The Contribution of
Science in Implementing
the Sustainable
Development Goals

The contribution of science in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals
Published by / further information
German Committee Future Earth
Heilbronner Str. 150
70191 Stuttgart, Germany
Email: info@dkn-future-earth.dewww.dkn-future-earth.org
twitter.com/dkn_futureearth
Members German Committee Future Earth
Prof. Dr. FRANÇOIS BUSCOT (2016-2018), Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ n
Prof. Dr. ANITA ENGELS (2016-2018), University of Hamburg n Prof. Dr. ARMIN GRUNWALD (20132018), KIT – Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis n Prof. Dr. PATRICK HOSTERT(2016-2018), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin n Dr. CHRISTIANE JOERK (ex-officio), German Research
Foundation n Prof. Dr. WOLFGANG LUCHT (2013-2018), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Researchn Prof. Dr. KAREN PITTEL (2013-2018), Ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the
University of Munich e.V. n Dr. BETTINA SCHMALZBAUER (ex-officio), German Committee Future
Earth Secretariat n Prof. Dr. CHRISTIANE SCHMULLIUS (2013-2015), Friedrich Schiller University
Jena n Prof. Dr. MARTIN VISBECK - Chairman - (2013-2018), GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean
Research Kiel n Prof. Dr. VOLKMAR WOLTERS (2013-2015), Justus Liebig University Giessen
Prepared by
Dr. Bettina Schmalzbauer / German Committee Future Earth Secretariat
Photos:p.4: IASS/Bruchhaus und Ingenweyen n p.6: Bildschoen/Marco Jentsch n p.9: DFG/Ausserhofer
Karsten Möbius/Leopoldina n p10: GEOMAR n p.14: Pexels n p.16: Thomas Kletecka (above); DFG(below) n p.17: DFG n p.20: DKN Future Earth n p.21: shutterstock/Dudarev Mikhail n p.23: Pexels
n p.25: Pexels; Shutterstock/Vasily Gureev n p.26: Shutterstock/Udeyismail; Clipdealer n p.29: Villa
Vigoni n p.30: DKN Future Earth n p.33: Shutterstock/Thomas Koch; Pexels n p.34: Szymon Kachanski;
Pexels n p.37: Pexels; Pexels n p.38: Pexels; European parliament n p.42: Pexels n p.46: Pexels
Figures:
p.20, 30: DKN Future Earth n p.22: UN n p.43, 44: Future Earth
Graphic design by
Maro Haas / MH Design
Editing/Proofreading by
Dr. Jutta Bachmann / Bachmann Consulting
Financial support for conferences and report provided by
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
December 2016
ISBN 978-3-9813068-5-9
Suggested citation: Schmalzbauer B., Visbeck M. (Eds.) 2016. The contribution of science in
implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. German Committee Future Earth, Stuttgart/Kiel.

TABLE OF CONTENT
4 PERSPECTIVE ON THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN 2030 AGENDA
6 FOREWORD
12 I . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION
15 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON “MEASURING SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT” – a conference jointly organised by DFG and

UNU with the aim of reinforcing the science-policy interface in thecontext of the Sustainable Development Goals

18 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON “SCIENCE NEEDS FOR

IMPLEMENTING THE SDG FRAMEWORK” – a German
Committee Future Earth, Future Earth and SDSN joint foresightworkshop to identify research requirements for supporting theimplementation of SDGs

21 III. RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
47 IV. OUTLOOKTHE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE ON THE ROLE
OF SCIENCE IN 2030 AGENDA

While the world is currently facing many challenges and crises ranging
from global inequality, complex economic turbulence to large-scalemigration as a consequence of underdevelopment, war and terrorism,2015 has also seen strong signs of cooperation and shared responsibility
for the future. The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) and the Paris Agreement on climate change are both examplesof far-reaching agreements between heads of state and broader societalgroups. These agreements set forth an ambitious global agenda intended
to be both aspirational and practical. After almost thirty years of political
discourse on sustainability, which began on the world stage with theBrundtland Commission in 1987, we can now identify substantial shifts
in turning words into actions as we delve deeper into the challenges andopportunities of implementation.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the move towards decarbonisation both require atransformational agenda. The process of identifying and negotiating these two global frameworks has
made it very clear that civil society, business, and, indeed all individuals, have a central role to play.
Similarly, in the world of science, concepts and perspectives such as transdisciplinarity and co-creation
are gaining ground. As a consequence, the strict division between those actors establishing goals andnorms on one hand, and identifying research questions on the other hand, and actors who comply withthese goals and norms or conduct the research, is becoming blurred. If decarbonisation and the 2030
Agenda are seen as laying the groundwork for implementation, then science, politics, economics andcivil society now need to develop a robust common understanding of the issues at stake and possible
solutions compatible with ecological boundaries and democratic principles.
Much has been said in science and politics about the problems that could arise from “crossing
the lines” in this way. It is neither desirable nor useful for science to become overly politicised or,conversely, for government policies to be designed by scientific principles and worldviews. However,as the social sphere, including the sub-systems of science and politics, does not operate according
to strict “either-or constellations”, pragmatic and critical reflections are required for testing and (re-)
configuring science-policy interactions.
If one accepts the premise that a fundamental shift towards more participatory approaches inpolicymaking occurred in the lead-up to 2015, the question that needs to be asked is whether science
has learned similar lessons to politics. What is the state of play in research processes in terms ofpractitioner involvement and broader practice?

4/5

While this debate is ongoing and in the absence of any final solution, as it is the case in both scienceand politics, we can identify some early initiatives and processes. Two examples are the conferences
organised by the German Committee Future Earth and DFG on “Measuring Sustainable Development”(2015) and “Science needs for implementing the SDG framework” (2016).
By focusing on topics such as “measurability of SDGs”, “nexus challenges” and broader “sciencepolicy relationships”, the two initiatives showed how science, and only science in this case, can makeuseful contributions to such complex and multi-dimensional agendas. As science is not politics andpolitics is not science, it goes without saying that solution-oriented research needs a broad basis infundamental upstream research, embedded in a diverse research landscape and funding structure.
This report provides important insights into how collaboration beyond disciplines and between scienceand policy/society is possible in more concrete terms and can be highly useful for implementing the2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement.
The German research community and its institutional landscape seem to fulfil many of therequirements for a productive knowledge base for the challenges ahead. Martin Visbeck, Chairman of
the German Future Earth Committee, and Jörg Hacker, President of the German Academy of Sciences
Leopoldina, are two extremely dedicated figures at the helm of two fundamental activities. Jörg Hacker
also provides strong representation for Germany on the UN Scientific Advisory Board – a high-levelcommittee and one of the key global level entry points highlighting the crucial role that science canand should play by providing timely and substantial advice to our common agenda. Any assessmentof the current state of the UN system and specifically its ability to support the implementation of thetwo agendas underlines this crucial role science can play, and serves to remind the UN and member
states that science will need to be strengthened further in order to deliver what is required. We needsound assessments and concrete options for action that not only address science-policy challenges
related to the multi-facetted relationships between excellence and relevance on the national level, butalso help build trust and ultimately legitimacy between countries and continents. This will then turnthe best possible knowledge into a global common agenda for globally relevant actions that also takes
into account local realities.

Klaus Töpfer
Founding Director and Executive Director emeritus of theInstitute for Advanced Sustainability Studies,
former Executive Director of the United Nations
Environment ProgrammeTHE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / FOREWORD

THE CONCEPTUALISATIONOF RESEARCH IN GLOBALSUSTAINABILITY
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Almost thirty years ago, in 1987, the United Nations World Commission
on Environment and Development published a report with the title Our
Common Future. Also known as the Brundtland Commission Report,
named after commission chair Gro Harlem Brundtland, the report soon
became a milestone policy document. For the first time it put sustainable
development on the global agenda, defining it as an effort “to meet theneeds and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability tomeet those of the future.”
The Brundtland Commission’s call to build a sustainable world still
resonates with us today. It has lost none of its urgency, nor has it lost anyof its relevance. On the contrary: What was still a new idea thirty years
ago has now turned into a collective global value and a common mission shared by internationalorganisations as well as governments, non-governmental organisations, and other civil society
actors. Not least, sustainable development has also become an important concern for scientists andresearchers.
As a knowledge society, we necessarily rely on scientific research when we try to chart the course
towards a sustainable future. Knowledge societies depend on the knowledge, the expertise, andthe reflexivity that the sciences and humanities have to offer. That said, the growing importance ofscholarly knowledge in respect to sustainable development has at least two important implications forthe scientific and scholarly endeavours themselves.
First, it affects the concepts of the sciences, social sciences, and humanities: of what they are, ofwhat they ought to do, and of the ways in which they should be organised. This leads to the questionsof “What kind of research do we need in order to meet the challenges of climate change and global
sustainability? And how should we organise our research systems to be able to live up to thosechallenges?” Both of these questions defy easy answers, yet it is important to think them through.
In the current public discourse, proponents of the “sustainability movement” in research around theworld call for a better realignment and a normative turn of our entire research systems towards
the issue of sustainability. Researchers and scientists should investigate sustainability questions
that society defines as important and move beyond a purely technological approach to sustainable
development in all dimensions. Researchers are often supposed to privilege the practical handling of
concrete problems over curiosity-driven research, and they are expected to concern themselves withproducing usable and actionable knowledge. If this claim were understood as a call for a complete
normative turn of the public research system, it would imply several problems. This research concept

6/7

merely replaces the technological instrumentalism it criticizes with a new form – environmental
instrumentalism. Accordingly, it conceptualises all research as a practical tool to work out scientificsolutions to problems that society has already defined. With that, it reduces the potentially endlessrange of questions and issues that researchers may legitimately deal with to one single overarching
purpose. However, any such form of instrumentalism not only underestimates the complexity of thechallenges that society faces. By conceptualising research as a matter of predefined problems andpredictable solutions, it also underestimates the importance of those surprising scholarly insights thatsociety needs to meet the challenges of sustainable development. This new, unpredictable knowledge
creates the real transformative breakthroughs that change the ways of society’s thinking and acting.
To answer the questions, research systems should be as pluralistic as possible in order to be able tocontribute to sustainable development. Only then will society be able to handle short-term and longterm perspectives as well as predictable and unpredictable developments.
Second, it may also change the way in which relationships between academia and society areconceptualised. To take the tough and wise political actions needed to implement the 2030 Agenda,
options and scenarios should be based on sound empirical evidence. Scholarly knowledge can help
to formulate, question, or criticise competing knowledge claims. Researchers are in the best position
to offer their scholarly knowledge, their expertise and their reflexivity to political decision-makers,
particularly by outlining the range of options for actions and their respective implications, before
policymakers then actually take the decisions. Thus, researchers can enable them to come to smart
and sound decisions. In order to be able to do so, however, researchers have to build relationships
with policymakers and politicians. They need opportunities to exchange ideas and to put forward
their scientific concepts to the political field. On an international level, institutions such as the UN
Secretary-General’s Scientific Advisory Board ensure that the best scientific knowledge is available todecision-makers.
Likewise, joint conferences bringing together both sides – researchers and policymakers – may
open up such a space of interaction and stimulating discussions, which is increasingly needed for asustainable future. In this sense, the conferences “Measuring Sustainable Development” and “Science
Needs in Implementing the Framework”, both documented in this report, were an effort to explore
the potential input of science – in particular the contribution of fundamental bottom-up research – tosupport decision-making in the 2030 Agenda process. The conference topics focused mainly on themeasurability and implementation of Sustainable Development Goals, nexus challenges and effective
science-policy relationships. The conference results presented in this report demonstrate thatscience can contribute in two ways: on the one hand, to better understand the interlinkages between
the Sustainable Development Goals and their underlying challenges and to understand thresholds,
rebound effects and tipping points; on the other hand, to support the evaluation of Sustainable
Development Goals and track the progress of their achievement.

Peter Strohschneider
President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / FOREWORDCONSOLIDATE THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEENSCIENCE AND
UNITED NATIONS
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft /German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina –National Academy of Sciences
This report – bringing together the results of two conferences on the advancement of the United Nation’s
2030 development agenda – comes at a timely moment: Last year we witnessed two remarkable events
that ought to be seen as important moments in the history of our global community. In December
2015, we observed the World Climate Summit in Paris, an event that will hopefully turn out to be
the most impactful of its kind ever. As we know, the European Union ratified the Paris Agreement in
October 2016, and under its terms, there are currently enough signatory countries producing a large
enough share of the world’s greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force. The agreement,
therefore, took effect on 4 November 2016. The second globally influential event last year was heldin September, when member states of the United Nations adopted the new Sustainable Development
Goals to chart the course for the United Nation’s 2030 development policy.
The member states of the United Nations not only successfully negotiated and formulated theSustainable Development Goals, they also stated repeatedly that the new post-2015 development
policies of the United Nations – also known as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainability – should be basedstrictly on a scientifically sound and effective approach. To this end, the member states and particularly
the United Nation’s Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon have called upon the global scientific community
to help establish the scientific basis for evidence-based implementation of this agenda.
Sustainable development, in general, has become an important concern for scientists andresearchers. Around the world, they work broadly and intensely on questions of sustainability andcontribute to sustainable development in numerous ways. They do so, for example, by developing
new crops that enable rural societies to shake off the yoke of famine; or by exploring new ways toimprove energy efficiency; or by testing and developing new vaccinations and antibiotics to fight off thescourges of disease. Beyond that, the idea of sustainability has become a collective global value anda common mission shared by international organisations as well as governments, non-governmentalorganisations, and other civil society actors.
In order to further explore and underpin the importance of scientific contributions to the successof the 2030 development agenda, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research
Foundation) and the United Nations University – both strongly committed to sustainability issues– have also responded to the UN Secretary-General’s request by organising events for leading
scholars, practitioners and policymakers in the United Nations system to come together, exchange
ideas, and discuss new scientific approaches to measuring, assessing and implementing sustainable
development.

