Designing social and industrial structuresfrom a holistic perspective〜Social and Industrial Architecture Design in the Digital Age〜

Seiko Shirasaka, Professor
Graduate School of System Design and Management
Keio University
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

“83% of radiologists missed the gorilla. ”
By Trafton Drew, Harvard Medical School

People are subconsciously
selecting information.
出典：”The Invisible Gorilla Strikes Again:Sustained Inattentional
Blindnessin Expert Observers”, Trafton
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp
Drew, Melissa L.-H. Võ, and Jeremy M. Wolfe, Harvard Medical School.

2People only see what they want to see.
 People's cognition has an unconscious bias
(cognitive bias).
 Certain groups are often subject to certain
biases (Expert bias).
Utilizing diversity to actively try to see what
we don't see because of our biases.
It's not easy to think beyond expert bias.
We need the tools (= methodology) tointegrate diversity.
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp3

<Previous>
School of Engineering, The university of Tokyo
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

The Graduate School of SDM, KEIO university
Doctor Degree（Systems Engineering）

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

HTV: H-II Transfer Vehicle
QZSS:Quadi Zenith Satellite System(MBSE at Airbus as Exchange Engineer)

ImPACT Program Manager, Cabinet office<Present>

Professor, The Graduate School of SDM, KEIO university
Architecture、“System x Design” thinking
Methodology Development

IPA Digital Architecture Design Center
Chair of Advisory Board

ISO JTC1/SC7 WG42 “System Architecture”
Domestic Leader
Synspective inc. Founder, Board of Director
Committee member
Cabinet Office Space Policy
Cabinet Secretariat Digital Market
Competition
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp
METI Growth Strategy, New Governance Model4Who are we?
Graduate School of System Design and Management
Keio University

Systematizing, researching, and teachinginterdisciplinary approaches that unites multiple
disciplines
Graduate School for Diverse Working Studentsshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

5Why we needholistic perspective?

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

6Holistic Perspective = System Thinking
System Thinking

Systemic

Systematica discipline for seeing wholes ...
a framework for seeing interrelationships rather than things ...
(Senge, P.M. 1990, 2006. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization.
New York, NY, USA: Doubleday Currency, 68-69)

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

7

"holistic perspective" isSemantic axis

WhyWhatSpatial axis
HowSystem of Interest
Context

Time axis
DesignManufacturi
ng

Test

Operationshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

Disposal8

Three reasonscaused by Recent features in the systems field• Expansion of the scope as a system• Rapid Changes in Context• Increase of important system characteristics andaccountability

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp9Three reasonscaused by Recent features in the systems field• Expansion of the scope as a system• Rapid Changes in Context• Increase of important system characteristics andaccountability➢ Connection : System of Systems➢ Digital : DXshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

10System of Systems

出典：INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

11System of Systems
A system with the following five characteristics is called a System ofSystems (SoS).
1. Operational Independence：the component systems must be able tousefully operate independently.
2. Managerial Independence：The component systems are separately
acquired and integrated but maintain a continuing operational
existence independent of the system-of-systems.
3. Evolutionary Development：A SoS evolves during operation byadding / deleting functions and objectives.
4. Emergent behavior：Achieve objectives that cannot be achieved bya single component system as a SoS.
5. geographically distributed：The component systems are
geographically separated and exchange information between thecomponent systems, rather than physical quantities of mass and
出典： “Architecting Principles for Systems-of-Systems”, Mark W. Maier (1998)
energy.
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp
12System of Systems
Movement in the World：A system is starting to connect.

出典：経済産業省資料より抜粋

出典：テキサスインスツルメント資料より抜粋

出典：「インダストリー4.0 実現戦略報告書」
より抜粋
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

13Difficult to guarantee quality

Connecting products andservices from different
industries to provide
users with.

Expanding the connection of system

Easy to use

Going out

Coming inEasy to operate
and maintain

You don't want your service to be shut downbecause of a system failure.

A wide variety of stakeholders
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

System is dynamicallychanging

Unscheduled system changes
during operation
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"holistic perspective" isSemantic axis

WhyWhatSpatial axis
How
System of Interest
Context

Time axis
DesignManufacturi
ngTestOperationshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

Disposal15

DX
It's not simply about replacing the means with digital means.
It's about transforming to a better way of achieving our objectives.

