2019/2/18

APRU‐IRIDeS Multi‐Hazards Summer School

International strategy for disaster risk
reduction: Implementation of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction(SFDRR)

Takako Izumi
International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS)
Tohoku University
1

Number of disasters by continent

Source: EM‐DAT: The Emergency Events Database – Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL)

The reasons of the increase of disasters after 1970’s, especially weather related disasters
a. Change of rainfall patterns due to the influence of climate change, the deterioration of thenatural environmentb. Increase of social vulnerability to natural disasters (urbanization, poverty etc)
c. Improvement of technology for disaster information gathering
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Affected persons by continent 1950-2018

Source: EM‐DAT: The Emergency Events Database – Universite Catholique de Louvain (UCL)
3

Disaster Management Cycle• Emergency response plan,
Evacuation drills,
Trainings, Education,
Early warning

Response

事前準備• Improved
infrastructure,
Building code, Landuse regulations• Rescue, evacuation,
relief goods
Response distribution, response
to immediate needs

Preparedness

災害対応Response

災害軽減

復興Prevention

Recovery• Economic andlivelihood recovery,
Health and safety,Housing2

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Allocation of international aid to disasters
over 20 years

DRR
13%

ternational aid given to disasters(USD 106.7 billion)

0Recovery
22%

20

Response
65%

40DRR

Recovery

60

80

100120

Response

Out of total international aid over 20 years (USD 3 trillion), only 0.4% (13.5 billion)
was spent for DRR. Every USD 100 spent on development aid, just 40 cents has been invested indefending that aid from the impact of disasters. (Source: GFDRR / ODI, 2013)

Even international community does not fully understand the importance ofand needs for investing in DRR

Shifting a strategy from “Response” to “DRR”

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Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004••••

26 December 2004 M9.0
Casualties（death toll/missing)：165,000 (Indonesia), 35,000(Sri Lanka), 16,000 (India), 8,000 (Thailand including morethan 500 visitors from overseas), 100 (Maldives), 280(Somalia). Total 227,000
Total economic loss: USD 10 billion（a half of them inIndonesia)
Financial support from overseas: USD 13.5 billion. This does
not include financial support given by NGOs and private
donations. Some of NGOs (MSF, Concern, CARE) stopped
receiving the donations.

Why was the damage magnified?
• Lack of early warning systems and limited knowledge ontsunamiInternational framework of DRR concept4

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From Hyogo Framework for Action to Sendai Framework for DRR （参考）Yokohama Strategyand Plan of Action
for a Safer World(May 1994 @ 1st WCDR)

Increaseawareness on
DRR!

(Jan. 2005 @ 2nd WCDR in Kobe)(Mar. 2015 @ 3rd WCDR in Sendai)Start taking
actions DRR!

Achieve targets!

Background of HFA••The Indian Ocean Tsunami in December 2004
increased the interest in and awareness on DRR.
The awareness and knowledge on tsunami was nosufficient. Lack of early warning system.

•Five priority of actions：(1) Governance: ensure that DRR is a national andlocal priority;(2)Risk identification: identify, assess and monitor
disaster risks and enhance early warning;(3)Knowledge: use knowledge, innovation andeducation to build a culture of safety and resilience;(4)Reducing the underlying risk factors;(5)Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective
response.

•It emphasized “DRR is everyone’s business” . All thestakeholders need to get involved in DRR. It is not atask of only governments and other humanitarianorganizations.

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Why is it important?
• HFA was adopted by 168 countries and SFDRR was adopted bycountries. Many countries determined to take DRR initiatives as anational priority.
As a result・・・・• DRR efforts by counties have increased: in the Philippines andIndonesia, DRR related policies have been enacted.
• The understanding on DRR has increased: a disaster harm the GDPand national growth, the economic loss caused by a disaster istremendous, it takes a long time to recover from a disaster damage
and the investing in DRR is extremely important.
• It encouraged various stakeholders – schools, hospitals, the private
sector, media, academia, communities etc - to engage in DRR
activities.

From HFA (2005) to SFDRR (2015)
Challenges【Over the 10 years time frame】• Over 700 thousand people were killed;• Over 1.4 million were injured;• Approximately 23 million became homeless as aresult of disasters;• More tan 1.5 billion people were affected;• The total economic loss was more than USD 13 trillion.
• Women, children, and people in vulnerable situations
were disproportionately affected.
• Small scale disasters and slow-onset disasters
affected communities, households and small andmedium-sized enterprises.
• Need to focus on tackling underlying disaster risk
driver – poverty, climate change, unplanned and rapid
urbanization, poor land management, limited
availability of technology, etc.

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Priorities for action in the Sendai Frameworkfor Disaster Risk Reduction
1. Understanding disaster risk；
2. Strengthening disaster risk governanceto manage disaster risk；
3. Investing in disaster risk reduction forresilience;
4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for
effective response and to “Build BackBetter” in recovery, rehabilitation andreconstruction.