8/9

We started out in 2015 with a conference held in New York, at the German House and the United Nations
Headquarters. The main purpose of this conference was to further develop the science-policy interface
and to identify possible contributions of the scientific community to the 2030 agenda implementation
process. The conference was then supplemented by an international workshop series by the German
Committee Future Earth in collaboration with Future Earth and other partners to debate and elaborate
possible research questions, frameworks and collaboration models. Furthermore, a lecture series
together with the University of Bonn was organised to discuss with members of the Scientific Advisory
Board to the UN Secretary-General and the broader public current research findings and recent
advancements in sustainable development.
Large parts of these gatherings would not have been possible without the support of the Permanent
Mission of Germany to the United Nations, the various UN representatives, as well as the contributionsof the representatives of the Secretary-General’s Scientific Advisory Board. Thanks to the Scientific
Advisory Board, the UN system has placed so much emphasis on issues such as health, development,
economics, gender, education, and sustainable development that conferences like ours have beenhighly appreciated and broadly supported by numerous people and organisations.
We would like to thank all partners, collaborators and participants for their excellent work andnumerous stimulating discussions. We will continue to provide support for scientific input on climatechange and global sustainability, and for strengthening the science-policy interface in the 2030 agenda
process.

Dorothee Dzwonnek

Jörg Hacker

Secretary General of theDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

President of the German Academy of Sciences
Leopoldina – National Academy of Sciences

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / FOREWORD

BENEFITS OF
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION IN SCIENCE
German Committee Future Earth

Challenged to provide answers to some of the world’s biggest societal
and environmental problems, the scientific community has consistently
delivered exciting and solid information that is often used to assess
the situation in many different parts of the globe to document theanthropogenic cause of environmental changes and to provide
perspectives on possible development scenarios. Looking towards the
future, societies will face a growing number of challenges, which will
include finding ways to address climate change, achieve food security,
counteract the scarcity of raw materials and maintain and improve publichealth. Rapid growth of the world’s population, increasing affluence andan ageing population are all factors that contribute to these challenges.
More science based information ideally coordinated at the global scale isrequired to inform sustainable development strategies to counterbalancethese developments, especially considering the increasing complexity of decision-making related to
global and regional agreements.
The new Paris Agreement on addressing climate change and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development are providing high-level political frameworks for global transformation to a moresustainable society, and are expected to shape policies for the next decade. To successfully implement
these global agreements science can play a role by explaining the benefits and trade-offs of a range
of development pathways that could lead to a more sustainable global society, contribute to achieving
global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and help address climate change issues for a morepositive outlook on the future. The scientific community will be called on to contribute more than everbefore to provide innovative ideas and information in the context of global problem solving. In order toincrease efficiency and impact it might be beneficial to explore new forms of scientific partnershipsthat can provide relevant information to support the needed transformation of global society.
For example, international scientific cooperation in the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
and the newly launched Future Earth programme is geared towards providing the knowledge and support
needed to accelerate the transformation to a more sustainable world. These programmes focus onchallenges that are too complex for a single nation or institution to deal with alone. Research in Future
Earth is expected to generate knowledge that will enable societies worldwide to deal effectively withthe challenges of global environmental change. Future Earth supports solution-oriented, upstreamintegrated and fundamental research as well as international engagement, all aimed at addressing
sustainability challenges and generating new knowledge in partnership with society. Over the next

10 / 11

few months, Future Earth will establish a number of Knowledge-Action Networks (KANs). One KAN
will focus on integral aspects of SDGs such as how to achieve policy coherence when planning theimplementation of particular actions related to one specific goal; on integral aspects of the indicator
framework for SDGs that would benefit from being more scientifically based. Future Earth and WCRP
are expected to deliver the scientific basis needed to effectively reach the goals set out in the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.
Future Earth and WCRP are supported at national level by the German Committee Future Earth thatbrings together the scientific community with other expert groups with the aim of defining, establishingand implementing new and innovative global sustainability research activities.
In its second term (2016-2018), the German Committee Future Earth is focusing its activities onscientific aspects related to the 2030 Agenda, and engaging in and intensifying partnerships withother national advisory bodies and networks such as the German Sustainable Development Solutions
Network, the German Advisory Council of Global Change and the German Council for Sustainable
Development. The German Committee Future Earth also contributes to shaping the international
research agenda by organising flagship activities such as the foresight workshop on scientific needs
for implementing the SDGs.
Over recent decades, members of the German Committee Future Earth and the German science
community have played key roles in the effort to align research on global change, and have identified
the need for an integrated research approach. We are convinced that international collaboration
between researchers is essential for generating global and regional knowledge in new and exciting
ways. This report shows that research collaboration across nations, disciplines and knowledge
domains can work extremely well to suggest possible pathways for enhancing global sustainability.

Martin Visbeck
Chairman of theGerman Committee Future EarthTHE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RECOMMENDATIONS

I. RECOMMENDATIONSFOR ACTION

M

ajor issues in the successful implementation of the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
are likely to be: consistency with other political processes (e.g. UNFCCC),
implementability (e.g. interactions between goals) and measurability(e.g. indicators). Science can contribute to all these aspects by providing
the fundamental knowledge base necessary for decision-making andpractical implementation of the goals. Rapid advances in science can best be achieved
with an integrated, cross-sectoral and engaging scientific agenda that connects upstream
fundamental research with solution-oriented research. The DFG (German Research
Foundation) has joined forces with a number of partners to further strengthen the role ofscience in the SDG agenda.
Two conferences have proved to be inspiring platforms for future action. The conferenceswere organised in cooperation with partners from science, government, the UN and civilsociety. The first conference focused on “Measuring Sustainable Development” and was run
by the DFG and UNU in 2015; the second was a “Foresight workshop on science needs in
implementing the SDG framework” and was organised by the German Committee Future
Earth, Future Earth and SDSN in 2016.
The organisers believe that the implementation of the 2030 Agenda will benefit from existing
and up-coming research results and other types of knowledge. The recommendations
summarised on the right hand side highlight possible contributions that science can makein the broader context. These recommendations focus in particular on internationally
coordinated upstream fundamental research.
A more comprehensive and detailed account of the discussions and recommendations will begiven in the following chapters.

12 / 13

The recommended core fieldsof action are:

To encourage interdisciplinary science
to increase the knowledge base needed forthe most efficient and coherent sustainable
development pathways.

To prepare problem- and solutionoriented synopses in order to better
understand, analyse and cope with different
types of potential conflicts concerning the SDG
implementation process.

To reinforce the science-policy processby building on good examples such as the
UN-SAB (United Nation Secretary-General’s
Scientific Advisory Board) national scienceadvisors and the committees that have been set
up to ensure that the best scientific knowledge isavailable to decision-makers.

To develop more partnerships

To establish platforms for free andopen data sharing with transparent metadata

between academia, business, civil society
and governments in order to find innovative
sustainable development solutions throughnetworks such as SDSN.

that are available to all stakeholders, and canalso be used as the basis for creating flexible
indicator frameworks.

To understand the implementation of
the SDGs as a continuous learning process

To foster increased international
collaboration and exchange of knowledge
and scientific capacity on the global level byintensifying projects such as Future Earth.

that needs close and regular scientifically based
revision.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

14 / 15

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON“MEASURING SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT”– a conference jointly organised by DFG and UNU
with the aim of reinforcing the science-policy interface in thecontext of the Sustainable Development Goals
In April 2015 the DFG joined forces with the United
Nations University (UNU) to hold a conference on“Measuring sustainable development” in New York.
This two-day conference was aimed at reinforcing
the science-policy interface in the context of the
Sustainable Development Goals, which are the core of
the 2030 Agenda, and discussing the role of sciencealong with current practices in government and civilsociety. Around 60 people attended the conference
including representatives from government and civilsociety organisations, UN policy makers and scientists
from various disciplines.
The debate on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, its goals, targets and indicators,
as well as how they are measured, monitored
and reviewed, necessarily includes discussion
on the role played by science in sustainable
development, what science has to offer
policymakers and how the science-policy
interface can be improved. Research on global
sustainable development has been recognised
as scientifically important as well as societally
relevant. However, implementing SDGs posesa series of particular challenges as far as
monitoring, measuring and assessment ofgoals is concerned. The DFG-UNU conference
focused on these issues and provided a unique
opportunity to discuss institutional boundaries
and for science to engage with practices ingovernment and civil society. The conference
was aimed at scholars as well as experts andpractitioners in relevant political arenas (UNbodies, the Diplomatic Corps, NGOs, academia
and the business community) and sought tobring them together with key players in the
global sustainability, including the Future Earthresearch initiative, the Scientific Advisory Board
to the UN Secretary General and the Sustainable
Development Solutions Network.
The DFG-UNU conference focused onthematic sessions that form the basis for
key recommendations given in this section:
indicators and monitoring, assessment andevaluation, synergies and tough choices, andownership. The main outcome of the conference
was that science must provide the factual
basis for the SDGs and can make significant
contributions towards their implementation
in four specific areas: First, progress on SDG
implementation needs to be supported by ameaningful indicator framework, and thisframework needs scientific input. In 2016, the UN
adopted a set of 230 indicators. However, due tolack of data, only a third of the indicators weresuitable for inclusion in the first report entitled“SDG Index & Dashboards – Global Report” thatwas produced to help countries implement theTHE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

new SDGs. Second, science can support theestablishment of evidence-based proceduresfor evaluating the SDGs and track achievement
progress. Third, sound scientific input is needed
for co-designing and executing scientificassessments in the context of the SDG process(going beyond the good examples set by IPCC and
IPBES). Fourth, deep and integrated scientificknowledge is needed for better understanding
key interlinkages, synergies and trade-offs
embedded in the SDGs. This area would also
benefit from foresight.

Key recommendations are:

ABOVE JAKOB RHYNER, GUILHERME DE AGUIAR PATRIOTA, ROBERT C. ORR, AMINA MOHAMMED,JÖRG HACKER, DOROTHEE DZWONNEK AND PETER STROHSCHNEIDER
BELOW AMINA MOHAMMED, SPECIAL ADVISOR OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED
NATIONS ON POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Indicators and monitoring: Incorporate betterdata and indicators to improve policy decisionmaking. This requires building technical capacity
around the world, especially in developing
countries, and includes training scientists aswell as creating institutions that can provide
indicators and are sufficiently strong andtransparent to remain politically independent.
Assessment and evaluation: Include (i)regular SDG evaluations that provide continuous
information to member states and otherstakeholders on their progress in reaching goals
and targets; and (ii) on-demand assessmentsthat provide feedback to member states andother stakeholders on key scientific issues
concerning SDGs. Assessments need to be (1)multi-level, integrated, transparent, participatory
and consensual; their guiding questions need
to be jointly framed by the policy and science
communities; (2) “go the extra mile” by assessing
interlinkages and trade-offs embedded within theSDGs, and policy options for transforming tradeoffs into synergies; (3) open data platforms.

16 / 17MICHAEL KAHN (STELLENBOSH UNIVERSITY), MARKUS GEHRING (UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE), MARIANNE BEISHEIM (GERMAN INSTITUTE FOR
INTERNATIONAL AND SECURITY AFFAIRS), ANITA ENGELS (UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG), NORICHIKA KANIE (UN UNIVERSITY), SARAN KABA JONES(FACE AFRICA), THOMAS POGGE (YALE UNIVERSITY)

Synergies and tough choices: Exchangewith science enhances learning processes with
science. As science is a continuous learning
process, it can play a pivotal role in terms of
data, analysis and scenario building. Shortterm vs. long-term trade-offs between SDGs
can be handled through suitable incentives and/or temporary focused support. Other trade-offs
should be approached by more efficient use ofresources, often requiring behavioural changes.
Furthermore, a multi-stage approach to indicator
development should be envisioned and explored,from a goal-related to a policy-related indicator
framework, which should utilise synergies andhandle possible trade-offs.
Ownership: (1) Participation of all national
stakeholders and participatory monitoringof country-level implementation will be
instrumental for achieving local ownership.
Beyond that, it is necessary to explore ways
to strengthen ownership of the SDGs that are
dealing with global common goods. (2) The

international legal framework for SDGs shouldhave a reinforcing loop to support stakeholders.
(3) Efforts should be made to engage local
communities and utilise local knowledge as
much as possible.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON“SCIENCE NEEDS FOR
IMPLEMENTING THE SDG
FRAMEWORK”– a German Committee Future Earth, Future Earth and SDSN joint
foresight workshop to identify research requirements forsupporting the implementation of SDGs
The international foresight workshop, held from
18-21 April 2016 at Villa Vigoni, Italy, aimed to identify
research needs in support of SDG implementation.
The workshop was organised by the German
Committee Future Earth in close collaboration with
Future Earth and SDSN (Sustainable Development
Solutions Network), and is one of a series of possible
workshops to be held in collaboration with theinternational Future Earth research programme. This
first workshop involved the support and participationof 35 international experts from the natural and social
sciences and the public sector.

