Guidelines forDeveloping Emission Inventory
in East Asia

March 2011
(Translation: March 2012)
Study Committee for
Methodologies of Developing
Emission Inventory in East Asia
under a project sponsored by
the Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Introduction
In East Asian region, the rapid economic growth is causing emission increase of substances responsible foracid rain such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOC),
leading to concerns of its environmental impact. Also tropospheric ozone has attracted attention as long range
trans-boundary air pollutant, and there has been reports on its density increase, effects on plants, and its
reaction with VOC in the air which react to form photochemical oxidants.
This serious condition of air pollution following economic growth will interfere with the continuous
development of East Asian countries. This condition will effect to increase the background level of long range
trans-boundary air pollution on Japan as well as on a global scale. In addition, the large scale emission sourceis also a cause of large amount of greenhouse gases.
However, in East Asian region, the organization of basic information necessary to manage atmosphericenvironment, is insufficient. In relation to this, it is difficult to formulate effective anti-pollutant measure basedon scientific knowledge, including knowledge of reduction of anti-pollutant measure to its goal, reduction
potential and methods of countermeasures.
The theory used to create emission inventory of air pollutant, has been established in Europe and USA under
the framework of Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). This method is used insouth Asian, south African and other developing countries, and discussion is undergoing for air pollutant
transportation across half the globe using this inventory and atmospheric transport models.
On the other hand, in east Asian region, a few emission inventory survey have been conducted. However, it isstill difficult to establish a system to formulate transparent and comparable emission inventory which thegovernments in each east Asian country are agreeable.
Therefore, in the Ministry of the Environment in Japan, a review has been considered on making an Emission
Inventory Policy-making Guidebook for East Asia, through emission inventory policy-making assistance inVietnam from 2009.
This Guidebook is expected to be used for preparation of detailed and reliable emission inventory in East Asia,and is expected to be used to establish strategy for anti-pollution measures in specific location, country or in
East Asia.

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Contenats
1

Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1

Emission inventory.......................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2
Background and Objectives of “Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory inEast Asia” ................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.1

Background ............................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2.2

Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 1-3

1.3
2

Position of guidelines ..................................................................................................... 1-3

Basic policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants......................................... 2-1
2.1

Emission estimation method .......................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1

Emission factor ......................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.2

Activity data.............................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1.3

Sectors and categories............................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2

Emission estimation method according to intended use of inventory ....................... 2-2

2.2.1
2.2.1.1

Simple method ...................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.2.1.2

Detailed method .................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.2.2

Selection of inventory estimation method according to its intended use .................................. 2-2

2.2.2.1

Inventory by country/region.................................................................................................. 2-2

2.2.2.2

Technology-based inventory................................................................................................. 2-2

2.2.2.3

Simulation inventory............................................................................................................. 2-2

2.2.3
2.3

Emission estimation method ..................................................................................................... 2-2

Selection of inventory estimation method................................................................................. 2-3

Pollutants ......................................................................................................................... 2-4

2.3.1

SOx ........................................................................................................................................... 2-4

2.3.2

NOx........................................................................................................................................... 2-5

2.3.3

CO ............................................................................................................................................. 2-5

2.3.4

NMVOC.................................................................................................................................... 2-5

2.3.5

NH3 ........................................................................................................................................... 2-6

2.3.6

PM (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC) .............................................................................................. 2-6

2.3.7

CO2, CH4, N2O ........................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.4

Sectors ............................................................................................................................. 2-7

2.4.1

Fuel consumption...................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.4.1.1

Stationary source................................................................................................................... 2-7

2.4.1.2

Mobile source........................................................................................................................ 2-7

2.4.2

Fossil fuel leakage..................................................................................................................... 2-8-i-Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.4.3

Industrial process ...................................................................................................................... 2-8

2.4.4

Solvent and other products use ................................................................................................. 2-8

2.4.5

Agricultural activities................................................................................................................ 2-8

2.4.6

Forest fire .................................................................................................................................. 2-8

2.4.7

Waste treatment......................................................................................................................... 2-8

2.4.8

Natural sources.......................................................................................................................... 2-8

2.5

3

Temporal change and spatial distribution..................................................................... 2-8

2.5.1

Temporal change....................................................................................................................... 2-8

2.5.2

Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 2-12

2.6

Correlation with other inventory manual ..................................................................... 2-16

2.7

Application of guideline ................................................................................................ 2-17

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from fuel consumption.......................................... 3-1
3.1

Targets of estimation ...................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2

Stationary source ............................................................................................................ 3-3

3.2.1
3.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 3-3

3.2.1.2

Activity data estimation ........................................................................................................ 3-4

3.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 3-6

3.2.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 3-24

1.
2.
3.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 3-24
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 3-24
Matrix of temporal change and spatial distribution................................................................. 3-24

3.2.2

3.3

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 3-3

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 3-24

3.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 3-24

3.2.2.2

Activity data estimation ...................................................................................................... 3-31

3.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 3-32

3.2.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 3-44

Mobile source................................................................................................................. 3-44

3.3.1

Estimation Target.................................................................................................................... 3-44

3.3.2

Estimation of air pollutants emission from automobiles......................................................... 3-44

3.3.2.1

Automobile emission by fuel combustion........................................................................... 3-44

1.
2.

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 3-44
Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 3-46

3.3.2.2

Automobile emission from evaporation gas........................................................................ 3-85

1.

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 3-85

3.3.3
3.3.3.1

Estimation method of air pollutants emission of aircraft ........................................................ 3-86
Simple method .................................................................................................................... 3-86

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

1.
2.
3.
4.

LTO cycle ............................................................................................................................... 3-86
Outline of estimation method of emission .............................................................................. 3-87
Fuel consumption, emission factor ......................................................................................... 3-87
Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................... 3-88

3.3.3.2

Detailed method .................................................................................................................. 3-88

1.
2.
3.
4.

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................... 3-88
Estimation of fuel consumption by airport and by aircraft type.............................................. 3-89
Set of emission factors by aircraft type and by mode ............................................................. 3-90
Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................... 3-94

3.3.4
3.3.4.1

Simple method .................................................................................................................... 3-94

1.
2.
3.
4.

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................... 3-94
Estimation of Fuel consumption ............................................................................................. 3-94
Setting of emission factors ...................................................................................................... 3-94
Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................... 3-96

3.3.4.2

Detailed method .................................................................................................................. 3-96

1.
2.
3.
4.

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................... 3-96
Estimation of activity data ...................................................................................................... 3-99
Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 3-103
Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 3-107

3.3.5

4

Estimation of air pollutants emission of vessel....................................................................... 3-94

Estimation of air pollutants emission of railway................................................................... 3-108

3.3.5.1

Simple method .................................................................................................................. 3-108

1.
2.
3.
4.

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 3-108
Estimation of fuel consumption ............................................................................................ 3-108
Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 3-108
Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 3-109

3.3.5.2

Detailed method ................................................................................................................ 3-109

1.
2.
3.
4.

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 3-109
Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 3-109
Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 3-110
Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 3-112

Estimation of air pollutant amount of fugitive emission from fossil fuel........................... 4-1
4.1

Target for estimation ....................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2

Fugitive emission from solid fuels like coal etc............................................................ 4-4

4.2.1

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 4-4

4.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 4-4

4.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 4-4

4.2.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 4-7

1.
2.

Temporal change....................................................................................................................... 4-7
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................... 4-7

4.2.2
4.2.2.1

Detailed method ........................................................................................................................ 4-9
Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 4-9- iii -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.3

4.2.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 4-10

4.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 4-11

4.2.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 4-19

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 4-19
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 4-19

Fugitive emission from crude oil and natural gas ..................................................... 4-20

4.3.1
4.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 4-20

4.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 4-20

4.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 4-22

4.3.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 4-24

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 4-24
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 4-24

4.3.2

5

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 4-20

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 4-25

4.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 4-25

4.3.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 4-26

4.3.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 4-29

4.3.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 4-41

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 4-41
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 4-41

Emission estimation of air pollutants from industrial processes....................................... 5-1
5.1

Targets of Estimation ...................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2

Mineral products.............................................................................................................. 5-5

5.2.1
5.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 5-5

5.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 5-5

5.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 5-8

5.2.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 5-11

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 5-11
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 5-11

5.2.2

5.3

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 5-5

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 5-15

5.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 5-15

5.2.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 5-16

5.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 5-18

5.2.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 5-35

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 5-35
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 5-35

Chemical products ........................................................................................................ 5-36

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.3.1
5.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 5-36

5.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 5-36

5.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 5-37

5.3.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 5-39

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 5-39
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 5-39

5.3.2

5.4

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 5-39

5.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 5-39

5.3.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 5-40

5.3.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 5-43

5.3.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 5-58

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 5-58
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 5-58

Metal production............................................................................................................ 5-59

5.4.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 5-59

5.4.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 5-59

5.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 5-59

5.4.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 5-59

5.4.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 5-61

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 5-61
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 5-61

5.4.2

5.5

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 5-36

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 5-61

5.4.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 5-61

5.4.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 5-63

5.4.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 5-64

5.4.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ......................................................................... 5-103

1.
2.

Temporal change................................................................................................................... 5-103
Spatial distribution ................................................................................................................ 5-103

Other product manufacturing ..................................................................................... 5-103

5.5.1

Simple method ...................................................................................................................... 5-103

5.5.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................. 5-103

5.5.1.2

Estimation of activity data ................................................................................................ 5-104

5.5.1.3

Setting of emission factors ................................................................................................ 5-106

5.5.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ......................................................................... 5-110

1.
2.

Temporal change................................................................................................................... 5-110
Spatial distribution ................................................................................................................ 5-110

5.5.2

Detailed method .................................................................................................................... 5-110-v-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6

5.5.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................. 5-110

5.5.2.2

Estimation of activity data ................................................................................................ 5-111

5.5.2.3

Setting of emission factors ................................................................................................ 5-113

5.5.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ......................................................................... 5-118

1.
2.

Temporal change................................................................................................................... 5-118
Spatial distribution ................................................................................................................ 5-118

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from solvents and other product use .................. 6-1
6.1

Targets of Estimation ...................................................................................................... 6-1

6.2

Paint application .............................................................................................................. 6-2

6.2.1
6.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 6-2

6.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 6-2

6.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 6-2

6.2.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 6-3

1.
2.

Temporal change....................................................................................................................... 6-3
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................... 6-3

6.2.2

6.3

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 6-2

Detailed method ........................................................................................................................ 6-3

6.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 6-3

6.2.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 6-4

6.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 6-5

6.2.2.4

Emissions abatement efficiency ............................................................................................ 6-5

6.2.2.5

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 6-9

1.
2.

Temporal change....................................................................................................................... 6-9
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-10

Metal and other surface treatment ............................................................................... 6-10

6.3.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 6-10

6.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method outline................................................................... 6-10

6.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-10

6.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-10

6.3.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-11

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-11
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-11

6.3.2

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 6-11

6.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-11

6.3.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-11

6.3.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-12

6.3.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency ........................................................................................... 6-12

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6.4

6.3.2.5

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-13

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-13
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-13

Dry Cleaning................................................................................................................... 6-13

6.4.1
6.4.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-13

6.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-14

6.4.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-14

6.4.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-14

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-14
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-14

6.4.2

6.5

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 6-14

6.4.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-14

6.4.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-15

6.4.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-15

6.4.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency ........................................................................................... 6-16

6.4.2.5

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-16

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-16
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-16

Chemical product manufacturing................................................................................. 6-16

6.5.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 6-16

6.5.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-16

6.5.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-17

6.5.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-17

6.5.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-17

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-17
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-17

6.5.2

6.6

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 6-13

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 6-18

6.5.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-18

6.5.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-18

6.5.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-19

6.5.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency ........................................................................................... 6-21

6.5.2.5

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-23

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-23
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-23

Printing ........................................................................................................................... 6-23

6.6.1
6.6.1.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 6-23
Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-23

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.6.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-23

6.6.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-24

6.6.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-24

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-24
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-24

6.6.2

6.7

6.6.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-24

6.6.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-25

6.6.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-25

6.6.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency ........................................................................................... 6-25

6.6.2.5

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-27

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-27
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-28

House hold solvent use ................................................................................................ 6-28

6.7.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 6-28

6.7.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-28

6.7.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-28

6.7.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-28

6.7.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-28

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-28
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-29

6.7.2

6.8

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 6-24

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 6-29

6.7.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-29

6.7.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-29

6.7.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-29

6.7.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-31

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-31
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-31

Other product use.......................................................................................................... 6-31

6.8.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 6-31

6.8.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-31

6.8.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-31

6.8.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-32

6.8.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-32

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-32
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-32

6.8.2
6.8.2.1

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 6-32
Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 6-32

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6.8.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 6-33

6.8.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 6-33

6.8.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency ........................................................................................... 6-34

6.8.2.5

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 6-36

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 6-36
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 6-36

7 Estimating emissions of air pollutants coming from agriculture activities (livestock,agricultural waste, fertilizer) ......................................................................................................... 7-1
7.1

Targets of estimation ...................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2

Estimating emissions of air pollutants coming from livestock ................................... 7-3

7.2.1
7.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 7-3

7.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 7-4

7.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 7-5

7.2.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-10

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-10
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-10

7.2.2

7.3

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 7-3

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 7-12

7.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 7-12

7.2.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 7-16

7.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 7-16

7.2.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-18

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-18
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-19

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from agricultural soils.................................. 7-19

7.3.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 7-19

7.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 7-19

7.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 7-20

7.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 7-20

7.3.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-20

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-20
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-20

7.3.2

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 7-20

7.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 7-20

1.
2.

NH3 ......................................................................................................................................... 7-21
PM........................................................................................................................................... 7-21

7.3.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 7-21

1.
2.

NH3 ......................................................................................................................................... 7-21
PM........................................................................................................................................... 7-22

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7.4

7.3.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 7-22

1.
2.

NH3 ......................................................................................................................................... 7-22
PM........................................................................................................................................... 7-22

7.3.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-23

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-23
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-23

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from field burning in savanna ..................... 7-24

7.4.1
7.4.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 7-24

7.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data ................................................................................................. 7-24

7.4.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 7-27

7.4.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-27

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-27
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-28

7.4.2

7.5

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 7-28

7.4.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 7-28

7.4.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 7-29

7.4.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 7-29

7.4.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-29

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-29
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-29

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from burning of agricultural wastes ........... 7-30

7.5.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 7-30

7.5.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 7-30

7.5.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 7-30

7.5.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 7-33

7.5.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-35

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-35
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-35

7.5.2

8

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 7-24

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 7-37

7.5.2.1

Emission estimation method outline ................................................................................... 7-37

7.5.2.2

Activity data estimation ...................................................................................................... 7-37

7.5.2.3

Setting of emission factor.................................................................................................... 7-37

7.5.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 7-40

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 7-40
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 7-40

Estimating emissions of air pollutants coming from forest fires ....................................... 8-1
8.1

Simple method ................................................................................................................. 8-1-x-Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

8.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method..................................................................................... 8-1

8.1.2

Estimation of activity data ........................................................................................................ 8-1

8.1.3

Setting of emission factors ........................................................................................................ 8-3

8.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ................................................................................. 8-6

8.2

9

8.1.4.1

Temporal change................................................................................................................... 8-6

8.1.4.2

Spatial distribution ................................................................................................................ 8-6

Detailed method............................................................................................................. 8-10

8.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................... 8-10

8.2.2

Estimation of activity data ...................................................................................................... 8-11

8.2.3

Setting of emission factors ...................................................................................................... 8-11

8.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................... 8-12

8.2.4.1

Temporal change................................................................................................................. 8-12

8.2.4.2

Spatial distribution .............................................................................................................. 8-13

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from the treatment and disposal of waste........... 9-1
9.1

Targets of estimation ...................................................................................................... 9-1

9.2

Solid waste disposal ....................................................................................................... 9-3

9.2.1
9.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 9-3

9.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 9-3

9.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 9-3

9.2.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 9-3

1.
2.

Temporal change....................................................................................................................... 9-3
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................... 9-3

9.2.2
9.3

Detailed method ........................................................................................................................ 9-3

Biological treatment ........................................................................................................ 9-3

9.3.1

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 9-3

9.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 9-3

9.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 9-4

9.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................... 9-4

9.3.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 9-4

1.
2.

Temporal change....................................................................................................................... 9-4
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................... 9-4

9.3.2
9.4

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 9-3

Detailed method ........................................................................................................................ 9-4

Incineration ...................................................................................................................... 9-4

9.4.1

Simple method .......................................................................................................................... 9-4

9.4.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................. 9-4

9.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................... 9-6- xi -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

9.4.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 9-10

9.4.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 9-14

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 9-14
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 9-15

9.4.2

9.5

9.4.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 9-15

9.4.2.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 9-16

9.4.2.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 9-16

9.4.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 9-31

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 9-31
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 9-31

Wastewater treatment ................................................................................................... 9-32

9.5.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 9-32

9.5.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 9-32

9.5.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 9-32

9.5.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 9-32

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 9-32
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 9-32
Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 9-32

Others ............................................................................................................................. 9-33

9.6.1

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 9-33

9.6.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method............................................................................... 9-33

9.6.1.2

Estimation of activity data .................................................................................................. 9-33

9.6.1.3

Setting of emission factors .................................................................................................. 9-33

9.6.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ........................................................................... 9-34

1.
2.

Temporal change..................................................................................................................... 9-34
Spatial distribution .................................................................................................................. 9-34

9.6.2
10

Simple method ........................................................................................................................ 9-32

9.5.1.1

9.5.2
9.6

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 9-15

Detailed method ...................................................................................................................... 9-34

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from natural sources ....................................... 10-1

10.1

Estimating NMVOC emissions from vegetation.......................................................... 10-1

10.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................... 10-1

10.1.2Estimation of activity data ...................................................................................................... 10-1

10.1.3

Setting of emission factors ...................................................................................................... 10-3

10.1.3.1

Emission per unit area by land-use under the standard conditions ................................. 10-3

10.1.3.2

Correction factor ............................................................................................................. 10-5

1.
2.

Correction factor “γ” for Isoprene........................................................................................... 10-5
Correction factor “γ” for monoterpen and other NMVOC...................................................... 10-5

- xii -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.
4.

PAR flux ................................................................................................................................. 10-6
Leaf Temperature.................................................................................................................... 10-6

10.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................... 10-6

10.2

10.1.4.1

Temporal change............................................................................................................. 10-6

10.1.4.2

Spatial distribution .......................................................................................................... 10-6

Estimating SOx emissions from volcanoes ................................................................ 10-9

10.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method................................................................................... 10-9

10.2.2Estimation of activity data and setting of emission factors..................................................... 10-9

10.2.3

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................... 10-9

10.3

Estimating NH3, NOx emissions from soils ............................................................... 10-10

10.3.1

Estimation of activity data and setting of emission factors................................................... 10-11

1.
2.

NH3 ....................................................................................................................................... 10-11
NOx....................................................................................................................................... 10-13

10.3.2

Temporal change and spatial distribution ............................................................................. 10-13

1.
2.

NH3 ....................................................................................................................................... 10-13
NOx....................................................................................................................................... 10-13

11

Future tasks ....................................................................................................................... 11-1

11.1

Development of East Asia-specific emission factors................................................. 11-1

11.2

Dissemination of the guidelines and refinement of the emission inventory ............ 11-4

11.3

Improvement in usability .............................................................................................. 11-5
1.
2.

Development and distribution of spreadsheet ......................................................................... 11-5
Check tree for main emission source and attributable fraction by pollutant and by sector..... 11-5

11.4

Inventory development through the integrated procedure ........................................ 11-6

11.5

Linkage with the simulation model .............................................................................. 11-7

Figure Contents
Figure 1.2-1 Emission volume in Asia in year 2000, 2010 and 2020 .............................................................. 1-2
Figure 2.7-1 SOx simulation result ................................................................................................................ 2-18
Figure 2.7-2 NOx simulation result ................................................................................................................ 2-19
Figure 3.2-1 Outline of emission calculation of large scale sources.............................................................. 3-30
Figure 3.3-1 Example of road link ................................................................................................................. 3-47
Figure 3.3-2 Estimation flow of emission from automobile .......................................................................... 3-48
Figure 3.3-3 Estimation method of automobile travel volume by using traffic survey result........................ 3-52
Figure 3.3-4 Estimation flow of minor roads travel volume by energy statistics .......................................... 3-54
Figure 3.3-5 Setting method of emission factor............................................................................................. 3-60
Figure 3.3-6 Traffic count survey points in Hanoi city center ....................................................................... 3-78
Figure 3.3-7 Traffic count survey points in Ho Chi Minh City ..................................................................... 3-79

- xiii -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Figure 3.3-8 hourly change of Suburban traffic volume................................................................................ 3-80
Figure 3.3-9 Hourly change of secondary traffic volume .............................................................................. 3-80
Figure 3.3-10 Hourly change of Primary-1 traffic volume ............................................................................ 3-81
Figure 3.3-11 Hourly change of Primary-2 traffic volume ............................................................................ 3-81
Figure 3.3-12 NOx emission map of mobile source in Vietnam................................................................... 3-84
Figure 3.3-13 General flying cycle ................................................................................................................ 3-86
Figure 3.3-14 Outline of detailed estimation method of emission ................................................................. 3-89
Figure 3.3-15 Estimation flow of emission of air pollutants from vessels..................................................... 3-98
Figure 4.1-1 Scope of estimation of air pollutant amount of fugitive emission from gasoline........................ 4-1
Figure 4.3-1 Example of locations of oil wells in Vietnam ........................................................................... 4-43
Figure 4.3-2 Example of NMVOC fugitive emission distribution from fossil fuel ....................................... 4-44
Figure 5.2-1 Cement manufacturing process outline ..................................................................................... 5-18
Figure 10.1-1 Land-use map of Vietnam ....................................................................................................... 10-2
Figure 10.1-2 Monthly average amount of solar radiation by region ............................................................ 10-7
Figure 10.1-3 Monthly average temperatures by region ................................................................................ 10-8
Figure 11.1-1 Automobile driving mode in the metropolitan area of Bangkok............................................. 11-3
Figure 11.1-2 Emission factors for passenger car in the metropolitan area of Bangkok ............................... 11-3
Figure 11.2-1 Dissemination of the guidelines and the refinement of the emission inventory...................... 11-5

Table Contents
Table 2.2-1 Selection of emission estimation method that suits the objectives of inventory use .................... 2-4
Table 2.5-1 Temporal change distribution index and distribution method .................................................... 2-10
Table 2.5-2 Spatial distribution index............................................................................................................ 2-13
Table 3.1-1 Fuel consumption sector emission category ................................................................................. 3-1
Table 3.1-2 Calculation type applicable by facility type ................................................................................. 3-2
Table 3.1-3 Fuel consumption air pollutant emission source type and the matters ......................................... 3-3
Table 3.2-1 Net Calorific Value by default fuel type....................................................................................... 3-5
Table 3.2-2 Category and fuel type for simple method - Part 1....................................................................... 3-6
Table 3.2-3 Category and fuel type for simple method - Part 2....................................................................... 3-7
Table 3.2-4 Example of sulfur content by country and by fuel type (unit: %)................................................. 3-8
Table 3.2-5 Example of sulfur retention-in-ash by fuel type (unit: %)............................................................ 3-9
Table 3.2-6 Example of sulfur retention-in-ash by fuel type (unit: %)............................................................ 3-9
Table 3.2-7 Example of SOx emission factor by fuel type ............................................................................ 3-10
Table 3.2-8 NOx emission factors for simple method ................................................................................... 3-12
Table 3.2-9 CO emission factors for simple method ..................................................................................... 3-13

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-10 NMVOC emission factors for simple method .......................................................................... 3-14
Table 3.2-11 SOx emission factors for simple method.................................................................................. 3-15
Table 3.2-12 NH3 emission factors for simple method.................................................................................. 3-16
Table 3.2-13 TSP emission factors for simple method .................................................................................. 3-17
Table 3.2-14 PM10 emission factors for simple method................................................................................. 3-18
Table 3.2-15 PM2.5 emission factors for simple method................................................................................ 3-19
Table 3.2-16 Range of Emission Factors for BC [g/ kg-Fuel] ....................................................................... 3-20
Table 3.2-17 Range of Emission Factors for Primary OC [g/ kg-Fuel] ......................................................... 3-20
Table 3.2-18 CO2 emission factors for simple method .................................................................................. 3-21
Table 3.2-19 CH4 emission factors for simple method .................................................................................. 3-22
Table 3.2-20 N2O emission factors for simple method.................................................................................. 3-23
Table 3.2-21 LPS survey contents ................................................................................................................. 3-26
Table 3.2-22 Net Calorific Value by fuel type............................................................................................... 3-28
Table 3.2-23 Example of activity data in manufacturing sector for detailed method -.................................. 3-31
Table 3.2-24 Detailed Method - by category and by fuel type....................................................................... 3-33
Table 3.2-25 Energy sector emission factors for detailed method (Part 1).................................................... 3-34
Table 3.2-26 Energy sector emission factors for detailed method (Part 2).................................................... 3-35
Table 3.2-27 Energy sector (Refinery) emission factors for detailed Method ............................................... 3-36
Table 3.2-28 Energy sector (Cokes furnace) emission factors for detailed method ...................................... 3-37
Table 3.2-29 Manufacturing sector (metal product) emission factors for detailed method ........................... 3-38
Table 3.2-30 Manufacturing sector (Mining product, Part 1) emission factors for detailed method ............. 3-38
Table 3.2-31 Manufacturing sector (Mining product, Part 2) emission factors for detailed method ............. 3-39
Table 3.2-32 Manufacturing sector (Mining product, Part 3) emission factors for detailed method ............. 3-39
Table 3.2-33 Household emission factors (Part 1) for detailed method......................................................... 3-40
Table 3.2-34 Household emission factors (Part 2) detailed method .............................................................. 3-41
Table 3.2-35 Private business (small scale) emission factors (Part 1) for detailed method ........................... 3-42
Table 3.2-36 Private business (small scale) emission factors (Part 2) for detailed method ........................... 3-43
Table 3.3-1 Fuel consumption rate by fuel type ............................................................................................ 3-45
Table 3.3-2 Emission factor by target pollutant and by car type ................................................................... 3-46
Table 3.3-3 OD questionnaire survey ............................................................................................................ 3-47
Table 3.3-4 Estimation methods list of travel volume (activity data) ............................................................ 3-49
Table 3.3-5 Passenger car average emission factor........................................................................................ 3-56
Table 3.3-6 Light truck average emission factor ........................................................................................... 3-57
Table 3.3-7 Heavy duty trucks average emission factor ................................................................................ 3-57
Table 3.3-8 Large bus average emission factor ............................................................................................. 3-58
Table 3.3-9 Motorcycle average emission factor ........................................................................................... 3-58

- xv -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-10 BC,OC ratio against PM emission factor.................................................................................. 3-59
Table 3.3-11 CO2 emission factors ................................................................................................................ 3-59
Table 3.3-12 CO emission factors (gasoline passenger cars)......................................................................... 3-61
Table 3.3-13 VOC emission factors (gasoline passenger cars)...................................................................... 3-61
Table 3.3-14 NOx emission factors (gasoline passenger cars) ...................................................................... 3-62
Table 3.3-15 FC: Fuel consumption (gasoline passenger cars) ..................................................................... 3-63
Table 3.3-16 Pre-Euro passenger car eCOLD/eHOT ratio................................................................................... 3-64
Table 3.3-17 Cold start parameter β............................................................................................................... 3-64
Table 3.3-18 Post-Euro-1 factor list used in EF emission factors formula .................................................... 3-65
Table 3.3-19 Post-Euro-1 gasoline passenger car PM emission factors ........................................................ 3-65
Table 3.3-20 Post-Euro1 gasoline passenger car eCOLD/eHOT coefficient................................................. 3-66
Table 3.3-21 Post-Euro-1 parameter β (against Euro-1 value) ...................................................................... 3-67
Table 3.3-22 Pre-Euro emission factors and fuel consumption (passenger car) ............................................ 3-67
Table 3.3-23 eCOLD/eHOT coefficient of Pre-Euro diesel passenger car .................................................... 3-67
Table 3.3-24 Coefficient list of EF emission factor formula (diesel passenger car)...................................... 3-68
Table 3.3-25 PM emission factors of Euro-3 DPF-equipped car ................................................................... 3-68
Table 3.3-26 Emission factors of gasoline light duty vehicle ........................................................................ 3-69
Table 3.3-27 Post-Euro-2 emission reduction ratio against Euro-1 ............................................................... 3-69
Table 3.3-28 Emission factors for light duty diesel truck .............................................................................. 3-70
Table 3.3-29 Post-Euro-2 emission reduction ratio against Euro-1 ............................................................... 3-70
Table 3.3-30 Emission factors for heavy duty (gasoline) vehicle.................................................................. 3-70
Table 3.3-31 Emission factors for light duty truck ........................................................................................ 3-71
Table 3.3-32 Large bus emission factors ....................................................................................................... 3-72
Table 3.3-33 Emission factor and fuel consumption of motorcycle 50cm3 below ........................................ 3-72
Table 3.3-34 PM emission factors for motorcycle 50cm3 below ................................................................... 3-73
Table 3.3-35 Motorcycle CO and NOx emission factors until Euro-1 (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke) ............ 3-74
Table 3.3-36 Motorcycle HC emission factors and fuel consumptions until Euro-1 regulation (50cm3 andabove, 4-stroke)........................................................................................................................... 3-75
Table 3.3-37 Euro-2 and Euro-3 Motorcycle emission factors and fuel consumption (50cm3 and above, 4stroke) ......................................................................................................................................... 3-76
Table 3.3-38 Motorcycle PM emission factors (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke) ................................................ 3-77
Table 3.3-39 Distribution ratio by car type in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City ................................................ 3-79
Table 3.3-40 Exhaust gas regulation by year in Vietnam .............................................................................. 3-82
Table 3.3-41 Fuel consumption rate and emission factors for target air pollutants ....................................... 3-82
Table 3.3-42 Estimation result of emission for the current year and future year from automobile in Vietnam 383- xvi -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-43 Outline of fuel evaporation gas of automobile ......................................................................... 3-85
Table 3.3-44 NMVOC emission factor for evaporation gas .......................................................................... 3-86
Table 3.3-45 Typical aircraft emission factors per LTO (kg/LTO) ............................................................... 3-88
Table 3.3-46 Engine load rate and mode time for LTO cycle........................................................................ 3-90
Table 3.3-47 Typical engine and number of engines by aircraft.................................................................... 3-91
Table 3.3-48 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (take-off) ................................................... 3-92
Table 3.3-49 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (climb)....................................................... 3-92
Table 3.3-50 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (approach) ................................................. 3-93
Table 3.3-51 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (idling) ...................................................... 3-93
Table 3.3-52 Vessel emission factors by target matter (C-heavy oil) ............................................................ 3-94
Table 3.3-53 Vessel emission factor by target matter (A-heavy oil and gas oil) ........................................... 3-95
Table 3.3-54 Vessel emission factor by target matter (gasoline) ................................................................... 3-95
Table 3.3-55 Vessel CO2 emission factor ...................................................................................................... 3-95
Table 3.3-56 Vessel CH4, N2O emission factor ............................................................................................. 3-96
Table 3.3-57 Arrangement of vessel cruising mode ...................................................................................... 3-99
Table 3.3-58 Vessel statistic data list............................................................................................................. 3-99
Table 3.3-59 Collection arragement format sample of vessel information .................................................. 3-101
Table 3.3-60 Fuel consumption ratio ........................................................................................................... 3-102
Table 3.3-61 Air pollution matter emission ratio......................................................................................... 3-103
Table 3.3-62 Vessel speed factors by type and by gross tonnage; main and auxiliary engine work rate .... 3-105
Table 3.3-63 Air pollutant emission factors (Part 1: Depending on fuel composition) ............................... 3-106
Table 3.3-64 Air pollutants matter emission factor (Part 2: engine-based) ................................................. 3-106
Table 3.3-65 Air pollutant emission factors (Part 3: Steam turbine, gas turbine etc.) ................................. 3-107
Table 3.3-66 Air pollutant emission factor (CH4 and N2O) ......................................................................... 3-107
Table 3.3-67 Temporal change and spatial distribution setting method for emission from vessel route ..... 3-107
Table 3.3-68 Railroad emission factors by target matter ............................................................................. 3-108
Table 3.3-69 Railroad CH4, N2O emission factor ........................................................................................ 3-109
Table 3.3-70 Parameters for estimation of activity data .............................................................................. 3-110
Table 3.3-71 Emission factor list ................................................................................................................. 3-111
Table 3.3-72 2006 IPCC Guidelines emission factors ................................................................................. 3-112
Table 3.3-73 Setting method of temporal change and spatial distribution about emission from railroad.... 3-113
Table 4.1-1 Emission source categories and target pollutant of fugitive emission from fossil fuel................. 4-2
Table 4.1-2 Emission source categories of fugitive emission from fossil fuel leak......................................... 4-3
Table 4.2-1 Simple method – Activity data of fugitive emission from solid fuels like coal etc. ..................... 4-4
Table 4.2-2 Emission factors for air pollutant from cokes production ............................................................ 4-5
Table 4.2-3 Emission factors of fugitive emission from solid fuels like coal etc. ........................................... 4-6- xvii -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-4 BC and OC emission factors for cokes production....................................................................... 4-7
Table 4.2-5 Spatial distribution indications in air pollutants of fugitive emissions from fossil fuel .............. 4-8
Table 4.2-6 Information material to collect for estimation of emission amount............................................ 4-10
Table 4.2-7 Technical detailed method - activity data of fugitive emission from solid fuels ........................ 4-11
Table 4.2-8 Emission factors for air pollutants etc from coal mining and coal handling .............................. 4-12
Table 4.2-9 Emission factors for air pollutants of fugitive emission from solid fuel (cokes production etc) 4-13
Table 4.2-10 Emission factors for air pollutants of emission from cokes production ................................... 4-14
Table 4.2-11 Emission factors for air pollutants from bypassed coke oven gas ............................................ 4-15
Table 4.2-12 Emission factors for air pollutants (PM) from cokes oven pushing ......................................... 4-15
Table 4.2-13 Emission factors for air pollutants from cokes oven pushing................................................... 4-16
Table 4.2-14 Emission factors for air pollutants from coal dry quenching facility ....................................... 4-16
Table 4.2-15 Emission factors for air pollutants from combustion stack emission ....................................... 4-17
Table 4.2-16 Emission factors for air pollutants from combustion stack emission ....................................... 4-17
Table 4.2-17 Emission factors for miscellaneous coke production source .................................................... 4-18
Table 4.2-18 Emission factor for air pollutants from stackgas burning of coke production.......................... 4-19
Table 4.3-1 Simple method – Activity data of air pollutants amount of fugitive .......................................... 4-21
Table 4.3-2 Emission factors of air pollutants from crude oil and oil well drilling, refining, transportation 4-22
Table 4.3-3 Emission factors of air pollutants for fugitive emissions from natural gas................................. 4-23
Table 4.3-4 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil fuel..................................... 4-23
Table 4.3-5 BC and OC emission factor from cokes production ................................................................... 4-24
Table 4.3-6 Spatial distribution indicator in air pollutants of fugitive emissions from fossil fuel................ 4-25
Table 4.3-7 Information material to collect for estimation of emission amount............................................ 4-26
Table 4.3-8 Technical detailed method – Activity data of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil fuel. 427
Table 4.3-9 Detailed method – Activity data of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil fuel ........... 4-28
Table 4.3-10 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil fuel................................... 4-29
Table 4.3-11 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation ................. 4-31
Table 4.3-12 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation ................. 4-32
Table 4.3-13 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation ................. 4-33
Table 4.3-14 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation ................. 4-34
Table 4.3-15 Emission factors of air pollutants for oil refineries .................................................................. 4-35
Table 4.3-16 Emission factors of air pollutants for oil refineries and natural gas processing facility .......... 4-36
Table 4.3-17 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries.................................. 4-36
Table 4.3-18 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries.................................. 4-37
Table 4.3-19 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries.................................. 4-37
Table 4.3-20 Emission factor list of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries ............................. 4-37

- xviii -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-21 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission from tankers ............................................. 4-38
Table 4.3-22 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission from crude oil ballast of tanker ................ 4-38
Table 4.3-23 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission for rail cars .............................................. 4-39
Table 4.3-24 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission from vessel fuel supply facility ............... 4-40
Table 4.3-25 Emission factor of NMVOC of fugitive emission from gasoline stations ............................... 4-40
Table 4.3-26 Emission spatial distribution indicator of air pollutants amount of fugitive emission from fossil
fuel .............................................................................................................................................. 4-41
Table 4.3-27 Production volume of crude oil and natural gas in Vietnam .................................................... 4-42
Table 4.3-28 Emission factor setting condition for leaks of crude oil and natural gas .................................. 4-42
Table 4.3-29 NMVOC fugitive emission from crude oil and natural gas in Vietnam .................................... 4-42
Table 5.1-1 Definition of industrial process and fuel burning ......................................................................... 5-1
Table 5.1-2 Target of estimation and air pollutants in industrial process (mineral products).......................... 5-2
Table 5.1-3 Target of estimation and air pollutants in industrial process (chemical industries)...................... 5-3
Table 5.1-4

Target of estimation and air pollutants in industrial process (metal production and otherproduction industry)...................................................................................................................... 5-4

Table 5.2-1 Clinker ratio default value by cement type................................................................................... 5-6
Table 5.2-2 Industrial process (mineral products) activity data....................................................................... 5-7
Table 5.2-3 Industrial process (mineral products, Part 1) emission factor (GAP Forum Manual-based value) 59
Table 5.2-4 Industrial process (mineral products, Part 2) emission factor (GAP Forum Manual-based value) 510
Table 5.2-5 Activity data of major industrial process in Vietnam ................................................................. 5-12
Table 5.2-6 Industrial process emission factor set in Vietnam (Part 1) ......................................................... 5-12
Table 5.2-7 Industrial process emission factor set in Vietnam (Part 2) ......................................................... 5-13
Table 5.2-8 Air pollutant emissions by industrial process in Vietnam .......................................................... 5-14
Table 5.2-9 Information material to collect for emission estimation ............................................................. 5-16
Table 5.2-10 Industrial process (mineral products) activity data................................................................... 5-17
Table 5.2-11 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: cement industry) (EMEP/EEA
Guidebook) ................................................................................................................................. 5-19
Table 5.2-12 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: cement industry) (AP-42, Part 1)... 5-20
Table 5.2-13 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: cement industry) (AP-42, Part 2)... 5-21
Table 5.2-14 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: lime industry)................................. 5-22
Table 5.2-15 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: lime industry) (AP-42)................... 5-23
Table 5.2-16 Industrial process (mineral products: soda ash) emission factor .............................................. 5-24
Table 5.2-17 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt roofing material manufacturing).................................................................................................................................................... 5-24
Table 5.2-18 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt road-paving) ....................... 5-25

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-19 Reduction rate of industrial process (mineral products: asphalt road-paving) .......................... 5-26
Table 5.2-20 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt plant) (PM) ......................... 5-27
Table 5.2-21 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt plant) (non-PM, Part 1)....... 5-28
Table 5.2-22 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt plant) (non-PM, Part 2)....... 5-29
Table 5.2-23 emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: bricks industry) (Part 1)................... 5-30
Table 5.2-24 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: bricks industry) (Part 2) .................. 5-31
Table 5.2-25 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: non-coal mining)............................. 5-32
Table 5.2-26 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: construction and demolition) .......... 5-32
Table 5.2-27 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: storage, processing, transportation) 5-32
Table 5.2-28 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: inorganic item manufacturing)........ 5-33
Table 5.2-29 Reduction rate for industrial process (mineral products: inorganic item manufacturing) ......... 5-34
Table 5.2-30 Industrial process (mineral products: inorganic item manufacturing) emission factor............. 5-35
Table 5.3-1 Activity data of industrial process (chemical industries)............................................................ 5-36
Table 5.3-2 Emission factors of industrial process (chemical industries) (GAP Forum Manual based value).. 538
Table 5.3-3 Information material to collect for estimation of emission amount............................................ 5-40
Table 5.3-4 Activity data of industrial process (chemical industries: Part 1) ................................................ 5-41
Table 5.3-5 Activity data of industrial process (chemical industries: Part 2) ................................................ 5-42
Table 5.3-6 Emission factor from Industrial process (chemical industries: ammonia production)................ 5-43
Table 5.3-7 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: nitric acid production)............... 5-44
Table 5.3-8 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: Adipic acid production) ............ 5-45
Table 5.3-9 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: carbide production)................... 5-46
Table 5.3-10 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 1:
sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid ammonium, nitric acid ammonium, phosphoric acid ammonium) ... 5-47
Table 5.3-11 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 2:urea) ............................................................................................................................................ 5-48
Table 5.3-12 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 3:urea) ............................................................................................................................................ 5-49
Table 5.3-13 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 4:
carbon black)............................................................................................................................... 5-50
Table 5.3-14 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 5:
carbon black)............................................................................................................................... 5-51
Table 5.3-15 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 6: Biacid Titan, phosphoric acid fertilizer) ......................................................................................... 5-52
Table 5.3-16 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 7).. 553
Table 5.3-17 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 8).. 554- xx -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-18 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 9).. 555
Table 5.3-19 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (chemical industries) ........................................ 5-55
Table 5.3-20 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 10) 556
Table 5.3-21 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 11) 557
Table 5.3-22 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry, Part 12) 558
Table 5.4-1 Activity data for Industrial process (metal production).............................................................. 5-59
Table 5.4-2 Emission factors for Industrial process (metal production, GAP Forum Manual-based value) . 5-60
Table 5.4-3 Contents for collection of emission estimation........................................................................... 5-62
Table 5.4-4 Activity data for industrial process (metal production) ............................................................... 5-63
Table 5.4-5 Emission factor for Industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 1) .... 5-64
Table 5.4-6 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 2) .... 5-65
Table 5.4-7 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 3) .... 5-66
Table 5.4-8 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 4) .... 5-66
Table 5.4-9 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production) .... 5-67
Table 5.4-10 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 5) .. 5-69
Table 5.4-11 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 6) .. 5-70
Table 5.4-12 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 7) .. 5-71
Table 5.4-13 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 8) .. 5-72
Table 5.4-14 Emission factor (BC and OC) for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production:
Part 9).......................................................................................................................................... 5-72
Table 5.4-15 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 10) 5-73
Table 5.4-16 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production) (Part 1,
EMEP/EEA Guidebook) ............................................................................................................. 5-73
Table 5.4-17 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production) (Part 2, AP-42).................................................................................................................................................... 5-74
Table 5.4-18 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production) (Part 3, AP-42).................................................................................................................................................... 5-75
Table 5.4-19 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production) (Part 4, 2006
IPCC Guidelines) ........................................................................................................................ 5-75
Table 5.4-20 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production) ................... 5-76
Table 5.4-21 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production) ................... 5-77
Table 5.4-22 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production; pre-bakecell) ............................................................................................................................................. 5-78

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-23 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production;
Soderberg cell) ............................................................................................................................ 5-79
Table 5.4-24 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: secondary aluminumproduction).................................................................................................................................. 5-80
Table 5.4-25 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production, Part 1).................................................................................................................................................... 5-81
Table 5.4-26 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production, Part 2).................................................................................................................................................... 5-82
Table 5.4-27 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production, Part 3).................................................................................................................................................... 5-83
Table 5.4-28 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production, CO2). 584
Table 5.4-29 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary aluminum production) .. 5-85
Table 5.4-30 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: copper smelting) ............................ 5-86
Table 5.4-31 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: copper smelting) ................ 5-87
Table 5.4-32 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary copper smelting, Part 1) ... 5-88
Table 5.4-33 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary copper smelting, Part 2) ... 5-89
Table 5.4-34 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary copper smelting, Part 3) ... 5-90
Table 5.4-35 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary copper smelting, Part 1) 5-91
Table 5.4-36 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary copper smelting, Part 2) 5-92
Table 5.4-37 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary copper smelting, Part 3) 5-93
Table 5.4-38 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary lead smelting)................... 5-94
Table 5.4-39 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary lead smelting) ............... 5-95
Table 5.4-40 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary lead smelting: default value) 596
Table 5.4-41 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary lead smelting) ............... 5-97
Table 5.4-42 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: lead smelting)..................... 5-97
Table 5.4-43 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: nickel production).......................... 5-98
Table 5.4-44 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary zinc smelting: default value) 598
Table 5.4-45 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary zinc smelting) ............... 5-99
Table 5.4-46 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: zinc smelting)..................... 5-99
Table 5.4-47 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary zinc smelting)................. 5-100
Table 5.4-48 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary zinc smelting, Part 1).. 5-101
Table 5.4-49 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary zinc smelting, Part 2).. 5-102
Table 5.4-50 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: other metal production) ............... 5-103
Table 5.4-51 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: metal storage, handling, transport) .... 5103

- xxii -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-1 Activity data for industrial process (paper, pulp industries)..................................................... 5-104
Table 5.5-2 Activity data for industrial process (drinks, food industries) ................................................... 5-105
Table 5.5-3 Emission factors for industrial process (pulp, paper industries) (GAP Forum Manual-based value).................................................................................................................................................. 5-107
Table 5.5-4 Emission factors for industrial process (drinks industry) (GAP Forum Manual-based value). 5-108
Table 5.5-5 Emission factors for industrial process (foods industry) (GAP Forum Manual-based value) .. 5-109
Table 5.5-6 Contents to be necessarily collected for emission estimation................................................... 5-111
Table 5.5-7 Activity data for industrial process (others) ............................................................................. 5-112
Table 5.5-8 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: paper pulp manufacturing,
Part 1)........................................................................................................................................ 5-113
Table 5.5-9 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: paper pulp manufacturing,
Part 2)........................................................................................................................................ 5-114
Table 5.5-10 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: paper pulp manufacturing,
Part 3)........................................................................................................................................ 5-115
Table 5.5-11 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: drinks, foods industries) 5116
Table 5.5-12 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: foods material, drinks
material industries, foods (solid)) ............................................................................................. 5-117
Table 5.5-13 Emisson factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: foods material, drinks
material industries, foods (liquid))............................................................................................ 5-118
Table 5.5-14 Emission factor for industrial process (other product manufacturing: timber processing)..... 5-118
Table 6.1-1 Solvent and other product use relevant for calculation................................................................. 6-1
Table 6.2-1 Emission factors for paint application (NMVOC)........................................................................ 6-3
Table 6.2-2 Solvent and other product use (paint application) ........................................................................ 6-4
Table 6.2-3 Emission factors of solvent and other product use (NMVOC)..................................................... 6-5
Table 6.2-4 Building coating abatement efficiency by measure ...................................................................... 6-6
Table 6.2-5 Car coating abatement efficiency by measure .............................................................................. 6-6
Table 6.2-6 Car repair coating abatement efficiency by measure.................................................................... 6-7
Table 6.2-7 Coil coating abatement efficiency by measure ............................................................................. 6-7
Table 6.2-8 Timber coating abatement efficiency by measure ........................................................................ 6-7
Table 6.2-9 Truck/van coating abatement efficiency by measure.................................................................... 6-8
Table 6.2-10 Truck cabin coating abatement efficiency by measure............................................................... 6-8
Table 6.2-11 Coil coating abatement efficiency by measure ........................................................................... 6-9
Table 6.2-12 Coil coating abatement efficiency by measure ........................................................................... 6-9
Table 6.2-13 Leather product finishing abatement efficiency by measure ...................................................... 6-9
Table 6.3-1 Emission factor for metal and other surface treatment (NMVOC)............................................. 6-10
Table 6.3-2 Solvent and other product use (metal and other surface treatment) activity data ....................... 6-12

- xxiii -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.3-3 Emission factors for metal surface treatment (degreasing, cleaning) (NMVOC)....................... 6-12
Table 6.3-4 Metal and other surface treatment abatement efficiency by measure......................................... 6-13
Table 6.4-1 Emission factor for dry cleaning (NMVOC) .............................................................................. 6-14
Table 6.4-2 Solvent and other product use (dry cleaning) activity data......................................................... 6-15
Table 6.4-3 Emission factor for dry cleaning (NMVOC) .............................................................................. 6-15
Table 6.4-4 Dry cleaning abatement efficiency by measure .......................................................................... 6-16
Table 6.5-1 Emission factor for chemical product manufacturing (NMVOC) .............................................. 6-17
Table 6.5-2 Solvent and other product use (chemical product manufacturing) activity data......................... 6-19
Table 6.5-3 Chemical product manufacturing emission factors (NMVOC) .................................................. 6-20
Table 6.5-4 Emission factors for chemical product manufacturing (asphalt blowing) .................................. 6-20
Table 6.5-5 Emission factor for chemical product manufacturing (leather tanning) (NH3)........................... 6-21
Table 6.5-6 Abatement efficiency by measure for polystyrene processing ................................................... 6-21
Table 6.5-7 Pharmaceutical product manufacturing abatement efficiency by measure................................. 6-21
Table 6.5-8 Asphalt blowing abatement efficiency by measure .................................................................... 6-22
Table 6.5-9 Tire manufacturing Abatement efficiency by measure............................................................... 6-22
Table 6.5-10 Paints, inks and glues manufacturing abatement efficiency by measure .................................. 6-22
Table 6.6-1 Emission factor for printing (NMVOC) ..................................................................................... 6-24
Table 6.6-2 Solvent and other product use (printing) activity data............................................................... 6-25
Table 6.6-3 Emission factors for printing ...................................................................................................... 6-25
Table 6.6-4 Offset printing abatement efficiency by measure ....................................................................... 6-26
Table 6.6-5 Publication gravure abatement efficiency by measure ............................................................... 6-26
Table 6.6-6 Small flexography abatement efficiency by measure ................................................................ 6-27
Table 6.6-7 Rotogravure abatement efficiency by measure.......................................................................... 6-27
Table 6.7-1 Emission factor for household solvent use (NMVOC).............................................................. 6-28
Table 6.7-2 Solvent and other product use (household solvent use) activity data ......................................... 6-29
Table 6.7-3 Emission factors for Household.................................................................................................. 6-30
Table 6.8-1 Emission factor for other product use (NMVOC) ...................................................................... 6-32
Table 6.8-2 Solvent and other product use (other product use) activity data................................................. 6-33
Table 6.8-3 Emission factors for other product use ....................................................................................... 6-34
Table 6.8-4 Other product use (preservation of wood: creosote preservative type) abatement efficiency bymeasure ....................................................................................................................................... 6-35
Table 6.8-5

Other product use (Preservation of wood- organic solvent bourn preservative) abatement
efficiency by measure ................................................................................................................. 6-35

Table 6.8-6 Other product use (fat, edible and non-edible oil extraction) abatement efficiency by measure 6-35
Table 6.8-7 Other product use (industrial application of adhesives) abatement efficiency by measure ........ 6-36
Table 7.1-1 Categories of the air pollutant emission inventories from agricultural activities ......................... 7-2- xxiv -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-1 Emission factors for livestock manure management .................................................................... 7-6
Table 7.2-2 N2O Emission factors for livestock manure management (direct emission) ................................ 7-7
Table 7.2-3 N volatilization fraction from processes of livestock manure management ................................. 7-8
Table 7.2-4 CH4 Emission factors for livestock excreta management (Part 1)............................................... 7-9
Table 7.2-5 CH4 Emission factors for livestock manure management (Part 2) .............................................. 7-9
Table 7.2-6 CH4 Emission factors for livestock manure management (Part 3) ............................................ 7-10
Table 7.2-7 Number of livestock fed in Vietnam .......................................................................................... 7-11
Table 7.2-8 Results of emission calculation for air pollutants from livestock in Vietnam ............................ 7-12
Table 7.2-9 Default values for length of housing period, annual straw use in litter-based manure management
systems and the N content of straw............................................................................................. 7-14
Table 7.2-10 NH3 emission factors in detailed method ................................................................................. 7-17
Table 7.2-11 NO, N2 emission factors in detailed method............................................................................. 7-18
Table 7.2-12 N2O emission factor in detailed method ................................................................................... 7-18
Table 7.3-1 Source candidates of activity data .............................................................................................. 7-20
Table 7.3-2 Emission factors for air pollutants from use of fertilizer............................................................ 7-20
Table 7.3-3 Emission factor estimation equation and multipliers for NH3 .................................................... 7-22
Table 7.3-4 PM10 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (wet climate) ........................ 7-23
Table 7.3-5 PM10 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (dry climate)......................... 7-23
Table 7.3-6 PM2.5 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (dry climate) ........................ 7-23
Table 7.3-7 PM2.5 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (wet climate)........................ 7-23
Table 7.4-1 Fuel biomass consumption in field burning on Savanna (Unit: tones dry Matter/ha) ................ 7-25
Table 7.4-2 Ratio of fuel in field burning in Savanna (dimensionless) ......................................................... 7-26
Table 7.4-3 Emission factors of the air pollutants and GHS from field burning in savanna ......................... 7-27
Table 7.5-1 Parameter for activity data estimation ........................................................................................ 7-32
Table 7.5-2 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 1) (CO, NO2, NMVOC, SO2, NH3) 7-33
Table 7.5-3 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 2) (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC) ..... 7-34
Table 7.5-4 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 3) (CO2, CH4, N2O) ....................... 7-34
Table 7.5-5 Annual production of agricultural crops in Vietnam .................................................................. 7-36
Table 7.5-6 Results of calculation of emissions of NH3 from field burning of agricultural wastes in Vietnam 736
Table 7.5-7 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 4).................................................... 7-38
Table 7.5-8 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 5).................................................... 7-39
Table 7.5-9 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 6).................................................... 7-40
Table 8.1-1 Fuel biomass consumption in forest fires (Unit: tones dry matter/ha).......................................... 8-2
Table 8.1-2 Combustion factor values for forest fires (dimensionless) ........................................................... 8-3
Table 8.1-3 Allocation of emission factor to each vegetation.......................................................................... 8-4- xxv -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 8.1-4 List of emission factors for air pollutants from forest fires (Part 1) ............................................. 8-4
Table 8.1-5 List of emission factors for air pollutants from forest fires (Part 2) ............................................. 8-5
Table 8.1-6 List of emission factors for GHG from forest fires....................................................................... 8-5
Table 8.1-7 Total area of forest fires in Vietnam............................................................................................. 8-7
Table 8.1-8 Total area of forest fires in Vietnam (biomass burnt)................................................................... 8-8
Table 8.1-9 Emission factors set in Vietnam for forest fires ........................................................................... 8-8
Table 8.1-10 Air pollutant emissions from forest fires in Vietnam ................................................................. 8-9
Table 8.1-11 Air pollutant emissions from forest fires in Vietnam ................................................................. 8-9
Table 8.1-12 Air pollutant emissions from forest fires in Vietnam ............................................................... 8-10
Table 8.2-1 Emission factors for air pollutants from forest fires (Part 3) ...................................................... 8-12
Table 9.1-1 Emission source category of air pollutants in the waste sector and the subject material.............. 9-2
Table 9.2-1 Emission factor for landfill site .................................................................................................... 9-3
Table 9.3-1 Emission factors for biological treatment..................................................................................... 9-4
Table 9.4-1 Results of emission calculation of waste disposal ........................................................................ 9-6
Table 9.4-2 Calculation procedures for total amount of waste incinerated...................................................... 9-6
Table 9.4-3 Activity data for waste disposal.................................................................................................... 9-8
Table 9.4-4 Data on demographic change in Vietnam..................................................................................... 9-9
Table 9.4-5 Activity data on waste disposal .................................................................................................... 9-9
Table 9.4-6 List of emission factors for waste disposal................................................................................. 9-10
Table 9.4-7 CO2 emission factors for waste incineration and open burning (Default value)......................... 9-11
Table 9.4-8 CH4 emission factors for municipal solid waste incineration (Default value) ............................ 9-11
Table 9.4-9 N2O emission factors for municipal solid waste incineration (Default value)............................ 9-12
Table 9.4-10 N2O emission factors for industrial waste incineration (default value) .................................... 9-13
Table 9.4-11 N2O emission factors for other wastes and waste management (default value) ....................... 9-14
Table 9.4-12 Emission factors for waste disposal in Vietnam (kg / ton waste incinerated) .......................... 9-14
Table 9.4-13 Emission factors for municipal waste incineration (kg/Mg waste)........................................... 9-17
Table 9.4-14 Abatement efficiencies for municipal waste incineration (%).................................................. 9-17
Table 9.4-15 Emission factors for municipal waste incineration (Part 1) (kg/Mg waste).............................. 9-18
Table 9.4-16 Emission factors for municipal waste incineration (Part 2) (kg/Mg waste).............................. 9-19
Table 9.4-17 Emission factors for industrial waste incineration (kg/Mg waste) ........................................... 9-20
Table 9.4-18 Abatement efficiencies for industrial waste incineration (Incineration of industrial wastes, Part 1).................................................................................................................................................... 9-20
Table 9.4-19 Abatement efficiencies for incineration of industrial wastes (Incineration of industrial wastes,Part 2).......................................................................................................................................... 9-21
Table 9.4-20 Abatement efficiencies for industrial waste incineration (Incineration of sludge from waste water
treatment) .................................................................................................................................... 9-22

- xxvi -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-21 Emission factors for industrial waste incineration (kg/Mg waste) ........................................... 9-23
Table 9.4-22 Emission factors for sewage sludge incineration (kg/Mg waste) ............................................. 9-24
Table 9.4-23 Emission factors for medical waste incineration (kg/Mg waste).............................................. 9-25
Table 9.4-24 Abatement efficiencies for medical waste incineration (%) ..................................................... 9-25
Table 9.4-25 Emission factors for medical waste incineration (kg/Mg waste).............................................. 9-26
Table 9.4-26 Emission factors for cremation................................................................................................. 9-27
Table 9.4-27 Emission factors for small-scale waste incineration (Part 1).................................................... 9-28
Table 9.4-28 Emission factors for small-scale waste incineration (Part 2).................................................... 9-29
Table 9.4-29 Emission factors for BC and OC .............................................................................................. 9-30
Table 9.4-30 Emission factors for other wastes ............................................................................................. 9-31
Table 9.5-1 Emission factor for Wastewater treatment.................................................................................. 9-32
Table 9.6-1 Emission factor for other wastes................................................................................................. 9-33
Table 9.6-2 Emission factors for emissions from wild animals ..................................................................... 9-34
Table 10.1-1 Area for each land-use classification in Vietnam ..................................................................... 10-3
Table 10.1-2 Emission factors for each land-use classification ..................................................................... 10-4
Table 10.1-3 Monthly average solar radiation amount by region .................................................................. 10-7
Table 10.1-4 Monthly average temperatures by region ................................................................................. 10-8
Table 10.2-1 Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI) and volcanic SO2 emission index (VSI)............................. 10-10
Table 10.3-1 NH3 Emission factor for each land-use classification............................................................. 10-12
Table 10.3-2 Constants obtained from experiments (Novak and Pierce, 1993)........................................... 10-13

Article Contents
Article 3.2-1 Case study of questionnaire and interview survey conducted in Vietnam................................ 3-27
Article 3.3-1 Emission of air pollutants from automobile in Vietnam........................................................... 3-78
Article 4.3-1 Estimate of air pollutant amount of fugitive emission from fossil fuel in Vietnam ................ 4-42
Article 5.2-1 Clinker production rate............................................................................................................... 5-6
Article 5.2-2 Air pollutant emission estimation example: industrial process in Vietnam.............................. 5-12
Article 7.2-1 Example of the estimation of air pollutants emission from livestock in Vietnam .................... 7-11
Article 7.5-1 Results of calculation of emissions of air pollutants from field burning of agricultural wastes inVietnam....................................................................................................................................... 7-36
Article 8.1-1 Calculation example of emissions of air pollutant from forest fires in Vietnam ........................ 8-7
Article 9.4-1 Results of the estimation of air pollutant emissions from wastes in Vietnam ............................ 9-6
Article 9.4-2 Data on total waste amount in Vietnam...................................................................................... 9-8
Article 9.4-3 Estimation of the total waste amount in Vietnam....................................................................... 9-9
Article 9.4-4 Emission factors for waste used in Vietnam............................................................................. 9-14
Article 10.1-1 Land-use data used for the calculation of emissions from Vietnam ....................................... 10-2

- xxvii -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 10.1-2 Data on solar radiation amount and leaf temperature used for the calculation of emissions from
Vietnam....................................................................................................................................... 10-7
Article 11.1-1 Development of driving modes and emission factors in Bangkok metropolitan area ............ 11-3

- xxviii -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

1 Introduction
1.1

Emission inventory

Emission Inventory is the record that shows the amount of air pollutant discharged within a specific period oftime and location of the emission source. It is an indispensable tool widely used when making policy in antipollution measures.
The objective of emission inventory use is as follows1
1)

Knowing the actual emission volume

The quantitative emission estimates provided by an inventory promote a better understanding of the actual
emissions and help to raise awareness of both policy makers and the general public. Through this process, themajor emission sources can be identified, and the priorities for emission reduction and any data gaps requiring
additional work are revealed.
2)

Input to simulation model and its application

Emission data allocated spatially and temporally can be used as input data for atmospheric transport anddeposition models. The simulation model is build by comparing and verifying the calculated results andground monitoring data. By comparing the model’s calculated result for future years and current environment
standard, it is possible to evaluate effective air pollution policy required to achieve environment standard, andalso the effect to human, animal, agricultural product, and natural ecosystem.
3)

Forecasting and anti-pollution measure policy

The inventory data is estimated from the active data and emission factor of socio-economic statistics. The
future emission is estimated based on forecast of socio-economic indices (for example population growth,economic growth, changes in energy use per activity data) lower emission factors fuel switching and so forth.
The estimated future emissions provide important information for setting air pollution prevention plan.
4)

Consideration of possible reduction measures

An emission inventory enables easy comparison of emission before and after introduction of control measures
as a result of introduction of various prevention technologies. Furthermore by evaluating and comparing thecost of various prevention technologies and the result of emission reduction, prevention technology withhigher cost effectiveness can be selected.

1.2
1.2.1

Background and Objectives of “Guidelines for Developing
Emission Inventory in East Asia”
Background

East Asia region, whose economy has been rapidly growing, has seen the increase in emissions of air
pollutants such as SO2 and NOx, which are also acidifying species, Volatile Organic Compound (VOC), andparticulate matters, leading to rising concerns of their environmental impacts as shown in Figure 1.2-1. Also,
tropospheric ozone, partly generated through the chemical reaction process involving NOx and VOC, has
attracted attention as regional air pollution, and there have been reports on the increase in its concentrations,and effects on plants. Fine particulate matter is another pollutant of concerns in many countries.

1

What is emission inventory?, Asia Air Pollution Research Center, http://www.acap.asia/acapjp/doc/emissionjp.pdf- 1-1 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

This serious condition of air pollution not only impedes the sustainable development in each country in the
East Asia region, but may also affect the air quality of neighboring countries or the background level on a
global scale. Large point sources of air pollutants are also large point sources of greenhouse gas.
In order to take science-based effective policy measures against these air pollutants, basic informationnecessary to assess reduction potentials and control measures and to establish reduction targets should beorganized as a starting point. So far, a few sets of emission inventory, including global-scale one, which is one
form of such basic information, have been developed in East Asia by respective governments and researchers.
However, there were no agreed methodologies of developing emission inventory, which would improve thetransparency and comparability of inventory. This guidelines (hereinafter “the Guidelines”) are developed withthe aim to establish the common methodologies of developing emission inventory.

PSC (Policy Success Case), REF (Reference Case), PFC (Policy Failure Case)
Figure 1.2-1 Emission volume in Asia in year 2000, 2010 and 20202

2

T. Ohara, H. Akimoto, J. Kurokawa, N. Horii, K. Yamaji, X. Yan, and T. Hayasaka, An Asian emission inventoryof anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419–4444, 2007

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

1.2.2

Objectives

Effective management of atmospheric environment at regional level is becoming more urgent in East Asia, as
shown, among other things, by the increase in tropospheric ozone concentrations. To handle long range
transports of air pollutants, analyses based on emission inventory and simulation models are especially critical.
Such analyses will be much more simplified and useful, once the methodologies can be standardized across theregion. Also through cooperation in preparing emission inventory, national capacity could be developed for themeasurement of emission and emission factor as well as application of inventory and models. These can result
in contribution to both environmental protection in each country and reduced long range transports of air
pollutants.
For better understandings of air pollution in East Asia, and strengthening the capacity of atmosphericenvironment control in each country, the inventory experts in Japan gathered to make Guidelines forcontinuous improvement.
Through this East Asian Inventory Guidelines, estimation method of inventory applicable to East Asia will beestablished. Also based on Guidelines, making high quality emission inventory will contribute to theimprovement of higher accuracy of emission inventory.
These guidelines assume to be used by participating countries of East Asia Acid Rain Network (EANET),
whom have a goal to prepare emission inventory. The participants of EANET are Cambodia, China, Indonesia,
Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Korea, Russia, Thailand and Vietnam.

1.3

Position of guidelines

Emission inventory guidelines are compiled based on Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum Air Pollutant
Emissions Inventory Manual Version 1.5 (”GAP Forum Manual”). This GAP Forum Manual has its target atdeveloping countries with rapid economic growth, and developing of easy-to-use inventory estimation method.
However, in GAP Forum Manual has barely any explanation on temporal change and spatial distribution,
which makes the users difficult to estimate emission by using this manual. Also, sufficient information andconditions of active data and emission factor, suitable for East Asia, are not available, so in current condition,
GAP Forum Manual is not useful for East Asia. Therefore, in these guidelines, the items suitable for East Asia
are provided. That is, in addition to the contents in GAP Forum Manual, the useful emission estimation
method and emission factors are covered for East Asian inventory. For instance, the emission factors in theseguidelines are based on GAP Forum Manual, nonetheless, for emission factors and estimation method ofpollutants and its sectors not stated nor described in GAP Forum Manual, they are set by using EMEP/EEA
Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009 (“EMEP/EEA Guidebook”), AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors (“AP-42”), COPERT and other references of emission factors.
GAP Forum Manual is emission inventory manual compiled by Global Air Pollution Forum setup by
Stockholm Environmental Institute (SEI), located at York University. EMEP/EEA Guidebook is an emission
estimation guideline with its target at human sources and natural sources in Europe. AP-42 is emission factor
data of EPA of USA. COPERT is European automobile emission factor estimation model developed based on
EMEP/EEA Guidebook.
The target year in these guidelines is current year. However, the estimations of inventory of future years areuseful for setting air pollution prevention policy using the future prediction of socio-economic statistics andemission factors. Therefore, for the future analysis, the possible estimation methods of the target sectors are
summarized and explained clearly.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2 Basic policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants
2.1

Emission estimation method

In general, emissions of air pollutants are estimated by the following basic formula for each source category,when it is difficult to measure them directly. Details of emission estimation method are explained in eachsector.
Emission=

Emission Factor

×Active Data

Example・SOx emission per the amount of fuel burnt, calculated basedon sulfur content of fuel, the sufur retained in the ash andthe reduction achieved by emission control technology (fuelcombustion)
・NOx emission per distance (exhaust gas emission fromvehicles)・The amount of fuel burnt (fuel combustion)
・The distance of vehicle travelled (exhsut gas
emissions from vehicles)
・The rates of the production of the commodity(industrial process without combustion)・SOx emission per the amount of copper smelted (copper
smelting)

2.1.1

Emission factor

Emission factors are the average rate of emission of a pollutant per unit of activity data for a given category.
When there is no emission factor reflecting the actual local situation, default values in manuals can be used.
However, if the default factor is considered to be inappropriate, it is preferable to obtain an emission factor thatreflects the real situation by direct measurement etc.
The reduction level and the deployment rate of technical measures have to be reflected in the emission factor
or the formula, as introduction of countermeasures reduces the emission.
In these Guidelines, the values from “GAP Forum Manual”, “EMEP/EEA Guidebook”, “USEPA AP-42”,“COPPERT” and so on, are cited for emission factors, such as the default values or the values specified bycontrol technology, etc.

2.1.2

Activity data

Activity data indicates the extent of activity causing emissions. Required data can be basically collected fromstatistics and surveys. Within these Guidelines, the statistics data of a targeted country have given first priority.
If no data exists in the country, then use international statistical data in principle.

2.1.3

Sectors and categories

The Guidelines are described corresponding to each sector shown below. Each sector (e.g. Industrial Process)comprises individual categories (e.g. Mineral Products) and sub-categories (e.g. Cement Industry). Final
product of inventory would be built up from the sub-categories, because accurate estimates can only be madeat this level and because this detail information makes inventory more useful to policymakers.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.2

Emission estimation method according to intended use of
inventory

2.2.1

Emission estimation method

Emission estimation method can be simple or detailed. The basic policy of estimation method is as follows.
2.2.1.1

Simple method

Simple method is a method that estimated emission by multiplying the Active Data (amount of fuel used) of
sub-category for the country and the representable average Emission Factor. Simple method is a top-down
method, and used to find the rough estimation of emission. Spatial distribution is the smallest unit of Active
Data obtained as statistic data at national or provincial level. Temporal Change is the emission distributed overa period of time, using data which indicates the active data over a period of time of the emission source to be
estimated. The details of index on spatial distribution and temporal change are described in each chapter.

2.2.1.2

Detailed method

Detailed method is emission estimation method other than simple method. It has bottom-up method which
estimates by accumulating information of each source; and also has top-down method which estimates withmore detailed spatial distribution and accuracy improvement of Emission and Temporal Change. The details in
estimation method are described in each chapter.

2.2.2

Selection of inventory estimation method according to its intended use

Emission Inventory can be classified into inventory by country or by region, simulation inventory, andtechnology-based inventory. Depending on inventory, the accuracy, spatial distribution, temporal change mayvary. Therefore, to enable the user of this guideline to measure the emission according to the purpose of use of
the emission inventory, the application method of the simple method (inventory by country and by region) or
the detailed method (technology-based inventory, simulation inventory) is described below.

2.2.2.1

Inventory by country/region

The objective of inventory by country/region is to find out annual total air pollutant emission bycountry/region as the basic data for air pollution prevention policy. Therefore, it estimates emission, using
simple method. The Temporal change is not set essentially, as its aim is to estimates total annual emission. In
case of estimating emission by region in spatial distribution, the emission will be by sections of statistic data.
2.2.2.2

Technology-based inventory

The objective of technology-based emission inventory is to compare the technological effect on emission
before and after measures. Therefore, emission inventory that reflects emission or abatement efficiency before
and after the measure had been taken is estimated, when considering to change certain non-measured facilities
to technically measured facilities; or when considering to use a different production process..
2.2.2.3

Simulation inventory

In emission inventory that becomes the input data for simulation model, spatial distribution or temporal change
corresponding to calculation area and resolution, is important, to enable the model estimated air pollution
concentration to represent actual value of atmospheric environment, Therefore, when conducting simulation,
there is detailed method in the sector to calculate, and the statistical data required in detailed method isavailable; or when survey/measurements are applicable, it is preferable to estimate emission using detailed- 2-2 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

method as reference. Nonetheless, in case of the following conditions, emission can be estimated by using
simple method as reference.
・Sub-category with the only available method is simple method
・Sub-category with detailed method data not available
・Sub-total of the sector emission is relatively small, compared to the total emission of the entire estimatedinventory. Judgement of “small” depends on the inventory compiled person, but in this guideline, it is“small” when compared rate is less than 5%.
・When highly accurate emission inventory is not required as input data for model.
In sectors where temporal change setting is possible, the actual emission condition of source should be
identified as much as possible to set the temporal change. In spatial distribution, set detailed spatial
distribution with target on the large emission source, such as stationary sources, mobile sources, and industrial
processes, as point/line source data.

2.2.3

Selection of inventory estimation method

Emission estimation method for the objective of inventory is shown in Table 2.2-1.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 2.2-1 Selection of emission estimation method that suits the objectives of inventory use
Source typeCountry/region

Technology-based

Stationary source(Chapter 3.2)

Simple method(3.2.1)

Detailed method(policy, 3.2.2)

Mobile source(Chapter 3.3)

Simple method(3.3.2.1-1, 3.3.2.2,
3.3.3.1, 3.3.4.1, 3.3.5.1)

Detailed method(policy, 3.3.2.1-2, 3.3.3.2,
3.3.4.2, 3.3.5.2)

Fossil fuel leakage(Chapter 4)
Industrial process(Chapter 5)

Simple method (4.2.1, 4.3.1)
Simple method(5.2.1, 5.3.1, 5.4.1,
5.5.1)

Detailed method(policy, 5.2.2, 5.3.2,
5.4.2, 5.5.2)

Solvent and other productusage (Chapter 6)

Simple method (6.2)

Agricultural activities(Chapter 7)

Simple method (7.2.1, 7.3.1, 7.4.1, 7.5.1)

Forest fire (Chapter 8)

Simple method (8.1)

Waste treatment(Chapter 9)

Simple method (9.2.1, 9.3.1, 9.4.1, 9.5.1, 9.6.1)

Natural source(Chapter 10)

Simple method (10.1, 10.2, 10.3)

2.3

Simulation

Basically Detailed
method is used (3.3.2.12, 3.3.3.2, 3.3.4.2,
3.3.5.2, 4.2.2, 4.3.2,
5.2.2, 5.3.2, 5.4.2, 5.5.2,
6.3, 7.2.2, 7.3.2, 7.4.2,
7.5.2, 8.2, 9.2.2, 9.3.2,
9.4.2, 9.5.2, 9.6.2)
However, depending on
sector, simple method
may also be used as
reference in estimating
emission.

Pollutants

Pollutants targeted are SOx, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC (Black Carbon), OC (Organic
Carbon), and green house gas (”GHG”): CO2, CH4, and N2O.
In GHG emission estimation, from the point of view of co-benefit evaluation, the emission is calculated byusing the same method as SOx, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC, and OC of air pollutant. It is
possible to evaluate quantitatively, by using the same method, the effect on the level of GHG reduction due toanti-pollution measures.
For the sub-category, emission is estimated for SOx, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC, andOC, and for the sub-category of GHG emission only, estimation is not a target for estimation.

2.3.1

SOx

As a result of fossil fuel burning, sulfur content in the fuel is oxidized, and the majority becomes SO2, andpartly SO3. The combination of SO2 and SO3 is called Sulfur Oxide (SOx). However, SOx contains little SO3,
so instead, it will be expressed as SO2 molecular weight, and often called SO2 in convenience. SOx is also theprecursor for aerosol.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

The main human-causing source of SOx is sulfur content in coal and crude oil combustion. In industrial
process, such as metal refining, crude oil refining, and sulfuric acid production, large amount of SOx is emitted.
On a global scale, coal combustion at power plant is largest human-causing source of SOx, and activity of
volcano is the largest natural source.3。

2.3.2

NOx

For air pollution prevention, NOx is an important air pollutant. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide(NO2) are referred to as NOx. NOx is formed by NO emitted in high-temperature combustion process, and theemitted NO reacting with oxygen to become NO2. This reaction does not occur immediately, so NO and NO2
co-exist in the air. The main sources are extensive, such as cars, boilers, industrial plants, households andothers. NOx reacts with hydrocarbon due to ultraviolet rays to react photochemically and produces ozone andother photochemical oxidants.
SOx and NOx are the main air pollutants causing acid rain. SOx and NOx emitted from cars, power plants,
boilers and other sources, which react to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the air, and they are transported ordeposited through wet and dry process which causes trans-boundary problems.

2.3.3

CO

Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most widespread, and exists generally as one of air pollutants. CO is an air
pollutant which is formed from incomplete combustion of carbon contained matters, and the largest source iscars. Some CO is also emitted from industrial process of aluminum and steel production. The natural sourcesof CO are volcanic eruption, photochemical reactions of VOC, chlorophyll degradation, forest fire, marine
microbiological effect, and so forth.
Health effects of CO is also concerning. The CO inhaled is absorbed in the lungs and combine withhemoglobin (Hb) in the blood to become carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). The main toxics of CO cause oxygendeficiency in animals.
Environment impact of carbon monoxide emitted from cars and motorbikes in cities are in concern. CO
concentration in air is from several ppm to 50 to 60ppb, depending on weather and traffic condition. CO
mainly contributes to the localized air pollution, but it also involved in the formation of tropospheric ozone, so
it is now a major research theme.

2.3.4

NMVOC

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) refers to organic air pollutants which is volatile in the atmosphere. VOC
includes toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, benzene, formaldehyde and so forth that comprises hundreds of type.
Methane (CH4), one of the matters of VOC, is suspended in the air for a long time, and is one of the major
matters to contribute to green house gas (GHG), and has relatively small in reaction compared to other VOCs.
Therefore CH4is excluded from GHG matters, and treated as NMVOC.

3

Kentaro Murano: Trans-boundary pollution comparative test from Asia mainland to Japan - tracing technology forenvironmental circulation diagnostics - University of Tsukuba Terrestrial Environment Research Center, Electronic
Monograph No.2 http://www.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/pdf_papers/terc_em02/terc_em02_10.pdf- 2-5 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

NMVOC, together with NOx and CO, are the main air pollutants that generate photo-chemical oxidant.
NMVOC travels over a long distance, so photo-chemical oxidant became one of the big concerned also in East
Asia4.
The main sources of NMVOC are paints, inks, organic solvents used in adhesives, biomass burning of crudeoil, chemical industries, cars, households, and so forth. Natural source is mainly NMVOC emission of plants.

2.3.5

NH3

Ammonia (NH3) contributes largely to aerosol production and soil oxidization, so it is important to estimate
emission of ammonia. Compared to SO2 and NOx, the research in NH3 in the air is not progressing. In Europe,
it was found that about 70% of acid deposition is neutralized by NH3. NH3 is alkaline component which
neutralizes the acid in rain, but if ammonium ion accumulates in ecological system, it may become nitrate innitrogen circulation and oxidize. Oxidization may also occur when nitrate ion is penetrated from soil.
Therefore, even if acid buffer is provided in the neighborhood of ammonia emission, NH3 deposition has
oxidation power, so ammonia, together with nitrate and sulfuric acid, has been a component of acidic
deposition. NH3 is also a precursor to aerosol.
The main sources of NH3 are derived from agriculture activities such as management system of livestock
manures and fertilization. The effect of catalysts used in cars are also in concern; and there is also an
information on large emission of NH3 from soil and biomass combustion.

2.3.6

PM (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC)

Particulate Matter (PM) is a collection of fine solid and liquid particles. Particles vary in sizes, chemicalcomposition and property, according to their sources. Besides natural sources such as pollen, sea salt particles,
soil dust, volcanic activities, particles are emitted from human activities such as fine particles from smoke, flyash and ferric oxides.
“Primary particles” refer to particles emitted to the air directly from sources such as fuel combustion andburning other materials, physical destruction of goods and flying particles. “Secondary particles” refer togaseous matter such as SO2, NH3 involved in chemical and physical reactions. The main sources of primaryparticles are smokes from factories/facilities, dusts, dust from small scale source like households, and diesel
particles from cars, vessels and so on, sea salt particles, soil particles and so forth. For secondary particles, it
may be formed gases emitted from human or natural source. This guideline concerns only on primary particles.
PM is divided, according to the sizes of particles as follows.
・TSP is the total suspended particles in the air (about 45μm and less).
・PM10 is atmospheric TSP with particle size of 10μm C50%.
・PM2.5 is atmospheric TSP with particle size of 2.5μm V 50%.
Coarse particle with diameter more than 10μm tends to fall in the neighborhood of the source, which tend tocause local concerns. PM10 has particles with smaller diameter, and its suspension time in the air is longer thanthe larger particles, and can travel quite far. PM10 can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing serious healtheffect. PM2.5 causes even more adverse effect than PM10. In this guideline, both PM10 and PM2.5 are estimated.

4

T. Ohara: East Asia wide area trans-boundary air pollution and its effect to Japan - The 33rd Environmental
Pollution Research Joint Presentations- 2-6 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Black Carbon (BC) is formed directly from biomass and fossil fuel combustion, and is the element that absorbs
solar radiation exceptionally, among the aerosols in the air. Therefore, it is the material that has GHG effect.
Organic Carbon (OC) contains primary and secondary particles. Particle (primary) is formed from directemission of sources as a result of biomass and fossil fuel combustion. Particles (secondary particles) is formed
from VOC like organic solvent becoming particles in the air, however the source is almost unknown.
TSP (suspended particles) is not included in GAP Forum Manual. In East Asia, the environment is unlike
Europe, there are many countries that depend on fuel and coal, and it is common to have air pollution concerns
like fly-ash and bottom-ash. Also, TSP is important in terms of air pollution control in East Asia, so it isincluded in this guideline.
The chemical composition of PM is different according to particles. PM0.1 has sulfur acid particles and carbon
particles (especially OC) as main contents; whereas PM2.5 contains OC, Elemental Carbon (EC), sulfate(SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium salt (NH4+), chloride (Cl-) and other inorganic chloride, Cadmium (Cd),Arsenic (As) and traces of metal compounds. For larger particles like PM2.5 and PM10, in addition to sea salt
particles represented by sodium chloride, there are many soil particles, and aluminum (Al), Silica (Si),
Calcium (Ca), Titanium (Ti), steel (Fe) and other metal components are the main elements5.
2.3.7

CO2, CH4, N2O

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main material that causes of global warming, and mainly emitted from burning offossil fuels. Sources other than fossil fuel are industrial process such as cement manufacturing, waste
incineration, and leakage from fuel.
Methane (CH4) is formed from incomplete burning of fuel or waste, leakage from fossil fuel during mining
and agricultural or waste burial, sewage treatment and other organic separation.
Nitrogen monoxide (N2O) is formed from chemical industry that uses fuel burning or nitric acid or adipic acid,and agriculture, or waste incineration.

2.4

Sectors

The sectors involved are fuel consumption (stationary source, and mobile source), leakage from fossil
combustion, industrial process and solvent and other products, agricultural activities, forest fire, waste
treatment and natural source.

2.4.1

Fuel consumption

Sector relating to fuel consumption activity consists of two categories, stationary and mobile sources. The
emission estimation method is described below.
2.4.1.1

Stationary source

Stationary source refers to energy industry, manufacturing industry, construction industry, and fuelconsumption in other sub-categories (such as commercial/facility, residential houses andagriculture/forestry/fishery).
2.4.1.2

Mobile source

Mobile source refers to cars, aircrafts, vessels, and railroad fuel consumption.

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Sekiguchi Kazuhiko: PM2.5 - Course No.1 - PM2.5 features, Air Environment Study Society Magazine 2010, 4 ,A54 - A60

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.4.2

Fossil fuel leakage

Leakage from fossil fuel refers to non-burning activities such as fossil fuel extraction, processing, storage,transportation, and its usage.

2.4.3

Industrial process

Industrial process refers to chemical industry, steel industry, pulp and paper industry, drinks/foods products
industry; and includes the emission from usage of coal and cokes as raw materials. In stationary source, inorder to treat emission from fuel consumption, emission from combustion in industrial process is not included.

2.4.4

Solvent and other products use

Solvent and other products refer to “usage of painting, adhesives, and glue”, “dry-cleaning”, “specificchemical product manufacturing” categories.

2.4.5

Agricultural activities

Agricultural activities refer to livestock breeding, savanna fires (both intentional and accidental fires), burningof agricultural carcass, fertilizer usage categories.

2.4.6

Forest fire

Forest fire refers to forest and natural grassland (except savanna). The forest fire is caused by either human or
natural.

2.4.7

Waste treatment

Waste treatment refers to general waste, industrial waste, and toxic waste (medical waste) incinerated
emissions. Waste incineration and open burning are the main sub-categories. In East Asia, open burning andsmall scale incineration are used in general waste treatment.

2.4.8

Natural sources

In GAP Forum Manual, natural sources are not included in the sector, but large emission exists compared toother sectors. Therefore, in this guideline, the emission estimation method is explained for the sources
expected with large emission, such as NMVOC from plant, SOx from volcanic activity, NOx and NH3 from
soil.

2.5

Temporal change and spatial distribution

In air pollution inventory, not only annual total emission data, temporal change and spatial distribution are also
important indices. The settings of inventory temporal change and spatial distribution are as follows.
2.5.1

Temporal change

For reviewing air pollution policy or setting input data of simulation model, use the temporal change
distribution index by source area as shown in Table 2.5-1, when setting the temporal change of total emission- 2-8 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asiaof a country/area. Also according to actual emission condition of the source, set the emission hours like season,
month, week, day of the week, daytime or nighttime. However, in the detailed method of plant/facilities (fuelconsumption of stationary source, industrial process, and large scale waste incinerator) and fuel consumptionof mobile source, collect information of each source individually by questionnaire survey, interview survey
and traffic volume survey. Then set temporal change from operation hours of stationary sources and hourly
traffic volume. Therefore, details of setting method of temporal change are explained in Chapter 3.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 2.5-1 Temporal change distribution index and distribution method
Generating
sourceDistribution index

Stationary source(from fuelconsumption,
Simple method)

Operating time ofplant/facility
Fuel consumption
trend of plant/power
plant/temporary
facility

Distribution method
・24 hours
Air pollutant emitted from plant changes according to operatingtime. Emission from power plant depends on demands in lighting
and air-conditioner. Emission from fuel consumed by cooking
changed depending on meal time.
・Day of the week
Set by the trend in fuel consumption of plant/power
plant/household on weekends and weekdays..
・SeasonThe usage of air conditioner changes according to temperaturechange and seasons (spring/summer/autumn/winter, wet/dry
season), so the air pollutant emission from air conditioner andpower plant also changes. Time of fuel used is different for
countries/areas because they have different standard time andsettings/no-settings of summer time. Also, long holiday andMuslim fasting also cause temporal change.