Semantic axis

WhyWhatSpatial axis
HowSystem of InterestContext

Time axis
DesignManufacturi
ng

Test

Operationshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

Disposal
16

Three reasonscaused by Recent features in the systems field• Expansion of the scope as a system• Rapid Changes in Context• Increase of important system characteristics andaccountability

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

17Rapid Changes in Context
An era of greater unexpected environmental change• Increased Uncertainty ：World Uncertainty Index• Strengthening Connections ex. Society 5.0(Systems of Systems）

出典：経産省 第３回成長戦略部会
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

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VUCA World
Volatility, Uncertainty
Complexity, Ambiguity• Conventional wisdom and assumptions
don’t work
• You don't know what
you think you know.
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

19Holistic Perspective = System Thinking
System Thinking

Systemic

Systematica discipline for seeing wholes ...
a framework for seeing interrelationships rather than things ...
(Senge, P.M. 1990, 2006. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization.
New York, NY, USA: Doubleday Currency, 68-69)

Define and update– Interrelationships between a system and its context– Interrelationships between system elements
through spatial axis, time axis and semantic axis.
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp20

Three reasonscaused by Recent features in the systems field• Expansion of the scope as a system• Rapid Changes in Context• Increase of important system characteristics andaccountability

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

21

-ilities••••"-ilities" is a Related Discipline of Systems Engineering.
It was previously called "Specialty Engineering.
Systems Engineering needs to Integrate “–ilities”.
SEBOK Part6– Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability– Human Systems Integration– Safety Engineering– Security Engineering– System Assurance– Electromagnetic Interference/Electromagnetic Compatibility– Resilience Engineering– Manufacturability and Producibility– Affordability– Environmental Engineeringshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

22

-ilities••••"-ilities" is a Related Discipline of Systems Engineering.
It was previously called "Specialty Engineering.
Systems Engineering needs to Integrate “–ilities”.
SEBOK Part6– Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability– Human Systems Integration– Safety Engineering– Security Engineering– System Assurance– Electromagnetic Interference/Electromagnetic Compatibility– Resilience Engineering– Manufacturability and Producibility– Affordability"-ilities"
is a property that has to be viewed as a system– Environmental Engineeringsystem characteristicshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

23

-ilities

出典：エンジニアリングシステムズshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

24

-ilities

Proving system characteristics has to be a top-down process.
Functional Safety（26262, RAMS)
出典：エンジニアリングシステムズshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

25

System Architectureshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

26Systems Approach
System Thinking

Systemic

Systematica discipline for seeing wholes ...
a framework for seeing interrelationships rather than things ...
(Senge, P.M. 1990, 2006. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization.
New York, NY, USA: Doubleday Currency, 68-69)

Goal Oriented

Systems Approach

The systems approach is a way of tackling real world problems andmaking use of the concepts, principle and patterns of systems
thinking to enable systems to be engineered and used.
(INCOSE Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge)

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

27

Systems Approach
Always ask "why"

Goal
Oriented
See it in terms ofelements andconnections.

Capture the whole,
not the parts.

Systemic

SystematicIntegrating the opinions of diverse people

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

28

Systems Approach in Practice
Always ask "why"

Goal
Oriented
See it in terms ofelements andconnections.

Capture the whole,
not the parts.

Systemic

SystematicIntegrating the opinions of diverse people
Multiviewpoints

Structurationshirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

Visualization
29

Definition of Architecture• fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its
environment embodied in its elements, relationships,
and in the principles of its design and evolution（source：ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010-2010)• Fundamental concept of system which shows how
system purpose is realized. The properties are emergedby the concept.
• The fundamental concept of system is defined byrelationship between a system of interest and thecontext of system and between components of thesystem.
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp30Definition of Architecture• The relationship between the system and the context andbetween the elements of the system in order to achieve its
objectives.
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

31Because of the heavy reliance on people, human resource
development is more important than setting rules and procedures.
Source: The Art of Systems Architecting
Requests for human resources training are increasing rapidly.
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

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System Architect• Lack of people who can handle both high level ofabstraction and concrete architecture– Big picture creation and actual implementation experience– Diverse experience• We need both theory and practice.
– There are people in their field of expertise who can design anarchitecture that is close to implementation.
– You may be able to do it practically, but you don't know how
to apply it to other field because you don't know theknowledge, concepts and approaches to Systems of Systems
and architectural design.
– On the other hand, if you don't have practical experience, you
can't imagine the difficulties in execution.

• Multidisciplinary integration is needed.
– Integration of fields other than your own– Communication & Visualization Skills
shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

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Digital Architecture Design Center(DADC)
Designing a new social and industrial"architecture" for the realization of Society 5.0

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp34Summary• There are three reasons why we need holistic
perspective (=System Thinking).
– Expansion of the scope as a system– Rapid Changes in Context– Increase of important system characteristics andaccountability• An approach “System Architecture” is a appropriate
way to design new society and industry form holistic
perspective.
• It is not easy to foster system architects.

shirasaka@sdm.keio.ac.jp

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Design the future!
www.sdm.keio.ac.jp

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