Over the past few decades, research has helped
create a better understanding of the linkages
and possible impacts of human development
on a regional and global level. There has been
rapid progress within sectors and along single
dimensions, but much slower developments
in interlinked areas such as nexus fields.
The objective of the “Foresight workshop on
science needs for implementing the new SDG
framework” was to further develop a researchframework that would contribute to identifying
potential comprehensive (global, sustainable inall dimensions) solutions in the coming (5+) years
to support the successful implementation of
SDGs. A research framework can help to develop
societally, economically and environmentally
efficient instruments and achieve better policy
coherence. Using foresight as a thinking andlearning process before strategic decisions aretaken can reveal possible interlinkages between
sustainable development goals as well as thecontribution that can be made by research.
This was discussed with a particular focus on
the three following interlinked areas of global
concern: (1) socio-economic & biophysicaldynamics of the humanity-nature nexus, (2)migration and SDGs, and (3) food security& sustainable production and consumption– ocean and land. The key findings of theforesight workshop given below are based on
the prominent issues currently being discussed
rather than a priority list.

Key findings of theworkshop are:
Science can make valuable contributions tobetter understanding and identifying relevant
options for SDG implementation. This requires
fragmented knowledge communities to cometogether in order to provide a synthesis of
the current state of scientific knowledge inthe context of global sustainability (it needs tobe examined whether this synthesis could beorganised along similar lines to IPCC/IPBES
processes or whether it has to be more flexible
and interactive). Solution-oriented and contextual
upstream fundamental research need to work
together to help understand posisitve and18 / 19

negative relationships between sustainable
development goals and targets, and what thismeans on a national level (e.g. in the form ofpilot and comparative studies aimed at identifying
context-specific challenges and opportunities).
Science also needs to advance methodologicalapproaches to nexus challenges and nexus
methods in order to improve policy coherence.
Migration nexus topic. Migration is across-cutting phenomenon related to diverse
sustainable development goals. Migration canbe interpreted as a reaction to the problems thatthe 2030 Agenda sets out to solve. In some cases
it can help to achieve the SDGs and in others it
may create additional difficulties. As there is ahuge lack of knowledge in this field, researchon migration patterns and push and pull
factors across countries and biomes is urgently
needed. This needs to take into account how
such migration dynamics may impact efforts toachieve the SDGs. Spatialised socio-economic
migration databases need to be merged,
expanded and coupled with environmental
datasets as well as with governance and fragility
data to support meta analysis.
Humanity-nature nexus topic. In termsof the conditions required for the emergenceof a sustainable economy that supports theachievement of the SDGs, science can contributein four different overarching fields: co-designing
development pathways that encompass the
dynamics of biophysical and social system
dynamics; harnessing the power of businessand providing SDG-compatible business model
designs; adopting a systematic approach toassessing the implications of public policies andbusiness strategies for achieving SDGs; decisionmaking in uncertain conditions.
Food security nexus topic. Society’s greatest
challenge will be to ensure a well-balanced andhealthy diet for the future world population while
avoiding significant ecosystem degradation and

The SDG agenda is likely to be a turning point not
only for the UN system, but also for theinternational science system. It is probably themost comprehensive international framework that has everbeen formulated and necessarily embodies all the toughquestions humanity faces when formulating perspectives forsustainable and prosperous development. There will be nosingle straight path towards global sustainability and prosperity
involving simultaneous advancement of all the indicators within
the 17 goals and 169 targets. This is where science comes in,and takes a holistic approach to identifying and understanding
trade-offs between different targets, as well as detectingsynergies that can mobilise and boost action. This will require agoal- and solution-oriented scientific approach. Inter- andtransdisciplinarity will be a consequence rather than thefounding principle of such an approach. At the United Nations
University, we see this again and again in our projects at theinterface of academia and the UN system.
That said, inter- and transdisciplinary science is not the only
approach required. Most of the tools and methodologies
that are urgently needed and being used today – such as
telecommunications, renewable energy production and medical
technologies – have their roots in purely curiosity driven,deep-rooted disciplinary research undertaken in the fields of
biology, physics or mathematics in the last century. We willcontinue to need this type of research in our search for answers
to questions that have not even been asked yet, but will require
solutions by the late 21st century.
Therefore there is no point playing off fundamental against
applied research, disciplinary against inter- andtransdisciplinary projects, or social against natural science. A
successful long-term implementation of the SDG agenda needs
all of these, plus the corresponding diversity of scientists andfunding mechanisms that value all the different approaches andfoster interaction between them.

Jakob Rhyner
United Nations University (UNU)
Vice Rector in Europe and Director of the Institutefor Environment and Human Security_____________

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS OF THE FORESIGHT WORKSHOP ON “SCIENCE NEEDS FOR
IMPLEMENTING THE SDG FRAMEWORK”

pollution and keeping remaining forests andwetlands intact, without overexploiting land andocean resources. Science can contribute byanalysing options in five different overarching
fields: reforming global regulatory frameworks;
measuring risk and introducing insurance on
different scales; integrating environmental andecosystem services into decision-making on
farming; elaborating technological approaches
towards sustainable intensification ofagricultural production; reducing food waste andimproving food security.
In terms of monitoring and review, thescientific community needs to work on the
SDG narratives, as easy-to-handle innovative
indicators are required. This could mean
working on issues such as “What does
development mean on a national scale? How
does national prosperity contribute to global
cumulative effects, and are there feedback
effects from global to national and local
levels? How do national strategies affect othercountries? What are the most effective waysof overcoming existing institutional and otherbarriers at national level in order to achieve aninterlinked (e.g. socio-ecological) approach to
SDG implementation?”.
New types of knowledge interaction between
relevant stakeholders are needed in order tosuccessfully implement SDGs. For instance, one
starting point could be a knowledge generation
model that describes a comprehensive way oflooking at complex challenges and includes
repeated and dynamic interaction over time
between upstream fundamental research,solution-oriented research, policymakers, theprivate sector and civil society.
Foresight can help handle the complexity andtime pressure involved in implementing SDGs
in two ways. First, by reflecting on researchmethods and tools in a multidimensionalway (e.g. adequacy of toolboxes). Second, by
informing decision-makers and developing
scenarios by bringing together strategic thinkers
from different knowledge domains.

20 / 21

III. RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES1/DISCUSSING THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF SDGSThe new SDG framework is much broader thanthe Millennium Development Goals framework;
it integrates economic, social and environmental
issues and is universal in its approach. The
SDG framework will provide policy guidance toall nations on Earth with the aim of improving
cooperation on human welfare and the global
commons, and promoting transformative change(UN, 2015). Even before the adoption of theSDGs, scientific reports raised concerns about
the quality of the SDGs and their targets. For
example, Griggs et al. (2014) suggested using
focused and measureable SDGs based on theexperience of the Millennium Development
Goals. Other reports indicated that roughly halfof the targets would be easier to implement
and progress could be measured more clearly if
the formulation of targets had benefitted from
more input from the scientific community (ICSU& ISSC, 2015; Loewe & Rippin, 2015). These
shortcomings, which have not yet been fully
acknowledged, can be attributed to the dynamics
of the negotiation process, and will need to be
dealt with during the ongoing implementation
process of the Agenda for Sustainable
Development up to 2030.
An agenda as broad as the 2030 Agenda
poses many challenges on the national levelin terms of implementation, measurement,
monitoring and accountability. Due to the strong
interrelationships between different SDGs, thesechallenges occur in particular around possible
trade-offs between short-term development

achievements and long-term sustainability(Griggs et al., 2013; Rockström et al., 2013; Kanieet al., 2014). While SDGs provide a coordinating
and synthesising framework for public (andprivate) sector decision-making, science canplay a pivotal role, for example in representing
sustainability challenges in different contexts(data, analysis and scenario building), creating
models that explore how different targets
interact, and tracking progress towards goals(Dasgupta et al., 2014; Beisheim et al., 2015;
Yonglong et al., 2015; Nilsson, 2016; Nilsson etal., 2016).
For instance, in many cases there may be aneed to prioritise SDGs from a local and regional
perspective in the areas where they are going to
be implemented. Due to complex dependencies
between goals, conflicting issues may lead totough choices (Beisheim et al., 2015). In suchcases, decision-makers could benefit from oneof science’s biggest strengths: holistic systems
thinking. In the context of SDGs, systems
thinking is essential for identifying knowledge
gaps, initiating solutions-oriented research aswell as developing integrated assessments withthe participation of multiple stakeholders (TFM,
2016). Research could contribute to identifying
critical interactions between policies aimed
at achieving specific SDGs and how possible
negative interactions can be mitigated throughsynergy solutions and possible multipurpose
actions. Insights into both of these areas will
have an impact on deciding which criteria need toTHE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

be prioritised. In this context, researchers should
be encouraged to develop analytical models
and other tools for evaluating these aspects(Giovannini et al., 2015). It is therefore vital topursue an integrated approach using datasetsfrom the natural sciences as well as the social
and behavioural sciences (Nilsson, 2016).
The UN-SAB (United Nation SecretaryGeneral’s Scientific Advisory Board) alsostresses the importance of basing evidencebased policymaking on an integrated scientificapproach. Moreover, the UN-SAB calls for a
new global research architecture that supports
interdisciplinary collaboration and links science
with both policy and society. However, there
is still no common understanding of what a
successful science-policy or even science-society
interface entails (Beisheim et al., 2015). Many
multi-stakeholder platforms differ in set-up andgoals, such as, for example, the Stakeholder
Forum, the UN Partnerships for SDGs platform,
the Independent Research Forum and Future
Earth, the new flagship initiative of the Scienceand Technology Alliance for Global Sustainability
that aims to enhance the contribution of research
towards achieving the SDGs (further details in
section III.4).

There is therefore tremendous opportunity andneed for the scientific community to engage inand develop forward-looking research that has
the potential to support new interconnecteddevelopment pathways, particularly in highlyinterlinked areas of global concern. The following
questions therefore arise and will be addressedin the following sections: How can science best
foresee dependencies, synergies and possible
conflicts between goals and targets? Do
challenges of this type require a more nimble
global science and innovation system with more
efficient science-policy dialogues?

22/ 23

2/

MEASURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:A DFG-UNU CONFERENCE1

1

The international conference on “Measuring
sustainable development” was organised by
the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG,
German Research Foundation) in collaboration
with the United Nations University (UNU)
and with the assistance of the Permanent
Mission of Germany to the United Nations(UN) in New York in April 2015. It focused on
issues of global sustainability and in particularon the contribution of science to achieving
the Sustainable Development Goals. This
two-day meeting brought together more than
60 international experts from all scientificdisciplines, as well as relevant UN institutions
and representatives from both government andcivil society organisations.
The conference opened with a talk by DFG
President Peter Strohschneider at the German
House in New York. Strohschneider emphasised
in his speech the intellectual freedom that has
been at the core of the concept of academic
research for many decades. It is “now not an
obstacle to building a sustainable world. Quite thecontrary, it is the basis for the very success of thismission”. He pointed out that critical advances
can only be achieved if upstream fundamental aswell as solution-oriented research are included indecision-making processes.
The conference sessions focused on topics suchas “Indicators and monitoring”, “Assessmentand evaluation”, “Synergies and tough choices”
1. All information given in this section is based on a background paper
by Marianne Beisheim (SWP, Berlin), Hedda Løkken (University of
Hamburg), Nils aus dem Moore (RWI, Essen), László Pintér (IISD, Canada;
CEU, Budapest), and Wilfried Rickels (IfW, Kiel). The paper by Beisheim
et al. (2015) was prepared prior to the adoption of the Sustainable
Development Goals and provided the basis for discussions at DFG-UNU
conference.

and “Ownership” and addressed the questionof how scientific research can contribute to thisfield because, as Deputy Secretary-General to
the United Nations Jan Eliasson explained in his
introductory speech, “the source of wisdom is
knowing the facts.” Discussions also exploredpossible conflicts between the implementationof individual SDGs. Jakob Rhyner, Vice-Rector for
the UNU in Europe, identified two such conflicts
as “the trade-offs and potential conflicts between
different objectives as well as the conflicts
between short and long-term prospects. A highly
targeted and sensitive approach to addressing
such issues is critical for the successful
implementation of the SDGs.”
The final session took place at the United
Nations headquarters in an event jointly
organised by the Permanent Missions of Brazil
and Germany. In her opening address, DFG
Secretary General Dorothee Dzwonnek pointed
out that bringing together relevant expertiseand diverse perspectives in a single programme
is an essential feature of this conference:“The goal of the conference has been to dojust that, to bring in science and open a forum
of debate for scholars, practitioners andpolicymakers. Over the last two days, they havediscussed various concepts and approaches,
often passionately, but always with a clear
focus on applicability.” In this final session, theoutcomes from the four academic sessions
were discussed with several UN representatives.
Stefan Schweinfest, Director of the UN Statistical
Division, stressed the importance of expanding
statistical capacities in individual countries
and developing an “informative global indicator
framework”. Thomas Gass, Assistant SecretaryTHE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIESGeneral of the UN for Policy Coordination andInter-Agency Affairs, endorsed findings on
synergies and trade-offs, which held that they
are always context specific and therefore haveto be dealt with in a pragmatic fashion that is
subject to a continuous learning process. Of
equal importance were the conclusions drawn
from the discussions on ownership. He said
“Building ownership by different stakeholders in
different phases of the process is a continuousand time-consuming process but one which isessential to the implementation process as awhole.” Amina Mohammed, Special Advisor to
the Secretary-General of the UN on Post-2015
Development Planning, stressed in her speechthat “2015 is the time for global action. This is
our opportunity to take global action towards
sustainable development and the future we want
– and need. (...) The broad consensus that is
emerging is encouraging.” Jörg Hacker, Presidentof the German National Academy of Sciences
Leopoldina and member of the Scientific Advisory
Board to the Secretary-General of the UN, wasequally optimistic in his closing remarks: “Theparticipation of members of the UN Secretary
General’s Scientific Advisory Board was certainly
helpful for introducing science into the politicalprocess.” The conference concluded with theinsight that science must provide the factual
basis for the SDGs in order for the goals to beachieved on the national and international level,
and to advance political, economic and socialchanges in the context of the 2030 Agenda.
As a result of the discussions relating to“Indicators and monitoring”, “Assessment andevaluation”, “Synergies and tough choices” and“Ownership”, the following recommendations
were given.