Mobile source(from fuelconsumption,
Simple method)

Traffic volume
survey result

・Cars
Set temporal change based on traffic volume by car type andtime.
・Aircrafts
Set based on changes in typical passenger boarding time and loadtime.
・Vessels
Set based on changes in typical passenger boarding time andloading time・Railroads
Set based on changes in typical passenger boarding time andloading time

Fossil fuel leakage

Statistics, existingdata and survey data
Operating time ofplant/facility

For each activity, if the operating (activity) time is identifiable
using statistics, existing data and survey data of each activity, andalso assumed the emission only occur during operation time, thenthe emission is distributed along the time according to theoperation time .
If the activity data can not be identified by method above, use theaverage emission. In other words, divide annual emission so
pollution is emitted equally for 24 hours a day for 1 year..

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Industrial process

Operating time ofplant/facility

In large plant/facility the temporal change is set based on theoperation pattern by time. For instance, the operating time patternof the plant by detailed industry classification is calculated basedon plant questionnaire survey or interviews for mining products,
chemical industry or metal products,. The obtained time pattern
will be applied to the industrial process of the plant.
If these data are not available, survey the practice particular tothe country to determine the time of operating pattern of theplant, such as 24-hour non-stop operation or batch operation from
8am to 6pm. Also, if the operating time pattern particular to thecountry is not available, use the ordinary daytime working hours.

Solvent and otherproducts

Operating time ofplant/facility

If the time operating pattern of large plant/facility is available,
use the pattern to set temporal change.
Otherwise, survey the practice particular to the country to
determine the time of operating pattern of the plant, such as 24hour non-stop operation or batch operation from 8am to 6pm.
Also, if the operating time pattern particular to the country is notavailable, use the ordinary daytime working hours.

Agriculturalactivities(livestock)

Livestock quantity

If the quantity of livestock is identified for time span of less than
1 year, the emission is distributed evenly based on the temporalchange. In such case, attention is required to calculate annual
emission from emission factor and activity data of time span lessthan 1 year.

Agriculturalactivities(fertilizer)

Fertilizer quantity

The emission is distributed evenly hourly for 1 year. If fertilizer
quantity is identified for time span of less than 1 year, theemission is distributed evenly based on the temporal change.

Agriculturalactivities (savanna
burning)

Local survey(existing document
study, interview
survey with relevant
ministries, bureaus)

Apply local survey to identify the temporal change of savanna
burning. Local survey is assumed to be existing document study,
interview survey with relevant ministries, bureaus.
If they cannot be identified by local survey, set the temporalchange as follows:
If only the savanna burning area for 1 specific year is available,
distribute the emission evenly for 1 year, which means 24hours/day, and 365 days/year.
If the savanna burning area is identified by month, or season, orday, distribute the emission over each hour of the identified
month.

Agriculturalactivities(agricultural
carcass burning)

Interview survey

Basically, burning of agricultural carcass occurs after the harvest,
so interview the harvest time, and distributes the emission evenly
for the period of harvest accordingly.

- 2-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Forest fire

Forest fire area

If the forest fire area by year, or month and time is identified, theemission is distributed evenly over year, or month and time.
If monthly area is identified, the emission is distributed evenly
over each hour of the month.

Waste treatment

Incinerator furnace
operating time

Waste incinerator furnace: If the time operating pattern is
identified, use the time pattern for the waste incinerator furnace;
otherwise, survey the practice particular of the country, such as
24-hour non-stop operation or batch operation from 8am to 6pm,
and set accordingly.
Open burning: If existing survey result is available, use the time
pattern; otherwise, assume that burning is carried out during
daytime hours which average peoples are working, for instancefor 12 hours, from 6am to 6pm, to set the distribution .
NH3 emission from non-water washed toilet in the open air:
Assume that the NH3 is emitted while assuming the urine isgradually reacting and so evenly distribute for 24 hours.

Plant (NMVOC)

Sunlight volume

Set the temporal change based on temperature / solar radiation
data by month and by time.

Volcano (SOx)Smithsonian
database

Set the temporal change based on volcano’s longitude / latitude
and eruption starting/ending time.

Soil (NH3,NOx)

Soil/water ratio, soil
temperature

Controlled based on soil/water ratio and temporal change of soil
temperature.

2.5.2

Spatial distribution

Considering air pollution policy or input data of simulation model, and when setting the more detailed spatial
distribution of a country/area based emission, use the spatial distribution index by source shown in Table 2.5-2.
However, in the detailed method of stationary source, industrial process, and waste incineration which are
relating to fuel consumption, information of each source is collected separately by questionnaire survey,
interview survey and set as point source of the inventory. Also, for details of mobile source, collect each
emission data from traffic volume survey and set as line source of the inventory. Therefore, the details of
setting spatial distribution are description in Chapter 3.

- 2-12 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 2.5-2 Spatial distribution index
Generating
sourceDistribution index

Distribution method

Stationary
source (derivefrom fuelconsumption,
Simple method)

GDP, temperature,
number of facility,
agricultural production
volume, fuel sales

Set spatial distribution based on available statistics, and fuelconsumption data

Mobile source(derive from
fuelconsumption,
Simple method)

Fuel consumption

・Car
Distribution based on fuel consumption of car by region
・Aircraft
Emission from aircraft parking place, apron, runway andflight paths are considered. Set parking lot as a stationary
source, and apron and runway as line sources, whereas
flight path as both point and line source
・VesselSpatial distribution is based on total vessel weight (ton) by
each port against the total vessel weight of the entire
country.
・Railroad
Spatial distribution is based on transportation statistics ofrail line of the entire country.

Fossilleakagefuel

Production location;
production volume byeach administrative
region・Fossil fuel production, refining
Distribution based on each production facility (coal mining,
oil field, and gas field) location
・Cokes production, refinery
Distributed based on plant / facility location
・Gasoline product delivery
Car (mobile source) distribution index or gasoline total salesof each administrative region as the distribution index

Industrial
process

Solvent
andother productsPlant/facility number,
population and city area
by industry type ( mining
product, chemicalindustry, metal products
or more detailed
classification)

Set the spatial distribution as point source for facility thatcan be identified by questionnaire survey or interviews ofplant/facility.

City area byadministrative region orUse distribution index to set spatial distribution

For other emission, use distribution index of area source toset spatial distribution.

- 2-13 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

by mesh, population, andplant/facility number byindustry type.
Construction coating:
City area byadministrative region ormesh, Plant/facility
numbers by industry
type.
Industrial productcoating , metal surface
treatment, chemical
product manufacturing
Agriculturalactivities(livestock)

Livestock numbers
statistics by region(province, city, village)

Use distribution index to set spatial distribution

Agriculturalactivities(fertilizer)

Agricultural land

Set spatial distribution based on existing survey, other data,and interviews with related bureaus; otherwise, set as
follows: If fertilizer volume for the entire country can be identified,use one of the following two methods to calculate spatial
distribution. Also, the agricultural area that can be used as
distribution index will be the sum of the agricultural land bymesh. In addition, if fertilizer volume by crop can be
identified, the agricultural area of corresponding crop will
be used as distribution index, and air pollutant emission
from fertilizer by crop will be distributed evenly.
If fertilizer volume can be identified for detailed area thanprovince or country, use one of the following two methods
to calculate spatial distribution. Also, if fertilizer volume bycrop can be identified, the agricultural area of corresponding
crop will be used as distribution index, and air pollutant
emission from fertilizer by crop will be distributed evenly.
Air pollutant emission from fertilizer by province/ county
will be distributed evenly, according to total agriculturalarea by mesh, not based on crops of each province/county.
If agricultural data, more detailed than province/ county canbe identified (such as city and districts), the agricultural area
will be used as distribution index to distribute the air
pollutant emission from fertilizer.

Agriculturalactivities(savanna

Existing survey result,burnt area of the entire
country

Collect existing survey data and conduct interviews withlocal authorities regarding the spatial distribution of savanna
burning. If the data is not available, set as follows:- 2-14 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

burning)

If only the savanna burning area of the entire country isavailable, use one of the following two methods to calculatespatial distribution.
Use mesh-based savanna area as distribution index to
distribute air pollutant emission equally, which is caused bysavanna burning.
Usesavanna
area
data
more
detailed
than
provincial/county and national level as distribution index to
distribute air pollutant emission equally, which is caused bysavanna burning.
If more detailed savanna area than provincial/county andnational level is available, use one of the following two
methods to calculate spatial distribution.
Equally distribute the air pollutant emission inprovincial/county, in accordance with each mesh of savanna
area by each province.
If savanna area data more detailed than province level isavailable (such as city/district), use the detailed savanna
area as distribution index to equally distribute the air
pollutant emission caused by savanna burning.

Agriculturalactivities(agricultural
carcass burning)

Production volume bycrop for the entire
country or each provinceUse crop type and production volume of the entire country
or each province to distribute the air pollutant emission
from agricultural land.

Forest fire

Forest fire area

Use mesh-based forest area as distribution index to
distribute forest fire area in the entire country.
Use forest area more detailed than provincial/county as
distribution index to distribute forest fire area.
If forest fire area more detailed than provincial/county andnational level is available, use one of the following two
methods to calculate spatial distribution.
Use mesh-based forest area as distribution index to
distribute forest fire area of each province.
If more detailed forest area such as of administrative region,
which is more detailed than provincial/county and national
level, is available, use the detailed forest area to distributeforest fire area.

Waste treatment

Population distribution orcity area

・Waste incineration furnace
Set the spatial distribution as point source for facility thatcan be identified through plant/facility questionnaire survey
or interviews.
For other waste incineration furnaces, use area source as- 2-15 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

index to distribute emission. However, it is unlikely to set
waste incineration furnace in population concentrated area,
so pay special attention to distribution index.
・Open burning
Spatial distribution is based on population distribution.
・Emission of NH3 from non-flush toilet (that is non-water)
For spatial distribution, distribute emission by using
population as index of area assumed to have many flush
toilet. For instance, in agricultural area, low income
residential area, parks and markets, and plant; the nonflushed toilet is assumed to be located in the wild. However,areas with flush toilets are impossible to locate, use
population distribution as distribution index instead.
Plant (NMVOC)

Land use, solar radiationand temperature data

Use activity data as index to calculate regional emission.

Volcano (SOx)Smithsonian database

Set in accordance with longitude / latitude of volcano, anderuption beginning / end time.

Soil (NH3,NOx)

Land use classification

Distribute based on spatial distribution of soil use
classification.

2.6

Correlation with other inventory manual

EMEP/EEA Guidebook is a manual to estimate the emission of air pollutants (SO2, NOx, NMVOC, CH4, NH3,
and CO) in order to easily report the emission inventory of countries under long range transboundary air
pollution convention of United Nation Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), or under the national
upper limit emission command of European Union (EU). Also, as manuals to compile National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories, there are IPCC-compiled “Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories” (”1996 IPCC Guidelines”), “Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory” (GPG 2000), “Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change andForestry” (GPG-LULUCF) and “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” (“2006
IPCC Guidelines”). These reports are collectively referred to as “IPCC Guidelines”. Currently (March 2011),
for countries under United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol, the use of
1996 IPCC Guidelines is mandatory for contracting State of the convention. In 1996 IPCC, the method toestimate emission of six types of Greenhouse Gas (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) and ozone andaerosol precursors such as NOx, CO, NMVOC, and SO2 are indicated. For each year, the emission (without
spatial distribution) is estimated at national level using IPCC Guidelines. Whereas, in EMEP/EEA Guidebook,spatial distribution is estimated for emission (point and area source) in the technical base. IPCC Guidelines and
EMEP/EEA Guidebook are compiled based on the following basic principles.
1)
2)
3)
4)

All human sources are targets (EMEP/EEA Guidebook also involves natural sources)
The emission of a country is based on the sum of emission of each emission category.
Clearly identifying the differences of energy and non-energy relationship.
Transparency and validation of emission factor and active data.

This guideline is based on GAP Forum Manual, which uses the methods in IPCC Guidelines and EMEP/EEA
Guidebook. Therefore, this guideline’s emission categories follow IPCC Guidelines.

- 2-16 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.7

Application of guideline

As an example of inventory application, concentrations were calculated through applying estimated result ofSOx, NOx emission inventory to a simulation model (US-EPA’s ISC-ST3 Model of Plume combined with
Puff Model) in 2008, in Hanoi city. The results of SOx, NOx calculation are indicated in Figure 2.7-1 andFigure 2.7-2. The estimated emission inventory and using the simulation model, the effective anti-pollution
measures can be considered, which will lower the calculated concentrations to the level below the air quality
standards.

- 2-17 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Figure 2.7-1 SOx simulation result- 2-18 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Figure 2.7-2 NOx simulation result- 2-19 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3 Estimating emissions of air pollutants from fuel consumption
3.1

Targets of estimation“Fuel consumption” sector is classified into stationary source and mobile source. In this guideline, mobile
source refers to aviation, road transport, railways, and marine transport - including small boats. Other sources
belong to stationary source. Therefore, off-road mobile source often used in manufacturing, construction andagricultural industry is also treated as stationary source.

Table 3.1-1 Fuel consumption sector emission category
Classification
Stationary
sourceMobile source

Category

Sub-category

Energy industry

Public electricity and heat production; Petroleum refining;
manufacture of solid fuels

Manufacturing,industries
construction

Iron and steel; non-ferrous metals; chemicals; pulp, paper andprint; food processing, beverages and tobacco; other

and

Small combustion

Commercial/institutional; residential; agricultural/forestry; andother (stationary combustion)

Off-road

Mobile combustion in manufacturing industries and construction
land-based mobile machinery; commercial and institutional
land-based mobile machinery; mobile combustion used inresidential areas: household and gardening land-based mobile
machinery; off-road vehicles and other machinery used inagriculture/forestry land-based mobile machinery (excluding
fishing); other mobile including military land based mobile
machinery.

AviationInternational airport traffic (LTO-cycles < 300 ft (914m);
domestic airport traffic (LTO-cycles < 300 ft (914m); andexcept military aircrafts

Road transport

Passenger cars; light-duty vehicles; heavy-duty vehicles andbuses; mopeds and motorcycles; road vehicle tyre and brake
wear; road surface wear; gasoline evaporation from vehicles

Railways

Diesel locomotives (shunting locomotives; rail-cars; line-haul
locomotives); steam locomotives

Navigation

Water-bone navigation; international water-borne navigation;
domestic water-borne navigation; fishing; mobile (all remaining
water-borne mobile emissions from fuel combustion that are notspecified elsewhere); multi-lateral operation (water-borne
navigation component)- 3-1 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

In manufacturing industries and construction, the combustion facilities are not only the conventional boilers,gas turbines and stationary engines, but also blast furnaces, kilns and other specific facilities. In addition, theemission of air pollutants depends on the fuel types and facilities/technologies. Therefore, as shown in Table
3.1-2, emissions from manufacturing industries and construction are estimated by fuel types and facility types.
Emissions from the conventional boilers, gas turbines, stationary engines or other combustion devices are also
estimated by the methods of “Energy industries” and “Small combustion”.

Table 3.1-2 Calculation type applicable by facility type
Category

Activity

Calculation procedurecategory

Energy industry

Boilers, gas turbines, fixed engines

Energy industry

Manufacturing,
construction industry

Steel industry (facility other than boilers, gas turbines,
fixed engines)

Manufacturing,
construction industry

Non-ferrous metal industry (facility other than boilers,gas turbines, fixed engines)
Others: Gypsum heating furnace, cement industry,asphalt industry, glass industry, mineral wools, bricks,
tiles, fine ceramics products manufacturing
Boilers, gas turbines, fixed engines

Energy industry
small scale facility

OthersSmall scale facility

Other mobile machinery

Off-road

Other small scale
facility

Private works, households (refer to Table 3.1-1)

Otherfacility

Off-road

Off-road facilities (refer to Table 3.1-1)

Off-road- 3-2 -

small

or

scale

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Pollutants in each category are as shown in Table 3.1-3.

Table 3.1-3 Fuel consumption air pollutant emission source type and the matters
S
O

N
O

N
M
V
O
C

N
H

x

x

○

○

○

Road transport○○

Aviation○

Marine transport
RailwaysCategory (source) classification

Stationary
sourceEnergy industry

C
O

P
M

P
M

3

T
S
P

B
C

10

2.5

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

O
C

C
O

C
H

N2
O

2

4

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Manufacturing,
construction industry
Other sectors:
Commercial /facilities,
residential, agricultural,
forestry, fisheryindustry

Mobilesource3.2

Stationary source

3.2.1

Simple method

3.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

For simple method, fuel consumption by sub-category and by fuel type of national level energy statistics ismultiplied with Emission Factor.

Emissions = ∑ AD × EF ··································································································(3.2-1)
Where,
Emissions: Emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gas
AD: Fuel consumption by sub-category and by fuel type (ex. GJ/year)
EF: Emission factor by sub-category and by fuel type (g/GJ)

In simple method, there is a possibility of emission double-count or omission in industrial process emission
and fuel consumption emission. If more accurate estimation is required, “3.2.2 Detailed method” is required.

- 3-3 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.2.1.2

Activity data estimation

Fuel consumption statistics by sub-category and by fuel type is to be used as activity data. Generally it iscompiled in “Energy Statistics”.
Statistics published by the statistics bureau, the industrial ministry, trade ministry, customs, etc of the country
are primary data to be used. If any of them is not available, IEA energy statistics (Energy Statistics of NonOECD Countries) is to be used.
Activity data is basically compiled in Net Calorific Value unit, because most emission factors are available in
Net Calorific Value unit. On the other hand, in energy statistics, activity data (fuel consumption) may not becompiled in Net Calorific Value unit. It may be compiled in weight or volume. In such case, activity data is tobe converted into Net Calorific Value unit, using the following formula.

AD = Fuel Consumption × Net Calorific Value ···························································(3.2-2)
Where,
AD: fuel consumption in Net Calorific Value unit by sub-category and by fuel type (TJ/year)
Fuel Consumption: Fuel consumption rate by sub-category and by fuel type (Gg/year)
Net Calorific Value: Net Calorific Value per weight (TJ/Gg)
Net Calorific Value normally varies according to country, due to fuel production region and fuel standards ofthe country. Therefore, Net Calorific Value data of the country should be obtained as much as possible.
Otherwise, the default figure shown in Table 3.2-1 could be used.

- 3-4 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-1 Net Calorific Value by default fuel type
Fuel type

Fuel type

Net Calorific
Value (TJ/Gg)

Crude Oil

42.3

Fuel type

Net Calorificvalue (TJ/Gg)

49.5

Refinery Gas

Net Calorificvalue (TJ/Gg)

Oxygen Steel Furnace

7.06

Gas
Orimulsion

27.5

Paraffin Waxes

40.2

Natural Gas

Natural Gas Liquids

44.2

White Spirit and SBP

40.2

Municipal

48.0
Wastes10(non-biomass fraction)
Motor Gasoline

44.3

Other Petroleum

40.2

Industrial Wastes

NA

Products
Aviation Gasoline

44.3

Anthracite

26.7

Waste Oil

40.2

Jet Gasoline

44.3

Coking Coal

28.2

Peat

9.76

Jet Kerosene

44.1

Other Bituminous

25.8

Wood/ Wood Waste

15.6

18.9

Sulphite Lyes (black

11.8

Coal
Other Kerosene

43.8

Sub-Bituminous Coal

liquor)Shale Oil

38.1

11.9

LigniteOther Primary Solid

11.6

Biomass
Gas/Diesel Oil

43.0

Oil Shale and Tar

8.9

Charcoal

29.5

20.7

Bio-gasoline

27.0

Sands
Residual Fuel Oil

40.4

Brown Coal
Briquettes

Liquefied Petroleum

47.3

Patent Fuel

20.7

Bio-diesels

27.0

46.4

Coke Oven Coke and28.2

Other Liquid Bio-fuels

27.4

Gases
EthaneLignite Coke
Naphtha

44.5

Gas Coke28.2

Landfill Gas

50.4

Bitumen40.2

Coal Tar

28.0

Sludge Gas

50.4

Lubricants

40.2

Gas Work Gas

38.7

Other Biogas

50.4

Petroleum Coke

32.5

Coke Oven Gas

38.7

Municipal

Waste(biomass fraction)
Refinery Feedstock

43.0

Blast Furnace Gas

2.47

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines - Volume 2: Energy Table 1.2- 3-5 -

11.6

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factor is emission rate of air pollutants per fuel use unit by sub-category and by fuel type. In simple
method, energy statistics in sub-categories are to be summarized into matrix of categories (“energy industry”,“manufacturing, construction industry”, “other small scale facility”) and fuel types (as shown in Table 3.2-2)
to set the emission factor. Activity data of which fuel type is unknown is also to be classified into Table 3.2-2
by inventory compiler

Table 3.2-2 Category and fuel type for simple method - Part 1
Categoryclassification

Typical fuel type

Energy industry

Hard coal

Coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, coke,
manufactured ‘patent’ fuelBrown coalLignite, oil shale, manufactured ‘patent’ fuel , peat

Natural gas

Natural gas

Derived gas

Gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas

Heavy fuel oil

Residual fuel oil, refinery feedstock, petroleum gas

Other liquid fuels

Gas oil, kerosene, naphtha, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum
gas, orimulsion, bitumen, shale oil, refinery gas

Biomass

Wood, charcoal, vegetable (agricultural) waste

Hard coal andCoking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, coke,
manufactured ‘patent’ fuel,Manufacturing,andconstructionindustry

brown coal

Fuel type details

Lignite, oil shale, manufactured ‘patent’ fuel , peat
Natural Gas andNatural gas

derived gas

Gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas

Heavy fuel oil and

Residual fuel oil, refinery feedstock, petroleum gas

other liquid fuels

Gas oil, kerosene, naphtha, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum
gas, orimulsion, bitumen, shale oil, refinery gas

Biomass

Wood, charcoal, vegetable (agricultural) waste- 3-6 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-3 Category and fuel type for simple method - Part 2
Categoryclassification
Residential
combustion

Typical fueltype
Hard coal andbrown coal

Fuel type details

Coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, coke,
manufactured ‘patent’ fuel,Lignite, oil shale, manufactured ‘patent’ fuel , peat

Non-residential
combustion

Natural gas

Natural gas

Other liquid
fuels

Gas oil, kerosene, naphtha, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas,orimulsion, bitumen, shale oil, refinery gas

Biomass

Wood, charcoal, vegetable (agricultural) waste

Hard coal andbrown coal

Coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, coke,
manufactured ‘patent’ fuel,Lignite, oil shale, manufactured ‘patent’ fuel , peat

Natural gas

Natural gas, gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas

Other liquid
fuels

Gas oil, kerosene, naphtha, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas,orimulsion, bitumen, shale oil, refinery gas

Biomass

Wood, charcoal, vegetable (agricultural) waste

BC and OC emission factors are taken from “A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon
emissions from combustion, Tami C. Bond et al., 2004, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, D14203”.
CO2,CH4 and N2O greenhouse gas emission factors are taken from ”2006 IPCC Guidelines for National
Greenhouse Gas Inventories” (”2006 IPCC Guidelines”).
SOx emission factor is to be calculated obtaining sulfur content of each country by fuel type and by subcategory, and then using the following formula.

EF =2 × B 10 6 (100 − C ) (100 − D)·····································································(3.2-3)
×
×
×
100
E
100
100

EF

Emission factor (SO2-kg / Fuel - TJ)

B

Sulfur content of fuel (%)

C

Sulfur retention in ash (%)

D

Efficiency of SO2 emission control (%)

E

Net Calorific Value (TJ/kton)

If sulfur content for the country is not available, Table 3.2-4 to Table 3.2-6 are applicable- 3-7 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-4 Example of sulfur content by country and by fuel type (unit: %)Country

Hard
Coal

China

1.35

Japan

0.67

India

Brown
Coal

Motor
Kerosene
Gasoline

Diesel Oil
Industrial

Road

MarineResidual
Oil

0.120

0.032

0.40

0.16

1.20

1.50

1.01

0.004

0.004

0.40

0.40

0.40

1.09

0.63

0.95

0.180

0.200

1.44

0.80

1.44

3.20

Indonesia

0.60

0.60

0.005

0.160

0.50

0.50

0.50

2.80

South Korea

0.74

0.74

0.005

0.012

0.40

0.40

0.40

2.64

North Korea

0.32

0.48

0.120

0.032

0.40

0.16

1.20

1.50

Taiwan

1.03

0.125

0.080

1.00

0.50

1.00

1.70

Thailand

2.80

2.80

0.035

0.020

0.50

0.66

Pakistan

3.65

3.65

0.001

0.160

1.00

1.00

1.00

3.20

Philippines

0.65

0.98

0.035

0.020

1.00

1.00

1.00

3.20

Malaysia

0.62

0.140

0.160

0.96

0.96

0.96

3.20

Bangladesh

0.62

0.180

0.200

1.44

0.80

1.44

3.20

Viet Nam

0.20

0.120

0.032

0.40

1.16

1.20

1.50

Hong Kong

0.53

0.020

0.080

0.50

0.50

0.50

2.20

Singapore

0.62

0.140

0.020

0.46

0.46

0.46

1.60

Nepal

0.62

0.180

0.200

1.44

0.80

1.44

3.20

Myanmar

0.86

0.180

0.200

1.44

0.80

1.44

3.20

Sri Lanka

0.66

0.180

0.200

1.44

0.80

1.44

3.20

Afghanistan

0.50

0.180

0.200

1.44

0.80

1.44

3.20

Mongolia

0.70

0.120

0.032

0.40

0.16

1.20

1.50

Brunei

0.62

0.005

0.160

0.50

0.50

0.50

2.80

Cambodia

0.62

0.120

0.032

0.40

0.16

1.20

1.50

Laos

0.62

0.120

0.200

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.50

Macau

0.62

0.020

0.032

0.50

0.50

0.50

2.20

Maldives

0.62

0.180

0.200

1.44

0.80

1.44

3.20

0.93

0.86

0.70

2.92

Source: Anthropogenic Emissions of SO2 and NOx in ASIA: Emission Inventories, Nobuo Kato andHajime Akimoto, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 26A (1992)
Note: The sulfur content of Brown Coal in Japan, India, N. Korea, Philippines and Singapore is 1.5
times Hard Coal. The sulfur content of Hard Coal includes those of Brown Coal is countries thatuse Brown Coal.

- 3-8 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-5 Example of sulfur retention-in-ash by fuel type (unit: %)Fuel

Sub-Category

Sulfur retention-in-ash (%)

Hard Coal

Power generation and Industry

5

Transport and Other Sub-Category

22.5

Brown Coal

All Sub-Categories

25

Solid Biomass

All Sub- Categories

Negligible

Liquid and Gaseous Fuels

All Sub- Categories

0

Source: Gap Forum Manual

Table 3.2-6 Example of sulfur retention-in-ash by fuel type (unit: %)Fuel

Sub-Category

Sulfur retention-in-ash (%)

Hard Coal and Brown CoalElectric Power Generation

2.5

Other combustion sources

22.5

Other Sub-Category(residential, agriculture,commerce, etc.)

40

Hard Coal and Brown Coal

Japan

85

(Cement Industry)

South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia,
Hong Kong, Singapore

80

Other country

75

Natural Gas (Gas Works)

All Sub-Categories

99

Diesel and Residual Oil (Gas Works)

All Sub-Categories

90

Other fuel (Gas Works)

All Sub-Categories

90(Calculated according to emission
control levels estimated by economy
condition in 1991)

Source: Anthropogenic Emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: Emission Inventories, Nobuo Kato andHajime Akimoto, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 26A (1992)- 3-9 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-7 shows SOx emission factor for other fuel use condition taken from “Anthropogenic Emissions of
SO2 and NOx in Asia: Emission Inventories, Nobuo Kato and Hajime Akimoto, Atmospheric Environment
Vol. 26A (1992)”.

Table 3.2-7 Example of SOx emission factor by fuel type
Fuel type

Emission factor

Remarks

Cokes

17.7 S (kg/ton)

62% of sulfur content in coal remains in cokes, and 38%
in cokes furnace gas.

Cokes furnace gas(gas plant)

3.8 S (kg/1010 cal)

62% of sulfur content in coal remains in cokes, and 38%
in cokes furnace gas.

Cokes furnace gas(others)

38 S (kg/1010 cal)Assuming that 90% of sulfur is removed from cokes
furnace gas in gas plant, and 0% in others.

Molded coal, BKB

10.0 (kg/ton)Natural gas

0.0092 (kg/1010 cal)Natural gas burning emission factor is converted from :9.2 kg/106 m3

NGL, refinery gas

0.013 (kg/ton)

Equivalent of NGL 1kg=1.4m3

LPG

0.0136 (kg/ton)

Other gas0.01 (kg/1010 cal)Same level as natural gas

Bagasse

1.1 (kg/toe)Bagasse sulfur content is 0.1 weight % or lessWood

0.2 (g/kg)

Woodstoves and residential firespace

Charcoal

1.0 (kg/toe)Also includes other non-commercial use“Oil refinery”

0.023 S (%)

In refinery, 2.3% of material used in naphtha, crude oil,and fuel in refinery becomes SOx through Fluid Catalytic
Cracking (FCC) and emitted

0.297 S + 1.55 (kg/ton)

In steel industry, the sulfur content in cokes emitted isabout 1/6. And the sulfur emitted from iron ore is 86%.
As a result, when emission factor of cokes is assessed,
sulfur content rises by 0.0774(%).

12, 20, 33 (kg/ton
H2SO4)

Large amount of SO2 are discharged in refining processof non-ferrous metal like copper, zinc. Most of SO2 areused to produce sulfur acid and 2 to 5% of SO2 areemitted to air.

naphtha, crude oil,refinery fuel oil“Steel industry”
Cokes“Metal refining”
Copper, zinc, lead,tinNote: S denotes sulfur content (%)- 3-10 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

If sulfur content of the country is not available and if Table 3.2-4 to Table 3.2-6 is not suitable, “EMEP/EEA
Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009” (”EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2009”) can be applied. However,SOx emission factor in “EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2009” is calculated assuming that sulfur content of any fuel is
1%. It should be remarked whenever it is applied.
Emission factors of other pollutants, shown in Table 3.2-8 to Table 3.2-20, are taken from “EMEP/EEA Air
Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009” (”EMEP/EEA Guidebook 2009”).

- 3-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-8 NOx emission factors for simple method
NOx Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Pat.fuCooki Other SubCrudeandNGL
el andng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peat
oil
gas
BKB
l
l
Coal
coke

310 310 310 360 360

360

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

Petrol Other
Motor Aviati
Natura Gas
Keros Gas/di Heavy Napht
Feed- Additi Refine LPG &eum produ
gasoli onl gas work
ene
esel
fuel oil hastocks ves
ry gas ethanecoke cts
fuelneLiquidBlast Solid
Waste Electri
Coke
Heat
fuenac bioma Biogas bioma
other city
oven
ss
ss
e

180 215

180

180

180

215 180 215

89 140 140 140 211

211

180 215

60

180

180

215 180 215

89

100

100

100

100

100

70

70

70

70 150

150

100

100

100

100

100

70

70

70

70 150

150

100

100

100

100

100

70

70

70

70 150

150

100

100

100

100

100

70

70

70

70 150

150

68

68

68 7117

68

68

57

74.5

74.5

100

70

70 150150

22ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel

173 173 173 173 173 173 173

Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR
Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

110 110 110 110 110

110Comm.and public
173 173 173 173 173
173
100
100 100 7117
services
Agriculture/forestr
61093 7117
yOther/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USE
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(g/tonnefuel)である
liquidfuelOtheroil liquid fuel
Note)
Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
and their OLF:
unit isOther(g/tonefuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:

100 32792
35043

HFO: Heavy fuel oil

Source: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-12 -70

70

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-9 CO emission factors for simple method
CO Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Cooki Other SubPat.fu
and
Crude
ng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peatel and
NGL
gas
oil
Coal
l
l
BKB
coke

150 150 150 113 113

113

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

LPG &AviatiPetrol Other
Feed- Additi Refine
Motor
Keros Gas/di Heavy Napht
Natura Gas
ethanon
eum produ
stocks ves
ry gasgasoline
ene
esel
fuel oil hal gas worke
fuelcoke cts

15

5

15

15

15

5

15

5

39

15

5

39

15

15

5

15

5

39

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

40

46

46

46 770368

Blast Solid
LiquidCoke
Waste Electrifuenac bioma Biogas bioma
Heat
oven
other city
e
ss
ss

10

10

10 258

258

25

25

25

25 1596

1596

40

25

25

25

25 1596

1596

40

40

25

25

25

25 1596

1596

40

40

25

25

25

25 1596

1596

46

46

31

5300

5300

40 10722

40

25

25

25

25 1600

1600

525

ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel

931 931 931 931 931 931 931

Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR
Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

4600 4600 4600 4600 4600

4600

Comm.and public
931 931 931 931 931
931
40
40 40 770368
services
Agriculture/forestr
4823 770368
yOther/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USE
Note)
Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
and their OLF:
unit isOther(g/tonefuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(g/tonnefuel)である
liquidfuelOtheroil liquid fuel10939

HFO: Heavy fuelSource: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-13 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-10 NMVOC emission factors for simple method
NMVOC Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Pat.fuCooki Other SubCrudeandNGL
el andng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peat
oil
gas
BKB
l
l
Coal
coke

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.7

1.7

1.7

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

Petrol Other
LPG & Motor Aviati
Natura Gas
Keros Gas/d Heavy Napht
Feed- Additi Refine
eum produ
ethan gasolin onl gas work
ene
iesel fuel oil hastocks ves
ry gascoke cts
fuel
e
e

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

1.5

0.8

0.8

2.6

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

1.5

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

LiquidBlast Solid
Waste Electri
Coke
Heat
fuenac bioma Biogas bioma
other city
oven
ss
ss
e

2.5

2.5

2.5

7.3

7.3

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 146

146

10

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 146

146

10

10

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 146

146

10

10

10

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5 146146

15.5 15.5 17602

15.5

15.5

10.5

925

925

10

2.5

2.5 146146

2.4

ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel

88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8

Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR
Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

484 484 484 484 484

484

15.5

Comm.and public
88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8
88.8
10
10 10 17602
services
Agriculture/forestr
6720 17602
yOther/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USEfuel)である
liquidfuelOtheroil liquid fuel
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(g/tonne
Note)
Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
and their OLF:
unit isOther(g/tonefuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:

Source: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-14 -10 33853366

HFO: Heavy fuel

2.5

2.5

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-11 SOx emission factors for simple method
SOx Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Pat.fuCooki Other SubCrudeandNGL
el andng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peat
oil
gas
BKB
Coal
l
l
coke

820 820 820 820 820

820

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

LPG & Motor Aviati
Petrol Other
Feed- Additi Refine
Keros Gas/d Heavy Napht
Natura Gas
ethan gasoli on
eum produ
stocks ves
ry gasene
iesel fuel oil hal gas work
e
ne
fuel
coke cts

460 485

460 460460

485 460 485

0.3

460 485

0.3 460460

485 460 485

0.3

Blast Solid
LiquidCoke
Waste Electri
Heatfuenac bioma Biogas bioma
ovenother city
e
ss
ss

0.3

0.3

0.3

11

11

55

ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel

900 900 900 900 900 900 900

Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR

140

140 140

140

140

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 38.4

38.4

140

140 140

140

140

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 38.4

38.4

140

140 140

140

140

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 38.4

38.4

140

140 140

140

140

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 38.4

38.4

140

140 140 165

140

140

0.5

20

20

0.5 38.4

38.4

Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

900 900 900 900 900

900Comm.and public
900 900 900 900 900
900
140
140 140 165
140 400
140
services
Agriculture/forestr
140 165
400yOther/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USE
Note)
Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
their unit
(g/toneliquidfuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:
Other
HFO: Heavy fuelOLF:isOther
fuel
oil liquid fuel
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(ppm= 10-6andg/g fuel)で3
Power plant emission
factor is for fuel gas with S content of 0.01g/m2, and biomass
fuel uses USA average of 28 plants
発電所において、排出係数は、ガス状の燃料についてはS分の濃度は0.01g/m、バイオマス燃料は米国28箇所の平均値、
For other fuels, calculation is based on sulfur content of 1%. For details including other sub-categories, refer to EMEP/ EEA Guidebook 2009.
その他の燃料については、硫黄分を1%と仮定して計算した値である。その他のサブカテゴリーも含めて詳しくは、"EMEP/EEA
Guidebook 2009"を参照すること。

Source: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-15 -

0.5

0.5

0.5

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-12 NH3 emission factors for simple method
NH3 Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Cooki Other SubPat.fu
and
Crude
ng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peatel and
NGL
gas
oil
Coal
l
l
BKB
coke

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

LPG & Motor Aviati
Petrol Other
Feed- Additi Refine
Keros Gas/d Heavy Napht
Natura Gas
ethan gasoli on
eum produ
stocks ves
ry gasene
iesel fuel oil hal gas work
e
ne
fuel
coke cts

0.9

Blast Solid
LiquidCoke
Waste Electrifuenac bioma Biogas bioma
Heat
oven
other city
e
ss
ss

0.9

0.9

1.3

ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel
Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR
Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

4

Comm.and public
4
services
Agriculture/forestr
104yOther/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USE
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(g/tonnefuel)である
liquidfuelOtheroil liquid fuelNote) Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
and theirOLF:
unit isOther(g/tonefuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:

Source: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-16 -3.8

88

HFO: Heavy fuel

3.8

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-13 TSP emission factors for simple method
TSP Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Cooki Other SubPat.fu
and
Crude
ng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peatel and
NGL
gas
oil
Coal
l
l
BKB
coke

30

30

30

30

30

30

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

LPG & Motor Aviati
Petrol Other
Feed- Additi Refine
Keros Gas/d Heavy Napht
Natura Gas
ethan gasoli on
eum produ
stocks ves
ry gasene
iesel fuel oil hal gas work
e
ne
fuel
coke cts

3

25

3

3

3

25

3

25

0.9

3

25

0.89

3

3

25

3

25

0.9

27.5

27.5 27.5

27.5

27.5

27.5

27.5 27.5

27.5

27.5

27.5 27.5

27.5

27.5 27.5

6

6

Blast Solid
LiquidCoke
Waste Electrifuenac bioma Biogas bioma
Heat
oven
other city
e
ss
ss

5

5

0.5

0.5

27.5

0.5

27.5

27.5

27.5

5

51

51

0.5

0.5 156

156

0.5

0.5

0.5 156

156

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 156

156

27.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 156

156

6

6

0.5

730

730

27.5 2086

27.5

0.5

0.5 156

156

81

ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel

124 124 124 124 124 124 124

Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR
Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

444 444 444 444 444

444

6 157

Comm.and public
124 124 124 124 124
124
27.5
27.5 27.5 157
services
Agriculture/forestr
225 157y
Other/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USE
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(g/tonnefuel)である
OLF:isOther
liquidfuel
oil liquid fuel
Note)
Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
and their unit
(g/tonefuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:
Other

Source: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-17 -1738

HFO: Heavy fuel

0.5

0.5

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-14 PM10 emission factors for simple method
PM10 Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Cooki Other SubPat.fu
and
Crude
ng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peatel and
NGL
gas
oil
Coal
l
l
BKB
coke

20

20

20

20

20

20

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

LPG & Motor Aviati
Petrol Other
Feed- Additi Refine
Keros Gas/d Heavy Napht
Natura Gas
ethan gasoli on
eum produ
stocks ves
ry gasene
iesel fuel oil hal gas work
e
ne
fuel
coke cts

2

18

2

2

2

18

2

18

0.9

2

18

0.89

2

2

18

2

18

0.9

21.5

21.5 21.5

21.5

21.5

21.5

21.5 21.5

21.5

21.5

21.5 21.5

21.5

21.5 21.5

3.7

3.7

Blast Solid
LiquidCoke
Waste Electrifuenac bioma Biogas bioma
Heat
oven
other city
e
ss
ss

5

5

0.5

0.5

21.5

0.5

21.5

21.5

21.5

5

38

38

0.5

0.5 150

150

0.5

0.5

0.5 150

150

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 150

150

21.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 150

150

3.7

3.7

0.5

695

695

21.5 2086

21.5

0.5

0.5 150150

49ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel

117 117 117 117 117 117 117

Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR
Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

404 404 404 404 404

404

3.7 157

Comm.and public
117 117 117 117 117
117
21.5
21.5 21.5 157
services
Agriculture/forestr
225 157y
Other/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USE
Note)
Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
and their unit
(g/toneliquidfuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:
Other
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(g/tonnefuel)である
OLF:isOther
fuel
oil liquid fuelSource: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-18 -1738

HFO: Heavy fuel

0.5

0.5

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-15 PM2.5 emission factors for simple method
PM2.5 Emission
Factor (g/GJ)
Supply andConsumption
Electricity and
CHP plant
Pertoleumrefineries
Other transform.
SectorHard coal

Brown coal

OLF

Oven
Cooki Other SubPat.fu
and
Crude
ng bit.coa bit.coa Lignite Peatel and
NGL
gas
oil
Coal
l
l
BKB
coke

9

9

9

9

9

9

HFO

OLF

OLF

OLF

HFO

OLF

HFO

NG

Derived gases

LPG & Motor Aviati
Petrol Other
Feed- Additi Refine
Keros Gas/d Heavy Napht
Natura Gas
ethan gasoli on
eum produ
stocks ves
ry gasene
iesel fuel oil hal gas work
e
ne
fuel
coke cts

1

13

1

1

1

13

1

13

0.9

1

13

0.89

1

1

13

1

13

0.9

16.5

16.5 16.5

16.5

16.5

16.5

16.5 16.5

16.5

16.5

16.5 16.5

16.5

16.5 16.5

3.7

3.7

Blast Solid
LiquidCoke
Waste Electrifuenac bioma Biogas bioma
Heat
oven
other city
e
ss
ss

5

5

0.5

0.5

16.5

0.5

16.5

16.5

16.5

5

33

33

0.5

0.5 149

149

0.5

0.5

0.5 149

149

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 149

149

16.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5 149

149

3.7

3.7

0.5

695

695

16.5 2086

16.5

0.5

0.5 149

149

38

ENERGY SECTOR
Distribution losses
FINAL
CONSUMPTION
INDUSTRYSECTOR
Iron and steel

108 108 108 108 108 108 108

Chemical andpetrochem.
Non-metallic
minerals
Other/nonspecified
TRANSPORTSECTOR
Domestic aciation
Road
Other/nonspecified
OTHER SECTORS
Resicential

398 398 398 398 398

398

3.7 157

Comm.and public
108 108 108 108 108
108
16.5
16.5 16.5 157
services
Agriculture/forestr
225 157y
Other/nonspecified
NON-ENERGY
USE
Note)
Emission factor shown in itallc font is for off-road vehicles,
and their unit
(g/toneliquidfuel)fuel HFO: Heavy
OLF:
Other
注：斜線の排出係数はオフロードのもので、単位は(g/tonnefuel)である
OLF:isOther
fuel
oil liquid fuelSource: “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009”- 3-19 -1738

HFO: Heavy fuel

0.5

0.5

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-16 Range of Emission Factors for BC [g/ kg-Fuel]
Fuel Type
Fossil fuels

Power Plant

Industry

Residential

Briquettes, coke

0.011

0.005

0.15

Brown coal, peat

0.000-0.002

0.001-0.15

0.18

0.25

3.4-4.4

0.06-4.0

0.002-0.009

0.013-1.2

0.76-5.4

0.04

0.04

0.07

Gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene

-

0.14

0.9

LPG

-

-

0.20

Natural gas

0

0

0

0.013

0.013

4.2

Animal wastes

-

-

0.53

Charcoal-w/coke1.0

Agricultural residues-

w/wood

1.0

0.044

0.08-0.55

0.3-1.4

Diesel fuelHard coal, coking coal
Heavy fuel oil

Waste
Biofuels

Wood
Source: Tami C. Bond et al., 20046

Table 3.2-17 Range of Emission Factors for Primary OC [g/ kg-Fuel]
Fuel Type
Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Power Plant

Industry

Residential

Briquettes, coke

0.004

0.008

0.14

Brown coal, peat

0.003-0.04

0.03-0.68

2.7

Diesel fuel0.001

1.1-1.4

0.03-1.1

Hard coal, coking coal

0-0.001

0.001-0.9

0.4-4.3

Heavy fuel oil

0.015

0.015

0.015

Gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene

-

0.04

0.09

LPG

-

-

0.05

Natural gas

0.001

0.001

0.001

Waste

0.002

0.002

0.4

Animal wastes

-

-

1.8

Charcoal-w/coke1.3

Agricultural residues-

w/wood3.3

0.18

0.31-3.2

1/.7-7.8

Wood
Source: Tami C. Bond et al., 20047

6

A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emission s from combustion, Tami C. Bond etal., 2004, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, D14203
7
Same as above- 3-20 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-18 CO2 emission factors for simple method
CO2 EF (g/GJ)
Crude Oil
Orimulsion
Natural Gas Liquids
Motor Gasoline
Aviation Gasoline
Jet Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Shale OilGas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
EthaneNaphtha
BitumenLubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstocks
Refinery Gas
Paraffin Waxes
White Spirit and SBP
Other Petroleum Products
Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bituminous Coal
Sub-Bituminous Coal
LigniteOil Shale and Tar Sands
Brown Coal Briquettes
Patent Fuel
Coke Oven Coke and Lignite Coke
Gas Coke
Coal Tar
Gas Work Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas
Natural Gas
Municipal Wastes (non-biomass fraction)
Industrial Wastes
Waste Oil
Peat
Wood/ Wood Waste
Sulphite Lyes (black liquor)
Other Primary Solid Biomass
Charcoal
Biogasoline
Biodiesels
Other Liquid Biofuels
Landfill Gas
Sludge Gas
Other Biogas
Municipal Waste (biomass fraction)

Energy

73300
77000
64200
69300
70000
70000
71500
71900
73300
74100
77400
63100
61600
73300
80700
73300
97500
73300
57600
73300
73300
73300
98300
94600
94600
96100
10100010700097500
97500
107000107000
80700
44400
44400
26000018200056100
91700
14300073300
10600011200095300
100000112000
70800
70800
79600
54600
54600
54600
100000

Manufacturing Commercial

73300
77000
64200
69300
70000
70000
71500
71900
73300
74100
77400
63100
61600
73300
80700
73300
97500
73300
57600
73300
73300
73300
98300
94600
94600
96100
10100010700097500
97500
107000107000
80700
44400
44400
26000018200056100
91700
14300073300
10600011200095300
100000112000
70800
70800
79600
54600
54600
54600
100000

73300
77000
64200
69300
70000
70000
71500
71900
73300
74100
77400
63100
61600
73300
80700
73300
97500
73300
57600
73300
73300
73300
98300
94600
94600
96100
10100010700097500
97500
107000107000
80700
44400
44400
26000018200056100
91700
14300073300
10600011200095300
100000112000
70800
70800
79600
54600
54600
54600
100000Source; 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note; Energy: Energy Industries, Manufacturing: Manufacturing Industries and Construction,
Commercial: Commercial/Institutional, Others: Residential and Agriculture/ Forestry/Fishing- 3-21 -Others

73300
77000
64200
69300
70000
70000
71500
71900
73300
74100
77400
63100
61600
73300
80700
73300
97500
73300
57600
73300
73300
73300
98300
94600
94600
96100
10100010700097500
97500
107000107000
80700
44400
44400
26000018200056100
91700
14300073300
10600011200095300
100000112000
70800
70800
79600
54600
54600
54600
100000Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-19 CH4 emission factors for simple method
CH4 EF (g/GJ)
Crude Oil
Orimulsion
Natural Gas Liquids
Motor Gasoline
Aviation Gasoline
Jet Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Shale OilGas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
EthaneNaphtha
BitumenLubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstocks
Refinery Gas
Paraffin Waxes
White Spirit and SBP
Other Petroleum Products
Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bituminous Coal
Sub-Bituminous Coal
LigniteOil Shale and Tar Sands
Brown Coal Briquettes
Patent Fuel
Coke Oven Coke and Lignite Coke
Gas Coke
Coal Tar
Gas Work Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas
Natural Gas
Municipal Wastes (non-biomass fraction)
Industrial Wastes
Waste Oil
Peat
Wood/ Wood Waste
Sulphite Lyes (black liquor)
Other Primary Solid Biomass
Charcoal
Biogasoline
Biodiesels
Other Liquid Biofuels
Landfill Gas
Sludge Gas
Other Biogas
Municipal Waste (biomass fraction)

Energy

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
30
30
1
30
3
30
200
3
3
3
1
1
1
30

Manufacturing Commercial

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
30
30
30
2
30
3
30
200
3
3
3
1
1
1
30

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
300
300
300
10
300
3
300
200
10
10
10
5
5
5
300

Source; 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note; Energy: Energy Industries, Manufacturing: Manufacturing Industries and Construction,
Commercial: Commercial/Institutional, Others: Residential and Agriculture/ Forestry/Fishing- 3-22 -Others

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
5
10
10
10
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
5
300
5
5
5
5
5
300
300
300
300
300
3
300
200
10
10
10
5
5
5
300

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-20 N2O emission factors for simple method
N2O EF (g/GJ)
Crude Oil
Orimulsion
Natural Gas Liquids
Motor Gasoline
Aviation Gasoline
Jet Gasoline
Jet Kerosene
Other Kerosene
Shale OilGas/Diesel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
Liquefied Petroleum Gases
EthaneNaphtha
BitumenLubricantsPetroleum Coke
Refinery Feedstocks
Refinery Gas
Paraffin Waxes
White Spirit and SBP
Other Petroleum Products
Anthracite
Coking Coal
Other Bituminous Coal
Sub-Bituminous Coal
LigniteOil Shale and Tar Sands
Brown Coal Briquettes
Patent Fuel
Coke Oven Coke and Lignite Coke
Gas Coke
Coal Tar
Gas Work Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Blast Furnace Gas
Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas
Natural Gas
Municipal Wastes (non-biomass fraction)
Industrial Wastes
Waste Oil
Peat
Wood/ Wood Waste
Sulphite Lyes (black liquor)
Other Primary Solid Biomass
Charcoal
Biogasoline
Biodiesels
Other Liquid Biofuels
Landfill Gas
Sludge Gas
Other Biogas
Municipal Waste (biomass fraction)

Energy

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.1
1.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4
4
4
1.5
4
2
4
4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
4

Manufacturing Commercial

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.1
1.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4
4
4
1.5
4
2
4
4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
4

Source; 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note; Energy: Energy Industries, Manufacturing: Manufacturing Industries and Construction,
Commercial: Commercial/Institutional, Others: Residential and Agriculture/ Forestry/Fishing- 3-23 -

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.1
1.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4
4
4
1.4
4
2
4
1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
4

Others

0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.1
1.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4
4
4
1.4
4
2
4
1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
4

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.2.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution

To indicate the temporal change and spatial distribution of air pollutant emission or to simulate air pollution
dispersion, temporal change and spatial distribution models are required.

1.

Temporal change

Temporal change model is to be developed for each region and sector. Followings are samples: 1) 24-hour model
Air pollutant emission from factories changes according to the operation condition of the equipment.
For instance, air pollutant emission from power plants changes according to the demand of lighting
and air-conditioning. Air pollutant emission of cooking fuel use varies according to cooking cycle.
2) Week model
Fuel consumption in factory, power plant and households is generally different between weekdays andweekends. Air pollutant emission is also different.
3) Seasonal model
Air-conditioning usage varies as air temperature and season changes (spring, summer, autumn andwinter; or wet and dry season). Air pollutant emission rate from heating and power plant changes
accordingly. In countries or territories that use summer time system, fuel usage changes as a result ofchange of standard time change. Holiday season and Muslim fasting month also causes temporalchange.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution model is to be developed in accordance with statistics availability and fuel consumption
sector characteristics. Population, GDP per capita, air temperature, number of workplace, agricultural
production rate, fuel sales volume and other indices by region are to be investigated. Emission is to be
distributed by available and appropriate index for each sector.

3.

Matrix of temporal change and spatial distribution

In countries that expand quite far from the east to the west, different temporal change may have to be applied
for different location.
For instance, in Indonesia, there are three time-zones. In China, although one time-zone applies to the entire
country, daily model is adjusted to the time of sun rises of each region. For the purpose of inventory, 24-hour
temporal change models may necessary for each region.

3.2.2

Detailed method

3.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

In simple method, fuel consumption of national level energy statistics by sub-category and by fuel type ismultiplied with emission factor.
In energy industry, detailed method is almost the same as simple method. In detailed method, more technicallydetailed emission factor is applied, that is, emission factor not only by fuel type but also by facility type isapplied. Therefore, for activity data fuel consumption data by facility type is also required.
In manufacturing industry, pollutant emission is not only from fuel but also from material. Although air
pollutant from material should be calculated in industrial process sector, it is very difficult to separate emission
between fuel source and material source. Therefore, for the sub-categories and pollutants shown in Table- 3-24 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.2-29 to Table 3.2-32, emission factor is defined by production volume of manufacturing industry andemission is calculated in fuel consumption sector.
The detailed method for household and small business emission is almost the same as simple method. In
detailed method, more technically detailed emission factor is applied, that is emission factor not only by fueltype but also by facility type is applied. Therefore, for activity data, fuel consumption data by facility type isalso required.
The formula to calculate emission rate in detailed method is common to each category and is almost the sameas simple method, which means the fuel consumption rate by sub-category and by facility type is multipliedwith emission factor.

Emissions = ∑ AD × EF ··································································································(3.2-4)
Where,
Emissions: Emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gas
AD: Fuel consumption rate by sub-category and by fuel type (GJ/year or ton/year)
EF: Emission factor by sub-category and by fuel type (g/GJ or g/ton)

For air pollution assessment, especially by air simulation model, emission from so-called Large Point Source(LPS) is particularly important. Typical LPS example is large scale fired power plant, regional heating facility,
steel manufacturing, large scale cement plant, refinery, large scale boiler, etc. These facilities normally emit
large amount of air pollutant from high chimney. Since LPS emits large amount of pollutants from highlocation in high temperature compared to other sources, their effect is generally much different from othersources in the viewpoint of pollutants dispersion and atmospheric chemistry.
LPS is normally surveyed by questionnaires and interviews. If some survey result is available, it could be used
as LPS data too. Since LPS survey will identify the activity data and emission by facility and by fuel type, it is
one of detailed method.
LPS emission is necessary not to be counted double in non LPS emission in the same sub-category already.
Therefore, the activity data of energy statistics for the same sub-category as LPS is to be subtracted with LPS
activity data (fuel consumption rate). Otherwise, emission calculated from energy statistics is to be subtractedwith LPS emission total of same sub-category.
LPS emission temporal change is important too. For instance in a power plant, air pollutant emission changes
according to the change of demand and electricity production daily, weekdays or weekends, and seasonally. In
large scale industry, air pollution emission varies wildly between operation and non-operation hours. Survey
on these temporal emission changes are mandatory in LPS survey.
Since LPS alone has an effect on air environment in its surrounding areas, location information is extremely
important. Additionally, as mentioned above, height of chimney is also an important parameter for pollution
assessment. If there is more than one chimney in any factory, emission is generally different between chimneys.
Therefore, not only the location of the plant or workplace, the position and height of the chimney too aremandatory to be included in report.
Because of LPS characteristics mentioned above LPS questionnaire survey or interview should contain survey
items as shown in Table 3.2-21.

- 3-25 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-21 LPS survey contents
Survey item

Survey content

Survey proof

Plant/workplace
outlineName, location, main products, sales, employee
count, land area, name of person responding tosurvey, etc

Plant basic information,
information to classify into
sub-category

Plant plan drawing

Plant/workplace plan drawing, production
process outline

Location information onemission source, such as
chimney and process

Product information

Monthly production volume by product, or moredetailed data on temporal change if available (itis generally available in power plant)

Basic information onemission calculation

Fuel properties (type, specific gravity, net
calorific value, sulfur content, nitrogen content,
ash content, and main source), and monthly
volume of fuel used

Basic information onemission calculation

Operation (running)
information

Monthly operation hours, weekday operation
condition, hourly operation condition andtemporal change information on operation(continuous, intermittent or batch operation)

Basic information on
temporal change of emission

Chimney information

Location, height and outlet diameter ofchimney, gas temperature, gas volume and/or
gas speed at chimney outlet

Basic information onemission calculation andemission outlet location

Pollution mitigation
facility

Pollution mitigation facility and its treatment
capacity, removal rate, operating time, andtemporal change information on (continuous,intermittent or batch operation)

Basic information onemission calculation

Emission gas
measurement result

Emission gas measurement result

Basic information onemission calculation andemission factor calculation,
check on operation control

Future plan

New construction plan and/or revision plan on
existing facility on chimney, boiler, furnace andproduction facility

Basic information for future
emission calculation

Fuel information

Basic information on
temporal change of emission

Basic information on
temporal change of emission

Temporal change model obtained from LPS survey should be evaluated by sub-categories whether it isapplicable to small scale industries in the same sub-category.

- 3-26 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 3.2-1 Case study of questionnaire and interview survey conducted in Vietnam
1) Selecting factories for questionnaire
Large plant with high fuel consumption are mainly selected based on pre-existing survey result on air
pollution, list of companies and plant owned by Ministry of Industry and Commerce, fuel sale statistics and/or
production statistics. Some small and medium sized companies should be selected for each sub-category, of
which survey result will be used as samples for emission factor modeling of non LPS sources.
2) Preparing survey forms
Survey form must be improved in order for the repliers to fill all the information mentioned below. For
examples, survey form is to be prepared based on the forms used in Japan or other countries, and is to berevised according to any characteristics of the region and/or any item to be focused in inventory usage.
3) Sending and collecting survey forms
The survey forms should be sent to the plant and be collected.
4) Checking and correcting preliminary contents of survey forms
It is commonly found that replies is not clear or does not match to questions. Extreme values, decimal point
errors or unit errors are also commonly found. Some information which is minimum requirement for emission
calculation may not be filled It is necessary to investigate the replies. If any issue is found, it is necessary to
ask it by phone or some alternative methods, and update questionnaire reply.
However, it is also common that the plant itself may not have measured data and impossible to fill thequestionnaire. In such case, do not force plant to fill, keep questionnaire blank and estimate it in the later
procedures. It is mentioned from Step 8 below.
5) Selecting factories for interview, and carrying out interview survey
If the survey form is not been returned, and the factory cannot be contacted by phone, make a visit to interview
them to complete the survey questionnaire and improve.
6) Checking and revising questionnaire and interview survey result
Check the response again, and search for any potential errors and revise them. If any correct data cannot be
obtained even after interview with the factory, delete the error data. For instance, when comparing more than
one factory that use the same coal coming from the same source, if one of them shows an extreme calorificvalue, take note of the difference, and the response from the other factories may be the correct one. The datarequired in inventory calculation can be estimated from similar factory with similar production process, andfuel from the same source.
7) Compiling questionnaire replies and inputting them into database
After checking and correcting of Step 6), enter the data on factory, chimney, fuel type and facility into
database.
As shown below, activity data and emission are to be calculated. In the process of calculation, data is to bevalidated. If suspicious data is found, it is necessary to be confirmed with factory, and update it if it is notcorrect.
8) Calculating activity data and SOx emission
Emission of PM and NOx depend on burning condition. Emission of SOx depends on fuel volume, fuel sulfur
content, existence and capacity of emission gas treatment facility, and does not depend on burning condition.
Therefore, calculation of SOx emission is appropriate for data reliability verification.

- 3-27 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-22 Net Calorific Value by fuel type
Fuel classDefault Net Calorific
Value

Fuel type

Terajoules per kilotonne(TJ/kt)28.2 b
25.8 b
18.9 b
11.9 b
9.76 b
27.21 a20.7 b
42.61 a44.2 b43.0 c40.2 c48.15 c53 d44.8 c44.8 c43.75 c43.34 c40.19 c44.5 c30.98 c40.19 c50.81 c28 c38.7 c2.47 c15 c17.7 c17.7 c15 c

Cooking Coal
Other bit.coal
Sub-bit.coal
Coal
LignitePeat
Oven and gas cokePat.fuel and BKB
Crude oil
NGL
Feed-stocks
Additives
Refinery gas
LPG & ethane
Motor gasoline
Oil
Aviation fuelKerosene
Gas/diesel
Heavy fuel oil
NaphthaPetroleum coke
Other products
Natural gas
Gas work
Gas
Coke oven
Blast fuenace
Solid biomass (TJ)
Combustible
Biogas (TJ)
renewable/was
Liquid biomass (kt)tesWaste other (TJ)
Note)
a1996 IPCC Guideline Reference Manual Vietnam valueb 2006 IPCC guideline for National GHG inventories valuesc Gap Forum Manual valuesd Based on plant questionnaire survey results, the current values in Vietnam

Calculate SOx emission at 1st, and review any issues in questionnaire data and/or any entry error.
SOx emission is calculated for each facility, by multiplying emission gas volume with emission gas
concentration and operation hours. Alternatively, SOx emission is calculated by multiplying SOx emission
factor with fuel consumption. Effect of emission gas treatment facility is to be multiplied also if it exists andin operation, SOx emission factor is calculated based on the following formula for each fuel type and each
sub-category.

EF =
EF
B
C
D
E

2 × B 10 6 (100 − C ) (100 − D)·····································································(3.2-5)
×
×
×
100
E
100
100
Emission factor (SO2-kg / Fuel - TJ)
Sulfur content of fuel (%)
Sulfur retention in ash (%)
Efficiency of SO2 emission control (%)
Net Calorific Value (TJ/kton)- 3-28 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

If data for the calculation above is not available, assume as follows.
If emission gas concentration measurement data is not written in questionnaire, but if emission gas
concentration at similar facility is available, assume that the concentration is the same. If similar facility data
is not available, but if sulfur content, ash content and annual fuel usage data are available, multiply to calculate
SOx emission. SOx reduction rate is to be multiplied also if SOx treatment device is in operation.
If sulfur and ash content data is not available for any factory, data stated in questionnaire from any otherfactory that uses similar fuel, emission factor mentioned of “Non-large scale source emission factor” explainedlater, or emission factor mentioned in “Simple Method” are applicable. If SOx emission factor is applied to
calculate SOx emission, basically, Net Calorific Value replied in the questionnaire should be applied. When
Net Calorific Value is not replied in survey form, Net Calorific Value of the fuel from same source, or thevalue listed in Table 3.2-22 are to be applied.
9) Validating SOx emission
By comparing SOx emission calculated based on questionnaire survey with SOx emission calculated bysimple method, SOx emission is to be validated. If difference is large, it is necessary to find reasons ofdifferences.
10) Reviewing all the input for SOx emission calculation (fuel consumption, sulfur content, etc.) and SOx
emission factor and revising some of them
If difference is large and its reason is related to input data for LPS emission calculation, it is necessary tocorrect or re-measure input values, and re-calculate the SOx emission rate.
11) Calculating emission of other pollutants
Emission of other pollutants is to be calculated.
12) Validation of emission of other pollutants
For other pollutants, emission is to be calculated according to simple method, and compare it with the total
emission of the factories calculated with questionnaire information. If difference is large, it is necessary tofind reasons of differences.
13) Reviewing all the input for emission calculation (fuel consumption rate, dust removal rate, etc.) andemission factors and revising some of them
As same as in SOx, if difference is large, and its reason is related to input data for LPS emission calculation, it
is necessary to correct or re-measure input values, and re-calculate the value.

- 3-29 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

1) Selecting factories for questionnaire

2) Preparing survey forms

3) Sending survey forms

3) Collecting survey forms

5) Selecting factories for interview

4) Checking and correcting preliminary
contents of survey forms5) Carring out interview survey

6) Checking and revising questionnaire andinterview survey result7) Compiling questionnaire replies andinputting them into database8) Calculating activity data and SOx emission10) Reviewing all the input for SOx emission
calculation and emission factor, and revisingsome of them

9) Validatiing SOx emission11) Calculating emission of other pollutants13) Reviewing all the input for emission
calculation and emission factors, and revisingsome of them12) Validation of emission of other pollutants

Emission inventory based on factory
questionnaire survey
Figure 3.2-1 Outline of emission calculation of large scale sources- 3-30 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.2.2.2

Activity data estimation

Fuel consumption by facility type is not generally published in energy statistics. Fuel consumption of energy
industry by facility type and by fuel type is necessary to be found in statistics or survey result related toelectric power of the country. Additionally, if fuel consumption rate by facility type and by fuel type issurveyed by LPS questionnaire survey or visit interview, emission can be calculated using “3.2.2 Detailed
method”.
Active volume in manufacturing sector is production volume if emission is calculated by the emission factor of
Table 3.2-29 to Table 3.2-32. Fuel consumption is not treated as activity data in Manufacturing sector. To be
more precise, activity data shown in Table 3.2-23 are required.

Table 3.2-23 Example of activity data in manufacturing sector for detailed method Subcategory
Iron andSteel

Nonferrous
metalsTechnical
classification

Unit

Blast Furnace

ton pig iron/yr

Sinter Plants

ton sinter/yr

Pelletizing Plants

ton pellet/yr

Reheating Furnace

ton /yr

Grey Iron Furnace

Sub-categoryNon-ferrous
metalsTechnical
classification

Unit

Nickel Production

ton/yrMagnesium

ton/yrAlumina
production

ton/yrPlaster(gypsum)
furnace

Plaster(gypsum)
furnaceton/yrg/ton chgd

Lime production

Lime production

ton/yrPrimary Copper
production

ton/yrCementCementmanufactureteclinker/yr

Second Copper
production

ton/yrRoadstone
Coating Plants

Asphalt

ton/yrPrimary Lead
production

ton/yrGlass
Production

ton/yrSecond Lead
production

ton/yrMineral Wool
Production

ton/yrPrimary Zinc
production

ton/yrBricks and Tiles

ton/yrSecond Zinc
production

ton/yrFine Ceramic

ton/yrSecond Aluminum

ton/yr

Enamelton/yr- 3-31 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

These activity data should be compiled using all types of statistics of the country. If some of activity data is notfound in any statistics of the country, following international statistics data can be used as alternative.
1) Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
2) International Industrial Steel Institute (IISI:
http://www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/SSY%202010.pdf)
3) United States Geo-Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook(http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country)
4) Food Agricultural Organization Statistics Database (FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org/Collection)
There is emission from manufacturing other than the sub-category above, or emission from small facility thathas no direct relationship with the industrial process of the sub-category, which is to be calculated as small
facility described below.
Small facility mainly consists of consumer industry, household, and similar facilities. Fuel consumption ofthese facilities is activity data. According to IEA energy statistics, it consists of consumer industry, household ,agriculture, fisheries, and so forth. Biomass that is widely used in East Asia region is classified into fuel type
categories, such as solid biomass, biogas, liquid biomass, waste and other unaccountable items. Therefore,
when detailed method is employed, activity data other than IEA energy statistics is required.
For instance, United Nations Energy Statistics Yearbook (classified into firewood, coal and bagasse) and
FAOSTAT (classified into firewood and charcoal) are available. For emission calculation, these data is
assumed as Consumption = Production + Import - Export.
In some region of East Asian, it is expected that there are many household stoves and fireplaces for heating
and cooking fires. On top of that, firewood, coal and carcass are used as fuel in some regions, which may
contribute the air pollution of the region deeply. Biomass not only for commercial purpose but for
consumption is expected to be huge, which makes that activity data is difficult to calculate from statistics. In
other words, biomass statistics are normally not reliable, as there is a tendency to underestimate its
consumption. Therefore, it is preferable to survey biomass consumption rate at additional private household
and private business. Main survey items are fuel consumption rate by fuel type, fuel consumption rate by time,
as well as burning condition within the scope identifiable.

3.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors

In detailed method, emission factor is prepared in accordance with technical (burning facility) type and fueltype, as shown in Table 3.2-24. Manufacturing and construction sector is sub-divided into technical (burningfacility) type for each sub-category, rather than fuel type. For them, emission factor is prepared per production
volume instead of per fuel usage. Therefore, it is not shown in Table 3.2-24.

- 3-32 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-24 Detailed Method - by category and by fuel type
Category

Energy sector

Residential
combustion

Private businessTechnical type (or subcategory)

Fuel typeDry bottom boiler

Coking coal, steam coal, sub-bituminous coal,
brown coal, lignite, wood, peat, coke, oven coke,
residual oil, natural gas, wood

Wet bottom boiler

Coking coal, steam coal, sub-bituminous coal,
brown coal, lignite

Fluid bed boiler

Hard coal, brown coal, wood, peat

Gas turbine

Natural gas, gas oil, refinery gas, blast furnace gas

Stationary engine

Natural gas, gas oil

Fireplace/ sauna/ outdoor

Hard and brown coal, biomass

StovesHard and brown coal, biomass, gas, oil

Water heaters/boilers

Hard and brown coal, biomass, gas, oil

Boilers

Hard and brown coal, biomass, heavy fuel oil, gas

CHP (smaller-scale combined
heat and power generation)

Gas, Gas oil

Emission factor for energy sector is prepared by technical type and fuel type, as shown in Table 3.2-25 toTable 3.2-28. CO2 emission factor for detailed method based on ”2006 IPCC Guidelines” Tier2 is not
mentioned in this guideline, since it is the emission factor peculiar to the country. BC and OC emission factors
for simple method is also applied in detailed method since those emission factors by technical subclassification
are not available until now,.
SOx emission factor of energy sector for detailed method is, as same as that for simple method, based on fueltype and sub-category to obtain the sulfur content in fuel of the country, ash content, SOx removal efficiency,
which is calculated using formula 3.2.3 of “3.2.1 Simple method” and “3.2.1.3 Emission factor”. If the data of
the country is not available, emission factors shown in Table 3.2-25 to Table 3.2-28 are applicable.

- 3-33 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-25 Energy sector emission factors for detailed method (Part 1)
Sub-category (by technicaltype, and fuel type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVO
C

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Coking Coal, Steam Coal,
Sub-Bituminous Coal

g/GJ

820

324

10

1.2

NE

30

20

9

-

-

-

1

1.5

Residual Oil

g/GJ

485

210

15.1

2.3

NE

20

15

9.0

-

-

-

1

0.6

Natural Gas

g/GJ

0.3

89

39

1.5

NE

0.9

0.9

0.9

-

-

-

1

0.1

Wood and Wood waste(clean wood waste)

g/GJ

11

211

258

7.3

NE

35

25

12

-

-

-

30

4

g/GJ

820

461

10

0.8

NE

15

12

6

-

-

-

1

1.5

g/GJ

820

286

20

1.7

NE

40

30

14

-

-

-

1

1.5

Dry Bottom Boilers

Wet Bottom Boilers
Coking Coal, Steam Coal,
Sub-Bituminous Coal
Wet and Dry Bottom Boiler
Brown Coal/Lignite

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from”2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from” EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: “NE: Not estimated”, ”NA: Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are to be calculated using simple method.
The range indicated in CH4 and N2O comes from”2006 IPCC Guidelines”, or included in”2006 IPCC Guidelines” multiple fuel type. SOx emission
factor is calculated with assumption that the sulfur content in fuel is 1%.

- 3-34 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-26 Energy sector emission factors for detailed method (Part 2)
Sub-category (by technicaltype, and fuel type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVO
C

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Hard Coal

g/GJ

820

83

70

1.2

NE

15

12

6

-

-

-

1

61

Brown Coal

g/GJ

820

61

0.07

1.7

NE

40

30

14

-

-

-

1

61

Wood and similar wood
waste

g/GJ

11

96

42

7.3

NE

35

25

12

-

-

-

11

7

Gaseous Fuels

g/GJ

0.281

153

39.2

1

NE

0.908

0.908

0.908

-

-

-

4

1

Gas Oil

g/GJ

46

398

1.5

0.2

NE

3.0

3.0

3.0

-

-

-

4

1

g/GJ

46

1450

385

37

NE

28.1

22.4

21.7

-

-

-

0.9

0.4

g/GJ

0.3

1416

407

46

NE

1.5

1.5

1.5

-

-

-

258

NA

Fluid Bed Boilers

Gas Turbines

Large stationary Cl reciprocating engines
Gas Oil
Stationary reciprocating Engines
Gas fuel (includes dual fuel95% gas + 5% gas oil)

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from ”2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from ” EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: “NE: Not estimated”, “NA: Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are calculated using simple method.
The range indicated in CH4 and N2O comes from”2006 IPCC Guidelines”, or included in”2006 IPCC Guidelines” multiple fuel type. SOx emission
factor is calculated with assumption that the sulfur content in fuel is 1%.

- 3-35 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-27 Energy sector (Refinery) emission factors for detailed Method
Sub-category (by technicaltype, and fuel type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMV
OC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Residual Oil (Refinery Fuel Oil)

g/GJ

485

125

15

2.3

NE

20

15

9

-

-

-

3

0.3

Gas Oil

g/GJ

46

60

16

1.1

NE

6.5

3.2

0.8

-

-

-

0.2

0.4

LPG

g/GJ

0.3

64

37

4.0

NE

0.99

0.99

0.99

-

-

-

0.9

4

Natural Gas

g/GJ

0.3

60

39

2.6

NE

0.89

0.89

0.89

-

-

-

1

1

g/GJ

0.3

410

270

60

NE

0.89

0.89

0.89

-

-

-

110 693

-

46

1450

385

37

NE

28.1

22.4

21.7

-

-

-

-

-

Process Furnaces, Heaters and Boilers

Reciprocating Engines - Gas fired
Natural Gas

Reciprocating Engines (compression injection)
Gas Oil

g/GJ

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: NE: “Not estimated”, NA: “Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are calculated using simple method.
The range indicated in CH4 and N2O comes from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, or included in “2006 IPCC Guidelines” multiple fuel type. SOx emission
factor is calculated with assumption that the sulfur content in fuel is 1%.

- 3-36 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-28 Energy sector (Cokes furnace) emission factors for detailed method
Sub-category (by technicaltype, and fuel type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMV
OC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

g/Mg Coal

515

880

15000

96

39

1810

905

653

-

-

0.56

0.10

-

2700

420

15000

41

39

2900

1900

1600

-

-

0.56

0.10

-

Coke oven (with byproduct recovery)
Coal

Coke oven (without byproduct recovery)
Coalg/Mg Coal

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: NE: “Not estimated”, NA: “Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are calculated using simple method.
The range indicated in CH4 and N2O comes from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, or included in “2006 IPCC Guidelines” multiple fuel type. SOx emission
factor is calculated with assumption that the sulfur content in fuel is 1%.

- 3-37 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Manufacturing sector emission factor is shown in Table 3.2-29 to Table 3.2-32.

Table 3.2-29 Manufacturing sector (metal product) emission factors for detailed method
Sub-category

Iron and SteelNon-ferrous
metalsTechnical classification

Unit

SOx
emissionfactorNOxemissionfactorCOemissionfactorBlast Furnace

g/ton pig iron

38

8

354

Sinter Plants

g/ton sinter

220

558

18000

Pelletizing Plants

g/ton pellet

11

329

64

Reheating Furnace

g/ton

13

170

65

Grey Iron Furnace

g/ton chgd

1720

285

26200

Primary Copper production

g/ton

10276

7062

-

Second Copper production

g/ton

1225

400

4690

Primary Lead production

g/ton

6192

-

-

Second Lead production

g/ton

2203

186

-

Primary Zinc production

g/ton

5292

-

-

Second Zinc production

g/ton

12232

1501

-

Second Aluminum

g/ton

603

449

-

Nickel Production

g/ton

18000

-

-

Magnesium

g/ton

335

3050

-

Alumina production

g/ton

637

945

135

Source: “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”

Table 3.2-30 Manufacturing sector (Mining product, Part 1) emission factors for detailed method
Sub-category

Technical classification

Plaster(gypsum) furnace

Plaster(gypsum) furnace

Lime production

Lime production

SOxemissionfactorNOxemissionfactorCOemissionfactor

g/ton

-

1058

-

g/ton

1414

2236

1936

Unit

Source: “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”- 3-38 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-31 Manufacturing sector (Mining product, Part 2) emission factors for detailed method
Technical
classification

Unit

SOx
emissionfactorNOxemissionfactorCOemissionfactorNMVOC
emissionfactorCement manufacture

g/te clinker

374

1550

2000

100

Sub-category

CementSource: “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”

Table 3.2-32 Manufacturing sector (Mining product, Part 3) emission factors for detailed methodSOxemissionfactorNOxemissionfactorCOemissionfactor

g/ton

17.7

35.6

200

Glass Production

g/ton

1962

2931

6.1

Mineral Wool Production

g/ton

223

1625

525

Bricks and Tiles

g/ton

166

142

415

Fine Ceramic

g/ton

247

850

456

Enamel

g/ton

4770

3373

2400

Sub-category

Roadstone Coating Plants

Technical classification

Asphalt

Unit

Source: “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”

SOx emission factor in detailed method of small scaled facility such as household and private business iscalculated based on formula (3.2-3) of “3.2.1.3 Setting of emission factors” in “3.2.1 Simple method”, after
obtaining sulfur content and ash content of the fuel in the country, and de-SOx removal efficiency, that issimilar to Simple method. If the data for the country is not available, Table 3.2-33 to Table 3.2-36 could beapplied.
The emission factor of other pollutant in detailed method of small scaled facility such as household and private
business are shown in Table 3.2-33 to Table 3.2-36.

- 3-39 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-33 Household emission factors (Part 1) for detailed method
Sub-category (bytechnical and by fuel
type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMV
OC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Fireplaces, Saunas and Outdoor Heaters
Solid Fuel (not biomass)

g/GJ

500

60

5000

6000

5

350

330

330

-

-

-

147

-

Gaseous Fuels

g/GJ

0.5

50

50

20

NE

0.5

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

1

1

Biomass

g/GJ

10

50

6000

1300

10

900

860

850

-

-

-

NA

9

Solid Fuel (not biomass)

g/GJ

900

100

5000

600

NE

500

450

450

-

-

-

267 - 2650-

Wood and similar wood
waste

g/GJ

10

50

6000

1200

5

850

810

810

-

-

-

230 - 4190

1.6 27Natural Gas

g/GJ

0.5

50

30

10

NE

0.5

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

1

1

Liquid Fuels

g/GJ

140

50

100

20

NE

15

10

10

-

-

-

0.9 - 2.3

0.7 3.5

Stoves

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: NE: “Not estimated”, NA: “Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are calculated using simple method.
The range indicated in CH4 and N2O comes from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, or included in “2006 IPCC Guidelines” multiple fuel type.

- 3-40 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-34 Household emission factors (Part 2) detailed method
Sub-category (by technical andby fuel type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMV
OC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Solid Fuel (not biomass)

g/GJ

900

130

4000

300

NE

400

380

360

-

-

-

147

-

Wood and similar wood waste

g/GJ

30

120

4000

400

3.8

500

475

475

-

-

-

200

-

Natural Gas

g/GJ

0.5

70

30

10

NE

0.5

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

1

1

140

70

40

15

NE

5

3

3

-

-

-

0.7 5.8

0.2

Small (single household scale) boilers

Liquid Fuels

g/GJ

Advanced wood combustion techniques < 1MWth - Advanced stove
Coal Fuels

g/GJ

450

150

2000

300

NE

250

240

220

-

-

-

147

-

Wood

g/GJ

20

90

3000

250

NE

250

240

240

-

-

-

200

-

4500

450

NE

250

240

240

-

-

-

200

-

500

20

NE

80

76

76

-

-

-

200

-

Advanced wood combustion techniques < 1MWth - Advanced fireplaces
Wood

g/GJ

20

90

Advanced wood combustion techniques < 1MWth - Pellet stove
Wood

g/GJ

20

90

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: NE: “Not estimated”, NA: “Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are calculated using simple method.
The range indicated in CH4 and N2O comes from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, or included in “2006 IPCC Guidelines” multiple fuel type.

- 3-41 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-35 Private business (small scale) emission factors (Part 1) for detailed method
Sub-category (bytechnical and by fuel
type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NM
VOC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Medium size (> 50 kWth to <=1 MWth) boilers
Coal Fuels

g/GJ

900

160

2000

200

NE

200

190

170

-

-

-

0.7 - 14

0.5 - 1.4

Natural Gas

g/GJ

0.5

70

30

3

NE

0.5

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

1

1

Medium size (> 1 MWth to <=50 MWth) boilers
Coal Fuels

g/GJ

900

180

200

20

NE

80

76

72

-

-

-

0.7 - 14

0.5 - 1.4

Natural Gas

g/GJ

0.5

70

20

2

NE

0.5

0.5

0.5

-

-

-

1

1

Advanced coal combustion techniques <1MWth - Manual Boiler
Coal Fuels

g/GJ

450

200

1500

100

NE

150

140

130

-

-

-

87

0.7

Wood

g/GJ

20

150

3000

250

NE

80

76

76

-

-

-

11

7

Advanced coal combustion techniques <1MWth - Automatic Boiler
Coal Fuels

g/GJ

450

200

400

20

NE

80

76

72

-

-

-

1 - 14

0.7

Wood

g/GJ

20

150

300

20

NE

70

66

66

-

-

-

11

7

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: NE: “Not estimated”, NA: “Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are calculated using simple method.
The range indicated in CH4 and N2O comes from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, or included in “2006 IPCC Guidelines” multiple fuel type.

- 3-42 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.2-36 Private business (small scale) emission factors (Part 2) for detailed method
Sub-category (bytechnical and by fuel
type)

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMV
OC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Natural Gas

g/GJ

0.281

153

39.2

1

NE

0.908

0.908

0.908

-

-

-

4

1.4

Gas Oil

g/GJ

46.1

398

1.49

0.19

NE

3

3

3

-

-

-

0.7

0.4

Gas Turbines

Stationary reciprocating Engines –gas-fired, includes dual fuelGas Fuels (includes dual
fuel 95% gas +5% gas oil)

g/GJ

0.281

1420

407

46

NE

1.5

1.5

1.5

-

-

-

4

1.4

g/GJ

46.1

1450

385

37.1

NE

28.1

22.4

21.7

-

-

-

0.7

0.4

Reciprocating Engines
Gas oil

Source: CO2, CH4 and N2O are from “2006 IPCC Guidelines”, the rest are from “EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009”.
Note: NE: “Not estimated”, NA: “Not applicable”, “Not available”, CO2, BC and OC are calculated using simple method.

- 3-43 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.2.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution

The same as in simple method, set the spatial distribution and temporal change model, and distribute theemission rate.

3.3

Mobile source

3.3.1

Estimation Target

Target sources are composed of cars, motorbikes, aircrafts, railways, and vessels. Off-road mobile to be
included “manufacturing and construction” and “agricultural, forestry and fishery” is excluded. Emission fromcars and motorbikes occupies most of mobile source emission. Also, emission of mobile source includes SO2,
NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10 and PM2.5. NMVOC of non-combustion emission from car gasoline
evaporation exists. Evaporation emission of NMVOC from diesel cars is much less.

3.3.2

Estimation of air pollutants emission from automobiles

All air pollutants emission can be estimated using the same method as fuel combustion of stationary source.
The method is similar to IPCC Tier-1, but its difference is classification of fuel types in details. Emission isestimated by multiplying average emission factor for certain fuel and annual fuel consumption of the subcategories (cars, motorbikes, aircrafts, railcars, vessels). It is recommended that simple method of emission
estimation is used for SO2 and CO2 about combustion portion of fuel. For other air pollutants, simple method
can only provide rough emission. Simple method can not clearly identify 3-dimensional catalysts or otheremission reduction using technology, so simple method is restricted to use for countries where they are hard touse detailed method.
The default emission factors in simple method are mainly based on 1996 IPCC Guidelines, and EMEP/EEA
Guidebook. The activity data is annual fuel consumption rate of each sector, and data to be reported by IEA
Energy Statistics is available.
Car emission comes from fuel combustion, evaporation loss from cars (except losses during fuel filling), cartire wear, railroad dusts and so forth. In other words, air pollutants from cars have emission during travel(when hot, start and cold), evaporated gas (DBL, hot soak loss, running loss), lifting, tire and brake wear.
Emission can be estimated following formula.
Emission = During travel (when hot, start and cold) + Evaporated gas (DBL [Diurnal bridging loss],
hot soak loss, running loss) + Lifting + Tire and brake wear emission ····································(3.3-1)
In this guideline, estimation of emission during travel (when hot, start and cold) and evaporated gas (DBL, hotsoak loss, running los) is targeted.

3.3.2.1

Automobile emission by fuel combustion

1.

Simple method

1)

Outline of emission estimation method

Estimation method to be similar of IPCD Tier1 of emission from automobiles is used.

Ei = ∑∑ (FC j,m × EFi, j,m ) ·······························································································(3.3-2)jm

Ei = Targeted air pollutant i [g],FCj,m = car type j, fuel m consumption [kg],- 3-44 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

EFi,j,m = Emission factor (targeted air pollutant i, car type j, fuel m [g/kg].)
The automobile category is composed of passenger car, light and heavy duty truck, motorbikes and so on. The
fuel is classified into gasoline, gas oil, LPG, natural gas. In the above formula is required fuel consumption bycountry and by car type, and the average factor by car type.

2)

Fuel consumption rate measuring

Fuel consumption (gasoline, gas oil, LPG) by country can mostly be identified. However, if vehicles such as
CNG buses are relatively small fuel consumption, they can be ignored.
In EMEP/EEA Guidebook Tier-1, the fuel consumption rate by fuel type for 4 types of cars to be shown in
Table 3.3-1 is set up. Using this table, the energy statistics of fuel consumption can be classified into each car
type: passenger cars, light truck, small buses, heavy truck, large buses and motorbikes.
Table 3.3-1 Fuel consumption rate by fuel type
Car type

Passenger cars

Light truck, small buses

Heavy Truck, large buses

Motorbikes

Fuel type

Fuel consumption
rate (g/km)

Gasoline70

Gas oil

60

LPG

57.5

Gasoline100

Gas oil

57.5

Gas oil240

CNG (Bus)

240

Gasoline

35

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

3)

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors by air pollutants and by car types to be based on IPCC Tier-1 are shown in Table 3.3-2. Tier1
emission factors are based on cold start and European traffic characteristics. The emission factors are based on
1995 European activity data and Tremove 2.52 version. The maximum value is emission factor for
uncontrolled cars, minimum value shows average European emission factors in 2005, pre-application of
EURO4. The PM of cars is equivalent to PM2.5, so TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 are treated as the same emission
factors as PM. BC and OC is set by PM emission factor and Bond thesis.

