫׈‬Ւࡒऀ֭࿾‫ב‬ഓ౽֘‫׊‬Փӡ1Ӣᇀื࿨Ւ৔ଭ࿨֩ሑሓ֦֮֩֎Ւህউ࿨Ւျ஽࿨֩ሑሓ
֪‫׊ׇ‬઄฻֦ց‫֧֒׊‬Փ
ӡ2Ӣད੃࿨౽࿾֪֢֞֞઄฻֦ց‫֧֒׊‬Փၟ࿊֭དࡰ‫଼׃‬ᇠ࿨ଵඉ֪৘֘‫ׁ֦֭׊‬ցׁ֢֥Ւᆗᇫ
ต֋ց‫֧֒׊‬Փ
ӡ3Ӣྞไ࿨֩ኴ༎शଂ૙֦֮֩֎Ւྙৼ࿨֩౽ኾ‫ׁ֣ב‬઄฻֦ց‫֧֒׊‬Փ

2. Selection Process
The International Cosmos Prize Committee will oversee theentire selection process and the Foundation Chairman will
appoint the Screening Committee of Experts which is responsible for the examination of the achievements by candidates
recommended from Japan and overseas. Based on the selection of candidates by the Screening Committee of Experts, the
3UL]H&RPPLWWHHZLOOGHFLGHRQWKHÀQDOUHFLSLHQW

2. ೥ඊೄ֭๰ண
‫׮ؗ׮ר‬ே఑ඊ࡙ࡿव‫֐็ב‬Ւဴड़࡙ࡿव֪๰ண๔኷࡙ࡿ
व‫ב‬མ֎Փ
๰ண๔኷࡙ࡿव֮ேၾ॒֊‫֭׈‬෮๬֪‫׊ׇ‬୭ᇸೄ֭઄฻‫ב‬ල௮֖Ւ೥ඊ୭ᇸೄ‫ב‬๰ண֘‫׊‬Փே఑ඊ࡙ࡿव֮֒‫֪׋‬ৰ֤փ֥೥ඊೄ‫ב‬ଂ࿊֘‫׊‬Փ

3. Eligibility
There will be no distinction made as to nationality, race, sex or
creed. However, only living persons are eligible to receive theprize.

3. ೥ඊೄ֭ಃ६
ேฺՒ෗೟ՒตᇠՒමඞ‫ב‬ኴ‫֩׎‬փՓ༤֖Ւଵໜೄ֪଺‫׊‬Փ
4. ඊ֭ၾዴ

4. The Award
In principle one prize will be presented per year to an individual or a team. The prizewinner shall be awarded a commendation, a medallion and a monetary prize of 40 million yen.

ቚႩՒମ໋֧֖֥1଼෗ֽ֮֞1‫ؠץ‬՛،‫ב‬ᅳൠ֘‫׊‬Փ೥ඊೄ֪֮ՒඊඡՒඊბਸֲᆱඊ(4,000ቮࣅ)‫׊໇ב‬Փ
5. ᅳൠ

5. Recognition
The prize will be awarded at a ceremony held each autumn.

೨ඊಠ֮ՒቚႩ೷֪பօՓ
6. ৘ᎌಈ઄

6. Related Events
The recipient of the prize is asked to give a commemorative
lecture and participate in a symposium held in his or her honor.

೥ඊೄ֭਋Ⴊ஬࣏Ւ։‫֪׋ֲׇ֒‬৘ᎌ֘‫֨֩ؕכ׭ؒب׬׊‬‫्ב‬௹֘‫׊‬ՓÅचშ਋Ⴊ੤व༌4षጫಈवӡᇓถ5Ⴉ3ଈ24႘Ӣ֪֥ฑ࿊※Established at the 4th meeting of the board of directors on March 24th, 1993.

17೗௹୰ࢽఖཆሓ෗ே఑च֧፜֭შጥव਋Ⴊ੤व
Æ538-0036Ӡ་ఙ౦࿁ଣત፜ད୰ࣆ2-136
ဃᎭӱ06-6915-4513ӠFAXӱ06-6915-4524

Host

EXPO ʼ90 Foundation

2-136ӠRyokuchikoen, Tsurumi-ku, Osaka, 538-0036, Japan
TELӱ81-6-6915-4513ӠFAXӱ81-6-6915-4524

ଢ଼࣍Ⴚ፟෯ౌ൶Ւேဘ୪ྫྷ൶Ւᇌᆪऎॺ൶Ւৄ੩൶Ւ
ဪੜဒੱࡱ࡙ࡿवՒ‫ן‬՛‫ח؟؞׽׮‬་ౚ৛Ւ႘቎‫ॺח؀חװן‬वՒဪႊ‫ח׭ח‬ணଽॺवSupporters

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Ministry of the Environment
Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Education
Australian Embassy in Japan
Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies
Japan Society for Southeast Asian Archaeology