2.1 Indicators and monitoring
As part of the preparation for adopting the SDGs
in September 2015, member states discussed
how to precisely measure and monitor the
implementation of the SDGs and targets. The
specific choice of goals and targets was very
closely scrutinised by various observers andinstitutions during the preparation period. The
areas subject to criticism included the highnormative character of the indicators, the factthat they tended to be isolated and fragmented,
and also the huge quantity of them. In 2015,
ICSU and ISSC, for instance, claimed that only
29 percent of the indicators were well-foundedscientifically, while 54 percent were deemed torequire greater specification, and 17 percent
possibly warranted significant revision (ICSU &ISSC, 2015). It was also recognised that scantattention had been paid to conceptual issues,
despite the fact that a more uniform conceptual
framework could offer a more optimal outcome
without requiring any significant changes tothe 2015 proposed indicator base. However,conceptual issues regarding the selection andaggregation of indicators were just a small
number of the challenges related to achieving
the SDGs at that time. In order to achieve
far-reaching (sustainable) outcomes, properly
structured implementation and financing plans
will be needed at country level for all, and notjust selected, goals.

In March 2016, the United Nations Statistical
Commission’s Interagency and Expert Groupon SDG Indicators agreed on 230 individual
indicators that will be used to monitor the
17 Sustainable Development Goals and their
169 targets. To support the initiation of SDG
implementation, SDSN and Bertelsmann Stiftung
jointly published the “SDG Index and Dashboards
Report“ in July 2016. The report offers apreliminary look at 149 (out of 193) UN member
countries. However, at the moment, many
indicators cannot be sufficiently underpinned
with data, which is why this first SDG index only
includes 77 indicators (Sachs et al., 2016).

Recommendations:
A sound and informative indicator framework
is needed to help member states track progress
towards the accomplishment of individual
SDGs. The indicator framework needs to besuitable for and applicable to all countries inorder to make developments comparable acrosscountries/regions. It should be able to aggregate
numbers at different spatial levels, and needs
to take into account the various current stagesof development in different countries/regions
in order to get a reasonable sense of progressmade.

24 / 25

This recommendation has almost been fulfilled.
In 2016, the UN Statistical Commission approved
the indicator framework as a practical starting
point and suggested continuing the discussion one.g. refining the global indicators suggested bymember states or methodologies for indicators
for which definitions and standards need to be
developed.
The number of indicators needs to be distilled
down to a relatively small set of “essential
sustainability variables”, the basic idea being thateach variable/indicator could be applied to morethan one target or goal.

The UN therefore adopted a smaller set ofindicators, resulting in a still very comprehensive
set of 230 indicators.
The added value of evidence-based decisionmaking can be demonstrated, i.e. incorporating
better data and indicators can result in improved
policy.
Technical capacity needs to be built aroundthe world, particularly in developing countries;
this includes training scientists and building
indicator-enabling institutions that are strong
and transparent enough to remain politicallyindependent.

2.2 Assessment and evaluation
Evaluation reports that focus on goals, targets
and indicators are important to monitor progresson different levels. But indicator-focusedevaluation reports are not necessarily sufficientby themselves as decision-support instruments,
because they may not provide a synthetic
perspective on how multiple, interacting forcesof change have led – or could lead in the future –to specific outcomes. Assessments are needed
to bridge this gap between general aspirations
underlying global goals and the specific needsof implementation. They are designed to bring
together science and policy perspectives foranalysing current trends and future policy options.
With regard to SDGs, it is expected that allassessments need to take into account the fullscope of agreed goals, targets and indicators at
the relevant scale and in context. This is done bystructuring the assessments around an analytic
framework that enables interlinkages to berecognised and assessed. The framework builds
on pre-existing conceptual frameworks used byother assessments, and will probably require theuse of integrated models.
Scientific input is needed on multiple fronts
e.g. building an integrated assessment systemthat fits both the normative ambitions of
the SDGs and the operational needs of SDG
implementation. New science and research
will be required to generate an integrated
assessment system. Both the social and naturalsciences will need to contribute to improving

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

necessary high quality reliable data for indicatorbased SDG reporting. It will also be important tofind ways of making better use of citizen science
data (Kasemir et al. 2003; Kates et al. 2000). A
key lesson from the study of global integrated
assessments is that indicator-based progress
reports require careful planning to ensure
they lead to effective and lasting sustainable
development governance policies. Furthermore,
institutions and institutional capacities willneed to be developed to produce integrated
assessments that transcend indicator-based
progress reports in purpose, mechanisms,
outputs and utility. This will be needed in order tobridge the gap between the normative aspirationsof the SDGs and the practical needs of those whoare implementing the SDGs.

Recommendations:
To be successful, SDGs need: (i) regular evaluations that provide continuous information tomember states and other stakeholders on theirprogress towards reaching goals and targets; and(ii) on-demand assessments that provide necessary
feedback to member states and other stakeholders
on key scientific issues concerning SDGs.

modelling approaches (tightly coupled socialeconomic-financial-ecological systems),
monitoring and indicator analysis, participatory
construction of integrated policy scenarios
and transition pathways, and the usefulnessof assessments for strategy development andgovernance, as well as contributing to a better
understanding of critical risks and uncertainties.
As far as data is concerned, another equally
critical issue for policy- and solution-oriented
integrated assessments will be securing theAssessments need to be multi-level, integrated, transparent, participatory and consensual
in the summaries they make; their guiding
questions need to be jointly framed by policy
and science communities. The methodology forcarrying out these assessments is readily available from the scientific community.
Assessments in support of SDGs need to“go the extra mile” by assessing interlinkages(positive or negative) embedded within the SDGs
as well as policy options to transform possible
trade-offs into synergies.
All underlying assessment data should bemade widely available on new digital platforms(e.g. UNEP Live).

2.3 Synergies and tough choices
A central feature of the concept of sustainability
is a holistic, systemic perspective that integrates
the economic, social and environmental
dimensions as well as the prerequisites ofhuman welfare and development. Using the SDG

framework as a guiding system for sustainable
development is a fundamental priority forclarifying the relationships between different
goals and targets, within and, in particular,
between the three dimensions. From an26 / 27

analytic perspective, individual objectives set at
SDG level can be related to one another in threedifferent ways: they may be independent andpursued in isolation; they may be characterisedby a synergetic, mutually reinforcing relationship;or they may display a conflicting, even mutually
exclusive relationship. In practice, however, it israrely sensible to assume independence: there
is ample evidence that failures in one area ofsustainable development can quickly undermine
progress in other areas. And even if progress on
economic, social and environmental objectives
is achieved simultaneously, it can be reversed all
too easily by poor governance, escalating conflicts
and insecurity (SDSN, 2013). It therefore seems
worthwhile to: (i) identify synergies between goals
and ways of overcoming obstacles to achieve them;and (ii) identify where objectives may be in conflictwith one another and how to deal adequately
with such challenges through prioritisation andsequencing. The identification of positive or
negative interlinkages is also inextricably linked
with procedural and governance issues.
In this context, science can contribute by providing
a knowledge and evidence base that enables
interactions between goals and targets to be
identified (see section 3). However, the identificationof interlinkages within the SDGs in terms of theiraims and the language used is merely a preliminary
step. Context-specific research is needed if weare to assess which positive effects can, in fact,
be achieved, and the nature of any likely negative
effects. This knowledge can inform decisionmakers and help them choose the policy options
that best meet the SDGs at a given location and agiven time.

Recommendations:
Positive or negative interactions are always
context-specific, because there is no robust ex-anteknowledge on how to exploit synergies or deal
with trade-offs. Science can play a pivotal role in
implementing SDGs, in terms of data, analysis
and scenario building, as science is a continuous
learning process.
Short-term vs. long-term trade-offs between
goals can be handled through suitable incentives
and/or focused temporary support. Other tradeoffs should be approached by increased efficiency
in the use of resources, often requiring changes inbehaviour.

Achieving the SDGs and implementing the Paris
Climate Agreement may well rank as the mostimportant but also the most complex challenge
humanity has ever faced. These issues can only be addressedby applying more knowledge and greater financial and humanresources. This report lays out the critical challenges thatscience must address in order to achieve the SDGs.
In recent decades science has made great progress indescribing essential Earth systems and understanding humanimpacts, though essential gaps do remain. At the Sustainable
Development Solutions Network (SDSN) we strongly agree withthe conclusion that more research is needed to develop soundand easily usable indicators for the Sustainable Development
Goals.
The report underscores another critical challenge forinterdisciplinary science: improving our understandingof how countries can design and implement long-term
pathways towards sustainable development. As one example,
policymakers around the world have accepted 2°C as theabsolute temperature limit that must not be surpassed,
whilst lacking an understanding of how their countries canachieve zero net emissions over the next fifty years. Better
answers to these questions are urgently needed, now thatcountries have committed to preparing long-term low-emission
development strategies under the Paris Climate Agreement.
We agree that there is a tremendous need for science tosupport careful backcastings of countries’ energy systems andland-use change by drawing on a broad range of disciplines.
Similar transformations and supporting pathways areneeded for sustainable cities, ocean management, and othertransformations to sustainable development.
This report provides important ideas as to how such pathways
can be designed. The Sustainable Development Solutions
Network (SDSN) looks forward to working with Future Earthand other partners to advance better SDG metrics, promote
integrated approaches to operationalising the SDGs at global,
regional, and local levels, and taking up the otheropportunities highlighted in this document to strengthen therole of science.

Guido Schmidt-Traub
Executive Director,
Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)_____________

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIESA multi-stage approach to indicator development should be envisioned and explored, from agoal-related to a policy-related indicator frame-

work (five years from now), which should utilise
synergies and handle possible trade-offs.

2.4 Ownership
Successful implementation of SDGs arguably
depends to a certain extent on whether agovernment feels it owns the SDGs, as wellas on the involvement of business and civilsociety organisations. The need for ownershipof the implementation process is as relevant for
countries in the Global North as it is for thosein the Global South. To achieve ownership, it
will be necessary to ensure that a bottom-up,
inclusive approach is adopted, rather than simply
a top-down implementation plan. This raises
the issue of how best to collect the opinions andexperiences of the general public. Furthermore,
it is important that the process around the SDGs
does not become a power game, where thosewith the most power have the loudest voice.
This process has been inclusive and transparent
from the very beginning (”leave no one behind“).
Another important issue, noted by the UN
Development Group, is the need to take local
and regional contexts into consideration because
SDGs often simply merge into pre-existing
national development plans or sustainability
strategies. Scholars and policymakers alike haveobserved the need to translate global goals into
national goals. At local level, this also requires
capacity building and innovative thinking.
With regard to ownership, scientists can play
an important role by delivering broad and deep
understanding of the needs and challenges
facing a particular society (in particular insouthern research organisations). The politicalindependence of research institutions and the
local ownership of the research they produce
could be two major factors in the successfulpromotion of ownership by research centres.
Science and researchers also have an essential
role to play in the transparency of the SDG
implementation process, the need for broad
and active participation, and the collection of
information about the situation on the ground
if SDGs are to be successfully implemented ona national level. Boosting ownership may bepossible by enhancing the role of scientists,
especially in the Global South. The Southern
Voice (2015) on Post-MDG International
Development, for example, is an open platformthat contributes to the global SDG dialogue by
drawing on studies from southern research
centres. It is a network of think tanks from Africa,
Latin America and Asia, which seeks to address
the current “knowledge asymmetry” that exists
in the world and include more quality local datafrom on-the-ground researchers who know
the facts and see the needs from a different
angle. There is a vital need for a new kind of
global cooperation such as this on scientific andacademic levels.

Recommendations:
Ownership by countries and other players willbe essential in order to translate global targets
into national targets, strategies and policies. The
participation of all national stakeholders andparticipatory monitoring of country-level implementation will be instrumental for achieving
local ownership. Beyond that, ways to strengthen
ownership of SDGs dealing with global common
goods need to be explored.
The international legal framework for SDGs
should have a reinforcing loop to support stakeholders. International law relating to different
societal areas can be used and integrated into
national regulations and settings. For example,
international conventions on gender and diversity
could frame and guide country-specific laws onthese issues.
Efforts should be made to engage local communities and utilise local knowledge as muchas possible. The time invested in this will ensure
long-lasting ownership of the SDG process at allsocietal levels, this also requires building up thenecessary large-scale capacities.