- 3-45 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-2 Emission factor by target pollutant and by car type8
Car Type

Fuel Type

Gasoline
Diesel oil
LPG
Small truck, small bus Gasoline
Diesel oil
Large truck, large bus Diesel oil
CNG (bus)
Motorbike
Gasoline
Passenger car

Car Type

Fuel Type

Gasoline
Diesel oil
LPG
Small truck, small bus Gasoline
Diesel oil
Large truck, large bus Diesel oil
CNG (bus)
Motorbike
Gasoline
Passenger car

Car Type

CO
NOx
NMVOC
(g/kg fuel)(g/kg fuel)(g/kg fuel)Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum
132
50
350
14
5
40
14.5
6
35
4.7
2
11
1.1
0.5
2.5
11
9
14
68
40
115
10
6
18
15.5
6
40
155
80
300
14
5
40
24
14
40
11
8
15
1.75
1.5
2
15
13
19
8
6.5
10
1.6
1
2.5
37
30
45
5.7
2.2
15
0.26
0.1
0.67
13
5.5
30
490
340
700
114
65
200
9.5
11
8
N2O
NH3
PM
(g/kg fuel)(g/kg fuel)(g/kg fuel)Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum Average Minimum Maximum
0.037
0.030
0.045
0.213
0.130
0.350
0.173
0.030
1.000
1.700
0.700
4.000
0.087
0.050
0.150
0.018
0.016
0.020
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.194
0.090
0.420
0.173
0.150
0.200
0.030
0.020
0.045
0.197
0.130
0.300
0.140
0.030
0.650
2.800
2.000
4.000
0.069
0.040
0.120
0.014
0.013
0.015
1.200
0.700
2.000
0.061
0.025
0.120
0.015
0.012
0.020
0.020
0.010
0.036 n.a
n.a
2.700
1.500
5.000
0.059
0.050
0.070
0.063
0.050
0.080

Fuel Type

Gasoline
Diesel oil
LPG
Small truck, small bus Gasoline
Diesel oil
Large truck, large bus Diesel oil
CNG (bus)
Motorbike
Gasoline
Passenger car

Car Type

All car types

Fuel Type
Gasoline
Diesel oil
LPG
CNG or LNG

BC(g/kg fuel)OC(g/kg fuel)

0.013
2.280
0.000
0.013
2.280
1.140
0.000
1.450

0.014
0.720
0.000
0.014
0.720
0.360
0.000
1.550
CH4
(kg/TJ)kgCO2/kg fuel33.0003.900
62.000
3.900

3.180
3.140
3.017
2.750

SO2
(g/kg fuel)20×S content (%)
20×S content (%)
20×S content (%)
20×S content (%)

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, 2006 IPCC Guidelines

4)

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Traffic count survey in major cities is implemented, and temporal change is estimated from hourly traffic
volume by car type.
Spatial distribution is assigned from fuel consumption by province and by district.

2.

Detailed method

1)

Definition of terminology

Road-link is roads from one junction to the next junction, where the traffic that does not fluctuate too much, asshown in Figure 3.3-1.

8

A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emission s from combustion, Tami C. Bond etal., 2004, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, D14203- 3-46 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Figure 3.3-1 Example of road link

OD survey is due to survey mainly automobiles from starting point to arrival point, and traffic volume issummed up by regional (zone) as totalization unit. OD survey by questionnaire method, car operation per day
such as purpose of use, destination and parking areas for car users and owners is surveyed. Status of ownershipand use for private passenger cars par household, movement of one day operation, and loading good status(items, weight) for trucks is surveyed.

Table 3.3-3 OD questionnaire survey
Traveldistance
indicator (km)Starting point, arrival point, address
1stlocationmeter

1st Start time :Moving distance
(km)

. km

2nd - 1st

2nd
location

2nd Start time :

Km

. km

3rd - 2nd

3rd
location

3rd Start time :

Km

. km

4th - 3rd

4th
location

4th Start time :

Km

. km

5th - 4th

5th Start time :Km

5thlocation2). km

Outline of emission estimation method

Emission from vehicles including motorcycles, is shown in Figure 3.3-2, is calculated by multiplying travel
volume and emission factor. That is, activity data is the travel volume. Travel volume (number of vehicles·km)
is estimated by main roads as major roads and other roads as minor roads. Emission by each road link is- 3-47 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

estimated for major roads. Emission of minor roads is estimated as the total of target area, or per mesh ofemission to be based on objective of inventory. The travel volume of major roads and minor roads is calculated
by multiplying the traffic volume by time and by car type, and travel kilometers.
Major road emission (g/h)=Travel volume by road link (number of vehicles·km/h)×Emission factor (g/ number of vehicles·km):(3.3-3)
Minor roads emission (g/h)=Minor roads travel volume (number of vehicles·km/h)×Emission factor (g/ number of vehicles·km): (3.3-4)
The travel volume of major roads by car type, by hour and by road link is required for estimation. Using theresult of travel count survey or traffic volume assignment simulation result, the traffic volume at survey points
by car type, by hour and by road-link is estimated, traffic volume by zone, by car type and by hour is estimatedby the above results and its road link distance. Based on above results, pattern by road type and by road hour isarranged, and then road link not to be surveyed is assigned traffic volume by hour and by car type. The
emission factors are set by composition of car type by exhaust gas regulation and its corresponding emission
standard of regulation cars.
Number of Registered cars byregistrated year and car type
Emission base unit
by car type,registrated year andair pollutants

Major road traffic
volume (by roadlink, car type and byhour)

Travel CoefficientComposition of catr
type by regulation year
against total number ofcars by car type

Travel speed by roadlink by hour

Major road travel
volume by road- link,
car type and by hour

Remaining rate

Emission factor by
air pollutant, by car
type, and by travel
speed

Emission amountfrom major road by
air pollutant

Minor roads travel
volume by mesh, by
car type and by hour

Minor road ofhourly average
travel speed

Emission amountfrom minor road by
air pollutant

Emission amount fromvehicles by air pollutant

Figure 3.3-2 Estimation flow of emission from automobile- 3-48 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3)

Estimation of active data

Activity data, that is, travel volume (number of vehicles·km) is estimated by roads to be classified into majorroad and minor road for inventory target area. The estimation methods of travel volume are arranged asfollows.
Table 3.3-4 Estimation methods list of travel volume (activity data)
Source to measure travel
volumeMajor roadUse of traffic count survey

Implementation of actual survey oftraffic count in the target area
inventory (”A”)

Use of OD data

Method of traffic assignment
simulation to be based on OD Table(”B”)

Minor road

Method based on OD Table(”C.”)
Method of travel volume estimation
at minor roads from energy
statistics (“D”)

Use of energy statistics

Major roads information of target area for road status and vicinity information needs to be arranged for line
source diffusion calculation (simulation).
・
・
・
・
・
・

A.

Road position coordinates and end point distance as line sources
Road structure
Number of lanes
Road width and sidewalk width
Road surface height
Traffic flow (2-way, or 1-way traffic)

Method using traffic count survey result (major roads)

Automobile travel volume for inventory target area to be calculated from actual traffic count survey is ideal. If
actual survey result exists, its use can be considered. East-Asia area is rapid economic growth, number ofregistered cars grows rapidly, and the latest traffic volume to be based on actual survey is preferable. Therefore,
actual survey of traffic volume is required.
Method of actual traffic count survey is described as follows.

A)

Number of survey points

Number of survey points is determined by consideration of population, size and number of registration vehicle
in target area. Road traffic census in Japan, roads with more than provincial road level and 12-hour day timetraffic volume to be more than 10,000 are selected for survey points.

B)

Setting of location for survey points

In traffic volume survey for emission inventory estimation, based on the objective of inventory use, survey
points are determined. The locations of existing survey are also good candidates for survey points. And it is- 3-49 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

also necessary to set the survey points based on the aspect of air pollution simulation verification. The survey
area should cover the city center and the major roads to the suburbs areas. The priority survey points are as
follows:

C)・

Ambient air monitoring station or roadside air monitoring station

・Roads that represent road type (highway, state roads, provincial roads, country roads, town
and village roads)

・Downtown, suburbs

・

Most heavy traffic junctions in the downtown

・Major roads and its equivalent road・Downtown is classified into some areas, some area to be considered important is allocated asemphasized survey points

・Setting of survey points are selected among the traffic volume of road link is not fluctuate toomuch (from junction to junction), do not have problems about security and safety.

Setting car type

Typical car types are set, and traffic volume by car type is counted. Car types are classified into approximately
8. Typical car types are classified into motorcycles, passenger cars, truck (light, medium, heavy), bus (small,medium, large) etc.

D)

Measurement time zone

Day time 12-hour or 24-hour measurement is implement. If possible, implementation of 14-hour, 16-hour
survey instead of 12-hour survey is desirable.
24-hour survey points are set to select among points such as neighborhood of monitoring station and junctionof the heaviest traffic volume.
For setting of survey points, 12-hour survey points is selected more, and traffic volume points are allocated to
calculate hourly pattern from results of 24-hour survey points.

E)

Preparation of survey plan・Weekday survey
Weekday survey should be considered the condition of the country, the survey to be selected the day withaverage traffic volume during one year is implemented. In Japan, most of the selection method is as follows:
weekday survey when traffic volume does not fluctuate too much during the season, and weekday is selectedfrom Tuesday to Thursday. However, before and after holiday, bad weather day, and other days expected tohave irregular traffic condition is excluded.
・Holiday survey
Holiday survey is implemented on Saturday, Sunday, or public holidays to be selected one day. However, badweather day, and other days expected to have irregular traffic condition is excluded for holiday survey.

F)

Survey method- 3-50 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Team formation and number of persons at the survey points is assigned for counting of 2-way traffic
simultaneously. The survey is implemented by using over 4 times-counters. The survey is implemented
following standard pattern: 30 minutes survey and 30 minutes break for one hour. In such case, the traffic
volume for one hour is calculated double of 30 minutes traffic survey count. Actual survey count is basicallyused, but there are big cities which have many motorcycles traffic count so much such as Hanoi and Ho Chi
Minh City, video camera can be used for counting.

G)

Estimation method of travel volume by using traffic count survey result

Estimation method of automobile travel volume by using traffic count survey result is shown in Figure 3.3-3.
Travel volume is estimated by multiplying the traffic volume and distance of road link.
・ Estimation of day/night ratio
For 12-hour traffic volume survey, 24-hour traffic volume is estimated from day/night ratio from the 24-hourtraffic volume survey. Day/night ratio by area, by road type and by car type is calculated from 24-hour traffic
volume survey result. And 24-hour traffic volume is estimated by multiplying the day/night ratio and daytime
12-hour traffic volume.
Day/night ratio = 24-hour traffic volume / daytime 12-hour traffic volume·····························(3.3-5)
・ Estimation of hourly traffic volume pattern
For hourly traffic volume pattern, distribution ratio of hourly traffic volume by area, by road type and by car
type is calculated from traffic volume at 24-hour survey points. Hourly traffic volume is estimated bymultiplying the distribution ratio and 24-hour traffic volume.
・ Estimation of annual average traffic volume
As traffic volume fluctuates depending on the day, for estimation of annual average traffic volume, if possible,
survey of traffic volume during weekdays and holidays is implemented, weekday traffic volume is modified byusing above results, and annual average of traffic volume is estimated.
・ Estimation of traffic volume by link
Road links near survey points are assigned from the above hourly traffic volume of survey points.

- 3-51 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Target traffic survey road

No

Yes

Other survey result

Traffic volume
survey result
Hourly traffic
volume by road-link
and by car type

Similar road traffic
volume usage

Day/night ratio, temporalchange estimation (24 hours
survey point)

Calculating 24-hourtraffic volume from
12-hour volume

Hourly traffic volume byroad-link and by car typeRoad-link
distance
Travel volume by road-link and by car typeFigure 3.3-3 Estimation method of automobile travel volume by using traffic survey result

・ Setting of traffic volume by road link of non-targeted survey points
If other survey data is available, the data is used. Otherwise, total traffic volume is estimated from traffic
volume of road next to the survey points and similar roads. And roads are categorized by traffic volume, bycomposition ratio and temporal change, roads to be categorized by composition ratio and by temporal change
is estimated, hourly traffic volume by road link and by car type is estimated the above as the reference.

B.

Estimation method of travel volume by using traffic assignment simulation result (majorroads)

Based on base-year OD data, the shortest time routes from departing to arrival zone is searched, that route is
assigned each OD travel volume, and traffic volume by road line or route is estimated, travel volume isestimated by multiplying the travel volume and distance of route and line.
The distributed traffic volume to be estimated is not number of target car type, based on PCU (Passenger Car
Unit) where each passenger car is treated as 1, and traffic volume by car type is estimated. Number of target
car types can be 3 to 4. Therefore, traffic volume by car type is assigned by estimation target car types oftraffic assignment simulation.
Hourly traffic volume by road link and by car type is estimated from assignment traffic volume which isapplied to distribution ratio by car type and pattern of hourly traffic volume from traffic count survey result.

- 3-52 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

C.

Method using OD Table (minor roads)

As number of trips for in-in, in-out and out-in of zone of OD Table as certain pre-conditions, the minor roadtraffic volume or travel volume is estimated based.
The zone in-in traffic volume is, vehicle run on the minor roads, and the travel volume is estimated bymultiplying the traffic volume and average trip length.
The zone in-out traffic volume and out-in volume is supposed to be from the starting point to the major road,or get off from the major road and reach the destination by using the minor roads, and the travel volume isestimated by multiplying in-out and out-in traffic volume by zone with average access distance.

*Reference: Methods that use traffic volume assignment simulation based on OD Table (Source: NOx total
mass emission control standards manual)[City model]
City model is a model which is based on assumption of assignment target road network and other minor roadas grid type. Minor road travel volume of area (a) is estimated following formula.
Minor road travel volume (number of vehicles·km) = Q×L·····················································(3.3-6)
Q: Generated concentration of traffic volume (except in-in)
L: Average trip length (km)L = a / LT + a / 4 P··················································································································(3.3-7)
a: Zone area (km2)
LT: Total length of assignment road network (major road and semi-major road) (km)
P: Total length of minor roads (km)[Suburban model]
Suburban model is based on assumption minor roads are regularly intersected by major road to be targeted
assignment. In the area (within the major road), the minor road travel volume is estimated following formula.
Minor road travel volume (number of vehicles·km) = Q×L·····················································(3.3-8)
Q: Generated concentration of traffic volume (except in-in)
L: Average trip length (km)
S: Minor roads interval length (km)
P: Total length of minor roads (km)
LT: Total length of major roads and semi-major roads (km)D.

Method of using energy statistics data (minor roads)

If OD data can not be obtained, energy statistics and traffic volume actual survey or existing traffic volumedata is used to estimate minor roads travel volume. Estimation flow of minor road travel volume is shown in
Figure 3.3-4.

- 3-53 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

The travel volume of minor roads by car type of target country can be estimated by subtracting the car travel
total distance (km) by car type of the country from energy statistics with car travel distance total by car type ofmajor roads.
Total vehicle kilometers by car type of minor roads (km)= Whole country total vehicle kilometers by vehicle type (km) - Major roads total vehicle kilometers
by vehicle type (km)(3.3-9)Traffic volume by car type of minor roads (number of vehicles·km) is estimated by multiplying vehicle
kilometers by vehicle type of minor roads (km) with traffic volume (number of vehicles) by vehicle type, timeframe. Traffic volume by vehicle type, time frame is set using traffic count survey result or existing survey
result.
Traffic volume total by car type of minor roads (number of vehicles·km)= Minor roads travel distance total by vehicle type (km ) × Travel volume by vehicle type, timeframe (number of vehicles) ···································································································(3.3-10)
However, if statistics data of the country for vehicle travel total kilometers (km) is available, the year of survey
or survey contents is checked if it is available, vehicle kilometers of minor roads are estimated.
Also, minor roads of travel volume can be estimated by questionnaire survey using OD survey form as shownin Table 3.3-3. Travel volume of minor roads by province, and by county is distributed existing travel volumedata and energy consumption rate data, or questionnaire OD survey result.
Energy statistics (gasoline,
gas oil, LPG, CNG etc)

Traffic volume survey orexisting survey result

Estimation from Table 3.3-1

Whole country vehicle
travel total kilometer by
car type (km)Major road vehicle
travel total kilometer by
car type (km)Side travel kilometer by car type = Wholecountry travel kilometer by car type Major roads travel kilometers by car type

Travel volumedata by province
and by country

Setting of hourly travel
volume by car type, time
(unit)

Energy consumption
rdata by province andby country

Distribution rate byprovince and by country

Minor roads travel volume by
car type (whole country)

Minor roads ravel volume by
car type (by province, country)

Figure 3.3-4 Estimation flow of minor roads travel volume by energy statistics- 3-54 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East AsiaE.

The gap between fuel consumption and emission to be estimated by travel volume andenergy statistics

Estimation of minor road fuel consumption, the fuel consumption of vehicle in energy statistics is subtracted
from fuel consumption of major road, and the result is treated as minor road fuel consumption; and if the total
emission is distributed in the area targeted, the emission from travel volume do not have gap from emission
based on energy statistics.
Fuel consumption is estimated by each travel volume of major roads and minor roads, and the fuelconsumption of energy statistics to have gap with the fuel consumption by the above estimation is highprobability. In such case, it is necessary to verify the conformity of energy statistics and fuel consumption. The
conformity verification method is to restrict particular area for compliance of fuel consumption and emission
factor, the differences of fuel consumption are analyzed.

4)

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors are divided into two factors: average emission factor and detailed emission factor.

A.

Average emission factor

Based on EMEP/EEA Guidebook Tier-2, average emission factor for passenger cars, light duty trucks, heavy
duty trucks, large buses and motorcycles is determined, as shown from Table 3.3-5 to Table 3.3-9. These
values derive from EMEP/EEA Guidebook Tier-3 emission factors to be estimated by European typical travel
speed, outside temperature, combination mode for highways, suburban roads and city roads, and trip length.
BC and OC emission factor is determined by PM2.5 emission factor and its ratio, as shown in Table 3.3-10.
By using these emission factors, emission is estimated by using emission factor for pre and post measure, theemission reduction effect is compared with control measures technology.

- 3-55 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-5 Passenger car average emission factor
Type

CO

NMVOC

NOx

N2O

NH3

PM2.5

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

PM2.5=

Technology
Units

g/km
PM10=TSP

Gasoline <1.4L

PRE ECE

39.2

3.65

1.89

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline <1.4L

ECE 15/00-01

30.5

3.05

1.89

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline <1.4L

ECE 15/02

22.8

2.94

2.06

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline <1.4L

ECE 15/03

23.2

2.94

2.23

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline <1.4L

ECE 15/04

13.6

2.51

2.02

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline <1.4L

Open Loop

11.9

2.22

1.49

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline <1.4L

PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC

4.23

0.564

0.441

0.023

0.07310.0024Gasoline <1.4L

PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC

2.39

0.301

0.242

0.012

0.09580.0024Gasoline <1.4L

PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I

2.14

0.169

0.098

0.005

0.02760.0011

Gasoline <1.4L

PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II

0.710

0.123

0.062

0.005

0.02760.0011

Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

PRE ECE

39.2

3.80

2.47

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

ECE 15/00-01

30.5

3.19

2.47

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

ECE 15/02

22.8

3.081

2.33

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

ECE 15/03

23.2

3.08

2.43

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

ECE 15/04

13.8

2.66

2.58

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

Open Loop

6.68

1.73

1.26

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC

3.93

0.645

0.441

0.00230.07310.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC

2.18

0.349

0.243

0.012

0.09580.0024Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I

1.96

0.193

0.098

0.005

0.02760.0011

Gasoline 1.4 -2.0L

PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II

0.658

0.136

0.062

0.005

0.02760.0011

Gasoline >2.0L

PRE ECE

39.2

4.01

3.70

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline >2.0L

ECE 15/00-01

30.5

3.41

3.70

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline >2.0L

ECE 15/02

22.8

3.30

2.62

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline >2.0L

ECE 15/03

23.2

3.30

3.44

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline >2.0L

ECE 15/04

13.8

3.51

2.80

0.010

0.00250.0024Gasoline >2.0L

PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC

3.33

0.520

0.419

0.023

0.07310.0024Gasoline >2.0L

PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC

1.74

0.273

0.226

0.012

0.09580.0024Gasoline >2.0L

PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I

1.58

0.157

0.091

0.005

0.02760.0011

Gasoline >2.0L

PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II

0.549

0.116

0.058

0.005

0.02760.0011

Diesel <2.0L

Conventional

0.713

0.162

0.561

0.000

0.0012

0.246

Diesel <2.0L

PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC

0.449

0.051

0.691

0.003

0.00120.0877

Diesel <2.0L

PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC

0.333

0.036

0.726

0.006

0.00120.0594

Diesel <2.0L

PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I

0.097

0.020

0.780

0.010

0.00120.0412

Diesel <2.0L

PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II

0.097

0.016

0.601

0.010

0.00120.0342

Diesel >2.0L

Conventional

0.713

0.162

0.890

0.000

0.0012

0.246

Diesel >2.0L

PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC

0.449

0.0077

0.691

0.003

0.00120.0877

Diesel >2.0L

PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC

0.333

0.110

0.726

0.006

0.00120.0594

Diesel >2.0L

PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I

0.097

0.019

0.780

0.010

0.00120.0412

Diesel >2.0L

PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II

0.097

0.016

0.601

0.010

0.00120.0342

LPG

Conventional

6.75

1.10

2.31

0.000

0.0100n.a.

LPG

PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC

3.80

0.771

0.444

0.000

0.0100n.a.

LPG

PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC

2.65

0.369

0.199

0.013

0.0120n.a.

LPG

PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I

2.22

0.206

0.115

0.005

0.0050n.a.

LPG

PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II

1.04

0.100

0.063

0.005

0.0050n.a.

2-Stroke

Conventional

13.1

10.0

0.642

0.008

0.0019n.a.

Hybrid Gas 1.4-2.0L

PC EURO 4 - 98/69/EC II

0.001

0.021

0.009

0.005

0.0276n.a.

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-56 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-6 Light truck average emission factor
Type

CO

NMVOC

NOx

N2O

NH3

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

Technology
Units
Gasoline <3.5tGasoline <3.5tGasoline <3.5tGasoline <3.5tGasoline <3.5tDiesel <3.5tDiesel <3.5tDiesel <3.5tDiesel <3.5tDiesel <3.5tConventional
PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC
PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC
PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I
PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II
Conventional
PC Euro1 - 91/441/EEC
PC Euro2 - 94/12/EEC
PC Euro3 - 98/69/EE I
PC Euro4 - 98/69/EE II

25.5
8.82
5.89
5.06
2.01
1.34
0.577
0.577
0.473
0.375

3.44
0.614
0.304
0.189
0.128
0.133
0.141
0.149
0.094
0.035

3.09
0.563
0.230
0.129
0.064
1.66
1.22
1.22
1.03
0.831

0.010
0.025
0.025
0.028
0.013
0.000
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.009

0.00250.07580.09100.03020.03020.00120.00120.00120.00120.0012PM2.5
g/km
PM2.5=PM10=TSP
0.00230.00230.00230.00110.0011
0.356
0.117
0.117
0.07830.0409Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 3.3-7 Heavy duty trucks average emission factor
Type

CO

NMVOC

NOx

N2O

NH3

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

Technology
Units
Gasoline >3.5t
Rigid <=7.5 t
Rigid <=7.5 t
Rigid <=7.5 t
Rigid <=7.5 t
Rigid <=7.5 t
Rigid <=7.5 t
Rigid <=7.5 t
Rigid 12 -14 t
Rigid 12 -14 t
Rigid 12 -14 t
Rigid 12 -14 t
Rigid 12 -14 t
Rigid 12 -14 t
Rigid 12 -14 t
Rigid 20 -26 t
Rigid 20 -26 t
Rigid 20 -26 t
Rigid 20 -26 t
Rigid 20 -26 t
Rigid 20 -26 t
Rigid 20 -26 t
Rigid >32 t
Rigid >32 t
Rigid >32 t
Rigid >32 t
Rigid >32 t
Rigid >32 t
Rigid >32 t

Conventional
Conventional
HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I
HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II
HD Euro III -2000
HD Euro IV -2005
HD Euro V -2008
HD Euro VI
Conventional
HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I
HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II
HD Euro III -2000
HD Euro IV -2005
HD Euro V - 2008
HD Euro VI
Conventional
HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I
HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II
HD Euro III -2000
HD Euro IV -2005
HD Euro V - 2008
HD Euro VI
Conventional
HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I
HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II
HD Euro III -2000
HD Euro IV -2005
HD Euro V - 2008
HD Euro VI

59.5
1.85
0.657
0.537
0.584
0.047
0.047
0.047
2.13
1.02
0.902
0.972
0.071
0.071
0.071
1.93
1.55
1.38
1.49
0.105
0.105
0.105
2.25
1.90
1.69
1.79
0.121
0.121
0.121

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-57 -

5.25
1.07
0.193
0.123
0.115
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.776
0.326
0.207
0.189
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.486
0.449
0.29
0.278
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.534
0.510
0.326
0.308
0.012
0.012
0.012

6.60
4.70
3.37
3.49
2.63
1.64
0.933
0.180
8.92
5.31
5.50
4.30
2.65
1.51
0.291
10.7
7.52
7.91
6.27
3.83
2.18
0.422
12.8
9.04
9.36
7.43
4.61
2.63
0.507

0.006
0.029
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.006
0.017
0.017
0.029
0.008
0.008
0.004
0.012
0.034
0.033
0.029
0.008
0.007
0.004
0.012
0.034
0.032
0.029
0.012
0.012
0.007
0.018
0.053
0.049

0.00190.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.0029PM2.5
g/km
PM2.5=P
M10 =TSP
0.000
0.333
0.129
0.061
0.05660.01060.01060.00050.33440.201
0.104
0.08810.01610.01610.0008
0.418
0.297
0.155
0.13
0.02390.02390.0012
0.491
0.358
0.194
0.151
0.02680.02680.0013

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-8 Large bus average emission factor
CO

NMVOC

NOx

N2O

NH3

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

Technology

HD Euro I -91/542/EEC I
HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC II
HD Euro III - 2000
EEV
Conventional
HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I
HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II
HD Euro III -2000
HD Euro IV -2005
HD Euro V -2008
HD Euro VI
Conventional
HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I
HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II
HD Euro III -2000
HD Euro IV -2005
HD Euro V -2008
HD Euro VI

8.40
2.70
1.00
1.00
5.71
2.71
2.44
2.67
0.223
0.223
0.223
2.27
1.85
1.60
1.91
0.150
0.150
0.150

0.371
0.313
0.052
0.045
1.99
0.706
0.463
0.409
0.022
0.022
0.022
0.661
0.624
0.416
0.399
0.021
0.021
0.021

16.5
15.0
10.0
2.50
16.5
10.1
10.7
9.38
5.42
3.09
0.597
10.6
8.10
8.95
7.51
4.51
2.57
0.496

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0.029
0.012
0.012
0.001
0.012
0.032
0.040
0.029
0.009
0.008
0.004
0.012
0.034
0.033

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.00290.0029PM2.5
g/km
PM2.5=PM10
=TSP
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.909
0.479
0.22
0.207
0.04620.04620.0023
0.47
0.362
0.165
0.178
0.03540.03540.0018Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-9 Motorcycle average emission factor
CO

NMVOC

NOx

N2O

NH3

PM2.5
g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

PM2.5=PM10=TSP

Technology<50cm3<50cm3<50cm3<50cm34-stroke <250cm3
4-stroke <250cm3
4-stroke <250cm3
4-stroke <250cm3
4-stroke 250-750 cm3
4-stroke 250-750 cm3
4-stroke 250-750 cm3
4-stroke 250-750 cm3
4-stroke >750 cm3
4-stroke >750 cm3
4-stroke >750 cm3
4-stroke >750 cm3

13.8
5.60
1.30
1.00
32.8
13.6
7.17
3.03
25.7
13.8
7.17
3.03
21.1
10.1
7.17
3.03

13.8
2.82
1.66
1.31
2.06
1.08
0.839
0.465
1.68
1.19
0.918
0.541
2.75
1.50
0.994
0.587

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-58 -

0.020
0.020
0.260
0.260
0.225
0.445
0.317
0.194
0.233
0.477
0.317
0.194
0.247
0.579
0.317
0.194

0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001

0.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.00100.188
0.07550.03760.01140.014
0.014
0.00350.00350.014
0.014
0.00350.00350.014
0.014
0.00350.0035

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-10 BC,OC ratio against PM emission factor
BC(g/km)

OC(g/km)

Gasoline

PM×0.29

PM×0.31

Gas oilPM×0.57

PM×0.18

Fuel type

Note: PM=PM2.5 emission factor (g/km)
Source: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emission s from combustion,
Tami C. Bond et al., 2004, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, D14203

SOx emission, based on sulfur contents in fuel for target country, SO2 is emitted as S (S element×2) containedin the fuel, is estimated by multiplying it with vehicle travel consumption by travel of automobile. CO2
emission factor is shown in Table 3.3-11.

Table 3.3-11 CO2 emission factors
Car type

Fuel

kgCO2/kg fuelAll types
All types

Gasoline

3.180

Diesel3.140

All types

LPG

3.017

All types

CNG or LNG

2.750

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

B.

Detailed emission factor

The setting method of emission factor using emission factor model is shown in Figure 3.3-5. The emission
factors, exhaust gas regulation by year, vehicle composition by registered year, and vehicle kilometers byregistered year and by vehicle age is set by number of registered cars and by year, and number of scrapped car
data by year and by vehicle composition. These data applies to emission factor models (COPERT, MOBILE,etc.) If measurement data is not sufficiently existed, measurement data of chassis dynamo can be used as
supplement.
Detailed emission factors are generally compiled as a function of car traveling speed. Therefore, the average
traveling speed for target roads is required in order to estimate emission. Car travelling speed by hour and byroad link is basically set. However, if setting of the hourly speed is difficult, traveling speed by time zone
(morning, afternoon, evening, night, mid-night) is estimated by road regulation speed and actual travel speed
survey results. Travel speed means the travelled distance divided by travel time including stops at traffic lightand traffic jam.
Car travel speed is basically set by actual survey. Actual survey is implemented in same day of traffic countsurvey day. Travel route by road type, by area and by time zone is set. In actual survey, cars drive road flow,
and the selected roads are travelled several times, and it should be the average and typical one. Travel speed isestimated from positioning and recorded time of GPS, or record of car distance meter and measurement time.

- 3-59 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

However, SOx emission uses the same method as average emission factor. Also CO2, BC and OC emission
factor uses the same method as average emission factor.

Car exhaust gas regulation
Emission factor by
regulation and by fuelconsumption rate
(COPERT, MOBILE etc)

Applicable
period ofregulation
time period

Number of cars by car type and byregistration year of first year

Car emission gas measurement
results by chassis dynamo(regression analysis) , ifmeasurement data is insufficient
for restricted carsComposition ratio by fueltype and by car type

Composition ratio by car type andexhaust gas regulation classification
Annual travel distance by
car type, car age

Sulfur content by fuel type
Composition ratio by travelbased car type and by exhaustgas regulation classification
Emission factor by exhaust gas
regulation classification by
regulation year

Emission factor of target year by car type by travel speed

Figure 3.3-5 Setting method of emission factor

The typical emission factor by COPERT is described. Normal emission factors during hot is added, andemission factor for cold start is modified hot case, modification formula is as follows.
EFCOLD=β × EFHOT × (eCOLD/eHOT - 1) ····················································································(3.3-11)β: Ratio of vehicle kilometer for cold start or catalyst operating case

EFCOLD : Cold start emission factor
EFHOT : Hot emission factor
eCOLD/eHOT: Cold/Hot ratioA)

Gasoline passenger cars

・ Pre Euro
Emission factors for CO, VOC and NOx, and fuel consumption by gasoline passenger car during hot is shown
from Table 3.3-12 to Table 3.3-15. Pre-Euro passenger car eCOLD/eHOT coefficient and cold start parameter β isshown in Table 3.3-16 and Table 3.3-17.

- 3-60 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-12 CO emission factors (gasoline passenger cars)Class

Enginecapacity

Car speedV(km/h)CO emission factor (g/km)

R2

PRE ECEAll emission
rate
All emission
rate

10-100100-130

281V-0.630
0.112V+4.32

0.924
-

10-50
50-130313V-0.760
27.22-0.406V+0.0032V2

0.898
0.158

ECE 15-02

All emission
rate

10-60
60-130300V-0.797
26.260-0.440V+0.00377V2

0.747
0.102

ECE 15-03

All emission
rate

10-20
20-130161.36-45.62ln(V)37.92-0.680V+0.00377V2

0.790
0.247

ECE 15-04

All emission
rate

10-60
60-130260.788V-0.910
14.653-0.220V+0.001163V2

0.825
0.613

Improved
conventional

cc<1.4
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-13014.577-0.294V+0.002478V2
8.273-0.151V+0.000957V2

0.781
0.767

Open Loop

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-13017.882-0.377V+0.002825V2
9.446-0.230V+0.002029V2

0.656
0.719

ECE 15-00/01

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-13 VOC emission factors (gasoline passenger cars)Class

Enginecapacity

Car speedV(km/h)

VOC emission factor (g/km)

R2

PRE ECEAll emission
rate

10-100100-13030.34V-0.693
1.247

0.980
-

ECE 15-00/01

All emission
rate

10-50
50-13024.99V-0.704
4.85V-0.318

0.901
0.095

ECE 15-03

All emission
rate

10-20
20-13025.75V-0.174
1.95-0.019v+0.00009V

0.895
0.198

ECE 15-04

All emission
rate

10-60
60-13019.079V-0.693
2.608-0.037V+0.000179V2

0.838
0.341

Improved
conventional

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-1302.189-0.034V+0.000201V2
1.999-0.034V+0.000214V2

0.766
0.447

Open Loop

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-1302.185-0.0423V+0.000256V2
0.808-0.016V+0.000099V2

0.636
0.49

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-61 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-14 NOx emission factors (gasoline passenger cars)Class

EnginecapacityCar
speed
V(km/h)NOx emission factor (g/km)

R2

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01
cc>2.01

10-13010-13010-1301.173+0.0225V-0.00014V2
1.360+0.0217V-0.0000V2
1.5+0.03V+0.0001V2

0.916
0.960
0.972

ECE 15-02

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01
cc>2.01

10-13010-13010-1301.479-0.0037V+0.00018V2
1.663-0.0038V+0.00020V2
1.87-0.0039V+0.00022V2

0.711
0.839
-

ECE 15-03

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01
cc>2.01

10-13010-13010-1301.616-0.0084V+0.00025V2
1.29e0.0099V
2.784-0.0112V+0.000294V2

0.844
0.798
0.577

ECE 15-04

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01
cc>2.01

10-13010-13010-1301.432+0.003V+0.000097V2
1.484+0.013V+0.000074V2
2.427-0.014V+0.000266V2

0.669
0.722
0.803

Improved
conventional

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-130-0.926+0.719ln(V)1.387+0.0014V+0.000247V2

0.883
0.876

Open Loop

cc<1.4
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-130-0.921+0.616ln(V)-0.761+0.515ln(V)

0.791
0.495

PRE ECEECE 15-00/01

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-62 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-15 FC: Fuel consumption (gasoline passenger cars)Class

Enginecapacity

Car speedV(km/h)Fuel consumption (g/km)

R2

PRE ECEcc<1.41

10-60
60-80
80-130521V-0.554
55
0.386V+24.143

0.941
-

1.41<cc<2.01

10-60
60-80
80-130681V-0.583
67
0.471V+29.286

0.931
-

cc>2.01

10-60
60-80
80-130979V-0.628
80
0.414V+46.867

0.918
-

cc<1.41

10-60
60-130595V-0.63
95-1.324V+0.0086V2

0.951
0.289

1.41<cc<2.01

10-60
60-130864V-0.69
59-0.407V+0.0042V2

0.974
0.647

cc>2.01

10-60
60-30

1236V-0.764
65-0.407V+0.0042V2

0.976
-

cc<1.41

10-50
50-130544V-0.63
85-1.108V+0.0077V2

0.929
0.641

1.41<cc<2.01

10-50
50-130879V-0.72
71-0.7032V+0.0059V2

0.950
0.830

cc>2.0110-50
50-1301224V-0.756
111-1.333V+0.0093V2

0.961
0.847

cc<1.41

10-17.9
17.9-130296.7-80.21ln(V)102.5-1.364V+0.0086V2

0.518
0.760

1.41<cc<2.01

10-22.3
22.3-130606.1V-0.667
102.5-1.364V+0.0086V2

0.907
0.927

cc>2.01

10-60
60-130819.9V-0.663
41.7+0.122V+0.0016V2

0.966
0.650

Improved
conventional

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-13080.52-1.41V+0.013V2
41.7+0.122V+0.0016V2

0.954
0.994

Open Loop

cc<1.41
1.41<cc<2.01

10-13010-13085.52-1.383V+0.0117V2
109.6+1.98V+0.0168V2

0.997
0.997

ECE 15-00/01

ECE 15-02/03

ECE 15-04

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-63 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-16 Pre-Euro passenger car eCOLD/eHOT ratio
MattereCOLD/eHOT, Ta: Air
temperatureCO

3.7-0.09TaNOx

1.14-0.006Ta

VOC

2.8-0.06Ta

Fuel consumption

1.47-0.009Ta

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-17 Cold start parameter βCalculation value

Parameter β

ltrip

0.6474-0.02545×ltrip +(0.00974-0.000383×ltrip)×Ta

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

・ Post Euro-1
Post Euro-1 of gasoline car during hot, the emission factor formula is calculated by using EF=(a+c×V+e×V2)/(1+b×V+d×V2). Coefficient list of EF emission factor formula is shown in Table 3.3-18. PMemission factors for Post Euro-1 gas passenger car are shown in Table 3.3-19.

- 3-64 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-18 Post-Euro-1 factor list used in EF emission factors formula
Targ
et
matt
er

Regul
ation

Enginecapacit
y

Car
speed
(km/h)

R2

A

b

c

d

e

CO

Euro1

10-1300.87

1.12E+01

1.29E-01-1.02E-01-9.47E-04

6.77E-04

Euro2

All
All

10-1300.97

6.05E+01

3.50E+00

1.52E-01-2.52E-02-1.68E-04

Euro3

All

10-1300.97

7.17E+01

3.54E+01

1.14E+01-2.48E-01

Euro4

All

10-1300.93

1.36E-01-1.41E-02-8.91E-04

4.99E-05

Euro1

All

10-1300.82

1.35E+00

1.78E-01-6.77E-03-1.27E-03

Euro2

All

10-1300.95

4.11E+06

1.66E+06-1.45E+04-1.03E+04

Euro3

All

10-1300.88

5.57E-02

3.65E-02-1.10E-03-1.88E-04

Euro4

All

10-1300.10

1.18E-02-3.47E-05

8.84E-07

Euro1

All

10-1300.86

5.25E-01-1.00E-02

9.36E-05

Euro2

All

10-1300.52

2.84E-01-2.34E-02-8.69E-03

4.43E-04

1.14E-04

Euro3

All

10-1300.80

9.29E-02-1.22E-02-1.49E-03

3.79E-05

6.53E-06

Euro4

All

10-1300.71

1.06E-01

Euro1

<1.4

10-1300.99

1.91E+02

1.29E-01

1.17E+00-7.23E-04

1.4-2.0

10-1300.98

1.99E+02

8.92E-02

3.46E-01-5.38E-04>2.0

10-1300.93

2.30E+02

6.94E-02-4.26E-02-4.46E-04<1.4

10-1300.99

2.08E+02

1.07E-01-5.65E-01-5.00E-04

1.43E-02

1.4<2.0

10-1300.98

3.47E+02

2.17E-01

2.73E+00-9.11E-04

4.28E-03>2.0

10-1300.98

1.54E+03

8.69E-01

1.91E+01-3.63E-03<1.4

10-1300.99

1.70E+02

9.28E-02

4.18E-01-4.52E-04

4.99E-03

1.4-2.0

10-1300.99

2.17E+02

9.60E-02

2.53E-01-4.21E-04

9.65E-03>2.0

10-1300.99

2.53E+02

9.02E-02

5.02E-01-4.69E-04<1.4

10-1300.95

1.36E+02

2.60E-02-1.65E+00

2.28E-04

3.12E-02

1.4-2.0

10-1300.96

1.74E+02

6.85E-02

3.64E-01-2.47E-04

8.74E-03>2.0

10-1300.98

2.85E+02

7.28E-02-1.37E-01-4.16E-04

HC

NOx

FC

Euro2

Euro3

Euro4

-1.58E-03

1.25E-05

7.10E-06

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-19 Post-Euro-1 gasoline passenger car PM emission factors
TargetmatterRegulation

Fuelspecification

City(g/km)

Suburbs(g/km)

Highway(g/km)PM

Euro1and 2

2000-2009

3.22E-03

1.84E-03

1.90E-03

Euro3and4

2000-2009

1.28E-03

8.36E-04

1.19E-03

Euro3 GDI

2000-2009

6.60E-03

2.96E-03

6.95E-03

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-65 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Cold start post Euro-1 gasoline car eCOLD/eHOT factors are listed in Table 3.3-20, post Euro-1 parameter β(Euro-1 value) is listed in Table 3.3-21.

Table 3.3-20 Post-Euro1 gasoline passenger car eCOLD/eHOT coefficienteCOLD/eHOT=A×V+B×ta+C

TargetmatterEnginecapacity

Car speed(km/h)

Air
temperature
( ℃)

A

B

C

CO

cc<1.41

5-25-20 : 15

0.156

-0.155

3.519

26-45

-20 : 150.538

-0.373

-6.24

5-45

>15

8.032E-02-0.444

9.826

5-25

-20 : 15

0.121

-0.146

3.766

26-45

-20 : 15

0.299

-0.286

-0.58

5-45

>15

5.03E-02-0.363

8.604

5-25

-20 : 15

7.82E-02-0.105

3.116

26-45

-20 : 15

0.193

-0.194

0.305

5-45

>15

3.21E-02-0.252

6.332

5-25

>-20

4.61E-02

7.37E-03

0.755

26-45

>-20

5.13E-02

2.34E-02

0.616

5-25

>-20

4.58E-02

7.47E-03

0.764

26-45

>-20

4.84E-02

2.28E-02

0.685

5-25

>-20

3.43E-02

5.66E-03

0.827

26-45

>-20

3.75E-02

1.72E-02

0.728

5-25

-20 : 15

0.154

-0.134

4.937

26-45

-20 : 15

0.323

-0.240

0.301

5-45

>15

9.92E-02-0.355

8.967

5-25

-20 : 15

0.157

-0.207

7.009

26-45

-20 : 150.282

-0.338

4.098

5-45

>15

4.76E-02-0.477

13.44

5-25

-20 : 15

8.14E-02-0.165

6.464

26-45

-20 : 150.116

-0.229

5.739

5-45

>15

1.75E-02-0.346

10.462--10 : 300-0.0091.47

1.41<cc<2.01

cc>2.01

NOx

cc<1.41

1.41<cc<2.01
cc>2.01
VOC

cc<1.41

1.41<cc<2.01

cc>2.01

Fuelconsumption
rate

cc<1.41

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-66 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-21 Post-Euro-1 parameter β (against Euro-1 value)
Regulation

CO

NOx

VOC

Euro2

0.72

0.72

0.56

Euro3

0.62

0.32

0.32

Euro4

0.18

0.18

0.18

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

B)

Diesel passenger cars

・ Pre-Euro
Pre-Euro emission factors and fuel consumption during hot is shown in Table 3.3-22.

Table 3.3-22 Pre-Euro emission factors and fuel consumption (passenger car)
R2

Target matter

Enginecapacity

Car speed(km/h)COAll emission
rate

10-1305.4130V-0.574

NOx

cc<2.01

10-1300.918-0.014V+0.000101V2

0.949

10-1302

1.331-0.018V+0.000133V

0.927

10-1304.61V-0.937

0.794

10-1300.45-0.0086V+0.000058V2

0.439

10-130118.489-2.084V+0.014V2

0.583

VOC
PM
Fuel
consumption
ratecc>2.01
All emission
rate
All emission
rate
All emission
rate

Emission factor (g/km)

0.745

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
eCOLD/eHOT coefficient of Pre-Euro diesel passenger car during cold start is shown in Table 3.3-23.
Table 3.3-23 eCOLD/eHOT coefficient of Pre-Euro diesel passenger car
Target matter

eCOLD/eHOT
Ta: Air temperatureCO

1.9-0.03ta

NOx

1.3-0.013ta

VOC

3.1-0.09ta(1)PM

3.1-0.1ta(2)Fuel consumption

1.34-0.008ta(1)VOC: When ta>29°C, eCOLD/eHOT>0.5, (2) PM: When ta>26°C, eCOLD/eHOT>0.5
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-67 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

・ Post Euro-1
Post Euro-1 Hot gasoline passenger car during hot, emission factors are calculated using f following emission
factor formula.
EF=(a+c×V+e×V2)/(1+b×V+d×V2) +f/V ··············································································(3.3-12)
Coefficient list using above EF emission factors is shown in Table 3.3-24, PM emission factors for Euro-3
DPF-equipped cars are shown in Table 3.3-25.

Table 3.3-24 Coefficient list of EF emission factor formula (diesel passenger car)
Targ
et
matt
er

Reg
ulati
on

Enginecapacity

Carspeed(
km/h)

R2

a

CO

Euro1
Euro2
Euro3
Euro4

All

All
All
All

10-13010-13010-13010-130

0.94
0.91
0.95

9.96E-01
9.00E-01
1.69E-01

10-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-13010-130

0.93
0.98
0.99
0.98
0.99
0.54

HC

Euro1
Euro2
Euro3

NOx

PM

FC

Euro4
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3
Euro4
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3
Euro4
Euro1
Euro2
Euro3

<2.0
>2.0
<2.0
>2.0
<2.0
>2.0

All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
<1.4
>2.0
<1.4
>2.0
<1.4
>2.0

b

0.70
0.71
0.81
0.98
0.96
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.96

D

E

-1.88E-02-1.74E-02-2.92E-03⎡
17.5E − 03 + 86.42⎢1 + e
⎣

0.96
0.94
0.92

c

1.42E-01
1.59E-01
1.61E-01
5.01E+04
9.65E-02
9.12E-02
3.47E-02
3.10E+00
2.40E+00
2.82E+00
1.1E+00
1.14E-01
8.86E-02
5.15E-02
4.50E-02
1.45E+02
1.95E+02
1.42E+02
1.95E+02
1.62E+02
1.95E+02

1.38E-02
7.46E-02
3.80E+04
1.03E-01
2.69E-02
1.41E-01
7.67E-02
1.98E-01

6.73E-02
7.19E-02
4.98E-02
7.19E-02
1.23E-01
7.19E-02

V +117.67−− 21.99⎤⎥⎦

1.09E-04
8.77E-05
1.25E-05

F

1.1

−1

-2.01E-03-2.46E-03-1.21E-03
8.03E+03-2.38E-04-1.68E-03-6.41E-04-6.18E-03-1.16E-02
6.69E-02-2.02E-02-2.33E-03-1.42E-03-8.80E-04-5.39E-04-1.88E-01
1.87E-01-6.51E-01
1.87E-01
2.18E-01
1.87E-01-1.90E-05-3.35E-04
1.15E+03-7.24E-05
1.59E-03-5.03E-04-5.00E-04-1.43E-03-3.17E-04-3.32E-04-1.69E-04-3.32E-04-7.76E-04-3.32E-04

1.15E-05
1.21E-05
3.63E-06-2.66E+01
1.93E-06
8.94E-06
1.12E-05
4.22E-04
1.20E-04-4.63E-04
1.48E-04
2.26E-05
1.06E-05
8.12E-06
3.48E-06
9.47E-03
9.99E-03
1.32E-02
9.99E-03-1.28E-02
9.99E-03

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-25 PM emission factors of Euro-3 DPF-equipped car
Diesel passenger car

City (g/km)

Suburbs (g/km)

Highway (g/km)

Euro3+DPF

0.002

0.002

0.002

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-68 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Diesel car coefficients during cold start use the same values as gasoline cars.
Light duty truck (gasoline)

C)

Emission factors for light duty trucks (gasoline) and emission reduction ratio of Post Euro-2 against Euro-1 isshown in Table 3.3-26 and Table 3.3-27.

Table 3.3-26 Emission factors of gasoline light duty vehicle
Regulation

Car speed(km/h)

Conventional

10-110Target matter
CONOx

0.01104V2-1.5132V+57.789

0.732

2

10-1200.0037V -0.5215V+19.127

0.394

Conventional

10-1100.0179V+1.9547

0.142

10-120Conventional

10-110Euro 1
Fuel consumption

R2

Euro 1Euro 1
VOC

Emission factor (g/km)

10-120Conventional

10-110Euro 1

10-12020.0141

2

0.771

2

0.358

7.55E-05V -0.009V+0.666
67.7E-05V -0.117V+5.4734
5.77E-05V -0.01047V+0.5462
2

0.787

2

0.723

0.0167V -2.649V+161.51
0.0195V -3.09V+188.85

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-27 Post-Euro-2 emission reduction ratio against Euro-1
CO (%)NOx (%)VOC (%)

Euro2

39

66

76

Euro3

48

79

86

Euro4

72

90

94

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

D)

Light duty truck (diesel)

Emission factors for light duty trucks (diesel) and emission reduction ratio of Post Euro-2 against Euro-1 isshown in Table 3.3-28 and Table 3.3-29.

- 3-69 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-28 Emission factors for light duty diesel truck
TargetmatterCO

Car speed(km/h)

Regulation
ConventionalNOx

10-110ConventionalPM
Fuelconsumption
rate

0.0230

2

0.224

2

0.486

4.5E-05V -0.004885V+0.1932

10-110Euro 10.03732

1.25E-05V -0.000577V+0.288

10-110Conventional

0.03732

1.75E-05V -0.00284V+0.2162

10-110Euro 10.07232

1.75E-05V -0.00284V+0.2162

10-110Conventional

0.402

2

24.1E-05V -0.03181V+2.0247

10-110Euro 10.301

281.6E-05V -0.1189V+5.1234

10-110Conventional

0.136

2

22.3E-05V -0.026V+1.076

10-110Euro 1VOC

20E-05V2-0.0256V+1.8281

10-110Euro 1

R2

Emission factor (g/km)

0.02113V -2.65V+148.91
20.0198V -2.506V+137.42

10-1100.422

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-29 Post-Euro-2 emission reduction ratio against Euro-1
CO (%)NOx (%)VOC (%)PM (%)

Euro2

0

0

0

0

Euro3

18

16

38

33

Euro4

35

32

77

65

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

E)

Heavy duty truck (gasoline)

Emission factors for heavy duty truck (gasoline) are shown in Table 3.3-30.

Table 3.3-30 Emission factors for heavy duty (gasoline) vehicle
CO (g/km)

NOx (g/km)

VOC (g/km)

Fuelconsumption(g/km)

City

70

4.5

7.0

225

Suburbs

55

7.5

5.5

150

Highway

55

7.5

3.5

165

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

F)

Heavy duty truck and bus (diesel)

Emission factors for heavy duty truck and bus (diesel) is shown in Table 3.3-31 and Table 3.3-32. Theseemission factors, formula about travel speed is quite complicated, and car types are classified so detailed, it is- 3-70 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

difficult to calculate them. Therefore, consideration of user friendly, the emission factors are adopted same
factors as average emission factor.

Table 3.3-31 Emission factors for light duty truck
Type

CO

NMVOC

NOx

N2O

NH3

PM2.5

Units

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

g/km

Technology

Given asNotes

THC-CH4

Given asPM2.5=P

NO2

M10 =TSP

equivalent

Gasoline >3.5t

Conventional

59.5

5.25

6.60

0.006

0.00190.000

Rigid <=7.5 t

Conventional

1.85

1.07

4.70

0.029

0.00290.333

Rigid <=7.5 t

HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I

0.657

0.193

3.37

0.005

0.00290.129

Rigid <=7.5 t

HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II

0.537

0.123

3.49

0.004

0.00290.061

Rigid <=7.5 t

HD Euro III -2000

0.584

0.115

2.63

0.003

0.00290.0566

Rigid <=7.5 t

HD Euro IV -2005

0.047

0.005

1.64

0.006

0.00290.0106

Rigid <=7.5 t

HD Euro V -2008

0.047

0.005

0.933

0.017

0.00290.0106

Rigid <=7.5 t

HD Euro VI

0.047

0.005

0.180

0.017

0.00290.0005

Rigid 12 -14 t

Conventional

2.13

0.776

8.92

0.029

0.00290.3344

Rigid 12 -14 t

HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I

1.02

0.326

5.31

0.008

0.00290.201

Rigid 12 -14 t

HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II

0.902

0.207

5.50

0.008

0.00290.104

Rigid 12 -14 t

HD Euro III -2000

0.972

0.189

4.30

0.004

0.00290.0881

Rigid 12 -14 t

HD Euro IV -2005

0.071

0.008

2.65

0.012

0.00290.0161

Rigid 12 -14 t

HD Euro V - 2008

0.071

0.008

1.51

0.034

0.00290.0161

Rigid 12 -14 t

HD Euro VI

0.071

0.008

0.291

0.033

0.00290.0008Rigid 20 -26 t

Conventional

1.93

0.486

10.7

0.029

0.0029

0.418

Rigid 20 -26 t

HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I

1.55

0.449

7.52

0.008

0.00290.297

Rigid 20 -26 t

HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II

1.38

0.29

7.91

0.007

0.00290.155

Rigid 20 -26 t

HD Euro III -2000

1.49

0.278

6.27

0.004

0.00290.13

Rigid 20 -26 t

HD Euro IV -2005

0.105

0.010

3.83

0.012

0.00290.0239Rigid 20 -26 t

HD Euro V - 2008

0.105

0.010

2.18

0.034

0.00290.0239Rigid 20 -26 t

HD Euro VI

0.105

0.010

0.422

0.032

0.00290.0012

Rigid >32 t

Conventional

2.25

0.534

12.8

0.029

0.0029

0.491

Rigid >32 t

HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I

1.90

0.510

9.04

0.012

0.00290.358

Rigid >32 t

HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II

1.69

0.326

9.36

0.012

0.00290.194

Rigid >32 t

HD Euro III -2000

1.79

0.308

7.43

0.007

0.00290.151

Rigid >32 t

HD Euro IV -2005

0.121

0.012

4.61

0.018

0.00290.0268Rigid >32 t

HD Euro V - 2008

0.121

0.012

2.63

0.053

0.00290.0268Rigid >32 t

HD Euro VI

0.121

0.012

0.507

0.049

0.00290.0013

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-71 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-32 Large bus emission factors
CO
g/km

NMVOC
g/km

HD Euro I -91/542/EEC I

8.40

0.371

NOx
g/km
Given asNO2
equivalent
16.5

HD Euro II - 91/542/EEC II

2.70

0.313

HD Euro III - 2000

1.00

EEV

Technology

Given as
THC-CH4

N2O
g/km

NH3
g/km

PM2.5
g/km
PM2.5=P
M10 =TSP

n.a.

n.a.

0.02

15.0

n.a.

n.a.

0.01

0.052

10.0

n.a.

n.a.

0.01

1.00

0.045

2.50

n.a.

n.a.

0.005

Conventional

5.71

1.99

16.5

0.029

0.00290.909

HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I

2.71

0.706

10.1

0.012

0.00290.479

HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II

2.44

0.463

10.7

0.012

0.00290.22

HD Euro III -2000

2.67

0.409

9.38

0.001

0.00290.207

HD Euro IV -2005

0.223

0.022

5.42

0.012

0.00290.0462

HD Euro V -2008

0.223

0.022

3.09

0.032

0.00290.0462

HD Euro VI

0.223

0.022

0.597

0.040

0.00290.0023

Conventional

2.27

0.661

10.6

0.029

0.00290.47

HD Euro I - 91/542/EEC I

1.85

0.624

8.10

0.009

0.00290.362

HD Euro II -91/542/EEC II

1.60

0.416

8.95

0.008

0.00290.165

HD Euro III -2000

1.91

0.399

7.51

0.004

0.00290.178

HD Euro IV -2005

0.150

0.021

4.51

0.012

0.00290.0354

HD Euro V -2008

0.150

0.021

2.57

0.034

0.00290.0354

HD Euro VI

0.150

0.021

0.496

0.033

0.00290.0018Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

G)

Motorcycle emission factors【50cm3 below】
The emission factor and fuel consumption of motorcycle with engine capacity 50cm3 below is shown in Table
3.3-33, PM emission factors are in Table 3.3-34.
Table 3.3-33 Emission factor and fuel consumption of motorcycle 50cm3 below
Regulation

CO (g/km)

NOx (g/km)

VOC (g/km)

Fuel consumption(g/km)

Conventional

13.80

0.02

13.91

25.0

Euro1

5.60

0.02

2.73

15.0

Euro2

1.30

0.26

1.56

12.08

Euro3

1.00

0.26

1.20

10.50

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-72 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-34 PM emission factors for motorcycle 50cm3 below
Regulation

Car speed (km/h)

PM (g/km)

Conventional

10-1101.88E-01

Euro1

10-1107.55E-02

Euro2

10-1103.76E-02Euro3

10-1101.14E-02

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook【50cm3 and above】
Manufacturing and sales of 2-stroke motorcycles are prohibited in East-Asia countries such as Vietnam, it isdescribed index of emission factors and fuel consumption about 4-stroke engine.
A) Motorcycle CO and NOx emission factors (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke) until Pre-Euro-1 regulation isshown in Table 3.3-35, and HC emission factors and fuel consumption (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke)
until Pre-Euro-1 regulation is shown in Table 3.3-36. The emission factors are calculated from
EF=1/(((c×(V2))+(b×V))+a).
B) Euro-2 and Euro-3 motorcycle emission factor and fuel consumption (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke) isshown in Table 3.3-37, motorcycle PM emission factors (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke) are shown in
Table 3.3-38.

- 3-73 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-35 Motorcycle CO and NOx emission factors until Euro-1 (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke)
TargetmatterEnginecapacity

Regulation

Car
speed
(km/h)

e

c

A

CO

<250cm3

Conventional

10-60

1.93E-02-1.92E+00

6.83E+01

60-1101.70E-03

1.21E-01

9.50E+00

10-60-4.68E-04

1.08E-01

9.33E+00

60-110-4.68E-04

1.08E-01

9.33E+00

10-60

1.39E-02-1.42E+00

5.50E+01

60-1109.00E-04-9.90E-03

1.78E+01

10-60

1.51E-03-4.02E-02

8.73E+00

60-1101.51E-03-4.02E-02

8.73E+00

10-60

1.23E-02-1.19E+00

4.28E+01

60-1105.00E-04

1.24E-01

6.90E+00

Euro1

10-60

2.79E-03-3.42E-01

1.71E+01

Conventional

10-60

5.00E-05-1.00E-03

9.00E-02

60-1102.00E-05

6.00E-04

1.02E-01

10-60

7.66E-05-2.73E-03

2.32E-01

60-1107.66E-05-2.73E-03

2.32E-01

10-60

5.00E-05-9.00E-04

9.20E-02

60-1102.00E-05

7.0E-04

1.04E-01

10-60

5.23E-05

4.30E-04

1.91E-01

60-1105.23E-05

4.30E-04

1.91E-01

10-60

5.00E-05-8.00E-04

1.00E-01

60-1102.00E-05

8.00E-04

1.12E-01

10-60

1.43E-04-5.32E-03

1.94E-01

60-1101.43E-04-5.32E-03

1.94E-01Euro1
3

250-750cm

Conventional
Euro1

3

Conventional>750cmNOx

3<250cmEuro1
3250-750cm

Conventional
Euro1

3

>750cmConventional
Euro1

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-74 -Factors

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-36 Motorcycle HC emission factors and fuel consumptions until Euro-1 regulation (50cm3 andabove, 4-stroke)
EnginecapacityEnginecapacity

RegulationHC<250cm3

Conventional
Euro1
3250-750cm

Conventional
Euro1

3

Conventional>750cmEuro1
Fuelconsumptionrate

3<250cmConventional
Euro1
3250-750cm

Conventional
Euro1

3

>750cmConventional
Euro1

Car
speed
(km/h)

e

c

A

10-60

1.90E-03-2.11E-01

6.95E+00

60-1109.00E-04-1.41E-01

6.42E+00

10-60-1.53E-04

3.44E-03

1.21E+00

60-1100.00E+00

0.00E+00

8.70E-01

10-60

1.50E-03-1.64E-01

5.51E+00

60-1101.00E-05

5.00E-04

8.60E-01

10-60

1.59E-04-2.58E-02

1.78E+00

60-1101.59E-04-2.58E-02

1.78E+00

10-60

2.20E-03-2.57E-01

9.28E+00

60-1101.00E-04-3.10E-02

3.29E+00

10-60

3.36E-04-5.12E-02

2.68E+00

60-1103.36E-04-5.12E-02

2.68E+00

10-60

1.89E-02-1.87E+00

6.79E+01

60-1108.00E-04

1.61E-01

1.15E+01

10-60

8.40E-03-6.77E-01

2.57E+01

60-1108.40E-03-6.77E-01

3.57E+01

10-60

2.73E-02

2.85E+00

9.89E+01

60-1102.10E-03-1.55E-01

2.92E+01

10-60

6.44E-03-6.96E-01

4.65E+01

60-1106.44E-03-6.96E-01

4.65E+01

10-60

2.87E-02-3.11E+00

1.16E+02

60-1101.80E-03-1.64E-01

3.70E+01

10-60

7.22E-03-1.08E+00

7.66E+01

60-1107.22E-03-1.08E+00

7.66E+01

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-75 -Factors

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-37 Euro-2 and Euro-3 Motorcycle emission factors and fuel consumption (50cm3 and above,
4-stroke)
TargetmatterEnginecapacity

Regulation

COAll
emissionrateAllemissionrateAllemissionrateAllemissionrateAllemissionrateAllemissionrateAllemissionrateAllemission
rate

Euro2

NOx

HC

Fuel
consumptionrate

Car speed(km/h)

Emission rate (g/km)
City

Suburbs

Highway

10-110

6.472

5.947

9.309

Euro3

10-110

4.705

1.581

2.241

Euro2

10-110

0.195

0.265

0.531

Euro3

10-110

0.126

0.150

0.329

Euro2

10-110

1.053

0.557

0.612

Euro3

10-110

0.628

0.193

0.179

Euro2

10-110Euro310-110Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-76 -Same as Euro-1

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-38 Motorcycle PM emission factors (50cm3 and above, 4-stroke)
TargetmatterEngine capacity

Regulation

Car speed(km/h)

Emission rate
(g/km)

PM<250cm3

Conventional

10-1102.0E-02Euro1

10-1102.0E-02Euro2

10-1105.0E-03Euro3

10-1105.0E-03

Conventional

10-1102.0E-02Euro1

10-1102.0E-02Euro2

10-1105.0E-03Euro3

10-1105.0E-03

Conventional

10-1102.0E-02Euro1

10-1102.0E-02Euro2

10-1105.0E-03Euro3

10-1105.0E-033

250<cc<750cm

3<750cmSource: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-77 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 3.3-1 Emission of air pollutants from automobile in Vietnam
As examples of traffic count survey point, Figure 3.3-6 shows traffic count survey points in Hanoi city (onlycentral area), and Figure 3.3-7 shows traffic count survey counts in Ho Chi Minh city.

Figure 3.3-6 Traffic count survey points in Hanoi city center- 3-78 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Figure 3.3-7 Traffic count survey points in Ho Chi Minh City

The example is allocated assignment traffic volume for target car types (PCU unit) in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh
City distribution to inventory target car type, which is shown in Table 3.3-39.

Table 3.3-39 Distribution ratio by car type in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
Assignment
traffic volume
for target car
types

Emission inventory
target car type ofemission inventory

Distribution ratio from assignment traffic
volume for target car types (PCU unit) in Hanoi
and Ho Chi Minh City distribution to inventory
target car type

Motorcycle

Motorcycle

4.0

Passenger car

Passenger car

1.0

Bus

Minibus0.18051Bus

0.36462

Light duty vehicle

0.1984

Medium duty vehicle

0.3072

Heavy duty vehicle

0.0716Duty vehicle- 3-79 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Result of traffic volume survey in Hanoi in May 2010 are classified into road type and four categories:
Suburban, Secondary, Primary-1, Primary-2 for arrangement hourly change. The hourly patterns are shown
from Figure 3.3-9 to Figure 3.3-11. The traffic volume of motorcycle shows its 10%.

3,000

2,500

MC/10
Cars2-5
Cars7-12
Cars,Bus12-29
Cars,Bus>29
L-truck
H-truck

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 3.3-8 hourly change of Suburban traffic volume

700
600
500

MC/10
Cars2-5
Cars7-12
Cars,Bus12-29
Cars,Bus>29
L-truck
H-truck

400
300
200
100
0
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 3.3-9 Hourly change of secondary traffic volume- 3-80 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3,000

2,500

MC/10
Cars2-5
Cars7-12
Cars,Bus12-29
Cars,Bus>29
L-truck
H-truck

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 3.3-10 Hourly change of Primary-1 traffic volume

8,000
7,000
6,000
MC/10
Cars2-5
Cars7-12
Cars,Bus12-29
Cars,Bus>29
L-truck
H-truck

5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 3.3-11 Hourly change of Primary-2 traffic volume
Exhaust gas regulation by year in Vietnam is shown in Table 3.3-40, however, it is for large cities such as
Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Danang, small towns are not applied Euro-2 regulation at this stage.
Fuel consumption rate and emission factor for target air pollutants of automobile in Vietnam is shown in Table
3.3-41.

- 3-81 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-40 Exhaust gas regulation by year in Vietnam
Year
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984

Vehicle AgeRegulation
1 EURO2
2 EURO2
3 EURO1
4 EURO1
5 EURO1
6 EURO1
7 EURO1
8 EURO1
9 EURO1
10 EURO1
11 EURO1
12 PRE EURO13 PRE EURO14 PRE EURO15 PRE EURO16 PRE EURO17 PRE EURO18 PRE EURO19 PRE EURO20 PRE EURO21 PRE EURO22 PRE EURO23 PRE EURO24 PRE EURO25 PRE EURO

Table 3.3-41 Fuel consumption rate and emission factors for target air pollutants
Substance
Ratio of
Fuel use

NOx

CO

VOC

NH3

PM

CH4

N 2O

Car Type | Speed (km/h）
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike
Passenger car
Small Truck
Middle Truck
Heavy Truck
Mini BusBus
Motorbike

Unit: g/km
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
112.239 78.403 64.452 56.541 51.725 48.938 47.843 48.008 49.351 51.896
123.632 103.320 86.961 74.555 66.103 61.603 61.057 64.464 71.824 83.137
204.996 149.776 124.871 112.505 107.058 106.386 109.811 117.556 124.695 124.695
431.116 309.241 248.605 214.092 193.815 182.357 177.079 176.840 179.049 179.049
403.261 267.622 208.358 179.185 164.407 157.535 155.817 156.566 156.566 156.566
583.884 399.927 308.929 258.337 229.938 213.887 204.756 200.156 197.917 196.571
32.939 27.543 24.074 22.532 22.918 25.303 29.142 34.462 41.262 49.542
0.777
0.682
0.637
0.622
0.631
0.659
0.704
0.766
0.844
0.937
1.580
1.347
1.159
1.018
0.921
0.870
0.864
0.903
0.988
1.118
6.696
4.877
4.056
3.738
3.675
3.741
3.874
4.041
4.149
4.149
14.343 10.561
8.639
7.569
6.961
6.608
6.398
6.267
6.213
6.213
13.852
9.305
7.169
6.164
5.690
5.468
5.362
5.333
5.333
5.333
20.983 13.882 10.770
9.133
8.231
7.714
7.403
7.255
7.210
7.197
0.213
0.212
0.221
0.240
0.269
0.308
0.355
0.411
0.476
0.551
8.223
4.644
3.301
2.596
2.171
1.830
1.641
1.577
1.600
1.730
3.400
2.478
1.730
1.157
0.759
0.535
0.486
0.612
0.912
1.388
2.032
1.293
0.950
0.773
0.680
0.635
0.618
0.621
0.629
0.629
4.177
2.565
1.903
1.545
1.340
1.221
1.153
1.120
1.112
1.112
4.861
2.773
1.914
1.475
1.231
1.089
1.004
0.975
0.975
0.975
6.603
3.760
2.648
2.051
1.685
1.445
1.281
1.198
1.169
1.151
14.047 12.971 12.313 12.072 12.249 12.881 13.592 14.299 15.002 15.703
0.982
0.604
0.452
0.367
0.313
0.270
0.229
0.207
0.192
0.186
0.254
0.213
0.180
0.152
0.129
0.112
0.101
0.095
0.095
0.101
0.849
0.528
0.380
0.298
0.246
0.213
0.190
0.174
0.167
0.167
1.737
0.981
0.678
0.528
0.441
0.386
0.349
0.322
0.309
0.309
1.696
1.042
0.748
0.590
0.504
0.458
0.432
0.425
0.425
0.425
2.103
1.249
0.885
0.682
0.558
0.480
0.429
0.399
0.382
0.370
1.543
1.346
1.178
1.040
0.931
0.861
0.832
0.824
0.838
0.874
0.064
0.064
0.029
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.064
0.021
0.021
0.010
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.021
0.003
0.003
0.036
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.077
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.047
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.071
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.140
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.032
0.026
0.022
0.019
0.017
0.016
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.024
0.125
0.099
0.078
0.065
0.059
0.060
0.068
0.082
0.104
0.133
0.337
0.215
0.159
0.129
0.114
0.106
0.103
0.103
0.103
0.103
0.730
0.435
0.313
0.249
0.213
0.194
0.185
0.183
0.184
0.184
0.686
0.424
0.302
0.239
0.207
0.191
0.182
0.179
0.179
0.179
0.942
0.582
0.426
0.336
0.281
0.245
0.221
0.208
0.203
0.199
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.029
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.036
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.047
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.071
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.140
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.014
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.008
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002

- 3-82 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Estimation result of emission for the current year and the future year from automobile in Vietnam is shown in
Table 3.3-42, NOx emission map in Vietnam is shown in Figure 3.3-12.

Table 3.3-42 Estimation result of emission for the current year and future year from automobile inVietnam
Unit: ton/year
Current year (2008)

Future year (2015)

Substance
MajorRoad MinorRoad
SO2
NOx
NH3

4,166
99,111
1,764
696,244
64,415
3,297
6,283

CO
NMVOC
BENZENETOLUENEETHYL
1,296
BENZENE
XYLENE
4,664
PM
4,273
CO2
13,156,123
CH4
7,966
N2O
300

Total

MajorRoad MinorRoad

Total

Ratio of
Future year
by Current year

3,352
79,7251,419
560,056
51,816
2,652
5,054

7,518
178,836
3,184
1,256,301
116,231
5,949
11,337

9,092
229,847
3,554
983,761
95,660
4,584
8,735

7,314
184,8822,858
791,306
76,946
3,687
7,026

16,406
414,729
6,412
1,775,066
172,605
8,271
15,761

2.182
2.319
2.014
1.413
1.485
1.390
1.390

1,042

2,338

1,801

1,448

3,249

1.390

3,752
3,438
10,582,739
6,408
242

8,416
7,711
23,738,862
14,374
542

6,570
5,781
28,700,004
13,093
600

5,284
4,650
23,085,372
10,531483

11,854
10,431
51,785,376
23,624
1,082

1.409
1.353
2.181
1.643
1.997

- 3-83 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Figure 3.3-12 NOx emission map of mobile source in Vietnam- 3-84 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.3.2.2

Automobile emission from evaporation gas

1.

Simple method

1)

Type of evaporation gas

Vehicle gasoline evaporates in fuel tank due to rise in temperature inside the tank by air temperature change or
during travel. This evaporation, is shown in the table, and is three types: Diurnal Bridging Loss (DBL), Hot
Soak Loss, or Running Loss.
Table 3.3-43 Outline of fuel evaporation gas of automobile9
Types of fuel evaporation gas

Outline

Diurnal Bridging Loss (DBL)

Evaporation gas is emitted from canister by breaking through gasoline
steam to be generated in gasoline tank due to air temperature change
during parking.

Hot Soak Loss

Evaporation gas is emitted from gasoline to be stuck to suction pipe
within one hour of engine stop

Running Loss

Evaporation gas is generated from fuel tank beyond canister purge
capacity by high temperature as a result of travel

2)

Outline of estimation method of emission

Emission by gas evaporation is estimated using below formula in EMEP/EEA Guidebook.

EVOC = ∑ N j × EFVOC , j × 365 ·························································································(3.3-13)j

ＥVOC: VOC emission (g/year)
Nj: Number of vehicles by car type (j)EFVOC,j: VOC emission factors by car type (j) (g/unit/day)3)

Emission factors

Temperature range of 24 hours is classified into four types. NMVOC emission factors for four types are shownin Table 3.3-44. The emission factors contain all the 3 types of gas evaporation.

9

http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/chemical_management/law/prtr/h21kohyo/todokedegai_haisyutsu/syousai/12_3.pdf- 3-85 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-44 NMVOC emission factor for evaporation gas
Unit: g/vehicle/day
Car type

Air temperature range
20 to 35°C

10 to 25°C

0 to 15°C-10 to 5°C

Gasoline cars

24.9

14.8

10.8

7.7

Gasoline duty vehicle

37.9

22.6

16.6

11.7

Motorcycles

5.0

3.0

2.3

1.6

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

4)

Activity data

Number of cars using activity is estimated by traffic count survey and traffic assignment simulation data, orusing number of retained cars.

3.3.3

Estimation method of air pollutants emission of aircraft

3.3.3.1

Simple method

1.

LTO cycle

LTO (Landing and Take-off) cycle for aircraft is estimated for target of air pollutants. LTO cycle, as shown in
Figure 3.3-13, means one cycle of aircraft that is from landing to take-off on airport. LTO consists of 4 modes:“Landing”, “Taxi/idle”, “Take-off” and “Climb-out”, LTO less than 3000 feet height is estimation target ofemission.

Source: Figure 2-2 of Activities 080501-080504 (AIR TRAFFIC) in EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Figure 3.3-13 General flying cycle- 3-86 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

【Aircraft LTO cycle】
・Idle (idling)
Engine warming-up and aircraft move to certain lot at the airport (taxiing idle).
・Take-off
The engine power during take-off and the power is full-throttle. Engine power of full throttle for 2 minutes ormore is dangerous, so engine power after take-off can be reduced climb mode.
・Climb
Climbing aircraft has inclination from 8 to 15°, but climb inclination degree of aircraft is from is 3 to 5°. The
engine power is high and second of take-off mode, and reaches 85% of engine maximum power.
・ApproachFor approach, and aircrafts with approximately 30% of engine power land down runway.

2.

Outline of estimation method of emission

Air pollutants emission during aircraft LTO cycle is estimated by following method.

Ｅ (emission)=AR (fuel consumption rate)×EF (emission factor)··········································(3.3-14)
E: Emission AR: Fuel consumption rate
EF: Emission factor
For emission estimation, number of domestic and international LTO is calculated, and estimated bymultiplying the number with typical aircraft emission factor.

3.

Fuel consumption, emission factor

If aircraft total fuel consumption data is not existed, total fuel consumption is calculated by multiplying
number of LTO and fuel consumption per LTO. Typical aircraft fuel consumption per LTO and emission
factors by air pollutant are shown in Table 3.3-45.

- 3-87 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-45 Typical aircraft emission factors per LTO (kg/LTO)
Domestic

Fuel

SO2

CO2

CO

NOx

NMVOC

CH4

N2O

PM2.5

B737-400

825

0.8

2600

11.8

8.3

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.07

B737-100

920

0.9

2900

4.8

8.0

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.10

CO

NOx

NMVOC

CH4

N2O

PM2.5

International

Fuel

SO2

CO2

B767

1617

1.6

5094

6.1

26.0

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.15

B737-400 (Short Distance)

825

0.8

2600

11.8

8.3

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.07

B747-400 (Long Distance)

3400

3.4

10717

19.5

56.6

1.7

0.2

0.3

0.32

DC10

2400

2.4

7500

61.6

41.7

20.5

2.3

0.2

0.32

B737-100 (Short Distance)

920

0.9

2900

4.8

8.0

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.10

B747-100 (Long Distance)

3400

3.4

10754

78.2

55.9

33.6

3.7

0.3

0.47

Short Distance: Cruising distance 500 nautical mile (= 926 km), Long Distance: Cruising distance 3,000
nautical mile (= 5556 km)
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

4.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change is set by number of LTO by aircraft type based on flight schedule. Spatial distribution,
emission is distributed by number of LTO by airport and aircraft type.

3.3.3.2
1.

Detailed method

Outline of emission estimation method

Emission of aircraft about movement at the airport, less than 3000 feet of approach, climb, and take-off isestimated. In this guideline, auxiliary Propulsion Unit (APU) emission excluded.
Estimation method of emission by detailed method is shown in Figure 3.3-14. Aircraft emission is estimatedfrom emission per unit fuel consumption by operation mode (ground movement, approach, climb and take-off)and fuel consumption per LTO by operation mode.
Air pollutant emission by mode
= Number of take-off and landing by airport, aircraft type (times)
×LTO cycle time by mode (s) × Emission factor by aircraft type and by mode (g/s)·············(3.3-15)- 3-88 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

ICAO Engine Emissions
Databank

Number of used engines
by aircraft type

Airport flightschedule

Number of Takeoff/Landing by

airportAnnual number of take-off/landing by aircraft
type and by day of week, weekday, time2

Emission factor by engine,by pollutant, and by mode

Year, month, day,week, weekday
Numer of Take-off/landing frequency byaircraft type, by hour for target year

Emission factor by aircraft type and by mode
(HC,CO,NOx,SOx,NMVOC,PM)

LTO cycle time bymode
Emission amount byhour for target year

Average emission amount by day of
the week and by hour for target year
Location info
rmation (origin)
Average emission amount by day of the week,
by hour for target year (by point source)

Figure 3.3-14 Outline of detailed estimation method of emission

2.

Estimation of fuel consumption by airport and by aircraft type

Fuel consumption by airport and by aircraft type (kg/LTO) is estimated by multiplying fuel flow rate of eachmode (kg/sec･unit), continuous time of each rating mode (sec/LTO) and number of engines. Number of annual
take-off and landing by aircraft type is estimated from total annual landing times and flight schedule (e.g. takeoff/landing data by airport and by aircraft type, OAG Official Airline Guide, etc)
As shown in Table 3.3-46, engine load rate by ICAO mode and LTO cycle time is used. However, if LTO
cycle mode time had been measured for the main airports in each country, the measurement times are used as apriority.

- 3-89 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-46 Engine load rate and mode time for LTO cycle
Take-off

Climb-out

Landing

Taxi/idle

Engine load rate

100%

85%

30%

7%

LTO cycle time

42 sec132 sec

240 sec

1,560 sec

Source: Default value; Table 2-2 of Activities 080501-080504 (AIR TRAFFIC) in EMEP/EEA Guidebook

3.

Set of emission factors by aircraft type and by mode

Aircraft emission factors depend kind of type of installed engine, and LTO cycle mode (from landing to takeoff). Therefore, the emission factors need to be set by engine and by operation mode. However, same types ofaircrafts use some types of engines, so currently it is difficult to know accurately number of landing times by
airport and by aircraft type. Therefore, same type of aircraft to be installed one typical engine is emitted, theengine type of the aircraft is selected, and emission factors are estimated.
Representative typical engine by aircraft and number of engines to be installed is indicated in Table 3.3-47.
Emission factors are set by ICAO data (Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank). SO2 emission, emission factors
by mode are calculated by sulfur content of fuel.
Emission factors by engine, by mode and by fuel consumption are indicated from Table 3.3-48 to Table 3.3-51.