Seven global targets to be achieved by 2030
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

7)

Reduce global disaster mortality ;Reduce the number of affected people;
Reduce direct disaster economic loss;
Reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure anddisruption of basic services, health and educational facilities;
Increase the number of countries with national and local DRR
strategies;
Enhance international cooperation to developing countries
through adequate and sustainable support to complement
their national actions for implementation of the present
Framework;
Increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early
warning systems and disaster risk information andassessments to people“Technical Note on Data and Methodology to Estimate Global Disaster
Mortality to Measure the Achievement of Target A of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction” by UNISDR
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International / Regional levels
UN agencies:• UNISDR to support the implementation, follow-up and review ofthe coordinate the DRR initiatives.
• Other UN agencies to support disaster response coordination(UNOCHA) and recovery (UNDP)
International NGO: Advocacy, Fundraising, Project implementation
Regional organizations (ASEAN, ADRC etc): Focus on regional andcross boundary issues, Strengthen regional collaboration andIdentify regional solutions/guidelines
Donor agencies (USAID, AUSAID, DFID etc): Improve quality andaccountability of humanitarian aid/DRR

National level
Government:• States have the overall responsibility for reducing disasterrisk. DRR is a common concern for all States and the extent
to which developing countries are able to effectively enhanceand implement national DRR policies and measures….(SFDRR).
• Necessary to empower local authorities and local
communities to reduce risks including through resources,incentives and decision making responsibilities.
National NGO: Project implementation; Close to communities
and understand local culture.

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Local level
Local government:• Lead local DRR planning and implementation• Develop policies and guidelines related to DRR
including a disaster management planCommunities:• Participate in discussion and implementation ofDRR policies and programs• Organize awareness raising campaign andactivities as well as evacuation drill

OthersAcademia:• Focus on the disaster risk factors and scenarios• Support action by local communities and authorities• Support the interface between policy and science for decisionmaking

Media:• Contribute to the raising of public awareness and disseminate
accurate disaster risk, hazard and disaster information• Support early warning systems• Stimulate a culture of prevention and strong community
involvement in public education campaigns and consultations

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OthersPrivate sector:• Integrate disaster risk management into business models
and practices• Engage in awareness raising and training for theiremployees and customers• Engage in and support research and innovation for disasterrisk management• Share and disseminate knowledge, practices and nonsensitive data
• Actively participate in the development of normative
frameworks and technical standards that incorporate
disaster risk management

Role of Academia

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Role of academia in the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction
Academia, scientific and research entities and networks to1) focus on the disaster risk factors and scenarios,2) increase research for regional national and localapplication,3) support action by local communities and authorities, and4) support the interface between policy and science fordecision‐making

Under priority 1: Understanding disaster risk
• To promote and improve dialogue and cooperation among scientificand technological communities, other relevant stakeholders andpolicymakers.
• To enhance the scientific and technical work on DRR and its
mobilization through the coordination of existing networks
Under Priority 3: Investing in DRR for resilience• To promote cooperation between academic, scientific and research
entities and networks and the private sector to develop new products
and services to help to reduce disaster risk in particular those thatwould assist developing countries and their specific challenges
Under priority 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective
response• To invest in tailor systems to the needs of users, promote theapplication of simple and low‐cost early warning equipment andfacilities112019/2/18

International Research Institute of Disaster
Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University• Education, Research and Social contribution• Make the best use of research results for practical actions:
It is necessary to understand the needs. From interests‐
oriented to needs‐oriented?
• Collaboration with local governments and communities:
expectations from both sides are different.

Challenges and Needs
in Science and Technology(from the UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on DRR)

1. Scientific findings should be framed and presented in a
concise and understandable fashion;
2. Assumptions and uncertainties need to be better clarified andcommunicated;
3. There is a need for translating scientific findings into concrete
actionable steps and tools for science-based decision-making;4. There is a need for enhancing the role of social science tobetter understand the governance of disaster risks.

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Key messages
1. Science and Technology cannot solve everything as they
have limitations and constraints. How to complement thegap? Human behavior and actions based on education andawareness raising based on social science.
2. Interdisciplinary research (combination of natural andsocial science),
3. Working together with other stakeholders especially withpractitioners (knowledge should not be occupied only byacademia. Technology and tools have to be “usable”), and
4. Strengthening capacity development and empowerment for
future DRR experts (government officials, community
leaders etc)

Project in Malaysia:“Strengthening the disaster risk reduction
capacity to improve the safety and security ofcommunities by understanding disaster risks”

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Keywords in this project
1. Understanding disaster risks, then take proper preparedness
actions. （SFDRR 1）
SFDRR 4
2. Leadership and ownership by local governments andcommunities to lead DRR projects. （SFDRR 2）
3. Establish a sustainable and effective DRR system. （SFDRR 3）

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Purpose:

Project outline• Establish a community-led DRR system based on anunderstanding of disaster risks in the target areas ofthe Selangor state

Target area: Selangor state
Expected outcomes:
1.

2.
3.

Local disaster risks are understood by DRR-related
departments in the Selangor state and the targetedcommunities;
DRR awareness programs are conducted by DRRrelated departments and community leaders;Community-led DRR model activities areimplemented by DRR-related departments andcommunities142019/2/18

Project activities: step1
Output 1: Local disaster risks are understood by DRR-relateddepartments in the Selangor state and the targetedcommunities
1. A kick-off
workshop toshare the plan
and activities
with local
stakeholders.

2. Collect,consolidate,
and analyze
the disasterdata

3. An analyticalreport forunderstanding
local disasterrisks

4. A workshop
forcommunities
to understandthe disaster
risks

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Project activities: step2
Output 2: DRR awareness programs are conducted by DRRrelated departments and community leaders

1. Develop a
training
module for
DRR
community
awareness
programs.

2. ToT for
DRRrelated
department
officials for
DRR
awareness
programs.

3. ToT for
community
leaders forDRR
awareness
programs.

4. DRRawareness
programs
areconducted

5. a Japan
visit
program tolearn
JapaneseDRR
experience30

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Project activities: step3
Output 3: Community-led DRR model activities are
implemented

1. Conduct a
townwatching
exercise

2. Identify
and plan highpriority DRR
modelactivities

3. Conduct
communityled DRR
modelactivities

4. Sharelessons-leantfrom theproject withother states

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