28 / 293/

SCIENCE NEEDS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SDG
FRAMEWORK: A GERMAN COMMITTEE FUTURE
EARTH – FUTURE EARTH – SDSN FORESIGHT
WORKSHOP

The international foresight workshop on“Science needs for implementing the new
SDG framework”, organised by the German
Committee Future Earth in close collaboration
with Future Earth and the Sustainable
Development Solutions Network, was held at
Villa Vigoni, Italy, in April 2016. The objectiveof the foresight workshop was to further
develop a research framework to contribute to
the identification of potential comprehensive(global and sustainable in all dimensions)solutions in the coming (5+) years to support
the successful implementation of the SDGs. A
research framework helps to develop societally,
economically and environmentally efficient
instruments and achieve better policy coherence.
Foresight as a thinking and learning process
oriented to the decision-making support profil(see section 3.4) was used to reveal possible
interlinkages between sustainable development
goals as well as the contribution that can bemade by research. The overall question that was
raised was: “Can we establish a foresight process
which enables conflicting issues arising from theimplementation of the SDGs to be identified more
quickly as they emerge, so that at least part ofthe solution which requires new, more in-depth
upstream fundamental research can be exploredin a more timely manner?”
The three-day workshop could not cover thewhole SDG agenda but was expected to focus on
three nexus fields that would benefit significantly
from a foresight process. It is believed that
focused global scientific efforts could have thepotential to provide improved and useful evidence

Foresight Workshop
Science needs in the context of
tough choices in implementing
the new SDG framework
Villa Vigoni, Italy, 18-21 April 2016

Organised by

In cooperation with

Supported byas the basis for dealing with positive or negativeinteractions that come about when implementing
the SDGs at the national, regional and global
level. The workshop programme committee
members chose the following interlinked areasof global concern: (1) migration & its impacts onor relevance for the implementation of the SDGs,(2) socio-economic & biophysical dynamics of thehumanity-nature nexus, and (3) food security &sustainable production and consumption – ocean
and land.
This workshop brought together around 35
international experts from the natural andsocial sciences as well as the public sector.
All participants had previously been involved
in discussions on the 2030 Agenda on different
levels (academia, government; international,
national, regional). Perspectives for each of
the interlinked areas and the role of sciencein SDG implementation were considered anddiscussed in keynote speeches and panel

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

discussions. Following the opening remarksby Christiane Joerk, Programme Director of
Humanities and Social Sciences at the German
Research Foundation, Måns Nilsson, Research
Director at the Stockholm Environment Institute,stressed in his keynote speech the importantrole played by science in SDG implementationand explored in a discourse with Jakob Rhyner,
UNU Vice Rector in Europe, possible working
areas for science including the characterisationof SDG challenges, impact assessment andsupporting public institutions (e.g. by building
platforms for science-society engagement). In
his talk, Norichika Kanie, a Professor of Decision
Science and Technology at Keio University Japan,
underlined the importance of multistakeholder
approaches. He suggested regular foresightconferences as a possible helpful instrument

to identify emerging problems. These could beorganised by either an inter-governmental forum(HLPF) or a non-governmental scientific forum(e.g. Future Earth). Jörg Mayer-Ries, Head ofdivision for strategy and fundamental issues at
the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety,
critically questioned foresight mechanisms but
suggested also that “Bringing together strategic
thinkers could be much more efficient for SDG
implementation processes than report writing”.
During panel discussions Tanya Abrahamse,
Chief Executive Officer of the South African
National Biodiversity Institute and member of
the Scientific Advisory Board to the SecretaryGeneral of the UN, stressed the importance ofeffective interplay between science and policyin order to successfully implement SDGs. She
questioned the adequateness of scientific tools,
the communication methods and processesof knowledge generation (‘are they fit for
purpose’?). Lori Hunter, Professor of Sociology
and Environmental Studies at the University ofColorado, and John Connell, Professor of Human
Geography at the University of Sydney, outlined
the possible interconnections between migrationand implementing SDGs using examples fromSouth America and the Pacific Islands. The need

30 / 31

for more in-depth knowledge was highlighted intheir talks and discussed in more detail in the
breakout groups.
Breakout groups were formed to further discuss
the three nexus topics in the context of SDGs.
These interdisciplinary groups were asked
to summarise their understanding of how toachieve progress in SDG implementation for
one of the specific nexus topics, as well as
their understanding of current knowledge
on monitoring and interpreting change, theresponse to failings and existing potential
institutional and governmental constraints.
Participants were also asked to analyse theinterrelated SDGs particularly with regard to any
challenges likely to arise in their implementationand the possible usefulness of foresightprocesses. All results were reported back to
the plenary sessions and discussed in a final

stakeholder feedback session. In that session
Maria Ivanova, Professor of Global Governanceand member of the Scientific Advisory Board to
the Secretary-General of the UN, and Hartwig
Kremer, Senior Programme Officer at the United
Nations Environment Programme, stressed theneed for synthesis and new types of knowledge
interactions between science and policy.
The following sections summarise the resultsof the breakout group discussions. The results
focus on three nexus topics, and are thecollective effort of all workshop participants.
Rather than giving a comprehensive researchplan, the sections indicate possible starting
points for research activities in the context ofcomplex SDG implementation that needs to beadapted to specific local, subnational, nationaland regional situations.

3.1 Migration & its impacts
on or relevance for the
implementation of the SDGs
BREAKOUT GROUP PARTICIPANTS: JOHN CONNELL,
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA n
KATHLEEN HERMANS, HELMHOLTZ-CENTER FORENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH – UFZ, GERMANY n
LORI M. HUNTER, UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, USA n
JENS NEWIG, LEUPHANA UNIVERSITY OF LÜNEBURG,GERMANY n MARIKA PALOSAARI, UNITED NATIONSENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, SWITZERLAND n
JAKOB RHYNER, UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY– INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN
SECURITY, GERMANY n IMME SCHOLZ, GERMANDEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE (DIE), GERMANY n MARKSTAFFORD-SMITH, COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFICAND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION (CSIRO),
AUSTRALIA.

In the 2030 Agenda, migration is mentioned
under goal 10 in terms of the economic
contributions of migrants and the need to ensure
safe, orderly and regular migration and humane
treatment of migrants, refugees and displaced
persons, and under goal 8 relating to the labour
rights of migrant workers. Migration is a strategy
that has been employed throughout humanhistory as an adaptation to secure livelihoods
under changing socio-economic and politicalconditions and shifting environmental contexts.
A culture of migration has emerged in manysettings (e.g. Polynesia, Mexico, South Africa).
Migration can thus be seen as a social
phenomenon connected with differing levels ofhuman development, environmental quality, andgood governance and security. Migration also
has an effect on efforts to achieve the SDGs –feedback effects go in both directions. Therefore,migration can be understood as a thread thatconnects several SDGs, and which could be a
promising indicator of SDG implementation.
Research has contributed to our knowledge of
migration flows between communities, countries
and continents and has allowed migration
streams to be quantified to a certain extent (Abel& Sander, 2014). Reasons for migration are often
straightforward and linked to access to better
employment opportunities, protection fromwar, conflicts and persecution. But reactions tomigration change in both sending and receivingsocieties over time. On a global scale, there
is a lack of knowledge about the compositionof migration flows (who moves) and migration
motives (why people move). Beyond migration,

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

environmental displacement is now increasingly
on the agenda of UN organisations (e.g. United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
International Organisation for Migration (IOM))
and within multilateral negotiations such as the
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change). A better understandingis needed of the environmental factors that,together with socio-economic and institutional
factors, lead to displacement. In addition, abetter understanding is needed of the effectsof migration and displacement including theenvironmental impacts of in-migration, such as
overuse of local natural resources. Research on
the environmental impacts of refugee camps isalso needed, including localised degradation,
pollution levels and related health risks as well
as issues relating to how to deal with protracted
displacement since the average stay in refugee
camps is 17 years.

Research issues & structuralneeds identified in relation
to SDG framework
A thorough overview of existing researchis required in order to be able to engage inanalytical work and theoretical advances on
migration and the SDGs. The construction of a
descriptive basis will require conceptual work on
the relationship between SDGs and migration
patterns to understand how migration may
impact efforts to achieve the SDGs. A databasethat includes geo-referenced migration patterndata, including return migration and SDG
indicators (and other push and pull factors) indifferent layers, for urban and rural areas asplaces of origin and destination will have to be
set up. Data should try to cover the last two or
three decades and then continue to be collected
on an ongoing basis in the future. Such data
would make it possible to characterise patternsof SDG achievement and migration flows andrelations between them. One example is theincreasing number of displaced persons due tonatural disasters in urban areas where rapid
and unplanned urbanisation processes areassociated with insufficient infrastructure andthus higher levels of vulnerability (while, at thesame time, people who moved from poor rural
areas into cities benefit from improved accessto education, health and labour markets). Suchdata would help to understand the reasons for
migration in terms of insufficient achievementof SDGs and resulting feedback effects on SDGs.

The data should cover both sending and receiving
countries and societies.
Research questions on migration could focus on
the following areas:(a) Migration and environmental change
What are the common factors and main
characteristics of migration (e.g. households,
behaviour) caused by changing environmental
conditions and how do they relate to each other?
What are the possible tipping points that makea household decide to migrate? What kind ofmeta studies do we need to identify common
factors? How can these factors be adequately
communicated?
(b) Fragile states and migration
How can countries (in particular, weak andfragile states) stabilise after periods of conflictand lack of legitimacy? How can relapses be
avoided, as it is known that environmental factors
and scarcities often play a role in this? What is
the role of both of these endogenous factors
and the relevance of external interventions byneighbouring states in the conflict or conflict
resolution, foreign policy/security policy
interventions by other states or multilateral
actors, trade policy, development policy?
(c) Changing perceptions of migration
What are the changing perceptions and attitudes
to migration in specific societal contexts in bothsending and receiving countries over longer
time horizons? What are the entitlements forcompensation or legal residency permits, inparticular with regard to a global facilitationof movements across borders? What factors
produce changing perceptions and attitudes (e.g.
social media, economic connections)?
(d) Governance and migration
What might a governance system for migrationand displacement look like? Is it necessary
and desirable? What would be the likely costs
and benefits of this on different scales (local,
national, regional, global)? What is the net impact
of such governance systems on both sending andreceiving countries? Which different migration
types, including seasonal agricultural workers(which could target people from poor countries
with difficult environmental situations, i.e. thePacific islands), and other sectors (tourism,
health sector) are affected, and how are theyaffected? What is the effect on permanent
immigration?

32 / 33

3.2 Socio-economic& biophysical dynamics of thehumanity-nature nexus
BREAKOUT GROUP PARTICIPANTS: TANYA ABRAHAMSE,
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY INSTITUTE
AND UN-SAB, SOUTH AFRICA n JÖRN BIRKMANN,
UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART, GERMANY n ROGERCREMADES, CLIMATE SERVICE CENTER GERMANY,GERMANY n SABINE FUSS, MERCATOR RESEARCHINSTITUTE ON GLOBAL COMMONS AND CLIMATECHANGE, GERMANY n DAVE GRIGGS, MONASH
UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA n MARIA IVANOVA,
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AND UN-SAB, USA n
WOLFGANG LUCHT, POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATEIMPACT RESEARCH, GERMANY n JÖRG MAYER-RIES,FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURECONSERVATION, BUILDING AND NUCLEAR SAFETY,GERMANY n NORICHIKA KANIE, KEIO UNIVERSITY,
JAPAN n MÅNS NILSSON, STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENTINSTITUTE, SWEDEN n BELINDA REYERS, STOCKHOLM
UNIVERSITY, SWEDEN n PAUL SHRIVASTAVA, FUTURE
EARTH, CANADA n LÁSZLÓ ZSOLNAI, CORVINUS
UNIVERSITY OF BUDAPEST, HUNGARY.

This topic examined positive or negativeinteractions between, for example, goals 8 and
12 and goals 6, 7, 13 and 15. Building on this, thetopic addressed issues such as achievable formsof sustained and sustainable economic growth,
what decent jobs in the future will look like, andhow these sustainable economic paradigms
can be turned into actionable pathways at
global and national levels. Three issues thatpenetrate deeply into the sustainability debate
have been identified: Is a new socio-economic
theory required to meet these challenges or
do existing intellectual foundations provide
sufficient leverage? How to take on board more
substantially the many interactions between
economic and social dynamics? How to analyse
the topology of complex socio-ecological systems
dynamics, for example their resilience to shocks?
Research has helped contribute to enhancing
knowledge on economic and social dynamics,
structures and dependencies in many ways.
The development of sustainable pathways for
economy and society need to take into accountbiophysical as well as social externalities of thecurrent system and acknowledge the deep links
between human and natural systems.
As the literature about sustainability science is
exploding, there is a clear need for synthesis(incl. state of the art, robust trends, actual risks
vs. deeper uncertainties) to inform the politicalprocess in a comprehensive, adequate way

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

certain set of toolboxes with and for stakeholders
and decision-makers (politicians, practitioners,
business people, etc.) to map out possible
options (Edenhofer & Kowarsch, 2015). Equally,
foresight processes could also be used toreflect on the adequacy of toolboxes and revisit
and widen toolboxes as a result of previously
unforeseen interactions, trends or new factors.
Socially relevant research could be institutionallystrengthened as an instrument in the politicalprocess to reinforce the role of scientific analysis
in the public debate on e.g. environmental
policies with social objectives. Theoretically,
the power of states and institutions is derived
from social contracts for the common good.
Such considerations clearly have the potential toaddress not just legal and constitutional mattersas has historically been the case, but also thesafeguarding of environmental preconditions forsocietal well-being.