HC, CO, NOx, NMVOC emission factor by engine and by mode (g/s)= Fuel consumption by engine and by mode (kg/s) × Emission factor by engine and by mode (g/kg)··············································································································································(3.3-16)

SOx emission factor by engine and by mode (SO2 conversion, g/s)
= Fuel consumption by engine and by mode (kg/s)
×1000×Sulfur content×SO2 molecular weight (64) / S atomic weight (32)····························(3.3-17)
PM emission factor by engine and by mode (g/s)= (Volatile PM emission factor (mg/kg) + Non-volatile PM emission factor (mg/kg))
×Fuel consumption by engine and by mode (kg/s) / 1000 ·····················································(3.3-18)

Emission factors by engine and by mode (g/s)= Number of engines by aircraft type and by engine (unit) × Emission factor by engine and by mode(g/s)·······································································································································(3.3-19)- 3-90 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-47 Typical engine and number of engines by aircraft

Air Craft Code Air Craft Name
320
Airbus Industrie A320
321
Airbus Industrie A321
332
Airbus Industrie A330-200333
Airbus Industrie A330-300
343
Airbus Industrie A340-300
737
Boeing 737 Passenger
738
Boeing 737-800 Passenger
739
Boeing 737-900 Passenger
763
Boeing 767-300 Passenger
767
Boeing 767 Passenger
772
Boeing 777-200 Passenger
777
Boeing 777 Passenger
AT7
ATR-72
F70
Fokker 70
M90
Boeing (Douglas) MD-90
AB6
Airbus Industrie A300-600(Pax)
T20
Tupolev Tu-204
M1F
Boeing (Douglas) MD-11 (Frighter)
74Y
Boeing 747-400F (Freighter)
31Y
Airbus Industrie A310-300 Freighter
733
Boeing 737-300 Passenger
734
Boeing 737-400 Passenger
E90
Embraer 190
752
Boeing 757-200 Passenger
77W
Boeing 777-300ER Passenger
340
Airbus Industrie A340
319
Airbus Industrie A319
75F
Boeing 757-200PF Freighter
76Y
Boeing 767-300 Freighter
72F
Boeing 727 (Freighter)
330
Airbus Industrie A330
747
Boeing 747 Passenger
773
Boeing 777-300 Passenger
762
Boeing 767-200 Passenger- 3-91 -Engine Type
Number of Engine
CFM56-5B1
2
CFM56-5B1
2
CF6-80E1A1
2
CF6-80E1A1
2
CFM56-5C4
4
CFM56-7B18
2
CFM56-7B18
2
CFM56-7B18
2
CF6-80C2A1
2
CF6-80C2A1
2
PW4077
2
PW40982
TAY Mk620-15
2
TAY Mk620-15
2
V2525-D5
2
CF6-80C2A1
2
PS-90A2
CF6-80C2A1
2
PW40604
CF6-80C2A1
2
CFM56-3B-2
2
CFM56-3C-1
2
CF34-10E2A1
2
RB211-535E4
2
GE90-115B
2
CFM56-5C4
4
CFM56-5B1/3
2
RB211-535E4B
2
CF6-80C2B1F
2
JT8D-9 series2
CF6-80E1A1
2
PW4060
4
PW40982
CF6-80C2A1
2

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-48 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (take-off)Engine Type
CF34-10E2A1
CF6-80C2A1
CF6-80C2B1F
CF6-80E1A1
CFM56-3B-2
CFM56-3C-1
CFM56-5B1
CFM56-5B1/3
CFM56-5C4
CFM56-7B18
GE90-115B
JT8D-9 series
PS-90A
PW4060
PW4077
PW4098
RB211-535E4
RB211-535E4B
TAY Mk620-15
V2525-D5

Emission Factor (g/s)
SOx

NOx

CO

HC

NMVOC

CH4

PM

0.046
0.144
0.145
0.162
0.063
0.069
0.082
0.079
0.087
0.051
0.281
0.062
0.104
0.159
0.181
0.248
0.112
0.125
0.046
0.063

13.82777.32860.405102.325
20.48623.88847.70134.50554.84816.397236.095
20.07264.34386.822120.156
212.238
83.477113.277
16.03627.905

0.315
1.344
0.097
1.027
0.950
1.039
0.680
0.501
1.456
0.512
0.375
1.082
0.609
0.979
0.302
0.662
1.432
1.955
0.532
0.558

0.031
0.192
0.121
0.135
0.038
0.035
0.136
0.040
0.012
0.085
0.188
0.156
0.209
0.265
0.302
0.000
0.000
0.021
0.608
0.043

0.028
0.173
0.109
0.122
0.034
0.031
0.122
0.036
0.010
0.077
0.169
0.140
0.188
0.238
0.272
0.000
0.000
0.019
0.547
0.039

0.003
0.019
0.012
0.014
0.004
0.003
0.014
0.004
0.001
0.009
0.019
0.016
0.021
0.026
0.030
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.061
0.004

0.066
0.265
0.243
0.310
0.100
0.118
0.156
0.187
0.721
0.107
0.404
0.180
0.141
0.299
0.328
0.387
0.171
0.193
0.450
0.191

Fuel
Consumption(kg/s)
0.769
2.400
2.422
2.702
1.056
1.154
1.359
1.318
1.456
0.854
4.690
1.040
1.739
2.647
3.019
4.138
1.860
2.080
0.760
1.053

Source: ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank

Table 3.3-49 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (climb)
Engine Type
CF34-10E2A1
CF6-80C2A1
CF6-80C2B1F
CF6-80E1A1
CFM56-3B-2
CFM56-3C-1
CFM56-5B1
CFM56-5B1/3
CFM56-5C4
CFM56-7B18
GE90-115B
JT8D-9 series
PS-90A
PW4060
PW4077
PW4098
RB211-535E4
RB211-535E4B
TAY Mk620-15
V2525-D5

Emission Factor (g/s)
SOx

NOx

0.038
9.766
0.117 48.532
0.119 39.105
0.132 59.615
0.053 14.663
0.057 16.981
0.067 30.274
0.064 21.016
0.072 34.715
0.043 11.852
0.220 132.047
0.051 12.257
0.086 45.077
0.125 51.500
0.147 79.690
0.195 118.280
0.091 48.411
0.099 60.753
0.038 10.584
0.053 19.624

CO

HC

NMVOC

CH4

PM

0.243
1.055
0.079
0.748
0.790
0.859
0.557
0.213
1.016
0.286
0.257
0.938
0.572
1.063
0.245
0.681
0.755
0.990
0.504
0.546

0.032
0.176
0.099
0.154
0.041
0.038
0.111
0.021
0.010
0.071
0.110
0.152
0.172
0.063
0.245
0.000
0.015
0.000
0.189
0.036

0.029
0.158
0.089
0.139
0.037
0.034
0.100
0.019
0.009
0.064
0.099
0.137
0.155
0.056
0.221
0.000
0.014
0.000
0.170
0.032

0.003
0.018
0.010
0.015
0.004
0.004
0.011
0.002
0.001
0.007
0.011
0.015
0.017
0.006
0.025
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.019
0.004

0.049
0.184
0.177
0.227
0.072
0.082
0.141
0.144
0.505
0.073
0.288
0.068
0.109
0.145
0.211
0.337
0.148
0.161
0.322
0.225

Source: ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank- 3-92 -FuelConsumption(kg/s)
0.640
1.953
1.983
2.199
0.878
0.954
1.113
1.063
1.195
0.714
3.670
0.845
1.431
2.085
2.452
3.245
1.510
1.650
0.630
0.880

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-50 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (approach)Engine Type
CF34-10E2A1
CF6-80C2A1
CF6-80C2B1F
CF6-80E1A1
CFM56-3B-2
CFM56-3C-1
CFM56-5B1
CFM56-5B1/3
CFM56-5C4
CFM56-7B18
GE90-115B
JT8D-9 series
PS-90A
PW4060
PW4077
PW4098
RB211-535E4
RB211-535E4B
TAY Mk620-15
V2525-D5

Emission Factor (g/s)
SOx

NOx

CO

HC

NMVOC

CH4

PM

0.013
0.038
0.039
0.043
0.019
0.020
0.022
0.021
0.023
0.016
0.068
0.018
0.029
0.042
0.049
0.065
0.031
0.033
0.014
0.019

1.696
6.207
8.106
7.026
2.732
3.058
3.931
3.220
4.119
2.366
18.645
1.786
5.770
8.436
9.221
16.007
3.526
4.043
1.311
2.839

0.990
1.393
1.385
1.214
1.068
1.042
0.571
0.878
0.540
0.936
2.237
0.637
0.440
1.251
0.326
0.753
0.593
0.578
0.897
0.778

0.022
0.127
0.072
0.100
0.023
0.024
0.044
0.017
0.025
0.026
0.068
0.179
0.098
0.098
0.163
0.000
0.021
0.017
0.207
0.019

0.020
0.114
0.064
0.090
0.021
0.021
0.039
0.016
0.023
0.023
0.061
0.161
0.088
0.089
0.147
0.000
0.019
0.015
0.186
0.018

0.002
0.013
0.007
0.010
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.007
0.018
0.010
0.010
0.016
0.000
0.002
0.002
0.021
0.002

0.017
0.058
0.048
0.054
0.027
0.029
0.027
0.028
0.041
0.019
0.088
0.030
0.038
0.053
0.066
0.087
0.047
0.050
0.127
0.072

Fuel
Consumption(kg/s)
0.222
0.636
0.650
0.714
0.314
0.336
0.364
0.347
0.386
0.260
1.130
0.298
0.489
0.703
0.816
1.075
0.520
0.550
0.230
0.319

Source: ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank

Table 3.3-51 Emission factors and fuel consumption by engine (idling)
Engine Type
CF34-10E2A1
CF6-80C2A1
CF6-80C2B1F
CF6-80E1A1
CFM56-3B-2
CFM56-3C-1
CFM56-5B1
CFM56-5B1/3
CFM56-5C4
CFM56-7B18
GE90-115B
JT8D-9 series
PS-90A
PW4060
PW4077
PW4098
RB211-535E4
RB211-535E4B
TAY Mk620-15
V2525-D5

Emission Factor (g/s)
SOx

NOx

CO

HC

NMVOC

CH4

PM

0.005
0.012
0.012
0.014
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.006
0.023
0.008
0.011
0.013
0.014
0.019
0.011
0.011
0.007
0.008

0.299
0.794
0.941
1.010
0.488
0.533
0.538
0.485
0.531
0.417
1.972
0.384
1.032
1.044
0.974
2.497
0.623
0.669
0.275
0.602

4.268
8.406
3.827
9.772
3.582
3.323
3.323
3.043
3.835
2.745
14.862
1.871
1.228
4.328
4.686
2.080
2.396
2.234
2.651
1.591

0.457
1.829
0.306
2.188
0.208
0.176
0.376
0.149
0.620
0.340
1.611
0.413
0.053
0.354
0.696
0.000
0.067
0.053
0.374
0.013

0.411
1.646
0.276
1.969
0.187
0.158
0.338
0.134
0.558
0.306
1.450
0.371
0.048
0.318
0.626
0.000
0.060
0.048
0.337
0.012

0.046
0.183
0.031
0.219
0.021
0.018
0.038
0.015
0.062
0.034
0.161
0.041
0.005
0.035
0.070
0.000
0.007
0.005
0.037
0.001

0.009
0.029
0.015
0.029
0.011
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.018
0.009
0.037
0.011
0.012
0.017
0.020
0.022
0.015
0.015
0.021
0.023

Source: ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank- 3-93 -FuelConsumption(kg/s)
0.084
0.199
0.199
0.226
0.119
0.124
0.117
0.109
0.124
0.097
0.380
0.132
0.178
0.213
0.232
0.321
0.180
0.190
0.110
0.128

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change, time by aircraft type by hour and by mode is calculated from airport flight schedule byairport, and emission by airport, by mode and hour is estimated.
Spatial distribution, the emission is assumed to be emitted from aircraft parking lot, access roads, runway andflight path. Emission is estimated on parking lot as point source, access roads and runway as line source, andflight route as pointed line source.

3.3.4

Estimation of air pollutants emission of vessel

3.3.4.1

Simple method

1.

Outline of emission estimation method

Estimation method of vessel emission by fuel type by Tier-1 is as follows: -Ei = ∑ FC m × EFi ,m ········································································································(3.3-20)m

Ei: Emission (air pollutant i, unit: kg or g)
FCm: Total fuel type (m) consumption total in engine (ton)EFi: Emission factors (air pollutant i, kg/ton)
m: Fuel type (C-heavy oil, A-heavy oil, gas oil, gasoline)

2.

Estimation of Fuel consumption

Fuel consumption data use fuel consumption statistics data for vessels of the country. In Tier-1, the emission
factors of C-heavy oil (bunker heavy oil), A-heavy oil, gas oil and gasoline are difference, annual fuelconsumption is estimated by 4 types of fuel.

3.

Setting of emission factors

Vessel emission factors by target matter and by fuel type (Simple method) are shown from Table 3.3-52 toTable 3.3-54. CO2, CH4, N2O emission factor is shown in Table 3.3-55 and Table 3.3-56.
Table 3.3-52 Vessel emission factors by target matter (C-heavy oil)
Target matter

Emissionfactor (kg/ton
fuel)Target matter

Emissionfactor (kg/ton
fuel)

NOx

79.3

TSP

6.2

CO

7.4

PM10

6.2

NMVOC

2.7

PM2.5

5.6

SO2

20×S content(%)

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-94 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-53 Vessel emission factor by target matter (A-heavy oil and gas oil)
Target matter

Emissionfactor (kg/ton
fuel)Target matter

Emissionfactor (kg/ton
fuel)

NOx

78.5

TSP

1.5

CO

7.4

PM10

1.5

NMVOC

2.8

PM2.5

1.4

20×S content(%)

SO2
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-54 Vessel emission factor by target matter (gasoline)
Target matter

Emissionfactor (kg/ton
fuel)Target matter

Emissionfactor (kg/ton
fuel)

NOx

9.4

TSP

9.5

CO

573.9

PM10

9.5

NMVOC

181.5

PM2.5

9.5

20×S content(%)

SO2
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 3.3-55 Vessel CO2 emission factor
CO2 Emission factor(kg/TJ)

Fuel type

Gasoline

69,300

Other Kerosene

71,900

Gas/Diesel Oil

74,100Residual Fuel Oil

77,400Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines- 3-95 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-56 Vessel CH4, N2O emission factor
CH4(kg/TJ)

N2O(kg/TJ)

7

2

All fuels
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines

4.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change, typical passenger boarding time and loading volume is calculated, and is estimated.
Spatial distribution is distributed by ratio between total gross ton by port and national total of gross tone.

3.3.4.2
1.

Detailed method

Outline of emission estimation method

About air pollutants emission from vessel, estimation target of emission of air pollutants is the vessel in port
and voyage route. The estimation methods use the methods of EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission
Inventory Guidebook (“EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook”).
The emission is estimated from exhaust during sea voyage, during berthing, during loading/unloading andboats in the port.
There are two estimation methods. One is “ship movement mode” and the other is “fuel consumption mode”.
If each vessel detailed movement data or technical data can be obtained, “ship movement mode” isrecommended.. It can be divided into domestic emission and international emission, but it takes time toestimate. And consistency with energy statistics is difficult. The emission during voyage to be estimated isfrom cruising start to berthing location, transportation, voyage to be reached destination port. The emission isestimated by multiplying the emission ratio (emission rate per hour), which is estimated by multiplying theengine power, engine load rate, engine number and emission factors, and voyage time.
If fuel consumption by vessel category or by each vessel can be obtained, “fuel consumption mode” isrecommended. Spatial distribution of emission is rather difficult, but emission is relatively easy to estimate,
and also the method is suitable indicator for trend of the annual emission. The emission during voyage isestimated by multiplying fuel consumption (activity data) to be estimated by multiplier, which fuelconsumption uses function of gross ton and multiplier by operation mode, and emission factor.
Emission estimation flow is as follows: 1) Vessel size, engine power, engine type and engine number, port leaving / arrival information,
departure / arrival time, voyage route and port-to-port distance etc. of each vessel is obtained from
Lloyd’s Maritime Information Service or related organization.
2) From engine number and engine power, each vessel the air pollutant emission ratio (kg/hour) can beobtained.
3) From route information and in/out port name of each vessel, the spatial distribution (voyage route) canbe determined.
4) From in/out port time of each vessel, temporal change (hourly emission pattern) can be determined.
5) From multiplying the emission ratio and voyage time, emission of air pollutants (CO, NMVOC andNOx) is obtained, and the emission to be obtained can be distributed along the voyage route. At thesame time, based on the temporal change, hourly emission amount can be distributed.
6) From gross ton and operation mode by ship type, fuel consumption can be calculated (Table 3.3-60)- 3-96 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

The above data can be obtained by all-in survey for inventory period, or estimation of each vessel type can beused same conditions of sampling survey results.
Emission estimation formula is as follows:
CO, NMVOC and NOx emission estimation by “ship movement mode” is described below.

E = e × t ····························································································································(3.3-21)
E: Emission peer vessel for specified region (kg/hour)e: Emission ratio (kg/hour)t: Specified region voyage time (d/s) (hour)d: Specified region voyage distance (km)s: Vessel speed (km/hour)

Calculation of SO2 and heavy metal, PM, and other emission by “ship movement mode” multiplies emission
factor and fuel consumption by fuel type. Fuel consumption can be estimated from total gross ton andoperation mode by ship type (Table 3.3-60). Emission estimation is as follows: -Emissions = ∑ Activity i × EFi ····················································································(3.3-22)
i

Activity: Fuel type i fuel consumption
EFi: Fuel type i emission factor
i: Fuel type

“Fuel consumption mode”, emission is estimated by multiplying emission factor and fuel consumption.
Estimation of SO2, heavy metal, PM, and other emission should be divided into distillated fuel type andresidue fuel type. This guideline includes indirectly emission of during loading/unloading and berthing.
Emission calculation is as follows:

Emissions = ∑ Activity i × EFi ····················································································(3.3-23)
i

Activity: Fuel type i fuel consumption
EFi: Fuel type i emission factor
i: Fuel type

- 3-97 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia・・International organization data
Lloyd’s Maritime Information Service
OthersInternational organization data・ Ship Statistics
・ Harbor Statistics
・ Other Statistics

Port vessel, ship specification

General vessel, ship specification

Compile specification for each ship
・Operating time (obtain from port authority)
・Fuel consumption (estimation based on statistics,
port authority or ship type, ship size, engine
information)

Compile specification for each ship
・ Operating time (route setting, departure/arrival
time , berthing time)
・ Fuel consumption (ship type, ship size, engine
information, operating type etc)

Specification by general
ship and by voyage
・Operating time
・Fuel consumption

Inside port by general
ship・Operating time
・Fuel consumption

Port vessel
Fuel consumption

Emission ratio is set
from engine
operation rate andnumber of engines

Emission factor

Emission factor

By general ship and by
voyageAir pollutant total emission
amount(by ship type, by season, andby time frame)

By general ship and by port
Air pollutant total emission
amount(by ship type, by season, andby time zone)

By inside port ship and byport
Air pollutant total emission
amount(by ship type, by season andtime zone)

Ship air pollution total
emission amount (kg/hour)

Figure 3.3-15 Estimation flow of emission of air pollutants from vessels- 3-98 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.

Estimation of activity data

1)

Ship movement mode

Activity data of ship movement mode is based on time by cruising mode. The cruising mode is arranged asshown in Table 3.3-57. From collection data of each ship, the time for each cruising mode from (a) to (h) is
estimated. At the same time, the position information for each cruising mode is arranged. That is, the route andport position, berthing location is determined.

Table 3.3-57 Arrangement of vessel cruising mode
Ship movement mode

Category of ship movement method(a) Cruising in international waters“Cruising Phases”(b) Cruising in national x-miles zones“Cruising Phases”(c) Approaching harbor (by a river or a canal)“Maneuvering Phases”(d) Docking in the harbor“Maneuvering Phases”(e) Berthing in the harbor“Berthing Phase”(f) Departing from the harbor (by a river or a canal)“Maneuvering Phases”(g) Cruising in x-miles zones“Cruising Phases”(h) Cruising in international waters“Cruising Phases”

In order to obtain these data, statistic data in Table 3.3-58 should be obtained.

Table 3.3-58 Vessel statistic data list
Statistic data

Remarks

Lloyd’s Maritime Information Service(LMIS)“Ship size”, “Destination”, “Approximately arrival time anddeparture time”, “Engine type and number of engines” etcPort calling statistics

Data close to LMIS

Survey of ship owner

Conduced in several countries

Ferry timetable

In/out port time table data, time table data

Fishing deliveries

Operation area (fishing area) and landing fish port
information- 3-99 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

From these statistic data, cruising time for each ship by cruising mode is estimated.
- Estimation steps in each cruising mode 1) Determine port area of estimation target port.
2) For international route, determine estimation target range. This Guideline defines the range as half the
distance from home port to destination port.
3) For domestic route, if calculating the inventory for whole of country, all routes should be included as
estimation target. And if estimation area is limited, calculate the target area.
4) Fishing boat includes coastal and offshore fishing boats. Ocean fishery boats, operation areas are
assumed to be far away, fuel consumption in coastal area is relatively assumed to small, and it can beignored.
5) After determining the route, define cruising mode to be classified by Table 3.3-57.
6) From in/out port time, speed factor (Table 3.3-62: ship speed by ship type) etc., calculate the time
pattern for each ship by cruising mode to be defined in 5). From in/out port time, direct cruising time
can be estimated, but the time is divided by each cruising mode. From the distance of each cruisingmode, the time for each cruising mode is estimated by subtracting distance of each cruising mode
from speed factor. However, the speed factor in Table 3.3-62 is constantly for each ship type, thespeed factor by each cruising mode needs to be further examined.

Knowing the condition of ship in/out port and berthing, ship information can be easily compiled as shown indata collection sheet in Table 3.3-59 (survey chart).
The main survey items are ship name, ship type, total gross ton (number of G/T), purpose of port visit, arrival
time and departure time, berthing time, installed number of engines, engine type, engine power, and fuelconsumption.

- 3-100 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-59 Collection arragement format sample of vessel information
Installed engine

3-101

Aux. boiler

Number ofengines,model, power

Main boiler

Aux. diesel
engineMain diesel
engineIncoming port

Outgoing port

Destination
port

Time

Mooring
Location

Ship
type

Purpose of visit

Port of registry

Finishtime

Cruise type

Start
time

Domestic/Overseas route

Out
time

Gross
ton

Cargo type

In
time

Loading

Ship name

In/out port
time

Number ofengines, fuelconsumption

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2)

Fuel consumption mode

As shown in Table 3.3-60, fuel consumption par day for full power is estimated from total gross ton. Based on
the defined cruising mode Table 3.3-57, fuel consumption par day by each operation mode is estimated bymultiplying the fuel consumption and multiplier by operation mode ( “Cruise time”, “Maneuvering time” and“Berthing time” in Table 3.3-60).
Each cruising mode is estimated by “Estimation steps of each operation model” that is calculated by the above“ship movement mode”. Fuel consumption of each mode is estimated by multiplying time by operation modeand fuel consumption per day.

Table 3.3-60 Fuel consumption ratio
Fuel consumption
factorFuel consumption at max
power as function of grosston (GT) (ton/day)Average(ton/day)Cruisetime

Maneuveringtime

Berthingtime

Solid bulk

20.186+0.00049×GT

33.8

0.8

0.4

0.2

Liquid bulk

14.685+0.00079×GT

41.1

0.8

0.4

0.2

General cargo

9.8197+0.00143×GT

21.3

0.8

0.4

0.2

Container

8.0552+0.00235×GT

65.9

0.8

0.4

0.2

Passenger/Ro-Ro/Cargo

12.834+0.00156×GT

32.3

0.8

0.4

0.2

Passenger

16.904+0.00198×GT

70.2

0.8

0.4

0.2

High Speed ferry

39.483+0.00972×GT

80.4

0.8

0.4

0.2

Inland cargo

9.8197+0.00143×GT

21.3

0.8

0.4

0.2

Sail ship

0.4268+0.00100×GT

3.4

0.8

0.4

0.2

Tugs

5.6511+0.001048×GT

14.4

0.8

0.4

0.2

Fishing

1.9387+0.00448×GT

5.5

0.8

0.4

0.2

Other ships

9.7126+0.00091×GT

26.4

0.8

0.4

0.2

All ships

16.263+0.001×GT

32.8

0.8

0.4

0.2

Source: EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

The fuel consumption for each mode of each ship to be calculated, which is estimated by fuel type, bydomestic demand, and by international bunker oil. These data treat as “Data A”.
From the below mentioned statistics, fuel consumption in the whole country is obtained. These data treat as“Data B”. For ship fuel consumption, the actual fuel consumption or its alternative data source is listed in theorder of their reliability.
a) National energy statistics from energy or statistical agencies;- 3-102 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asiab) International Energy Agency (IEA) statistical information;c) Surveys of shipping companies (including ferry and freight);d) Surveys of fuel suppliers (e.g. quantity of fuels delivered to port facilities);e) Surveys of individual port and marine authorities;f)

Surveys of fishing companiesg) Equipment counts, especially for small gasoline powered fishing and pleasure craft;h) Import/export records;i)

Ship movement data and standard passenger and freight ferry schedules;j)Passenger counts and cargo tonnage data;k) International Maritime Organization (IMO), engine manufacturers, or Jane’s Military Ships Database;l)

Ship movement data derived from Lloyds Register data

Data A and Data B is cross-checked to determine fuel consumption for using inventory. At this time, it should
be noted that international marine bunkers excluded domestic fuel consumption. Therefore, fuel consumption
for international route is not considered domestic fuel consumption.

3.

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors are arranged as follows.

1)

Ship movement mode

The emission ratio is shown in Table 3.3-61. Speed factors for various ship categories are provided in Table
3.3-62.

Table 3.3-61 Air pollution matter emission ratio
Unit: (kg/hours)

Medium speed andauxiliary engines

Slow speed

NOx

4.25×10-3×P1.15×N

17.50×10-3×P×N

CO

15.32×10-3×P0.68×N

17.50×10-3×P1.08×N

HC

4.86×10-3×P0.69×N

0.28×10-3×P×N

SO2 (engines<2000kW)

2.31×10-3×P×N

SO2 (engines>=2000kW)

12.47×10-3×P×N

11.34×10-3×P×N

Note: P equals to engine power (kW) multiplied by engine load (85%). N means number of engines
Source: EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook- 3-103 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

For air pollutants not to be listed in Table 3.3-61, the fuel consumption by ship movement mode is treated as
activity data and the emission factors of <fuel consumption mode> (Table 3.3-63 to Table 3.3-66) is used.

- 3-104 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-62 Vessel speed factors by type and by gross tonnage; main and auxiliary engine work rate

Source: EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

3-105Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2)

Fuel consumption modeIf air pollutants emission is calculated from fuel consumption of vessel, emission ratio of air pollutants per fuelconsumption, in other words, emission factors are used (from Table 3.3-63 to Table 3.3-65).
Table 3.3-63 Air pollutant emission factors (Part 1: Depending on fuel composition)
Distillate Fuel

Residual Fuel Oil(kg/ton fuel)(g/ton fuel)(g/ton fuel)

CO2

3,170

-

-

SO2

20 * S (%)

-

-

TSP

-

1,100

6,700

PM10

-

1,100

6,700

PM2.5

-

1,100

6,700

Note: S (%) = Sulfur content of fuel (% by wt)
Default Value of S (%): 2.7% (by wt) - residual fuel oil
Default Value of S (%): 0.5% (by wt) - distillate fuelSource: EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

Table 3.3-64 Air pollutants matter emission factor (Part 2: engine-based)(kg/ton fuel)NOx

87* / 72+ / 57++

CO

7.4

NMVOC

2.4

CH4

0.05

N2O

0.08

Note: * Slow speed, + Composite factor, ++ Medium speed
Source: EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook- 3-106 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-65 Air pollutant emission factors (Part 3: Steam turbine, gas turbine etc.)
Unit: (kg/ton fuel)

NOx

CO

VOC

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Steam turbine propulsion - distillate fuel

3.3

0.6

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

Steam turbine propulsion - residual fuel

7.4

0.4

0.1

2.6

2.6

2.6

Gas turbines

16

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

Source: EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

CO2 emission factor by simple method and detailed method has same values. CH4 and N2O emission factor
comes from Table 3.5.3 of “Chapter 3: Mobile Combustion” of “Volume 2: Energy” in 2006 IPCC Guidelines,
and is set as in Table 3.3-66.
Table 3.3-66 Air pollutant emission factor (CH4 and N2O)
Ocean-going Ships

CH4 (kg/TJ)

N2O (kg/TJ)

7 (±50%)2 (-40% to +140%)

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines

4.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Ship emission by detailed method is estimated as line source. Line source has position information, namely,
spatial distribution can be obtained.
Temporal change of emission from ship route is set by using method in Table 3.3-67.

Table 3.3-67 Temporal change and spatial distribution setting method for emission from vessel route
Application
condition

Application method

Level-1

If departure time andarrival time is not be
obtained.

Distribute constantly emission for each route for 24-hours

Level-2

If ship information isreceived by sample
survey.

Arrange sample survey by ship type.
Calculate average emission per ship type. Emission rate of ships
not to be targeted by sample survey is assumed to be equal foreach ship type.
Ship voyage pattern for each ship type to be obtained fromsample survey is also applied to non-target ships of sample
survey. Based on the above assumption, the emission for eachroute in each time period (e.g. 7:00 - 7:59) is calculated.

Level-3

If ship information of
overallsurveyisCalculate each ship emission from engine information by eachship. Then emission by each voyage and by each time zone (e.g.

- 3-107 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

received.

7:00 - 7:59) is estimated.

However, air pollutant emission should be allocated to any of country. Therefore, in case of international route,it should be allocated evenly among the related countries, and calculate the emission for half of the distancefrom departure port of own country to destination port of its country.

3.3.5

Estimation of air pollutants emission of railway

3.3.5.1

Simple method

1.

Outline of emission estimation method

Estimation amount of Tier-1 fuel-based railroad emission is as follows: -Ei = ∑ FC m × EFi ,m ········································································································(3.3-24)m

Ei: Emission (pollutant i,unit: kg or g)
FCm: Fuel consumption by fuel type m of target engine (ton)EFi: Emission factor (pollutant i, kg/ton)
m: Fuel type (diesel oil, heavy oil)

2.

Estimation of fuel consumption

Fuel consumption data use fuel consumption statistics data for national railroad. Tier-1, SO2 emission factor
varies fuel type, so the annual consumption to be divided diesel oil and heavy oil is estimated. Emission
factors for other air pollutants use the same factor for the two types of fuel.

3.

Setting of emission factors

Railroad emission factors by target pollutant (Simple method) are shown in Table 3.3-68 and Table 3.3-69.

Table 3.3-68 Railroad emission factors by target matter
Unit: kg/ton fuelTarget matter

EmissionfactorTarget matter

Emissionfactor

NOx

52.4

TSP

1.52

CO

10.7

PM10

1.44

NMVOC

4.65

PM2.5

1.37

NH3

0.007

CO2

3140

SO2

20×S content(%)

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 3-108 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-69 Railroad CH4, N2O emission factor
Fuel typeCH4(kg/TJ)

N2O(kg/TJ)

4.15

28.6

Diesel oil
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines

4.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change is estimated by setting hourly change of typical passenger embarkation and hourly change ofloading capacity.
Space distribution is assigned by national transportation statistics by route etc.

3.3.5.2
1.

Detailed method

Outline of emission estimation method

Detailed estimation method of air pollutant emission for railroad is bottom-up method that is total of air
pollutant emission to be estimated by each railway and by railroad route. The pre-conditions are due to obtain
the annual average use time of each engine by railroad route, average horse power, typical load ratio.
More detailed estimation method based on US-EPA off-road emission is described below. To estimate
emission, the following basic formula is used.

Emissions = ∑ (N i × HRSi × HPi × LFi × EFi ) ····························································(3.3-25)
iEmissions=

Air pollutant emission of pollutant source i for inventory calculation period

Ni=

Number of pollutant sources i unit (number of engines)

HRSi

=

Pollutant source i annual use hours

HPi=

Pollutant source i average horse power

LFi=

Pollutant source i typical load ratio

EFi=

Pollutant source i average emission per engine use (e.g. [g/kWh])i=

Pollutant source i (locomotives) and itinery typeThis is the same method as “Tier-3” that is CH4 and N2O emission of “3.4 RAILWAYS” locomotives of“Chapter 3: Mobile Combustion” in 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

2.

Estimation of activity data

Following data is obtained and then activity data is calculated. Locomotives and railroad vehicles except
electric-power type treats as locomotives. Locomotives are composed of diesel engine car, diesel railcar, andsteam locomotive.

- 3-109 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-70 Parameters for estimation of activity data
Activity data parameter

Received data contents

Assumed source etc.

N = Pollutant source
number(numberoflocomotives)

Number of locomotives and railroad
vehicles (except electric-power
type)

Railway
company,organizations, Web etc.

related

HRS = Annual use hours

Time table (if possible, each train
locomotives information)

Railway
company,organization,Web,stations, bookstores etc.

relatedlibrary,

HP = Average horse
power

Locomotives rated horse power

Railway
company,
relatedorganization,enginecar
manufacturer etc.

LF = Typical load ratio

Locomotives load ratio and averagevalue of each route and national
average is assumed

Interview
withcompanies etc.

railway

From these data, activity data is shown as follows:

AD = N × HRS × HP × LF ·······························································································(3.3-26)

3.

AD

=

Activity data of pollutant source i for inventory calculation period

N=

Number of pollutant sources (number of locomotives)

HRS=

Annual use hours

HP=

Average horse power

LF=

Typical load ratio

Setting of emission factors

Emission factor is set as shown in Table 3.3-71.

- 3-110 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-71 Emission factor list
Category
Pollutant

Locomotives
Outside thequotedranges

Implementationdata

Railcars

130 - 560

> 560

> 2000 and
SV > 5.0l/cylinder

< 130

N/A

1/7/2005

1/1/2007

1/1/2008

NOx [g/kWh]

14.4

3.50

6.00

7.40

3.50

N2O [g/kWh]

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.35

CH4 [g/kWh]

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

CO [g/kWh]

8.38

3.50

3.50

3.50

3.50

NMVOC [g/kWh]

3.82

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

PM [g/kWh]

2.22

0.20

0.20

0.20

0.20

PM2.5 [g/kWh]

2.09

0.19

0.19

0.19

0.19

NH3 [g/kWh]

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

0.002

Source: EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook “OTHER MOBILE SOURCES and MACHINERY” “Table 8-5f”- 3-111 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Furthermore, based on “Box 3.4.1” of “Volume 2: Energy” in 2006 IPCC Guidelines, the emission factor canbe used in Table 3.3-72.
Table 3.3-72 2006 IPCC Guidelines emission factors

Model

HP

kW

Brake specificdiesel fuelconsumption(kg/kWh)Power

EngineReported emission levels(g/kWh)
NOx

CO

HC

CO2

EMD SD-40

645E3B

3000

2237

0.246

15.82

2.01

0.36

440

EMD SD-60

710G3

3800

2834

0.219

13.81

2.68

0.35

391

EMD SD-70

710G3C

4000

2983

0.213

17.43

0.80

0.38

380

EMD SD-75

710G3EC

4300

3207

0.206

17.84

1.34

0.40

367

GE Dash 8

7FDL

3800

2834

0.219

16.63

6.44

0.64

391

GE Dash 9

7FDL

4400

3281

0.215

15.15

1.88

0.28

383

GE Dash 9

7FDL(Tier0)

4400

3281

0.215

12.74

1.88

0.28

383

Evolution

GEVO12

4400

3281

NA

10.86

1.21

0.40

NA

2TE116

1A-5Д496035

2・2250

0.214

16.05

10.70

4.07

382

2TE10M10Д1005900

2・2250

0.226

15.82

10.62

4.07

403

TEII60

11Д45

2950

2200

0.236

16.05

10.62

3.84

421

TEII702A-5Д49

3420

2550

0.211

15.83

10.55

4.01

377

2M62

14Д40

3943

2・1470

0.231

13.40

9.01

3.23

412

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines

4.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Railway emission by detailed method treats as line source for each line, and since line source has position
information, namely spatial distribution is identified.
If locomotives information not available, simple method is used to estimate. Locomotives information can be
sample survey, but overall survey is desirable.
If time table is not available, simple method is used to estimate. Number of operated train’s information byeach line can be used, but detailed time table can be desirable.
Temporal change of railway emission is estimated as follows. If cargo ratio is unclear, the emission during
travel by each railway is assumed to be evenly same.

- 3-112 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 3.3-73 Setting method of temporal change and spatial distribution about emission from railroad

Level-1

Application
condition

Application method

Obtain number ofoperated trains byroute.

Emission from locomotives to be estimated by sample survey
appropriately apply to trains emission. If information is not available,
the average can be used, but trains are classified if possible, andaverage emission of each classification is estimated, and emission to beallocated should be necessary.

Obtain locomotives
information by
sample survey.
Level-2

Obtain time tableby route.
Obtain locomotives
information by
sample survey.

For temporal change, emission of 24-hours is assigned constantly.
Emission from locomotives to be estimated by sample survey
appropriately applies to trains emission. If information is not available,
the average can be used, but trains are classified if possible, andaverage emission of each classification is estimated, and emission to beallocated should be necessary.
Based on time table, emission of each time zone (e.g. 7:00 - 7:59) bytrain is calculated.

Level-3

Level-4

Obtain number ofoperated trains byroute.

Calculate emission of each train, and total emission is calculated.

Obtain all
locomotives
information.

For temporal change, emission of 24-hours is assigned constantly.

Obtain time tableby route.

Emission of each train is respectively estimated.

Obtain all
locomotives
information.

Based on number of operated trains, above total emission is distributed
each route.

Based on time table, emission of each time zone (e.g. 7:00 - 7:59) bytrain is calculated.

In case of international train, emission amount up to the border is estimated.

- 3-113 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4 Estimation of air pollutant amount of fugitive emission from fossil
fuel
4.1

Target for estimation

Targets for estimation in this chapter follows ones in 2006 IPCC Guidelines. This chapter treats include
intentional and unintentional emissions of air pollutants and GHG during mining, production, treatment,
refining, transport, storage and delivery of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.
The targets are classified into category and sub-category, as shown in Table 4.1-1 in this guideline, whichmeans “Fugitive emission from fossil fuel” sector is classified into “Fugitive emission from solid fuels likecoal etc.”, and “Fugitive emission from petroleum and natural gas” category.
Fugitive emissions from solid fuels like coal etc are emissions from mining and handling of coal and fromsolid fuels. CH4 is mainly emitted from “mining and handling of coal” and NMVOC, PM and CO2 are also
emitted. Peat and other solid fuels are not included. The processes like coal combustion, cokes production andgasification after handling of coal are not included. Fugitive emissions from coke ovens are cokes oven door
leaks and coal dry quenching. Fugitive emissions from fuel combustion for heating coke ovens are estimated in
the part for stationary sources in the fuel combustion sector.
Crude oil and natural gas are supplied through similar processes, and are extracted, refined, loaded anddelivered. Therefore, crude oil and natural gas are classified into one category. On the other hand, crude oil isseparated and processed into various petroleum products at oil refinery and various air pollutants are emitted
during the processes. So, oil refinery is treated as independent emission source(sub category).
Gasoline and diesel oil are transported to dispersed gas stations in the country as fuels for automobiles. Gas
station is one of major emission sources of NMVOC. Therefore, gas station is treated as independent emission
source because different consideration is necessary for estimation of spatial distribution of gas station than one
for natural gas etc. Fugitive emission from gasoline and diesel oil are estimated within the range stated in
Figure 4.1-1, based on EMEP/EEA Guidebook.
Road
Border Terminal
Water
Rail cars
Pipeline
RefineryDispatch
Stations

Rail cars
Water

Marketing
DepotsRoad

Service
StationAutomobile

Road
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, “1.B.2.a.v Distribution of oil products” Figure 2-1
Figure 4.1-1 Scope of estimation of air pollutant amount of fugitive emission from gasoline

And emissions from refining, transport and delivery of petroleum products are major emission sources for
NMVOC in many countries. On the other hand, CH4 is mainly emitted from fugitive emission of natural gas
and NMVOC emission from this is not so much.

- 4-1 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.1-1 Emission source categories and target pollutant of fugitive emission from fossil fuelCategory

Sub Category

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Fugitiveemission fromsolid fuels likecoal etc

Mining and handling (Shipping
or transport) of coal

NE

NA

NA

○

NA

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

○

NE

Fugitive emission from solid
fuels like coal etc. (productionof cokes, non-smoke fuels)

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

NE

Investigation for extraction,
production, and loading of oil

NA

NA

NA

○

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

○

○

○

Refining and storage of oil

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

○

○

Delivery of petroleum products

NE

NA

NA

○

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

○

○

○

Extraction, production, loading,refining, storage and transportof natural gas

NE

NA

NA

○

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

○

○

○

Fugitiveemission fromoil and naturalgas

Note: “NE” means ”Not Estimated”, ”NA” means ”Not Applicable”- 4-2 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission source categories as in Table 4.1-1 are classified into categories as in Table 4.1-2.

Table 4.1-2 Emission source categories of fugitive emission from fossil fuel leakCategory (Emission source)
Mining and handling (shipping ortransport) of coal

Detailed emission source and borderline
Coal mine access and mining preparation
Surface coal mining and transportation
During the process of coal treatment, waste treatment,
transportation, coal crushing before end use
Emission from methane drainage in underground coal mineduring the process of pre and post mining
Waste treatment from coal extraction

Fugitive emissions from solid fuels
like coal etc. (production of cokes,
non-smoke fuels)

Emission from cokes oven (Oven door leaks, cokes making
extrusion machine, cokes furnace fire extinguishingequipment)
Emission from production of non-smoke fuels production(coal carbonization process)Investigation for extraction,
production, and loading of oil

Fugitive emissions from oil well (including test well, miningmud) leakFugitive emissions from facilities and platforms
Fugitive emissions from transit in marine tankers
Fugitive emissions from pipeline transport and tankers
transport

Refining and storage of oil

Fugitive emissions from petroleum products processing(vacuum distillation, contact dispersion, catalytic cracking,thermal cracking, sweetening, blow down system processes)
Sulfur recovery
Storage and handling

Delivery of petroleum products

From refinery to automobile (refer to Figure 4.1-1), including
fugitive emission from refueling automobile.

Extraction, production, loading,refining, storage and transport ofnatural gas

Fugitive emissions from gas well (including test well, miningmud) leakFugitive emissions from facilities and platforms
Fugitive emissions from transit in gas marine tankers
Fugitive emissions from gas pipeline transport, compressing
facilities and gas delivery network- 4-3 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.2

Fugitive emission from solid fuels like coal etc

4.2.1

Simple method

4.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Air pollutant emission amount is estimated by multiplying activity data and emission factors. Activity data arecoal production etc. and statistics data of country or province are used for estimation. The emission factor isthe emission amount per unit of production amount. “Simple method” is compared to “4.2.2 Detailed method”,
it is much simpler, rough and average. These emission factors are treated as default values in this guideline.

Emissions = AD × EF ·······································································································(4.2-1)
Whereas,Emissions: Air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission amount
AD: Activity data (fossil fuel production amount etc.)
EF: Emission factor

However, in the total national activity data of fugitive emission from fossil fuel, activity data is not estimatedfrom “4.2.2 Detailed method” is treated as area source, and estimated using “4.2.1 Simple method”

4.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data is basically set as production volume of solid fuels like a coal etc. of the country, and the activity
data of each emission source is listed in Table 4.2-1. However, the proper unit can also be converted tocalorific value unit, if required, in which case, basically the conversion factor uses the proper value of the coalmine, factory. If suitable conversion factor is not available, the standard calorific value published by thecountry can be used, and if the appropriate calorific value in the country is not available, use the default
calorific value stated in 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Table 4.2-1 Simple method – Activity data of fugitive emission from solid fuels like coal etc.
Category
Mining and handling (shipping ortransport) of coal

Activity data
Coal production volume

Source/remarks
Underground mining and open castmining etc. to be identified preferably
Coal statistics data of the country andvarious energy statistics data(country,
IEA,UN statistics ) etc.

Fugitive emissions from solid
fuels like coal etc. (production ofcokes, non-smoke fuels)

4.2.1.3

Cokes production volume

Various energy statistics data (country,
IEA,UN statistics),”International Iron
and Steel Institute”,etc.

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors are basically set as default values of GAP Forum Manual. These values are based on ones in
Europe. Fugitive emissions from fuels seem to depend on climate, technology and quality of fuel etc. Actual- 4-4 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

emission factors of NMVOC may become larger values in tropical and sub tropical countries with higher
temperature than one in Europe.

Table 4.2-2 Emission factors for air pollutant from cokes productionAir
pollutant

EmissionfactorCoking process

NMVOC

29-400(kg/ tons coke)

Cokes oven gas purification

NMVOC

210

(kg/ tons coke)

Coal crushing

PM10

0.055

(kg/ tons coke)

Coal preheating

PM10

1.7

(kg/ tons coke)

PM2.5

1.0

(kg/ tons coke)

Cokes oven charging

PM10

0.24

(kg/ tons coke)

Cokes oven door leaks

PM10

0.27

(kg/ tons coke)

Cokes oven pushing

PM10

0.25

(kg/ tons coke)

PM2.5

0.1

(kg/ tons coke)

PM10

0.6

(kg/ tons coke)

PM2.5

0.51

(kg/ tons coke)

Category

Cole dry quenching facility

Source: All from GAP Forum Manual- 4-5 -

Unit

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

If default values of emission factor of Table 4.2-2 cannot be used, use default values of Tier 1 method in
EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook – 2009. These values are based on ones in Europe.
Fugitive emissions from fuels seem to depend on climate, technology and quality of fuel etc. Actual emission
factors of NMVOC may become larger values in tropical and sub tropical countries with higher temperaturethan one in Europe. And greenhouse gas emission factors are basically set as default values of 2006 IPCC
Guidelines. These emission factors are set as in Table 4.2-3.

Table 4.2-3 Emission factors of fugitive emission from solid fuels like coal etc.
CategoryAirpollutant

EmissionfactorMining and handling(shipping or transport) of
coal

NMVOC

0.8

(kg/Mg coal) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

PM10

3

(kg/Mg coal) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Open cast mining
MiningCH4

1.2(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Open cast mining
Post mining process

CH4

0.1

(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Underground mining
MiningCH4

18(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Underground mining
After mining process

CH4

2.5

(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Flaring CH4 to CO2 inmine gas

CO2

1.8×10-6(Gg/m3 volume
Guidelines

of

CH4

flared) 2006

IPCC

Flaring CH4 to CO2 inmine gas

CH4

1.34×10-6(Gg/m3 volume
Guidelines

of

CH4

flared) 2006

IPCC

Fugitive emissions fromsolid fuels like coal etc.
(production of cokes,
non-smoke fuels)

NMVOC

17

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

NH3

5(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

TSP

110

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

PM10

100

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

PM2.5

90

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Unit/source- 4-6 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) emission factors set as values of “A technology-based global
inventory of black and organic carbon emission from combustion” (Tami C. Bond, etc 2004), and set as
follows: -EFBC = EFPM × F1.0 × FBC × Fcont ·····················································································(4.2-2)
EFOC = EFPM × F1.0 × FOC × Fcont ·····················································································(4.2-3)
Whereas,
EFPM: PM emission factor (g/kg)
F1.0: Fraction of the emissions with diameters smaller than one micrometer
FBC: Fraction of the fine particulate matter that is black carbon Ratio of black carbon
FOC: Fraction of the fine particulate matter that is organic carbon
Fcont: Fraction of the fine PM that penetrates the control device
However, Organic matter and Organic Carbon ratio Rorg are not considered here.
Table 4.2-4 BC and OC emission factors for cokes production
Fuel

Technology

EFPM

F1.0

FBC

FOC

Fcont

(g/kg)
Coking coal

Coke oven

5.8

0.35

0.48

0.34

0.33

Coking coal

Coke oven (uncaptured)

20

0.5

0.48

0.34

1.0

Source: ”A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emission from combustion”(Tami C. Bond, etc 2004)

4.2.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.
And in “4.2.2 Detailed method” if hourly operational patterns are obtained, the patterns should be applied toestimation of emission amount of “4.2.1 Simple method”

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is as set in Table 4.2-5. However, the “spatial distributions indications” in table 4.2-5 are
set in priority sequence with spatial distribution of emission amount.

- 4-7 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-5 Spatial distribution indications in air pollutants of fugitive emissions from fossil fuelCategory

Activity data

Mining and handling(shipping or transport)of coalCoal production
mount(undergroundmining, open
cast mining)

Fugitive emissions fromsolid fuels like coal etc.
(production of cokes,
non-smoke fuels)

Cokes
production
volumeSpatial distribution indications
1) If the production volume of each coal mine can be
identified, create spatial distribution based on thatlocation.
2) Identify the coal production volume by province ordetailed administrative region, and emission amount isevenly divided in the area.
3) If you can only identify the national activity data, andif the coal mine location is evenly divided in the
country with a certain degree, it can be evenly divided
across the country.
1) If each cokes plant can be identified, create spatial
distribution based on that location.
2) Identify the cokes production volume by province ordetailed administrative region, and emission amount isevenly divided the area
3) Emission amount is divided with the most detailed
numbers of factories and business establishments byjurisdictions as allocations indications.. Allocation
indicators are numbers of factories establishment bycokes production, or industrial categories. If
unavailable, agriculture forestry and fisheries orservice business can also be used.
4) Assume the facility that uses cokes (furnace, metal,
casting), and emission amount is divided
neighborhood.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.2.2

Detailed method

4.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The basic formula in emission amount estimation is the same as “4.2.1 Simple method”, but the detailed
method classifies the category into more detail technically to estimate the air pollutant of emission amount.
And identifying the emission amount from each coal mine and cokes production facility is included in thismethod.
Activity data is the production volume of solid fuels like coal etc. , or the production volume at each coal mineor cokes production facility. The emission factor is the emission amount per unit of production volume, but
compared to “4.2.1 Simple method”, it is more detailed technically. The national, provincial, regional total
emission amount is estimated based on the accumulation of each emission amount.

Emissions = AD × EF ········································································································· 4.2-4
Where,
Emissions: Air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission amount
AD: Activity data (fossil fuel production volume etc.)
EF: Emission factor

The contents that have to be identified in detailed method are the production volume, processing amount ofsolid fuels like coal etc. treatment process in the country (from mining, refining, transportation, to storage).
The contents that have to be identified by questionnaire survey or interview survey or the mine, cokes
production facility are as shown in Table 4.2-6. However, for cokes production facility, the survey is expected
to be the same as the survey carried out in large point source in “3 Estimation of air pollutant emission amountfrom fuel combustion”.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-6 Information material to collect for estimation of emission amount
Survey type

Survey item

By statistics
data etc

Information ofcoal production

Coal production volume of underground mining and open castmining, handling coal amount etc

Cokes production
volumeCokes production volume by emission reduction measures

Coal mine basic
information

Name of product mined, number of employers, coal mine location,area drawing

Information ofcoal production

Coal production volume over the past few years, including current
one, monthly production volume, coal condition (calorific value,
sulfur content, ash content, nitrogen content)

Pollutant control
measureCondition of pollution control measure introduction

Shipping
information

Shipment destination, condition of shipment (vessel, railways, truck,
pipeline)

OthersAir pollutant of emission amount actual survey result, emission
factor condition (if any), other info as required

Plant/
workplace byquestionnaire,interview

Survey content

However, in the total national activity data of fugitive emission from fossil fuel, activity data is not estimatedby “4.2.2 Detailed method”, is treated as area source, and estimated using “4.2.1 Simple method”.

4.2.2.2

Estimation of activity data

Emission factors are basically set as default values of “4.2.1 Simple method”, in other words, activity data isbasically the national solid fuels like coal etc and production volume etc. The activity data for each emission
source is shown in Table 4.2-7.

- 4-10 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-7 Technical detailed method - activity data of fugitive emission from solid fuels
Category
Mining and handling(shipping or transport) of
coals

Activity data
Coal production volume

Source/remarks
It is necessary to identify by undergroundmining or opencast mining. Storage andhandling of coal production volume isnecessary too.
Statistics data of the country’s coal, various
energy statistics data(country, IEA,UN
statistics ) etc

Fugitive emissions from solid
fuels like coal etc.
(production of cokes, nonsmoke fuels)

4.2.2.3

Cokes production volume,
Cokes oven charging, etc.

Various energy statistics dates (country,
IEA,UN statistics),”International Iron andSteel Institute”,etc

Setting of emission factors

The emission factor of “Coal mining and handling (shipping or transport) works “which belong to fugitive
emission from solid category is shown in Table 4.2-8 to Table 4.2-18. For CH4, emission factor is basically set
as default values of 2006 IPCC Guidelines Tier-1 procedure is used. For other emission factors, are basicallyset as default values of EMEP/EEA Guidebook Tier-2 procedure emission factors are used.

- 4-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Except cokes production etc, coal mining, coal handling and other coal treatment process emission factors areshown in Table 4.2-8.

Table 4.2-8 Emission factors for air pollutants etc from coal mining and coal handling
Category

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit/source

Open cast mining Mining

NMVOC

0.2

(kg/Mg coal
Guidebookproduced)

EMEP/EEAOpen cast mining Mining

CH4

1.2

(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Open cast mining

CH4

0.1

(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Underground mining Mining

NMVOC

3

(kg/Mg coal
Guidebook

Underground mining
MiningCH4

18(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Undergroundminingpost mining process

CH4

2.5

(m3/ton) 2006 IPCC Guidelines

StoragePM10

4.1(kg/Mg coal
Guidebookproduced)

EMEP/EEA

Handling

PM10

3(kg/Mg coal
Guidebookproduced)

EMEP/EEA

Reducing measures (use ofsprinkler or compoundmaterial)

PM10

90%

(%) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Post mining process
produced)

EMEP/EEA

The emission factor of cokes, non-smoke fuels productions from solid fuels like coal etc is shown in Table
4.2-9. These sources are EMEP/EEA Guidebook and the emission factor is considered cokes or non-smoke
fuels cokes productions process.

- 4-12 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-9 Emission factors for air pollutants of fugitive emission from solid fuel (cokes production etc)
CategoryAirpollutant

EmissionfactorFugitive emission from solid
fuels like coal (cokes
production)

NMVOC

17

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

NH3

5(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

TSP

110

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

PM10

100

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

PM2.5

90

(kg/Mg coke produced) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

SOx

2.5

(kg/Mg coal carbonized) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Fugitive emission from solid
fuels like coal (non-smoke
fuels production)- 4-13 -Unit/sourceGuidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission from each process of cokes production is classified in detail and the categorized emission factors areshown in Table 4.2-10 to Table 4.2-18Table 4.2-18. Source of these emission factor are mainly AP-42.

Table 4.2-10 Emission factors for air pollutants of emission from cokes production
Category

PM

SO2

CO

TOC (aspropane)

NOx

0.020

0.011

0.00280.0007

Unit

Charging
Uncontrolled

0.60

Scrubber

0.0070Pre-NESHAP controls

0.0058Post-NESHAP controls

0.00053

Oven door leaks
Uncontrolled

0.26

Pre-NESHAP controls

0.020

Post-NESHAP controls

0.0079Lid leaks
Uncontrolled

0.047

Pre-NESHAP controls

0.0065

Post-NESHAP controls

0.000086(kg/Mg ofcoal
charged)Off-take leaks
Uncontrolled

0.047

Pre-NESHAP controls

0.0059Post-NESHAP controls

0.00029

Source: All from AP-42
Note: NESHAP stands for “National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants”.
“Uncontrolled” refers to cokes oven up to 1980. The source of ”Pre-NESHAP” SO2, CO, TOC,
NOx emission factor is 1990 announced thesis. This can be used as a guide to study the emission
factor.

- 4-14 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-11 Emission factors for air pollutants from bypassed coke oven gasAirpollutantCategory

EmissionfactorBypassed coke oven gas

Unit/source(kg/ tons of coal charged)

Filterable PM

PM

40

Condensable PM

PM

40

CO

48

CO2

21

NH3

6.5

SO2

0

CH4

120

Source: All from AP-42

Table 4.2-12 Emission factors for air pollutants (PM) from cokes oven pushing
Category

Air pollutant

Emission factor

Unit/source

Filterable PM
Uncontrolled

PM

0.695

(kg/ tons of coal charged)

With Hood and EF control

PM

0.19

(kg/ tons of coal charged)

With Hood and scrubber

PM

0.19

(kg/ tons of coal charged)

With Shed and EF

PM

0.20

(kg/ tons of coal charged)

With Hood and EF control

PM

0.036

(kg/ tons of coal charged)

With Hood and scrubber

PM

0.0094(kg/ tons of coal charged)

Uncontrolled

0.0043(kg/ tons of coal charged)

With Hood and EF

0.00421(kg/ tons of coal charged)

Condensable PM

Extractable Organic
Particulate (EOM)

Source: All from AP-42- 4-15 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-13 Emission factors for air pollutants from cokes oven pushing
Category

Substance

EmissionfactorUnit/source(kg/ tons of coal charged)

Cokes oven pushing
CO

0.032

CO2

8.00

NH3

0.006

SO2

0.049

NOx

0.0097

Source: All from AP-42

Table 4.2-14 Emission factors for air pollutants from coal dry quenching facility
CategoryAirpollutant

EmissionfactorCole dry quenching facility

Unit/source(kg/ tons of coal)

Uncontrolled, clean water

PM

0.57

Uncontrolled, dirty water

PM

2.6

Clean water, tall tower and/or poor
maintenance

PM

0.73

Clean water, normal tower height and/or
proper maintenance

PM

0.15

Dirty water, tall tower and/or poor
maintenance

PM

1.37

Dirty water, normal tower height and/or proper
maintenance

PM

0.27

Source: All from AP-42- 4-16 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-15 Emission factors for air pollutants from combustion stack emission
AirpollutantCategory

Emission factor

Combustion stack emission (Filterable PM)
Uncontrolled (Raw COG)

PM

0.20

Uncontrolled (BFG)

PM

0.10

Uncontrolled (Desulfurized COG)

PM

0.034

With EF (Raw COG)

PM

0.11

With EF or ESP (BFG)

PM

0.031

Chimney exhaust gas burning(condensable PM)
With COG

PM

0.11

With BFG

PM

0.014

Unit/source(kg/tons of coalcharged)(kg/tons of coalcharged)Source: All from AP-42
Note: ”COG: Coke Oven Gas”, ”BFG: Blast Furnace Gas”

Table 4.2-16 Emission factors for air pollutants from combustion stack emission
Category

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorCombustion stack emission

Unit/source(kg/ tons of coal charged)
CO

0.34

CO2 emission (BFG)

CO2

482

CO2 emission (COG)

CO2

143

NOx

0.82

SO2 emission (Raw COG)

SO2

1.47

SO2 emission (DCOG)

SO2

0.12

CH4

0.10

Source: All from AP-42
Note: ”COG: Coke Oven Gas”, ”BFG: Blast Furnace Gas”

- 4-17 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-17 Emission factors for miscellaneous coke production source
CategoryAirpollutant

EmissionfactorUnit/source(kg/ tons of coal charged)

Coal crushing, with cyclone (filterable
PM)

PM

0.055

Coal crushing, with rotoclone (filterable
PM)

PM

0.027

Primary coal pulverizer with builingenclosure (filterable PM)

PM100.00009

Secondary coal pulverizer with builingenclosure (filterable PM)

PM100.000044

Preheater (filterable PM)

PM

1.8

Preheater, with scrubber (filterable PM)

PM

0.13

Preheater, with wet ESP (filterable PM)PM

0.0060Coke handling, with cyclone (filterable
PM)PM

0.0030Coke screening (filterable PM)

PM

0.011

De-carbonizationCO

15(kg/ tons of coal charged)

Soaking

TSP

0.008

(kg/ tons of coal charged)

SO2

0.050

NOx

0.0005CO

0.001

Source: All from AP-42
Note: ”COG: Coke Oven Gas”, ”BFG: Blast Furnace Gas”

- 4-18 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.2-18 Emission factor for air pollutants from stackgas burning of coke production
Category

Name ofmatters

EmissionfactorStack gas burning

Unit/source(kg/ tons of coal charged)
CO

0.34

CO2 emission (BFG)

CO2

482

CO2 emission (COG)

CO2

143

NOx

0.82

SO2 emission (Raw COG)

SO2

1.47

SO2 emission (DCOG)

SO2

0.12

CH4

0.10

Source: All from AP-42
Note: ”COG: Coke Oven Gas”, ”BFG: Blast Furnace Gas”

4.2.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

If the hourly operational patterns of each coal mine or cokes production facility are obtained, and if emission isassumed during operation time only, the time pattern can be used.
If the hourly operational patterns cannot be obtained, set them the same as in “4.2.1 Simple method”.

2.

Spatial distribution

In detailed method, if each coals mine or cokes production facilities are obtained, each emission amount can bedivided. And if each one of them cannot be obtained separately, active data (or the emission amount), is
divided the same as in “4.2.1 Simple method”.

- 4-19 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.3

Fugitive emission from crude oil and natural gas

4.3.1

Simple method

4.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Air pollutant emission amount is estimated by multiplying activity data and emission factors. Activity data are
crude oil and natural gas production etc. and statistics data of country or province are used for estimation. The
emission factor is the emission amount per unit of production volume. “Simple method” is compared to “4.3.2
Detailed method” , it is much simpler, rough and average. These emission factors are treated as default values
in this guideline.

Emissions = AD × EF

(4.3-1)

Where,
Emissions: Air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission amount
AD: Activity data (fossil fuel production volume)
EF: Emission Factor

However, in the total national activity data of fugitive emission from fossil fuel, activity data is not estimatedfrom “4.3.2 Detailed method” is treated as area source, and estimated using “4.3.1 Simple method”.

4.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data is basically set as total production volume of crude oil and natural gas of the country, and theactivity data of each emission source is listed in Table 4.3-1. However, the proper unit can also be converted
to calorific value unit, if required, in which case, basically the conversion factor uses the proper value of thecoal mine, factory. If suitable conversion factor is not available, the standard calorific value published by thecountry can be used, and if the appropriate calorific value in the country is not available, use the default
calorific value stated in 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

- 4-20 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-1 Simple method – Activity data of air pollutants amount of fugitive
emission from fossil fuelCategory
Well drilling, well testing,production and transport of oil

Activity Data
Marine oil production
volume (Mg oil)

Source/remarks
Oil statistics data of the country, otherinternational organization data etc.

Land oil production
volume (Mg oil)Refining and storage of oil

Crude oil refining amount(Mg crude oil)Oil statistics data of the country andenergy statistics data of the country

Oil refined product distribution

Gasoline total sales amount(Mg oil)Oil (consumption) statistics data of thecountry, and energy statistics data

Well drilling, production,transportation, refining, storage,
and distribution of natural gas

Gas production volume (m3gas)

Natural gas statistics data of thecountry, other international organizationdata- 4-21 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors are basically set as default values of GAP Forum Manual. These values are based on ones in
Europe. Fugitive emissions from fuels seem to depend on climate, technology and quality of fuel etc. Actual
emission factors of NMVOC may become larger values in tropical and sub tropical countries with higher
temperature than one in Europe.

Table 4.3-2 Emission factors of air pollutants from crude oil and oil well drilling, refining,transportation
Category

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit/remarks

Oil well drilling

NMVOC

0.7

(kg/number of wells drilled)

Fugitive emission from facility andplatform

NMVOC

600

(kg/kt-crude oil production)

Crude oil loading onto tanker

NMVOC

71

(kg/ kt-crude oil loaded)

Crude oil loading onto rail tank cars andtank trucks

NMVOC

564

(kg/ kt-crude oil loaded)

Pipeline transport

NMVOC

72

(kg/ kt-mass oil transported)

Transit in marine tankers

NMVOC

146

(kg/ kt-weeks-masstransported)
All units are in kg/ throughput
of crude oil tones

Oil refining

SO2

0.8

Sources: Vacuum tower,
catalytic cracker, fluid coking,sulfur plant, SWS, incinerator,
caustic regeneration, vents, offgases, others

NOx

0.05

Sources: Catalytic cracking

CO

0.08

Sources: Fluid catalytic cracker
only

NMVOC

0.53

Sources: Fugitive and process
emissions

Gasoline refinery dispatch station

NMVOC

310

(kg/ kt-gasoline handled)

Gasoline transport and depots

NMVOC

740

(kg/ kt-gasoline handled)

Gasoline service station

NMVOC

2880

(kg/ kt-gasoline handled)

Source: All from GAP Forum Manual- 4-22 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-3 Emission factors of air pollutants for fugitive emissions from natural gas
CategoryAirpollutant

EmissionfactorNatural gas production

NMVOC

9

(kg/ TJ gas production)

Natural gas distribution

NMVOC

109

(kg/ TJ gas production)

Unit

Source: All from GAP Forum Manual
If default emission factor in Table 4.3-2 and Table 4.3-3 cannot be used, use default values of Tier 1 method in‘EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook – 2009’. These values are based on ones in Europe.
Fugitive emissions from fuels seem to depend on climate, technology and quality of fuel etc. Actual emission
factors of NMVOC may become larger values in tropical and sub tropical countries with higher temperaturethan one in Europe. And greenhouse gas emission factors are basically set as default values of 2006 IPCC
Guidelines which are listed in Table 4.3-4.
Table 4.3-4 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil fuelAir
pollutant

EmissionfactorWell drilling, well testing,production and transport of oil

NMVOC

0.2

(kg/Mg oil) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Refining and storage of oil

NMVOC

0.2

(kg/Mg oil) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Oil refined product distribution

NMVOC

2

(kg/Mg oil) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Well drilling, production,transportation, refining, storage, anddistribution of natural gas

NMVOC

0.1

(kg/m3 gas) EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Category

Unit/source

Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) are divided from “A technology-based global inventory of blackand organic carbon emission from combustion” (Tami C. Bond, etc 2004), and set as follows: -EFBC = EFPM × F1.0 × FBC × Fcont ·····················································································(4.3-2)
EFOC = EFPM × F1.0 × FOC × Fcont ·····················································································(4.3-3)
Where,
EFPM: PM emission factor (g/kg)
F1.0: Fraction of the emissions with diameters smaller than one micrometer
FBC: Fraction of the fine particulate matter that is black carbon Ratio of black carbon
FOC: Fraction of the fine particulate matter that is organic carbon
Fcont: Fraction of the fine PM that penetrates the control device
However, Organic matter and Organic Carbon ratio Rorg are not considered here.

- 4-23 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-5 BC and OC emission factor from cokes production
Fuel

Technology

EFPM (g/kg)

F1.0

FBC

FOC

Fcont

Coking coal

Coke oven

5.8

0.35

0.48

0.34

0.33

Coking coal

Coke oven (uncaptured)

20

0.5

0.48

0.34

1.0

Source: “A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emission from combustion”(Tami C. Bond, etc 2004)

4.3.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.
And in “4.3.2 Detailed method” if work time pattern can be identified, the time pattern should be used in theemission amount calculated using this “4.3.1 Simple method”

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is as set in Table 4.3-6. However, the “spatial distribution indications” in Table 4.3-6 are
set in priority sequence with spatial distribution of emission amount.

- 4-24 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-6 Spatial distribution indicator in air pollutants of fugitive emissions from fossil fuelCategory

Activity Data

Well drilling, well
testing, production
and transport ofoil

Oil production
volumeRefining andstorage of oil

Crude oilrefining
volumeOil refined
product
distribution

Gasoline total
sales volume

Well drilling,
production,transportation,refining, storage,
and distribution ofnatural gas

Gas
production
volume

1)
2)
3)
1)
2)
1)
2)
1)
2)
3)

Spatial distribution indicator
If the production volume of each oil well can be identified,create spatial distribution based on that location.
Identify the oil production volume by province or detailed
administrative region, and emission amount is evenly divided
in the area.
If you can only identify the national activity data, and if the oilwell location is evenly divided in the country with a certain
degree, it can be evenly divided across the country.
If each refinery can be identified, create spatial distribution
based on that location
Identify the crude oil refining volume by province or detailed
administrative region, and emission amount is evenly divided
in the area.
Spatial distribution is based on estimation of air pollutant
emission amount from automobile (Simple method)
Identify the gasoline total sales by province or detailed
administrative region, and emission amount is evenly divided
in the area.
If the production volume of each gas well can be identified,create spatial distribution based on that location.
Identify the gas production volume by province or detailed
administrative region, and emission amount is evenly divided
in the area.
If you can only identify the national activity data, and if the gas
well location is evenly divided in the country with a certain
degree, it can be evenly divided across the country.

4.3.2

Detailed method

4.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The basic formula in emission amount estimation is the same as “4.3.1 Simple method”, but the detailed
method classifies the category into more detail technically to estimate the air pollutant of emission amount.
And identifying the emission mount from each oil field, oil well, and gas field (“oil field etc.”), oil refining is
included in this method.
Active data is the production volume of crude oil and natural gas, or the production mount at each oil field, or
refining volume at refinery. The emission factor is the emission amount per unit of production volume, but
compared to “4.3.1 Simple method”, it is more detailed technically. The national, provincial, regional total
emission amount is estimated based on the accumulation of each emission amount.

Emissions = AD × EF ...........................................................................................................(4.3-4)
Where,
Emissions: Air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission amount
AD: Activity data (fossil fuel production volume etc)
EF: Emission factor- 4-25 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

The contents that have to be identified in detailed method are the production volume of each fossil fuel like acrude oil natural gas, processing amount of fossil fuel treatment process in the country (from well drillingrefining, transportation, to storage).
The contents that have to be identified by questionnaire survey or interview survey or the oil field, gas field are
as shown in Table 4.3-7. However, for refinery, the survey is expected to be the same as the survey carried out
in large point source in “3 Estimation of air pollutant emission amount from fuel combustion”.

Table 4.3-7 Information material to collect for estimation of emission amount
Survey type

Survey item

Survey content

By statistics
data etc

Information of
crude oil andnatural gas

Production volume of crude oil, natural gas , handling amount of
crude oil and natural gas , number of oil well

Oil refining
volumeRefining volume according to emission reduction measures

Oil well basic
information

Name of product drilling, number of employers, oil welllocation, area drawing

Information of
crude oil andnatural gas l

Crude oil and natural gas production volume over the past few
years, including current one, monthly production volume
condition (calorific value, sulfur content, ash content, nitrogencontent)

Pollutant control
measureCondition of pollution control measure introduction

Shipping
information

Shipment destination, condition of shipment (tanker, railways,
truck, pipeline)

OthersAir pollutant of emission amount actual survey result, emission
factor condition (if any), other info as required

Plant/
workplace byquestionnaire,interview

However, in the total national activity data of fugitive emission from fossil fuel, activity data is not estimatedby “4.3.2 Detailed method”, is treated as area source, and estimated using “4.3.1 Simple method”.

4.3.2.2

Estimation of activity data

Emission factors are basically set as default values of “4.3.1 Simple method”, in other words, activity data isbasically the national fossil fuel (crude oil, natural gas) production volume. The activity data for each
emission source is shown in Table 4.3-8.

- 4-26 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-8 Technical detailed method – Activity data of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil
fuel
Category

Activity data

Source/remarks

Well drilling, well testing,production and transport ofoil

Marine oil production
volume (Mg oil)Refining and storage of oil

Crude oil refining volume(Mg crude oil)Oil statistics data of the country and energy
statistics data of the country

Oil refined productdistribution

Gasoline total sales
volume(Mg oil)Oil (consumption) statistics data of thecountry, and energy statistics data

Well drilling, production,transportation, refining,storage, and distribution ofnatural gas

Gas production volume (m3gas)

Natural gas statistics data of the country,
other international organization data

Number of oil well drillingand natural gas well drillingNumber of wells drilled

Statistics data of oil and gas field and survey
report of the country, questionnaire survey,
interview surrey etc.

Oil statistics data of the country, otherinternational organization data etc.

Land oil production
volume (Mg oil)

Active data is basically production volume of fossil fuel in each field that produces crude oil and natural, andthe activity data is listed in Table 4.3-9.
And the same as refinery, gas station and other source, at the same time as human activity, air pollutant offugitive emission from fossil fuel is assumed to occur, so it is necessary to identify the time of human activity,
whereas, oil and gas field that operates continuously, as well as distribution, is not required to be considered.
However, the same as storage, it is assumed that there is a big difference between day time and night time, so it
is preferably to split them.
The above should preferably be acquired through questionnaire survey or interview survey basically.
Especially for well drilling, refinery, fossil fuel production volume, product amount, the air pollutant emission
amount of each plant, workplace should be identified through these survey.
However, the proper unit can also be converted to calorific value unit, if required, in which case, basically theconversion factor uses the proper value of the oil well gas well, factory and refinery. If suitable conversion
factor is not available, the standard calorific value published by the country can be used, and if the appropriate
calorific value in the country is not available, use the default calorific value stated in 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

- 4-27 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-9 Detailed method – Activity data of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil fuelCategory

Activity data

Well drilling, well testing,production and transport of oil

Marine oil production
volume (Mg oil)

Source/remarks
Oil statistics data of the country, otherinternational organization data etc.

Land oil production
volume (Mg oil)Refining and storage of oil

Crude oil refining
volume (Mg crude oil)Oil statistics data of the country and energy
statistics data of the country

Oil refined productdistribution

Gasoline total sales
volume (Mg oil)Oil (consumption) statistics data of thecountry, and energy statistics data

Well drilling, production,transportation, refining,storage, and distribution ofnatural gas

Gas production volume(m3 gas)Natural gas statistics data of the country, otherinternational organization data

Number of oil well drillingand natural gas well drillingNumber of wells drilled

Statistics data of oil and gas field and survey
report of the country, questionnaire survey,
interview surrey etc.

- 4-28 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.3.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors of fugitive emission from oil and natural gas production are shown in Table 4.3-10. The
emission factors from refinery, natural gas processing plant is not stated in this table, but these are shown in
Table 4.3-15 to Table 4.3-20.

Table 4.3-10 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from fossil fuelAir pollutant

EmissionfactorWell drilling well testing, production,transport of oil (land-based)

NMVOC

0.1

(kg/Mg oil)

Well drilling well testing well, production,transport of oil (offshore)

NMVOC

0.4

(kg/Mg oil)Oil refinery distribution process (Roadtanker, bottom loading)

NMVOC

9

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Oil refinery distribution process (Roadtanker, top loading)

NMVOC

9

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Oil refinery distribution process (Roadtanker, bottom or top loading)

NMVOC

23

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Oil refinery distribution process (Railtanker)NMVOC

11(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Oil refinery distribution process (Marine
tanker)NMVOC

4(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Oil refinery distribution process(uncontrolled)

NMVOC

7

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Oil storage tank filling (uncontrolled)

NMVOC

24

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Oil storage tank breathing (uncontrolled)

NMVOC

3

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Automobile refueling (uncontrolled)

NMVOC

37

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Automobile refueling ;drips and spills(uncontrolled)

NMVOC

2

(g/m3 throughput/kPa TVP)

Well drilling, production, loading, depots,
transport of natural gas (land -based)

NMVOC

0.1

(kg/m3 gas)

Well drilling, production, loading, depots,
transport of natural gas (offshore)

NMVOC

0.1

(kg/m3 gas)

Category

Unit

Source: All from EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Note: TVP stands for “True vapor pressure” and which is defined as follows: -- 4-29 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

TVP = RVP × 10 AT+ B ········································································································(4.3-5)
Where,

A = 0.000007047 × RVP + 0.0132
B = 0.0002311 × RVP − 0.5236
T means Temperature (°C)
RVP stands for Reid Vapor Pressure (in kPa)
In 2006 IPCC Guidelines, emission factor of CH4, CO2, NMVOC, N2O are as follows in Table 4.3-11 to Table
4.3-14. However, in 2006 IPCC Guidelines, there is “in developed countries” default emission factors and “indeveloping countries and countries in economic transition” default emission factors. Here it indicates “indeveloping countries and countries in economic transition” default emission factors. If the country is assumed
to be suitable for “in developed countries” default emission factors, 2006 IPCC Guidelines” Volume 2:
Energy” Table 4.2.4 should preferably be used.

- 4-30 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-11 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation
Category

CH4

CO2

NMVOC

N2O

Unit

33 – 560

100 - 1700

0.87 – 15

ND(kg/number
of wells
drilled)51 – 850

9000 - 150000

0.87 – 15

0.068 - 1.1(kg/number
of wells
drilled)110 – 1800

1.9 - 32

17 – 280

ND(kg/number
of wells
drilled)Gas production (Fugitives)

380 - 24000

14 - 1800

91 - 1200

NA(kg/106 m3
raw gas feed)

Gas production (Flaring)

0.76 - 1.0

1.2 - 1.6

0.62 - 0.85

0.021 0.029(kg/106 m3
raw gas feed)

Gas processing (sweet gas
plant) (Fugitives)

480 – 1100

150 - 350

220 - 510NA

(kg/106 m3
raw gas feed)

Gas processing (sweet gas
plant) (Flaring)

1.2 – 1.6

1800 - 2500

0.96 - 1.3

0.025 0.034(kg/106 m3
raw gas feed)

Gas processing (sour gas)
(Fugitives)

0.97 – 220

7.9 - 18

68 – 160

NA(kg/106 m3
raw gas feed)

Gas processing (sour gas)
(Flaring)

2.4 – 3.33600 - 4900

1.9 - 2.6

0.054 0.074(kg/106 m3
raw gas feed)

Gas processing (sour gas)
(Raw CO2 Venting)NA

63000 150000

NANA(kg/106 m3
raw gas feed)

Oil well drilling(Flaring and Venting)
Oil well testing(Flaring and Venting)
Oil well servicing(Flaring and Venting)Source: All from 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note: “NA” stands for “Not Applicable”, and “ND” ”Not Determined”- 4-31 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-12 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation
Category

CH4

CO2

NMVOC

N2O

Unit

Gas processing (Deep-cut
Extraction Plants) (Straddle
Plants) (Fugitives)

11 – 25

1.6 - 3.7

27 – 62NA(kg/106 m3 raw
gas feed)Gas processing (Deep-cut
Extraction Plants) (Straddle
Plants) (Flaring)

0.072 0.099

0.011 - 0.015

0.059 0.081

0.012 0.081(kg/106 m3 raw
gas feed)Gas processing (Default
Weighted Total) (Fugitives)

150 – 350

12 - 28

140 - 320NA

(kg/106 m3 gas
production)

Gas processing (Default
Weighted Total) (Flaring)

200 – 280

3000 - 4100

1.6 - 2.2

0.033 0.045(kg/106 m3 gas
production)

Gas processing (Default
Weighted Total) (Raw CO2
Venting)NA

40000 95000

NANA(kg/106 m3 gas
production)

Gas transmission andstorage (Transmission)(Fugitives)

166 - 1100

0.88 - 2

7.0 – 16NA

(kg/106 m3 ofmarketable gas)

Gas transmission andstorage (Transmission)(Venting)

44 – 740

3.1 - 7.3

4.6 – 11NA

(kg/106 m3 ofmarketable gas)

Gas transmission andstorage (Storage) (All)25 – 58

0.11 - 0.26

0.36 - 0.83

ND

(kg/106 m3 ofmarketable gas)Gas delivery (All)1100 - 2500

51 - 140

16 – 36

ND(kg/106 m3 ofutility sales)

LNG gas transport(Condensate) (All)

110

7.2

1100

ND

(kg/106 m3
Condensate andPentanes Plus)

LNG gas transport(Liqurefield Petroleum Gas)
(All)

NA

430

ND

0.0022(kg/106 m3 LPG)

Source: All from 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note: “NA” stands for “Not Applicable”, and “ND” ”Not Determined”- 4-32 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-13 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation
Category

CH4

CO2

NMVOC

N2O

Unit

Oil production (Conventional
Oil) (Liquefied Natural Gas)

ND

ND

ND

ND

(kg/106 m3 ofmarketable gas)

Oil production (Conventional
Oil )(Fugitives (Onshore))

15 – 60000

0.11 - 4300

1.8 - 75000

NA(kg/106 m3
conventional oil
production)

Oil production (Conventional
Oil )(Fugitives (Offshore))

0.59

0.043

0.74

NA

(kg/106 m3
conventional oil
production)

Oil production (Conventional
Oil )(Venting)

720 – 990

95 - 130430 - 590

NA

(kg/106 m3
conventional oil
production)

Oil production (Conventional
Oil) (Flaring)

25 – 34

41000 - 56000

21 - 290.64 - 0.88

(kg/106 m3
conventional oil
production)

Oil production (Heavy
Oil/Cold Bitumen)(Fugitives)

7900 130000

540 - 9000

2900 48000

NA(kg/106 m3 heavy
oil production)

Oil production (Heavy
Oil/Cold Bitumen) (Venting)

17000 23000

5300 - 7300

2700 3700

NA(kg/106 m3 heavy
oil production)

Oil production (Heavy
Oil/Cold Bitumen) (Flaring)

140 – 190

22000 - 30000

11 - 15

0.46 - 0.63

(kg/106 m3 heavy
oil production)

Oil production (Thermal Oil
Production) (Fugitives)

180 – 3000

29 - 480

230 - 3800

NA

(kg/106 m3
thermal bitumen
production)

Oil production (Thermal Oil
Production) (Venting)3500 - 4800

220 - 300

870 - 1200

NA

(kg/106 m3
thermal bitumen
production)

Oil production (Thermal Oil
Production) (Flaring)

16 – 22270 - 370

13 - 18

0.24 - 0.33

(kg/106 m3
thermal bitumen
production)

Source: All from 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note: “NA” stands for “Not Applicable”, and “ND” ”Not Determined”- 4-33 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-14 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission from oil and gas operation
Category

CH4

CO2

NMVOC

N2O

Unit

Oil production ( Crudefrom Oil sands) (All)

2300 38000

ND

900 –
15000

ND

(kg/106 m3 synthetic crude
production from oil sands)

Oil production (Synthetic
Crude from Oil Shale)
(All)

ND

ND

ND

ND

(kg/106 m3 synthetic crude
production from oil shale)

Oil production (Default
Weighted Total (Fugitives)

2200 37000

280 - 4700

3100 –
52000

NA(kg/106 m3 total oil
production)

Oil production Default
Weighted Total) (Venting)

8700 12000

1800 - 2500

1600 –
2200

NA(kg/106 m3 total oil
production)

Oil production (Default
Weighted Total) (Flaring)

21 – 29

340 - 470

17 –
2300000

54 - 74(kg/106 m3 total oil
production)

Oil Upgrading (All)

ND

ND

ND

ND

(kg/106 m3 total oil
upgraded)

Oil transportation(Pipeline)

5.4

0.49

54

NA

(kg/106 m3 total oil
transported by pipeline)

Oil transportation (Tanker
Trucks and RailCars)(Venting)

25

2.3

250

NA

(kg/106 m3 total oil
transported by Tanker
Truck)

Oil transportation (Loadingof Off-shore Production on
Tanker Ships) (Venting)

ND

ND

ND

NA

(kg/106 m3 total oil
transported by Tanker
Truck)

Oil refining(All)

ND

ND

ND

ND

(kg/106 m3 total oil refined)

Oil refined productdistribution (Gasoline)

NA

NA

ND

NA

(kg/106 m3 producttransported)

Oil refined productdistribution (Diesel)

NA

NA

ND

NA

(kg/106 m3 producttransported)

Oil refined productdistribution (Aviation Fuel)

NA

NA

ND

NA

(kg/106 m3 producttransported)

Oil refined productdistribution (Jet Kerosene)

NA

NA

ND

NA

(kg/106 m3 producttransported)

Source: All from 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note: “NA” stands for “Not Applicable”, and “ND” ”Not Determined”- 4-34 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

From various emission sources of oil refinery and natural gas treatment plant, not only NMVOC, but manypollutants characteristics are emitted. Therefore, the emission factor from various emission sources of thisfacility is compiled in Table 4.3-15 to Table 4.3-20 by sources, which sources are AP-42 and EMEP/EEA
Guidebook.

Table 4.3-15 Emission factors of air pollutants for oil refineries
PM

SO2

CO

THCa)

NO2

NH3

Unit

FCC (Fluid catalytic
cracking units):
Uncontrolled

0.695

1.413

39.2

0.630

0.204

0.155

(kg/103 Liter
Fresh feed)

FCC: Electrostatic
precipitator and CO boiler

0.128

1.413

Neg

Neg

0.204

Neg

(kg/103 Liter
Fresh feed)

Moving-bed catalytic
cracking units

0.049

0.171

10.8

0.250

0.014

0.017

(kg/103 Liter
Fresh feed)

Fluid coking units:
Uncontrolled

1.50

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

(kg/103 Liter
Fresh feed)

Fluid coking units:
Electrostatic precipitator

0.0196

ND

Neg

Neg

ND

Neg

(kg/103 Liter
Fresh feed)

Delayed coking units

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

(kg/103 Liter
Fresh feed)

Compressor engines:
Reciprocating engines

Neg

2×s

7.02

21.8

55.4

3.2

(kg/103 m3 gas
burned)Compressor engines: Gas
turbines

Neg

2×s

1.94

0.28

4.7

ND

(kg/103 m3 gas
burned)Blow down systems:
Uncontrolled

Neg

Neg

Neg

1662

Neg

Neg

(kg/103 L
refinery feed)

Category
Oil refinery

Blow down systems: Vapor
recovery system and flaring

Neg

0.077

0.012

0.002

0.054

Neg

(kg/103 L
refinery feed)

Vacuum distillation column
condensers: Uncontrolled

Neg

Neg

Neg

0.14

Neg

Neg

(kg/103 L
vacuum feed)

Vacuum distillation column
condensers: Controlled

Neg

Neg

Neg

Neg

Neg

Neg

(kg/103 L
vacuum feed)

Source: All from AP-42
Note: a) Overall, less than 1 weight % of total hydrocarbon emission is methane
Note: “Neg” means “Negligible”, “ND”: “No Data”- 4-35 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-16 Emission factors of air pollutants for oil refineries and natural gas processing facility
PM

SO2

CO

THCa)

NO2

NH3

Unit

FCC (Fluid catalytic
cracking
units):
Uncontrolled

0.695

1.413

39.2

0.630

0.204

0.155

(kg/103
Liter
Fresh feed)

FCC:
Electrostatic
precipitator and CO
boiler

0.128

1.413

Neg

Neg

0.204

Neg

(kg/103
Liter
Fresh feed)

Moving-bed catalytic
cracking units

0.049

0.171

10.8

0.250

0.014

0.017

(kg/103
Liter
Fresh feed)

Vacuum distillation
column condensers:
Uncontrolled

Neg

Neg

Neg

0.14

Neg

Neg

(kg/103
L
vacuum feed)

Vacuum distillation
column condensers:
Controlled

Neg

Neg

Neg

Neg

Neg

Neg

(kg/103
L
vacuum feed)Neg

26.98×S

Neg

Category
Oil Refinery

Natural gas treatment
plant(kg/103 m3 gas
processed)

Neg

Source: All from AP-42
Note: a) Overall, less than 1 weight % of total hydrocarbon emission is methane
Note: “Neg” means “Negligible”, “ND” means “No Data”
Note: S means Sulfur content (%) in the form of H2STable 4.3-17 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries
Category
Flaring

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

Unit

77

54

12

2

(g/m3 refinery feed)

3.7

18

Well testing (flaring)
Source: All from EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 4-36 -(kg/Mg oil burned)

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-18 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries
Category

PM10

SO2

CO

NMVOC

NOx

NH3

Unit

Fluid catalytic cracking CO boiler (Cyclone
systems installedinternally within theregenerator)

0.55

1.4

39

0.63

0.2

0.16

(kg/m3 fresh
feed)

0.004

0.04

Fluid catalytic cracking CO boiler (uncontrolled)
Fluid coking units(primary cyclone installed
to abate particulates)

0.8

Sulphur recovery plants(no control technology for
tail-gas operations)(kg/m3 feed)(kg/m3 fresh
feed)

0.05

(kg/Mg sulphur
produced)

140

Processes in petroleum
industries (Diffuse
emissions)(kg/Mg crude
oil throughput)

0.2

Source: All from EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 4.3-19 Emission factors of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries
Category

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

Elevated flaring in oil
refinery

2

32.2

177

0.005

(g/g of S in gas flared)(g/GJ)(g/GJ)(g/g of NMVOC in gas)

Unit

Source: All from EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 4.3-20 Emission factor list of air pollutants of fugitive emission for oil refineries
Category

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

PM10

Enclosed flaring in oil
refinery

2

30

40

2.6

0.89

(g/g of S ingas flared)(g/GJ)(g/GJ)(g/GJ)(g/GJ)

Unit

Source: All from EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 4-37 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

In processes like fuel storage, distribution and transport, a portion of the fuel will leak out. Therefore, fuel thatare used tanker, rail cars aircraft to transport, Emission factors of NMVOC are as shown in Table 4.3-21 toTable 4.3-25, which main source is AP-42.

Table 4.3-21 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission from tankers
Category

Ships/Ocean
BargesAir pollutant

Bargesemission factors

emissionfactors

Uncleaned (Volatile)

NMVOC

315

465

Ballasted (Volatile)

NMVOC

205

-a)

Cleaned (Volatile)

NMVOC

180

ND

Gas-freed (Volatile)

NMVOC

85

ND

Any condition (Nonvolatile)

NMVOC

85

ND

Gas-freed (Any cargo)

NMVOC

ND

245410

Typical overall situation (Anycargo)

NMVOC

215

Unit

(mg/litter
Transferred)

Source: All from AP-42
Note: In AP-42, these contain in VOC and is noted that methane and ethane, does not contain. So these
are treated as NMVOC.
Note: a) Barges is not stabilized with ballast.

Table 4.3-22 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission from crude oil ballast of tanker
Category

Fully loaded

Air pollutant

NMVOC

Emissionfactor bycategory

Typicalcomprehensive
emission factor

94.35
109.65Lightered or previously shore loaded

NMVOC

145.35Unit(mg/litter
Ballast Water)

Source: All from AP-42
Note: In AP-42, these are published as total organic emission factors and for crude oil, considering
methane and ethane amount, the conversion to VOC is multiplied by 0.85. This VOC is treated as
NMVOC.