(similar to IPCC and IPBES although neither
covers the full SDG range). In particular, the core
challenge in assessing biophysical consequences
and/or implications of achieving all goals will
be to gain a more systematic understanding of
the socio-metabolic consequences and preconditions implied by the implementation of
SDGs and to fully consider these in the context ofplanetary biogeochemical cycles.
Achieving goal 12 in particular, requires a muchbetter understanding of the complex dynamics
underlying social, not just natural, systems
and their interactions, and of the institutions
that enable paradigm shifts. In addition, highly
aggregated analysis will not be sufficient and theresults of such complex system dynamics must bereconciled with the actual situation (and dynamics)
at regional, national, subnational and local levels.
To deal with the challenges of SDG
implementation, scientists need to co-develop a

Finally, there is also a need to better clarify
what is meant by implementation of SDGs as
they are not being implemented in a vacuum.
Levels of human development and environmental
sustainability vary very much across countries,
which is mirrored by very different challenges
countries face in implementing SDGs. In termsof the current landscape, it will require new
institutions to achieve a deeper and less harmful
connection between socio-economic andbiophysical dynamics (institutions here is broadlyinterpreted to include laws, values, governance,
as well as foresighting).

Research questions identified inrelation to the SDG framework
Science can contribute in many different ways tofinding an answer to the main issue regarding
the conditions for the emergence of a sustainableeconomy supportive of SDGs. However, SDGs
do not have easily definable boundaries or
unambiguously quantifiable targets. Therefore, thefollowing four suggested research priority areas
will need context-specific space and time analysis:(a) Co-designing development pathways between
science and stakeholders that encompass the
dynamics of biophysical and social systems• What is the current state of SDG
implementation and development in different
countries? What are the progress indicators

34 / 35

for different countries, what does progressmean and how can measurement barriers (e.g.
disaggregated indicators) be overcome?
• What are the institutional gaps in implementationof SDGs? How can the creation of new
institutions that will help achieve the SDGs be
triggered? How can SDG implementation becoherent in relation to existing and new policies?
• What are the lessons learned on the issueof transferability, key drivers and variablesof transformative change? What are thetools/approaches for best practices of SDG
implementation in which region (e.g. hot-spot
mapping), how can they be adapted to otherregions and/or how can experiences betransferred across countries?
• How can the effectiveness of SDGs be assessedin terms of biophysical and social outcomes?
(b) Harnessing the power of business andproviding SDG-compatible business model
designs• How can planetary boundaries be translated
to the micro level of corporations, as in manysocieties corporations are one of the main
engines for wealth creation?
• How can globally allocated biophysical limits forcompanies (especially global corporations) be
defined in a legitimate, socially acceptable way?
• How can business data and tools be used toprogress scientific agendas?
(c) Adopting a systematic approach toassessing the implications of public policies
and business strategies for achieving SDGs
• Assessing potentials and how they interact(e.g. exploiting the full potential for bioenergy
might reduce realizing the full potential forbiodiversity conservation):- How much food is needed to eliminate
hunger?
- How much energy is needed to meet theenergy goal? How many schools are needed
to meet the education target?
- How many hospitals/doctors are needed tomeet the health target?
• What are the consequences of socio-politicaland economic developments produced by SDG

implementation, in comparison to business-asusual cases?
• What material accounting systems areneeded?
• What is required of the economic system,
and, recognising the very diverse nature ofnational economies, how might the system
be restructured to internalise social andenvironmental imperatives and how might thistransformational change be achieved?
• How can biophysical models integrate social
dynamics on regional and global scales?
• What are the internal contradictions in the SDG
targets?
• What are the distributional impacts (both as
outcome or impediment to implementation) of
implementing SDGs?
Answering these questions will require thinking
out-of-the-box, as humanity-nature nexus
challenges will also require integrated “nexus
models” at a time when current thinking is often
disciplinary, sectoral and based on efficiency andoptimisation rather than resilience. The conceptof resilience as well as flexibility thinking andcomplexity science all have to become a part ofthe methods toolbox for research.
(d) Decision-making under uncertain conditions• Reduction of uncertainty:- How can the understanding of potential
positive or negative interactions between thegoals be improved?
- What is the best way to assess them tounderstand and operate within a bio-geophysically safe and fair operating space forhumanity?
- What new decision-making tools
co-designed with stakeholders are needed?
- What tools are required in order to include
the biophysical and metabolic implicationsof decisive dynamics within the socioeconomic domain to explore feasible
spaces and transformational pathways forsustainability?
• Acting under uncertainty:- How to provide aid for decision-making
when uncertainty cannot be resolved before(irreversible) action has to be taken?

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

3.3 Food security &sustainable production andconsumption – ocean and land
BREAK-OUT GROUP PARTICIPANTS: PAUL BURGER,
UNIVERSITY OF BASEL, SWITZERLAND n ELI FENICHEL,YALE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY & ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES, USA n CHRISTINA VON HAAREN, LEIBNIZ
UNIVERSITÄT HANNOVER, GERMANY n FLORIANKRAXNER, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIEDSYSTEMS ANALYSIS (IIASA), AUSTRIA n HARTWIGKREMER, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTPROGRAMME (UNEP), DENMARK n MARTIN QUAAS,
KIEL UNIVERSITY, GERMANY n WILFRIED RICKELS,
INSTITUTE FOR THE WORLD ECONOMY (IFW),GERMANY n BETTINA SCHMALZBAUER, GERMAN
COMMITTEE FUTURE EARTH, GERMANY n PRIYASHYAMSUNDAR, SOUTH ASIAN NETWORK FOR
DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS(SANDEE), USA/NEPAL n AFREEN SIDDIQI,MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(MIT), USA n HINRICH THÖLKEN, PERMANENTREPRESENTATION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OFGERMANY TO THE UN ORGANISATIONS IN ROME, ITALYn MARTIN VISBECK, GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTREFOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL, GERMANY.

In the 2030 Agenda, food security is at the heartof goal 2, and sustainable consumption andproduction are addressed in goal 12 in termsof economic competitiveness and poverty. The
ecological dimension relating to climate isenshrined in goal 13, goal 14 covers the oceans
and goal 15, terrestrial biodiversity. Society’s
greatest challenge will be ensuring a wellbalanced and healthy diet for the future world
population while avoiding significant ecosystempollution, keeping remaining forests andwetlands intact, and without overexploiting landand ocean resources.
Research has contributed in many ways toenhancing knowledge about food production andinterlinked areas on different scales. As foodsecurity is a global issue in terms of markets
and international trade, there is a global
responsibility to reduce hunger and increaseknowledge about trade-offs in food production,
as well as to deal with distribution challenges,
ecosystem services, new technologies andfood waste. Policy and legal frameworks arecentral for economic and political interactions
between states and the capacity and resourcesof states. Internationally relevant resources andglobal commons such as biodiversity, oceans
and climate stability must be dealt with on aninternational level. However, current policy andlegal frameworks that provide instruments for
managing ecosystem services (e.g., REDD+
payments to a country, as well as trust funds
and other financial instruments) still lack anested governance system with responsibilities
divided across different levels of decisionmaking. Alternative governance frameworks forinnovation and technology are also of particular
relevance, both with respect to the deploymentof existing technologies and research anddevelopment of new technologies (e.g. alternative
intellectual property rights regimes). This should
be adapted to the specific needs of regions where
food security is an issue of particular relevance.
Additionally, reforms in credit and risk markets(e.g. indexable risks not exclusively linked toweather) could influence individual decisions andtake global food production to a more sustainablelevel. But the scale of regulatory spaces has tobe better clarified in order to assign appropriate
political responsibility. In the case of ecosystems,
for example, political jurisdiction can cover
multiple levels.
In contrast to the well-known evidence about
ecosystem changes, there is a lack of knowledge
about quantifying the links between changes
in ecosystem conditions and services andtheir implications for food security, as wellas the effects of increasing and intensified
food production on ecosystem services andbiodiversity. Furthermore, achieving sustainable
food production systems will require an
integrated understanding of technologies
including new technologies and modern supply
chain systems. There is also a need to better
understand the impacts of new technologies
on ecosystems and on the social-ecologicalsystems. As farmers, for instance, decide on

36 / 37

whether and which technology to use, theadoption of new technologies may lead tounintended consequences such as harmful
impacts on ecological systems and biodiversity,
human health, and a greater possibility ofsystemic failures (such as large-scale crop
failure).
In the context of sustainability, food waste does
not come without an environmental cost. Foodwaste affects, for example, ecosystem services
by altering nutrient cycles and metabolisms
in certain places and generating greenhousegas emissions. On the one hand, reducing foodwaste through improved food distribution could
contribute to satisfying global food requirements
without further (sustainable) intensification ofagricultural production but could also involve
trade-offs regarding transportation (and related
environmental) costs. On the other hand,
improved storage of food in e.g. Sub-SaharanAfrica could contribute to increasing farmers’ability to deal with varying weather conditions
and yield gaps. Reducing food waste provides not
only direct benefits for the environment but also
indirect benefits by stipulating the behaviouraland lifestyle changes required to achievesustainable development.

Research questions identified inrelation to SDG framework(a) Reforming global regulatory framework• Can SDG 2c “Ensure proper functioning of foodcommodity markets and their derivatives” bereproduced in the current global governancestructure regarding food security?
• What is involved in taking SDG 2 ”Zero hunger”
together with other relevant goals such as 1, 12,
14 and 15 as guiding principles?
• What considerations should be taken into
account for the long-term perspective and what
are realisable short-term options?
• What actions should be taken on what level(global, national, local; private - public; newapproaches to property rights or derivatives)?
(b) Measuring risk and introducing insurance
on different scales
How can credit and risk mechanisms be aligned
to reduce systemic risk along with private risk?
Do private risk management mechanisms(e.g. microfinance) create risk exposure forother SDGs? If so, for whom? How are risks
currently allocated and pooled? Does this create
unexpected interconnections among SDGs?

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES(c) Integrating environmental and ecosystemservices into decision-making on farming• What are the changes in ecosystem conditions
and consequent changes in household
agricultural production or revenues?
• What examinations of the ability of regulatory
and market instruments to conserve
ecosystem services under differing local
contexts do we need?
• How can services be regulated at varied
temporal and spatial scales?
• How can the costs of conserving ecosystemservices and interactions related to other SDGs
be evaluated?
(d) Elaborating technological approaches
towards sustainable intensification ofagricultural production• What scope do new technologies, including
genetically modified organisms (GMOs),
precision agriculture, and information andcommunication systems, have to benefit andensure food security?
• How can an a priori risk assessment of
new technological interventions (individual
technologies and groups of technologies) be
conducted?
• What governance and regulation frameworks
would be needed for new technology innovation
and use?
(e) Reducing food waste and improving foodsecurity• What trade flows and institutions contribute tosustainable food consumption?

38 / 39

3.4 Foresight as an approachfor dealing with complexity in
SDG implementation
Sustainable development and foresight havebeen closely linked for many decades (Destatte,2010). With regard to SDGs, foresight could be auseful approach for exchanging the knowledge
needed to deal with highly interlinked SDGs,
as well as for identifying knowledge gaps.
Workshop participants used an approach aimed
at supporting decision-making by generating
information about possible future stakes todevelop a foresighted research framework forthree nexus topics. A concrete tool to map SDG
interactions was also discussed at the workshop.
In general, strategic foresight is areflective process strongly connected to the(organisational) learning that precedes strategic
decision-making. Foresight could include
reflection on strategic planning practices ormore participatory processes (Bootz, 2010;
Godet, 2013). At this, strategic planning considers
the learning phenomenon essentially as an
educational process for decision-makers (e.g.
scenario planning). Participatory processes
are used as a collective mobilisation tool(e.g. strategic foresight), where foresight is
an information tool and a stimulus to action.
According to Bootz (2010), four different foresightprofiles exist in practice and differ in strategic
impact (“Does foresight reflection lead toeither direct or indirect strategic actions?”) andmobilisation level (“Does foresight reflection
require a small number of participants (…)
or most members of an organisation?”). The
approach used at the workshop is inspired by the“decision-making support” profile. A profile thatinvolves indirect implications, a small numberof (expert) group members and is aimed at “…
generating information about future stakes tofeed strategic reflections. The results of foresightreflection are used as elements of decisionmaking support in the same way as other tools(strategic surveillance and benchmarking).
Therefore, they are just one of the components inthe decision-making process.”

EXAMPLE: HUMAN UTILISATION OF BIOMASS &FORESIGHT (SDG 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15)
The field of human utilisation of biomass, where conflicts
between SDGs are likely to occur in the areas of biogeochemistry,
biodiversity protection and supporting human populations in a
renewable/sustainable manner, could benefit from foresightprocesses. Biomass is an essential element of biospherefunctioning, feeding all trophic chains of life, and being subject
to targeted utilisation by humans in agriculture and forestry. It
is facing very substantial pressures from processes related to
SDG implementation that, in sum, are likely to lead to substantial
degradation of the biosphere if not governed with foresight.
Biomass is expected to feed two to three billion additional
human beings; it is a crucial contributor in nearly all scenarios ofachieving ambitious climate protection targets (through BECCS Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage); it is being discussed
as perhaps the only feasible negative emission technology at
scale for addressing problems of climate overshoot (i.e. removing
CO2 from the atmosphere after it has been emitted). It is central
to far-reaching plans for establishing a bio-economy that uses
biomass-derived materials for plastics, building materials andother products, most of which are envisaged to contribute toa sustainable economy. Furthermore, the already intensive
use of biomass in agriculture and forestry will continue, andthis includes widespread traditional uses by poor populations.
Since global biomass contains nearly as much carbon as theatmosphere, and several times as much if soil carbon stocks areincluded, and transpires as much water as flows off in rivers,
modifying its production and use has a severe impact not juston biodiversity, but also on biogeochemical flows and energybalances on the planetary scale. Here, scientific foresight oninteractions between SDG objectives can substantially diminish
serious risks of well-intended but detrimental outcomes ofapproaches with a narrow sector focus.