- 4-38 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-23 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission for rail cars
Category

Gasoline

Crude
Oil

Jet
NaphthaJet
Kerosene

Distillate
Oil

Residual
Oil

Loading operation
Submerged loading Dedicated normal
service

590

240

180

1.9

1.7

0.01

Submerged loading Vapor balanceservice

980

400

300

Not
normallyusedNotnormallyusedNotnormallyused

Splash loading Dedicated normal
service

1430

580

430

5

4

0.03

Splash loading Vapor balanceservice

980

400

300

Not
normallyusedNotnormallyusedNotnormally
used

Typical0 - 1.0

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Extreme0 - 9.0

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Typical0 - 13.0

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Extreme0 - 44.0

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

Unit

(mg/littertransferred)

Transit losses
Loaded with product

Return with vapor

Source: All from AP-42
Note: In AP-42, these are published as total organic emission factors. And for crude oil, considering
methane and ethane amount, conversion to VOC is by multiplying with 0.85. This VOC is treatedas NMVOC, whereas for other fuels, the amount of methane and ethane is ignored. So it is treatedas NMVOC.
Note: “ND: No data”- 4-39 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 4.3-24 Emission factors of NMVOC of fugitive emission from vessel fuel supply facility
Gasoline

Crude
Oil

Jet
NaphthaJet
Kerosene

Distillate
Oil

Residual
Oil

Unit

Ships/ocean
barges

-

62

60

0.63

0.55

0.004

(mg/littertransferred)

Barges

-

102

150

1.60

1.40

0.011

Tankerballasting

100

-

ND

ND

ND

ND

(mg/litterballast water)

Transit

320

128

84

0.60

0.54

0.003

(mg/weekLittertransported)

Category

Loading operation

Source: All from AP-42
Note: In AP-42, these are published as total organic emission factors. And for crude oil, considering
methane and ethane amount, conversion to VOC is by multiplying with 0.85. This VOC is treatedas NMVOC, whereas for other fuels, the amount of methane and ethane is ignored. So it is treatedas NMVOC.

Table 4.3-25 Emission factor of NMVOC of fugitive emission from gasoline stations
Category

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Filling underground tank
Submerged filling

NMVOC

880

Splash filling

NMVOC

1380

Balanced submerged filling

NMVOC

40

Underground tank breathing and emptying

NMVOC

120

Displacement losses (uncontrolled)

NMVOC

1320

Displacement losses (controlled)

NMVOC

132

Spillage

NMVOC

80

Unit

(mg/liter
Throughput)

Vehicle refueling operations

Source: All from AP-42
Note: In AP-42, VOC and total organic emissions are the same, and the amount of methane and ethane is
ignored. So it is treated as NMVOC.

- 4-40 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4.3.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

If the hourly operational patterns of each oil well and natural gas well or refinery facility are obtained, and if
the emission is assumed during operation time only, the time pattern can be used.
If the these hourly operational patterns time pattern cannot be obtained, set them the same as “4.3.1 Simple
method”, and the temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution”
of “2 Basic policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

In detailed method, the oil well, natural gas well, refinery, gasoline station are separately obtained, and thespatial distributed accordingly. The details of spatial distribution indicators are shown as in Table 4.3-26.

Table 4.3-26 Emission spatial distribution indicator of air pollutants amount of fugitive emission fromfossil fuelCategory

Activity Data

Spatial distribution indicator

Well drilling, well testing,production and transport ofoil

Oil production
volumeCreate spatial distribution based on each location ofoil fielded and oil wellRefining and storage of oil

Crude oil refining
volumeCreate spatial distribution based on each location ofrefinery.

Oil refined productdistribution

Gasoline total sales
volumeCreate spatial distribution based on each location ofgasoline station.

Well drilling, production,transportation, refining,storage, and distribution ofnatural gas

Gas production
volumeCreate spatial distribution based on each location ofgas field and gas well

Active data that cannot be obtained separately (emission amount) should have its spatial distribution definedusing “4.3.1 Simple method”- 4-41 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 4.3-1 Estimate of air pollutant amount of fugitive emission from fossil fuel in Vietnam
About the air pollutant amount of fugitive emission from fossil fuel production and fossil fueltransportation in Vietnam, NMVOC emission amount from crude oil and natural gas are estimated.
First, identify the production volume of crude oil and natural gas in Vietnam is shown as in Table
4.3-27.
Table 4.3-27 Production volume of crude oil and natural gas in Vietnam
2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Crude oil production volume(Thousand ton)

20,051

17,51916,80015,29014,904Natural gas production volume(Million m3)

6,269

6,440

7,000

7,080

7,944

Source: Annual Statistical Year book of Vietnam
Next, set the emission factors of crude oil and natural gas production and fossil fuel transportation in
Vietnam are shown as in Table 4.3-28.
Table 4.3-28 Emission factor setting condition for leaks of crude oil and natural gas
Activities

NMVOC

Unit

Crude oilOil well drilling

No. of wells drilled yr-1

0.7

Leaks from equipment and platform

Crude oil production (kt yr-1)

600

Loading to oil tanker (vessel)

Crude loaded (kt yr-1)

71

Pipelines

Mass oil Transported

72

Ocean tanker transportation

Mass transported (kt-week yr-1)

146

Production

Kg TJ-1 yr-1

9Distribution

Kg TJ-1 yr-1

109

Natural gas

According to the emission factors above, emission amount of fugitive emission from crude oil andnatural gas leaks in Vietnam are shown as in Table 4.3-29.
Table 4.3-29 NMVOC fugitive emission from crude oil and natural gas in Vietnam

NMVOC(ton yr-1)

generation

volume

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

32,57633,46536,37536,79041,280- 4-42 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Locations of wells of oil and natural gas in Vietnam are identified with information of provincial
production volume of oil and natural gas in statistical books and one by internet as in Figure 4.3-1. The
geographical information is referred for making of spatial distribution of emission amounts.
No oil refinery is under operation in 2008.

Source: http://www.ccop.or.th/ppm/document/CHWS4/CHWS4DOC11_PETROVIETNAM.pdf
Figure 4.3-1 Example of locations of oil wells in Vietnam- 4-43 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Figure 4.3-2 Example of NMVOC fugitive emission distribution from fossil fuel- 4-44 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5 Emission estimation of air pollutants from industrial processes
5.1

Targets of Estimation

Air pollutants and greenhouse gas not associated with fuel combustion are also emitted from various industrial
activities. The main emission sources are the releases from industrial processes that chemically or physicallytransform materials, and they are classified into the followings, based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Mineral products
Chemical industry
Metal production
Other production industry

And each category is further classified into sub-categories as shown in Table 5.1-2 to Table 5.1-4.
Industrial process has many industrial activities, and industrial process often has complicated relation with fuelcombustion. Therefore, it is necessary to define industrial process and fuel combustion, and to have clear
classification. This guideline follows the 2006 IPCC Guidelines classifications (reference)

Table 5.1-1 Definition of industrial process and fuel burning
SectorDefinition

Fuel combustion

The intentional oxidation of materials within an apparatus that is designed to provide
heat or mechanical work to a process, or for use away from the apparatus.

Industrial process

Combustion emissions from fuels obtained directly or indirectly from the feedstock
for an industrial process will normally be allocated to the part of the source category
in which the process occurs. These source categories are normally industrial process
sector source categories. However, if the derived fuels are transferred for
combustion in another source category, the emissions should be reported in theappropriate part of energy sector source categories.

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use Box 1.1

In this chapter, greenhouse gas such as HFCs or PFCs, SF6 are not included. To measure these emission, referto 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
The air pollutants targeted in the sub-category of industrial process are listed in Table 5.1-2 to Table 5.1-4.

- 5-1 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.1-2 Target of estimation and air pollutants in industrial process (mineral products)
Category
Mineralindustry

Sub-category

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Cement industry

IE

IE

IE

IE

NA

○

○

○

IE

IE

○

NE

NE

Lime industry

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

○

○

○

IE

IE

○

NE

NE

Soda ash manufacturing
and usage

IE

IE

○

NA

○

○

○

○

IE

IE

○

NE

NE

Asphalt roofing material
manufacturing

IE

IE

○

○

NA

○

○

○

IE

IE

NA

NE

NE

Asphalt road paving

IE

IE

IE

○

NA

○

○

○

IE

IE

NA

NE

NE

Non-coalmineralexploration and mining

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

○

○

○

NA

NA

NA

NE

NE

Bricks industry

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

○

○

○

IE

IE

NA

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

NE

NA

○

○

○

NA

NA

NA

NE

NE

Mineral product storage,
processing, transportation

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

○

○

○

NA

NA

NA

NE

NE

Other inorganic productmanufacturing

IE

IE

IE

IE

IE

○

○

○

IE

IE

NA

NE

NE

Construction
demolition

andNote: “NE” means “Not Estimated”, “NA” means “Not Applicable”, “IE” means “Included Elsewhere”- 5-2 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.1-3 Target of estimation and air pollutants in industrial process (chemical industries)
Category
Chemicalindustry

Sub-category

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Ammonia manufacturing

NE

○

○

○

○

NA

NA

NE

NE

NE

○

NE

NA

Nitric acid manufacturing

NE

○

NA

NA

NE

NA

NA

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

○

Adipic acid manufacturing

NA

○

○

○

NA

○

NA

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

○

Carbon-black manufacturing

○

○

○

○

NE

○

NE

NE

○

NE

○

○

NA

Urea

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

○

○

○

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Nitric acid ammonia

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Phosphoric acid ammonia

○

NE

NE

NE

○

○

○

○

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Sulfuric acid

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Titan dioxide

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Other chemical industries

○

○

○

○

NE

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

NA

NA

Chemical product storage,
processing, transportation

Included in the above chemical industry process

Note: “NE” means “Not Estimated”, “NA” means “Not Applicable”, “IE” means “Included Elsewhere”- 5-3 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.1-4 Target of estimation and air pollutants in industrial process (metal production and other production industry)Category
Metalindustry

Other
productionindustry

Sub-category

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Steel industry

○

○

○

○

NE

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

NA

Ferro-alloy manufacturing

IE

IE

IE

IE

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

○

NA

Aluminum manufacturing

○

○

○

○

NE

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

NA

NA

Copper manufacturing

○

○

○

○

NE

○

○

○

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Lead manufacturing

○

○

○

○

NE

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

NA

NA

Nickel manufacturing

○

NE

NE

NA

NA

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Zinc manufacturing

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

○

○

NE

NE

○

NA

NA

Other metal manufacturing

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Storage, processing,transportation in metal
manufacturing

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Paper and pulp
manufacturing

○

○

○

○

NE

○

○

○

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Foods, drinks
manufacturing

NA

NA

NA

○

NA

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Wood processing industry

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NA

NA

NA

Note: “NE” means “Not Estimated”, “NA” means “Not Applicable”- 5-4 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.2

Mineral products

5.2.1

Simple method

5.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emission is estimated basically by multiplying the activity data with emission factor. Activity data generallymeans production volume by each industrial process, such as national or provincial level statistics. Emission
factor is the emission rate per production unit. It is relatively simpler, more exhaustive and more average thanemission factor of “5.2.2 Detailed method“. These emission factors in this guideline are shown as default
values, which should be replaced with local values measured if available.

Emissions = AD × EF ·······································································································(5.2-1)
Where,
Emissions: Air pollutants and greenhouse gas emission rate
AD: Industrial process activity data (i.e. industrial production volume)
EF: Emission factor for industrial process
Among the activity data of industrial process of country, any activity data which is not counted in “5.2.2
Detailed method“, is to be treated as area source, and to be calculated in “5.2.1 Simple method”.

5.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data is basically the production volume of each industrial product, and is assumed to be available inthe statistics of each country, which is to be the priority data to be used. Any activity data which is notavailable in statistics of the country is to be obtained from international statistics data as follows.
1) Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
2) International Steel Institute (IISI:
http://www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/SSY%202010.pdf
3) USA Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country)

In many countries, there is a large amount of air pollutant emission and greenhouse gas emission from cement
industry. To calculate the emission from cement industry, generally clinker production volume is required.
However, in many countries, statistics has cement production data instead of clinker production data.
Therefore, clinker production is defined as follows, in accordance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Nonetheless, if
clinker production data is available, the following definition is to be ignored.

- 5-5 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 5.2-1 Clinker production rate
Clinker production is calculated as follows: -Clinker Production = ∑i (M ci × C cli ) - Im + Ex
Where,
Mci: Weight (mass) of cement produced of type i
Ccli: Clinker fraction of cement of type i
Im: Imports for consumption of clinker, tons
Ex: Experts of clinker, tons
Ccli should be based on the value in each country. However, since it may not be available in somecountry, default value is available as follows.

Table 5.2-1 Clinker ratio default value by cement type
Cement type

Clinker ratio
Default value

Portland cement (the most widely used cement)

95%

Masonry-type cement (Portland cement added with lime adhesives)

75%

Alternatively, in 2006 IPCC Guidelines – “Volume 3: Industrial Process and Product Use”, Table 2.2,
examples of clinker ratio are shown, which can be used.

For example, in Vietnam, cement production volume was 40,047 (thousand metric tons: 2008), and datafor clinker production, import, export were not available. Assuming that all the cement is manufactured
domestically, and all is Portland cement, clinker production was calculate as follows: Clinker production rate = Cement production rate×95% = 40,047×0.95 = 38,045 (thousand metric tons)- 5-6 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

The activity data to calculate air pollutant emission from mineral product is shown in Table 5.2-2.

Table 5.2-2 Industrial process (mineral products) activity data
Sub-category
Cement industry

Active volume

Active volume source

Remarks

Clinker production
volumeStatistics in each country,
and relevant organizationquestionnaire survey, etc

2006 IPCC Guidelines and AP42
In 2006 IPCC Guidelines,
activity
data
validation
procedure is described in detail,which is applied in thisguideline.

Lime industry

Lime production
volumeStatistics in each country,
UN statistics

Bricksmanufacturing

Bricks production
volumeStatistics in each country,etc

Although statistics unit required
for emission calculation isweight, unit of some statistics isin pieces, in which case unit
conversion factor is necessary
to be developed.

Asphalt
roofing
material
manufacturing

Asphalt
roofing
material
production volume

Questionnaire survey forfactories
andrelevantorganization, etc.

It is necessary to avoid double
count in sub-categories

Asphalt plastering

Asphalt plastering
volumeQuestionnaire survey forrelevant organization, etc.

Road pavingRoadpavingasphalt volume

Questionnaire survey forfactories
andrelevantorganization, etc.

- 5-7 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factor is classified into mineral product, chemical product, metal product, and other products, andcompiled based on GAP Forum Manual values, as shown in Table 5.2-3 and Table 5.2-4. It is necessary tonote that these emission factors are defined as single value for each industrial process that contains a wide
range of values technically. If emission factor can be set in accordance with the characteristics of the country,
it should be used instead of default values shown here. In “5.2.2.3 Setting of emission factors” technicallymore detailed emission factor is shown, or any emission factor based on the country’s data may available,
which should be used instead of default values shown here.
In GAP Forum Manual, cement industry SO2 emission factor is shown in, and is to be calculated as industrial
process, nonetheless, in this guideline, it is to be calculated in fuel consumption sector as same as EMEP/EEA
Guidebook.

- 5-8 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-3 Industrial process (mineral products, Part 1) emission factor (GAP Forum Manual-based value)
Sub-category

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVO
C

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

SOx: kg/Mg
cementproduced

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

65c)

16b)

4.64b)

520a)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.38c)

0.33b)

0.25b)

520a)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.10c)

0.084b)0.045b)

520a)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

180c)

22b)

2.57b)

750a)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

4.3c)

2.2b)

0.62b)

750a)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.26b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.68b)

BC

OC

CO2

Cement industry
Wet process kiln
(uncontrolled)
Wet process kiln with ESP
Dry process kiln withfabric filter

Others:kg/Mgclinker
produced

Lime industry
Coal-fired rotary kiln
(uncontrolled)

kg/Mg lime
produced

Coal-fired rotary kiln
(with ESP)
Bricks manufacturing
Grinding and screening (drymaterial: uncontrolled)
Coal-fired kiln
(uncontrolled)

kg/Mg fired
brick
produced

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) GAP Forum Manual, c) AP-42
Note: NA: “Not applicable”, -: “Not available”, ESP: “Electro-static Precipitator”- 5-9 -

0.44b)CH4

N2O

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-4 Industrial process (mineral products, Part 2) emission factor (GAP Forum Manual-based value)
Sub-category

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

Asphalt roofing material
production

kg/Mg productoutputNAb)

NAb)

0.0095b)0.046b)

NAb)

NAb)

0.014b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

Asphalt plastering

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

NAb)

0.6b)

0.66b)

NAb)

NAb)

0.018b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.018b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

-b)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

0.33b)-b)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

16c)

2.25b)

0.14b)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

NAb)

0.021c)0.0135b)0.0042b)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

0.016b)

NAb)

14c)

3.25b)

0.75b)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

NAb)

0.016b)NAb)0.0165c)

0.0115b)0.0015b)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

Road pavement
Asphalt plant - Batch Mix
Hot Mix (uncontrolled)

kg/Mg productoutputAsphalt plant - Batch Mix
Hot Mix (fabric filter PM
controlled)

kg/Mg productoutputAsphalt plant - Drum Mix
Hot Mix (uncontrolled)

kg/Mg productoutputAsphalt plant - Drum Mix
Hot Mix (fabric filter PM
controlled)

kg/Mg productoutputLiquefied asphalt - rapid
cure (RC)kg/Mg productoutput

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

170b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

Liquefied asphalt - medium
cure (MC)kg/Mg productoutput

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

140b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

Liquefied asphalt - slow
cure (SC)kg/Mg productoutput

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

50b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

neg.a)

neg.a)

neg.a)

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) GAP Forum Manual, c) AP-42
Note: NA: “Not applicable”, -: “Not available”, ESP: “Electro-static Precipitator”- 5-10 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.2.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 5-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 5.2-2 Air pollutant emission estimation example: industrial process in Vietnam
As an example, air pollutant emission estimation for industrial process in Vietnam is shown below.
From Vietnam statistics or UN statistics, industrial process activity data is obtained as shown in Table
5.2-5. This table shows major activity data as examples, selected from the activity data obtained.

Table 5.2-5 Activity data of major industrial process in Vietnam
Sub-category

Name of active volume / statistics
year

Cement industry

Clinker production volume / 2008

38,045

Thousand metric tons

Lime industry

Lime production volume / 2008

1,679.40

Thousand metric tons

Bricks industry

Bricks production volume / 2008

18,278Million pieces

Urea

Urea production volume / 2007

975,400

Ton

Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid production volume /2008

64,966Ton

Steel industry

Steel production volume / 2007

Copper refining

Copper primary refining volume /2007

11,000Ton

Zinc refining

Zinc primary refining volume /2007

23,000Ton

Pulp industry

Kraft pulp production volume /2007

622,800

Ton

Sulfuric acidvolume / 2007

82,000Ton

pulp

production

Activity
data

170

Unit

Thousand metric tons

Industrial process emission factors for Vietnam are set as shown in Table 5.2-6 and Table 5.2-7. Since
SOx,NOx,CO and NMVOC emission factors for cement industry are include emissions by fuelcombustion, it is necessary to note not to double count. In other words, it is necessary not to count theemission from fuel combustion.

Table 5.2-6 Industrial process emission factor set in Vietnam (Part 1)
Emission factor (g/ton)

SO2

Clinker production 『 Wet process kiln
(uncontrolled)』- 5-12 -

NOx

CO

NMVOC

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Lime production 『 Coal-fired rotary kiln
(uncontrolled)』
Bricks production “Grinding and screening
operations (processing dry material)”
Urea production ” Fluidize bed prilling(Agricultural grade; uncontrolled)”
Sulfuric acid production “single absorption”
Steel production volume “Pigproduction (Blast furnace charging)”

iron

Copper primary refining “Multiple healthroaster followed by reverberatory furnaceand converter “Zincprimaryrefining
Suspension (Uncontrolled)”

9,050

530,000“Roasting;Kraft paper production “IPCC default
value”

7,000

Sulfuric acid pulp production “IPCC default
value”

30,000

1,500

5,600

3,700

Table 5.2-7 Industrial process emission factor set in Vietnam (Part 2)
Emission factor (g/ton)

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Clinker production “Wet process kiln
(uncontrolled)”

65,00016,0004,640

Lime production “Coal-fired rotary kiln
(uncontrolled)”

180,000

22,0002,570

Bricks production “Grinding and screening
operations (processing dry material)”

4,250

265

ND

Urea production “Fluidize bed prilling(Agricultural grade; uncontrolled)”

3,100

1,860

1,333

50

40

25

Sulfuric acid production “single absorption”
Steel production volume ”Pig ironproduction (Blast furnace charging)”
Copper primary refining ”Multiple healthroaster followed by reverberatory furnace

65,000- 5-13 -

NH3

1,460

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asiaand converter“
Zinc primary refining “Roasting;Suspension (Uncontrolled)”

1,000,000

Kraft paper production “IPCC default
value”

90,000Sulfuric acid pulp production “IPCC default
value”

2,000

Air pollutant emission by industrial process in Vietnam is calculated as shown in Table 5.2-8. However,SOx, NOx, CO and NMVOC emission for cement industry, it is necessary to note that the emission
factor includes fuel. In other words, it is necessary not to double count the emission from fuelcombustion.

Table 5.2-8 Air pollutant emissions by industrial process in Vietnam
Year

Emissions (ton/year)

SO2

NOx

Clinker production

2008

Lime production

2008

Bricks production

Unknown

Urea production

2007

Sulfuric acid production

2008

Steel production rate

2007

Copper primary refining

2007

Zinc primary refining

2007

Kraft pulp production

2007

4,360

Sulfuric acid pulp production

2007

2,460

Total (yearly difference is ignored)
Emission rate (ton/year)

NMVOC

588

5,830

13,238
Year

CO

934

3,488

2,304

934

3,488

2,304

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Clinker production

2008

2,472,925

608,720

176,529

Lime production

2008

302,292

36,947

4,316

Bricks production

Unknown

Urea production

2007

3,024

1,814

1,300

- 5-14 -

NH3

1,424

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Sulfuric acid production

2008

Steel production rate

200

9Copper primary refining

2007

715

Zinc primary refining

2007

23,000Kraft pulp production

2007

56,052

Sulfuric acid pulp production

2007

164

Total (yearly difference is ignored)

2,858,181

5.2.2

Detailed method

5.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

74

647,488

182,149

1,424

The emission estimation method is basically the same as “5.2.1 Simple method”, that is by multiplying theactivity data with the emission factor. Activity data generally means the amounts of production in eachindustrial process, and it is assumed that statistics at national or provincial level are available. The emission
factor is the emission rate per unit of production rate, and compared to the emission factor of “5.2.1 Simple
method”.

Emissions = AD × EF ·······································································································(5.2-2)
Where,
Emissions: Air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission rate
AD: Industrial process activity data (industrial product production rate)
EF: Industrial process emission factor

The detailed information on the emission rate can be obtained through plant/workplace questionnaire
survey/interview (hereinafter referred to as “questionnaire survey”). The questionnaire survey is basicallyassumed to be the same as the survey of large scale factory, from which, the factory position, amounts ofproduction, pollution prevention policy can be obtained. Further, the emission factor or amounts of air
pollutant emission should be preferably obtainable too.
The contents that have to identify by questionnaire or interview of the plant are as shown in Table 5.2-9.
Basically it is the same as the survey carried out in large scale plant in “3 Estimating emissions of air
pollutants from fuel consumption”.

- 5-15 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-9 Information material to collect for emission estimation
Survey item

Survey content

Plant basic information

Product items, number of employee, plant address, plant plan drawing,
chimney position and height

Product information

Annual fuel consumption volume, annual raw material consumption
volume, annual production volume
Monthly production volume of the year,
Fuel specification (calorific value, sulfur content, ash content, nitrogencontent, etc)

Pollution mitigation technology

Applied pollution mitigation technologies

OthersMeasurement data on air pollutant emission, emission factor information(if any), other information as required

However, out of the active volume in industrial process of the country, for activity data not comprehended inthis “5.2.2 Detailed method”, it is treated as area source, and calculated with “5.2.1 Simple method”

5.2.2.2

Estimation of activity data

Estimation of activity data is basically the same as “5.2.1 Simple method”, but it is more detailed technically,
and activity data like Table 5.2-10 is required.

- 5-16 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-10 Industrial process (mineral products) activity data
Sub-category
Cement industry

Activity data

Active volume source

Remarks

Cement production
volumeStatistics of the country,
UN statistics

EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Clinker production
volumeStatistics of the country,
relevant organizationquestionnaire survey

2006 IPCC Guidelines
and AP-42

Lime industry

Lime production
volumeStatistics of the country,
UN statistics

Soda ash manufacturing
and usage

Soda ash production
volumeStatistics of the country,
UN statistics

Asphalt roofing material
manufacturing

Asphalt roofing
material production
volumePlant and relevantorganizationquestionnaire survey

Asphalt road pavement

Road pavement asphalt
volumeRelevant organizationquestionnaire survey

Asphalt plant

Asphalt production
volumePlant and relevantorganizationquestionnaire survey

Bricks industry

Bricks production
volumeNon-coal mining stone
drilling and exploration

Various mining productproduction volume

Construction anddemolition

Construction,
demolition building
floor area

Statistics of the country,
relevant provincial
office, organizationquestionnaire survey

Mining product storage,
processing,transportation

Mining productproduction volume

Statistics of the country,
UN statistics

Other inorganic item
manufacturing

Other (mainly glass)inorganic item
manufacturing

Statistics of the country,
UN statistics

Statistics of the country,
UN statistics

Statistics of countries,
UN statistics- 5-17 -In 2006 IPCC Guidelines,
active volume searching
method is described indetails, and this guideline
also use the same method

It is necessary to note not
to do double-counting

The unit is in weight, but
in statistics, some areexpressed in piece.
Except coal, collect fromall kinds of statistics

Collect from all kinds ofstatistics

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Activity data which should be collected through questionnaire survey is generally sama as the activity data
shown in Table 5.2-10.

5.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Mineral products are classified into cement industry, lime industry, soda ash industry and usage, asphalt
roofing material manufacturing, asphalt road paving, non-coal stone quarrying and mining, construction anddemolition, mineral product storage, processing and transportation, and other inorganic item manufacturing.
Default values of emission factors here are the normal values in European, that is, emission volume estimatedmay have some error.
Cement manufacturing process outline is shown in Figure 5.2-1. The fuel used in cement manufacturing is
mainly for the cement burning process in the kiln. Therefore, fuel burning air pollutant emission is mainly
generated from the kiln. On the other hand, PM is produced not only in cement burning process, but also in theprocess before and after burning. PM is calculated in industrial process. Air pollutants except PM arecalculated in fuel combustion.

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, Figure 2-1 of “2.A.1.Cement production”
Figure 5.2-1 Cement manufacturing process outline
Based on the above, cement industry emission factor is compiled as in Table 5.2-11 to Table 5.2-13.

- 5-18 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-11 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: cement industry) (EMEP/EEA
Guidebook)Sub-category

Cement industry

Technology

Default value

Wet kiln (removal rate
98.9%)

Dry kiln (removal rate
99.5%)Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

220

g/Mg cement produced

PM10

200

g/Mg cement produced

PM2.5

110

g/Mg cement produced

TSP

0.6

kg/Mg cement produced

PM10

0.51

kg/Mg cement produced

PM2.5

0.18

kg/Mg cement produced

TSP

2.5

kg/Mg cement produced

PM10

1.3

kg/Mg cement produced

PM2.5

0.94

kg/Mg cement produced

Removal rate

ESP: particle > 10μm

93%

Environment
protection
technology

ESP: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

34%

ESP: 2.5μm > particle

40%

Fabric filter: particle > 10μm

98%

Fabric filter: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

80%Fabric filter: 2.5μm > particle

73%

Note: ESP: Electro-static Precipitator
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
AP-42 cement industry emission factor of AP-42 is shown in Table 5.2-12.

- 5-19 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-12 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: cement industry) (AP-42, Part 1)
Sub-category

Technology

Cement industry

Wet process kiln
(uncontrolled)

Wet process kiln withESP

Wet process kiln withfabric filter

Wet process kiln withcooling
tower,
multiclone, and ESP

Dry Process kiln withESP

Dry Process kiln withfabric filter

Pre-heater kiln

Pre-heater kiln with
ESP

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

65

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

16

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

4.64

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.38

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

0.33

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

0.25

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.23

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.10

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.50

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.10

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

0.084

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

0.045

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

130

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.13

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

Air pollutant

Note: ESP: Electro-static Precipitator
Source: AP-42- 5-20 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-13 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: cement industry) (AP-42, Part 2)
Sub-category

Technical

Cement industry

Pre-heater kiln
fabric filter

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

0.13

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.024

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.10

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.048

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.068

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg clinker produced

TSP

0.11

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM10

0.084

kg/Mg clinker produced

PM2.5

0.044

kg/Mg clinker produced

Air pollutant

withPre-heater/precalciner
kiln with ESP

Pre-heater/precalciner
process kiln with fabricfilterPre-heater/precalciner
process kiln with PMcontrols

Clinker cooler with
ESP

Clinker cooler withfabric filter

Clinker cooler withgravel bed filter

Note: ESP: Electrostatic Precipitator
Source: AP-42- 5-21 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for lime industry of EMEP/EEA Guidebook are shown in Table 5.2-14. More technicallydetailed emission factors shown in Table 3.4 of “2.A.2 Lime stone production” in EMEP/EEA Guidebook
should be used as reference. Air pollutant emission volume by fuel used in kiln need to be calculated in “fuelcombustion” sector.

Table 5.2-14 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: lime industry)
Sub-category

Lime industry

Technology

Default value

Uncontrolled
emission factor

Controlled
factoremission

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

0.59

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

0.24

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

0.05

kg/Mg lime produced

TSP

9kg/Mg cement produced

PM10

3.5

kg/Mg cement produced

PM2.5

0.7

kg/Mg cement produced

TSP

0.4

kg/Mg cement produced

PM10

0.2

kg/Mg cement produced

PM2.5

0.03

kg/Mg cement produced

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-22 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for lime industry of AP-42 are shown in Table 5.2-15. TSP emission factors for somemitigation technology which is not described in Table 5.2-15 are necessary to refer to AP-42 Table 11.17-1.
All PM10 are stated in Table 5.2-15.
Table 5.2-15 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: lime industry) (AP-42)
Sub-category

Lime industry

Technology

Coal-fired rotary kiln
(uncontrolled)

Coal-fired rotary kiln
with large diameter

Coal-fired rotary kiln
with fabric filter

Coal-fired rotary kiln
with ESP

Coal- and gas fired
rotary kiln

Coal-fired rotary preheater kiln with multiclone

Coal-fired calcimatickiln

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

180

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

22

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

2.57

kg/Mg lime produced

TSP

60

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

TSP

0.14

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

0.077

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

0.038

kg/Mg lime produced

TSP

4.3

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

2.2

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

0.62

kg/Mg lime produced

TSP

40

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

TSP

42

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

TSP

48

kg/Mg lime produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg lime produced

Air pollutant

Note: ESP: Electro-static Precipitator
Source: AP-42- 5-23 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor for Soda ash industry is shown in Table 5.2-16.
Table 5.2-16 Industrial process (mineral products: soda ash) emission factor
Sub-category

Soda ashmanufacturing
and usage

Technology

Default valueAirpollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

CO

9

kg/Mg soda ash produced

NH3

0.9

kg/Mg soda ash produced

TSP

0.1

kg/Mg soda ash produced

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factor for asphalt roofing material manufacturing is shown in Table 5.2-17.
Table 5.2-17 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt roofing material
manufacturing)Sub-category

Asphalt roofing
material
manufacturing

Technogy

Default value

Dip saturator(uncontrolled)

Spray/ dip saturator(uncontrolled)

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

CO

0.01

kg/Mg Shingle

NMVOC

0.005

kg/Mg Shingle

TSP

0.6

kg/Mg Shingle

CO

0.01

kg/Mg Shingle

NMVOC

0.005

kg/Mg Shingle

TSP

0.6

kg/Mg Shingle

NMVOC

0.13

kg/Mg Shingle produced

TSP

1.6

kg/Mg Shingle produced

Removal rate

ESP(Dip saturator): TSP

97%

Environmental
protection
technology

ESP(Dip saturator): NMVOC

0%

HEAF(Dip saturator): TSP

94%

HEAF(Dip saturator): NMVOC

0%

HEAF(Spray/ dip saturator): TSP

98%

HEAF(Spray/ dip saturator): NMVOC

0%

Note: ESP: Electro-static Precipitator: HEAF: High Energy Air Filter
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-24 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor for asphalt road paving is shown in Table 5.2-18 and Table 5.2-19.

Table 5.2-18 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt road-paving)Sub-category

Asphalt
pavingroad

Technology

Default value

Batch Mix Hot Mix Plant(uncontrolled)

Drum Mix Hot Mix Plant(uncontrolled)

Liquefiedasphaltasphalt,

Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

16

g/Mg asphalt

TSP

14

kg/Mg asphalt

PM10

3

kg/Mg asphalt

PM2.5

0.4

kg/Mg asphalt

NMVOC

16

g/Mg asphalt

TSP

15

kg/Mg asphalt

PM10

2

kg/Mg asphalt

PM2.5

0.1

kg/Mg asphalt

NMVOC

15

g/Mg asphalt

TSP

13

kg/Mg asphalt

PM10

3

kg/Mg asphalt

PM2.5

0.7

kg/Mg asphalt

NMVOC

30

kg/Mg asphalt

Air pollutant

Cutback(uncontrolled)
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-25 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-19 Reduction rate of industrial process (mineral products: asphalt road-paving)Sub-category

Batch Mix Hot Mix
plant

Drum Mix Hot Mix
plant

Technology

Reduction
ratio

Venturi / wet scrubber: TSP

99.6 %

Venturi / wet scrubber: PM10

98 %Venturi / wet scrubber: PM2.5

98 %Fabric filter: TSP

99.9 %

Fabric filter: PM10

99.8 %

Fabric filter: PM2.5

99.7 %

Venturi / wet scrubber: TSP

99.7 %

Venturi / wet scrubber: PM10

99.7 %

Venturi / wet scrubber: PM2.5

99.7 %

Fabric filter: TSP

99.9 %

Fabric filter: PM10

99.9 %

Fabric filter: PM2.5

99.9 %

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-26 -Remarks

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for asphalt mixing plant of AP-42 are shown in Table 5.2-20 to Table 5.2-22. These emission
factors are the combined values of emission from fuel consumption and emission from industrial process.
Therefore, when using these emission factors, either use zero for emission factor from asphalt mixing plantfuel consumption, or use zero in fuel consumption sector for asphalt mixing plant fuel consumption.

Table 5.2-20 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt plant) (PM)Sub-category
Asphalt plant Batch Mix Hot
MixTechnology
Uncontrolled

Venturi or wet scrubber

Air pollutant

Emission factor

Unit

TSP

16

kg/Mg of product

PM10

2.25

kg/Mg of product

PM2.5

0.135

kg/Mg of product

TSP

0.07

kg/Mg of product

PM10

ND

kg/Mg of product

PM2.5
Fabric filter

Asphalt plant Drum Mix Hot
Mix

Uncontrolled

Venturi or wet scrubber

kg/Mg of product

TSP

0.021

kg/Mg of product

PM100.0135kg/Mg of productPM2.5

0.00415kg/Mg of product

TSP

14

kg/Mg of product

PM10

3.25

kg/Mg of product

PM2.5

0.75

kg/Mg of product

TSP

0.0225kg/Mg of product

PM10

ND

kg/Mg of product

PM2.5
Fabric filter

kg/Mg of product

TSP

0.0165kg/Mg of product

PM100.0115kg/Mg of product

PM2.50.00145kg/Mg of productSource: AP-42- 5-27 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-21 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt plant) (non-PM, Part 1)
Emissionfactor

Unit

CO

0.20

kg/Mg of product

CO2

18.5

kg/Mg of productNOx0.0125kg/Mg of productSO2

0.0023kg/Mg of product

NMVOC

0.0041kg/Mg of product

CO

0.20

kg/Mg of product

CO2

18.5

kg/Mg of product

NOx

0.06

kg/Mg of product

SO2

0.044

kg/Mg of product

NMVOC

0.0041kg/Mg of product

CO

0.20

kg/Mg of product

CO2

18.5

kg/Mg of product

NOx

0.06

kg/Mg of product

SO2

0.044

kg/Mg of product

Fuel oil-fired dryer, hotscreens, and mixer

NMVOC

0.018

kg/Mg of productCoal-fired dryer, hot screen,and mixer

CO

ND

kg/Mg of product

CO2

18.5

kg/Mg of product

NOx

ND

kg/Mg of productSO2

0.0215kg/Mg of productSub-category

Technology

Air pollutant

Asphalt plant Batch Mix Hote
Mix

Natural gas fired dryer, hotscreens, and mixer

Fuel oil-fired dryer, hotscreens, and mixer

Waste oil-fired dryer, hotscreens, and mixer

Source: AP-42- 5-28 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-22 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: asphalt plant) (non-PM, Part 2)
Sub-category

Asphalt plant Drum Mix Hot
MixTechnology

Natural gas fired dryer

Fuel oil-fired dryer

Waste oil-fired dryer

Coal-fired dryer

Emissionfactor

Unit

CO

0.065

kg/Mg of product

CO2

16.5

kg/Mg of product

NOx

0.013

kg/Mg of productSO20.0017kg/Mg of product

NMVOC

0.016

kg/Mg of product

CO

0.065

kg/Mg of product

CO2

16.5

kg/Mg of productNOx0.0275kg/Mg of productSO20.0055kg/Mg of product

NMVOC

0.016

kg/Mg of product

CO

0.065

kg/Mg of product

CO2

16.5

kg/Mg of productNOx0.0275kg/Mg of product

SO2

0.029

kg/Mg of product

NMVOC

0.016

kg/Mg of product

CO

ND

kg/Mg of product

CO2

16.5

kg/Mg of product

NOx

ND

kg/Mg of product

SO2

0.095

kg/Mg of productAir pollutant

Source: AP-42- 5-29 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor for bricks industry of AP-42 is shown in Table 5.2-23 and Table 5.2-24.

Table 5.2-23 emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: bricks industry) (Part 1)
Sub-category

Bricks industry

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.000295

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

Grinding
andscreening operations(processing
drymaterial)

TSP

4.25

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.265

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

Grinding
andscreening operations(processing
wetmaterial)

TSP

0.0125kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.00115kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

Grinding
andscreening operations(with fabric filter

TSP

0.0031kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.0016kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

TSP

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.0018kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

Technology

Air pollutant

Primary crusher withfabric filter

Extrusion line
fabric filter

withNote: ESP: Electro-static Precipitator
Source: AP-42- 5-30 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-24 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: bricks industry) (Part 2)
Sub-category

Bricks industry

Technology

Natural gas-fired kiln

Coal-fired(uncontrolled)

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

0.48

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.435

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

TSP

0.9

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.7

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

0.435

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

TSP

0.315

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

TSP

0.465

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.425

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

0.375

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

TSP

0.7

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM10

0.155

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

PM2.5

ND

kg/Mg fired bricks produced

Air pollutant

kiln

Coal-fired kiln (withfabric filter)

Sawdust-fired kiln

Sawdust-fired kiln andsawdust dryer

Note: ESP: Electro-static Precipitator
Source: AP-42- 5-31 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor of quarrying and mining of minerals other than coal is shown in Table 5.2-25.

Table 5.2-25 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: non-coal mining)
Sub-category

Quarrying and mining
minerals other than coal

Air pollutantofEmissionfactor

Unit

TSP

0.07

g/Mg mineral

PM10

0.04

g/Mg mineral

PM2.5

0.004

g/Mg mineral

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factor for construction and demolition works is shown in Table 5.2-26.

Table 5.2-26 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: construction and demolition)
Sub-category

Construction and demolition
works

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

0.162

kg/m2/year

PM10

0.0812kg/m2/year

PM2.5

0.00812kg/m2/year

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factor of storage, processing and transportation of mining product is shown in Table 5.2-27.

Table 5.2-27 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: storage, processing,transportation)
Sub-category

Storage,processing
andtransportationofminingproducts

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

10

g/Mg product

PM10

5

g/Mg product

PM2.5

0.5

g/Mg productSource: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factors for other inorganic item manufacturing of EMEP/EEA Guidebook are shown in Table 5.2-28.

- 5-32 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.2-28 Emission factor for industrial process (mineral products: inorganic item manufacturing)Sub-category

Other
inorganic
item manufacturing

Technology

Air pollutant

Glass manufacturing

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

300

g/Mg glass

PM10

270

g/Mg glass

PM2.5

240

g/Mg glass

TSP

130

g/Mg glass

PM10

120

g/Mg glass

PM2.5

100

g/Mg glass

TSP

280

g/Mg glass

PM10

250

g/Mg glass

PM2.5

220

g/Mg glass

Glass fiber

TSP

100

g/Mg glass(primary abatement methods;
no secondary abatement)

PM10

90

g/Mg glass

PM2.5

70

g/Mg glass

NMVOC

500

g/Mg glass

NH3

1400

g/Mg glass

TSP

670

g/Mg glass

PM10

590

g/Mg glass

PM2.5

520

g/Mg glass

TSP

10

g/Mg glass

PM10

9

g/Mg glass

PM2.5

8

g/Mg glass

TSP

200

g/Mg glass

PM10

180

g/Mg glass

PM2.5

160

g/Mg glass

Default value

Flat glass(abated furnaces
secondary methods)(primary/

Container glass(primary measures;
secondary abatement)

without

Glass wool manufacturing

Lead crystal glass(filters in operation)

Other glasses

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-33 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Reduction rate for other inorganic item manufacturing of EMEP/EEA Guidebook is shown in Table 5.2-29.

Table 5.2-29 Reduction rate for industrial process (mineral products: inorganic item manufacturing)Sub-category

Flat glass

Glass fiber

Reduction
rate

Remarks

Policy A: particle > 10μm

75 %Policy A: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

75 %Policy A either use gas/oil as fuel toburn, or introduce a limited policy

Policy A: 2.5μm > particle

75 %Policy B: particle > 10μm

99 %Policy B: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

99 %Policy B: 2.5μm > particle

99 %Policy A: particle > 10μm

50 %Policy A: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

50 %Policy A: 2.5μm > particle

50 %Policy B: particle > 10μm

75 %Policy B: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

75 %Policy B: 2.5μm > particle

75 %Technology

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-34 -Policy B introduces electric heater,electro-static precipitator, scrubber
or continuous filtering.

Policy A either use gas/oil as fuel toburn, or introduce a limited policy

Policy B introduces electric heater,electro-static precipitator, scrubber
or continuous filtering

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for other inorganic item manufacturing in AP-42 are shown in Table 5.2-30.

Table 5.2-30 Industrial process (mineral products: inorganic item manufacturing) emission factor
Sub-category

Glass manufacturing(container)

TechnologyAirpollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Uncontrolled

TSP

0.7

kg/Mg glass produced

w/low-energy
scrubber

TSP

0.4

kg/Mg glass produced

w/venture scrubber

TSP

<0.1

kg/Mg glass produced

Glass manufacturing(flat glass)

Uncontrolled

TSP

1.0

kg/Mg glass produced

w/low-energy
scrubber

TSP

0.5

kg/Mg glass produced

Glass manufacturing(Press and blown)

Uncontrolled

TSP

8.4

kg/Mg glass produced

w/low-energy
scrubber

TSP

4.2

kg/Mg glass produced

w/venture scrubber

TSP

0.5

kg/Mg glass produced

w/low-energy
scrubber

TSP

0.1

kg/Mg glass produced

w/venture scrubber

TSP

0.1

kg/Mg glass produced

TSP

Negligible

kg/Mg glass produced

Glass manufacturing(Forming andfinishing)Source: AP-42

5.2.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 5-35 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.3

Chemical products

5.3.1

Simple method

5.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Air pollutant emission amount is estimated by multiplying activity data and emission factors. Generally
activity data are the production volume of product in each industrial process, and statistics data of country orprovince are used for estimation.
5.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data is basically the production volume of each industrial product, and is assumed to be available inthe statistics data of each country, which use is the priority. If activity data is not available in the statistics dataof the country, the following international statistics data can be used.
1) Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook2) FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org/
Activity data of chemical industry air pollutant emission amount is shown as in Table 5.3-1.

Table 5.3-1 Activity data of industrial process (chemical industries)
Sub-category

Activity data

SourceAmmonia

Ammonia production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Acetic acidAcetic acid production
volume(100% Acetic acidamount)Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Adipic acid

Adipic acid production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Black carbon

Black carbon production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Urea

Urea production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrate production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Ammonium phosphate

Ammonium phosphateproduction volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid production
volume(100% Sulfuric acidamount)Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics- 5-36 -Remarks

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factor are compiled based on the default values of GAP Forum Manual, using the values listed inTable 5.3-2. However, it is important to note that these emission factors are set as a single value for industrial
process that has wide values technically. If emission factors can be set in accordance with the features of thecountry, those values should be the priority in usage. And emission factors with more technical details areshown in “5.3.2 Detailed method”, “5.3.2.3 Setting of emission factor”, and if emission factor that should be
used as a priority in the country is available, it should be used as a priority.

- 5-37 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-2 Emission factors of industrial process (chemical industries) (GAP Forum Manual based value)
Sub-category

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

Ammoniakg/Mg output

0.3b)

NAb)

7.9b)

4.7b)

Nitric acidkg/Mg (100%
acid)

NAb)

12b)

NAb)

Adipic acidkg/Mg output

NAb)

8.1b)

Carbon black

kg/Mg output

3.1b)

Urea(uncontrolled)

kg/Mg output

Urea(wet scrubber)

PM10

PM2.5

2.1b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.01b)

NAb)

NAb)

29a)

34.4b)

9b)

NAb)

0.5c)

0.5b)

-b)

300a)

0.4b)

10b)

40b)

NAb)

6.56c)

6.56b)

-b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

11.8b)

125.6b)-b)

kg/Mg output

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

11.8b)

0.71b)-b)

Ammonium nitrate

kg/Mg output

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

29 - 63b)

4.7 - 9.0b)-b)Ammonium
phosphate

kg/Mg output

0.04b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.07b)

0.34b)-b)

Sulfuric acidkg/Mg output

0 - 48b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

-b)

Titanium dioxidekg/Mg output

14.6b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) GAP Forum Manual, c) AP-42
Note: NA: “Not applicable”, -: “Not available”- 5-38 -TSP

0.34c)

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

1694 3273a)

780 5250a)

1340 1430a)

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.3.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

5.3.2

Detailed method

5.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The basic formula in emission amount estimation is the same as “5.3.1 Simple method”, that is air pollutant
emission amount is estimated by multiplying activity data and emission factors. Generally activity data are theproduction volume of product in each industrial process, and statistics data of country or province are used for
estimation. The emission factor is the emission amount per unit of production volume, but compared to theemission factor of “5.3.1 Simple method”. It is more detailed technically.

Emissions = AD × EF ·······································································································(5.3-1)
Where,
Emissions: Air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission amount
AD: Activity data (production volume of industrial product)
EF: Emission factor
The detailed information on the emission amount can be obtained through questionnaire survey and interview
survey (“questionnaire survey”). The questionnaire survey is basically assumed to be the same as estimation of
air pollutant amount of large point source, of fuel consumption from which, the factory location, production
volume, pollution prevention policy can be obtained. Further, the emission factor or air pollutant emission
amount data should be preferably obtainable too.
The contents that have to identify by questionnaire or interview of the are shown as in Table 5.3-3, based on
survey form for large point source of fuel consumption- 5-39 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-3 Information material to collect for estimation of emission amount
Survey item

Survey content

Stationary source information

Product items, number of employee, stationary source address, large point
source ground plan, stack location and height

Product information

Annual fuel consumption amount, annual raw material consumption
amount, annual production volume
Production volume of the year, month
Fuel condition (calorific value, sulfur concentration ash concentration,
nitrogen concentration, etc)

Pollutant control measure

Condition of pollution control measure introduction

OthersAir pollutant emission amount actual survey result, emission factor
condition (if any), other information as required

However, in the total national activity data of industrial, activity data is not estimated by “5.3.2 Detailed
method”, is treated as area source, and estimated using by “5.3.1 Simple method”.

5.3.2.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data of air pollutant emission amount from chemical industry is shown as in Table 5.3-4 and Table
5.3-5.

- 5-40 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-4 Activity data of industrial process (chemical industries: Part 1)
Sub-category

Activity data

SourceAmmonia

Ammonia production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Nitric acid

Nitric acid production volume(100% Acetic acid)

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Adipic acid

Adipic acid production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Calcium carbide

Calcium carbide production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid production
volume(100% Sulfuric acid)

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Ammonium sulfate

Ammonium sulfate production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrate production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Ammonium phosphate

Ammonium phosphateproduction volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Carbon black

Carbon black production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Urea

Urea production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Phosphate fertilizers

Phosphate fertilizers
production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Ethylene and Propylene

Ethylene and Propylene
production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

1,2 dichloroethane andVinyl chloride

Vinyl chloride monomer(VCM) production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

Polyethylene

Low density polyethylene(LDPE) production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

LDPE with specificgravity below 0.94,
based on UN statistics

High density polyethylene(HDPE )production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics

According to the UN
statistics, HDPE withspecific gravity morethan 0.94

Suspended PVC production
volumeStatistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics
data

Emulsion PVC process
production volume

Statistics data of eachcountry; UN statistics
data

Poly vinyl chloride(PVC)- 5-41 -Remarks

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-5 Activity data of industrial process (chemical industries: Part 2)
Sub-category

Activity data

SourcePolypropylene

Polypropylene production
volumeStatistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

StyreneStyrene production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Polystyrene

General purpose polystyrene
production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

High impact polystyrene
production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Expandable polystyrene
production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

General styrene-butadiene
polymer production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Styrene-butadiene latex
production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Styrene-butadiene rubber
production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Acrylnitrilebutadiene-Styrene(ABS)

Acrylnitrile- butadiene-styrene(ABS) resin production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide production
volumeStatistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde production
volumeStatistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Ethyl benzene

Ethyl benzene production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Phthalic anhydride

Using o-xylene as feed

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Using naphthalene as feed

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Acrylnitile production volume

Statistics data in eachcountry; UN statistics

Styrene-butadiene

Acrylnitrile

Remarks

However, it is assumed that activity data which are obtained through questionnaire survey is as same asactivity data in Table 5.3-4 and Table 5.3-5.

- 5-42 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.3.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Chemical industry is classified into ammonia production, nitric acid production, Adipic acid production,
carbide production and other chemical industry, storage, handling and transport of chemical production.
Emission factor from ammonia production is shown as in Table 5.3-6. However, emission factors for CO2,
N2O and other greenhouse gas from ammonia production should be refer to 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Table 5.3-6 Emission factor from Industrial process (chemical industries: ammonia production)
Sub-category

Ammonia

Technology

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

1 b)

kg/t NH3CO

0.1 b)

kg/t NH3

NH30.01 b)kg/t NH3

Average value - Natural
gas

CO2

2.104 a)ton/t NH3

Average value partially oxidized

CO2

3.273 a)ton/t NH3

Steam reformoming(conventional as well as
advanced process)

NOx

1 b)

kg/ton NH3

CO0.006 b)kg/ton NH3

NMVOC

0.09 b)kg/ton NH3

NH3

0.05 b)kg/ton NH3

NMVOC

1 b)

kg/ton NH3

CO

0.1 b)

kg/ton NH3

Default value

Various (auxiliary.
boiler, super heater,
post combustion)

Source: a)2006 IPCC Guidelines, b)EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42- 5-43 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor from nitric acid production is shown as in Table 5.3-7.
Table 5.3-7 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: nitric acid production)
Sub-category

Nitric acid

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

10000 b)g/Mg prod., 100% acidN2O

2 - 9 a)kg/ton 100% pure acidNOx

12000 b)g/Mg (100% Acid)

NOx

3500 c)g/Mg (100% Acid)(Uncontrolled)NOx

28500 c)g/Mg (100% Acid)

Medium pressure process

NOx

7500 b)g/Mg (100% Acid)

High pressure process

NOx

3000 b)g/Mg (100% Acid)

Direct strong acid process

NOx

500 b)

g/Mg (100% Acid)

NOx

5000 c)g/Mg (100% Acid)

Catalyst reduction (low,medium, high pressure
process)

NOx

400 b)

g/Mg (100% Acid)

Catalyst reduction (natural
gas)

NOx

200 c)

g/Mg (100% Acid)

Catalyst reduction(hydrogen)NOx

400 c)

g/Mg (100% Acid)

Catalyst reduction(Mixture of hydrogen, andnatural gas)

NOx

450 c)

g/Mg (100% Acid)

Extended absorption (low,medium, high pressure
process)

NOx

900 b)

g/Mg (100% Acid)

Extended absorption(Single-stage process)NOx

950 c)

g/Mg (100% Acid)

Extended absorption(2-stage process)NOx1050 c)g/Mg (100% Acid)

Chilled absorption andcaustic scrubber

NOx

1100 c)g/Mg (100% Acid)

Technology

Default value

Low pressure process

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42- 5-44 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor from adipic acid production is shown as in Table 5.3-8.

Table 5.3-8 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: Adipic acid production)
Sub-category

Adipic acidTechnology

Default value(EMEP/EEA
Guidebook value)

Total value of primaryand secondaryoxidization process t(US EPA value:
uncontrolled)

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

8 b)

kg/Mg

CO

0.4 b)kg/Mg

N2O

300 a)

kg/ton adpic acidNOx

8.1 c)

kg/Mg

CO34.4 c)

kg/Mg

NMVOC

9 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.5 c)

kg/Mg

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42- 5-45 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor from calcium carbide production is shown as in Table 5.3-9.

Table 5.3-9 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: carbide production)
Sub-category

CarbideTechnology

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Default value

TSP

100 b)

g/Mg product

CaC2 production
without the usage of
furnace gas

TSP

49 b)

g/Mg produced

CaC2 production
without the usage of
furnace gas (e.g. limekiln); Venturi scrubber

TSP

80.9 b)g/Mg produced

Silicon carbide
production volumeCO2

2.30 a)ton CO2/ton raw material
used

CH4

10.2 a)kg CH4/ton raw material used

CO22.62 a)ton CO2/ton carbide
produced

CH4

11.6 a)kg CH4/ton carbide produced

CO2

1.70 a)ton CO2/ton raw material
used

CO2

1.090 a)ton CO2/ton carbide
producedCO2

not relevant a)CO21.100 a)Calcium carbide
production volume

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b)EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-46 -ton CO2/ton raw material
used
ton CO2/ton carbide
producedGuidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor from other chemical industry is shown as in Table 5.3-10 to Table 5.3-18.

Table 5.3-10 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 1: sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid ammonium, nitric acid ammonium, phosphoric acid ammonium)
Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

Single absorption

SOx9050 b)g/Mg (100% H2SO4)

Double absorption

SOx

3000 b)g/Mg (100% H2SO4)

Double absorption(decomposition plants spent
sulfuric acid)SOx

7000 b)g/Mg (100% H2SO4)

Wet contact process (98%
and 78% sulfuric acid)SOx

17000 b)g/Mg (100% H2SO4)

Wet type/dry type contact
process with intermediatecondensation and absorption

SOx

3500 b)g/Mg (100% H2SO4)

Sulfuric acid plant (SO2 to
SO3 Conversion Efficiency:
93% ~ 100%)SOx

0 - 48 c)

kg/Mg of ProductAmmonium sulfate

Uncontrolled

TSP

60 b)

kg/tonAmmonium nitrate

Uncontrolled

NOx

30 b)

kg/tonTSP

200 b)

kg/tonTSP

300 b)

g/ton

PM10

240 b)

g/ton

PM2.5

180 b)

g/ton

SO2

0.04 c)kg/tonNH3

0.07 c)kg/tonTSP

0.34 c)kg/tonSub-category

Sulfuric acid

Ammonium
phosphate

Technology

Default value

Default value (averagecontrolled)

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42, d)1996 IPCC Guidelines- 5-47 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-11 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 2: urea)
Sub-category

Urea

EmissionfactorTechnology

Air pollutant

Default value

NH3

2.5 b)

kg/Mg

TSP

1.5 b)

kg/Mg

PM10

1.2 b)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.9 b)

kg/Mg

NH3

0.0105 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

9.23 c)

kg/Mg

NH3

0.43 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

1.9 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

1.71 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

1.50 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.032 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

0.0288 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.0253 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

1.8 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

1.53 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.9 c)

kg/Mg

Urea (Solution
formation andconcentration)

Uncontrolled

Urea (Nonfluidized
bed prilling
process)

Agricultural grade(Uncontrolled)

Agricultural grade(Controlled)

Feed grade (Uncontrolled)

Unit

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c)AP-42, d)1996 IPCC Guidelines- 5-48 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-12 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 3: urea)
Sub-category
Urea:
Fluidized bed
priiling

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorNH3

1.46 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

3.1 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

1.86 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

1.33 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.39 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

0.234 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.168 c)

kg/Mg

NH3

2.07 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

1.8 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

0.432 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.252 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.24 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

0.058 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.034 c)

kg/Mg

NH3

1.07 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

120 c)

kg/Mg

Controlled

TSP

0.115 c)kg/Mg

Uncontrolled

NH30.0256 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

3.89 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

0.027 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.0016 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.10 c)

kg/Mg

PM10

0.0007 c)

kg/Mg

PM2.5

0.00004 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.095 c)kg/Mg

Technology
Agricultural grade(Uncontrolled)

Agricultural grade(Controlled)

Feed grade (Uncontrolled)

Feed grade (Controlled)

Urea (drumgranulation)

Urea (rotary drum
cooler)Uncontrolled

Controlled

Urea (bagging)

Uncontrolled

Source: c) AP-42- 5-49 -UnitGuidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-13 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 4: carbon black)Sub-category

Carbon black

Technology

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

15 b)

kg/ton carbon black

CO

3 b)

kg/ton carbon black

NMVOC

0.7 b)

kg/ton carbon black

SOx

22 b)

kg/ton carbon black

TSP

0.3 b)

kg/ton carbon blackNOx

0.4 d)

kg/ton carbon black

CO

10 d)

kg/ton carbon black

NMVOC

40 d)

kg/ton carbon blackSOx

3.1 d)

kg/ton carbon black

TSP

6.56 d)kg/ton carbon black

Furnace back process

CO22.62 a)tons/ton carbon black

Thermal black process

CO2

5.25 a)tons/ton carbon black

Acetylene black process

CO20.78 a)tons/ton carbon black

No thermal treatment

CH4

28.7 a)kg/ton carbon black

Thermal Treatment

CH4

0.06 a)kg/ton carbon black

Oil furnace process

PM *)3.27 c)kg/ton carbon blackCO

1400 c)kg/ton carbon blackNOx

0.28 c)kg/ton carbon black

SOx

0 c)

kg/ton carbon black

CH4

25 c)

kg/ton carbon black

Furnace black(conventional process)Default value(2006 IPCC Guidelines)

Main process vent

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42, d) 1996 IPCC Guidelines
Note: *) PM is Black Carbon- 5-50 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-14 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 5: carbon black)
Air pollutant

EmissionfactorPM *)1.35 c)kg/ton carbon blackCO

122 c)

kg/ton carbon black

NOx

ND c)

kg/ton carbon black

SOx

25 c)

kg/ton carbon black

PM *)1.04 c)kg/ton carbon blackCO

0.88 c)kg/ton carbon blackNOx

4.65 c)kg/ton carbon blackSOx

17.5 c)kg/ton carbon black

PM *)0.12 c)kg/ton carbon blackNOx

0.36 c)kg/ton carbon blackSOx

0.26 c)kg/ton carbon black

PM *)0.36 c)kg/ton carbon blackNOx

1.10 c)kg/ton carbon blackSOx

0.20 c)kg/ton carbon black

Pneumatic system vent
(Bag filter)

PM *)0.29 c)kg/ton carbon black

Vacuum cleanup systemvent (Bag filter)

PM *)0.03 c)kg/ton carbon black

Fugitive emissions

PM *)0.10 c)kg/ton carbon black

Solid waste incinerator

PM *)0.12 c)kg/ton carbon black

Sub-category

Carbon black

Technology

Oil furnace process
Flare

Oil furnace process
CO boiler and incinerator

Combined dryer vent
(Bag filter)

Combined dryer vent(Scrubber)

Unit

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42, d) 1996 IPCC Guidelines
Note: *) PM is Black Carbon- 5-51 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-15 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 6: Bi-acid Titan, phosphoric acid fertilizer)
Sub-category

Titanium dioxide

Technology

Chloride process

Sulphate process

2006 IPCC
default value
Phosphatefertilizers

Guidelines

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

NOx

0.1 b)

kg/tonCO

159 b)

kg/tonSOx

1.14 b)kg/tonTSP

0.2 b)

kg/tonNOx

0.108 b)kg/tonSOx

3.97 b)kg/tonTSP

0.3 b)

kg/tonSOx

14.6 d)kg/tonTSP

0.3

kg/ton produced

PM10

0.24

kg/ton produced

PM2.5

0.18

kg/ton produced

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42, d) 1996 IPCC Guidelines- 5-52 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-16 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 7)Sub-category

Substance

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

Ethylene and propylene

NMVOC

0.6 b)

ton/kton produced

1,2 dichloroethane+ Vinyl chloride

DCE unit (unabated)

NMVOC

2500 b)g/ton produced

VCM unit (unabated)

NMVOC

2500 b)g/ton produced

Polyethylene

Low density polyethylene(LDPE with specificgravity below 0.94, basedon UN statistics)

NMVOC

2.4 b)

kg/ton produced

TSP

31 b)

g/ton produced

HDPE (LDPE withspecific gravity more than
0.94, based on UN
statistics)

NMVOC

2.3 b)

kg/ton produced

TSP

97 b)

g/ton produced

Suspension PVC process

NMVOC

96 b)

g/ton produced

TSP

263 b)

g/ton produced

PM10

100 b)

g/ton produced

PM2.5

5 b)

g/ton produced

NMVOC

813 b)

g/ton produced

TSP

263 b)

g/ton produced

PM10

100 b)

g/ton produced

PM2.5

5 b)

g/ton produced

TSP

17.5 c)kg/ton produced

NMVOC

4 b)

kg/ton produced

1.5 b) c)

kg/ton produced

1 b)

kg/ton produced

Poly vinyl chloride(PVC)

Emulsion PVC process

Uncontrolled(Usually controlled withfabric filter, efficiency of
98-99%)Polypropylene

TSP
Styrene

NMVOC

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) EMEP/EEA Guidebook, c) AP-42, d) 1996 IPCC Guidelines- 5-53 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-17 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 8)Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

120

g/ton produced

TSP

4g/ton produced

NMVOC

120

g/ton produced

TSP

4g/ton produced

NMVOC

3.2

kg/ton produced

TSP

30

g/ton produced

Styrene butadiene polymer ingeneral

NMVOC

0.27

kg/ton produced

Styrene butadiene latex

NMVOC

9

kg/ton produced

Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)

NMVOC

5

kg/ton produced

Acrylnitryl-Butadiene
Styrene (ABS)ABS resin

NMVOC

3

kg/ton produced

Ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide

NMVOC

2

kg/ton produced

Formaldehyde

Silver process (catalysic oxidation
under air deficiency)

CO

12

kg/ton produced

NMVOC

7

kg/ton produced

CO

0.2

kg/ton produced

NMVOC

1.5

kg/ton produced

CO

0.2

kg/ton produced

NMVOC

0.0016kg/ton produced

TSP

0.0005kg/ton produced

Sub-category

Polystyrene

Technology

Air pollutant

Production of general purpose
polystyrene (GPPS)
High impact polystyrene(HIPS)

Expandable polystyrene

Styrene butadiene

Oxide process(catalysic oxidation
under air excess)Silver process (thermal of catalyst
incineration)

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-54 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-18 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 9)Sub-category

Technology

Ethyl benzene
Phtalic anhydride

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

0.1

kg/ton produced

Using o-xylene as feed

NMVOC

1.3

kg/ton produced

Using naphthalene as
feed

NMVOC

6

kg/ton produced

NMVOC

1

kg/ton produced

Acrylonitrile
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Abatement efficiencies for industrial process of chemical industry are shown as in Table 5.3-19.

Table 5.3-19 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (chemical industries)
Sub-category
Conventional Plant

Modern Plant

Pollutant

Efficiency

Remarks

Particle > 10μm

88 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

81 %2.5μm > particle

76 %Installation with average;
conventionaldedusting;ESP;wet
scrubber, some fugitives
capturing

Particle > 10μm

98 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96 %2.5μm > particle

93 %Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-55 -High efficiency ESP orequivalent to control primarysource; fabric filters forfugitive emissions

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

In AP-42, other chemical industry emission factors are shown as in Table 5.3-20 to Table 5.3-22.

Table 5.3-20 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 10)Sub-category

Technology

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)and dimethyl
terephthalate (DMT)
process

With spray condenser

NMVOC

0.1

g/kg of productWith no spray condenser

NMVOC

3.9

g/kg of product

TSP

0.17

g/kg of product

Polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)and terephthalic acid
(TPA) process

With spray condenser

NMVOC

0.36

g/kg of productWith no spray condenser

NMVOC

3.6

g/kg of product

Polystyrene(Continuous process)Using vacuum pumps

NMVOC

0.21

g/kg of product

Using steam jets

NMVOC

3.34

g/kg of product

Polystyrene(Continuous process)Total plant

NMVOC

5.37

g/kg of product

Synthetic Rubber

Emulsion Crumb
Monomer recovery,
uncontrolled

NMVOC

2.6

g/kg of copolymer
produced

Absorber vent

NMVOC

0.26

g/kg of copolymer
produced

Blend/coagulation tank,uncontrolled

NMVOC

0.42

g/kg of copolymer
produced

Dryers

NMVOC

2.51

g/kg of copolymer
produced

TSP

g/kg of productg/kg of copolymer
produced

Emulsion Latex

Monomer removal
condenser vent

NMVOC

8.45

g/kg of copolymer
produced

Blend tanks, uncontrolled

NMVOC

0.1

g/kg of copolymer
produced

Source: AP-42- 5-56 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-21 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 11)Sub-category

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

69

SOx

6.7

kg/Mg of phthalicathydride produced

CO

151

TSP

3

SOx

4.7

CO

6

TSP

4

SOx

4.7

CO

8

TSP

4

SOx

4.7

CO

8

Uncontrolled

TSP

6.4

With scrubber and thermal
incinerator

TSP

0.3

With thermal incinerator

TSP

0.4

Uncontrolled

TSP

45

NMVOC

1.2

With scrubber and thermal
incinerator

TSP

2

NMVOC

<0.1

With thermal incinerator

TSP

2

NMVOC

<0.1

Technology

Air pollutant

Oxidation of o-xylene
Main process stream

Uncontrolled

With scrubber and thermal
incinerator

With thermal incinerator

With incinerator withsteam generator

Pretreatment

Distillation

Source: AP-42- 5-57 -kg/Mg of phthalicathydride produced

kg/Mg of phthalicathydride produced

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.3-22 Emission factor from industrial process (chemical industries: other chemical industry,
Part 12)Sub-category

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

28

CO

50

kg/Mg of phthalicathydride produced

TSP

6

CO

10

TSP

0.3

CO

50

Uncontrolled

TSP

2.5

With thermal incinerator

TSP

0.5

With scrubber

TSP

<0.1

Uncontrolled

TSP

19

NMVOC

5

TSP

4

NMVOC

1

TSP

0.2

NMVOC

<0.1

Technology

Air pollutant

Uncontrolled

Oxidation ofnaphthalene
Main process stream

With thermal incinerator

With scrubber

Pretreatment

Distillation

With scrubber andthermal incinerator
With thermal incinerator

kg/Mg of phthalicathydride produced

kg/Mg of phthalicathydride produced

Source: AP-42

5.3.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown as in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown as in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 5-58 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.4

Metal production

5.4.1

Simple method

5.4.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The calculation of emission is basically by multiplying the activity data with emission factor. Activity data
generally means the production rate of product in each industrial process, and it is assumed that statistics atnational or provincial level are available.

5.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data is basically the production volume of each industrial product, and is assumed to be available inthe statistics of each country, which use is priority. The activity data not derived from the statistics of eachcountry is assumed to be based on the following international statistics data.
1) Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
2) International Steel Institute (IISI:
http://www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/SSY%202010.pdf)
3) USA Geological Survey (USGS) Minerals Yearbook (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country)
Activity data for metal industry is shown in Table 5.4-1.

Table 5.4-1 Activity data for Industrial process (metal production)
Sub-category

Activity data

Activity data source, remarks

Metal products
Pig iron production

Iron and steel production volume

Statistics in each country,IISI(International Iron and Steel Institute)
statistics

Aluminum production

Aluminum production volume

Statistics in each country, UN statistics

Copper smelting(primary)

High density ore volume processedin refining plant

Statistics in each country, UN statistics

Lead smelting (primary)

Burnt lead volume

Statistics in each country, UN statistics

Lead smelting(secondary)Lead processed volume

Statistics in each country, UN statistics

Zinc smelting

Processed zinc ore volume, zinc
usage

Statistics in each country, UN statistics

5.4.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factor based on GAP Forum Manual is as shown in Table 5.4-2. However, these emission factors are
single value set as emission factor of industrial process that contains a technically wide range of values. If
emission factors can be set in accordance with the features of the country, these should be preferentially used.
In “5.4.2.3 Setting of emission factor” of “5.4.2 Detailed method”, a technically more detailed emission factor
is indicated, and if there is priority to use the emission factor of the country, that one should be preferentiallyused.

- 5-59 -East Asian Emission Inventory Development Guidelines

Table 5.4-2 Emission factors for Industrial process (metal production, GAP Forum Manual-based value)
Sub-category

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

Pig ironproduction

kg/ton iron or
steel produced

3b)0.076b)1.34b)

0.12b)

Aluminumproduction

kg/ton primaryaluminum

15.1b)

2.15b)

135b)

Coppersmelting(primary)

kg/tonofconcentrated ore
processed by thesmelter

2120b)

NAb)

Lead smelting(primary)

kg/tonproduced

320b)

Lead smelting(secondary)

kg/ton charge

Zinc smelting

kg/ton zinc ore
processed

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

NAb)

0.05b)-b)

1060a)

0.02b)

NAb)

47b)

-b)

1600 1700a)NAb)

0.03b)

NAb)

230b)

193b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.43b)-b)

250 590a)

40b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

162b)

-b)

200a)

1000b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

293b)

-b)

430 3660a)

Metal products

sinter

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) GAP Forum Manual, c) AP-42
Note: NA: “Not applicable”, -: “Not available”, neg.: “Negligible”- 5-60 -CH4

N2O

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.4.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

5.4.2

Detailed method

5.4.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The emission calculating method is basically the same as “5.4.1 Simple method” that is by multiplying theactivity data with the emission factor. Activity data generally means the production volume in industrial
process, and it is assumed that statistics at national or provincial level are available. The emission factor is theemission per unit of production volume. Compared to the emission factor of “5.4.1 Simple method”, it istechnically more detail.

Emissions = AD × EF ·······································································································(5.4-1)
Where,
Emissions: Air pollutant and greenhouse gas emission
AD: activity data for industrial process (industrial product production volume)
EF: emission factor for industrial process
The detailed information on the emission can be obtained through plant/workplace questionnaire
survey/interview (“questionnaire survey”). This questionnaire survey is basically assumed to be the same as
the survey of large scale factory. By this suevey, the location of factory, production volume, pollution
prevention policy can be obtained. Further, the emission factor or air pollutant emission data should be
preferably obtainable too.
The contents that have to identify by questionnaire or interview of the plant are shown in Table 5.4-3. It is thesame as the survey carried out in large scale factory in “3 Fuel consumption air pollutant emission estimating”.

-5-61-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-3 Contents for collection of emission estimation
Survey item

Survey content

Plant basic information

Product items, number of employee, factory address, factory map,
location and height of chimney

Product information

Annual fuel consumption, annual raw material consumption, annual
production volume
Monthly production volume in the year
Fuel property (calorific value, sulfur content, ash content, nitrogencontent, etc)

Anti-pollution policy

Introduction of anti-pollution measure

OthersActual survey result for air pollutant emission, emission factor condition(if any), other information as required

However, in the activity data for industrial process of the country, activity data not derived in this “5.4.2
Detailed method”, it is treated as area source, and is calculated with “5.4.1 Simple method”- 5-62 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.4.2.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data for metal production is shown in Table 5.4-4
Table 5.4-4 Activity data for industrial process (metal production)
Sub-category

Technical

Reduction rate

Iron and steel production(overall)

Steel production volume

Iron and steel production(Sinter)

Sinter production

Statistics of thecountry, IISI(International Iron
and Steel Institute)
Statistics

Iron and steel production(blast furnace)

Pig iron production volume

Iron and steel production(steel production: hearth
furnace, rotary furnace,electric furnace)

Steel production volume

Iron and steel production(rolling)

Steel volume

Ferroalloy production

Alloy production volume

Statistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Aluminum production

Aluminum production
volumeStatistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Copper smelting

High density ore volume
processed at smelting plant

Statistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Lead smelting

Lead ore volume, burnt
lead volume, leadprocessing volume etc

Statistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Nickel production

Nickel production volume

Statistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Zinc smelting

Processed zinc ore volume,zinc usage

Statistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Other metal production

Other metal productproduction volume

Statistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Storage, handling andtransport of metal
products

Metal product production
volumeStatistics of thecountry, UN statistics

Remarks

Steel volume used inpress rolled process
If data of the country isunavailable, conduct
questionnaire survey,
interview at relevant
ministries and agenciesof the country and thecompanies.

Then, activity data that should be obtained in questionnaire survey will be shown in Table 5.4-4.

-5-63-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.4.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Metal productions are classified into iron and steel production, ferroalloy production, aluminum production,copper smelting, nickel production, zinc smelting, other metals production, and storage, handling and transportof metal products
In the emission factors for iron and steel production, the emission factors for sinter or pig iron, iron and steel
products etc is shown in Table 5.4-5 and Table 5.4-6.

Table 5.4-5 Emission factor for Industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 1)
Sub-category

Iron
and
production

steelTechnical

Default value(Iron and steel
production)

Sinter Production(Sinter and pelletizing
plants)Pellet production(Sinter and pelletizing
plant)

Pig iron production(Blast furnace charging)

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

150

g/Mg steel

TSP

300

g/Mg steel

PM10

180

g/Mg steel

PM2.5

140

g/Mg steel

NMVOC

138

g/Mg sinter produced

TSP

200

g/Mg sinter produced

PM10

100

g/Mg sinter produced

PM2.5

80

g/Mg sinter produced

NMVOC

14

g/Mg pellets

TSP

50

g/Mg pellets

PM10

25

g/Mg pellets

PM2.5

20

g/Mg pellets

TSP

50

g/Mg pig iron produced

PM10

40

g/Mg pig iron produced

PM2.5

25

g/Mg pig iron produced

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-64 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-6 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 2)
Sub-category
Ironandproduction

steelTechnical
Steel production(Open hearth furnace:
average value ofcontrolled anduncontrolled)

Steel production(Hearth furnace:
Eastern Europe,
Caucasus, Central Asia
(EECCA) countries

Steel production(Basic oxygen furnace:
average value, thefacility with ESP and
wet scrubber etc)

Steel production(Basic oxygen furnace:
EECCA countries,
limited control)

Steel production(Electric furnace)

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

0.02

kg/Mg steel produced

TSP

1

kg/Mg steel produced

PM10

0.8

kg/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

0.6

kg/Mg steel produced

NMVOC

0.02

kg/Mg steel produced

TSP

0.7

kg/Mg steel produced

PM10

0.57

kg/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

0.38

kg/Mg steel produced

NOx

10

g/Mg steel produced

CO

3.5

kg/Mg steel produced

TSP

35

g/Mg steel produced

PM10

32

g/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

28

g/Mg steel produced

NOx

10

g/Mg steel produced

CO

3.5

kg/Mg steel produced

TSP

0.5

kg/Mg steel produced

PM10

0.47

kg/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

0.46

kg/Mg steel produced

NOx

130

g/Mg steel produced

CO

1.7

kg/Mg steel produced

NMVOC

46

g/Mg steel produced

SOx

60

g/Mg steel produced

TSP

30

g/Mg steel produced

PM10

24

g/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

21

g/Mg steel produced

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook-5-65-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor for specific technology is shown in Table 5.4-7.

Table 5.4-7 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 3)
Sub-category

Iron
and
production

steelTechnical

Steel production(Basic oxygen furnace:
dry ESP, wSV)

Steel production(Electric furnace: dry
ESP, fabric filter)

Steel production(Electric furnace:
EECCA countries, morethan 99% highefficiency bag filter
controlled)

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

30

g/Mg steel produced

PM10

24

g/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

21

g/Mg steel produced

NOx

130

g/Mg steel produced

CO

1.7

kg/Mg steel produced

NMVOC

46

g/Mg steel produced

SOx

60

g/Mg steel produced

TSP

30

g/Mg steel produced

PM10

24

g/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

21

g/Mg steel produced

TSP

0.2

kg/Mg steel produced

PM10

0.16

kg/Mg steel produced

PM2.5

0.14

kg/Mg steel produced

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factor for rolling process is shown in Table 5.4-8.

Table 5.4-8 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part 4)
Sub-category

Iron
and
production

steelTechnical

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

Cold rolling mills

TSP

96

g/Mg steel

Heat rolling mills

NMVOC

7

g/Mg steel

TSP

9g/Mg steel

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-66 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Abatement efficiencies by anti-pollution measure technology for iron and steel production is shown in Table
5.4-9.

Table 5.4-9 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production)
Abatement
efficiency

Remarks

Moderate: particle > 10μm

70 %Moderate: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

63 %Moderate control of fugitive
sourcesModerate: 2.5μm > particle

50 %Effective: particle > 10μm

90 %Effective: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

88 %Effective: 2.5μm > particle

80 %Conventional: particle > 10μm

88 %Conventional: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

81 %Conventional: 2.5μm > particle

76 %Modern: particle > 10μm

98 %Modern: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96 %Modern: 2.5μm > particle

93 %Open hearth
furnace(Electro-Static
Precipitator: ESP)

ESP: particle > 10μm

99 %ESP: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

99 %ESP: 2.5μm > particle

99 %Basic oxygen
furnaceConventional: particle > 10μm

42 %Conventional: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

42 %Conventional: 2.5μm > particle

42 %Modern: particle > 10μm

80 %Modern: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

79 %Modern: 2.5μm > particle

78 %Sub-category

Sinterpelletizing
products

andPig ironproduction

Technical

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook-5-67-

Effective control of fugitive
sources

Installation with average age;conventional dedusting; ESP;
wet scrubber; some fugitives
capturingHigh efficiency ESP orequivalent to control primarysources; fabric filters forfugitive emissions

Conventional installation of
averageage:
primary
dedusting by ESP, wet
scrubbing; limited capture ofsecondary dust emissions
High efficiency ESP or added
fabric filter to control primarysources; extensive secondary
dedusting using fabric filters

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Iron and steel production Emission factor for iron and steel production by using technology is shown in Table
5.4-10 to Table 5.4-13, which source is AP-42.

- 5-68 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-10 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part
5)
Sub-category

Iron and steel production(sintering)(Windbox)(Uncontrolled)

Technical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Leaving grate

TSP

5.56

kg/Mg finished sinterAfter coarse particulateremovalTSP

4.35

kg/Mg finished sinterControlled by dry ESP

TSP

0.8

kg/Mg finished sinterControlled by wet ESP

TSP

0.085

kg/Mg finished sinterControlled by venturi
scrubber

TSP

0.235

kg/Mg finished sinterControlled by cyclone

TSP

0.5

kg/Mg finished sinterUncontrolled

TSP

3.4

kg/Mg finished sinterControlled by baghouse

TSP

0.05

kg/Mg finished sinterControlled by venturi
scrubber

TSP

0.295

kg/Mg finished sinterIron and steel production(sintering)(Windbox and discharge)

Controlled by baghouse

TSP

0.15

kg/Mg finished sinterIron and steel production(blast furnace)(Slip)

Uncontrolled casthouse

TSP

39.5

kg/Mg slip

Iron and steel production(blast furnace)(Uncontrolled casthouse)

Roof monitor

TSP

0.3

kg/Mg hot metal

Iron and steel production(blast furnace)

Furnace with local
evacuation

TSP

0.65

kg/Mg hot metal

Taphole and troughonly (not runners)

TSP

0.15

kg/Mg hot metal

Uncontrolled

TSP

0.55

kg/Mg hot metal

Controlled by baghouse

TSP

0.0045kg/Mg hot metal

Iron and steel production(sintering)(Windbox)(Controlled)

Iron and steel production(sintering)(Sinter discharge)(breaker and hot screens)

Iron and steel production(Hot metal
desulfurization)
Source: AP-42-5-69-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-11 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part
6)
Sub-category

Technical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Iron and steel production(Basic oxygen furnace:
BOF)(Top blown furnace
melting and smelting)Uncontrolled

TSP

14.25

kg/Mg steel

Iron and steel production(BOF)(Controlled by open hoodvented to: )

ESP

TSP

0.065

kg/Mg steel

Scrubber

TSP

0.045

kg/Mg steel

Iron and steel production(BOF)(Controlled by closed
hood vented to: )Scrubber

TSP

0.0034kg/Mg steel

Iron and steel production(BOF)(BOF charging)

At source

TSP

0.3

kg/Mg hot metal

At building monitor

TSP

0.071

kg/Mg hot metal

Controlled by baghouse

TSP

0.0003kg/Mg hot metal

At source

TSP

0.46

kg/Mg steel

At building monitor

TSP

0.145

kg/Mg steel

Controlled by baghouse

TSP

0.0013kg/Mg steel

Iron and steel production(BOF)(BOF tapping)

Iron and steel production(BOF)(Hot metal transfer)

At source

TSP

0.095

kg/Mg hot metal

At building monitor

TSP

0.028

kg/Mg hot metal

Iron and steel production(BOF)

BOF monitor (allsources)

TSP

0.25

kg/Mg steel

Iron and steel production(rotary furnace)(Q-BOF melting andsmelting)

Controlled by scrubber

TSP

0.028

kg/Mg steel

Source: AP-42- 5-70 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-12 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part
7)

Iron and steel production(electric arc furnace)(Melting and refining)

Uncontrolled carbon steel

TSP

Emissionfactor19.0

Iron and steel production(electric arc furnace)(Charging, tapping, andslagging)

Uncontrolled emissions escaping
monitorTSP

0.7

kg/Mg steel

Iron and steel production(electric arc furnace)(Melting, refining,
charging, tapping, andslagging)

Uncontrolled (Alloy steel)

TSP

5.65

kg/Mg steel

Uncontrolled (Carbon steel)

TSP

25.0

kg/Mg steel

Controlled by building
evacuation (plus charging hood)to baghouse for alloy steel

TSP

0.15

kg/Mg steel

Controlled by direct shellevacuation vented to common
baghouse for carbon steel

TSP

0.0215kg/Mg steel

Uncontrolled

TSP

10.55

kg/Mg steel

Controlled by ESP

TSP

0.14

kg/Mg steel

TSP

0.084

kg/Mg steel

Uncontrolled (measured atsource)

TSP

0.405

kg/Mg steel

Controlled by side draft hoodvented to baghouse

TSP

0.0019kg/Mg steel

Uncontrolled (measured atsource)

TSP

0.035

kg/Mg steel

Controlled by side draft hoodvented to baghouse

TSP

0.0008kg/Mg steel

Uncontrolled

TSP

0.05

kg/Mg steel

Controlled by ESP

TSP

0.0115kg/Mg steel

Blast furnace gas

TSP

0.015

kg/109 J

Coke oven gas

TSP

0.052

kg/109 J

Sub-category

Iron and steel production(open hearth furnace)(Melting and refining)Technical

Air pollutant

Iron and steel production(hearth furnace)(Roof monitor)
Iron and steel production(Teeming)(Leaded steel)Iron and steel production(teeming)(Unleaded steel)Iron and steel production(Machine scarfing)
Iron and steel production(Miscellaneous
combustion sources)(boiler, soaking pit andslab reheat)
Source: AP-42-5-71-

Unit
kg/Mg steel

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-13 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part
8)
Sub-category

Iron
and
production

steel

Emissionfactor

Unit

CO

22

kg/Mg finished sinterCO

69

kg/Mg finished sinterCO

9kg/Mg finished sinterTechnical

Air pollutant

Sintered windbox

Basic oxygen(BOF)

furnaceElectric arc furnace
Source: AP-42

Black Carbon (BC) and Organic Carbon (OC) emission factor for iron and steel production is the emission
factor for blast furnace cokes, which is set as follows, based on “A technology-based global inventory of blackand organic carbon emission from combustion” (Tami C. Bond, etc 2004).

EFBC = EFPM × F1.0 × FBC × Fcont ························································································(5.4-2)
EFOC = EFPM × F1.0 × FOC × Fcont ······················································································(5.4-3)
Where,
EFPM: PM emission factor (g/kg)
F1.0: Ratio of particle pollutant diameter of 1 micro-meter or less
FBC: Ratio of Black Carbon, in particle pollutant
FOC: Ratio of Organic Carbon, in particle pollutant
Fcont: Ratio of PM, after passing the filter of emission reduction equipment
Then, organic matter and organic carbon ratio Rorg are not considered here.
Table 5.4-14 Emission factor (BC and OC) for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel
production: Part 9)
Fuel
Coke

Technology
Blast furnace

EFPM (g/kg)

F1.0
0.4

0.28

FBC
0.28

FOC
0.05

Fcont
0.05-1.0

Source: “A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emission from combustion”(Tami C. Bond, etc 2004)- 5-72 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Greenhouse gas emission factor (CO2 and CH4) for iron and steel production is shown in Table 5.4-15.
Table 5.4-15 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: iron and steel production: Part
10)
Air pollutant

EmissionfactorCO2

200

kg/Mg sinter produced

CH4

0.07

kg/Mg sinter produced

CO2

560

kg/Mg coke produced

CH4

0.1

g/Mg coke produced

Iron production

CO2

1350

kg/Mg pig iron produced

Direct Reduced Iron
production (DRI)

CO2

700

kg/Mg DRI produced

Pellet production

CO2

30

kg/Mg pellet produced

Basic Oxygen Furnace
(BOF)

CO2

1460

kg/Mg of steel produced

Electric Arc Furnace
(EAF)

CO2

80

kg/Mg of steel produced

Open Hearth Furnace
(OHF)

CO2

1720

kg/Mg of steel produced

Global Average Factor(65% BOF, 30% EAF and
5% OHF)

CO2

1060

kg/Mg of steel produced

Sub-category
Iron andproduction

steelTechnical
Sinter production

Cokes oven

Unit

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Emission factors for ferroalloys production are shown in Table 5.4-16 to Table 5.4-19. The emission factor in
Table 5.4-16 is the default values for ferroalloys production process as a whole, whereas the emission factors
in Table 5.4-17 and Table 5.4-18 are based on alloy type, technical type. And Table 5.4-19 indicates thegreenhouse gas emission factors.

Table 5.4-16 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production)(Part 1, EMEP/EEA Guidebook)Sub-category

Ferroalloy production

Air pollutant

TSP

Emissionfactor
1

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook-5-73-

Unit

kg/Mg alloy produced

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-17 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production)(Part 2, AP-42)
Sub-category

FeSi (50%)

FeSi (75%)

FeSi (90%)

Si metal (98%)

FeMn (80%)

FeMn (1% Si)

Technical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Open (Uncontrolled)

TSP

35

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Baghouse)

TSP

0.9

kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Uncontrolled)

TSP

46

kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Scrubber: High energy)

TSP

0.24

kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Scrubber: Low energy)

TSP

4.5

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Uncontrolled)

TSP

158

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Scrubber: Low energy)

TSP

4.0

kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Uncontrolled)

TSP

103

kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Controlled)

TSP

ND

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Uncontrolled)

TSP

282

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Controlled)

TSP

ND

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Uncontrolled)

TSP

436

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Baghouse)

TSP

16

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Uncontrolled)

TSP

14

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Baghouse)

TSP

0.24

kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Scrubber: High energy)

TSP

0.8

kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Uncontrolled)

TSP

6kg/Mg alloy produced

Covered (Scrubber: High energy)

TSP

0.25

kg/Mg alloy produced

Sealed (Uncontrolled)

TSP

37

kg/Mg alloy produced

Sealed (Controlled)

TSP

ND

kg/Mg alloy produced

Source: AP-42- 5-74 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-18 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production)(Part 3, AP-42)
Sub-category

Technical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

FeCr (highcarbon)Open (Uncontrolled)

TSP

78

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (ESP)

TSP

1.2

kg/Mg alloy produced

SiMn

Open (Uncontrolled)

TSP

96

kg/Mg alloy produced

Open (Scrubber)

TSP

2.1

kg/Mg alloy produced

Sealed (Uncontrolled)

TSP‐

kg/Mg alloy produced

Sealed (Scrubber: High energy)

TSP

0.15

kg/Mg alloy produced

Source: AP-42

Table 5.4-19 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: ferroalloy production)(Part 4, 2006 IPCC Guidelines)
Sub-category

Ferro-siliconTechnical

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

45% SiCO2

2.5

Tones/ton produced

65% SiCO2

3.6

Tones/ton produced

75% SiCO2

4.0

Tones/ton produced

90% SiCO2

4.8

Tones/ton produced

7% C

CO2

1.3

Tones/ton produced

1% C

CO2

1.5

Tones/ton produced

Silicomanganese

CO2

1.4

Tones/ton produced

Silicon metal

CO2

5.0

Tones/ton produced

CO2

1.3

Tones/ton produced

Si-metal

CH4

1.2

kg/ton produced

FeSi 90CH4

1.1

kg/ton produced

FeSi 75CH4

1.0

kg/ton produced

FeSi 65CH4

1.0

kg/ton produced

Ferro-manganese

Ferrochromium

1.6 with sinter plant

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines-5-75-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for aluminum production are shown in Table 5.4-20 and Table 5.4-21.

Table 5.4-20 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production)
Sub-category

Aluminumproduction

Technical

Electrolysis

Anode baking

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

2.15

kg/Mg primary aluminum

CO

135

kg/Mg primary aluminum

SOx

14.2

kg/Mg primary aluminum

NOx

NE

kg/Mg primary aluminum

CO

400

kg/Mg primary aluminum

SOx

0.9

kg/Mg primary aluminum

Source: 1996 IPCC Guidelines- 5-76 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-21 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production)
Sub-category

Aluminumproduction

Technical

Primary aluminumproduction:
Pre-baked anodes

Primary aluminumproduction smelting:Soderberg anodes

Secondary aluminumproduction smelting

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

1

kg/Mg aluminum

CO

120

kg/Mg aluminumSOx

6

kg/Mg aluminum

TSP

4

kg/Mg aluminum

PM10

3.2

kg/Mg aluminum produced

PM2.5

1.4

kg/Mg aluminum producedNOx

1

kg/Mg aluminum

CO

122

kg/Mg aluminumSOx

6

kg/Mg aluminum

TSP

4

kg/Mg aluminum

PM10

3.2

kg/Mg aluminum produced

PM2.5

1.4

kg/Mg aluminum produced

TSP

2

kg/Mg aluminum

PM10

1.4

kg/Mg aluminum

PM2.5

0.55

kg/Mg aluminum

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook-5-77-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Abatement efficiencies by antipollution measure technology for primary aluminum production are shown in
Table 5.4-22 and Table 5.4-23.

Table 5.4-22 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production;
pre-bake cell)
Sub-category

Multi-cyclone

Dry alumina scrubber
fabric filter

ESP + spray tower

Coated fabric filter

Crossflow packed bed

Dry+scrubbersecondaryTechnical

Abatement
efficiency

particle > 10μm

79 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

76 %Particle size <2.5μm

75 %particle > 10μm

98 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96 %Particle size <2.5μm

94 %particle > 10μm

95 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

95 %Particle size <2.5μm

96 %particle > 10μm

98 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96 %Particle size <2.5μm

94 %particle > 10μm

72 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

68 %Particle size <2.5μm

77 %particle > 10μm

99 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

98 %Particle size <2.5μm

98 %Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-78 -Remarks

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-23 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: aluminum production;
Soderberg cell)
Sub-category

Spray tower

Floating bed scrubber

Scrubber + wet ESP

Wet ESPDry alumina scrubber

Technical

Abatement
efficiency

particle > 10μm

78 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

74 %2.5μm > particle

73 %particle > 10μm

80 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

77 %2.5μm > particle

75 %particle > 10μm

98 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96 %Particle size <2.5μm

94 %particle > 10μm

98 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96 %2.5μm > particle

94 %particle > 10μm

98 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

98 %2.5μm > particle

94 %Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook-5-79-

Remarks

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Abatement efficiencies by antipollution measure technology for secondary aluminum production are shown in
Table 5.4-24.

Table 5.4-24 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: secondary aluminumproduction)
Sub-category

Conventional
Plant

Modern Plant

Abatement
efficiency

Remarks

Conventional: particle > 10μm

25 %Conventional: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

14 %

ESP,
settlesscrubbers;
moderate control of fugitive
sourcesConventional: 2.5μm > particle

13 %Modern: particle > 10μm

50 %Modern: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

36 %Modern: 2.5μm > particle

26 %Technical

Fabric filters foremission sources

most

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
In AP-42, emission factor for aluminum production is shown in Table 5.4-25 to Table 5.4-29, which areclassified in detailed, based on antipollution technology. Emission factors in EMEP/EEA Guidebook are also
compiled separately by abatement efficiency, based on antipollution technology, and there is no difference
basically between the two. And out of the two emission factors, select one which is applicable.

- 5-80 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-25 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production,
Part 1)Sub-category

Primary
production

aluminum(Bauxite grinding)Primary
production

aluminum(Aluminum
calcining)hydroxide

Technical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Uncontrolled

TSP

3.0 c)

kg/Mg *)

Spray tower

TSP

0.9 c)

kg/Mg *)

Floating bed scrubber

TSP

0.85 c)kg/Mg *)

Quench tower and spray screen

TSP

0.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

Uncontrolled

TSP

100.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Splay tower

TSP

30.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Floating bed scrubber

TSP

28.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Quench tower

TSP

17.0 c)kg/Mg *)ESP

TSP

2.0 c)

kg/Mg *)

Note: *) Unit: kg /Mg of aluminum produced
Source: c) AP-42-5-81-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-26 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production,
Part 2)Sub-category

Primary aluminumproduction(Anode baking furnace)

Primary aluminumproduction(Prebake cell)Technical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Uncontrolled

TSP

1.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

Fugitive

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

Spray tower

TSP

0.375 c)kg/Mg *)

ESP

TSP

0.375 c)kg/Mg *)

Dry alumina scrubber

TSP

0.03 c)kg/Mg *)

Uncontrolled

TSP

47.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Fugitive

TSP

2.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

Emissions to collector

TSP

44.5 c)kg/Mg *)

Multiple cyclones

TSP

9.8 c)

kg/Mg *)

Dry alumina scrubber

TSP

0.9 c)

kg/Mg *)Dry ESP plus spray tower

TSP

2.25 c)kg/Mg *)

Spray tower

TSP

56.4 c)kg/Mg *)

Floating bed scrubber

TSP

56.4 c)kg/Mg *)

Coated bag filter dry scrubber

TSP

0.9 c)

kg/Mg *)

Crossflow packed bed

TSP

13.15 c)kg/Mg *)

Dry plus secondary scrubber

TSP

0.35 c)kg/Mg *)

Note: *) Unit: kg /Mg of aluminum produced
Source: c) AP-42- 5-82 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-27 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production,
Part 3)Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Uncontrolled

TSP

39.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Fugitive

TSP

6.0 c)

kg/Mg *)

Emissions to collector

TSP

33.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Spray tower

TSP

8.25 c)kg/Mg *)

Venturi scrubber

TSP

1.3 c)

kg/Mg *)

Multiple cyclones

TSP

16.5 c)kg/Mg *)

Dry alumina scrubber

TSP

0.65 c)kg/Mg *)

Scrubber plus ESP plus spray
screen and scrubber

TSP

3.85 c)kg/Mg *)

Uncontrolled

TSP

49.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Fugitive

TSP

5.0 c)

kg/Mg *)

Emissions to collector

TSP

44.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Spray tower

TSP

11.0 c)kg/Mg *)

Floating bed scrubber

TSP

9.7 c)

kg/Mg *)

Scrubber plus wet ESP

TSP

0.9 c)

kg/Mg *)

Wet ESPTSP

0.9 c)

kg/Mg *)

Dry alumina scrubber

TSP

0.9 c)

kg/Mg *)

Sub-category

Primary aluminumproduction(Vertical Soderberg studcell)

Primary aluminumproduction(Horizontal Soderberg
stud cell)Technical

Note: *) Unit: kg /Mg of aluminum produced
Source: c) AP-42-5-83-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

CO2 emission factor for primary aluminum production is shown in Table 5.4-28.
Table 5.4-28 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary aluminum production,
CO2)
Sub-category

Aluminumproduction(primary refining)

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Soderberg Process

CO21835 c)kg/ Mg Al produced

Soderberg

CO2

1.7 a)

tones CO2/ ton Al

Prebake Process

CO21540 c)kg/ Mg Al produced

PrebakeCO2

1.6 a)

tones CO2/ ton Al

Electrolysis

SO2

14.2 d)kg SO2/ ton Al

Anode baking

SO2

14.2 d)kg SO2/ ton Al

Electrolysis

NOx

2.15 d)kg NOx/ ton Al

Anode baking

NOx

NE d)

kg NOx / ton Al

Electrolysis

CO

135 d)

kg CO/ ton Al

Anode baking

CO

400 d)

kg CO/ ton Al

Technical

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, c) AP-42,- 5-84 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-29 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary aluminumproduction)
Sub-category

Secondaryaluminumproduction(Sweating furnace)

Secondaryaluminumproduction(Smelting)(Crucible furnace)
Secondaryaluminumproduction(Smelting)(Reverberatory)
Secondaryproduction

aluminum(Chlorine demagging)

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUncontrolled

TSP

7.25 c)kg/Mg *)

Baghouse

TSP

1.65 c)kg/Mg *)

Electrostatic Precipitator

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

Uncontrolled

TSP

0.95 c)kg/Mg *)

Baghouse

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

Electrostatic Precipitator

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

Uncontrolled

TSP

2.15 c)kg/Mg *)

Baghouse

TSP

0.65 c)kg/Mg *)

Electrostatic Precipitator

TSP

0.65 c)kg/Mg *)

Uncontrolled

TSP

500 c)

kg/Mg *)

Baghouse

TSP

25 c)

kg/Mg *)

Electrostatic Precipitator

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

Technical

Note: *) Unit: kg /Mg of metal processed
Source: c) AP-42-5-85-

Unit

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for copper smelting are shown in Table 5.4-30, which can be different, depending onwhether it is primary or secondary copper smelting process.

Table 5.4-30 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: copper smelting)Sub-category

Copper smelting

Technical

Default value

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

400

g/Mg copper

PM10

320

g/Mg copper

PM2.5

240

g/Mg copper

TSP

400

g/Mg copper

PM10

320

g/Mg copper

PM2.5

240

g/Mg copperPrimary copper smelting(EECCA countries,
traditional method: ESP,
limited control (98%))

TSP

45

kg/Mg copper

PM10

36

kg/Mg copper

PM2.5

27

kg/Mg copperPrimary copper smelting(EECCA countries,
traditional method: ESP,
abatement efficiency (99%or higher))TSP

5kg/Mg copper

PM10

4

kg/Mg copper

PM2.5

3

kg/Mg copper

Secondary copper smelting

TSP

320

g/Mg copper

PM10

260

g/Mg copper

PM2.5

190

g/Mg copper

TSP

1.5

kg/Mg copper

PM10

1.2

kg/Mg copper

PM2.5

0.9

kg/Mg copperPrimary copper smelting

Secondary copper smelting(EECCA countries,
traditional method: ESP,
limited control
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-86 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Abatement efficiencies by antipollution measure technology for copper smelting are shown in Table 5.4-31.

Table 5.4-31 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: copper smelting)Sub-category

Conventional
Plant

Modern Plant

Abatement
efficiency

Remarks

Conventional: particle > 10μm

88 %Conventional: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

68 %ESP and settling chambers;
moderate control of fugitive
sourcesConventional: 2.5μm > particle

28 %Modern: particle > 10μm

95 %Modern: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

84 %Modern: 2.5μm > particle

60 %Technical

Fabric filters for mostemission sources

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factors for copper smelting are shown in Table 5.4-32 to Table 5.4-37.

-5-87-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-32 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary copper smelting, Part 1)
Sub-category

Primary
smelting

Primary
smelting

coppercopperTechnical

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

SOx

160 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

25 c)

kg/Mg *)

C: Reverberatory furnace (RF)followed by converter (C)SOx

370 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

18 c)

kg/Mg *)

MHR: Multiple hearth roaster (MHR)
followed by reverberatory furnace(RF) and converter (C)SOx

140 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

22 c)

kg/Mg *)

RF: Multiple health roaster (MHR)
followed by reverberatory furnace(RF) and converter (C)

SOx

90 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

25 c)

kg/Mg *)

C: Multiple health roaster (MHR)
followed by reverberatory furnace(RF) and converter (C)SOx

300 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

18 c)

kg/Mg *)

RF: Reverberatory furnace (RF)followed by converter (C)Note: *) Unit: kg of pollutant/Mg of concentrated ore processed by the smelter
Source: c) AP-42- 5-88 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-33 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary copper smelting, Part 2)
Sub-category

Primary
smelting

Primary
smelting

Primary
smelting

coppercoppercopperTechnical

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

FBR: Fluid bed roaster (FBR)
followed by reverberatory furnace(RF) and converter (C)SOx

180 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

RF: Fluid bed roaster (FBR) followedby reverberatory furnace (RF) andconverter (C)

SOx

90 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

25 c)

kg/Mg *)

C: Fluid bed roaster (FBR) followedby reverberatory furnace (RF) andconverter (C)SOx

270 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

18 c)

kg/Mg *)

CD: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby electric furnace (EF) and converter
(C)

SOx

0.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

5 c)

kg/Mg *)

EF: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby electric furnace (EF) and converter
(C)

SOx

120 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

50 c)

kg/Mg *)

C: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby electric furnace (EF) and converter
(C)

SOx

410 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

18 c)

kg/Mg *)

FBR: Fluid bed roaster (FBR)
followed by electric furnace (EF) andconverter (C)SOx

180 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

EF: Fluid bed roaster (FBR) followedby electric furnace (EF) and converter
(C)

SOx

45 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

50 c)

kg/Mg *)

C: Fluid bed roaster (FBR) followedby electric furnace (EF) and converter
(C)

SOx

300 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

18 c)

kg/Mg *)

Note: *) Unit: kg of pollutant/Mg of concentrated ore processed by the smelter
Source: c) AP-42-5-89-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-34 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary copper smelting, Part 3)
Sub-category

Primary
smelting

Primary
smelting

coppercopperTechnical

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

CD: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby flash furnace (FF), cleaning furnace(SS) and converter (C)SOx

0.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

5 c)

kg/Mg *)

FF: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby flash furnace (FF), cleaning furnace(SS) and converter (C)SOx

410 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

70 c)

kg/Mg *)

SS: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby flash furnace (FF), cleaning furnace(SS) and converter (C)SOx

0.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

5 c)

kg/Mg *)

C: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby flash furnace (FF), cleaning furnace(SS) and converter (C)SOx

120 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

CD: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby Noranda reactors (NR) andconverter (C)SOx

0.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

5 c)

kg/Mg *)

NR: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby Noranda reactors (NR) andconverter (C)

SOx

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

C: Concentrate dryer (CD) followedby Noranda reactors (NR) andconverter (C)

SOx

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

Note: *) Unit: kg of pollutant/Mg of concentrated ore processed by the smelter
Source: c) AP-42

Abatement efficiencies are published as follows. Overall particulate removal in Hot ESPs may range 20 to
80% and in cold ESP may be 99%. Typical Single Contact Acid Plants (SCAP) are about 96% efficient andDouble Contact Acid Plants (DCAP) are up to 99.8% efficient in SO2 removal.

- 5-90 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-35 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary copper smelting, Part
1)
Sub-category

Secondarysmelting

copperTechnical

Scrap iron

(Cupola)Insulated copper wire(Control Equipment; None)
Insulated copper wire(Control Equipment; ESP)
Scrap copper and brass(Control Equipment; None)
Scrap copper and brass(Control Equipment; ESP)
Secondary copper
smelting (Fugitive
emissions)(Control Equipment; None)

Note: *) Unit: kg of pollutant/Mg ore processed
Source: c) AP-42-5-91-Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

0.002 c)kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

120 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

105.6 c)kg/Mg *)

TSP

5 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

35 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

32.1 c)kg/Mg *)

TSP

1.2 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

1.1 c)

kg/Mg *)

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-36 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary copper smelting, Part2)
Sub-category

Secondary copper
smelting(Reverberatory furnace)

Technical

Air pollutant

Copper(Control Equipment; None)
Copper(Control Equipment; Baghouse)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; None)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; Baghouse)
Fugitive emissions(Control Equipment; None)

Secondary copper
smelting(Rotary furnace)

Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; None)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; ESP)
Fugitive emissions(Control Equipment; None)

Note: *) Unit: kg of pollutant/Mg ore processed
Source: c) AP-42- 5-92 -EmissionfactorUnit

TSP

2.6 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

2.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

0.2 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

18 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

10.8 c)kg/Mg *)

TSP

1.3 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

1.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

150 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

88.3 c)kg/Mg *)

TSP

7 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

1.3 c)

kg/Mg *)

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-37 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary copper smelting, Part
3)
Sub-category
Secondary copper
smelting(Crucible and pot
furnace)Technical

Air pollutant

Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; None)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; ESP)
Fugitive emissions(Control Equipment; None)

Secondary copper
smelting(Electric furnace)

Copper(Control Equipment; None)
Copper(Control Equipment; Baghouse)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; None)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; Baghouse)

Secondary copper
smelting(Electric induction)

Copper(Control Equipment; None)
Copper(Control Equipment; Baghouse)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; None)
Brass and bronze(Control Equipment; Baghouse)
Fugitive emissions(Control Equipment; None)

Note: *) Unit: kg of pollutant/Mg ore processed
Source: c) AP-42-5-93-

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

11 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

6.2 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

0.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

0.14 c)kg/Mg *)

TSP

2.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

2.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

0.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

5.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

3.2 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

3 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

3.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

3.5 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

0.25 c)kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

10 c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

10 c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

0.35 c)kg/Mg *)

PM10

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg *)

PM10

0.04 c)kg/Mg *)

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for lead smelting are a shown in Table 5.4-38 to Table 5.4-41.

Table 5.4-38 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary lead smelting)Sub-category
Primary
smelting

leadTechnical
Ore crushing

Ore screening

Tetrahedrite drier

Sinter machine (weakgas)

Sinter building fugitives

Sinter storage

Blast furnace

Speiss pit

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

SOx

NA c)

kg/Mg of lead in ore

TSP

0.023 c)kg/Mg of lead in ore

PM10

0.018 c)kg/Mg of lead in ore

SOx

NA c)

kg/Mg ore

TSP

0.004 c)kg/Mg ore

PM10

0.005 c)kg/Mg ore

SOx

NA c)

kg/Mg dried

TSP

0.012 c)kg/Mg dried

PM10

0.013 c)kg/Mg driedSOx

275 c)

kg/Mg sinter produced

TSP

0.051 c)kg/Mg sinter produced

PM10

0.052 c)kg/Mg sinter produced

SOx

NA c)

kg/Mg sinter produced

TSP

0.118 c)kg/Mg sinter produced

PM10

0.058 c)kg/Mg sinter produced

SOx

NA c)

kg/Mg through put

TSP

NA c)

kg/Mg through put

PM10

NA c)

kg/Mg through put

SOx

23 c)

kg/Mg of bullion

TSP

0.21 c)kg/Mg of bullion

PM10

0.43 c)kg/Mg of bullion

SOx

NA c)

kg/Mg granulated

TSP

NA c)

kg/Mg granulated

PM10

NA c)

kg/Mg granulated

Source: c) AP-42- 5-94 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-39 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary lead smelting)Sub-category

Secondarysmelting

leadTechnical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Sweating

SOx

ND c)

kg/Mg charge(Uncontrolled)

TSP

16-35 c)kg/Mg charge

Sweating

SOx-

kg/Mg charge(Controlled)

TSP

ND c)

kg/Mg charge

Reverberatory smelting

SOx

40 c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Uncontrolled)

TSP

162 c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Reverberatory smelting

SOx-

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Controlled)

TSP

0.50 c)kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Blast smelting-cupola

SOx

27 c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Uncontrolled)

TSP

153 c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Blast smelting-cupolaSOx-

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Controlled)

TSP

1.12 c)kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Kettle refining

SOx

ND c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Uncontrolled)

TSP

0.02 c)kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Kettle refining

SOx-

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Controlled)

TSP

ND c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Kettle Oxidation

SOx

ND c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Uncontrolled)

TSP<=20 c)kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Kettle Oxidation

SOx-

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Controlled)

TSP

ND c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Casting

SOx

ND c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Uncontrolled)

TSP

0.02 c)kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

CastingSOx-

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced(Controlled)

TSP

ND c)

kg of pollutant/Mg metal produced

Source: c) AP-42-5-95-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-40 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary lead smelting: default
value)
Sub-category

Lead smelting

Technical

Default value

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

500

g/Mg lead

PM10

400

g/Mg lead

PM2.5

200

g/Mg lead

TSP

500

g/Mg lead

PM10

400

g/Mg lead

PM2.5

200

g/Mg lead

Primary lead smelting(controlled after various
technical measurestaken)TSP

29

g/Mg lead

PM10

28

g/Mg lead

PM2.5

20

g/Mg lead

Primary lead smelting(EECCA countries,
limited control)

TSP

2.5

kg/Mg lead

PM10

2

kg/Mg lead

PM2.5

1.6

kg/Mg lead

TSP

0.5

kg/Mg lead

PM10

0.4

kg/Mg lead

PM2.5

0.3

kg/Mg lead

Primary lead smelting

Primary lead smelting(EECCA countries,
high effective control)

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-96 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-41 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary lead smelting)Sub-category

Lead smelting

Technical

Secondary leadsmelting

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

500

g/Mg lead

PM10

400

g/Mg lead

PM2.5

200

g/Mg lead

Secondary leadsmelting (controlled
after various technicalmeasures taken)

TSP

29

g/Mg lead

PM10

28

g/Mg lead

PM2.5

20

g/Mg lead

Secondary leadsmelting (EECCA
countries, limited
control)

TSP

1.5

kg/Mg lead

PM10

1.2

kg/Mg lead

PM2.5

1

kg/Mg lead

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Abatement efficiencies by antipollution measure for lead smelting are shown in Table 5.4-42.

Table 5.4-42 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: lead smelting)Sub-category

Conventional
Plant

Modern Plant

Abatement
efficiency

Remarks

Conventional: particle > 10μm

95.0 %

Conventional: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

86.7 %

Conventional: Particle size <2.5μm

66.7 %

Electro-static
precipitator,
scrubber, sinking device,
scrubber,intermediate
control against leaks

Modern: particle > 10μm

98.8 %

Modern: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96.2 %

Modern: 2.5μm > particle

90.0 %

Technical

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook-5-97-

Use of fiber filter against
most sourcesGuidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor for nickel production is shown in Table 5.4-43.

Table 5.4-43 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: nickel production)
Sub-category

Technical

Nickel production

Secondary production

Air pollutant

TSP

Emissionfactor
0.66

Unit

kg/Mg nickel produced

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factors for zinc smelting are shown in Table 5.4-44 and Table 5.4-45.

Table 5.4-44 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary zinc smelting: default
value)
Sub-category

Zinc smelting

Technical

Default value

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

500

g/Mg zinc

PM10

400

g/Mg zinc

PM2.5

300

g/Mg zinc

TSP

500

g/Mg zinc

PM10

400

g/Mg zinc

PM2.5

300

g/Mg zincPrimary zinc smelting(controlled after various
technical measurestaken)TSP

39

g/Mg zinc

PM10

30

g/Mg zinc

PM2.5

22

g/Mg zincPrimary zinc smelting(EECCA countries,
limited control)

TSP

5kg/Mg zinc

PM10

4

kg/Mg zinc

PM2.5

3

kg/Mg zinc

TSP

1.5

kg/Mg zinc

PM10

1.2

kg/Mg zinc

PM2.5

0.9

kg/Mg zincPrimary zinc smelting

Primary zinc smelting(EECCA countries,
high effective control)

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-98 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-45 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary zinc smelting)Sub-category

Zinc smelting

Technical

Secondary zincsmelting

Secondary zincsmelting (Best available
techniques, fabric filter)

Secondary zincsmelting (dry ESP)Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

500

g/Mg zinc

PM10

400

g/Mg zinc

PM2.5

300

g/Mg zinc

TSP

39

g/Mg zinc

PM10

30

g/Mg lead

PM2.5

22

g/Mg lead

TSP

19

kg/Mg lead

PM10

16

kg/Mg lead

PM2.5

12

kg/Mg lead

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Abatement efficiencies by antipollution measurement for zinc smelting are shown in Table 5.4-46.

Table 5.4-46 Abatement efficiencies for industrial process (metal production: zinc smelting)Abatement
efficiency

Remarks

Conventional: particle > 10μm

91.7 %

Conventional: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

92.0 %

ESP, settlers, scrubbers;
moderate control of fugitive
sourcesConventional: 2.5μm > particle

92.5 %

Modern: particle > 10μm

96.7 %

Modern: 10μm > particle > 2.5μm

96.4 %

Modern: 2.5μm > particle

96.0 %

Sub-category

Conventional
Plant

Modern Plant

Technical

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook-5-99-

Fabric filters for mostemission sourcesGuidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

In US-EPA AP-42, Emission factors for zinc smelting are shown in Table 5.4-47 to Table 5.4-49, whichmainly comes from blende, and sulfur oxide is produced in smelting process, but it is used producing sulfuric
acid, so discharge to the air is little.

Table 5.4-47 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: primary zinc smelting)
Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

113

kg/Mg *)

Roasting; Suspension (Uncontrolled)

TSP

1000

kg/Mg *)

Roasting; Suspension (Controlled)

TSP

4

kg/Mg *)

Roasting; Fluidized bed (Uncontrolled)

TSP

1083

kg/Mg *)

Sinter plant (Uncontrolled)

TSP

62.5

kg/Mg *)

Sinter plant (With cyclone)

TSP

24.1

kg/Mg *)

Sinter plant (With cyclone and ESP)

TSP

8.25

kg/Mg *)

Vertical retort (Uncontrolled)

TSP

7.15

kg/Mg *)

Electric retort (Uncontrolled)

TSP

10.0

kg/Mg *)

Electric process (Uncontrolled)

TSP

3.3

kg/Mg *)

Sub-category

Primary
smeltingzincTechnical

Roasting;(Uncontrolled)

Air pollutant

MultiplehearthNote: *) Unit: kg /Mg of zinc ore processed
Source: AP-42- 5-100 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-48 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary zinc smelting, Part 1)Air
pollutant

Emissionfactor*

Unit

Reverbetatory sweating (Clean metallic scarp)

TSP

Negligible

kg/Mg *)

Reverbetatory sweating (General metallic scarp)

TSP

6.5

kg/Mg *)

Reverbetatory sweating (Residual scarp)

TSP

16

kg/Mg *)

Rotary sweating

TSP

5.5-12.5

kg/Mg *)

Muffle sweating

TSP

5.4-16kg/Mg *)

Kettle sweating (Clean metallic scrap)

TSP

Negligible

kg/Mg *)

Kettle sweating (General metallic scrap)

TSP

5.5

kg/Mg *)

Kettle sweating (Residual scrap)

TSP

12.5

kg/Mg *)

Electric resistance sweating

TSP

<5

kg/Mg *)

Sodium carbonate leaching calcining

TSP

44.5

kg/Mg *)

Kettle pot (Unit: g/Mg product)

TSP

0.05

kg/Mg

Crucible melting

TSP

ND

kg/Mg *)

Reverberatory melting

TSP

ND

kg/Mg *)

Electric induction melting

TSP

ND

kg/Mg *)Alloying

TSP

ND

kg/Mg *)

Sub-category

Secondaryzinc smelting

Technical

Note: *) Unit: kg /Mg of zinc used
Source: AP-42-5-101-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.4-49 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: secondary zinc smelting, Part 2)Air
pollutant

Emissionfactor*Unit

TSP

0.2 - 0.4

kg/Mg

TSP

0.1 - 0.2

kg/Mg

TSP

22.5

kg/Mg

Graphite rod distillation

TSP

Negligible

kg/Mg *)

Retort distillation/ oxidation

TSP

10 - 20kg/Mg *)

Muffle distillation/ oxidation

TSP

10 - 20kg/Mg *)

Retort reduction

TSP

23.5

kg/Mg *)

Galvanizing

TSP

2.5

kg/Mg *)

Sub-category

Secondaryzinc smelting

Technical

Retort and muffle distillation(Unit: kg/Mg product) (Pouring)
Retort and muffle distillation(Unit: kg/Mg product) (Casting)Retort and muffle distillation(Unit: kg/Mg product) (Muffle distillation)

Note: *) Unit: kg /Mg of zinc used
Source: AP-42- 5-102 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factor for other metal production is shown in Table 5.4-50.

Table 5.4-50 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: other metal production)
Sub-category

Other metal production

Air pollutant

TSP

Emissionfactor
0.8

Unit

kg/Mg metal produced

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factor for storage, handling and transport of metal products is shown in Table 5.4-51.

Table 5.4-51 Emission factor for industrial process (metal production: metal storage, handling,transport)
Sub-category

Storage, handling andtransport of metal products

Air pollutant

TSP

Emissionfactor1

Unit

kg/Mg metal products

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

5.4.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

5.5

Other product manufacturing

5.5.1

Simple method

5.5.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Estimation of emission is basically multiplied activity data and emission factor. Active data generally mean the
production rate of product in each industrial process, and their statistics data by national or by provincial level
are assumed .

-5-103-

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.5.1.2

Estimation of activity data

Active data is basically the production amount of each industrial product. Activity data is assumed to bestatistics of each country, these values are priority use. The active data not to be acquired from statistics ofeach country is assumed to be used following international statistics data.
1) Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook2) FAOSTAT: Collection from http://faostat.fao.org/
Activity data related air pollutants emission from drinks and foods industry is shown in Table 5.5-2.

Table 5.5-1 Activity data for industrial process (paper, pulp industries)
Sub-category

Activity Data

Activity data source

Kraft paper or alkali-soda pulp
manufacturing

Dry pulp amount

Statistics of each country,
UN statistics

Sulfur acid pulp manufacturing

Dry pulp amount

Statistics of each country,
UN statistics

Neutral sulfur acid semi-chemical pulp

Pulp production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Paper, pulp industry- 5-104 -Remarks

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-2 Activity data for industrial process (drinks, food industries)
Sub-category

Activity data

Activity data source

Alcoholic drinks, beverage
Beer

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Red wine

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

White wine

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Wine (unspecified)

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Malt Whisky

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Grain Whisky

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

BrandyProduction
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Other spirit (unspecified)

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Meat, fish, chicken meat

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Sugar

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Margarine, solid edible fat

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Cakes, biscuits, cereals

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Bread

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Animal feeds

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Brewing coffee

Production
amountStatistics of each country,
UN statistics

Foods production-5-105-

Remarks

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.5.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors are used values from Table 5.5-3 to Table 5.5-5 to be arranged by GAP Forum Manual values.
However, it is necessary to note that these emission factors are set using single value of industrial process thattechnically contains a wide range of values. If emission factors can be set in accordance with the features of
the country, they should be used preferentially. In “5.5.2.3 Setting of emission factor” for “5.5.2 Detailed
method” shows more detailed technical emission factor, and if the emission factors to be used preferentiallyfor target country exist, they should be used.

- 5-106 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-3 Emission factors for industrial process (pulp, paper industries) (GAP Forum Manual-based value)
単位

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

Kraft paper or alkalisoda pulp
manufacturing

kg/ton dried
pulp

3.8b)

1.5b)

5.6b)

3.7b)

Sulfurous acid pulp
manufacturing

kg/ton dried
pulp

30b)

NAb)

NAb)

Neutral sulfurous
acid chemical pulp

kg/ton output

-b)

0.5b)

NAb)

Sub-category

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

NAb)

92b)

81b)

NAb)

NAb)

1.5b)

1.3b)

0.15b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Paper, pulp industry

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) GAP Forum Manual, c) AP-42
Note: NA: “Not applicable”, -: “Not available”- 5-107 -

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-4 Emission factors for industrial process (drinks industry) (GAP Forum Manual-based value)
Sub-category

Unit

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

PM10

PM2.5

Beer

kg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.035b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Red winekg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.08b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

White winekg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.035b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Wine (unspecified)

kg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.08b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Malt Whisky

kg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

15b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Cereal Whisky

kg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

7.5b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Brandykg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

3.5b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Other spirit(unspecified)

kg/hectolitre

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

15b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

AlcoholicbeverageTSPdrinks,

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) GAP Forum Manual, c) AP-42
Note: NA: “Not applicable”, -: “Not available”- 5-108 -

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-5 Emission factors for industrial process (foods industry) (GAP Forum Manual-based value)
単位

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

Meat, fish, chicken meatkg/ton

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.3b)

Sugar

kg/ton

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

Margarine, solid edible fat

kg/tonNAb)

NAb)

Cakes, biscuits, cereals

kg/ton

NAb)

Bread

kg/tonAnimal feeds
Brewing coffee

Sub-category

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

NAb)

-b)

-b)

10b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

NAb)

10b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

NAb)

NAb)

1b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

4.5b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

kg/ton

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

1b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

kg/ton

NAb)

NAb)

NAb)

0.55b)

NAb)

-b)

-b)

Foods production

Source: a) 2006 IPCC Guidelines, b) GAP Forum Manual, c) AP-42
Note: NA: “Not applicable”, -: “Not available”- 5-109 -

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.5.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

5.5.2

Detailed method

5.5.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Estimation method of emission is basically the same as “5.5.1 Simple method”, namely emission is estimatedby multiplying activity data and emission factors. Activity data generally means the production amount of eachindustrial process, and their statistics data is assumed by national or by provincial level. The emission factors
are the emission per unit of production amount, and compare with emission factor for “5.5.1 Simple method”,
the emission factors are more technically detailed.

Emissions = AD × EF ·······································································································(5.5-1)
Where,
Emissions: Emission of air pollutant and greenhouse gas
AD: Activity data related industrial process (industrial product production amount)
EF: Emission factor related industrial process

The detailed information on the emission can be obtained through questionnaire survey and interview(“questionnaire survey”) for factories and workplaces. The questionnaire survey is basically assumed to be thesame as the survey of large scale factory ”3 Estimation of air pollutants emission related fuel combustion”,
factory position, production amount, pollution control facility which is by the questionnaire survey.
Furthermore, the emission factor and data of emission of air pollutants are acquired preferably.
The contents to be acquired by implementation of questionnaire survey and interview survey for each plant isshown in Table 5.5-6, the survey form is based on questionnaire of large scale plant in “3 Fuel consumption air
pollutant emission”.

- 5-110 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-6 Contents to be necessarily collected for emission estimation
Survey item

Survey content

Plant basic information

Product items, number of employee, plant address, plant plan drawing,
chimney position and height

Product
information

Annual fuel consumption rate, annual raw material consumption rate,annual production rate

manufacturing

Production rate of the year, month
Fuel condition (calorific value, sulfur content, ash content, nitrogencontent, etc)
Pollution control measures

Introduction condition of pollution control measures

OthersMeasurement results of emission of air pollutants, emission factor
condition (if any), other information to be necessary

However, among activity data in industrial process of whole country, the activity data not to be estimated by“5.5.2 Detailed method” is estimated as area source by “5.5.1 Simple method”

5.5.2.2

Estimation of activity data

Activity data related to air pollutants emission from other product manufacturing is shown in Table 5.5-7.
However, about estimation of activity data from questionnaire survey, activity data to be necessarily estimatedis assumed to be the same as Table 5.5-7.

- 5-111 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-7 Activity data for industrial process (others)
ActiveActivity data
sourceAir-dried pulp amount

Statistics in the
country, UN
statistics, or paper,
pulp related
statistics dataTall-oil, terpen volume, black liquidvolume, etc may be able to be obtained
from paper, pulp related statistics

Statistics in eachcountry

The sum of the foods, drinks stated below.

Sub-category

Paper, pulp

Dried pulp amountNon-bleached dried
pulp amountFoods, drinks

Foods manufacturing
amountLivestock processing

Remarks

Household meat

Fish
Cereals
Maize
Beer
Alcohol

Fermentation, container storage, ageing

Agricultural goods

Agricultural goods (cereals,beans)processing

Bread

Typical bread, yeast bread, white, cornbread, rye bread

Cakes

Cakes, biscuits, cereals

Refined meat

Meat, fish, household meat

Sugar
Food fatMargarine, solid cooking fat

Feed

Timber processing

Coffee beans

Coffee beans frying

Wine

Red wine, white wine etc

Beers

Beer, cider

Steamed wine

Spirit, malt whiskey, grain whiskey,
brandy, other whiskey

Timber product quality

Statistics in eachcountry- 5-112 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

5.5.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Other products manufacturing is classified into paper, pulp manufacturing, foods, drinks manufacturing, andtimber processing industry.
Emission factors for paper and pulp manufacturing are shown in Table 5.5-8 to Table 5.5-10.

Table 5.5-8 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: paper pulp
manufacturing, Part 1)
Sub-category
Paper, pulp
manufacturing

Technical
Default value

Kraft pulp
manufacturing process(with scrubber and
ESP)

Sulfurous acid pulp
manufacturing process(with scrubber and
ESP)

Neutral sulfurous acidsemi-chemical method

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

1

kg/Mg air dried pulp

CO

5.5

kg/Mg air dried pulp

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg air dried pulp

SOx

2

kg/Mg air dried pulp

TSP

1

kg/Mg air dried pulp

PM10

0.8

kg/Mg air dried pulp

PM2.5

0.6

kg/Mg air dried pulpNOx

1

kg/Mg air dried pulp

CO

5.5

kg/Mg air dried pulp

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg air dried pulp

SOx

2

kg/Mg air dried pulp

TSP

1

kg/Mg air dried pulp

PM10

0.8

kg/Mg air dried pulp

PM2.5

0.6

kg/Mg air dried pulp

NOx

2

kg/Mg air dried pulp

NMVOC

0.2

kg/Mg air dried pulp

SOx

4

kg/Mg air dried pulp

TSP

1

kg/Mg air dried pulp

PM10

0.75

kg/Mg air dried pulp

PM2.5

0.67

kg/Mg air dried pulp

NMVOC

0.05

kg/Mg air dried pulp

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-113 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-9 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: paper pulp
manufacturing, Part 2)
Sub-category

Technical

Air pollutant

Paper,
pulp
manufacturing(Kraft pulp)

Recovery boiler and direct evaporator(all type of control)

EmissionfactorUnit

SOx

3.5 c)

kg/Mg

CO

5.5 c)

kg/Mg

Untreated

TSP

90 c)

kg/Mg

Venture scrubber

TSP

24 c)

kg/Mg

EAP

TSP

1 c)

kg/Mg

Auxiliary scrubber

TSP

1.5 - 7.5 c)

kg/Mg

Noncontact recovery boiler without
direct contact evaporator (untreated)

CO

5.5 c)kg/Mg

TSP

115 c)

kg/Mg

CO

5.5 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

1 c)

kg/Mg

SOx

0.1 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

3.5 c)

kg/Mg

SOx

0.1 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.5 c)

kg/Mg

Smelt dissolving tank (Scrubber)

TSP

0.1 c)

kg/Mg

Lime kiln (Untreated)SOx

0.15 c)kg/Mg

CO0.05 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

28 c)

kg/Mg

CO

0.05 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.25 c)

kg/Mg

NOx

1.5 d)

kg/Mg

CO

5.6 d)

kg/Mg

NMVOC

3.7 d)

kg/Mg

SOx

7 d)

kg/Mg

Noncontact recovery boiler without
direct contact evaporator (ESP)
Smelt dissolving tank (Untreated)

Smelt dissolving tank (Mesh pad)

Lime kiln (Scrubber or ESP)IPCC default value

Source: c) AP-42, d) 1996 IPCC Guidelines- 5-114 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

For instance, uncontrolled default values are the same as GAP Forum Manual, and can be set using“Untreated” value of “Recovery boiler with direct contact evaporator + Lime kiln + Smelt dissolving tank” .

Table 5.5-10 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: paper pulp
manufacturing, Part 3)
Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (None)

SOx

3 to 35 c)

kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (Processchange)SOx

1 to 3 c)

kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (Scrubber)SOx

0.5 c)

kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (processchange and Scrubber)

SOx

0.1 c)

kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (All exhaust
vented through recovery system)

SOx

0 c)

kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (Processchange)SOx

12.5 c)kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (Processchange)SOx

0.2 c)

kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (processchange and Scrubber)

SOx

1 c)

kg/Mg

Digester/blow pit or dump tank (Unknown)

SOx

33.5 c)kg/Mg

Recovery system (Multi-cyclone and venture
scrubbers)

SOx

4.5 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

1 c)

kg/Mg

Recovery system (Ammonia absorption andmist eliminator)

SOx

3.5 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

0.35 c)kg/Mg

Recovery system (Sodium carbonate
scrubber)

SOx

1 c)

kg/Mg

TSP

2 c)

kg/Mg

IPCC default value

SOx

30 d)

kg/Mg

Default valueNOx

1.5 e)

kg/Mg

NMVOC

3.7 e)

kg/Mg

Sub-category

Sulfurous
pulp

acid

Neutralsulfitesemi-chemical

Technical

Source: c) AP-42,d) 1996 IPCC Guidelines, e) GAP Forum Manual- 5-115 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emission factors for other product industry process are shown in Table 5.5-11 to Table 5.5-13. Also Table
5.5-12 set more detailed emission factors.

Table 5.5-11 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: drinks, foods
industries)
Sub-category

Foods,
industry

drinksTechnical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Default value

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg product produced

Livestock processing(uncontrolled)

NMVOC

0.33

kg/Mg meet

Fish meat processing(uncontrolled)

NMVOC

1

kg/Mg fish

Cereal drying

NMVOC

1.3

kg/Mg grain driedCorn malt

NMVOC

0.55

kg/Mg barley

Hop processing

NMVOC

7.8

g/Mg beer

Fermentation

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg alcohol

Storage in container

NMVOC

0.5

kg/Mg alcohol

Ageing

NMVOC

20kg/Mg alcohol

Agricultural productprocessing (cereals, beans)(uncontrolled)

PM10

24

g/ton

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-116 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-12 Emission factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: foods material,
drinks material industries, foods (solid))
Sub-category

Foods,
industry

drinksTechnical

Air pollutant

EmissionfactorUnit

Bread making: Europe

NMVOC

4.5

kg/Mg bread

Bread making: North
America

NMVOC

8kg/Mg bread

Bread making: Yeast bread
producing area

NMVOC

8

kg/Mg bread

Bread making: white bread

NMVOC

4.5

kg/Mg bread

Bread making: white breadshortened process

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg bread

Bread making: all corn
bread

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg bread

Bread making: rye bread

NMVOC

3

kg/Mg breadCakes, biscuits, cereals

NMVOC

1

kg/Mg productMeat, fish, livestocks

NMVOC

0.3

kg/Mg product

Sugar

NMVOC

10

kg/Mg sugar

Margarine, solid fat

NMVOC

10

kg/Mg productLivestock feed

NMVOC

1

kg/Mg feed

Coffee frying

NMVOC

0.55

kg/Mg beans

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 5-117 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 5.5-13 Emisson factors for industrial process (other product manufacturing: foods material,
drinks material industries, foods (liquid))
Sub-category

Foods, drinks
industry

Technical

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

Wine (general)

NMVOC

0.08

kg/hl wine

Red wine

NMVOC

0.08

kg/hl wine

White wine

NMVOC

0.035

kg/hl wine

Beer (including nonalcoholic (cider))

NMVOC

0.035

kg/hl beer

Distilled spirit

NMVOC

15

kg/hl alcohol

Malt whiskey

NMVOC

15

kg/hl alcohol

Grain whiskey

NMVOC

7.5

kg/hl alcohol

BrandyNMVOC

3.5

kg/hl alcohol

Other distilled spirit

NMVOC

0.4

kg/hl alcohol

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Emission factor for air pollutant about timber processing is shown in Table 5.5-14.

Table 5.5-14 Emission factor for industrial process (other product manufacturing: timber processing)Sub-category

Timber processing

Air pollutant

TSP

Emissionfactor1

Unit

kg/Mg wood productSource: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

5.5.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1, “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policy inestimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2, “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 5-118 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6 Estimating emissions of air pollutants from solvents and otherproduct use
6.1

Targets of Estimation

The sources of the air pollutants from solvent and other product use are categorized based on EMEP/EEA
guidebook as follows. Manufacture of chemical products is manufacturing of products using solvents, and the
manufactures of solvents are calculated in the section of industrial process. The pollutants emitted from solventand other product use are NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds).
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Paint application
Metal and other surface treatment
Dry cleaning
Chemical product manufacturing
Painting application
Household solvent use
Other product use

Table 6.1-1 shows relevant air pollutants from solvent and other product use for calculation.

Table 6.1-1 Solvent and other product use relevant for calculation
Category
Paint application

Metal and other surface
treatment
Dry cleaning
Chemical productmanufacturing

Printing
Household solvent use
Other products use

Subcategory
Manufacture of automobiles
Car repairing
Construction and buildings
Domestic use
Coil coating
Boat building
Timber products
Other industrial products
Other non-industrial products
Metal degreasing
Electronic components manufacturing
Other industrial product cleaning
Dry cleaning
Polyester processing
Polyvinylchloride processing
Polyurethane foam processing
Rubber products
Asphalt blowing
Textile finishing
Glues, paints and paints manufacturing
Leather tanning
Printing
Household solvent use (other than paints)
Glass wool coating
Mineral wool coating
Fat, edible and non-edible oil extraction
Application of glues and adhesives
Preservation of timber
Underseal treatment and conservation of- 6-1 -

NMVOC
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

vehicles
Vehicles dewaxing
Household use of pharmaceutical products
Other products use

6.2

Paint application

6.2.1

Simple method

6.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method○○○

Emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. The activity data is productconsumption. When the product consumption is not available, it can be substituted with the result of thefollowing equation: the quantity of a product produced + the quantity of the product imported - the productstock volume. The emission factor is an emission per the product consumption. The calculation equation foremissions is shown below.

Emissions = AD × EF ······································································································· (6.2-1)
Where:
Emissions: NMVOC emissions
AD: Activity data on solvent use (product volume of an industrial product)
EF: Emission factor on solvent use

6.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is the total use of paints. Below are possible sources of activity data:
1)
2)
3)
4)

6.2.1.3

Statistics of the county
UN Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
Monthly Bulletin of Statistic (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/app/DataSearchTable.aspx)
International Trade Statistics Yearbook
v.1 Trade by Country: total import/export value (long term), total trade index (long term), import rateby economic category field and export rate by industry, trade value by major producing countries,
trade volume and amount by commodities.
v.2 Trade by Commodities: foreign trade amount by counties.

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.2-1 shows emission factors related to paint application.

- 6-2 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.2-1 Emission factors for paint application (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Technology
identification

Emission
Factor

Decorative paint application

Default value

150

g/kg paint applied

Industrial paint application

400

g/kg paint applied

Other paint application

200

g/kg paint applied

Unit

Reference: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.2.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.2.2

Detailed method

6.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are estimated by plant and business facility that use paints and added together. When abatement
measure is not applied, emissions from each business facility can be approximated by the following equation.
Emissions = the amount of solvent and other product used × the content rate of the relevant material 1 chemicals contained in wastewater
1: Chemical composition of the product is required. (use MSDS and others for reference)

When the content rate of a solvent and its chemical composition are not available, activity data corresponding
to an existing emission factor may be calculated from statistics and surveys and multiply by an emission factor.
If an anti-pollution measure is implemented, emissions may be calculated by multiplying the efficiency of theanti-pollution measure with the emission factor. The equation to calculate emissions is as follows.

Emissions = ∑ AD × (1 −η) × EF ····················································································(6.2-2)
Where:
Emissions: Emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse gas
AD: Activity data on solvent and other product use (production volume of industrial products)
EF: Emission factor on solvent and other product use
η: Decontamination rate by the abatement efficiency measure- 6-3 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.2.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data includes product consumption at plants and business facilities and the numbers of housing
and building construction starts. For plants of a certain scale, data on product consumption should be collectedby a questionnaire survey or fieldwork. For other facilities, data may be estimated by subtracting the portion of
the large-scale facilities from the statistic data by sector.
When emissions are estimated from the existing emission factors, the following activity data may be used.
Table 6.2-2 shows the activity data related to NMVOC emissions from paint application.

Table 6.2-2 Solvent and other product use (paint application)
Subcategory

Activity data

Source of activity data

Manufacture ofautomobiles

Number of produced
automobiles

Statistics of each country and UN
statistics

Car repairing

Use of paint (kg)Questionnaire survey to relevantorganizations

Construction andbuildings

Use of paint (kg)Questionnaire survey to relevantorganizations

Household use

Use of paint (kg)Questionnaire survey to relevantorganizations

Coil coating

Use of paint (kg)

Statistics of each country and UN
statistics

Boat building

Painted area (m2)

Statistics of each country and UN
statistics

TimberUse of paint (kg)Questionnaire survey to relevantorganizations

Wire coating

Production volume ofwire (kg)

Statistics of each country and UN
statistics

Leather tanning

Production volume ofleather(kg)Statistics of each country

Other industrial paintapplication

Use of paint (kg)

Statistics of each country and UN
statistics

Other non-industrial
paint application

Use of paint (kg)

Statistics of each country and UN
statistics

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-4 -

Note

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factor for each subcategory of construction and buildings, household use, manufacture ofautomobiles, car repairing, coils coating, timber coating, and other industrial paint application is set as follows.
The default values are average values in Europe and North America, therefore the values should be appliedwith caution. In addition, when an emission factor is obtained from observed value, that factor should beprioritized.
Coatings are categorized into paint application in plants (paint application on automobiles, coils and wires) andshipbuilding, construction and buildings (interior and exterior), and household use. Table 6.2-3 showsemission factors on coatings.

Table 6.2-3 Emission factors of solvent and other product use (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Technology identification

Construction andbuildings

Default value

House hold use

Solvent borne paint with 50%-wt
solvent content

Manufacture ofautomobiles

Default value

Emission factor

230

230

8

Unit

g/kg paintg/kg paintkg/car

Car repairing

720

g/kg paintCoil coating

480

g/kg paint applied

Timber950

g/kg paint applied

Truck/van coating

28

kg/vehicle

Truck cabin coating

8

kg/vehicle

Bus coating

150

kg/busWire coating

17

g/kg wire

Leather finishing200

g/kg leather

Boat coating

125

g/m2

Others740

g/kg paint

Other industrial
paint application

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.2.2.4

Emissions abatement efficiency

VOC abatement technologies and the efficiency for coatings are shown below.
The abatement technologies are:- 6-5 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Reduction of paint use by improvements in the coating systems (automobile coating)Installation of exhaust gas treatment equipment in a coating booth (automobile coating)
Reduction of cleaning thinner by reducing paint types in use (boat coating)Collection and recycle of solvent (automobile coating)Sealing of unused solvents and waste cloths used for cleaning(In-plant coatings)
Use of low-VOC paints (emulsion paint, high solids paint, and powder/water-based paint, used forautomobiles, buildings, boats and heavy-duty)

Table 6.2-4 shows abatement efficiencies (η) by measure for building coating
Table 6.2-4 Building coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Substitution with emulsion paints

39

Substitution with water-based paints

26

Substitution with high solids paints

4

Substitution with emulsion and water-based paints

65

Substitution with emulsion and high solids paints

43

Substitution with emulsion, water-based and high solids paints

70

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-5 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for car coating.
Table 6.2-5 Car coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Combination of waterborne primer and solvent- based basecoat

10

Combination of solvent-primer and water-based basecoat

40

Combination of waterborne primer and water-based basecoat

50

Installation of exhaust gas incinerator on dry oven

10

Installation of exhaust gas incinerator on dry oven; installation of activated carbon adsorption on
spray booth40

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-6 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.2-6 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for car repair coating.
Table 6.2-6 Car repair coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Combination of conventional primer, high solid surface, conventional topcoat(s) and basic
cleaning agent

8

Combination of conventional primer, high solid surface, improved topcoat(s) and improved
cleaning agent

60

Combination of conventional primer, very high solid surface, improved topcoat(s) and improved
cleaning agent

70

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-7 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for coil coating.
Table 6.2-7 Coil coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Use of water-based paints (10 wt-% solvent content)

75

Use of powder paints (solvent free)100

Addition of thermal oxidation equipment

90

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-8 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for timber coating.
Table 6.2-8 Timber coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Medium solids system (55% solvent content)

31

High solids system (20% solvent content)

75

Very high solids system (5 % solvent content)

94

Addition of thermal oxidation equipment

75

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-9 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for truck/van coating.

- 6-7 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.2-9 Truck/van coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

50% two layer-50% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and solid coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel

34

50% two layer-50% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and seal coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel; partial VOC abatement in theenamel spray booths

37

80% two layer-20% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and solid coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel

54

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-10 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for truck cabin coating.
Table 6.2-10 Truck cabin coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

50% two layer-50% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and solid coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel

40

50% two layer-50% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and solid coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel; partial VOC abatement in theenamel spray booths

45

80% two layer-20% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and solid coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel; partial VOC abatement in theenamel spray booths

60

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-11 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for bus coating.

- 6-8 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.2-11 Coil coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

50% two layer-50% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and solid coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel

48

80% two layer-20% one layer; waterborne primer, high solid basecoat, clear coat and solid coat;
improvement of cleaning stages; incineration process on dry oven; improved solvent recovery
and consumption reduction; incineration on primer and enamel; partial VOC abatement in theenamel spray booths

62

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-12 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for wire coating.
Table 6.2-12 Coil coating abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Reduction of solvent content in enamel (62%); use of low-VOC wax; reduced fugitive
emissions; 97% abatement efficiency in oven76

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.2-13 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for leather product finishing.
Table 6.2-13 Leather product finishing abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Use of water based paints (30 wt% solvent content)

65

Installation of thermal oxidation equipment

81

Installation of biofiltration unit

81

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.2.2.5
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 6-9 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.3

Metal and other surface treatment

6.3.1

Simple method

6.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method outline

Emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. The activity data is productconsumption. When the product consumption is not available, it can be substituted with the result of thefollowing equation: the quantity of a product produced + the quantity of the product imported - the productstock volume. The emission factor is an emission per consumption of a product. The calculation equation foremissions is shown below.

Emissions = AD × EF ······································································································· (6.3-1)
Where:
Emissions: NMVOC emissions
AD: Activity data on solvent use (Production volume of an industrial product)
EF: Emission factor for solvent use

6.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is the total sales of solvents; for cleaning agent, only organic solvents should be inconsideration. The possible sources of activity data are shown below:
1) Statistics of the county2) UN Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
3) Monthly Bulletin of Statistic (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/app/DataSearchTable.aspx)
4) International Trade Statistics Yearbook
v.1 Trade by Country: total import/export value (long term), total trade index (long term), import rateby economic category field and export rate by industry, trade value by major producing countries,
trade volume and amount by commodities.
v.2 Trade by Commodities: foreign trade amount by counties.

6.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.3-1 shows emission factors for metal and other surface treatment.
Table 6.3-1 Emission factor for metal and other surface treatment (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Metal and other surface
treatment

Technology
identification
Default value

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-10 -Emissionfactor460

Unit

g/kg cleaning products

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.3.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.3.2

Detailed method

6.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are estimated by plant and business facility that implement metal and other surface treatment andadded together. When abatement measure is not taken, emissions from each business facility can beapproximated by the following equation.
Emissions = the amount of solvent and other product used × the content rate of the relevant material 1 chemicals contained in wastewater
1: Chemical composition of the product is required. (See MSDS and others)

When the content rate of a solvent and its chemical composition are not available, obtain and calculate activity
data from corresponding existing emission factor from statistics and surveys. Multiply the obtained activity
data to an emission factor for emission calculation. If an emission abatement measure is implemented,
emissions may be calculated by multiplying the efficiency of the emission abatement measure with theemission factor. The equation to calculate emissions is as follows.
Emissions = ∑ AD × (1 −η)× EF ······························································································(6.3-2)

Where:
Emissions: Emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse gas
AD: Activity data for the solvent and other product use (production volume of industrial products)
EF: Emission factor for solvent and other product use
η: Removal rate by emission abatement

6.3.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data includes product consumption at plants and business facilities and production volume ofelectronic components. For plants of a certain scale, data on product consumption should be collected by aquestionnaire survey or fieldwork. For other facilities, data may be estimated by subtracting the portion of thelarge-scale facilities from the statistic data by sector.
When emissions are estimated from the existing emission factors, the following activity data in Table 6.3-2
may be used.

- 6-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.3-2 Solvent and other product use (metal and other surface treatment) activity data
Subcategory

Activity data

Source of activity data

Note

Metal degreasing

Cleaning products (kg)

Statistics of each country

Electronic components
manufacturing

Production(ton)

Statistics of each country

International Institute forApplied
Systems
Analysis (IIASA)

of

wafers

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.3.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors for metal degreasing and electronic component cleaning are set as follows. The default values
are average values in Europe and North America, therefore, the values should be applied with caution. In
addition, when an emission factor is obtained from observed value, then the factor should be prioritized.
Table 6.3-3 shows emission factors for metal and other surface treatment.

Table 6.3-3 Emission factors for metal surface treatment (degreasing, cleaning) (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Technology
identification

Metal degreasing

Default value

Cleaning of electronic
components

Default value

Emissionfactor
710
740

Unit

g/kg cleaning products
kg/ton wafer

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.3.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency

Table 6.3-4 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for metal and other surface treatment.

- 6-12 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.3-4 Metal and other surface treatment abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Installation of carbon filter (open-top)80

Installation of partial lid/cover and good house keeping

25

Installation of partial lid/cover and good house keeping, installation of carbon filter

85

Sealed chamber system using chlorinated solvents95

Use of Cold cleaner

89

Introduction of closed cleaning system (degreasing by HFC and HFE)

98

Introduction of closed cleaning system (degreasing by HFC and HFE) with activated carbon
filter97

Aqueous cleaning process

100

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Good housekeeping is, for example, abidance of the following rules.
a) Store unused cleaning agents in a closed location.
b) Prevent solvent leakage and promptly remove solvent in case of leakage.
c) Store waste cloths used in cleaning in a closed container until disposal.
d) Regular maintenance and repairing to minimize leakage.

6.3.2.5
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.4

Dry Cleaning

6.4.1

Simple method

6.4.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. The activity data is productconsumption. When the product consumption is not available, substitute with the result of the following
equation: the quantity of a product produced + the quantity of the product imported - the product stock volume.

- 6-13 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

The emission factor is an emission per the consumption of a product. The calculation equation for emissions isshown below.

Emissions = AD × EF ······································································································· (6.4-1)
Where:
Emissions: NMVOC emissions
AD: Activity data for solvent use (Product volume of an industrial product)
EF: Emission factor for solvent use

6.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is the total quantity of cleaned material. Possible source of the activity data is the statistics ofthe country.

6.4.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.4-1 shows the emission factor for dry cleaning.
Table 6.4-1 Emission factor for dry cleaning (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Dry cleaning

Technology
identification
Default value

Emissionfactor40

Unit

g/kg textile treated

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.4.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.4.2

Detailed method

6.4.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions by cleaning plant and business facility are estimated and added together. When abatement measure
is not taken, emissions from each business facility can be approximated by the following equation.
Emissions = the amount of solvent and other product used × the content rate of the relevant material 1 chemicals contained in wastewater- 6-14 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia
1

: Chemical composition of the product is required. (See MSDS and others)

When the content rate of a solvent and its chemical composition are not available, activity data corresponding
to an existing emission factor may be calculated from statistics and surveys, and multiply to an emission factor
to calculate emission. If an emission abatement measure is implemented, emissions may be calculated bymultiplying the efficiency of the emission abatement measure with the emission factor. The equation to
calculate emissions is as follows.
Emissions = ∑ AD × (1 −η)× EF ······························································································(6.4-2)

Where:
Emissions: Emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse gas
AD: Activity data for the solvent and other product use (production volume of industrial products)
EF: Emission factor for solvent and other product use
η: Removal rate by emission abatement

6.4.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is the total quantity of material cleaned. For plants of a certain scale, data on productconsumption should be collected by a questionnaire survey or fieldwork. For other facilities, data may be
estimated by subtracting the portion of the large-scale facilities from the statistic data by sector.
When emissions are estimated from the existing emission factors, the following activity data in Table 6.4-2
may be used.

Table 6.4-2 Solvent and other product use (dry cleaning) activity data
Subcategory
Dry cleaning

Activity data

Activity data source

Material cleaned (kg)

Statistics of each country

Note

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.4.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.4-3 shows the emission factor for dry cleaning. The default values are average values in Europe andNorth America, and the values should be applied with caution. In addition, when an emission factor is obtained
from observed value, that factor should be prioritized.

Table 6.4-3 Emission factor for dry cleaning (NMVOC)
Technology
identification

Emissionfactor

Unit

Open-circuit washer

177

g/kg textiles cleaning

Subcategory

Dry cleaning

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-15 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.4.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency

Emission abatement measures for dry cleaning are shown below:
1) Shift to hot dry cleaner (closed system)2) Installation of exhaust gas treatment equipment
3) Introduction of wet cleaning
Table 6.4-4 shows abatement efficiency by measure for dry cleaning.
Table 6.4-4 Dry cleaning abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Open-circuit washer with activated carbon filter

70

Conventional closed-circuit PER machine89

Conventional closed-circuit PER machine with activated carbon filter

91

New generation closed-circuit PER machine

95

Hydrocarbon machines

95

Wet cleaning

100

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.4.2.5
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.5

Chemical product manufacturing

6.5.1

Simple method

6.5.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. The activity data is productconsumption. When the product consumption is not available, it can be substituted with the result of thefollowing equation: the quantity of a product produced + the quantity of the product imported - the productstock volume. The emission factor is an emission per the consumption of a product. The calculation equationfor emissions is shown below.

Emissions = AD × EF ······································································································· (6.5-1)- 6-16 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Where:
Emissions: NMVOC emissions
AD: Activity data for solvent use (Product volume of an industrial product)
EF: Emission factor for solvent use

6.5.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is the total quantity of all chemical products. The products include products incorporating
solvents, polystyrene processing, polyvinylchloride processing, and synthetic rubber processing. The possible
sources of activity data are shown below:
1) Statistics of the county2) UN Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
3) Monthly Bulletin of Statistic (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/app/DataSearchTable.aspx)
4) International Trade Statistics Yearbook
v.1 Trade by Country: total import/export value (long term), total trade index (long term), import rateby economic category field and export rate by industry, trade value by major producing countries,
trade volume and amount by commodities.
v.2 Trade by Commodities: foreign trade amount by counties.

6.5.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.5-1 shows emission factor for chemical product manufacturing.
Table 6.5-1 Emission factor for chemical product manufacturing (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Chemicalproduct
manufacturing

Technology
identification
Default value

Emissionfactor10

Unit

g/kg productSource: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.5.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 6-17 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.5.2

Detailed method

6.5.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are estimated by chemical product manufacturing plant and business facility and added together.
When abatement measure is not taken, emissions from each business facility can be approximated by thefollowing equation.
Emissions = the amount of solvent and other product used × the content rate of the relevant material 1 chemicals contained in wastewater
1: Chemical composition of the product is required. (See MSDS and others)

When the content rate of a solvent and its chemical composition are not available, activity data corresponding
to an existing emission factor may be calculated from statistics and surveys, and multiply by an emission
factor. If an emission abatement measure is implemented, emissions may be calculated by multiplying theefficiency of the emission abatement measure with the emission factor. The equation to calculate emissions is
as follows.
Emissions = ∑ AD × (1 −η)× EF ······························································································(6.5-2)

Where:
Emissions: Emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse gas
AD: Activity data for the solvent and other product use (production volume of industrial products)
EF: Emission factor for solvent and other product use
η: Removal rate by emission abatement

6.5.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data includes the consumption of solvents, production volume of the product, and chemical
processing volume by plants and business facilities and production. For plants of a certain scale, data on
cleaning quantity should be collected by a questionnaire survey or fieldwork. For other facilities, data may be
estimated by subtracting the portion of the large-scale facilities from the statistic data by sector.
When emissions are estimated from the existing emission factors, the following activity data in Table 6.5-2
may be used.

- 6-18 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.5-2 Solvent and other product use (chemical product manufacturing) activity data
Subcategory

Activity data

Source of activity data

Polyester processing

Polyester monomer use(kg)

Statistics of each country

Polyvinylchloride
processing

Polyurethane foamprocessed (kg)

Statistics of each country

Polyurethane foamprocessing

Polystyrene foamprocessed (kg)

Statistics of each country

Rubber processing (notincluding tire
manufacturing)

Production volume ofrubber products (kg)

Statistics of each country

Rubber manufacturing

Production volume oftires (kg)

Statistics of each country,
UN statistics

Pharmaceutical products

Solvent use volume inprocesses ofmanufacturing
pharmaceutical products(kg)

Statistics of each country

Asphalt blowing

Use volume of asphalt(Mg)

Questionnaire survey torelevant organizations

Manufacture of paints,
inks and adhesives

Production volume (kg)

Statistics of each country,
UN statistics

Adhesive tapemanufacturing

Production volume oftapes (m2)

Statistics of each country

Leather tanningRaw hide (kg)

Statistics of each country

Note

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.5.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Emission factor for each subcategory of polyester processing, polyvinylchloride processing, Polyurethane
foam processing, rubber processing (not including tire manufacturing), manufacture of paints, ink andadhesives, and others is set as follows. The default values are average values in Europe and North America,
therefore the values should be applied with caution. In addition, when an emission factor is obtained fromobservation value, that factor should be prioritized.
Table 6.5-3 to Table 6.5-5 shows emission factors for chemical product manufacturing.

- 6-19 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.5-3 Chemical product manufacturing emission factors (NMVOC)
Subcategory

EmissionfactorTechnology identification

Unit

Polyester processing

50

g/kg monomer used

Polyurethane processing

120

g/kg form processed

Polystyrene form processing

60

g/kg form processed

Rubber processing (notincluding tire production)

8

Manufacture of paints, inks,
varnishes and glues

11

Othersg/kg rubber produced

g/kg productTire manufacturing

10

g/kg tires

Pharmaceutical products
manufacturing

300

Adhesive tape manufacturing

3

g/m2

Manufacture of shoes

45

g/pair of shoes

Leather tanning

0.68

g/kg raw hideg/kg solvents used

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 6.5-4 Emission factors for chemical product manufacturing (asphalt blowing)Technology
identification

Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

27200

g/Mg asphalt

TSP

400

Cd

0.0001As

0.0005

Cr

0.006

Ni

0.05

Se

0.0005

Total 4 PAHs

4,000

Subcategory

Asphalt blowing

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-20 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.5-5 Emission factor for chemical product manufacturing (leather tanning) (NH3)Technology
identification

Subcategory

OthersLeather tanning

Emissionfactor
0.68

Unit

g/kg raw hide

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.5.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency

Table 6.5-6 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for polystyrene processing.
Table 6.5-6 Abatement efficiency by measure for polystyrene processing
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Use of 100% of 6% pentane expandable beads; thermal incineration on the expander

34

Use of 85% of 6% pentane expandable beads + 15% of EPS wastes (recycling); no
secondary measure15

Use of 85% of 6% pentane expandable beads + 15% of EPS wastes (recycling); thermal
incineration on the expander

44

Use of 100% of 4% pentane expandable beads; no secondary measure

33

Table 6.5-7 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for pharmaceutical product manufacturing.
Table 6.5-7 Pharmaceutical product manufacturing abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Low use of secondary measures73

Secondary measures (both incineration, adsorption and/or condensation)

88

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-21 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.5-8 shows abatement efficiency (η) by measure for asphalt blowing.
Table 6.5-8 Asphalt blowing abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Secondary measures (unknown measure level)98

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.5-9 shows abatement efficiencies by measure for tire manufacturing.
Table 6.5-9 Tire manufacturing Abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Process optimization

30

Use of 70% solvent-based adhesives, coatings, inks and cleaning agents (90 wt-% solvent)New processes

75

Use of 25% solvent-based adhesives, paints, inks, and cleaning agents (90 wt-% solvent)
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

Table 6.5-10 shows abatement efficiency by measure (η) for manufacturing paints, inks and glues.
Table 6.5-10 Paints, inks and glues manufacturing abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Improved production mix: 80% water-based
coatings (4 wt-% solvent); 15% high solvent based

50

coatings (50 wt-% solvent); 5% otherproducts (100 wt-% solvent)Use of good practices

27

Upgrading of the condensation units or carbon adsorption and solvent recovery

50

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-22 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Examples of what ‘good practices’ may include:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

6.5.2.5

Recovery of solvent vapors during raw material distribution
Unloading of the barrels with forklifts to avoid leakages
Coverage of mobile reactors
Use of heavier solvents to reduce fugitive emissions
Use of cleaning agents containing less solvents
Use of automatic cleaning devices as possible
Recycling of cleaning solutions

Temporal change and spatial distribution

1. Temporal change
Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2. Spatial distribution
Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.6

Printing

6.6.1

Simple method

6.6.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. The activity data is productconsumption. When the product consumption is not available, it can be substituted with the result of thefollowing equation: the quantity of a product produced + the quantity of the product imported - the productstock volume. The emission factor is an emission per the consumption of a product. The calculation equationfor emissions is shown below.

Emissions = AD × EF ······································································································· (6.6-1)
Where:
Emissions: NMVOC emissions
AD: Activity data for solvent use (Product volume of an industrial product)
EF: Emission factor for solvent use

6.6.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is basically the production volumes of each industrial product. The possible sources ofactivity data is shown below:
1) Statistics of the county2) UN Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
3) Monthly Bulletin of Statistic (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/app/DataSearchTable.aspx)
4) International Trade Statistics Yearbook- 6-23 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

v.1 Trade by Country: total import/export value (long term), total trade index (long term), import rateby economic category field and export rate by industry, trade amount by major producing countries,
trade volume and amount by commodities.
v.2 Trade by Commodities: foreign trade amount by counties.

6.6.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.6-1 shows emission factor for printing.
Table 6.6-1 Emission factor for printing (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Printing

Technology
identification
Default value

Emissionfactor500

Unit

g/kg ink

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.6.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.6.2

Detailed method

6.6.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are estimated by printing plant and business facility and added together. When abatement measure
is not taken, emissions from each business facility can be approximated by the following equation.
Emissions = the amount of solvent and other product used × the content rate of the relevant material 1 chemicals contained in wastewater
1: Chemical composition of the product is required. (See MSDS and others)

When the content rate of a solvent and its chemical composition are not available, activity data corresponding
to an existing emission factor may be calculated from statistics and surveys, and multiply by an emission
factor. If an emission abatement measure is implemented, emissions may be calculated by multiplying theefficiency of the emission abatement measure with the emission factor. The equation to calculate emissions is
as follows.
Emissions = ∑ AD × (1 −η)× EF ······························································································(6.6-2)

Where:
Emissions: Emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse gas- 6-24 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

AD: Activity data for the solvent and other product use (production volume of industrial products)
EF: Emission factor for solvent and other product use
η: Removal rate by emission abatement

6.6.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data are the total consumption of inks for printing. For plants of a certain scale, data on inks
consumption should be collected by a questionnaire survey or fieldwork. For other facilities, data may be
estimated by subtracting the portion of the large-scale facilities from the statistic data by sector.
Table 6.6-2 shows the activity data of NMVOC emissions from printing.

Table 6.6-2 Solvent and other product use (printing) activity data
Subcategory

activity data

Source of activity data

Inks use (kg)

Printing

Note

Statistics of each country

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.6.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.6-3 shows emission factors for printing. The default values are average values in Europe and North
America, and the values should be applied with caution. In addition, when an emission factor is obtained fromobservation value, that factor should be prioritized.

Table 6.6-3 Emission factors for printing
Subcategory

Technology
identification

Emission factor

Unit

Offset printing

730

g/kg ink

Publication gravure

300

g/kg ink non diluted

Small flexography in packaging

900

g/kg ink ready to use

Large flexography in packaging

800

g/kg ink ready to use

Rotogravure in packaging

800

g/kg ink ready to use

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.6.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency

Emission abatement measures in printing are as follows:
1) Reduced consumption of cleaning agents, measure for leakage emissions, shift to low VOC cleaning
agents- 6-25 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2)
3)
4)
5)

Installation of exhaust gas treatment equipment
Low-VOC glues for lamination
Storage of inks and solvents
UV curing inks

Table 6.6-4 shows offset printing abatement efficiency (η) by measure.
Table 6.6-4 Offset printing abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Impregnation with isopropanol and solvent-based cleaning agents.
Fugitive emissions 45% of input.

48

Secondary measure: thermal incineration
Reduced consumption of isopropanol and of cleaning agents.
Fugitive emissions 30% of input.

26

No secondary measure
Reduced consumption of isopropanol and of cleaning agents with high flash points.
Fugitive emissions 30% of input.

72

Secondary measure: thermal incineration
Reduced consumption of isopropanol and of cleaning agents with high flash points.
Fugitive emissions 25% of input.

30

No secondary measure
Reduced consumption of isopropanol and of cleaning agents with high flash points.
Fugitive emissions 25% of input.

76

Secondary measure: thermal incineration
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.6-5 shows publication gravure abatement efficiency by measure (η).
Table 6.6-5 Publication gravure abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Activated carbon adsorption, fugitive emission 10% of input

33

Activated carbon adsorption, fugitive emission (?)1 % of input

67

1: The value is unknown due a typo.

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-26 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.6-6 shows small flexography abatement efficiency by measure (η).
Table 6.6-6 Small flexography abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Water-based flexography (5wt% solvent); no secondary measure95

UV curing inks(0wt% solvent); no secondary measure

100

Conventional solvent products (90wt% solvent); secondary measure: incineration76

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.6-7 shows Rotogravure abatement efficiency by measure (η)
Table 6.6-7 Rotogravure abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Water-based products (5wt% solvent); no secondary measure

94

60% of products used replaced by 2 components adhesives (0wt% solvent); no secondary
measure60

Conventional solvent products (80wt% solvent); secondary measure: incineration

76

Conventional solvent products (80wt% solvent); secondary measure: absorption and solvent
recovery

76

60% of products used replaced by 2 components adhesives (0wt% solvent); secondary
measure: incineration

90

60% of products used replaced by 2 components adhesives (0wt% solvent); secondary
measure: absorption and solvent recovery

90

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.6.2.5
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 6-27 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.7

House hold solvent use

6.7.1

Simple method

6.7.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. The activity data is productconsumption. When the product consumption is not available, it can be substituted with the result of thefollowing equation: the quantity of a product produced + the quantity of the product imported - the productstock volume. The emission factor is an emission per the consumption of a product. The calculation equationfor emissions is shown below.

Emissions = AD × EF ······································································································ (6.7-1)
Where:
Emissions: NMVOC emissions
AD: Activity data for solvent use (Product volume of an industrial product)
EF: Emission factor for solvent use

6.7.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data are basic statistics of national population.

6.7.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.7-1 shows emission factor for household solvent use.

Table 6.7-1 Emission factor for household solvent use (NMVOC)
Technology
identification

Subcategory

Householdfungicidesolvent

use

includingDefault value

Emissionfactor1

Unit

kg/person/year

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.7.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 6-28 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.7.2

Detailed method

6.7.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are estimated by person and added together. When abatement measure is not taken, emissions fromeach population can be approximated by the following equation.
Emissions = the amount of solvent and other product used × the content rate of the relevant material 1 chemicals contained in wastewater
1: Chemical composition of the product is required. (See MSDS and others)

When the content rate of a solvent and its chemical composition are not available, activity data corresponding
to an existing emission factor may be calculated from statistics and surveys, and multiply by an emission
factor. If an emission abatement measure is implemented, emissions may be calculated by multiplying theefficiency of the emission abatement measure with the emission factor. The equation to calculate emissions is
as follows.

Emissions = ∑ AD × (1 −η) × EF ····················································································(6.7-2)
Where:
Emissions: Emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse gas
AD: Activity data for the solvent and other product use (production volume of industrial products)
EF: Emission factor for solvent and other product use
η: Removal rate by emission abatement

6.7.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data are national population. Table 6.7-2 shows the activity data of NMVOC emissions fromhousehold solvent use.
Table 6.7-2 Solvent and other product use (household solvent use) activity data
Subcategory
Household use

6.7.2.3

activity data

Source of activity data

National population

Statistics of each country,
UN statistics

Note

Setting of emission factors

The household solvent use includes sprays and glues. Household use of coatings is estimated in the coating
category. An emission factor is annual emissions on a per-person basis. But the emission factors are from theUnited States, Canada, and UK, and the emission factor should be applied to East Asia region with caution.
Table 6.7-3 shows emission factors for household solvent use.

- 6-29 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.7-3 Emission factors for Household
Technology
identification

Subcategory

Emissionfactor

Unit

Fungicides, cosmetics and toiletries

Region: USA

1

kg/person/year

Fungicides, cosmetics and toiletries (nonaerosol)

Region: UK

0.2

kg/person/year

Region: Canada

0.4

kg/person/year

Region: UK

0.5

kg/person/year

Region: Canada

0.4

kg/person/year

Region: USA

0.4

kg/person/year

Fungicides,(Aerosol)cosmetics

andtoiletries

Fungicides, household products
Fungicides,
aerosol)

householdproducts(nonFungicides, household products (Aerosol)

Region: UK, Canada

0.2

kg/person/year

Region: UK

0.05

kg/person/year

Region: Canada

0.3

kg/person/year

Region: USA

0.6

kg/person/year

Region: UK

0.3

kg/person/year

Region: Canada

0.6

kg/person/year

Region: UK

0.1

kg/person/year

Region: Canada

0.3

kg/person/year

Region: UK

0.07

kg/person/year

Region: Canada

0.05

kg/person/year

Region: USA

0.3

kg/person/year

Fungicides, DIY/buildings, otherRegion: USA

0.2

kg/person/year

Fungicides, aerosol propellant

Region: UK

0.8

kg/person/year

Fungicides, car care products
Fungicides,
aerosol)

car

care

products

Car care products (Aerosol)

Fungicides, DIY/buildings, adhesives(nonSource: EMEP/EEA Guidebook*The use of cosmetics may vary by country due to differences in lifestyle. These emission factors may be toolarge for East Asia region.

- 6-30 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.7.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.8

Other product use

6.8.1

Simple method

6.8.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data by an emission factor. The activity data is productconsumption. When the product consumption is not available, it can be substituted with the result of thefollowing equation: the quantity of a product produced + the quantity of the product imported - the productstock volume. The emission factor is an emission per the consumption of a product. The calculation equationfor emissions is shown below.

Emissions = AD × EF ······································································································· (6.8-1)
Where:
Emissions: NMVOC emissions
AD: Activity data for solvent use (Product volume of an industrial product)
EF: Emission factor for solvent use

6.8.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is total quantity of solvents and products used. Possible sources for the activity data are as
follows:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Statistics of the county
UN Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook
Monthly Bulletin of Statistic (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/app/DataSearchTable.aspx)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org/)
International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI:
http://www.worldsteel.org/pictures/publicationfiles/SSY%202010.pdf)
6) United States Geographical Survey (USGS) International Minerals Statistics Information(http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country)
7) Monthly Bulletin of Statistic: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mbs/app/DataSearchTable.aspx
8) International Trade Statistics Yearbook
v.1 Trade by Country: total import/export value (long term), total trade index(long term), import rateby economic category field and export rate by industry, trade value by major producing countries,
trade volume and amount by commodities.
v.2 Trade by Commodities: foreign trade amount by counties.

- 6-31 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.8.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 6.8-1 shows emission factor for other product use.
Table 6.8-1 Emission factor for other product use (NMVOC)
Subcategory

Other product use

Technology
identification
Default value

Emissionfactor2

Unit

kg/Mg product used

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.8.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution

1. Temporal change
Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2. Spatial distribution
Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

6.8.2

Detailed method

6.8.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Emissions are estimated by chemical product manufacturing plant and business facility and added together.
When abatement measure is not taken, emissions from each business facility can be approximated by thefollowing equation.
Emissions = the amount of solvent and other product used × the content rate of the relevant material 1 chemicals contained in wastewater
1: Chemical composition of the product is required. (See MSDS and others)

When the content rate of a solvent and its chemical composition are not available, activity data corresponding
to an existing emission factor may be calculated from statistics and surveys, and multiply by an emission
factor. If an emission abatement measure is implemented, emissions may be calculated by multiplying theefficiency of the emission abatement measure with the emission factor. The equation to calculate emissions is
as follows.
Emissions = ∑ AD × (1 −η)× EF ······························································································(6.8-2)

Where:
Emissions: Emissions of air pollutants and Greenhouse gas
AD: Activity data for the solvent and other product use (production volume of industrial products)
EF: Emission factor for solvent and other product use
η: Removal rate by emission abatement- 6-32 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

6.8.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data includes total quantities of solvents used and products produced, and the number of car users.
For plants of a certain scale and larger, data on product consumption should be collected by a questionnaire
survey or fieldwork. For other facilities, data may be estimated by subtracting the portion of the large-scale
facilities from the statistic data by sector.
Table 6.8-2 shows active data on air pollutant emissions from other product use.

Table 6.8-2 Solvent and other product use (other product use) activity data
Subcategory

activity data

Source of activity data

Fat, edible and nonedible oil extraction

Consumption (kg)

Statistics of each country

Preservation of wood

Use amount of creosote
wood preservatives orpreservative agents (kg)

Statistics of each country

Underseal treatment andconservation of vehicles

Number of car owners

Statistics of each country

Vehicle dewaxing

Number of car
production

Statistics of each country,
UN statistics

Industrial application ofadhesives

Use amount of adhesives(kg)

Statistics of each country

Tobacco combustion

Tobacco consumption(ton)

Statistics of each country,
UN statistics

6.8.2.3

Note

Setting of emission factors

Emission factors for coatings, metal and other surface treatment, dry cleaning, chemical product manufacturing,
printing, household solvent use, and other product use are set as follows. The default values are average valuesin Europe and North America and the values should be applied with care. In addition, when an emission factor
is obtained from actual estimation, that factor should be prioritized.
Table 6.8-3 shows emission factor for other product use.

- 6-33 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.8-3 Emission factors for other product use
Technology
identification

Subcategory

Fat, edible and non-edible oil
extraction

Preservation of wood

Organic
solvent
preservatives

borne

Emission factor

Unit

NMVOC

3

g/kg seed

TSP

1.1

g/kg seed

PM10

0.9

g/kg seedPM

0.6

g/kg seed

NMVOC

110

g/kg creosote

Benzo(a)pyrene

0.5mg/kg creosote

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

0.25

mg/kg creosote

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

0.25

mg/kg creosote

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

0.25mg/kg creosote

NMVOC

900
0

g/kg preservative

Water borne preservatives

NMVOC

Dewaxing of new vehicles
following storage/transport

NMVOC

Treatment of vehicles

NMVOC

0.2

kg/person/year

Industrial application of adhesives

NMVOC

780

g/kg adhesives

Tobacco combustion

NOx

3.5

g/ton tobacco

CO

122

g/ton tobacco

NMVOC

4.8

g/ton tobacco

TSP

40

g/ton tobacco

PM10

40

g/ton tobacco

PM2.5

40

g/ton tobacco

1

g/kg preservativekg/car

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

6.8.2.4

Emission abatement efficiency

Table 6.8-4 shows other product use (preservation of wood: creosote preservative type) abatement efficiency(η) by measure.