All foresight profiles are sources of knowledgecreation by (often) different communities.
However, they effect organisational learningin different ways (e.g. information oriented
knowledge vs. action oriented knowledge),and strategic decision processes would
therefore benefit most from interactions
between the communities referred to in all four
approaches. This indicates the need for a deeper
understanding of foresight, particularly in the SDG
context.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIESEXAMPLE: MIGRATION - EMPLOYMENT AND SAFETY & FORESIGHT (SDG 8, 10)
Specific foresight exercises could be performed with a view tothe two basic motivations of migration – employment and safety– and how these might develop in the next decades (i.e. 2030
and 2050). Such exercises could be linked to fragility studies,
integrated assessments and shared socioeconomic pathways for
scenario development (O’Neill et al., 2014). Relevant questions
include: Where will future jobs in an economy characterised bydigitalisation be? How will the segmentation between jobs where
physical presence is necessary and jobs where it is not play out
on labour markets? What influence will these questions have on
the choice of living place and on migration flows? Where will thesafe and attractive social and biophysical living environments be?
How are biophysical and cultural preferences linked? Foresight
could be helpful to improve the understanding of patterns,
motives and directions of migration flows in the context of SDGs,
in particular if the aim is to build a spatially explicit database. A
complementary approach would be to identify indicators related
to and describing migration (push/pull factors; countries oforigin and destination) and include them in the set of essential
indicators on climate change, biodiversity loss, interactions
between them and social tipping points which science (andpolicy) would want to measure in order to look into the future.

A concrete tool for generating systematic
knowledge with a focus on SDG interactions wasintroduced by Måns Nilsson, Research Director at
the Stockholm Environment Institute. He stressed
the need for comprehensive easy-to-apply tools
to identify SDG interlinkages and suggested thatinteractions could be mapped on a seven-point
scale (see Figure Goals Scoring). The sevenpoint scale, which has since been published ina paper written by Nilsson in collaboration with
Dave Griggs, Chief Executive Officer of Climate
Works Australia, and Martin Visbeck, memberof the Sustainable Development Solutions
Network Leadership Council, indicates the typeof interaction with other goals and targets, anddescribes relationships as positive or negative.
According to Nilsson et al. (2016) positive
relationships can support strategy building acrosssectors (e.g different ministries), whereas negative
relationships are subject to further actions, suchas extra regulations that could possibly also
provide new opportunities for public investment.
In the process of SDG implementation and with thegoal to identify an optimal set of implementation
strategies, this scoring tool could initially enable
researchers and policymakers to organise existingknowledge on interactions between the SDGs andidentify key gaps and national priorities.

40 / 41

GOALS SCORING
The influence of one Sustainable Development Goal or target on another can be summarized withthis simple scale.
Interaction

Name

Explanation

Example+3

Indivisible

Inextricably linked to theachievement of another goal.

Ending all forms of discrimination
against women and girls is indivisible
from ensuring women’s full andeffective participation and equal
opportunities for leadership.

+2

Reinforcing

Aids the achievement ofanother goal.

Providing access to electricity reinforceswater-pumping and irrigation systems.
Strengthening the capacity to adapt toclimate-related hazards reduces losses
caused by disasters.

+1

Enabling

Creates conditions thatfurther another goal.

Providing electricity access in rural
homes enables education, because it
makes it possible to do homework atnight with electric lighting.

0

ConsistentNo significant positive or
negative interactions.

Ensuring education for all does notinteract significantly with infrastructuredevelopment or conservation of ocean
ecosystems.

–1

Constraining

Limits options on another goal.

Improved water efficiency canconstrain agricultural irrigation.
Reducing climate change can constrain
the options for energy access.

–2

Counteracting

Clashes with another goal.

Boosting consumption for growth cancounteract waste reduction and climate
mitigation.

–3

Cancelling

Makes it impossible to reachanother goal.

Fully ensuring public transparency anddemocratic accountability cannot be
combined with national-security goals.
Full protection of natural reserves
excludes public access for recreation.

FIGURE GOALS SCORING“The scoring tool is globally applicable and rate interactions from the most positive (scoring +3) to the most negative(scoring -3). There are four main considerations when applying the scale. First, is the interaction reversible or not? For
example, failing on education (goal 4) could irreversibly damage social inclusion (goal 8). Loss of species owing to lackof action on climate change (goal 13) is another irreversible interaction. Conversely, converting land use from agriculture to bioenergy production (goal 7) might counteract food security (goal 2) and poverty reduction (goal 1) but could bereversed. Second, does the interaction go in both directions? For instance, providing energy to people’s homes benefits
education, but improving education does not directly provide energy. A third consideration is the strength of the interaction: does an action on one goal have a large or small impact on another. Negative interactions can be tolerable if they
are weak, such as the constraints that land resources might put on the development of transport infrastructure. Fourth,
how certain or uncertain is the interaction: is there evidence that it will definitely happen or is it only possible?” (NatureNews; Nilsson et al., 2016; ©2016)

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES4/FORESIGHTING SDG IMPLEMENTATION AND
KNOWLEDGE-ACTION NETWORKS – A FUTURE
EARTH PERSPECTIVE

BY PAUL SHRIVASTAVA, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, FUTURE
EARTH n MARK STAFFORD SMITH,

CHAIR,SCIENCECOMMITTEE FUTURE EARTH n FAROOQ ULLAH, CHAIR,
ENGAGEMENT COMMITTEE FUTURE EARTH n DAVID ORAM,ADVANCEMENT & COORDINATION OFFICER, FUTURE EARTH
SECRETARIAT

Over the past two years, Future Earth has
contributed scientific input to the development of
the Sustainable Development Goals and theeventual signing of the 2030 Agenda. Even as
SDGs were still being discussed and developed,
we were eager to start thinking about thebarriers to their implementation, especially sinceresearch on overcoming such barriers might
require several years’ lead time. The idea offoresighting the possible failure of any
programme is simple. It is an “anticipatory”
management strategy that allows people to be
mindful of potential failures at theimplementation stage. This enables decisionmakers to take preemptive action to prevent
failures, and any necessary research to beestablished in good time. Anticipation orforesighting needs to look five to ten years into
the future to imagine and identify pathways toovercoming possible failure in order to bemeaningful for decision-making in long-term
global programmes.
In our pursuit of foresighting capabilities, Future
Earth were fortunate to work in partnership with
DFG and the German Committee Future Earthto co-design and participate in the workshop on
foresighting SDG implementation. Chapter threeof this report presents an excellent summaryof the workshop and we present in this section
contextual information as to where the workshop
themes are positioned in Future Earth’s research
agenda, and especially how they relate to ouremerging Knowledge-Action Networks (KANs)
supported by over 20 Future Earth global
research projects.
The three workshop themes of (a) Socioeconomic & biophysical dynamics of thehumanity-nature nexus, (b) Food security &sustainable production and consumption – ocean
and land, and (c) Migration and its impacts onor relevance for the implementation of the SDGs
are all connected to Future Earth’s KAN on
Sustainable Development Goals, and can help
to establish the direction of research in thiscase. Additionally, theme (a) also links to the
Sustainable Finance-Economics KAN, and theme(b) links to three other Future Earth KANs - theCities KAN, the Oceans KAN, and the FoodWater-Energy Nexus KAN. Theme (c) links to the
Health KAN, Transformations KAN, Food-WaterEnergy Nexus KAN, and also the Natural Assets
KAN. To understand these connections, we will
describe in the following section the Future Earth
Knowledge-Action Network concept, summarise
the objectives of the eight KANs and provide atentative mapping of where they intersect with
Sustainable Development Goals. The KANs
have been launched in collaboration with Future
Earth global research projects, researchersand stakeholders of the global community andare expected to co-evolve in interactive andinterdependent, rather than siloed, ways.

42 / 43

Future Earth Knowledge-Action
Networks
Both the opportunities and challenges inherent
in working towards global sustainability require
a new type of planetary research – one that not
only expands our fundamental understandingof the planet we live on, but also meets theneeds of societies as they strive to solve theproblems facing them. Future Earth aims togenerate a virtuous cycle of agenda setting,research coordination and solutions delivery.
Its activities aim to bring researchers together
with societal partners to identify criticalresearch gaps in various areas; then to takethe resulting agendas and publicise them toattract funding. Most research projects willusually be funded and undertaken on a national
level. Future Earth aims to coordinate similar
projects across the world and encouragesynergies, for example by promoting common
methods so that otherwise disparate projects
can be compared and combined. Future Earthencourages co-production of knowledge to help
produce syntheses and products that are useful
to decision-makers regionally and globally.
Future Earth seeks to co-disseminate results.
This solution-oriented research followed byreview and learning can lead to a new cycleof agenda-setting. This type of activity occurs
at the level of Future Earth’s whole agenda,
but also in more focused domains throughits international global research projects andKnowledge-Action Networks. Increasingly,
projects help researchers and stakeholders tointeract in order to produce solutions-oriented
research. It is with this new type of research inmind that Future Earth has worked to develop
eight initial Knowledge-Action Networks.
The challenges facing the planet and its
inhabitants are complex and do not respect
the boundaries of traditional scientificdisciplines or nations. As a result, Future
Earth’s Knowledge-Action Networks needto bring together scientists from acrossdisciplines – from soil ecologists to humanpathologists – to work with one another as wellas with policymakers and practitioners. Naturalscientists will collaborate with social scientists
and experts in the law and humanities, because
fostering global sustainability requires anunderstanding of how human societies function
and how behaviours can change. Crucially,
researchers will design projects and driving
questions in tandem with the people who will
actually use the results of their research:leaders in the public and private sectors,

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

Knowledge-Action Networks
Projects, research partners,
societal partners, boundaryorganisations, etc.

the technology industry, non-governmentalorganisations, funding groups, or also
journalists, artists and many others. Throughthese collaborations in Knowledge-Action
Networks, scientific knowledge will be able to be
produced as solutions for achieving sustainability(Shrivastava et al., 2013).
Knowledge-Action Networks are collaborative
communities in which the best minds inresearch, policy, business, civil society, the artsand others can develop research for themes
critical to global sustainability. Researchin KANs will address safeguarding natural
assets, fostering biodiverse oceans which
support thriving economies and cultures,developing financial and economic systems tobolster sustainability, maintaining the nexusof water, energy and food that is critical to thestability of human societies, understanding theconnections between planetary and humanhealth, building cities where people can live
sustainably and equitably, informing people
about the implementation of the Sustainable
Development Goals and bringing about societal
transformations to achieve sustainability (seeFigure on Knowledge-Action Networks).

44 / 45

Integration and relationshipbetween SDGs and KANs
The implementation of SDGs can only beachieved through deep integration andwe concomitantly need to ensure that theKnowledge-Action Networks evolve in integrated
ways as well, thereby developing unified
science-based solutions in support of these
global goals.
There are many forms and types of interlinkages
among the SDGs as well as between SDGs
and KANs. Interlinkages in the following
three areas are particularly important:interlinkages between different sectors (e.g.
agriculture, energy, finance and transportation),interlinkages between societal stakeholders(e.g. private sector, civil society or local
authorities) and interlinkages between andwithin rich and poor countries. With regard to
the KAN on Sustainable Finance and Economic
Systems the different types of interlinkages
can be made visible by bringing together
stakeholders and the research community tofacilitate the implementation of SDGs in lowerincome countries through financial interlinkages
between different sectors. This will then help
to incentivise long-term investments in theearly-stage market development of sustainableproducts and services (Stafford-Smith et al.,2016).
KANs can serve as a broad Agenda-setting
tool, and also bring attention to targeted gaps
in understanding and the need for synthesis.
For example, KANs can be a good vehicle forresponding to the challenges associated with
the implementation of the SDGs that emerge
from foresighting in the SDG KAN. KANs
can bring together multiple communities
and knowledge bases and thus have an allencompassing view of potential barriers in
SDG implementation. The systemic view taken
by KANs can offer insights into how problems
may travel through interconnected parts ofthe entire system. At this, Future Earth is also
contributing to specific studies, such as The
World in 2050 project, designed to foresight
future pathways via forecasting and backcasting
methodologies. The World in 2050 project,supported by Future Earth, SDSN, IIASA and
SRC, will use modelling and backcasting in
an attempt to understand how SDGs can beachieved in a time-bound manner. The SDG
KAN might focus on synthesises of the eight

Future Earth challenges and integral aspectsof the SDG framework (with regard to policy
coherence and indicators), whereas the Financeand Economics KAN as well as the KANs on
Oceans and Transformations, address crosscutting issues or domains that are identical formany of the eight challenges. Some other KANs
directly address specific challenges such as
the water-energy-food nexus, natural assets,cities and health (see Figure on KnowledgeAction Networks) and we hope that at somestage KANs will be created for each of the eightsocietal challenges identified in the Future Earth2025 Vision.
Most importantly, the Knowledge-Action
Networks are being built from the bottom
up. Future Earth is focused on encouraging
professionals around the world to join these
KAN communities. Through the global research
initiatives and core projects of Future Earth,which have generated new insights in numerous
areas, Future Earth is already connected with
networks of over fifty thousand scientific experts
who will play a major role in driving forward thedevelopment of the Knowledge-Action Networks.
Future Earth is also interested in bringing
new partners on board, particularly from the
Global South. Future Earth’s five Global Hubs,
four Regional Centres, four emerging Regional
Offices and numerous national networks playa crucial role in this worldwide coverage. We
are encouraging these networks to work withfunding institutions and research communities
at a regional and national level to develop thenext generation of global sustainability research.
To support these communities the Future Earth
Secretariat has set up a basic architecture
and provides a broad range of support. For
example, the Future Earth Open Network,
an online platform where people involved in
global sustainability can meet and collaborate,connects communities and projects in ways thatcan be used to support the implementation of
SDGs and solve challenges by promoting crossfertilisation between KAN communities andprojects, and enable interactions among their
domains.
Scientists, researchers, policymakers, civilsociety and businesses all over the world areinvited to contribute to KANs, to help focus
on how they work and what they hope toaccomplish.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENCE IN IMPLEMENTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS / OUTLOOK

46 / 47

IV. OUTLOOKIn the coming years, science will need to play animportant role in the provision of the data, informationand knowledge that is required to facilitate thesuccessful implementation of the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development and the associatedSDGs. The 2030 Agenda explicitly recognisesthat sustainability challenges are fundamentallyinterrelated. Focusing exclusively on single goals
will therefore not be effective. All actions need to beassessed for policy coherence across the goals. Thismeans that science and society need to be aware of
the broad SDG spectrum to find the best pathway toprogress towards all the goals.