- 6-34 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.8-4 Other product use (preservation of wood: creosote preservative type) abatement efficiency
by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Solvent management plan, good housekeeping - type controls

3

Enclosure of drying and other areas and venting through end-of-pipe controls such ascondensation or incineration 1

67

1: Assumes that solvent management plan/good housekeeping-type measures are also used.

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.8-5 shows other product use (preservation of wood: organic solvent borne preservatives) abatement
efficiency (η) by measure.
Table 6.8-5 Other product use (Preservation of wood- organic solvent bourn preservative) abatement
efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Solvent management plan, good housekeeping - type controls
Enclosure of drying booth, venting through end-of-pipe controls such ascondensation or incineration 1
1

569: Assumes that solvent management plan/good housekeeping-type measures are also used.

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
Table 6.8-6 shows other product use (fat, edible and non-edible oil extraction) abatement efficiency (η) bymeasure.
Table 6.8-6 Other product use (fat, edible and non-edible oil extraction) abatement efficiency bymeasureEmission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Traditional desolventiser with old hexane recovery section

73

Schumacher type desolventiser-toaster-dryer-cooler with old hexane recovery section

80

Schumacher type desolventiser-toaster-dryer-cooler with old hexane recovery section andprocess optimizations

83

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 6-35 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 6.8-7 shows abatement efficiency by measure (η) for other product use (industrial application ofadhesives).
Table 6.8-7 Other product use (industrial application of adhesives) abatement efficiency by measure
Emission abatement technology

Efficiency(%)

Traditional solvent based adhesives (65% solvent, 35% solid), with activated carbon
adsorption or condensation

76

Traditional solvent based adhesives (65% solvent, 35% solid), with thermal or catalytic
incineration

76

Emulsions (2% solvent, 50% solid) without secondary abatement98

Hot melts or UV cross-linking acrylates or electron beam curing systems (100% solid)
without secondary abatement100

6.8.2.5
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 6-36 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7 Estimating emissions of air pollutants coming from agriculture
activities (livestock, agricultural waste, fertilizer)
7.1

Targets of estimation

Emission sources of air pollutants in agricultural activities can be classified as below by using 2006 IPCC
Guidelines as reference. These categories are classified by emission source of a pollutant. For example, theemission of CH4 from rice cultivation is considered to be in the agricultural land (land use) category because
the emission is caused by activities of anaerobic methane bacterium.
1) Emissions of air pollutants from livestock2) Emissions of air pollutants from agricultural land (land use)
3) Emissions of air pollutants from agricultural crops

These categories are classified into more detailed subcategories. In this guideline, the category in which only
so-called greenhouse gases emit is not included in the calculation. The subcategories in the emission
inventories from agricultural activities can be listed as in Table 7.1-1. For categories not included in thecalculation, 2006 IPCC Guidelines, EMEP/EEA Guidebook, EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook and AP-42 should
be referred to.

Specifically, air pollutants from livestock manure management are NH3, CH4 and N2O. Whereas, particulatematters take place from livestock housing. Land spreading of manures is a source of NOx and NH3 due toNitrogen contained in manures. Also, land spreading of urea is a source of NH3 and CO2. Field burning in the
Savanna and field burning of crop residues emit similar air pollutants: NOx, SOx, NH3, CO, NMVOC, PM10,
PM2.5, BC, OC, CH4, and N2O. The emission of CO2 is not accounted for in these categories because the net
emission of CO2 for one year in this category is deemed zero.
Generally, emissions of air pollutants from the agriculture sector are calculated by multiplying the activity datawith the relevant emission factor. The activity data include the total number of livestock, the amount ofmanure applied to land, the total area of field burning, the amount of crops harvested (estimated amount ofcrop residues burnt in the field based on the amount harvested), and the total area of agricultural land. For
these activity data, relevant statistics of the country should be used in the calculation. However, these activity
data can be obtained online from the FAOSTAT database.
The emission factors are listed from the results of the existing studies. Since many of these existing studies are
based on the data on western countries, care should be taken in the application of such data to developing
countries due to large uncertainty. In general, the western countries and Japan are in warm climates. Whenclimate conditions are different, emission factors might be largely different. For this reason, when emission
factors obtained in the country are available, those emission factors should be preferentially used.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.1-1 Categories of the air pollutant emission inventories from agricultural activities
Category

Subcategory

Livestock

Manure Management

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

○

○

○
○

○

○
○

○

○

○
○

○

○

○

○

○

Land use without
conversion

IPCC b)Land use withconversion

IPCC b)

IPCC b)CO2 emission fromapplication of limestone
Field burning of crop
residues

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Note: “IPCC” is not included in calculation in this guideline and it is a subcategory that should be calculated referring to 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
a)○

IPCC a)Emission of CH4 in ricecultivation

Crops

○

IPCC a)Fertilization
Field burning ofsavanna○○Enteric Fermentation(agriculturalsoils,
savanna,grassland)

N2O○

Livestock housing

Land use

CH4

Emission category only for CH4, b) Emission category only for CO2- 7-2 -○○

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7.2

Estimating emissions of air pollutants coming from livestockThis chapter covers the calculation of emissions coming from livestock feeding. These emissions can beclassified into two main categories. That is, the emissions of ammonia, methane and nitric oxide fromlivestock manure management, and the emissions of particulate matters from livestock feeding. Emissions of
CO2 are not taken into consideration because the net amount of CO2 emissions coming from livestock for one
year is considered zero. For those who would like to further understand in detail the calculation method of CH4
and N2O, please refer to “Chapter 10: Emissions from livestock and manure management” in the volume 4 of2006 IPCC Guidelines.
The emissions from livestock manure management are ones from the storage and disposal of excreta from thecategory of 10 species of livestock (dairy cows, other cattle, buffalo, pig, sheep, goats, and horses (mules andasses), poultry (broilers, ducks, and gooses), fur animals, and camels). The emission of ammonia is calculated
by multiplying the number of livestock with an emission factor.
PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from ventilated housing systems into the atmosphere are the main source of PMemissions from livestock feeding. The PM emissions from grazing animals are not included in this guideline
because the emission factors are not reported. There are several sources of PM in buildings of housing animals:
feed, feeding process, bedding materials such as straw or wood shavings, skin particles, faces, feathers, manureand re-suspension of previously settled dust by animal activity.
The most important air pollutant to be covered in this subcategory is NH3, in addition to this, NO, particulatematters (PM10, PM2.5), and NMVOC. GHG such as CH4 and N2O are also emitted. The calculation method ofthese air pollutants are based on EMEP/EEA Guidebook, the calculation method of GHG is based on 2006
IPCC Guidelines.

7.2.1

Simple method

7.2.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Below are the procedures to calculate air pollutants from livestock.
Step 1 is to define main live stock categories in the targeted area and obtain the annual average population(AAP) of each category.
Step 2 is to find out the main manure management system for each livestock category.
Step 3 is the calculation of the pollutant emissions (Epollutant_animal, kg yr-1) using the respective annual average
population of each category and a relevant emission factor (Table 7.2-1) of each manure management system.

Epollutant_animal = AAPanimal × EFpollutant_animal ···········································································(7.2-1)

AAPanimal = NAPA× (Days _ alive 365) ··········································································(7.2-2)
NAPA : number of animals produced annually
For example, when 60,000 broilers are fed annually and the average feeding period before slaughter is 60 days,
the AAP is 60,000x60/365=9,863.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Emissions of greenhouse gases include direct and indirect emissions of N2O and emissions of CH4.
Direct N2O emissions take place by combination of nitrification and denitrification of the bacterial processes inlivestock manures. First, a precondition of N2O generation is for nitrogen to be oxidized under an aerobic
condition to generate nitrate. Then, Nitrate and nitrite are denitrified under an anaerobic condition and are
emitted as N2O and N2.
Indirect N2O emissions are emissions of N2O formed from NH3 and NO; NH3 and NO are emitted into
atmosphere through the volatilization during manure management processes and are deposited into soils andwater; then NH3 and NO form N2O through denitrification after deposited into soils and water.
Direct N2O emission EN2O_Direct is calculated as follows:⎡⎤
E N 2O _ Direct = ∑ ⎢ ∑ AAPanimal × X animal , system × Nex animal ⎥ × EFN 2O _ 1, system ················(7.2-3)
system ⎣ animal⎦
Indirect N2O emission EN2O_Indirect is calculated as follows:

E N 2O _ Indirect = N volatalization × EFN 2O _ 2 ·················································································(7.2-4)
Here, NH3-N+NO-N (Nvolatilization), which is volatilized into the atmosphere during manure management
processes, is expressed as follows:

Fracvolatil ,animal ,system ⎤⎡N volatilization = ∑ ⎢ ∑ AAPanimal × X animal ,system × Nexanimal ×⎥ ······(7.2-5)100system ⎣ animal⎦
The parameters for these equations are as follows:
Xanimal, system : proportion of livestock type “animals” and manure management system “system”(the total should be 1.)
Nexanimal : N-excretion rate of the livestock type “animals” (kg-N AAP-1 year-1)
EFN2O_1, system: emission factor for direct N2O emission from the manure management
system “system” (kg-N2O AAP-1 year-1)
EFN2O_2: N2O emission factor for volatized N(kg-N2O (kg-NH3-N+kg-NO-N)-1; the default value is 0.0157.)

Fracvolatil, animal, system: fraction of volatile N (%) from manure management processes of the
livestock type “animals” and manure management system “system” (Table 7.2-3)

CH4 emissions are calculated as follows:

ECH 4 = ∑ AAPanimal × EFCH 4,animal ,temp ·············································································(7.2-6)
animalEFCH4, animal, temp

: CH4 emission factor (kg-CH4 AAP-1 year-1) of livestock type “animal”(Table 7.2-4 to Table 7.2-6)

7.2.1.2

Estimation of activity data

As already explained, the activity data are the annual average populations (AAP).

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

If available, inventory compilers should use the statistic information on the number of livestock animals fromthe official national statistics or relevant organizations. If the national data is not available, statistic
information from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO) can be used.

7.2.1.3

Setting of emission factors

The emission factors of the air pollutants (Table 7.1-1) are mostly cited from EMEP/EEA Guidebook and theemission factors for greenhouse gases (Table 7.2-2 to Table 7.2-6) are cited from 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
Upon citing, the values from the Asia region were selected as much as possible, and the values in the Asia
region were used for the N- excretion rate of livestock animals, which influence N spices pollutants.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-1 Emission factors for livestock manure management
Livestock

Dairy cows
Other cattle(including
young
cattle,. beef
cattle andsuckling
cows)
Fattening
pigs
Sows

N
Excretion
Rate
(kg-N
AAp-1 yr1 a
)
60.0
60.0
39.6

ManureType

NH3(kg AAP-1yr-1) aNO
(kg AAP-1yr-1) aPM10(kg AAP-1
yr-1)

PM2.5
(kg AAP-1
yr-1)

NMVOC
(kg AAP-1
yr-1)

SlurrySolid
Slurry

22.4
16.4
10.5

0.004
0.088
0.002

0.36
0.36
0.24

0.23
0.23
0.16

13.6
13.6
7.4

39.6

Solid

7.20

0.074

0.24

0.16

7.4

5.11
5.11
5.11
5.11
5.11

SlurrySolid
SlurrySolid
Outdoor

2.76
2.68
1.64
1.89
0.76

0.00040.019
0.0004
0.014
0.000

0.5
0.5
0.58
0.58
NA

0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
NA

3.9
3.9
13.3
13.3
NA

Sheep (and
12.0
1.11
0.004
NE
NE
0.2
Solid
goats)
Horses (and
40.0
16.5
0.146
0.18
0.12
NE
Solid
mules,
asses)
0.539
0.41
0.0026
0.017
0.002
0.3
Solid
Laying hens(laying hens
0.539
0.41
0.0001
0.017
0.002
0.3
Slurryand parents)
Broilers
0.361
0.22
0.001
0.052
0.007
0.1
Litter(broilersand parents)
Other
0.818
0.68
0.004
NA
NA
NA
Litterpoultry(ducks)
Other
NA
0.35
0.001
NA
NA
NA
Litterpoultry(geese)
Other
1.837
0.95
0.005
0.032
0.004
0.9
Litterpoultry(turkeys)
4.59
NA
NA
0.02
0.0002NA
Fur animals
Solid
36.4
NA
NA
12.72
NA
NA
Camels
Solid
44.4
NE
NE
NE
0.043
NE
Buffalo
Solid
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook
a: For the emission factors for NH3 and NO, the emission factors based on N-excretion rate in Western Europe areadjusted with values in Asia.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-2 N2O Emission factors for livestock manure management (direct emission)
Manure Management
Category

Manure Management Subcategory

N2O-N(kg-N AAP-1 yr1)

N2O(kg-N2O AAP-1
yr-1)

Daily spread00Solid storage

0.005

0.008

Dry lot

0.02

0.03

With natural crust cover

0.005

0.008

Without natural crust cover

0

0

0

0

0.002

0.003

0

0

No mixing

0.01

0.02

Mixing0.07

0.11

Composting In-Vessel

0.006

0.009

Composting Static Pile

0.006

0.009

Composting Intensive Windrow

0.1

0.16

Composting Passive Windrow

0.01

0.02

Poultry manure with litter

0.001

0.002

Poultry manure without litter

0.001

0.002

Natural aeration system

0.01

0.02

Forced aeration system

0.005

0.008

Liquid/Slurry
Uncovered anaerobic lagoon
Pit storage
confinements

below

animalAnaerobic digester
Cattle and swine deep bedding

Aerobic treatment
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, p10.62 to p10.64, Table 10.21- 7-7 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-3 N volatilization fraction from processes of livestock manure management
Animal type
Swine

Dairy Cow

Poultry

Other Cattle

Other including sheep, horses,
and fur-bearing animals

Manure management system

N volatilization fraction as
NH3-N and NO-N (%)

Anaerobic lagoon

40

Pit storage

25

Deep bedding

40

Liquid/slurry48

Solid storage45

Anaerobic lagoon

35

Liquid/Slurry40

Pit storage

28

Dry lot

20

Solid storage

30

Daily spread

7

Poultry without litter

55

Anaerobic lagoon

40

Poultry with litter40

Dry lot

30

Solid storage

45

Deep bedding

30

Deep bedding

25

Solid storage

12

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, p10.65, Table 10.22- 7-8 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-4 CH4 Emission factors for livestock excreta management (Part 1)
RegionLivestockType

CH4 emission factors by annual average temperature with degree C (kg-CH4 animal-1 year1
)
Cool

Asia

Temperate

Warm

<=10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28<

Dairy
Cow

9

10

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20

21

23

24

26

28

31

31

Other
Cattle

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Swine

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

5

5

6

6

7

7

Buffalo

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, p10.39, Table 10.14*Except of Asia region only

Table 7.2-5 CH4 Emission factors for livestock manure management (Part 2)
Livestock

CH4 emission factors by annual average temperature with degree C(kg-CH4 animal-1 year-1)
Cool (< 15°C)

Temperate (15 to 25 °C)

Warm (25°C<)

Sheep

0.10

0.15

0.20

Goats

0.11

0.17

0.22

Camels

1.28

1.92

2.56

Horses

1.09

1.64

2.19

Mules and Asses

0.60

0.90

1.20

Poultry

0.01

0.02

0.02

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, p10.40, Table 10.15*Excerpt of the section of developing countries- 7-9 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-6 CH4 Emission factors for livestock manure management (Part 3)
Livestock typeCH4 emission factor(kg-CH4 anumal-1 year-1)

Deer

0.22

Reindeer

0.36

Rabbits

0.08

Fur-bearing animals like fox, mink etc.

0.68

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume4, p10.41, Table 10.16

7.2.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Basically, the emissions are evenly distributed to each time of the year. When the number of livestock isavailable over a period shorter than a year, the emissions are evenly distributed according to that temporalchange. In doing so, attention must be paid to the fact that the above emission factors and the activity data are
the figures per year.

2.

Spatial distribution

The activity data for the calculation of air pollutants from livestock management is the annual average
population (AAP) of livestock, and in general should be distributed based on the classified areas in thestatistics on the number of livestock (by province and by municipality).

- 7-10 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 7.2-1 Example of the estimation of air pollutants emission from livestock in Vietnam
The numbers of livestock (water buffalo, cows, pigs, poultry, horse, sheep and goats) in Vietnam arereported by province, district and nation. The number of dairy cows in 2005 is set at 107,609 heads
according to “http://www.aphca.org/reference/Workshops_chiangmai_25-2908/Presentation/Day1/3_Smallholder%20Dairy%20in%20Vietnam-Gautier.pdf#search='dairy cattle
Vietnam”. The number of other cattle in 2005 is set as 5,433.1 (thousand heads) after the deduction of
the number of the dairy cattle from the number of total cattle, 5540.7 (thousand). Provided that this ratio
between the dairy cattle and other cattle, 107.6: 5,433.1, does not change for the period from 2006 to
2008, the numbers of the dairy cattle and the other cattle were estimated by dividing the total number ofcattle for the period from 2006 to 2008 using this ratio.
Table 7.2-7 shows the national figures on the numbers of livestock.

Table 7.2-7 Number of livestock fed in Vietnam
Livestock type

Unit

2005

2006

2007

2008

Water buffalo

1000 heads

2,922.2

2,921.1

2,996.4

2,897.7

Total cattle

1000 heads

5,540.7

6,510.8

6,724.7

6,337.7

Dairy cattle

1000 heads

107.6

126.5

130.6

123.1

Other cattle

1000 heads

5,433.1

6,384.4

6,594.1

6,214.6

Pigs1000 heads

27,435.0

26,855.3

26,560.7

26,701.6

Poultry

1000 heads

219,911.0

214,565.0

226,027.0

247,310.0

Horse1000 heads

110.5

87.3

103.5

121.0

Sheep and goats1000 heads

1,314.1

1,525.3

1,777.7

1,483.5

NH3 emission amount of Vietnam in 2008 is estimated as follows.
Emission factors in Table 7.2-1 are used. Pig and poultry are assumed fattening pig and laying hens, andmanure type for dairy cattle, other cattle, and fattening pig are slurry.

- 7-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-8 shows the result of the emission calculation for NH3 coming from livestock of Vietnam in2008 based on the above conditions.

Table 7.2-8 Results of emission calculation for air pollutants from livestock in Vietnam
Activity data
2008
(thosandhead)

N
Excretion
Rate
(kg-N
AAp-1 yr1)

ManureTypeNH3
emissionfactor(kg AAP-1
yr-1)

NH3
emission(ton/year)

2,897.70

44.4

Solid

NE

-

123.0960

Slurry22.4

2,757.17

Other cattle(including young
cattle,. beef cattle
and sucklingcows)

6,214.61

39.6

Slurry10.5

65,253.43

Fattening pigs

26,701.60

5.11

Slurry2.76

73,696.42

Laying hens(laying hens andparents)

248,320.00

0.539

Litter0.41

101,811.20

121.20

40

Solid

16.5

1,999.80

1,483.40

12

Solid

1.11

1,646.57

Buffalo
Dairy cows

Horses (andmules, asses)
Sheep (and goats)

7.2.2

Detailed method

7.2.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The detailed method is a bottom-up calculation method where: categories of livestock are refined into moredetailed categories; locations of each livestock are identified; and the emissions of all subcategories are added
up. The detailed method for CH4 and N2O emissions are Tier 2 or Tier 3 in 2006 IPCC Guidelines. For moredetail, please refer to “Chapter 10: Emissions from livestock and manure management” in the volume 4 of2006 IPCC Guidelines.

Tier 2 method in EMEP/EEA Guidebook is adopted as a detailed method for estimating emissions of air
pollutants. Below are its processes:- 7-12 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Step 1 is the definition of categories and subcategories with regards to types of livestock and manure
management system, and the respective number of the animals has to be obtained.
Step 2 is the calculation of the total annual N-excretion by the livestock type. (Nex).
Step 3 is to calculate the amount of the annual N excreted that is deposited in buildings in which livestock
are housed, on uncovered yards and during grazing. This is based on the total annual N excretion (N ex) andthe proportions of excreta deposited at these locations (x build, x yard, and x graz). Total of x build, x yard, and x
graz should be always 1.0.

m graz_N = x graz × N ex ···················································································································(7.2-7)
m yard_N = x yard × N ex ···················································································································(7.2-8)
m build_N = x build × N ex ·················································································································(7.2-9)
Step 4 is to use the proportion of the N excreted as TAN (total ammoniac nitrogen) to calculate the amountof TAN deposited during gazing, on yards, or in buildings.

m graz_TAN = x TAN × m graz_N ········································································································(7.2-10)
m yard_TAN = x TAN × m yard_N ········································································································(7.2-11)
m build_TAN = x TAN × m build_N ······································································································(7.2-12)
Step 5 is to calculate the amounts of TAN and total-N deposited in buildings handled as liquid slurry( m build_slurry_TAN ) or as solid ( m build_solid_TAN ). Here, x slurry is the proportion of livestock manure handled
as slurry.

m build_slurry_TAN = x slurry × m build_TAN ··························································································(7.2-13)
m build_slurry_N = x slurry × m build_N ·································································································(7.2-14)
m build_solid_TAN = (1 − x slurry )× m build_TAN ····················································································(7.2-15)
m build_solid_N = (1 − x slurry )× m build_N ···························································································(7.2-16)
Step 6 is to calculate the NH3-N losses, Ebuild, from the livestock building and from the yards, bymultiplying the amount of TAN mbuild_TAN with the emission factor EFbuild (NH3-N) for both slurry andfarmyard manure (FYM).

E build_slurry = m build_slurry_TAN × EFbuild_slurry ··················································································(7.2-17)

E build_solid = m build_solid_TAN × EFbuild_solid ······················································································(7.2-18)
E yard = m yard_TAN × EFyard ···········································································································(7.2-19)
Step 7 is only applied to solid manure. When manure in buildings is managed as solid, the fraction of TAN
in the manure is immobilized in organic matter. On the other hand, N in straw used for bedding for the
animals is added. By adding these two processes to the amount of the NH3-N losses, the amounts of total-N
applied as fertilizer after the solid processing and TAN are calculated. Where, fimm is the fraction of TAN
immobilized, and the default value is 0.0067 (kg kg-1).

m ex-build_solid_TAN = (m build_solid_TAN − E build_solid )× (1 − f imm ) ··············································(7.2-20)- 7-13 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

mbedding _ N = AAP × Straw × N Straw ···················································································(7.2-21)[]

m ex-build_solid_N = m build_solid_N + m bedding_N - E build_solid ·····················································(7.2-22)
Table 7.2-9 Default values for length of housing period, annual straw use in litter-based manure
management systems and the N content of straw
Livestock

Housing period
Days

Straw amountkg AAP-1 year-1

N added in straw
kg AAP-1 year-1

Dairy cows

180

1500

6.00

Other cattle

180

500

2.00

Finishing pigs

365

200

0.80

Sows

365

600

2.40

Sheep and goats

30

20

0.08

Horses etc.

180

500

2.00

Buffalos

225

1500

6.00

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, p22, Table 3-6
Step 8 is to calculate the amounts of total-N and TAN stored before application to land. Not all manures are
stored before spreading; some will be applied to fields direct from buildings. Here, xsotre_slurry and xstore_solid
are proportions of “slurry” and “solid” stored before application to land.
For slurry:[]m storage_slurry_TAN = (m build_slurry_TAN − E build_slurry ) + (m yard_TAN − E yard ) × x store_slurry ·······(7.2-23)[]

m storage_slurry_N = (m build_slurry_N − E build_slurry ) + (m yard_N − E yard ) × x store_slurry ··················(7.2-24)[]

m spread_direct_slurry_TAN = (m build_slurry_TAN − E build_slurry ) + (m yard_TAN − E yard ) × (1 − x store_slurry )··············································································································································(7.2-25)[]

m spread_direct_slurry_N = (m build_slurry_N − E build_slurry ) + (m yard_N − E yard ) × (1 − x store_slurry ) ···(7.2-26)

For solid:

m storage_solid_TAN = m ex-build_solid_TAN × x store_solid ···································································(7.2-27)
m storage_solid_N = m ex-build_solid_N × x store_solid ··········································································(7.2-28)
m spread_direct_solid_TAN = m ex-build_solid_TAN × (1 − x store_solid ) ····················································(7.2-29)
m spread_direct_solid_N = m ex-build_solid_N × (1 − x store_solid ) ··························································(7.2-30)- 7-14 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Step 9 is only applied to slurries and its function is to calculate the amount of TAN from slurry stores.
When slurries are stored, a fraction of the organic N is mineralized to TAN. fmin is the ratio ofmineralization and the default value is o0.1.

mm storage_slurry_TAN = m storage_slurry_TAN + ⎡⎣( m storage_slurry_N − m storage_slurry_TAN ) × fmin ⎤⎦ ············(7.2-31)
Step 10 is to calculate the emissions of NH3, N2O, NO and N2 from stored slurries and solids. The
emission factors for these are emission proportions of each air pollutant to TAN. (Table 7.2-10 to Table
7.2-12)For slurry:

E storage_slurry = E storage_slurry_NH3 + E storage_slurry_N2O + E storage_slurry_NO + E storage_slurry_N2= mm strage_slurry_TAN × (EFstorage_slurry_NH3 + EFstorage_slurry_N2O + EFstorage_slurry_NO + EFstorage_slurry_N2 )··············································································································································(7.2-32)
For solid:

E storage_solid = E storage_solid_NH3 + E storage_solid_N2O + E storage_solid_NO + E storage_solid_N2= mm strage_solid_TAN × (EFstorage_solid_NH3 + EFstorage_solid_N2O + EFstorage_solid_NO + EFstorage_solid_N2 )··············································································································································(7.2-33)
Step 11 is to calculate the total-N and TAN that is applied the field (mapplic_N and mapplic_TAN).
Fro slurrym applic_slurry_TAN = m spread_direcr_slurry_TAN + mmstorage_slurry_TAN − E storage_slurry ·······················(7.2-34)
m applic_slurry_N = m spread_direcr_slurry_N + mmstorage_slurry_N − E storage_slurry ·································(7.2-35)
For solid:

m applic_solid_TAN = m spread_direct_solid_TAN + mmstorage_solid_TAN − E storage_solid ···························(7.2-36)
m applic_solid_N = m spread_direct_solid_N + mmstorage_solid_N − E storage_solid ·····································(7.2-37)
Step 12 is to calculate the emission of NH3-N during and immediately after field application.
For slurry:

E applic_slurry = m appric_slurry_TAN × EFapplic_slurry ·······································································(7.2-38)
For solid:

E applic_solid = m appric_solid_TAN × EFapplic_solid ··········································································(7.2-39)
Step 13 is to calculate the net amount of N returned to soil from manure (mreturned_N and mreturned_TAN).
For slurry:m returned_slurry_TAN = m appric_slurry_TAN − E applic_slurry ·······························································(7.2-40)m returned_slurry_N = m appric_slurry_N − E applic_slurry ······································································(7.2-41)
For solid:m returned_solid_TAN = m appric_solid_TAN − E applic_solid ··································································(7.2-42)- 7-15 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

m returned_solid_N = m appric_solid_N − E applic_solid ········································································(7.2-43)
Step 14 is to calculate the NH3-N emissions from grazing

E graz = m graz_TAN × EFgrazing ································································································(7.2-44)
Step 15 is to sum all the emissions from the manure management system and convert them to the amountsof NH3 and NO.

⎛ E yard + E build_slurry + E build_solid +⎞ 17⎟×···········(7.2-45)
E MMS_NH3 = ⎜
⎜E
⎟ 14
+
+
+
E
E
E
storage_NH
3_slurry
storage_NH
3_solid
applic_slu
rry
applic_sol
id⎝⎠

E MMS_NO = ( E storage_NO_slurry + E storage_NO_solid )×7.2.2.230··························································(7.2-46)
14

Estimation of activity data

When the detailed method is applied, it is necessary to obtain detailed input data on livestock and the manure
management system such as the grazing period (xgraz), the length of housing period (xbuild), and the length
spend on yards (xyard) of each type of livestock, the ratio of the manure stored as slurry. Such data needs to beobtained by fieldwork such as interviews in the local areas.

7.2.2.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 7.2-10 to Table 7.2-12 show the default emission factors used in the detailed methods.

- 7-16 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-10 NH3 emission factors in detailed method
Livestock

Housing
periodNex

Proportionof TAN(day year )

(kg N
AAP-1
year-1)

180

105

0.6

180

41

0.6

365

12.1

0.7

34.5

0.7

-1

Dairy cow
Other cattle(young cattle,
beef cattle
and suckling
cows)
Fattening pig(8-110 kg)
Sows (andpiglets to 8
kg)
Sheep (andgoats)
Horses (andmules, asses)
Laying hens(laying hens
and parents)
Laying hens(laying hens
and parents)
Broilers(broilers andparents)
Other poultry(turkeys)

Manure
type

365
0

EF

EF

EF

EF

EF

housing

Yard

Storage

Spreadigrazing/

ng

outdoorSlurrySolid
Slurry

0.20
0.19
0.20

0.30
0.30
0.53

0.20
0.27
0.20

0.55
0.79
0.55

0.10
0.10
0.06

Solid

0.19

0.53

0.27

0.79

0.06

SlurrySolid
SlurrySolid
Outdoor

0.28
0.27
0.28
0.27
NA

0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
NA

0.14
0.45
0.14
0.45
NA

0.40
0.81
0.40
0.81
NA

0.25

30

15.5

0.5

Solid

0.22

0.75

0.28

0.90

0.09

180

47.5

0.6

Solid

0.22

NA

0.35

0.90

0.35

0.41

NA

0.14

0.69

0.41

NA

0.14

0.69

Solid,
can bestackedslurry,can bepumped

365

0.77

0.7

365

0.36

0.7

365

1.64

0.7

Solid

0.28

NA

0.17

0.66

365

1.64

0.7

Solid

0.35

NA

0.24

0.54

Other poultry(ducks)

365

1.26

0.7

Solid

0.24

NA

0.24

0.54

Other poultry(geese)

365

0.55

0.7

Solid

0.57

NA

0.16

0.45

Fur animals

365

0.08

0.6

Solid

0.27

NA

0.09

NA

Buffalo

140

82.0

0.5

Solid

0.20

NA

0.17

0.55

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, p26, Table 3-8- 7-17 -0.13

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.2-11 NO, N2 emission factors in detailed method
Proportion to TAN
EFstorage_slurryNO

0.0001

EFstorage_slurryN2

0.0030

EFstorage_solidNO

0.0100

EFstorage_solidN2

0.3000Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, p27, Table 3-9

Table 7.2-12 N2O emission factor in detailed method
EF kg N2O-N (kg TAN entering store)-1
Cattle Slurry without natural crust0Cattle slurry with natural crust

0.01

Pig slurry without natural crust0Cattle manure heaps, solid

0.08

Pig manure heaps, solid

0.05

Sheep and goat manure heaps, solid

0.07

Horse (mules and asses) manure heaps, solid

0.08

Layer manure heaps, solid

0.04

Broiler manure heaps, solid

0.03

Turkey and duck manure heaps, solid

0.03

Goose manure heaps, solid

0.03

Buffalo manure heaps, solid

0.08

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, p24, Table 3-7

7.2.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

If the hourly and seasonal information on livestock grazing, feeding on yards and in buildings, the hourly andseasonal information of manure management are available along with the emission calculation using thedetailed method, the temporal change can be made more detailed.

- 7-18 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.

Spatial distribution

If statistics on the numbers of animals for each region, the accurate locations of and numbers of animals atlarge-scale livestock farms can be obtained, more detailed spatial distribution can be set.

7.3

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from agricultural soils

A fraction of N contained in various fertilizers is mostly emitted into the atmosphere as NH3 and NO. The
emissions of ammonia from such source are influenced by the types and amounts of the fertilizers, methods
and timing of fertilizer application, types of soils where fertilizers are applied to, and climate factors. The
missions of nitrogen oxide (NO) can be easily calculated as a fraction of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizers
applied.
Emissions caused by livestock excreta including emissions of N-spices air pollutants such as NH3 and NO arecalculated in “7.2 Estimating emissions of air pollutants from livestock”. Nitrogen emissions caused by theapplication of manures to agricultural lands including fruit farms are calculated in this section, and nitrogen
emissions from other natural soils are calculated in “10.3 Estimating emissions of NH3 and NOx from soils.”
According to the above, the nitrogen emission from grassland is dealt in 7.2, and cropland in 7.3, other land
use in 10.3.
NMVOC emissions from crops in cropland are calculated in “10.1 Estimating NMVOC emissions fromvegetation.”

7.3.1

Simple method

7.3.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

There are two simple methods for NH3 and NO, and PM.
Below is the equation for NH3 and NO:

Emissions = ADafertiliser_applied × EFpollutant ········································································(7.3-1)
Where:

Emissions : Amount of pollutant (NH3 or NO) emissions (kg yr-1)

ADafertiliser_applied : Amount of N applied as fertilizer (kg yr-1)
EFpollutant : Emission factor of pollutant (kg ha-1 yr-1)
Below is the equation for PM:

Emissions = ADarea × EFpollutant ······················································································(7.3-2)
Where:

Emissions : Amount of pollutant (PM) emissions (kg yr-1)

ADarea : Activity data (area size of cropland) (ha)EFpollutant : Emission factor of pollutant (kg ha-1 yr-1)- 7-19 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7.3.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data for NH3 and NO is the amount of N applied as fertilizer, and the activity data for PM10 andPM2.5 is area size of cropland. These statistics for the activity data should be collected according to Table 7.3-1.
Table 7.3-1 Source candidates of activity data
Activity data item
Amount of nitrogen fertilizers
and cropland area size

Examples of relevant organizations for activity data source
1)

Statistics of the country

2)

Questionnaire survey to relevant organizations in the country

3)

International statistics (Ex: FAOSTAT)

Note: FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org./site/575/default.aspx

7.3.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 7.3-2 shows emission factors for the simple method.

Table 7.3-2 Emission factors for air pollutants from use of fertilizer
Pollutant

Emission factor

Unit

NH3

0.084

kg kg-1 fertilizer-N applied

NO

0.026

kg kg-1 fertilizer-N applied

PM10

1.56

kg/ha

PM2.5

0.06

kg/ha

Source: Table 3-1 in “4.D. Crop production and agricultural soils”, EMEP/EEA Guidebook

7.3.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

NH3 and NO are distributed based on the time of application of fertilizers containing nitrogen, and PM isdistributed based on the time of soil cultivation and harvesting.

2.

Spatial distribution

NH3, NO and PM are both distributed to cropland.

7.3.2

Detailed method

7.3.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

Tier 2 method in EMEP/EEA Guidebook is adopted as detailed method for estimating emissions of NH3 andPM.

- 7-20 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

1.

NH3

Below are the procedures for estimating NH3 emissions:
Step 1 is to partition the total area to which N fertilizer is applied into three regions according to mean
spring air temperature (ts). Three region partitions are: a region with the mean spring air temperature of 6°C
and below, a region with the mean spring temperature between 6°C and 13°C, and a region with the mean
spring temperature over 13.
Step 2 is to use the following equation to estimate emissions from each type of N fertilizer in each of theregions and sum up. Here, the emission factor is a function of a fertilizer type and the mean spring air
temperature. Furthermore, when the pH of soil is over 7.0, the emission factor is multiplied by a multiplier.
(Table 7.3-3) 。

[]

E fert _ NH 3 = ∑∑ {m fert _ i _ j × EFi _ j × 1 − p alk _ j × (1 − ci ) }···········································(7.3-3)
IJ

i =1 j =1

Efert_NH3 : NH3 emissions (kg-NH3 year-1)
mfert_i_j : mass of fertilizer-N applied as type i in region j (kg-N year-1)

2.

EFi_j

: Emission factor for fertilizer type i in region j (kg-NH3 (kg-N)-1)

palk_j: proportion of region j where the soil pH is over 7.0

ci: soil pH multiplier for fertilizer type i when the soil pH is over 7.0

PM

As shown in the following equation, emissions should be calculated by multiplying the cultivated area of eachcrop by an EF for each crop and agricultural operation. For each agricultural operation, the number of times
that each operation is carried out should be taken into account.
I

Ni _ kE PM = ∑ ∑ EFPM _ i _ k × Ai × n ························································································(7.3-4)
i =1 n = 0

EPM: annual amount of emission of PM10 or PM2.5 from crop i (kg year-1)

I: number of crops grownAi: annual cropped area of crop i (ha)Ni_k: number of times operation k is performed on crop i (year-1)

EFPM_i_k : PM emission factor for operation k of the crop i (kg ha-1)

7.3.2.2
1.

Estimation of activity data

NH3

One of necessary activity data to estimate detailed NH3 emissions is the amount of each fertilizer applied,which should be collected from the official country statistic of the country. The statistics may include sales,
domestic production and imports of fertilizers. Also, the data from IFIA (International Fertilizer Industry
Association) and FAO (the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) can be used.
In order to classify croplands by mean spring air temperature, the GIS data of cropland distribution andmeteorological observation data may be used. Each cropland can be classified by allocating the mean spring
air temperature of a nearby meteorological observation point to see the cropland is included in that region.

- 7-21 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

It is desirable to use GIS data on geological distribution (for example, calcareous soil) regarding pH level ofsoils.
In addition, it is effective to investigate by interviews and questionnaire surveys whether there is any relation
among crops and cropland and fertilizers used.

2.

PM

Necessary activity data to estimate more detailed PM emissions is the area covered by each crop, and statistics
on area covered by each crop in each regions and GIS data on the distribution of agricultural lands may beused.
On the other hand, the times of each crop operation for each crop carried out in a year need to rely oninterviews and questionnaire surveys.

7.3.2.3
1.

Setting of emission factors

NH3

Table 7.3-3 shows Emission factor estimation equation and multipliers for NH3.
Table 7.3-3 Emission factor estimation equation and multipliers for NH3
Fertilizer type

Emission factor estimation equation for
NH3

Multiplier 1)

EF (kg-NH3 (kg-N)-1)

ci

ts: average temperature in spring (°C)
Ammonium sulphate

EF=0.0107+0.0006 ts

10

Ammonium nitrate

EF=0.0080+0.0001 ts

1

Calcium ammonium nitrate

EF=0.0080+0.0001 ts

1

Anhydrous ammonia

EF=0.0127+0.0012 ts

4

Urea

EF=0.1067+0.0035 ts

1

Nitrogen solutions

EF=0.0481+0.0025 ts

1

Ammonium phosphates

EF=0.0107+0.0006 ts

10

Other NK and NPK

EF=0.0080+0.0001 ts

11) When the pH level of solid is over 7.0, a multiplier is applied.
Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook “4.D Crop production and agricultural soils”, Table 3-2

2.

PM

Table 7.3-4 to Table 7.3-7 show PM emission factors for each crop and agricultural operation. Drying climate
means Mediterranean climate and other climates belong to wet climate.

- 7-22 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.3-4 PM10 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (wet climate)
Crop type
Wheat
Rye
BarleyOat
Other Arable
Grass1)

Soil cultivation
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

Harvesting
0.49
0.37
0.41
0.62
NA
0.25

Cleaning
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.25
NA
0

Drying
0.56
0.37
0.43
0.66
NA
0

Table 7.3-5 PM10 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (dry climate)
Crop type
Wheat
Rye
BarleyOat
Other Arable
Grass1)

Soil cultivation
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25

Harvesting
2.45
1.85
2.05
3.10
NA
1.25

Cleaning
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.25
NA
0

Drying
0
0
0
0
NA
0

Table 7.3-6 PM2.5 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (dry climate)
Crop type
Wheat
Rye
BarleyOat
Other Arable
Grass1)

Soil cultivation
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15

Harvesting
0.020
0.015
0.016
0.025
NA
0.010

Cleaning
0.009
0.008
0.008
0.0125NA
0Drying
0.168
0.111
0.129
0.198
NA
0

Table 7.3-7 PM2.5 emission factors for agricultural crop operations (kg ha-1) (wet climate)
Crop type
Wheat
Rye
BarleyOat
Other Arable
Grass1)

Soil cultivation
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12

Harvesting
0.098
0.074
0.082
0.125
NA
0.05

Cleaning
0.00950.008
0.008
0.0125NA
0Drying
0
0
0
0
NA
0

1) Grass includes hay making only.
Source: Tables 3-3 to 3-6, in “4.D Crop production and agricultural soils”, EMEP/EEA Guidebook
7.3.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

NH3 is distributed based on the time of the application of fertilizers, and PM is distributed based on the timeof each agricultural operation.
2.

Spatial distribution

NH3 is assigned based on area classification by cropland and mean spring temperature and the distribution ofalkaline soils and PM is assigned based on the distribution of cropland by crop.

- 7-23 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7.4

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from field burning insavanna

In savanna, fire is opened on purpose mostly for agricultural reasons in dry season. The agricultural reasons
include removal of weeds and pest, facilitation of nutrient cycling, and growth promotion of grass for glazing.
Field burning in savanna, which occur an average of once in one to four years, are potential combustion sourceof CO, NOx, NMVOC, PM, SO2, and NH3. In order to estimate the emissions from this source, area of fieldburning, load of biomass fuel, ratio of fuel in filed burning, and emission factor of each pollutant need to betaken into consideration.

7.4.1

Simple method

7.4.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

In this guideline, the annual emissions from field burning in savanna are estimated as in the following steps:
1) Estimate the amount of biomass combustion based on the area of savanna burnt in the inventory year,
fuel load biomass (different from total above ground biomass), and proportion of biomass burnt (drymatter)2) Estimate the emission of each pollutant by multiplying the amount of combusted biomass with theemission factors of each pollutant (CO, NOx, SO2, NMVOCs, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5),
NH3 and greenhouse gases)
Blow is the general equation to estimate each air pollutant and greenhouse gases from field burning in savanna.

L fire = A × M B × C f × G ef × 10 −3 ······················································································(7.4-1)
Where:
Lfire: emissions from field burning in savanna (for each pollutant, tons per year)
A: area burnt (ha)MB: mass of fuel actually combusted (tones ha-1). This includes biomass, underground litter and deadwood.
Cf: combustion factor (dimensionless) (default values in Table 7.4-2)
Gef: emission factor (g/kg dry matter burnt) (default values in Table 7.4-3)
Note: Where data for MB and Cf are not available, a default value for the amount of fuel actually burnt (the productof MB and Cf) can be used (Table 7.4-1).

7.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data

For the calculation process for the activity data, the following equation by IPCC is adopted.

ADfire = A × M B × C f ········································································································(7.4-2)
Where:
ADfire: activity data on field burning in savanna
A: area burnt (ha)MB: mass of fuel for combustion (tones ha-1). This includes biomass, underground litter and deadwood.
Cf: Combustion factor (dimensionless) (default values in Table 7.4-2)- 7-24 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Note: Where data for MB and Cf are not available, a default value for the amount of fuel actually burnt (the productof MB and Cf) can be used (Table 7.4-1).
The amount of fuel that can be burnt is given by the area burnt and the density of fuel present on that area. The
fuel density can include biomass, dead wood and litter. The type of fire is also affected by the amount of fuelavailable for combustion.
The combustion factor is a measure of the proportion of the fuel that is actually combusted, which varies as afunction of the size and architecture of the fuel load (i.e., a smaller proportion of large, coarse fuel such as treestems will be burnt compared to fine fuels, such as grass leaves), the moisture content of the fuel and the typeof fire (i.e., intensity and rate of spread which is markedly affected by climatic variability and regional
differences as reflected in Table 7.4-2).

Table 7.4-1 Fuel biomass consumption in field burning on Savanna (Unit: tones dry Matter/ha)
Vegetation Type
Savanna woodlands(early dry season
burns)

Subcategory
Savanna woodland

2.5

Savanna parkland

2.7

All savanna woodlands (early dry season burns)

Savanna woodlands(mid/late dry season
burns)

Factor

2.6

Savanna woodland

3.3

Savanna parkland

4.0

Tropical savanna

6

Other savanna woodlands

5.3

Savanna Grassland /Pastures (mid/late dry season burns)

4.6

Savanna Grasslands/
Pastures (early dry
season burns)

Tropical/ sub-tropical grassland

2.1

Grassland-

All savanna grassland (early dry season burns)

Savanna Grasslands/
Pastures(mid/latedry season burns)

2.1

Tropical/ sub-tropical grassland

5.2

Grassland

4.1

Tropical pasture

23.7

Savanna

7.0

All savanna grasslands (mid/late dry season burns)
Excerpt of surface only
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 2, Table 2.4- 7-25 -10.0

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.4-2 Ratio of fuel in field burning in Savanna (dimensionless)
Vegetation Type
Savanna woodlands(early dry season
burns)

Subcategory
Savanna woodland

0.22

Savanna parkland

0.73

Other savanna woodlands

0.37

All savanna woodlands (early dry season burns)

Savanna woodlands(mid/late dry season
burns)

Mean

0.40

Savanna woodland

0.72

Savanna parkland

0.82

Tropical savanna

0.73

Other savanna woodlands

0.68

Savanna Grassland /Pastures (mid/late dry season burns)

0.74

Savanna Grasslands/
Pastures (early dry
season burns)

0.74

Tropical/ sub-tropical grassland
Grassland

All savanna grassland (early dry season burns)
Savanna Grasslands/
Pastures(mid/latedry season burns)

0.74

Tropical/ sub-tropical grassland

0.92

Tropical pasture

0.35

Savanna

0.86

All savanna grasslands (mid/late dry season burns)
Surface layer combustion only
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 2, Table 2.6- 7-26 -0.77

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7.4.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 7.4-3 show the emission factors for field burning in savanna. The values for these emission factors are
based on the comprehensive review by Andreae and Merlet (2001). 2006 IPCC Guidelines also adopted thesevalues.

Table 7.4-3 Emission factors of the air pollutants and GHS from field burning in savanna
Unit: kg-pollutant/ton-Dry weight
Air pollutant / GHG

EF

CO

65

NOx as NO

3.9

SO2

0.35

NMVOC

3.4

NH3

0.6

TSP

8.3

PM2.5

5.4

OC

3.4

BC

0.48

CO2

1613

CH4

2.3

N2O

0.21

Source: Andreae and Merlet, Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, 2001

7.4.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Basically, the temporal change of field burning in savanna is obtained through fieldwork. The fieldwork may
include study of existing references, hearings of relevant ministries and offices and interviews of relevantorganizations.
If the temporal change cannot be obtained through fieldwork, the temporal change is set as below.
When only the annual total area of field burning in savanna is obtained, the emissions are evenly distributed toeach hour of the year. Assumed each hour is a day 24 hours and a year 365 days.
When a monthly total area of field burning on savanna is obtained, the emissions are evenly distributed to eachhour of the month. Each hour is assumed to be the same as above.

- 7-27 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

When a seasonal total area of field burning on savanna is obtained, the emissions are evenly distributed to eachhour of the season. Each hour is assumed to be the same as above
When a daily total area of field burning on savanna is obtained, the emissions are evenly distributed over 24hours when field burning in savanna was carried out.

2.

Spatial distribution

For the spatial distribution of field burning in savanna, fieldwork such as reference collection of the data fromexisting studies and interviews with relevant organizations should be carried out. When the information of
spatial distribution can not be obtained, it can be set as follows.
When only the national total area burnt in savanna is available, the following two methods may be used to
calculate spatial distribution.
1) Using the total area of savannas in each mesh as distribution index, the total emissions of air
pollutants from field burning in savanna should be evenly distributed.
2) Using the total area of savanna, which is at the level of an administrative district more specific thanprovincial, prefectural and national levels, as distribution index, the total emissions of air pollutantsfrom field burning in savanna should be evenly distributed.
When the area of savanna more specific than those at province/prefecture and national levels is available, anyof the following three methods may be used to calculate spatial distribution.
3) The total emissions of air pollutants from field burning in savanna in each province and eachprefecture are evenly distributed according to the area of savanna in each mesh.
4) The total emissions of air pollutants from field burning in savanna in each province and eachprefecture are evenly distributed according to the area of savanna in each province and prefecture.
5) When more detailed information of area of savanna (city or district), using the area of savanna fromsuch information as distribution index, the total emissions of air pollutants from field burning insavanna are evenly distributed.

7.4.2

Detailed method

7.4.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The detailed method is a bottom-up emission estimation method.
The requirements to estimate emissions are: (1) the incineration point can be identified by satellite image data;(2) land use classification data for each mesh in savanna is available.
Emissions are calculated in the following steps.
1) Extract fire points from the satellite image data (data A).
2) Obtain land use classification data of each mesh in savanna in the area (country, province and other)(data B).
3) Overlay the data A and the data B to identify fire points in the area where the land use is savanna.
Only these points are deemed as field burning in savanna (data C).
4) These analyses are carried out during the period subject to the inventory. Based on the data C, annual
total of area burnt in savanna is calculated for each country or province. (data D)5) Estimate the area burnt in savanna from other national statistics (data E).
6) Cross-check the data D using the data E. The data D tend to underestimate compared to the data E
because satellite imaging normally can not observe all the ground surfaces for 24 hours a day for 365- 7-28 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

days of a year due to clouds and intervals in observation by the satellite. The area burnt in savanna thatare underestimated should be evenly distributed to the hours and areas that could not be observed due
to clouds and other reasons.
7) When the data D overestimates compared with the data E, the overestimated area burnt in savanna
should be uniformly eliminated from the data D. In such case, it is considered that during the hours
and in areas that were not observed due to clouds and other reasons field burning did not occur insavanna.
8) Using the total area of savanna burnt calculated above as activity data, emissions are calculated bymultiplying the activity data with an emission factor.

7.4.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is the total area of each field burning in savanna obtained from satellite image and total areaof field burning in savanna obtained through correction.

7.4.2.3

Setting of emission factors

The emission factors are the same as in the simple method (7.4.1).

7.4.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

The temporal change relies on temporal change of satellite image data.
In general, the start time and end time of field burning in savanna in each hotspot in satellite image arechecked and used as inventory. When the start and end times are not known due to clouds, the middle of thehours before and after that can be specified are used as the start and end times.
As a simpler method, a sample survey may be carried out for each hotspot to obtain average duration of fieldburning in savanna, and the average duration may be applied to each hotspot.
When the area burnt in savanna, which is obtained from satellite image, is underestimated and area burnt inother savanna (area burnt in savanna other than the area burnt in savanna obtained from the satellite image)needs to be calculated, the temporal change is evenly distributed to each hour of the year.

2.

Spatial distribution

The spatial distribution relies on spatial resolution of the satellite image data and the land use classification
data for each mesh.
The spatial distribution of the areas burnt in savanna is identified based on the location information of hotspotsthat are classified as savanna in land use for each mesh. Unlike temporal change, there is no simpler method to
calculate station distribution.
When it is assumed that field burning in savanna is taking place in the area much larger than the area burnt insavanna obtained from the satellite image, the spatial distribution is to be appropriately distributed to points
that can not be observed due to clouds but field burning might take place.
But when the area burnt in savanna confirmed in the satellite image is underestimated and the area burnt inother savanna needs to be calculated, the spatial distribution may be evenly distributed to the total area of acountry, province or prefecture.

- 7-29 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7.5

Estimating emissions of air pollutants from burning ofagricultural wastes

Open burning of agricultural wastes leads to the emission of CO, NOx, NMVOCs, SO2, NH3, PM10/PM2.5, BC,
OC, CO2, CH4 and N2O. To estimate emission of these matters, crop production, dry matter content of residue
burnt per production of a crop, and estimation of emission factors are necessary.

7.5.1

Simple method

7.5.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

A method in GAP Forum Manual is adopted as a simple method to estimate emissions from burning ofagricultural wastes. This method is based on the method of 1996 IPCC Guidelines with additional data of thedeveloping countries, and consists of the following steps:
1) Dry mater content of agricultural wastes burnt are estimated based on production of each crop (rice,wheat, cereals, soy, corn, potato, jute, cotton, peanut, sugar cane, rapeseed and mustard seed), residue
ratio per production of each crop, dry matter content of each residue, proportion of each residue burnt
in the field, and the fraction of burnt material that is oxidized during combustion.
2) Emission factors are listed as emission of pollutant per dry matter of burnt agricultural wastes.
3) Emissions from burning of agricultural wastes are estimated by multiplying dry matter of burnt
agricultural wastes with an emission factor.

E pollu tan t = ARresidue _ burnt × EFpollu tan t ··················································································(7.5-1)
Epollutant: emission of pollutant (kg)ARresidue_burnt: dry matter of burnt agricultural wastes (activity data) (dry matter ton)
EFpollutant: emission factor (kg/Dry weight ton)4) CO emission factor is a product of the fraction of carbon in the burnt agricultural wastes, the fractionof carbon emitted as CO, and CO to C ratio of molecular weight.
5) NOx emission factor (as NO2) is a product of the fraction of carbon in the burnt agricultural wastes, C
to N ratio, the fraction of nitrogen emitted as NOx, and NO2 to N ratio of the molecular weight.
6) Emission factors for NMVOCs, SO2, NH3, PM10/PM2.5, BC, OC, CO2, CH4 and N2O are separately
calculated.

7.5.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is estimation of dry matter of agricultural wastes actually burnt. The estimation equation is as
below.

ARresidue _ burnt,i = CPi × RCi × DM i × Bil × OX i ·································································(7.5-2)
Where:ADi: dry matter of agricultural wastes burnt of crop i (activity data) (dry matter ton)i

: crop type iCPi: amount of crop i produced (amount harvested containing moisture) (ton)RCi: residue to crop ratio of crop I (dimensionless) (”Residue to crop ratio” inTable 7.5-1)

DMi
7.5-1): dry matter fraction in residues of crop i (dimensionless) (”Dry matter fraction” inTable- 7-30 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

BFi: fraction of residue burnt in fields of crop i (dimensionless) (”Fraction burned in fields” inTable 7.5-1)
OXi: fraction oxidized during combustion of crop i (”Fraction oxidized during combustion” in Table
7.5-1)“Fraction of residues burnt in fields (BFi)” is a fraction of agricultural wastes actually burnt in field, after the
deduction of fractions of wastes that are incorporated in the soil, consumed by livestock on the field or
removed from the field for use elsewhere. Fraction oxidized during combustion is a fraction of agricultural
wastes that are completely burnt and cause of air pollutant emissions.

Amount produced of each crop can be obtained from statistics such as below.
1) Statistics of each country2) FAOSTAT (URL; http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx#ancor)- 7-31 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.5-1 shows the default parameters to estimate the dry matter (activity data) of burnt residues fromproduction amount of each crop

Table 7.5-1 Parameter for activity data estimation
Residue toCrop Ratio a

Dry Matter
Fraction a

Fraction
Burnt inFields a, b

Fraction
Oxidized
duringCombustion a

Rice

1.4

0.83

0.25

0.9

Wheat

1.5 d

0.80 c0.25

0.9Millet1.2 d0.80 c

0.25

0.9

Soya

2.1

0.80 c

0.25

0.9

Maize

0.33 d

0.4

0.25

0.9

Potatoes

0.4

0.45

0.25

0.9

Jute

2.15 d0.80 c0.25

0.9

Cotton3.0 d0.80 c0.25

0.9

Groundnut

2.0 d0.80 c0.25

0.9

Sugarcane

0.1 e0.80 c0.25

0.9

Rapeseed andmustard

1.8 e

0.80 c0.25

0.9

Parameter

Crop typea: IPCC (1996) default values. Use locally determined factors where available.
b: The average proportion, between 0 (none) and 1 (all), of the residue burned in the fields.
c: Bhattacharya and Mitra (1998)
d: TIFAC (1991)
e: Tyagi (1989)* Table and notes are cited from GAP Forum Manual.

- 7-32 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7.5.1.3

Setting of emission factors

Table 7.5-2 to Table 7.5-4 show emission factors and parameters for the emission factors. When originalvalues of each country are available, those values should be used.
CO2 is calculated if emissions that get out of the annual balance, occur.
Table 7.5-2 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 1) (CO, NO2, NMVOC, SO2,
NH3)
Unit: kg/burnt dry matter ton
Parameter
CO a

NO2 a

NMVOC f

SO2 g

NH3 j

Rice h

58.9

2.4

6.3

0.3

2.4

Wheat h

66.7

2.3

5.5 i

0.5

2.4

Millet

63.0

2.9

9

0.48

1.3

Soya

63.0

8.9

9

0.48

1.3

Maize h

38.8

1.8

4.5

0.2

2.4

Potatoes

59.2

6.7

9

0.48

1.3

Jute

63.0

2.7

9

0.48

1.3

Cotton

63.0

2.7

9

0.48

1.3

Groundnut

63.0

2.7

9

0.48

1.3

Sugarcane

63.0

2.7

9

0.48

1.3

Rapeseedandmustard

63.0

2.7

9

0.48

1.3

Barley h

98.7

2.7

11.7

0.1

2.4

Crop typea: IPCC (1996) default values. Use locally determined factors where available.
f: US EPA (1995) default for unspecified crops unless otherwise indicatedg: Reddy and Venkataraman (2002) unless otherwise indicatedh : EMEP/EEA Guidebook, emission factors for the crop
i: Mean of US EPA (1995) defaults for headfire burning (6.5 kg NMVOC/Tons) and backfire burning(4.5 kg NMVOC/Tons)
j: Value given by Andeae and Merlet (2001) for agricultural residues unless otherwise indicated* Table and notes are cited from GAP Forum Manual, and the emission factors for CO and NO2 are
calculated using the default values.
The emission factors for SO2 and NMVOC were modified because they were not correct. The emission
factors for Rice, Wheat and Maize are changed to the latest figure in EMEP/EEA Guidebook. The
emission factor for Barley is added.

- 7-33 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.5-3 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 2) (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC)
Unit: kg/burnt dry matter ton
Parameter
TSP k

PM10 k

PM2.5 k

BC l

OC l

Rice h

5.8

5.8

5.5

0.69

3.3

Wheat h

5.8

5.7

5.4

0.69

3.3

Millet

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Soya

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Maize h

6.3

6.2

6.0

0.69

3.3

Potatoes

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Jute

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Cotton

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Groundnut

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Sugarcane

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Rapeseedandmustard

4.85

4.85

3.88

0.69

3.3

Barley h

7.8

7.7

7.4

0.69

3.3

Crop typeh: EMEP/EEA Guidebook, emission factors for the crop
k: Values from Reddy and Venkataraman (2002) and PM2.5/TSP ratio of 0.80 is used and PM2.5/PM10 ratio of
1.0 is assumed
l: Tami C. Bond et al. (2004)

Table 7.5-4 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 3) (CO2, CH4, N2O)
Unit: kg/burnt dry matter ton

Agricultural Residues

CO2

CH4

N2O

1515±177

2.7

0.07

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines- 7-34 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7.5.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

It can be assumed that burning of agricultural residues is carried out after harvesting in general. Hence, theharvest period needs to be identified through interview survey and the emissions are basically distributed tothat period.

2.

Spatial distribution

The estimation method for activity data on burning of agricultural residues is based on crop production.
Therefore, the basic policy is to distribute the amount produced of each crop in each province or country tocropland.

- 7-35 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 7.5-1 Results of calculation of emissions of air pollutants from field burning of agricultural
wastes in Vietnam
The emissions of air pollutants from field burning of agricultural wastes in Vietnam are calculated as
below.
First, annual production of each crop is obtained from statistics in Vietnam as in Table 7.5-5.

Table 7.5-5 Annual production of agricultural crops in Vietnam
Annualproduction

Unit

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Rice

1000 tons

36,14935,83335,85035,94338,725

Soya

1000 tons

246

293

259

275

269

Maize

1000 tons

3,431

3,787

3,855

4,303

4,531

Jute

1000 tons

13

13

11

26

9

Cotton1000 tons

28

34

29

16

7

Groundnut

1000 tons

469

489

463

510

534

Sugarcane1000 tons

115,649

14,94916,72017,397

16,128Source: Vietnam statistical yearbook

NH3 emission amount of Vietnam in 2008 is estimated as follows.
Various parameters to calculate amounts of agricultural residues from annual production of each cropused in Table 7.5-1.
The emission factors for field burning of agricultural wastes used are shown in Table 7.5-2.
Table 7.5-6 shows the result of the emission calculation for NH3 coming from field burning ofagricultural wastes of Vietnam in 2008 based on the above conditions.

Table 7.5-6 Results of calculation of emissions of NH3 from field burning of agricultural wastes inVietnamFraction
Burnedin Fields

Fraction
Oxidized
duringCombustion

NH3
emissionfactor(kg/tonbiomassburned)NH3
emission(ton/year)

0.83

0.25

0.9

2.4

24,299.23

0.8

0.25

0.9

1.3

131.99activity
data 2008(thousandtons)

Residueto Crop
Ratio

Dry
MatterFraction

Rice38,725.1

1.4

Soya

268.6

2.1

- 7-36 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Maize

4,531.2

0.33

0.4

0.25

0.9

2.4

322.98

Jute

8.8

2.15

0.8

0.25

0.9

1.3

4.43

Cotton

6.9

3

0.8

0.25

0.9

1.3

4.84

Groundnut

533.8

2

0.8

0.25

0.9

1.3

249.82

Sugarcane

16,128.0

0.1

0.8

0.25

0.9

1.3

377.407.5.2

Detailed method

7.5.2.1

Emission estimation method outline

The emission estimation method itself is the same as in the simple method. The main points for refinement are
explained below.

7.5.2.2

Activity data estimation

The activity data is “dry matter of burnt agricultural residues by crop.” The data is estimated from annual
production of each crop using parameter for each crop shown in Table 7.5-1.
“Fraction of residue burnt in fields (BFi)” is assumed to the most uncertain among the parameters. It iseffective to carry out interview surveys on whether a specific crop is used for a specific purpose other thanbeing cleared by burning in fields.

7.5.2.3

Setting of emission factor

Emission factors described in many manuals, guidelines, and documents are listed as emission of air pollutant
per dry matter of burnt residues of each crop. For that reason, use of emission factor for crop type actually
produced leads to refinement of emission factor.
In particular, USEPA AP-42 lists emission factors of many crop types and differences in burning techniques
for certain crops are taken into consideration.
The burning technique here means Headfire Burning and Backfire Burning. The Headfire Burning is atechnique in which fire is opened in the windward of a field where burning operation is to be conducted andburning proceeds in the leeward direction. In the Backfire Burning, fire is opened in the leeward of the field
and burning is forcefully moved in the windward direction.
Table 7.5-7 to Table 7.5-9 show emission factors in USEPA AP-42.

- 7-37 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.5-7 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 4)
Unit: kg/burnt dry matter ton
TSP

CO

CH4

NMVOC

11

58

2.7

9

Asparagus

20

75

10

33

Barley

11

78

2.2

7.5

Corn

7

54

2

6

Cotton

4

88

0.7

2.5

Grasses

8

50

2.2

7.5

Pineapple

4

56

1

3

Rice

4

41

1.2

4

Safflower

9

72

3

10

Sorghum

9

38

1

3.5

Sugar cane

2.3 - 3.5

30 - 41

0.6 - 2

2-6

Field Crops (Unspecified)
Burning techniques not significant

Source: AP-42- 7-38 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.5-8 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 5)
Unit: kg/burnt dry matter ton
TSP

CO

CH4

NMVOC

Alfalfa

23

53

4.2

14

Bean (red)

22

93

5.5

18

Hay (wild)

16

70

2.5

8.5

Oats

22

68

4

13

Pea

16

74

4.5

15

Wheat

11

64

2

6.5

Alfalfa

14

60

4.5

14

Bean (red)

7

72

3

10

Hay (wild)

8

75

2

6.5

Oats

11

68

2

7

Wheat

6

54

1.3

4.5

Vine Crops

3

26

0.8

3

Unspecified

8

42

1.5

4.5

Russian thistle (tumbleweed)

11

154

0.2

0.8

Tales (wild reeds)

3

17

3.2

10

Headfire Burning

Backfire Burning

Weeds

Source: AP-42- 7-39 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 7.5-9 Emission factors for burning of agricultural residues (Part 6)
Unit: kg/burnt dry matter ton
TSP

CO

CH4

NMVOC

Unspecified

3

26

1.2

4

Almond

3

23

1

3

Apple

2

21

0.5

1.5

Apricot

3

24

1

3

Avocado

10

58

3.8

12

Cherry

4

22

1.2

4

Citrus (orange, lemon)

3

40

1.5

5

Date palm

5

28

0.8

3

Fig

4

28

1.2

4

Nectarine

2

16

0.5

1.5

Orchard Crops

Source: AP-42

7.5.2.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

The temporal change can be made more detailed through the implementation of interview surveys to find out
months and times in which agricultural wastes from harvesting are cleared.

2.

Spatial distribution

Statistics on total amount produced by crop at a more local level (municipal level rather than province or
national level) help to refine the spatial distribution. But actually the most effective information for refinementof spatial distribution may be the GIS data on agricultural land. It is valid to distribute emissions of air
pollutants at national level or province level to cropland in the region.
Regarding forest fires described hereinafter, use of satellite data has been tested due to large fire spreading area,
but field burning of agricultural residues is too small a size to use the satellite data.

- 7-40 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

8 Estimating emissions of air pollutants coming from forest fires
8.1

Simple method

8.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

This chapter covers emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM (TSP, PM10, PM2.5, BC, and OC), CH4
and N2O from vegetation fires caused by change in land use, forest management, or accidental factors.
Conversions of forestry, forestland and grassland into cropland, intentional burn for fire management or forest
management and other vegetation fires that occur naturally due to man-induced accident or lightening are
included in this chapter. Savanna burnings are not included in this chapter because it is included as agriculturaloperation in Chapter 7 “Estimating emissions of air pollutants coming from agriculture activities.”
Many wood types, in particular, conifers, are important source of specified NMVOC. These are estimated in
Chapter 10 “Estimating emissions of air pollutants from natural sources”.
The emissions are calculated by multiplying the annual or monthly total area of forests burnt at national,
provincial or prefectural level with the biomass consumption and the emission factor.

8.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data is the annual or monthly total area of forests burnt at national, provincial or prefectural level.
The activity data should be obtained from statistics of the country. If the national statistic is not available, UN
statistics (for example, FAO State of the world’s forests 2003) may be used.
The general equation for estimating emission of each air pollutant and greenhouse gas from forest fires is asfollows:

ADwildfire = A × M B × C f ····································································································(8.1-1)
Where:
AD wildfire: activity data on wildfire (biomass combustion in wildfire) (tons)
A: area of wildfire (ha)MB: mass of fuel for combustion (tones ha-1). This includes biomass, underground litter and deadwood.
Cf: Combustion factor (dimensionless) (default values in Table 8.1-2)
Note: Where data for MB and Cf are not available, the default value for the amount of fuel actually burnt (theproduct of MB and Cf) can be used (Table 8.1-1).
The amount of fuel that can be burnt is given by the area burnt and the density of fuel present on that area. The
fuel density can include biomass, dead wood and litter. The amount of fuel available for combustion also
affects the type of fire.
The combustion factor is a measure of the proportion of the fuel that is actually combusted, which varies as afunction of the size and architecture of the fuel load (i.e., a smaller proportion of large, coarse fuel such as treestems will be burnt compared to fine fuels, such as grass leaves), the moisture content of the fuel and the typeof fire (i.e., intensity and rate of spread which is markedly affected by climatic variability and regional
differences as reflected in Table 8.1-2).
The estimation of the total area of forest fires is necessary. There are international databases for the annual
total area burnt by fires, but these databases do not provide reliable data on the area annually burnt in a

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

managed criteria in each country. It is good practice to develop assessment of national total area burnt and thenature of fires.
If the data on the total area burnt is not available from the national information sources, international data suchas “FAO State of the worlds forests 2003 Annex 2: Table 2” should be used. In the application of such data, it
should be assumed that “Mean annual forest cover change” is equal to “total forest area burnt.”(URL: http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y7581E/y7581e00.htm)

Table 8.1-1 Fuel biomass consumption in forest fires (Unit: tones dry matter/ha)
Vegetation
Primary tropicalforest (slash andburn)

Subcategory

FactorPrimary tropical forest

83.9

Primary open tropical forest
Primary tropical moist forest
Primary tropical dry forest
All primary tropical forests
Young secondary tropical forest(3-5 years)
Secondary tropicalIntermediate secondary tropicalforest (slash andforest (6-10 years)burn)
Advanced secondary tropicalforest (14-17 years)
All secondary tropical forests
All Tertiary tropical forest
Wildfire (general)
Crown fire
Boreal forest
Surface fire
Post logging slash burnLand clearing fire
All boreal forest
Wildfire
Prescribed fire - (surface)
Eucalypt forests
Post logging slash burnLand clearing fire
All Eucalypt forests
Wildfire
Other temperate
Post logging slash burnforests
Felled and burned (land-clearing
fire)
All “other” temperate forest
Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 2, Table 2.4- 8-2 -

163.6
160.4
119.6
8.1
41.1
46.4
42.2
54.1
52.8
25.1
21.6
69.6
87.5
41.0
53.0
16.0
168.4
132.6
69.4
19.8
77.5
48.4
50.4

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 8.1-2 Combustion factor values for forest fires (dimensionless)
Vegetation
Primary
tropicalforest (slash andburn)

Subcategory

FactorPrimary tropical forest

0.32

Primary open tropical forest
Primary tropical moist forest
Primary tropical dry forest
All primary tropical forests
Young secondary tropical forest(3-5 years)
Secondary tropicalIntermediate secondary tropicalforest (slash andforest (6-10 years)burn)
Advanced secondary tropicalforest (14-17 years)
All secondary tropical forests
All Tertiary tropical forest
Wildfire (general)
Crown fire
Boreal forest
Surface fire
Post logging slash burnLand clearing fire
All boreal forest
Wildfire
Prescribed fire - (surface)
Eucalypt forests
Post logging slash burnLand clearing fire
All Eucalypt forests
Post logging slash burnFelled and burned (land-clearing
fire)
All “other” temperate forest

0.45
0.50
0.36
0.46
0.67
0.50
0.55
0.59
0.40
0.43
0.15
0.33
0.59
0.33
0.61
0.68
0.49
0.63
0.62
0.51
0.45

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Volume 4, Chapter 2, Table 2.6

8.1.3

Setting of emission factors

The emission factors give the amount of a specific air pollutant and GHG per dry matter burnt which varies asa function of carbon content of biomass and completeness of combustion. Due to high nitrogen density,
emissions of nitrogen oxide and N2O from fires vary as a function of nitrogen content of fuel.
Table 8.1-4 to Table 8.1-6 show the emission factors for forest fires. The emission factors are based on
Andreae and Merlet (2001), and allocated to each vegetation according to the procedure in GAP Forum
Manual (Table 8.1-3).

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 8.1-3 Allocation of emission factor to each vegetation
Vegetation type
Tropical/subtropical forest (primary)Tropical/subtropical forest (secondary)
Tropical/subtropical grassland(excluding savanna burning)
Tropical pasture
Eucalypt forests
Other temperate forest
Scrubland (general)
Temperate grasslands
Boreal forest
PeatlandBoreal grasslands/ Tundra

Vegetation type by Andreae andMerletTropical Forest
Tropical Forest
Savanna and Grassland
Savanna and Grassland
Extratropical Forest
Extratropical Forest
Savanna and Grassland
Savanna and Grassland
Extratropical Forest
Extratropical Forest
Savanna and Grassland

Source: GAP Forum Manual, Table 7-1

Table 8.1-4 List of emission factors for air pollutants from forest fires (Part 1)
Unit: g/kg dry matter burnt
Vegetation

CO

SO2

NMVOC

NH3

0.57
0.57
0.35

NOx as
NO
1.6
1.6
3.9

Tropical/subtropical forest (primary)Tropical/subtropical forest (secondary)
Tropical/subtropical grassland(excluding savanna burning)
Tropical pasture
Eucalypt forests
Other temperate forest
Scrubland (general)
Temperate grasslands
Boreal forest
PeatlandBoreal grasslands/ Tundra

104
104
65

8.1
8.1
3.4

1.3
1.3
1.5

65
107
107
65
65
107
107
65

0.35
1.0
1.0
0.35
0.35
1.0
1.0
0.35

3.9
3.0
3.0
3.9
3.9
3.0
3.0
3.9

3.4
5.7
5.7
3.4
3.4
5.7
5.7
3.4

1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.5

Source: Andreae and Merlet, Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, 2001

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 8.1-5 List of emission factors for air pollutants from forest fires (Part 2)
Unit: g/kg dry matter burnt
Vegetation type
Tropical/subtropical forest (primary)Tropical/subtropical forest (secondary)
Tropical/subtropical grassland(excluding savanna burning)
Tropical pasture
Eucalypt forests
Other temperate forest
Scrubland (general)
Temperate grasslands
Boreal forest
PeatlandBoreal grasslands/ Tundra

TSP
10.5
10.5
8.3

PM2.5
9.1
9.1
5.4

BC
0.66
0.66
0.48

OC
5.2
5.2
3.4

8.3
17.6
17.6
8.3
8.3
17.6
17.6
8.3

5.4
13
13
5.4
5.4
13
13
5.4

0.48
0.56
0.56
0.48
0.48
0.56
0.56
0.48

3.4
8.6
8.6
3.4
3.4
8.6
8.6
3.4

Source: Andreae and Merlet, Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, 2001

Table 8.1-6 List of emission factors for GHG from forest fires
Unit: g/ kg dry matter burnt
Vegetation type
Tropical/subtropical forest (primary)Tropical/subtropical forest (secondary)
Tropical/subtropical grassland(excluding savanna burning)
Tropical pasture
Eucalypt forests
Other temperate forest
Scrubland (general)
Temperate grasslands
Boreal forest
PeatlandBoreal grasslands/ Tundra

CO2
1580
1580
1613

CH4
6.8
6.8
2.3

N2O
0.20
0.20
0.21

1613
1569
1569
1613
1613
1569
1569
1613

2.3
4.7
4.7
2.3
2.3
4.7
4.7
2.3

0.21
0.26
0.26
0.21
0.21
0.26
0.26
0.21

Source: Andreae and Merlet, Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, 2001

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

8.1.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution

8.1.4.1

Temporal change

When the annual total area of forest fires is obtained, the emissions are evenly distributed to each hour of theyear.
When the monthly total area of forest fires, the emissions are evenly distributed to each hour of the month.
When the daily total area of forest fires is obtained, the emissions are evenly distributed each hour of 24 hours
in a day.
When the hourly total area of forest fires, the emissions are evenly distributed to each hour according to it.

8.1.4.2

Spatial distribution

When only the national total area burnt in savanna is available, the following two methods may be used to
calculate spatial distribution.
1) Using the total area of forests in each mesh as distribution index, the national total area of forest fires
should be evenly distributed.
2) Using the total area of forests, which is at a level of administrative district more specific thanprovincial, prefectural and national levels, as distribution index, the total area of forest fires should beevenly distributed.

When the total area of forest fires is available at more specific level than province/prefecture and national
levels, either of the following two methods may be used to calculate spatial distribution.
3) Using the total area of forests in each mesh as distribution index, the provincial or prefectural total
area of forest fires should be evenly distributed.
4) When the total area of forests, which is at a level of administrative district more specific thanprovincial, prefectural and national levels, using that total area of forests as distribution index, thetotal area of forest fires is distributed.

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Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 8.1-1 Calculation example of emissions of air pollutant from forest fires in Vietnam
An example of the emission calculation for air pollutants from forest fires in Vietnam is shown below.
The data of total area of forest fires are obtained from Vietnam’s statistics as below. In Vietnam, the total
areas of forest fires in each province are available. From the statistics as of 2009, the data on the period
from 1995 to 2008 were available. The values for 2008 are the values for quick estimation.

Table 8.1-7 Total area of forest fires in Vietnam
1995

1996

1997

1998

WHOLE COUNTRYRed River Delta
Hà Nội
Hà TâyVĩnh Phúc
Bắc NinhQuảng NinhHải Dương
Hải Phòng
Hà NamNinh Bình

7457 4198.4 1750.2 19943.3
0
68.6
11.4
170.1
23.6
36
24.4
8.5
78.7

Northern midlands and mountain areas

679 2909.3
20
68
2
163

Hà Giang
Cao Bằng
Bắc Kạn
Tuyên Quang
Lào CaiYên Bái
Thái Nguyên
Lạng Sơn
Bắc Giang
Phú Thọ
Điện Biên
Lai ChâuSơn LaHoà Bình
North Central area and Central coastal area

Thanh HoáNghệ An
Hà TĩnhQuảng BìnhQuảng TrịThừa Thiên HuếĐà NẵngQuảng NamQuảng NgãiBình Định
Phú Yên
Khánh Hoà
Ninh Thuận
Bình Thuận
Central Highlands
Kon Tum
Gia LaiĐắk Lắk
Đắk Nông
Lâm ĐồngSouth EastBình Phước
Tây NinhBình Dương
Đồng Nai
Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu
TP.Hồ Chí Minh
Mekong River Delta
Long AnTiền GiangBến TreĐồng Tháp
An GiangKiên GiangCần Thơ
Hậu Giang
Sóc Trăng
Bạc Liêu
Cà Mau

2.9
2.4
18.2

1
30
250
12

}328.0
31
5
1842
1
28
2
32
31
38
2
8
26
31
1584
59
2344
58
475
}513.0

59.4
598
415
161
58.1
22.8
9
1080
275
208.9
20.2
36.5
16
16.5
38.7
0.1
10
1.6
10
18.9
40.4
618.3
408.3
16

19.5
1.6
21.3
3

23
28.3
4
737.9
48
10.9
7
154
27.5
34
24.7
45
23.8
107
23
190
43
179.4
45.7
42.9
34.8

2000

2001

29.5
1.5
2.3

41.7

1.6
5051 3282.5
193
243
177
30
30
260
387
44
258.7
20
6.7
2.8
78.4
240
2.1
40.7
16
12

507.9
6
47
10.2
2.1
92.6
3.4
2.7
268.2
5.8
2

270
2
15

117.3
113

377.7
3784
127.4
1195.1
50
156
74
39
202.8
95

333
1625
45
418.9
33.5
52
6

47.3
20.5
0.1
157.9
30
7.6
1

35.2
13.2

6.2
12

76.7

52
1246.1
373.5
481.6
52

10
4
17
147
36
33
32
211.4
108
33
14.4

339
2067.7
613
207.2

56
458.4
362
6

1298
520
25
202

194
373.7
3.7
51

235
58

251
68

56
313.6
35.6
32
31
57
158

1106
141.5

40
50.4

2072
205

19.6
2

314.2 10213.3
224

37
79

10
7.3

}

0.3

12
3.7
243
0.5

9.3
29
8653
31

8

5.5

57

1743

49.5

1210

2003

2.9
16.7
22
12.8
46.7
98
33
6
23

355.6
1.5
15.3

2.8

0.2
8.5
3.7
10
0.3

488.1

2
90.7
84.2
6

19.6
310
120

2002

4817 1045.9 1523.4 12333.5 5510.6
433.5
59.4
48.5
95.5
499.8
47.5
11
14.2
73
1
3
2
77
15.1
4
78.3
52.4
263
41
4

50.3
3.5

193.7
73
19
1

1999

1.5
15.7
237
51

301.5
126.8
104.1
18.6

563 2814.5
15.6
113.7
132.6
190.3
21.7
14.5
16
97.1
26.4
110
9.5
274.1
3.7
5
68.2
544
40.8
34.2
20.6
332
236.6
162.4
77
45.5
71
715
943
948.7
2.1
165.2
15.4
39.2
12.1
57
22.3
17
206.4
121
22.1
20.8
22.4
157
65
93.6
95.2
202
9
98
17
104
26.9
293
8
348.6
187.2
144.8
62.6
130
103.6
62

36
124.2
20.2
1.5
11
19.5
72

52
127.7

12.3

98.5
31

2
10.3

4
63

287.7 10137.1
1485
150
0.1
0.4
7.8
0.2
0.5
4069
1.8

23.3
5
52
47.4

11.8
246.3
16
52
23
119
36.3

2004

2005

2006

2007 Prel. 2008

4787 6829.3 2386.7 5136.4
460.1
195.7
441.8 979.2
91
7.7
32
10
12.6
6
0.5
1.1
42.6
11.5
22.5
24.9
0.9
295.3
162.7
363.1
916
11.5
4
21.5
24
2
1.7
2.2
0.7
1.2
3.9
1.2
2.5
1590.2 1980.4 1097.6
3059
8.8
66.5
335.3
97.8
144.3
64.9
73.9
75.8
37
3.4
9.7
4.9
58.2
32.1
51.9
82.6
6.5
28.7
8.9
43
27.9
190.1
149.3 709.2
45.7
3.5
30
21
163.9
85.8
137.6 251.8
20.1
17.2
48.4
59
6.1
8.9
22.7
13.9
839.2
876.9
34.2 151.8
114.1
156.4
153.7 360.2
72
238
40
1188
46.4
208
2
503.6 1285.4
461.8 328.9
37.9
24
13.8
23.3
126.5
108.5
27.9
31
132
63
65
2.8
80.9
5.7
17.1
33.3
282.1
26.4 137.1
223
50.7
53.4
6.6
48.2
136
33
7
6
7
19.5
25
19.7
62
62
8.2
23
80
70
23.6
25.8
45
5.5
9.4
10.6
259.2
2
19
1
524 1612.7
232.6 420.7
367.6 1483.3
178.4 249.9
22.2
27.4 158.6
25.2
52.4
2
83
9
9

21
26
68
121
97.6
355.8
42
7
58
11.4
55.1
263.4
15
11
19
24.3
18.5
9.3
24.8
5
5.8
3.5
1
0.3
939.4 1611.5 1399.3
102.2
484.6
553.5
50
272.2

17.8
38.3
23
6
2
6.7
0.5
0.1
114.6
24

4.9
13.6
1058
0.2

6.2
41.2
446

0.3

2.3
0.9

0.3

77

5

16.2
726

85

10.2
22.2
3
17.2
2

326.4
107
25.2
2.4
25
86.8

1677.3
166.3
54.1
7.8
17
76
8.2
3.2

425.3
16.3
28.4
12
20.4
2.9
26.7
11.1
208.4
8.8
2.5
3.2
84.4
0.2
593.7
17.8
34.2
100
16.6
162
70
0.9
27
13.7
11.2
125.3
15
98.2
24
62.9
3.9

7.4
86.9
65
14.7
1
5.6
0.6
306.9
28

179.8
87

0.1

287
0.5

- 8-7 -

4423

95

0.2

80

12

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 8.1-8 Total area of forest fires in Vietnam (biomass burnt)
1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Prel.
2008

37285020992087510

997165240850

52295

76175

61667527553024717034793512204526536087575

Red River Delta

0

3430

570

8505

21675

2970

2425

4775

24990

23005

9785

22090

48960

8315

Hà Nội
Hà TâyVĩnh Phúc
Bắc NinhQuảng NinhHải Dương
Hải Phòng
Hà NamNinh Bình

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1180
1220
0
0
0
120
910
0
0

0
0
425
0
145
0
0
0
0

1800
0
3935
0
0
2515
175
0
80

2375
50
3850
0
13150
2050
200
0
0

550
0
755
0
1475
75
115
0
0

0
0
200
0
2085
0
140
0
0

710
150
3915
0
0
0
0
0
0

3650
100
2620
0
17780
75
765
0
0

4550
630
2130
0
14765
575
100
60
195

385
300
575
45
8135
200
85
0
60

1600
25
1125
0
18155
1075
110
0
0

500
55
1245
0
45800
1200
35
0
125

2705
0
390
850
3800
410
160
0
0

33950

1454659685

252550164125

25395

13500

28150

140725

79510

99020

54880

152950

21265

1000
100
0
50
1500
12500
600
0
0
0
0
16400
1550
250

3400
8150
0
2970
29900
20750
8050
2905
1140
450
0
54000
0
13750

3650
950
50
0
0
975
80
1065
150
0
0
1150
1415
200

9650
8850
1500
0
0
12935
335
3920
105
800
0
18885
189200
6370

12150
1500
13000
19350
2200
1000
140
12000
2035
600
0
16650
81250
2250

300
2350
510
105
4630
170
135
13410
290
100
0
2365
1025
5

100
750
0
10
0
425
185
500
0
15
0
5865
5650
0

780
6630
1085
800
1320
475
185
3410
2040
1030
0
8120
2275
0

5685
9515
725
4855
5500
13705
250
27200
1710
16600
11830
3850
3550
35750

440
7215
1850
2910
325
1395
2285
8195
1005
305
41960
5705
3600
2320

3325
3245
170
1605
1435
9505
175
4290
860
445
43845
7820
11900
10400

16765
3695
485
2595
445
7465
1500
6880
2420
1135
1710
7685
2000
100

4890
3790
245
4130
2150
35460
1050
12590
2950
695
7590
18010
59400
0

815
1420
600
1020
145
1335
555
10420
440
125
160
4220
10
0

WHOLE COUNTRY

Northern midlands and mountain areas

Hà Giang
Cao Bằng
Bắc Kạn
Tuyên Quang
Lào CaiYên Bái
Thái Nguyên
Lạng Sơn
Bắc Giang
Phú Thọ
Điện Biên
Lai ChâuSơn LaHoà Bình

92100

10445

36895

59755

20945

7895

24405

47150

47435

51380

144905

34720

37480

34595

Thanh HoáNghệ An
Hà TĩnhQuảng BìnhQuảng TrịThừa Thiên HuếĐà NẵngQuảng NamQuảng NgãiBình Định
Phú Yên
Khánh Hoà
Ninh Thuận
Bình Thuận

50
0
1400
100
1600
1550
0
1900
100
400
1300
1550
79200
2950

1010
1825
800
0
825
1935
0
5
500
80
500
945
0
2020

2400
545
0
350
7700
1375
1700
1235
2250
1190
5350
1150
9500
2150

2500
7800
3700
1950
10140
4750
0
3835
0
980
15500
6000
0
2600

1675
2600
300
0
1760
660
0
500
200
850
7350
1800
1650
1600

1500
380
50
0
310
600
0
0
145
835
1100
640
0
2335

0
0
100
4535
4210
0
300
0
75
785
11850
2550
0
0

105
770
605
1115
10320
1105
0
7850
4680
10100
4900
5200
0
400

8260
1960
2850
850
6050
1040
1120
3250
4760
450
850
1345
14650
0

1895
1165
1550
140
1665
11150
2410
300
985
1150
1290
530
950
26200

1200
6325
6600
4045
14105
2535
6800
350
3100
4000
2250
12960
0
80635

690
5425
3150
285
1320
2670
1650
975
3100
3500
275
0
50
11630

0
1395
3250
855
6855
330
350
1250
410
1180
470
100
0
21035

890
1710
5000
830
8100
3500
45
1350
685
560
6265
0
750
4910

Central Highlands

North Central area and Central coastal area

117200

30915

8970

62305

10570

4900

15075

17430

9360

7820

6470

2710

8540

3710

Kon Tum
Gia LaiĐắk Lắk
Đắk Nông
Lâm Đồng

2900
23750
25650
0
64900

0
20415
800
0
9700

2285
2145
1740
0
2800

18675
24080
2600
0
16950

5400
1650
720
0
2800

1650
300
1150
0
1800

6340
5205
930
0
2600

7240
6500
3100
0
590

3130
5180
0
0
1050

1110
1260
4150
0
1300

0
2620
450
0
3400

1370
0
450
0
890

7930
100
0
0
510

3145
195
0
0
370

South East

26000

18685

15680

103385

22920

6210

6385

12315

6050

4880

17790

1915

1110

4345

1250
10100
0
11750
2900
0

185
2550
0
12550
3400
0

1780
1600
1550
2850
7900
0

30650
10360
0
55300
7075
0

18100
300
0
2000
2520
0

1010
75
550
975
3600
0

0
1165
250
2600
2370
0

800
2600
1150
5950
1815
0

2100
570
750
1215
1240
175

350
2755
550
925
250
50

2900
13170
950
465
290
15

1150
300
100
335
25
5

150
860
100
0
0
0

3250
735
50
0
280
30

Mekong River Delta

103600980

15710

510665

615

4925

14385

506855

46970

80575

69965

5730

16320

15345

Long AnTiền GiangBến TreĐồng Tháp
An GiangKiên GiangCần Thơ
Hậu Giang
Sóc Trăng
Bạc Liêu
Cà Mau

10250
0
0
1850
3950
0
0
0
400
0
87150

100
0
0
500
365
0
15
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
600
185
12150
25
0
275
0
2475

11200
0
0
465
1450
432650
1550
0
2850
0
60500

0
0
0
100
515
0
0
0
0
0
0

1550
0
0
200
3150
0
0
0
0
0
25

0
0
5
20
10
0
0
0
0
14350
0

74250
7500
0
390
25
20345090000221150

5110
0
0
0
810
36300
0
0
0
0
4750

24230
2500
0
245
680
52900
10
0
0
0
10

27675
13610
0
310
2060
22300
0
115
45
0
3850

1200
0
0
15
0
4250
0
15
0
0
250

5350
1260
0
120
1250
4340
0
0
0
0
4000

1400
0
0
8990
4350
0
0
5
0
0
600

Bình Phước
Tây NinhBình Dương
Đồng Nai
Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu
TP.Hồ Chí Minh

Emission factors for forest fires in Vietnam are set as in Table 8.1-9
Table 8.1-9 Emission factors set in Vietnam for forest fires

Other temperate forest

SO2

NOx

CO

NMV
OC

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

NH3

1

4.6

107

5.7

17.6

17.6

13

1.4

- 8-8 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Below is an example of the results of calculation of air pollutant emissions from forest fires in Vietnam.
In Vietnam, the provincial total area of forest fires (Table 8.1-7 and Table 8.1-8) has been reported in
the statistics. Using the total amount of biomass burnt per unit area in Table 8.1-3 and the emission
factors (Table 8.1-9), emissions during the period of 1995 to 2008 are calculated (Table 8.1-10 to Table
8.1-12).