Reflective thinking and its power to facilitate holistic scientific approaches will be a key elementin the SDG implementation process. For example,
science can contribute regular scientific assessments that review the comprehensive knowledge
base across the natural sciences, social sciences
and humanities to better understand, analyseand cope with different types of potential conflictsin SDG implementation. In this way, solution-oriented research along with cutting-edge, globally
coordinated upstream fundamental research
will be able to create the critical knowledge baserequired to articulate efficient and coherent
sustainable development pathways. Moreover,science will be able to contribute to facilitating
the much-needed free and open sharing of data
between all stakeholders.
Implementing the 2030 Agenda will be a continuous learning process that builds on knowledge
exchange and close collaboration between different knowledge domains. Strategic foresight canbe of invaluable help in addressing the complexity (and time pressures) in the SDG implementation processes. As an independent broker, thescientific community can facilitate discussions

between different knowledge domains in order tobuild trust, reduce uncertainties, develop morerobust pathways of global sustainable development, and better understand the challenges of
implementation (success and failures) and value
schemes. However, in order to better evaluate
foresighting in the context of SDGs, a deeper
understanding is required to pinpoint particularforesight mechanisms and adapt their respective
processes to SDGs and the implementation of
SDGs.
Finally, strong knowledge partnerships whereequal weight is given to academics, decision-makers, practitioners, business leaders,
civil society and/or others might be the most efficient way to inform people about SDG implementation on a regional and global level. Future Earthand WCRP anticipate working in partnership with
SDSN, UN-SAB and other players to ensure thatthe best scientific knowledge is rapidly and freely
available to decision-makers around the world,
as well as to connect regional/national activities
with international activities in order to ensure
global policy consistency, and deliver innovativeinternational research in support of global sustainability. In addition, these networks provide
an ideal platform for (scientific) capacity building
and knowledge exchange across regions/international borders.

References
Abel G.J. & Sander N., 2014. Quantifying
Global International Migration Flows.
Science 343 (6178), 1520-1522.
Beisheim M., Løkken H., Moore aus demN., Pintér L., Rickels W., 2015. Measuring
Sustainable Development: How Can
Science Contribute to Realizing the SDGs?
Backgroundpaper UNU-DFG conference.
http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_
profil/geschaeftsstelle/dfg_praesenz_ausland/nordamerika/2015/150421_dfg_
unu_konferenz/backgroundpaper.pdf
Bootz J.P. , 2010. Strategic foresight andorganizational leraning: A survey andcritical analysis. Technological Forecasting& Social change 77, 1588-1594.
Dasgupta P., Duraiappah A., Managi S.
Barbier E., et al., 2014. How to measuresustainable progress. Science 350 (6262),
748.
Destatte P., 2010. Foresight: A major
tool in tackling sustainable development.
Technological Forecasting & Social Change
77, 1575-1587.
Edenhofer O., Kowarsch M., 2015.
Cartography of pathways: A new model forenvironmental policy assessments. Env
Science & Policy 51, 56–64.
Giovannini E., Niestroy I., Nilsson M.,
Roure F., Spanos M., 2015. The Roleof Science, Technology and Innovation
Policies to Foster the Implementation of
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Report of the Expert Group “Follow-up
to Rio+20, notably the SDGs”. European
Commission. DOI: 10.2777/615177
Griggs D., Stafford-Smith M., Gaffney O.,
et al., 2013. Sustainable development goals
for people and planet. Nature 495 (7441),
305-307.
Griggs D., Stafford-Smith M., RockströmJ., et al., 2014. An integrated frameworkfor sustainable development goals. Ecology
and Society 19(4): 49.
Godet M., Durance P., Gerber A., 2007.
Strategic Foresight La Prospective: Useand Misuse of Scenario Building. Working
Paper No. 10, LIPSOR.
ICSU & ISSC, 2015. Review of the
Sustainable Development Goals: The
Science Perspective. Paris: International
Council for Science (ICSU).

Kasemir, B., Jaeger, C.C., Jäger J., 2003.
Citizen participation in sustainability
assessments. In: Kasemir, B., Jäger, J.,
Jaeger, C.C. and M.T. Gardner (eds.). Public
Participation in Sustainability Science: A
Handbook. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, 3-36.
Kanie N., Abe N., Iguichi M., et al., 2014.
Integration and diffusion in Sustainable
Development Goals: Learning from thepast, looking into the future. Sustainability.
6(4), 1761-1775.
Kates R., Clark W.C., Hall J.M., et al. 2000.
Sustainability Science. John F. Kennedy
School of Government Faculty ResearchWorking Paper 00-018. Cambridge, MA:
John F. Kennedy School of Government,
Harvard University.
Loewe M., Rippin N. (eds.) 2015.
Translating an ambitious vision into global
transformation: the 2030 agenda forsustainable development, Discussion Paper
7/2015, Bonn: DIE.
http://www.die-gdi.de/discussion-paper/
article/translating-an-ambitious-visioninto-global-transformation-the-2030agenda-for-sustainable-development/
Nilsson M., 2016. How science should feedin 2030 Agenda. SciDevNet.
http://www.scidev.net/global/sdgs/opinion/
science-sdg-2030-agenda-sustainability.
html
Nilsson M., Griggs D., Visbeck M., 2016.
Map the interactions between Sustainable
Development Goals. Nature 534, 320-322.
O’Neill B.C., Kriegler E., Riahi K., etal., 2014. A new scenario framework forclimate change research: the conceptof shared socioeconomic pathways, in:Climatic Change, Vol. 122, Issue 3, p. 387400, 387.
Rockström J., Sachs J.D., Öhman, M.C.,
Schmidt-Traub G., 2013. Sustainable
Development and Planetary Boundaries.
Background Research Paper submitted
tot he HLP on the Post-2015 Development
Agenda.
http://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/
docs/sustainable-development-andplanetary-boundaries.pdf
Sachs, J., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C.,et al., 2016: SDG Index and Dashboards- Global Report. New York: Bertelsmann
Stiftung and Sustainable Development
Solutions Network (SDSN).

SDSN, 2013. An Action Agenda for
Sustainable Development. Report for the
UN Secretary-General.
http://www.unfoundation.org/assets/pdf/
sustainable-development.pdf
Shrivastava P., Ivanaj S., Persson S., 2013.
Transdisciplinary Study of Sustainable
Enterprise, Journal of the Business
Strategy and the Environment. Vol. 22,
Issue 4, pp. 230–244.
Southern Voice, 2015. Embedding Global
South Research in the Post-MDG discourse.
Presentation available at
http://www.southernvoice.org/wp-content/
uploads/2015/02/SouthernVoicePamphlet.
pdf
Stafford-Smith, M., Griggs, D., Gaffney,O. et al., 2016. Integration: the key toimplementing the Sustainable Development
Goals. Sustain Sci (2016). doi:10.1007/
s11625-016-0383-3
TFM (10-Member Group to support
Technology Facilitation Mechnism), 2016.
Harnessing the Contribution of Science,
Technology, and Innovation for achieving
the 2030 Agenda and the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals.
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/
content/documents/21201STI%20for%20
SDGs%2010%20member%20group%20
STI%20Forum%20final%20clean.pdf
UN, 2015. Transforming our world: the2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
New York: United Nation,
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.
asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E
Yonglong L., Nakicenovic N., VisbeckM., et al., 2015. Five priorities for the UN
Sustainable Development Goals. Nature
520, 432–433.

48 / 49

Speakers, Contributors& Scientific Programme Committee Members
TANYA ABRAHAMSE, UN-SAB and South African National Biodiversity Institute, South Africa n ANTHONYADDISON, United Nations University - World Institute for Development Economics Research, Finland n ARUNAGRAWAL, University of Michigan, USA n GUILHERME DE AGUIAR PATRIOTA, Permanent Mission of Brazil to
the United Nations, USA n JOSEPH ALCAMO§, University of Kassel, Germany n SUSAN K. AVERY, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, USA n MARIANNE BEISHEIM§, German Institute for International and Security Affairs,
Germany n JÖRN BIRKMANN, University of Stuttgart, Germany n PAUL BURGER, University of Basel, Switzerland n
ROGER CREMADES, Climate Service Center Germany, Germany n JOHN CONNELL, University of Sydney, Australia n
MARTINE DURAND, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, France n DOROTHEE DZWONNEK,
German Research Foundation, Germany n JAN ELIASSON, United Nations, USA n ANITA ENGELS§, University of
Hamburg, Germany n ELI FENICHEL, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, USA n SABINE FUSS*,
Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Germany n THOMAS GASS, United Nations,
USA n MARKUS W. GEHRING, University of Cambridge, UK n DAVE GRIGGS*, Monash University, Australia n
CHRISTINA VON HAAREN, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany n JÖRG HACKER, German National Academyof Sciences Leopoldina, Germany n KATHLEEN HERMANS, Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research– UfZ, Germany n LORI M. HUNTER, University of Colorado, USA n MARIA IVANOVA, UN-SAB and University of
Massachusetts, USA n CHRISTIANE JOERK, German Research Foundation, Germany n SARAN KABA JONES,FACE Africa, USA n PAVEL KABAT*, International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Austria n MICHAEL KAHN,
Stellenbosch Univeristy, South Africa n NORICHIKA KANIE, Keio University, Japan n STEPHEN D. KRASNER,
Stanford University, USA n FLORIAN KRAXNER, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria n
HARTWIG KREMER, United Nations Environment Programme, Denmark n WOLFGANG LUCHT*, Potsdam Institutefor Climate Impact Research, Germany n SHUAIB LWASA, Makarere University, Uganda n KEPING MA, The Chinese
Academy of Science, China n JÖRG MAYER-RIES, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation,
Building and Nuclear Safety, Germany n AMINA MOHAMMED, United Nations, USA n KARMEN NAIDOO, University if
Capetown, South Africa n JENS NEWIG*, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany n MÅNS NILSSON, Stockholm
Environment Institute, Sweden n ROBERT C. ORR, University of Maryland, USA n MARIKA PALOSAARI, United
Nations Environment Programme, Switzerland n THOMAS POGGE, Yale Univeristy, USA n MARTIN QUAAS, Kiel
University, Germany n WALTER RADERMACHER, EUROSTAT, Belgium n BELINDA REYERS, Stockholm University,
Sweden n JAKOB RHYNER*§, United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security, Germany n
WILFRIED RICKELS, Institute for the World Economy, Germany n THOMAS RISSE§, Freie Universität Berlin, Germanyn ROBERTO SANCHEZ-RODRIGUEZ, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Mexico n FLAVIA SCHLEGEL, UNESCO, Francen BETTINA SCHMALZBAUER, German Committee Future Earth Secretariat, Germany n CHRISTOPH M. SCHMIDT§,RWI - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Germany n GUIDO SCHMIDT-TRAUB*, Sustainable Development
Solutions Network, France n ROBERT SCHOLES, Council for Scientific and Insustrial Research, South-Africa n
IMME SCHOLZ*, German Development Institute, Germany n STEFAN SCHWEINFEST, United Nations Statistical
Devision (UNSD), USA n PAUL SHRIVASTAVA*, Future Earth, Canada n PRIYA SHYAMSUNDAR, South Asian
Network for Development and Environmental Economics, USA/Nepal n AFREEN SIDDIQI, Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, USA n YOUBA SOKONA, South Centre, Switzerland n MARK STAFFORD-SMITH*, Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia n PETER STROHSCHNEIDER, German Research
Foundation (DFG), Germany n HINRICH THÖLKEN, Permanent Representation of the Federal Republic of Germany
to the UN Organisations in Rome, Italy n HEIKO THOMS, Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations, USAn FAROOQ ULLAH*, Stakeholder Forum, UK n MARTIN VISBECK*§, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKiel, Germany n ERNST-ULRICH VON WEIZSÄCKER, Club of Rome, Germany n PATRICK PAUL WALSH, Columbia
University, USA n ABDUL HAMID ZAKRI, InterAcademy Council, Malaysia n LÁSZLÓ ZSOLNAI, Corvinus Universityof Budapest, Hungary.

* Member Scientific Programme Committee “Foresight workshop: Science needs for implementing the SDG framework (18-21
April 2016)”§ Member Scientific Programme Committee “Conference: Measuring Sustainable Development: How can science contribute toachieve the Sustainable Development Goals? (23-24 April 2015)”

GERMAN COMMITTEE FUTURE EARTHDKN FUTURE EARTH SECRETARIAT
Heilbronner Str. 150
70191 Stuttgart, Germany
www.dkn-future-earth.org