Table 8.1-10 Air pollutant emissions from forest fires in Vietnam
National total in Vietnam

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Biomass burnt (ton/year)

372,850

209,920

87,510997,165

240,850

SOx emissions (ton/year)

372.85209.9787.58

997.22240.87NOx emissions (ton/year)

1,715.11

965.64402.584,586.97

1,107.92

CO emissions (ton/year)

39,894.95

22,461.49

9,363.64

106,696.71

25,770.97

NMVOC emissions(ton/year)

2,125.32

1,196.59

498.895,683.91

1,372.91

PM10 emissions (ton/year)

6,562.16

3,694.59

1,540.17

17,550.12

4,238.96

PM2.5 emissions (ton/year)

4,847.05

2,729.01

1,137.70

12,963.20

3,131.07

NH3 emissions (ton/year)

521.99293.90122.54

1,396.05

337.20

Table 8.1-11 Air pollutant emissions from forest fires in Vietnam

National total in Vietnam

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Biomass burnt (ton/year)

52,29576,175

616,675

275,530

247,170

SOx emissions (ton/year)

52.37

76.23

616.73275.58247.26

NOx emissions (ton/year)

240.59350.41

2,836.70

1,267.47

1,137.03

CO emissions (ton/year)

5,595.64

8,150.78

65,984.28

29,481.76

26,447.28

NMVOC emissions(ton/year)

298.15434.233,515.09

1,570.61

1,408.92

PM10 emissions (ton/year)

920.41

1,340.69

10,853.47

4,849.34

4,350.21

PM2.5 emissions (ton/year)

679.91990.338,016.83

3,581.94

3,213.30

NH3 emissions (ton/year)

73.24

106.66863.38385.74346.02- 8-9 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 8.1-12 Air pollutant emissions from forest fires in Vietnam

National total in Vietnam

2005

2006

2007

2008

Biomass burnt (ton/year)

347,935

122,045

265,360

87,575SOx emissions (ton/year)

348.05122.15265.4187.64

NOx emissions (ton/year)

1,600.54

561.44

1,220.67

402.86

CO emissions (ton/year)

37,229.16

13,058.92

28,393.57

9,370.59

NMVOC emissions(ton/year)

1,983.27

695.681,512.58

499.20PM10 emissions (ton/year)

6,123.67

2,147.99

4,670.35

1,541.33

PM2.5 emissions (ton/year)

4,523.27

1,586.69

3,449.73

1,138.54

NH3 emissions (ton/year)

487.12170.90371.50122.60

8.2

Detailed method

8.2.1

Outline of emission estimation method

The detailed method uses a bottom-up emission estimation method.
Emissions are calculated using satellite data as below:
1) Extract fire points from the satellite image data (data A).
2) Obtain land use classification data by mesh and etc. in the relevant area (nation, province and other)(data B).
3) Overlay the data A and the data B to identify fire points in the area where the land use is forest. Only
these points are deemed as forest fire and the total area of forest fires is calculated.
4) These analyses are carried out during the period subject to the inventory. Annual total of area of forest
fires is calculated for each country or province. (data C)5) Estimate the area of forest fires from other national statistics and so on (data D).
6) Cross-check the data C using the data D. The data C tend to underestimate compared to the data D
because satellite imaging normally can not observe all the ground surfaces for 24 hours a day for 365
days of a year due to clouds and intervals in observation by the satellite. The area of forest fires that isunderestimated should be uniformly distributed to the hours and areas that could not be observed due
to clouds and other reasons.

- 8-10 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

7) When the data C overestimates compared with the data D, the overestimated area of forest fires should
be uniformly eliminated from the data C. In such case, it is considered that fires did not occur during
the hours and in areas that were not observed due to clouds and other reasons forest.
8) Using the total area of forest fires calculated above as activity data, emissions are calculated bymultiplying the activity data with an emission factor.

8.2.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data are the total area of each forest fire obtained from satellite image and the total area of forest
fires obtained through correction.

8.2.3

Setting of emission factors

The emission factors from US-EPA are refined by phase of fire and other factors (Table 8.2-1).

- 8-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 8.2-1 Emission factors for air pollutants from forest fires (Part 3)
Unit: kg / dry matter burned
Fire/Fuel
Phase1)
Configuration
Broadcast logging slash
HardwoodF
S
Fire
Conifer
Short needle
F
S
FireLong needle
F
S
Fire
Logging slash debris
Dozer piled coniferF
No mineral soil
S
FireS
10 to 30 % Mineral soil
25 % organic soil
S
Range fire
Juniper slash
Fire2)
Sagebrush
Fire2)
Chaparral shrub
Fcommunities
S
Fire
Line fire
ConiferLong needle (pine) Heading
Backing
Palmetto/gallberry Heading
Backing
Fire
Chaparral
Heading
Grasslands
Fire

CO

CH4

NMVOC

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Mix
Ratio

44
146
112

2.1
8.0
6.1

3.8
7.7
6.4

13
20
18

7
14
12

6
13
11

0.33
0.67
-

72
226
175
45
166
126

2.3
7.2
5.6
1.5
7.7
5.7

2.1
4.2
3.5
1.7
5.4
4.2

12
19
17
9
25
20

8
15
13
6
17
13

7
14
12
6
16
13

0.33
0.67
0.33
0.67
-

28
116
37
200
250

1.0
8.7
1.8
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

5
14
6
25
35

4
7
4
ND
ND

4
6
4
ND
ND

0.90
0.10
ND
ND

82
103
56
133
101

6.0
6.2
1.7
6.4
4.5

5.2
6.9
8.2
15.6
12.5

14
23
16
23
20

10
15
8
13
11

9
13
7
12
10

42
58
-

200
125
150
100
ND
62
75

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.8
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3.5
0

50
20
17
15
ND
15
10

40
20
15
15
8 - 22
9
10

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
8
ND

62
75

1) F: flaming, S: smoldering, Fire: weighted average of mix ratio of F and S
2) The values for Fire are used because of uncertain weighted average rate due to short and severe
combustion phase.
Source: AP-42, 13.1 Wildfire and Prescribed Burning, Table 13.1-3

8.2.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution

8.2.4.1

Temporal change

The temporal change relies on temporal change of the satellite data.

- 8-12 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

In general, the start time and end time of a forest fire in each hotspot in the satellite image are checked andused as inventory. When the start and end times are not known due to clouds, the hour in the middle of thehours before and after that can be specified are used as the start and end times.
As a simpler method, a sample survey may be carried out for each hotspot to obtain average duration of forest
fire, and the average duration may be applied to each hotspot.
When the area of a forest fire, which is obtained from the satellite image, is underestimated and the area ofother forest fires (area of forest fire other than the area of forest fire obtained from the satellite image) needs tobe calculated, the temporal change is evenly distributed to each hour of the year.

8.2.4.2

Spatial distribution

The spatial distribution relies on spatial resolution of satellite image data and land use classification data foreach mesh.
The spatial distribution of the area of forest fires is identified based on the location information of hotspots thatare classified as forest in land use for each mesh. Unlike temporal change, there is no simpler method to
calculate spatial distribution.
When it is assumed that forest fires are taking place in the areas much larger than the areas of forest fires
obtained from the satellite image, the spatial distribution is to be appropriately distributed to points that can not
be observed due to clouds but field burning might take place.
But when the total area of forest fires confirmed in the satellite image is underestimated and the other area offorest fires needs to be calculated, the spatial distribution the other area may be evenly distributed to the total
area of a country, province or prefecture.

- 8-13 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

9 Estimating emissions of air pollutants from the treatment anddisposal of waste
9.1

Targets of estimation

The category of the estimation in the treatment and disposal of waste sector is classified into the following
categories using 2006 IPCC Guidelines as reference: “Solid waste disposal”, “Biological treatment”,“Incineration”, “Wastewater treatment” and “Others.” Each of these categories is further classified into
subcategories of solid waste disposal (landfill and etc. at a waste disposal site), biological treatment(composting and etc.), incineration by incinerators and open burning, waste water treatment, and others (manmade source and wild animals).
Among these, generation sources that are sources of the air pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3 andPM) are estimated. That is, main emission sources are incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW), otherindustrial waste and commercial waste, and other burning (open burning in several countries in particular).
The targets of estimation include the above air pollutants and greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O).
Landfill of wastes and waste water treatment both generate greenhouse gases such as CH4 and N2O, but are notimportant emission source of other air pollutants. For calculation of CH4 and N2O emissions from thesesources, 2006 IPCC Guidelines should be referred. Storage of excreta in toilets (outside portable toilets) isoften an important emission source of NH3.

- 9-1 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.1-1 Emission source category of air pollutants in the waste sector and the subject material
category

Subcategory

SOx

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

CO2

CH4

N2O

NA

NA

NA

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

IPCC

IPCC

Compost

NE

NA

NA

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

IPCC

IPCC

Sludge

NE

NA

NA

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

IPCC

IPCC

Incinerators

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Open burning

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

Small incinerators andothers

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

NA

NA

NA

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

IPCC

IPCC

Man-induced source

NA

NA

NA

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

NE

Wild animal

NA

NA

NA

NE

○

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

NE

○

NE

Solid waste disposal
Biological treatment

Incineration

Waste water treatment
OthersNote: “IPPC” indicates categories that the emissions must be calculated in 2006 IPCC Guidelines.
“NE” is “Not Estimated”, “NA” is “Not Applicable.”- 9-2 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

9.2

Solid waste disposal

9.2.1

Simple method

9.2.1.1 Outline of emission estimation method
Landfill gas from landfill sites contains NMVOC. CH4 from solid waste landfills shall be estimated using 2006
IPCC Guidelines. N2O from solid waste landfill is not estimated according to 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

9.2.1.2 Estimation of activity data
For landfill sites, the amount of landfill gas is required. This can be obtained from national statistics andstatistics on waste. 2006 IPCC Guidelines specify detailed estimation method of the activity data and thisguideline comply with them.

9.2.1.3 Setting of emission factors
The emission factor is shown in Table 9.2-1.

Table 9.2-1 Emission factor for landfill site
Subcategory

Landfill site

Technology identification

Air pollutant

Landfill gas

NMVOC

emissionfactor
5.65

Unitg/m3 landfill gas

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

9.2.1.4 Temporal change and spatial distribution
1.

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

9.2.2

Detailed method

This category has no detailed method.

9.3

Biological treatment

9.3.1

Simple method

9.3.1.1 Outline of emission estimation method
NH3 is emitted from compost production and sludge.

- 9-3 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

9.3.1.2 Estimation of activity data
For compost, the amount of organic wastes composted is comprehended. For sludge, the amount of sludge isused. These data are collected from national statistics and waste statistics. 2006 IPCC Guidelines specify
detailed calculation procedures of the activity data, and the procedures of this guideline comply with them.

9.3.1.3 Setting of emission factors
The emission factors are shown inTable 9.3-1 .

Table 9.3-1 Emission factors for biological treatment
Subcategory

Emissionfactor

Unit

NH3

0.24

kg/Mg organic waste

NH3

0.50

g/kg NH3 in the sludge

Technology identification

Air pollutant

CompostCompost production

SludgeSludge spreading

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

9.3.1.4
1.

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

9.3.2

Detailed method

This category has no detailed method.

9.4

Incineration

9.4.1

Simple method

9.4.1.1 Outline of emission estimation method
The simple method covers wastes such as “municipal waste”, “Industrial waste”, and “medical waste.”
Below are the calculation procedures for air pollutants from waste incineration:
1) Collect the activity data and data on the emission factors.
2) The activity data is the amount of wastes incinerated. 9.4.1.2 describes the calculation procedures for
activity data.
3) Set an emission factor for each waste type and incinerator type. 9.4.1.3 shows the default emission
factors.

- 9-4 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

4) Estimate the emissions of a pollutant by multiplying the total amount of incinerated wastes byincinerator type (including open burning) with the emission factor.
The calculation formula is the equation below. Attention should be paid that the activity data is the total
amount of wastes incinerated.

Emissions = ∑ (IWi × EFi ) ······························································································(9.4-1)
iWhere:
Emissions are the emissions of air pollutant during the inventory calculation period;
i is the type of waste and incinerator;
IWi is the total amount of type i waste incinerated (Gg/year);
EFi is the emission factor for type i (kg per ton waste incinerated).
The emissions from other small-scale incineration of wastes (ex. Incineration of various biomass residues andfires) are calculated in “9.4.2 Detailed method”.

- 9-5 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 9.4-1 Results of the estimation of air pollutant emissions from wastes in Vietnam
Table 9.4-1 shows the results of the estimation of air pollutant emissions from wastes in Vietnam. The
emissions were calculated by multiplying the activity data with the emission factor. The activity data andthe emission factors are shown in the below article.

Table 9.4-1 Results of emission calculation of waste disposal
Unit (ton/year)

2003

2004

2005

200

2007

2008

SOx emission

396

401

407

412

417

423

NOx emission

2,313

2,343

2,374

2,405

2,437

2,469

CO emission

32,20532,62933,05933,49533,93734,384NMVOC emission

11,49911,65011,804

11,95912,117

12,277

6,162

6,243

6,325

6,409

6,493

6,579

BC emission

3,253

3,296

3,339

3,383

3,428

3,473

OC emission

344

348

353

358

362

367

NH3 emission
TSP emission
PM10 emission
PM2.5 emission

9.4.1.2

Estimation of activity data

The activity data, which is the total amounts of incinerated waste, are estimated as follows;

Table 9.4-2 Calculation procedures for total amount of waste incinerated
Calculation process

Note1) Collect data on the amount of waste.

Wastes are municipal waste, industrial waste, and medical waste.

2) If no data on the amount of municipal
waste is available, the amount ofmunicipal waste is estimated from the
population of the country.

The estimation is a product of MSW generation rate per person(the default value for each country is in Annex 2A.1 of the 5thvolume “Waste” in 2006 IPCC Guidelines) and the population.

3) Estimate the proportion of themunicipal waste incinerated.

Annex2A.1 in 2006 IPCC Guidelines shows data on several
countries, but for majority of the developing countries, for which
there are no data by country, 5% is considered to be appropriate as- 9-6 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

the default value.
4) If no data is available for the amounts
of industrial waste and medical waste,
use 2006 IPCC Guidelines for
estimation.

The estimation should be conducted according to ”2.2.3 Industrial
waste” in Waste section of 2006 IPCC Guidelines.

5) Estimate the proportion of theindustrial waste incinerated.

In this guideline, the default value is set as 5%, which is the default
value for municipal waste.

6) Estimate the amount of waste
incinerated for each incineration type.

Estimate the amount of waste incinerated for each processing type.
There is no default value because the values are unique to therelevant country and region.

7) Estimate the amount of waste
incinerated by open burning.

When appropriate incinerators seem to be unavailable, all the waste
incinerated and considered burnt by open burning.

- 9-7 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 9.4-2 Data on total waste amount in Vietnam
As the data on total waste amounts in Vietnam, only the figures for 2003 were available as below.

Table 9.4-3 Activity data for waste disposal
2003

Municipal waste

Non-toxic industrial waste

Toxic industrial waste

Hospital waste

Municipal

6,400,000

Province

6,400,000

Total

12,800,000

Municipal

1,740,000

Province

770,000

Total

2,510,000

Municipal

126,000

Province

2,400

Total

128,400

Municipal
Province
Total

Source: The World Bank: "Vietnam Environment Monitor 2004 Solid Waste"- 9-8 -

21,500Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 9.4-3 Estimation of the total waste amount in Vietnam
Only the figures in 2003 are available for data on the total amount of wastes in Vietnam. Therefore, the total
waste amounts of other years were calculated using the population increase rate as index. The data on the
population of Vietnam is as below.

Table 9.4-4 Data on demographic change in Vietnam

National
population ofVietnam

Population

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

80,746,369

81,810,818

82,889,300

83,981,998

85,089,10

86,210,800

Statisticalvalue

Statisticalvalue

Statisticalvalue

Statisticalvalue

Statisticalvalue

Statisticalvalue

Source: Vietnam statistics yearbook

Assuming the increase rate of the population as the increase rate of total amount of wastes, the totals of wastes
are estimated as below.

Table 9.4-5 Activity data on waste disposal

Municipal
waste

Non-toxic
industrial
waste

Toxic
industrial
waste

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Municipal

6,400,000

6,484,369

6,569,850

6,656,458

6,744,207

6,833,114

Province

6,400,000

6,484,369

6,569,850

6,656,458

6,744,207

6,833,114

Total

12,800,000

12,968,738

13,139,700

13,312,916

13,488,414

13,666,228

Municipal

1,740,000

1,762,938

1,786,178

1,809,724

1,833,581

1,857,753

Province

770,000

780,151

790,435

800,855

811,412822,109Total

2,510,000

2,543,089

2,576,613

2,610,579

2,644,993

2,679,862

Municipal

126,000

127,661

129,344

131,049

132,777

134,527

Province

2,400

2,432

2,464

2,496

2,529

2,562

Total

128,400

130,093

131,808

133,545

135,306

137,089

21,50021,78322,071

22,362

22,656

22,955

Municipal
Hospital
wastesProvince
Total- 9-9 -

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Assumed that 5% of total amount of generated municipal wastes and non-toxic industrial wastes are burnt by
open burning; toxic wastes are not burnt; 50% of hospital wastes are incinerated according to The World Bank:"Vietnam Environment Monitor 2004 Solid Waste."9.4.1.3 Setting of emission factors
Table 9.4-6 shows emission factors for each waste type and each incinerator type.

Table 9.4-6 List of emission factors for waste disposal
Emission factors (kg per ton waste incinerated)
SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOC

NH3 d

PM10c

PM2.5

--Mass burn refractory wall

1.73

1.23

0.685

0.02 e012.6---Modular excess air

1.73

1.24

-

-

0

12.6

-

--Modular starved air

1.61

1.58

0.15

-

0

1.72

-

--Refuse-derived fuel-fired

1.95

2.51

0.96

-

0

34.8

-

--Trench

1.25

-

-

-

0

18.5

-

--Open burning

0.5

3

42

3.34

0

19

17.4

--Multiple chamber

1.25

1.5

5

1.5 b

0

3.5

-

--Single chamber

1.25

1

10

75 b

0

7.5

-

Waste/Incinerator Type
Municipal Wastes:

Industrial/commercial:

Source: GAP Forum Manuala

US EPA (1995) uncontrolled defaults unless otherwise indicatedbIncludes methanecFactors for PM10 not given by US EPA (1995); for default assume = TSP factord

EMEP/CORINAIR (2004) - assume negligiblee

EMEP/CORINAIR (2004) uncontrolled default- No factor available- 9-10 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

For emission factors of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and N2O, Table 5.2 (CO2) (Table 9.4-7 of thisguideline), Table 5.3 (CH4) (Table 9.4-8 of this guideline) and Tables 5.4 to 5.6 (N2O) (Table 9.4-9 to Table
9.4-11 of this guideline) in Chapter 5 of “Volume 5: Waste” in 2006 IPCC Guidelines are used.

Table 9.4-7 CO2 emission factors for waste incineration and open burning (Default value)
Industrial
waste
(%)

Clinical
Waste(%)

SewageSludge(%)

Fossilliquidwaste(%)

Dry matter content in % of
wet weight

NA

NA

NA

NA

Total carbon content in %of dry weight

50

60

40 - 5080

Fossil carbon fraction in %of total carbon content

90

40

0

100

Parameters

Oxidation factor in % ofcarbon input

Management
practice

MSW

Incineration

100

100

100

100

100

Open-burning

58

NO

NO

NO

NO

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines
Note: NA (Not Available), NO (Not Occurring)

Table 9.4-8 CH4 emission factors for municipal solid waste incineration (Default value)
Type of incineration

Type of technology

CH4 Emission Factors(kg/Gg waste incinerated on a wet weight basis

Continuous incineration

Semi-continuous incineration

Batch type incineration

Stoker0.2

Fluidized bed~0

Stoker6

Fluidized bed

188

Stoker60

Fluidized bed

237

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines- 9-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-9 N2O emission factors for municipal solid waste incineration (Default value)CountryType of Incineration

Type ofTechnology

Emission Factor for MSW(gN2O/t MSW incinerated)

Weight basis

Continuousincineration

Stocker47

Wet weight

Fluidized bed

67

Wet weight

Semi-continuousincineration

Stocker

41

Wet weight

Fluidized bed

68

Wet weight

Batch typeincineration

Stocker

56

Wet weight

Fluidized bed

221

Wet weight

Germany

8

Wet weight

Netherland

20

Wet weight

Austria

12

Wet weightJapan

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines- 9-12 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-10 N2O emission factors for industrial waste incineration (default value)CountryJapan

Emission Factor for
Industrial Waste(gN2O/t waste)

Weightbasis

Waste paper, waste wood

10

Wet weight

Waste oil

9.8

Wet weight

Waste plastic

170

Wet weight

Sludge (except sewage
sludge)450

Wet weight

Dehydrated sewage
sludge900

Wet weight

Fluidized bed incinerator
at normal temperature1508

Wet weight

Fluidized bed incinerator
at high temperature

645

Wet weight

Multiple hearth882

Wet weight

Other flocculent

882

Wet weight

Lime sludge

294

Wet weight

Sewage sludge

990

Dry weight

Industrial waste

420

Wet weight

Type of Waste

High molecular weightflocculent

Germany

Type of Incineration/
Technology

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines- 9-13 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-11 N2O emission factors for other wastes and waste management (default value)
Emission Factor

Technology/Management
practice

Type of waste(g N2O/t waste)

Weightbasis

MSW

Continuous us and semicontinuous incinerators

50

Wet weight

MSW

Batch-type incinerators

60

Wet weight

MSW

Open burning

150

Dry weight

Industrial waste

All type of incineration

100

Wet weight

Sludge (except sewage sludge)

All type of incineration

450

Wet weight990

Dry weight

Sewage sludge

Incineration
900

Wet weightSource: 2006 IPCC Guidelines

Article 9.4-4 Emission factors for waste used in Vietnam
Emission factors for wastes in Vietnam are set as below.
Table 9.4-12 Emission factors for waste disposal in Vietnam (kg / ton waste incinerated)
Waste/Incinerator Type

SO2

NOx

CO

NMVOC

TSP

15

8

PM10

PM2.5

BC

OC

4.2

0.4

4.2

0.4

Municipal Wastes: (no data on PM10 and PM2.5)- Open burning

0.5

3

42

Industrial/commercial: (set as the same as Municipal Waste Open burning)- Open burning

0.5

3

42

15

8

Medical Waste Incineration: (BC and OC are set as the same as Municipal Waste Open burning.)
Default value

9.4.1.4
1.

0.5

3

42

0.7

8

4.2

0.4

Temporal change and spatial distribution

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 9-14 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

9.4.2

Detailed method

9.4.2.1 Outline of emission estimation method
The detailed method for air pollutant emissions from waste incineration deals with waste incinerators. The
emissions from open burning are dealt in “9.4.1 Simple method”. In addition, the emission procedures forincineration of biomass related residues other than agricultural residues, cremation and other fires, which areminor emission sources related to waste incineration, are described.
In these calculation methods, as the same with large point source in “3 Estimating emissions of air pollutantsfrom fuel consumption”, similar questionnaire surveys will be required. That is, the basic survey format does
not change with the fuel seed being changed to incinerated waste and with a different emission factor. As aresult, the following information needs to be collected to estimate the emissions of the air pollutants.
1) Identification of the locations of domestic waste incinerators
2) Data on the total annual amount of wastes incinerated in the domestic incinerators
3) Data on hourly patterns of operations of the domestic incinerators
The estimation formula is the equation below as the same in “9.4.1 Simple method”. The activity data is thetotal amount of waste incinerated, but it should be noted that the unit might differ for each waste type.

Emissions = ∑ (IWi × EFi ) ······························································································(9.4-2)
iWhere:
Emissions are the emissions of air pollutant during the inventory estimation period;
i is the type of waste and incinerator;
IWi is the total amount of type i waste incinerated;
EFi is the emission factor for type i.
The activity data for waste incinerators is the total amount of waste incinerated by each type of waste
incinerator (Mg waste/year) and each type of waste incinerator has its own emission factor (kg/Mg waste).
The activity data for small-scale waste incineration is the total amount of each incinerated waste (leaf burning,
forest residues, orchard crop, weeds, and vine crops, backfire burning and headfire burning) (Mg waste/year).
Simplified total amount of waste incinerated can be calculated by multiplying the total area of each
agricultural land with the default value of 25 (kg/hectare). Each waste type has its own emission factor (kg/Mg
waste).
The activity data for cremation is the number of cremations (body/year) and the total weight of animals
cremated (Mg waste/year), and emission per unit for these activity data (kg/body and kg/Mg waste) is used as
emission factor.
The activity data for car fires is the number of car fires. The emission factor is emission per car fire. The
number of car fires is equal to the number of cars in car fire. For house fire, the number of house fires isrequired.
Emissions from open burning and greenhouse gases are calculated in “9.4.1 Simple method”.

- 9-15 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

9.4.2.2 Estimation of activity data
The activity data for emissions from waste incinerators is the total amount of waste incinerated at eachincinerator. The activity data is collected from the national statistics, relevant offices and ministries, related
local government, questionnaire survey and interview survey.
Among the waste incinerated at incinerators, the amount of waste, for which the applicable waste incinerator
cannot be identified, is considered an area source. This is equivalent to the case where: when the national total
amount of incinerated wastes and the individual total amount of waste processed at several waste incinerators
are available, the remaining of the national total of waste after subtraction of the total amounts of waste atindividual facilities is deemed as an area source. If the specific (technical) incineration method used for thesewastes can be identified, these can be estimated in “9.4.2 Detailed method”. If the identification is not possible,
the emissions can be estimated using “9.4.1 Simple method”.
The activity data for cremation is the number of cremations (body/year) and the total weight of animals
cremated (Mg waste/year), and this information is available from the national statistics agencies, crematorium
associations, or may be obtained through direct contact with crematorium operators.
The activity data for small-scale waste incineration is the total amount of each incinerated waste (leaf burning,
forest residues, orchard crop, weeds, and vine crops, backfire burning and headfire burning) (Mg waste/year).
Simplified total amount of waste incinerated can be calculated by multiplying the total area of each
agricultural land with the default value of 25 (kg/hectare). The activity data can be obtained from the national
statistics and written surveys to related ministries and offices.
The activity data for car fires is the number of car fires. The emission factor is emission per car fire. The
number of car fires is equal to the number of cars in car fire. For house fire, the number of house fires isrequired. This information can be obtained from the national statistics, questionnaire survey to relevantorganizations, and interview survey.
The activity data for wild animals is estimated figures of the growth number. This information can be obtained
through written survey to relevant organizations and expert judgment. The activity data for the air pollutantsfrom human breath and perspiration is the population. The population available in the national statistics may
be used.

9.4.2.3 Setting of emission factors
The priority should be to apply the waste incinerator emission factor of each waste incinerator. If appropriate
emission factor is not available, the following emission factors may be used.
Table 9.4-13, Table 9.4-15 and Table 9.4-16 show the emission factors for the incineration of municipal waste.
Table 9.4-14 shows abatement efficiencies for waste incineration.

- 9-16 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-13 Emission factors for municipal waste incineration (kg/Mg waste)
Technology type

NOx

CO

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Default value

1.8

0.7

0.02

0.4

0.3

0.23

0.15

Incineration of domestic
or municipal wastes(except energy recovery)(uncontrolled)

1.8

0.7

0.02

1.7

18.3

13.7

9.2

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.c Municipal waste incineration)

Table 9.4-14 Abatement efficiencies for municipal waste incineration (%)
Subcategory

Technology

Abatement
efficiency

Acid gas abatement

SO2

76 %

Particle abatement only

TSP

98 %

PM10

98 %

PM2.5

98 %

TSP

99.99 %

PM10

99.99 %

PM2.5

99 %

TSP

97 %

PM10

61 %

PM2.5

99 %

Particle and acid gas abatement

EU Waste Incineration Directive (WID) compliant
plant

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.c Municipal waste incineration)- 9-17 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-15 Emission factors for municipal waste incineration (Part 1) (kg/Mg waste)
Technology

NOx

CO

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Mass Burn and Modular Excess Air Combustors
Uncontrolled

1.83

0.232

3.2

12.6

ESP

1.83

0.232

ND

0.105

0.139

0.0295

DSI/ESP
SD/ESP

1.83

0.232

0.079

0.0352

DSI/FF

1.83

0.232

0.319

0.0895

SD/FF

1.83

0.232

0.106

0.0311Mass Burn Waterwall Combustors
Uncontrolled

1.83

0.233

ESP

1.83

0.233

DSI/FF

1.83

0.233

SD/FF

1.83

0.233

Mass Burn Rotary Waterwall Combustors
Uncontrolled

1.13

0.383

ESP

1.13

0.383

DSI/FF

1.13

0.383

SD/FF

1.13

0.383

Source: AP-42
Note: ESP = Electrostatic Precipitator, DSI/ESP = Duct Sorbent Injection/Electrostatic Precipitator,
SD/ESP = Spray Dryer/Electrostatic Precipitator, DSI/FF = Duct Sorbent Injection/Fabric Filter,
SD/FF = Spray Dryer/Fabric Filter- 9-18 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-16 Emission factors for municipal waste incineration (Part 2) (kg/Mg waste)
Technology

NOx

CO

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Mass Burn Refractory Wall Combustors
Uncontrolled

1.23

0.685

ESP

1.23

0.685

DSI/ESP

1.23

0.685

Modular Excess Air Combustors
Uncontrolled

1.24

ND

ESP

1.24

ND

DSI/FF

1.24

ND

Refuse-derived Fuel-fired Combustors
Uncontrolled

2.51

0.96

1.95

34.8

ESP

2.51

0.96

ND

0.517

SD/ESP

2.51

0.96

0.799

0.0482

SD/FF

2.51

0.96

0.221

0.0664Modular Starved-Air Combustors
Uncontrolled

1.58

0.15

1.61

1.72

ESP

1.58

0.15

1.61

0.174

Open Burning

3

42

0.5

8

15

Source: AP-42
Note: ESP = Electrostatic Precipitator, DSI/ESP = Duct Sorbent Injection/Electrostatic Precipitator,
SD/ESP = Spray Dryer/Electrostatic Precipitator, DSI/FF = Duct Sorbent Injection/Fabric Filter,
SD/FF = Spray Dryer/Fabric Filter- 9-19 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-17 and Table 9.4-21 show emission factors for industrial waste incineration. Table 9.4-18 to Table
9.4-20 show abatement efficiencies for industrial waste incineration.

Table 9.4-17 Emission factors for industrial waste incineration (kg/Mg waste)
Technology

NOx

CO

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

Default value

0.87

0.07

7.4

0.047

0.01

0.007

0.004

Incineration of industrial
wastes (except flaring)(uncontrolled)

2.5

0.13

7.4

0.07

2.3

1.5

1

Incineration of sludge
from
waste
water
treatment (uncontrolled)

2.5

15.5

0.84

14

52

33.7

22.5

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.b Industrial waste incineration)

Table 9.4-18 Abatement efficiencies for industrial waste incineration (Incineration of industrial wastes,Part 1)
Subcategory

Low energy scrubber / Fabric filter

Medium energy scrubber / Fabric filter

Fabric filter

Technology

Abatement
efficiency

particle > 10μm

80 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

77 %2.5μm > particle

77 %particle > 10μm

97 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

95 %2.5μm > particle

92 %particle > 10μm

96 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

94 %2.5μm > particle

94 %Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.b Industrial waste incineration)- 9-20 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-19 Abatement efficiencies for incineration of industrial wastes (Incineration of industrial
wastes, Part 2)
Subcategory

Low energy scrubber

High energy scrubber

Dry sorbent injection / Fabric filter

Dry sorbent injection / Carbon injection /Fabric filter

Dry sorbent injection / Fabric filter / Scrubber

Dry sorbent injection / Electrostatic precipitator

Technology

Abatement
efficiency

particle > 10μm

38 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

34 %2.5μm > particle

96 %particle > 10μm

68 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

65 %2.5μm > particle

98 %particle > 10μm

93 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

89 %2.5μm > particle

83 %particle > 10μm

98 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

98 %2.5μm > particle

96 %particle > 10μm

42 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

36 %2.5μm > particle

96 %particle > 10μm

84 %10μm > particle > 2.5μm

82 %2.5μm > particle

82 %Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.b Industrial waste incineration)- 9-21 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-20 Abatement efficiencies for industrial waste incineration (Incineration of sludge from waste
water treatment)
Subcategory

Technology

Low energy scrubber / Fabric filter

Abatement
efficiency

TSP

96 %

SOx

80 %

NMVOC

44 %

Cyclone / impingement

TSP

99 %

Cyclone / venture

TSP

100 %

NMVOC

85 %

Cyclone / venture / impingement

TSP

99 %

ESP - Fabric filter

TSP

100 %

ESP - Impingement

TSP

99 %

ESP – Venturi

TSP

97 %

Venturi / impingement

TSP

98 %

SOx

99 %

Venturi / impingement / wet ESP

TSP

100 %

Impingement

SOx

98 %

NMVOC

48 %

SOx

84 %

VenturiNote: ESP: electrostatic precipitator

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.b Industrial waste incineration)- 9-22 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-21 Emission factors for industrial waste incineration (kg/Mg waste)
Technology

NOx

CO

Multiple chamber

1.5

Single chamber

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

5.0

1.25

3.5

1.0

10.0

1.25

7.5

Wood

2.00

ND

0.05

6.5

Rubber tires

ND

ND

ND

69.0

Municipal refuse

ND

ND

1.25

18.5

Fuel-fed single chamber

1.5

10.0

0.25

15.0

Fuel-fed (modified)

5.0

5.0

0.25

3.0

Without primary burner

0.5

150

0.25

17.5

With primary burner

1.0

Neg

0.25

3.5

Industrial/ Commercial

TrenchDomestic single chamber

Source: AP-42
Note: Neg = Negligible
Table 9.4-22 shows emission factors for sewage sludge incineration.

- 9-23 -

PM10

PM2.5

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-22 Emission factors for sewage sludge incineration (kg/Mg waste)
Technology

NOx

CO

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

15.5

0.84

14

52

1.5

2.8

2.0

Multiple Hearth Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Uncontrolled

2.5

CycloneCyclone/ impingement

0.40

Cyclone/ venture
Cyclone/impingement

0.22

0.25

venture/0.31

Fabric filter

0.002

Impingement

0.78

0.32

0.70

Venturi

2.3

1.6

Venturi/ impingement

0.1

1.1

Venturi/ impingement/ Wet
ESP

0.20

Fluidized Bed Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Uncontrolled
Cyclone/impingement

0.88

1.1

0.15

venture/230
0.5

Impingement

0.30

0.13

Venturi

9.2

0.57

Venturi/ impingement

0.40

0.27

Venturi/ impingement/ Wet
ESP

0.10

Uncontrolled

3.7

Cyclone/ venture

1.9

Impingement

0.82

Venturi/ impingement

0.95

Source: AP-42
Note: ESP = Electrostatic Precipitator- 9-24 -

PM10

PM2.5

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-23 and Table 9.4-25 show emission factors for medical waste incineration, and Table 9.4-24 shows
removal rate for medical waste incineration.

Table 9.4-23 Emission factors for medical waste incineration (kg/Mg waste)
Technology

NOx

CO

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

Default value

1.4

2.8

0.7

1.4

0.5

Controlled air incinerator (uncontrolled)

1.8

1.5

0.7

1.1

2.3

Rotary kiln incinerator (uncontrolled)

2.3

0.19

0.7

0.54

17

Small on-site facilities without abatement
technology

1.4

2.8

0.7

1.4

0.5

Clinicalwaste
incineration
abatement only (de-dusting))(particle

1.4

2.8

0.7

1.4

0.5

Incineration of hospital wastes (BAT forcompliance with HWID)

1.4

2.8

0.7

1.4

0.5

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.a Clinical waste incineration)

Table 9.4-24 Abatement efficiencies for medical waste incineration (%)
Technology

NOx

CO

NMVOC

Controlled air incinerator
Rotary kiln

0%

88%

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.a Clinical waste incineration)- 9-25 -

SOx

TSP

92%

90%

59%

99%

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-25 Emission factors for medical waste incineration (kg/Mg waste)
Technology

NOx

CO

1.78

1.48

NMVOC

SOx

TSP

PM10

PM2.5

1.09

2.33

1.51

1.01

Controlled Air Medical Waste
Incinerators
Uncontrolled
Low Energy Scrubber/FF

0.455

Medium Energy Scrubber/FF

0.188

0.0803FF

0.422

0.0876

Low Energy Scrubber

1.04

1.45

High Energy Scrubber

0.01290.741

DSI/FF

0.192

0.169

DSI/Carbon Injection/FF

0.357

0.0361

DSI/FF/Scrubber

0.00757

1.34

DSI/ESP

0.367

Rotary Kiln Medical Waste
Incinerator
Uncontrolled

2.31

0.191

0.543

17.3

SD/ Fabric Filter

2.63

0.0194

0.324

0.154

SD /Carbon Injection/FF

2.45

0.025

0.15

0.0378High Energy Scrubber

2.04

0.030

0.427

Source: AP-42
Note: FF = Fabric Filter, DSI = Dry Sorbent Injection, ESP = Electrostatic Precipitator, SD = Spray Dryer- 9-26 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-26 shows emission factors for cremation.

Table 9.4-26 Emission factors for cremation
Subcategory

Cremation

Technology

Air pollutant

Default value

Sheep burn using an air curtain
incinerator

Cow burn using an air curtain
incinerator

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.d Cremation)- 9-27 -Emissionfactor

Unit

NOx

0.309

kg/bodyCO

0.141

kg/body

NMVOC

0.013

kg/body

SOx

0.544

kg/bodyTSP

14.6

g/bodyNMVOC

2kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

2.18

kg/Mg waste

PM10

1.53

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

1.31

kg/Mg waste

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

0.897

kg/Mg waste

PM10

0.628

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

0.538

kg/Mg waste

Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-27 and Table 9.4-28 show emission factors for small-scale waste incineration. These are small-scale
open burning, which are not included in field burning of crop residues, savanna fires and forest fires.
Municipal waste, industrial waste, and medical waste are not included.

Table 9.4-27 Emission factors for small-scale waste incineration (Part 1)
Subcategory

Small-scale waste
incineration

Small-scale waste
incinerationinagriculture
andforestry(openburning)

Technology

Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

1.4

kg/Mg waste

PM10

0.979

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

0.839

kg/Mg waste

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

15.2

kg/Mg waste

PM10

10.6

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

9.1

kg/Mg waste

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

4

kg/Mg waste

PM10

2.8

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

2.4

kg/Mg waste

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

4.47

kg/Mg waste

PM10

3.13

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

2.68

kg/Mg waste

Air pollutant

Default valueleaf burning (open burning ofagricultural wastes)

Incineration of forest residues

Incineration of residues in orchard
crops

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.d Cremation)- 9-28 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-28 Emission factors for small-scale waste incineration (Part 2)
Subcategory

Small-scale waste
incinerationinagriculture
andforestry(openburning)

Technology

Emissionfactor

Unit

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

5.74

kg/Mg waste

PM10

4.02

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

3.45

kg/Mg waste

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

3

kg/Mg waste

PM10

2.1

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

1.8

kg/Mg waste

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

9.17

kg/Mg waste

PM10

6.42

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

5.5

kg/Mg waste

NMVOC

2

kg/Mg waste

NH3

1.9

kg/Mg waste

TSP

15.9

kg/Mg waste

PM10

11.1

kg/Mg waste

PM2.5

9.54

kg/Mg waste

Air pollutant

Weed incineration

Incineration of residues of vine
crops

Backfire burning

Headfire burning

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook (6.C.d Cremation)- 9-29 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-29 shows the emission factors for BC (Black carbon) and OC (Organic Carbon) from waste. These
are set as below according to “A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emission
from combustion” (Tami C. Bond, etc 2004).

EFBC = EFPM × F1.0 × FBC × Fcont ·······················································································(9.4-3)
EFOC = EFPM × F1.0 × FOC × Fcont ·····················································································(9.4-4)
Where:
EFPM: the bulk PM emission factor (g/kg)
F1.0: the fraction of the emissions with diameters smaller than one micrometer
FBC: the fraction of the fine particulate matter that is black carbon
FOC: the fraction of the fine particulate matter that is organic carbon
Fcont: the fraction of fine PM that penetrates the control device
The ratio between organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC), as Rorg, is not considered here.
Table 9.4-29 Emission factors for BC and OC
Waste (Fuel)

BC

OC

Power

0.013 (g/kg dry matter)

0.002 (g/kg dry matter)

Industry

0.013 (g/kg dry matter)

0.002 (g/kg dry matter)

Residential

4.2 (g/kg dry matter)

0.4 (g/kg dry matter)(open) 5.5 (g/kg dry matter)(open) 5.5 (g/kg dry matter)

Transport and other End Uses

Source: “A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion”
Tami C. Bond, etc., (Journal of Geophysical Research Vol.109 2004)- 9-30 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.4-30 lists the emission factors for other waste.

Table 9.4-30 Emission factors for other wastes
Subcategory

Technology

Car fireHouse fire

Detached house

Terrace house

Complex housing

Industrial building fire

Air pollutant

Emissionfactor

Unit

TSP

2.3

kg/firePM10

2.3

kg/fire

PM2.5

2.3

kg/fireTSP

0.14

kg/fire

PM10

0.14

kg/fire

PM2.5

0.14

kg/fireTSP

0.06

kg/fire

PM10

0.06

kg/fire

PM2.5

0.06

kg/fireTSP

0.04

kg/fire

PM10

0.04

kg/fire

PM2.5

0.04

kg/fireTSP

0.03

kg/fire

PM10

0.03

kg/fire

PM2.5

0.03

kg/fireSource: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

9.4.2.4 Temporal change and spatial distribution
1.

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

- 9-31 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

9.5

Wastewater treatment

9.5.1

Simple method

9.5.1.1

Outline of emission estimation method

NMVOC is emitted from waste water treatment. CH4 and N2O are also emitted from waste water treatment
process, but 2006 IPCC Guidelines should be referred to for this emission.

Emissions = AD × EF ········································································································(9.5-1)
Where:
Emissions are the emissions of air pollutant during the inventory estimation period.
AD is the amount of wastewater treatment. (m3)
EF is the emission factor (mg/m3 waste water)

9.5.1.2 Estimation of activity data
The activity data is the total amount of wastewater treatment (m3).

9.5.1.3 Setting of emission factors
Table 9.5-1 shows the emission factor.

Table 9.5-1 Emission factor for Wastewater treatment
Subcategory

Wastewater
treatment

Technology

Wastewater
process

treatment

Air pollutant

NMVOC

Emissionfactor15

Unit
mg/m3 waste water

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

9.5.1.4 Temporal change and spatial distribution
1.

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

9.5.2

Detailed method

This category has no detailed method.

- 9-32 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

9.6

Others

9.6.1

Simple method

9.6.1.1 Outline of emission estimation method
NH3 emissions from outdoor portable toilets, emissions of CH4 and NH3 from wild animals and human breathand perspiration are included.
The calculation formula for the air pollutants from vital activities by wild animals and human is the below
equation as in “9.4.1 Simple method”. The activity data for wild animals is the estimated figure of the growth
number. The emission factor is emission per the number of animals. The activity data for human breath andperspiration is the population and the emission factor is emission per population.

Emissions = ∑ (IWi × EFi ) ······························································································(9.6-1)
iWhere:
Emissions are emissions of air pollutant during the inventory calculation period,
i indicates a type of wild animal and human,IWi is the number of wild animals and human population,
EFi is the emission factor for type I.

9.6.1.2 Estimation of activity data
The activity data for NH3 emissions from latrines (simple outdoor non-flush toilets) can be set as below. For
domestic non-flush toilets in house, the number of people in an average family in the same home is used as theactivity data. For public latrines, the average of daily users is the activity data.
For wild animals, estimated values from existing investigation and statistics may be used.

9.6.1.3 Setting of emission factors
Table 9.6-1 and Table 9.6-2 show the emission factors.

Table 9.6-1 Emission factor for other wastes
Subcategory

Human

Technology

latrines

Air pollutant

NH3

Source: EMEP/EEA Guidebook- 9-33 -Emissionfactor
1.6

Unit

kg/person/yearGuidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 9.6-2 Emission factors for emissions from wild animals
Subcategory

Wild animals

Technology

Air pollutant

emissionfactorUnit

Deer (red deer and reindeer)(assumed life weight is
100kg)

CH4

25

kg/animal year

NH3

1.1

kg/animal year

Moose (assumed life weightis 350kg)

CH4

50

kg/animal year

NH3

2.2

kg/animal year

Red deer (assumed life
weight is 15kg)

CH4

4kg/animal year

NH3

0.2

kg/animal year

Boar

CH4

1.5

kg/animal year

NH3

1

kg/animal year

Bird (assumed life weight is
0.8kg)

NH3

0.12

kg/animal year

Large bird (assumed life
weight is 2.4kg)

NH3

0.36

kg/animal year

Human
(breathperspiration)

CH4

0.1

kg/person year

NH3

0.05

kg/person year

andSource: EMEP/EEA Guidebook

9.6.1.4 Temporal change and spatial distribution
1.

Temporal change

Temporal change is shown in Table 2.5-1 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic policyin estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

2.

Spatial distribution

Spatial distribution is shown in Table 2.5-2 of “2.5 Temporal change and spatial distribution” of “2 Basic
policy in estimating emission inventory of air pollutants”.

9.6.2

Detailed method

This category has no detailed method.

- 9-34 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

10 Estimating emissions of air pollutants from natural sources10.1 Estimating NMVOC emissions from vegetation
10.1.1 Outline of emission estimation method
Using EMEP/EEA Guidebook 10 and US-EPA BEIS 11 as reference, a method for that data is commonly
available in East Asia is selected.

ENVOC emissions from vegetation differ depending on species, are proportionate to biomass, and vary
according to short-term temperature and solar radiation changes. (EMEP/EEA, 2009)
Methods to estimate the biomass of each species over a wide area are still under development, and there is nodatabase encompassing the total biomass in the whole of East Asia. Also, since there are only a handful ofmeasurement samples of NMVOC emission from the vegetation organisms in East Asia, there is no emission
factor database encompassing species across East Asia.
Therefore, in this chapter, a method is selected in which calculation can be carried out using commonly
available data for East Asia; that is, a method in which the total area of each land-use is multiplied by theemission factor for each land-use. For the land-use data, “Global Map Data/Global Land Cover (hereinafter,
referred as GLCNMO) 12 ”, for the emission factors, the emission factors of BEIS by US-EPA is used
respectively.
If any detailed local data13 is available, it may be used for the calculation.

10.1.2 Estimation of activity data
Using a land-use map or land-use data, the national total area of each land-use and its distribution arecalculated.
In the guidelines, “GLCNMO” is selected because of three reasons: its free public access (anyone can use it forfree), its range (covering the entire East Asia), and its detailness (30 seconds of both latitude and longitude:equivalent of 1km).
First, download the land-use data from GLCNMO, and extract the area for emission estimation. Then,calculate the total area for each application range of the correction factor described hereinafter and for each
unit of the spatial distribution analysis.

10

11.C Other natural sources, EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2009http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-200911
BEIS (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System, US-EPA)
http://www.epa.gov/AMD/biogen.html
12"Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Chiba University and collaborating organizations." The Global Land
Cover by National Mapping Organizations (GLCNMO) is the data of 1km (30 arc seconds) grid with 20 land cover
items. The data were created by using MODIS data observed in 2003 (TERRA Satellite). The classification is basedon LCCS developed by FAO. Therefore, it is possible to compare and integrate GLCNMO with other land cover
data products based on LCCS.
http://www.iscgm.org/browse.html
13
Followings are potential data of detailed local data;
1) Land-use data developed by remote sensing using local control data
2) Emission factors developed by NMVOC emission measurement on local vegetation (it should be developed bydatabase of huge samples since individual variation of variation of vegetation is not small.)- 10-1 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 10.1-1 Land-use data used for the calculation of emissions from Vietnam
Figure 10.1-1 shows the land-use map used in the study for Vietnam and Table 10.1-1 shows the total
area of each land-use. The total area, correction factor, and emission are calculated for each grid becausea grid in GLCNMO was used as the unit for the spatial distribution analysis. Although this map shows
the land-uses and tables for the areas outside of Vietnam, the total areas and emission factors by land-use
are calculated only for the areas within Vietnam territory.

Data name: GLCNMO
Source: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Chiba University and collaborating organizations

Figure 10.1-1 Land-use map of Vietnam- 10-2 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 10.1-1 Area for each land-use classification in Vietnam

Unit: km2
CodeArea (km2)

Land-use identification

1 Broadleaf Evergreen Forest
2 Broadleaf Deciduous Forest
3 Needleleaf Evergreen Forest
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Proportion (%)

40,69911,183

Needleleaf Deciduous Forest
Mixed Forest
Tree Open
Shrub
Herbaceous
Herbaceous with Sparse Tree/Shrub
Sparse vegetation
Cropland
Paddy field
Cropland / Other Vegetation Mosaic
Mangrove
WetlandBare area, consolidated (gravel, rock)
Bare area, unconsolidated (sand)
Urban
Snow / Ice
Water bodies
Total

26,99327
1,922
77,38816,861
14,4500
1,081
21,84336,55874,078
1,327
0
312
0
1,017
0
4,101
329,840

12.3%
3.4%
8.2%
0.0%
0.6%
23.5%
5.1%
4.4%
0.0%
0.3%
6.6%
11.1%
22.5%
0.4%
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
0.3%
0.0%
1.2%
100.0%

Source: Within GLCNMO’s land-use data, the total areas of the area surrounded by national borders
and coastlines in 2010 administrative boundary data by the Map Distribution Centre,
MONRE, are calculated.

10.1.3

Setting of emission factors

As in BEIS and EMEP/EEA, the NMVOC emissions per unit area is calculated by multiplying ”NMVOC
emission per unit area by vegetation and land-use under the standard conditions (30°C, PAR=1000μmol/m2/s)”
and the “correction factor”.

10.1.3.1 Emission per unit area by land-use under the standard conditions
Table 10.1-2 shows the total emission per unit area by land-use under the standard conditions(30°C,PAR=1000μmol/m2/s).
In this table, BEIS’s land-use classifications corresponding to GLCNMO’s land-use classifications are selected
and BEIS’s emission factors by land-use are cited. Since MODIS is a sensor developed as AVHRR’s
succession, the land-use classifications by AVHRR were preferably chosen among BEIS’s land-use
classifications. In BEIS, there is no common “Mangrove” classification, and instead there are three refinedclassifications of “Avicennia (black mangrove)”, “Laguncularia (white mangrove)” and “Rhizophora (red- 10-3 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

mangrove)”. However, since the emission factors of these 3 classifications have the same values, the emission
factors are used as is.

Table 10.1-2 Emission factors for each land-use classification
Unit: μg/m2/h
GLCNMO

BEIS
Emission factor

CodeLand-use identification

Land-use identification
Isoprene

Monoterpene

Other
NMVOC

1

Broadleaf Evergreen Forest

Hardwood forest (AVHRR, Guen)

8730.0

436.0

882.0

2

Broadleaf Deciduous Forest

Southeast/Western Deciduous Forest

10750.0

530.0

910.0

3

Needleleaf Evergreen Forest

Conifer forest (AVHRR, Guen)

1550.01564.01036.04

Needleleaf Deciduous Forest

Conifer forest (AVHRR, Guen)

1550.01564.01036.05Mixed Forest

Mixed forest (AVHRR, Guen)

11450.01134.01140.06Tree Open

Open forest

56.2

140.5

84.3

7

Shrub

Scrub

37.8

94.5

56.7

8

Grass

56.2

140.5

84.3

Desert shrub (AVHRR, Guen)

65.0

94.5

56.7

10

Herbaceous
Herbaceous with Sparse
Tree/Shrub
Sparse vegetation

Barren

0.0

0.0

0.0

11

CroplandMisc crops

12

Paddy field
Cropland / Other Vegetation
MosaicRice
Woodland/cropland (AVHRR,
Guen)
Avicennia (black mangrove)
Laguncularia (white mangrove)
Rhizophora (red mangrove)
Herbaceous Wetlands (AVHRR,
Guen)

9

13
14

Mangrove

15

Wetland16
17

Bare area, consolidated(gravel, rock)
Bare area, unconsolidated(sand)

7.6

19.0

11.4

102.0

255.0

153.0

2550.0663.02053.0

42.5

42.5

693.7

1050.0

660.0

770.0

Barren

0.0

0.0

0.0

Barren

0.0

0.0

0.0

11.2

28.1

16.9

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

18

Urban

19

Snow / Ice

BEIS2 other urban (assume 20%
grass)
Snow

20

Water bodies

Water

Source: The land-use corresponding to GLCNMO (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Chiba
University and collaborating organizations) are selected from BEIS (Biogenic Emissions
Inventory System Version 2.3, US-EPA). The source of the values of the emission factors is BEIS.

- 10-4 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

10.1.3.2 Correction factor
As in the detailed method in EMEP/EEA and in BEIS, the correction factors are defined as below.14

1.

Correction factor “γ” for Isoprene

Correction factor “γ” for Isoprene is calculated by the following equation:
γ = CLiso・CTiso·················································································································(10.1-1)γCorrection factor to multiply the emission factor

CLiso

Correction factor by light shown in the equation (10.1-2)

CTiso

Correction factor by temperature shown in equation (10.1-3)

C Liso =α
CL1L

CTiso =

2.

α ⋅ C L1 ⋅ L
1 + α 2 L2·············································································································(10.1-2)

0.0027
1.066
PAR flux (μmol m-2 s-1) (hereinafter described)

exp(CT 1 (T − TS ) / RTS T )··············································································(10.1-3)
1 + exp(CT 2 (T − TM ) / RTS T )CT195000 (J mol-1)

CT2

230000 (J mol-1)

R

Gas constant (8.314 J K-1 mol-1)

TSStandard temperature (303 K)

TM

314 K

T

Leaf temperature (K) (hereinafter described)

Correction factor “γ” for monoterpen and other NMVOCCorrection factors “γ” for monoterpen and other NMVOC are calculated using the following equation.

γ = exp(β ⋅ (T − TS )) ········································································································(10.1-4)
β0.09 K-1

TS

Standard temperature (303 K)

T

Leaf temperature (K) (hereinafter described)

14

The simple method in EMEP/EEA uses correction factors by country described in EMEP/EEA. Since it is not
simple to calculate correction factors by country in East Asia region, this guideline shows a method complying withthe detailed method in EMEP/EEA.

- 10-5 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

3.

PAR flux

Since a correction factor is not proportionate to PAR flux, the correction factor should be calculated fromhourly measurement values and not from daily average values. However, if hourly distribution data of PAR
flux is not available, the correction factor may be calculated from the total solar radiation amount measured bya meteorological observatory using the following equation.15
L = 90.4・Sun ······················································································································(10.1-5)
Sun

4.

Total solar radiation amount (kWh/m2/day)Leaf Temperature

The leaf temperature is defined as the air temperature. Since a correction factor is not proportionate to the leaf
temperature, the correction factor should be calculated from hourly measurement values. However, if hourly
distribution data is not available, it may be calculated suing the monthly mean temperature data for descriptive
purpose (EMEP/EEA, 2009).

10.1.4 Temporal change and spatial distribution
10.1.4.1 Temporal change
Since a correction factor is not proportionate to PAR flux, the correction factor should be calculated fromhourly measurement values not from daily average values. However, if hourly change data is not available, 1for daytime and 0 for nighttime are used for the correction by solar radiation amount and the monthly averagetemperature may be used for temperature (the detailed method in EMEP/EEA, 2009).

10.1.4.2 Spatial distribution
Emissions are calculated for each region using the land-use data used for the activity data, the solar radiation
amount data, and temperature data of each region.

15

For the conversion of total insolation amount into the photon flux density, 4.57μmol/s/W (McCree, 1972) is used
to calculate the constant, and for the rate of PAR flux, 47.5%, which is the mid-value of 45 to 50% shown in
EMEP/EEA, 2009 is used.

- 10-6 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 10.1-2 Data on solar radiation amount and leaf temperature used for the calculation ofemissions from Vietnam
1) PAR flux
Table 10.1-3 and Figure 10.1-2 show the average solar radiation amounts by region in Vietnam.
Table 10.1-3 Monthly average solar radiation amount by region

Unit: kWh/m2/day
Region
Northeast
Northwest
Red River Delta
North Central CoastSouth Central Coast
Central Highlands
Southeast
Mekong River Delta

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
2.14 2.55 2.97 3.98 4.95 4.66 4.87 4.86 4.57 3.69 2.92 2.52
2.96 3.25 3.26 4.62 5.16 4.51 4.70 4.65 4.59 4.08 3.34 2.93
2.40 2.40 2.53 3.46 5.23 5.31 5.59 5.10 4.79 4.18 3.45 2.97
2.92 3.25 3.75 4.56 5.49 5.54 5.64 5.36 4.96 4.09 3.33 3.08
3.44 4.10 4.98 5.65 5.74 5.77 5.68 5.62 5.13 4.00 3.21 3.18
4.15 4.98 5.37 5.54 5.19 4.67 4.40 4.41 4.18 4.30 3.77 3.67
4.65 5.19 5.43 5.45 4.79 4.76 4.34 4.78 4.42 4.40 4.31 4.28
4.81 5.35 5.54 5.55 4.49 4.28 4.53 4.50 4.35 4.22 4.44 4.44

Source: The table was prepared from the regional averages based on ”Investigation on the renewableenergy use in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam and the present and thefuture of the relevant policies, by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization.”

Source: The table is prepared from the regional averages based on ”Investigation on the renewable energy
use in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam and the present and the future of
the relevant policies, by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization.”
Figure 10.1-2 Monthly average amount of solar radiation by region- 10-7 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2) Leaf temperature
Table 10.1-4 and Figure 10.1-3 show the monthly average temperatures by region in Vietnam.
Table 10.1-4 Monthly average temperatures by region
Region
Northeast
Northwest
Red River Delta
North Central CoastSouth Central Coast
Central Highlands
Southeast
Mekong River Delta

Unit: °C
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
15.1 13.4 20.7 24.4 27.0 28.0 28.7 28.2 27.8 26.3 21.0 17.7
16.7 13.0 21.0 24.8 25.3 25.3 25.6 25.9 25.7 23.8 18.9 16.1
15.2 13.6 21.0 24.6 27.4 28.5 29.4 28.9 27.9 26.3 21.4 18.2
18.5 14.8 21.3 25.6 27.3 29.4 29.7 29.0 27.5 25.6 22.4 19.3
22.9 21.7 24.4 27.6 28.2 29.3 29.3 28.7 28.1 27.0 25.3 23.4
18.1 17.7 19.7 21.6 21.1 21.4 21.0 20.5 20.5 20.6 19.3 17.7
26.5 26.3 26.9 29.1 28.3 28.7 28.3 27.9 27.8 28.4 27.3 26.8
26.2 26.5 27.3 28.7 27.9 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.0 27.2 26.7 26.2

Source: The table is prepared based on the regional averages based on the monthly average temperaturesof major cities from “Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam, 2008” (General Statistics Office ofVietnam)

Source: The table is prepared based on the regional averages based on the monthly average temperaturesof major cities from “Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam, 2008” (General Statistics Office ofVietnam)Figure 10.1-3 Monthly average temperatures by region- 10-8 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

10.2 Estimating SOx emissions from volcanoes
10.2.1 Outline of emission estimation method
The target of air pollutant from volcanoes is only SO2.
Estimation method of SOx emissions from volcanoes is based on EMEP/EEA Guidebook (11.A Volcanoes).
According to the study of Halmer et al., 200216, the SO2 emissions from volcanoes globally account for 10 to
15% of the emissions from man-induced source. Also there are much accumulated data on the SO2 emissions
from volcanoes using Cospec (Correlation Spectrometer) and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer).
Because of information availability, above, SO2 is discussed for air pollutant emissions from volcanoes.
SO2 emissions from volcanoes can be classified into explosive emissions and non-explosive emissions. The
latter includes continuous emissions from fumaroles and geysers, and is considered to be more important than
the former. However, it is difficult to assess the latter. Here mainly explosive emissions are estimated for SO2.
For volcanic eruptions, emissions from a volcano at a subduction zone (a boundary zone where a tectonic platesink under another tectonic plate) may be 10 to 100 times less than that of a volcano at a zone other than asubduction zone.
Based on the data on SO2 emissions from volcanic explosions measured in the past, the relation between thescale of volcanic explosions and SO2 emissions was analyzed. The scales of explosions are indicated by VEI(Volcanic Explosive Index), and the information on VEI of individual volcanic explosion over the past 200
years is catalogued in the Smithsonian Global Volcanic Network.
The SO2 emissions is to be calculated by searching the VEI of the volcanic explosions in the target year andthen applying the SO2 emission by zone and VEI.

10.2.2 Estimation of activity data and setting of emission factors
The scale of each volcanic explosion (VEI) is considered to be the activity data in this section; these values arecatalogued at the Smithsonian Global Volcanic Network. (www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/) The scale of eachvolcanic explosion in the target year may be searched in this database.
Volcanic Sulfur Dioxide Index (VSI), which is corresponding to VEI, is summarized in Halmer et al., (2002).
SO2 inventory can be developed through assessment of the information on the time, the location, the height ofthe volcanic smoke, and VEI for each volcanic explosion from the Smithsonian database and the information
on SO2 emissions from Table 10.2-1.

10.2.3 Temporal change and spatial distribution
The spatial distribution and the temporal change may be set based on the longitude and latitude of a volcanoes
and the start and end time of the eruption from the Smithsonian database.

16

Halmer M. M., Schmincke H.-U. And Graf H.-F. (2002), ‘The annual volcanic gas into the atmosphere, inparticular into the stratosphere: a global data set for the past 100 years’, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research’- 10-9 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 10.2-1 Volcanic Explosive Index (VEI) and volcanic SO2 emission index (VSI)
VSI

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

<1

1-8

8-60

60800

2002000

1000-

16000-

120000-16000

1200001000000>
1000000(volcanic SO2
emission index)
Subduction zone
(thousand tonSO2)
Other zone

< 160

160 -

600 -

2000 -

600

2000

8000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Description

Nonexplos
ive

Small

Moder
ate

Moder
ate

Large

Very
large

Very
Large

Very
Large

Very
Large

Height of
volcanic smoke
(km)

< 0.1

0.1 - 1

1-5

3 - 15

10 -

> 25

> 25

> 25

> 25

Volumetephra*)< 104(thousand tonSO2)
VEI(Volcanic
Explosive Index)

of

25
104-

106 -

107 -

108 -

109 -

1010 -

1011 -

1012 -

106

107

108

109

1010

1011

1012

1013

3

(m )
(Arc only)*)

General term for pyroclastic material discharged from the crater during eruption

Source: Halmer et al., 2002

10.3 Estimating NH3, NOx emissions from soils
The target air pollutants in the natural soil sub-sector are NH3 and NOx.
This section deals with NH3 and NOx emitted from natural soils, and NH3 and NOx emitted due to N-species
contained in livestock excreta and fertilizers applied to land are estimated in “Chapter 7 Agricultural activity.”
For estimation of the NH3 emission, the method, which was used to improve the NH3 inventory for thesimulation of secondary generation of particulate matters, was selected.17
This report reviewed the existing papers and summarizes about NH3 estimation methods and the emission
factors.

17

An Improved Ammonia Inventory for the WRAP Domain, 2004, Mansell G.E. and Chitjian M.

- 10-10 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

For estimation of NOx emissions, the estimation method for NOx emissions from non-agricultural land in
EMEP/EEA Guidebook is adopted.
In both NH3 and NOx emission estimation methods, the emission factor by land-use is applied and theemissions may vary depending on the climate conditions.
Since the different reports and guidebooks were used as reference, there is no consistency between theestimation methods for NH3 and NOx emissions.

10.3.1 Estimation of activity data and setting of emission factors
The emission factor is the emission per unit area by land use, and the activity data is the area for the land use.
1.

NH3

Table 10.3-1 shows the NH3 emission factors by land-use.
These emission factors are to be adjusted according to the soil condition using the following adjustment
equation (Potter et al., 200118).

⎧
⎫
⎪
⎪
1
⎪
⎪
EFadj = EF ∗ (1 − M )⎨⎬ ···················································(10.3-1)⎛ 0.09018 + 2729.92 −C ∗ pH ⎞
⎤
⎡
⎟
⎜
T
⎪ 1 + 10 ⎝
S
⎠ ⎪
⎥⎪
⎪⎢
⎦⎭
⎩⎣
EFadj

: Adjusted Emission factorEF: Emission factor (Table 10.3-1)

M: Soil moisture ratio

Ts: Soil temperature (K)C: pH adjustment constant (= 1.3)

In a sample case in the United States, a database for soil pH, and the calculation results of a numerical weathermodel (MM5) are available for the soil moisture ratio and the soil temperature. The soil temperature may beobtained using atmosphere temperatures and the estimation equation in Table 10.3-2.

18

Potter, C., Krauter C., and Klooster S., 2001, ‘Statewide Inventory Estimates of Ammonia Emissions from Native
Soils and Chemical Fertilizers in California’ Prepared for the California Air Resources Board. June 2001

- 10-11 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Table 10.3-1 NH3 Emission factor for each land-use classification
Land-use classification

Emission factor

Source(Kg-NH3/km2/year)

Water surface, snow andice surface

0

Supposition

Urban area

10

Battye et al. (2003)1), Built-up

Barren lands

10

Battye et al. (2003)1), Barren Lands

Deciduous forest

174

The average value of Forests in Battye et al. (2003)1)
and Oak Forest, Temperate Forest / Woodland /Shrub land in Chinkin et al. (2003)2)

Indeciduous forest

54

The average value of Forests in Battye et al. (2003)1)
and Oak Forest, Temperate Forest in Chinkin et al.
(2003)2) Chinkin et al. (2003)2)

Mix forest

114

The average value
indeciduous forest

Shrub / grassland

400

Temperate Forest / Woodland / Shrub land in
Chinkin et al. (2003)2) and Shrub land in Battye et al.
(2003)1)

Fruit farm / vineyard

0

Estimated based on the manure applied

Grazing land0

Estimated based on the manure applied and livestock
excreta

Crop land0

Estimated based on the manure applied

Fallow soil

205

The average value of Grasslands in Battye et al.
(2003)1) and Barren Lands

Wetland400

Temperate Forest / Woodland / Shrub land in
Chinkin et al. (2003)2) and Shrub land in Battye et al.
(2003)1)ofdeciduous

forestand1) Battye W., Aneja, V.P., and Roelle P.A., 2003, ‘Evaluation and Improvement of Ammonia Emission
Inventories’, Atmospheric Environment, 37, p. 3873-3883
2) Chinkin L.R., Ryan P.A., and Coe D.L., 2003, ‘Recommended Improvements to the CMU Ammonia
Emission Inventory Model for Use by LADCO”. Prepared Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium.

- 10-12 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

2.

NOx

In the simple method in EMEP/EEA Guidebook, the background NO emission factor in non-agricultural land
is set as 0.1ng NO-N/m2/second = 0.113kg NO/km2/year. This can be used as the minimum value.
In this section, the detailed method is selected, but this detailed method is originally the method used in theversion 2 of Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS-2). (Williams et al., 199219) In this method, NO
emission is estimated using the following equation.

FNO = A ∗ exp(0.071∗ TS ) ································································································(10.3-2)
FNO
Ts
A

: NO Emission factor (ng-N/m2/s): Soil temperature (°C)
: Constant for each land-use from experiments (Table 10.3-2)

Table 10.3-2 Constants obtained from experiments (Novak and Pierce, 1993)
Land-use

Constant

Grassland/grazing land
Woodland
Marsh

0.9
0.07
0.004

Soil temperature estimation equation using air
temperature
Ts: Soil temperature (°C),Ta: Air temperature (°C)
Ts = 0.67Ta + 8.8
Ts = 0.84Ta + 3.6
Ts = 0.92Ta + 4.4

Note: Valid when 0＜Ts＜35 (°C)
Source: Novak-J, Pierce-T., 1993, ‘Natural Emissions of Oxidant Precursors’, Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution, 67, p. 57–77, 340, 342–352, 353
EMEP/EEA Guidebook states that when the soil temperature is 0 degree or lower the emission factor at thetemperature of 0 degree should be applied. Therefore, when the temperature is 35 degree or higher theemission factor at the temperature of 35 degree might be recommended.
Also, emissions of NOx from grazing land can be estimated from this table, but the emissions from grazing
land shall be estimated in the section for agricultural activity, and are not estimated here.

10.3.2 Temporal change and spatial distribution
1.

NH3

The spatial distribution is defined by the spatial distribution of a land-use classification.
The temporal change is defined by the temporal change of the soil moisture ratio and the soil temperature in
the equation (10.3-1).

2.

NOx

The spatial distribution is defined by the spatial distribution of a land-use classification.
The temporal change is defined by the temporal change of the soil temperature in the equation (10.3-2).

19

Williams-E, Guenther-A, Fehsenfeld-F., 1992, ‘An Inventory of Nitric Oxide Emissions from Soils in the UnitedStates’, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, p. 7511–7519- 10-13 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

11 Future tasks
11.1 Development of East Asia-specific emission factors
1)

Necessity of the emission factor development

This guideline was created using GAP Forum Manual as its base and citing from EMEP/EEA Guidebook,
IPCC Guideline, and USEPA’s AP-42 as needed. However, the emission factors used in these manuals andguidelines have been developed based on the measurements mostly in Europe and the United States. These
factors do not necessarily reflect the conditions of East Asia, and in some cases the application of this emission
factor to East Asia is not appropriate. For example, NMVOC emissions from vegetation are assumed to belargely different depending on vegetation type, but there is only limited information available on the plants
growing in East Asia. Also, some emission factors were adjusted for the application in East Asia, but there are
only a limited number of the emission factors for specified air pollutants and sectors. In many cases there wasno option but to use such emission factors. There is an example where an adjustment was made the emission
factor: the total amount of N-species from livestock excreta was changed to that in East Asia for the emission
factor for NH3 from livestock excreta.
On the other hand, as described in Chapter 1, the emissions of air pollutants and GHGs in East Asia accountfor a large portion of the emissions globally and such trend will increase further due to the drastic economic
grown in the region.
Therefore, the development of emission factors reflecting the conditions in East Asia and their utilization anddissemination in guidelines are important tasks. For example, there is a case in Bangkok, Thailand, where
driving modes and emission factors for air pollutants and GHGs were developed with research cooperationfrom Japan (Article 11.1-1).
For a emission calculation using the simple method, it is a common practice to apply an emission factor toconsolidated activity data, but in order to set an appropriate emission factor for the simple method the emission
calculation based on a technology-base emission factor and the composition ratio of each technology will be
required. For example, in the case of the NH3 emission factor for input of fertilizers containing N-species, first,
NH3 emission are calculated using the total input of nitrogen for each fertilizer type and the emission factor foreach fertilizer type. Then, the NH3 emissions are divided by the total input of nitrogen fertilizers to create thesimple emission factor for the total input of nitrogen fertilizers in the region. In addition to the fertilizer types,
temperatures and the soil pH levels in the region may be taken into consideration to develop the emission
factor. In the end, in order to obtain the emission factor to be used in the simple method, emission estimation
using the detailed method will be required.
As described the above, what is important is to carry out measurements in East Asia, to calculate emissions
using the emission factors based on such measurements and to develop the East Asia-specific emission factors.
Through the development of such emission factors, emission estimations in East Asia become more refined.
2)

Selection of emission factor for development

Upon the development of the emission factors, the emission factors subject to the development should beselected in advance. The selection should be based on the analysis of elements that influence the emission
factors and on the attributable fraction of pollutant/sector emissions to which the emission factors will beapplied.
Regarding the elements that influence the emission factors, for example, it is assumed that there will be no
major error for the emission factor in manufacturing industry (combustion related) when the emission factors
for the facility using the technology available in the country is used. Also, the judgment on whether the
existing emission factors can be applied to may differ depending of the type of fuel. For example, it is assumed
that there would be a higher chance of possible application of the existing emission factor for natural gas than

- 11-1 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

for heavy oil, and for heavy oil than for coal. In the case of coal combustion facilities, emission factors for thesame type of facilities may be largely different depending on the characteristics of coal and the combustion
management of each facility.
With regard to cars, it is assumed that the existing emission factor models can relatively be applied since cars
manufactured in the developed countries are globally sold and used. However, there are cases where used-cars
are employed and the travel distance of the cars are very long, and in some cases the exhaust-gas treatment
equipment adopted in the developed countries are removed. Considering that the motorization in East Asia is
rapidly expanding, the development of the region-specific emission factors is necessary.
With regard to the emission factors related to natural sources such as agriculture and vegetation, in general, it
is assumed that the application of the emission factors measured under the conditions of soils, climate andweather in the temperature zone and subarctic zone is limited. In particular, for emission factors by plant typeand crop type, it is very difficult to estimate when the emission factor of the subject country are not available.
From the above perspective, in addition to the assessment and compiling of the accuracy of the existing
emission factors, it is a necessary attempt to compile the parameters such as countries that develop theinventory, facility conditions and natural conditions in order to evaluate the necessity of the emission factor
development in a comprehensive manner.

- 11-2 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

Article 11.1-1 Development of driving modes and emission factors in Bangkok metropolitan area
Under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan, the Japan Transport Cooperation
Association developed the automobile driving modes and emission factors for air pollutants and CO2 in themetropolitan area of Bangkok.

Figure 11.1-1 Automobile driving mode in the metropolitan area of Bangkok

Figure 11.1-2 Emission factors for passenger car in the metropolitan area of Bangkok
Source: Estimation of Mobile Source CO2 Emission in Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand–
Development of Driving Cycles and Emission Factor -, R. Matsumoto et al., BAQ 2004

- 11-3 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

11.2 Dissemination of the guidelines and refinement of the emission
inventory
It can be said that the dissemination of guidelines and the refinement of emission inventories are deeplyinterrelated. To begin with, the development and dissemination of guidelines itself is not the purpose, but the
final objective is to refine the emission inventories in East Asia as a result of the development anddissemination.
For those who have no experience in developing emission inventory, it is difficult to develop an inventory on
their own after a guideline is handed to them. In order to develop the inventory in the target country anddisseminate the guideline, Japan’s support to the target country is indispensable. As a ways of support, experts
may be dispatched to the target county to develop the emission inventory and people in charge in the target
country may be invited to Japan to attend seminars. It is effective to set up a online help desk for the inventory
guideline in a website or through email.
In effort to make the guideline user-friendly, feedback from users in the target country is important. The
guideline should be regularly updated based on such feedback. The update of the guideline is importantconsidering other guidelines and manuals cited in this guideline will be updated. Users will trust and utilize theguideline that is updated as needed to include new information, which help to disseminate the guideline. The
support for the target country to develop the inventory must be provided in order to disseminate the guideline
when there are no international framework such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Convention of Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution for IPCC Guidelines and EMEP/EEA Guidebook.
In order to refine emission inventory, not only the development of emission factors but also the improvement
in assessment accuracy of activity data is required. In some countries, statistic data necessary for emission
estimation may not be developed. Even if the statistic data is available, the accuracy of the statistic data may
be problematic.
One approach to secure the accuracy and the development of statistic data as activity data is to actuallydevelop emission inventory. If possible, the comparison of emission estimation results from calculations basedon different activity data and by different methods is an effective way to check the accuracy. In addition, thecomparison of estimation results of the country in different years and the comparison with estimation results ofneighboring countries are useful for the accuracy check of the emission estimations as well.
In view of the development of activity data, the dissemination of this guideline, the comparison of the resultsof the emission inventory development utilizing this guideline, and the feedback from the comparison will
facilitate to further refine the emission inventory.
Through the synergy of the three components: the update of the guideline; support for inventory development;
development of East Asia-specific emission factors, the final objectives of the dissemination of the guideline
and the refinement of the emission factors can be achieved. (Figure 11.2-1)- 11-4 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

SupportDevelopment of theInventory in eachcountry

Guideline update

Feedback

Development of
East Asia-specificemission factors

Dissemination of Guidelines
Refinement of Inventory

Figure 11.2-1 Dissemination of the guidelines and the refinement of the emission inventory

11.3 Improvement in usability
1.

Development and distribution of spreadsheet

IPCC Guideline and others have spreadsheet attached, and users can calculate an emission inventory simply by
inputting necessary data into the sheet. Considering user-friendliness that this spreadsheet can provide, it isdesirable to develop a spreadsheet for this guideline as well.
However, the spreadsheet has a drawback that it may hinder the users from correctly understanding the
calculation method. Also, there are users who don’t like to use a mechanical spreadsheet. The creation of the
spreadsheet itself is not sufficient enough, but the spreadsheet should be incorporated into the dissemination
activities such as the aforementioned support to develop the inventory or it should be treated as a tool tofacilitate such activities.
On the other hand, the creation of spreadsheet provides another benefit of ensuring the necessary transparency:
one of the requirements for the inventory is that other people should be able to see what kind of data an
inventory was based on and how the inventory was developed. In other words, an inventory should be
developed in a way that other people can trace back the inventory.
The more detailed an estimation method becomes, the more complicated it becomes to describe the data andcalculation equations that were used in a report. If a spreadsheet is available for the report together with thedata used, it would be easier to ensure the transparency of the processes.
Therefore the spreadsheet should be developed as a means to improve the user’s usability.

2.

Check tree for main emission source and attributable fraction by pollutant and by sector

There are cases where no reliable initial inventory is available and there is no activity data or detailed
breakdown. In such cases, a special investigation may be required in order to calculate the air pollutant
emissions in a sector or sub-sector where the available information is limited. If the decision to implement- 11-5 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

such investigation can be made mechanically, that would reduce efforts for inventory development, inparticular, efforts to collect data for the activity data.
To provide a specific image, it is to create a flow chart that can display the necessity of a calculation and an
investigation at several phases by inputting basic information such as the existence of specified industry
sectors, the total production, and the fuel types in manufacturing business.
But even for this approach, as in the aforementioned development of emission factors, for which the data on
facility type, production technology and abatement technology are consolidated, it will require to accumulate
sample cases of inventory development across multiple countries and regions.
After the calculation results for the emission inventory of each pollutant are accumulated and consolidated,various decisions can be made easily: whether emission estimation for each pollutant and each sector should
be conducted after the identification of major emission sources based on the attributable fraction by pollutant
and sector; and whether the simple method is to be applied or whether the detailed method is to be applied.
Providing such check tree for major emission source and the contribution ratio by pollutant and sector leads toimprovement in the user’s convenience.

11.4 Inventory development through the integrated procedure
Upon the development of this guideline, the objective was calculation of air pollutant and GHGs emissions
based on the same activity data using a same calculation method.
However, for example, when there is inconsistency between the fuel consumption data, which is fromquestionnaire surveys conducted for the calculation of air pollutant emissions from LPS, and the existingstatistic data, the fuel consumption of LPS is used on a priority basis in principle. On the other hand, according
to the method in IPCC Guidelines, it is common practice to use fuel consumption in the existing data for the
calculation of CO2 emissions from a combustion system. If there are differences between the results of thequestionnaire surveys and the statistic data on the fuel combustion even after the authenticity of both data is
confirmed, it is preferable to add correction to the data; however, the decision is made on case by case basis.
Essentially, it is desirable to develop emission inventories for both air pollutants and GHGs based on the sameactivity data and by an integrated calculation method. Or, even when it is considered advisable to use different
activity data due to different characteristics of air pollutants, the activity data should be adjusted to beequivalent.
For example, when the CO2 emissions from cars is calculated using the fuel consumption as activity data andthe NOx emissions from the cars is calculated using the total driving distance as the activity data, it is assumed
that the difference between the fuel consumption used for the CO2 emissions and the corresponding fuelconsumption for NOx should be corrected; the fuel consumption for NOx can be estimated from the total
driving distance and the fuel efficiency.
There is the concept of co-benefit which aims to simultaneously reduce both air pollutants and GHGs. With
regard to the air pollution, it means to simultaneously reduce emissions of air pollutants and GHGs. In addition,
this concept will let us discuss cost-effectiveness of measures and choose the most suitable measure after
taking into account the emissions of both the air pollutants and GHGs. When such analysis and discussion isconducted, the emission inventory should be an emission inventory for which both air pollutants and GHGs
are calculated in a integrated manner. In this sense, it is important to develop an emission inventory based on
the method in which air pollutants and GHGs are treated in a integrated manner.
Appropriate design of the emission calculation method also makes it possible to calculate many types of air
pollutant and GHG basically with the same activity data and a change in the emission factor only. By this, thecoherence of the inventory over multiple years can be maintained and the transparency is also ensured.

- 11-6 -Guidelines for Developing Emission Inventory in East Asia

11.5 Linkage with the simulation modelThis guideline deals NMVOC as a matter subject to calculation, but the chemical composition of NMVOC is
not covered. The resolution of NMVOC into chemical components is an operation that is positioned at theborder between the development of an emission inventory and the simulation.
On the other hand, when an emission inventory is used as input data for a simulation model, the chemicalcomposition of NMVOC might be required in some cases other than the temporal change and the spatial
distribution. In the chemistry-transport model among simulation models, the generation of O3 and particulatematters is predicted by solving the simplified equation for chemical reaction in the atmosphere. In thesechemical equations, detailed chemical matters are classified into a several chemical substance groups for
simplification and then calculations are conducted. Therefore, NMVOC for each sector and subsector isrequired to be broken down into chemical composition for input data of these models.
Although such chemical composition data is only available at a limited number of sources such as USEPA’s
SPECIATE database and EMEP/EEA Guidebook, it is one of the remaining tasks to describe these matters in
the guideline.

- 11-7 -