People Centered Housing Recovery…
and Relocation?
Liz	
  Maly,	  	
  Assistant	
  Professor,	
  IRIDeS,	
  Tohoku	
  University

APRU	
  Summer	  School,	  2015.07.24

Housing Recovery

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24878801
2

Housing recovery in the Disaster Cycle

today’s focus
image from: http://www.wssu.edu/administration/campus-police/3
emergency-management/images/em-preparedness-icon.jpg

What is housing recovery?
what is a house?
familyin a neighborhood
家

家族がいる場所
where my family is

working
place 住まい

living placehousehold

安全safetysavings/
investment

a house

貯金

工場
shop/
店 business/factory

part of mylivelihood

what is a house?
familyin a neighborhood
家

家族がいる場所
where my family is

working
place 住まい

living placehouseholdsavings/
investment

安全safetya house貯金
part of mylivelihood

工場
shop/
店 business/factory

Housing is a physicalstructure, but is closely
connected to livelihood
livelihood:1) house related to household budget2) location for work, space for work
daily life: house design/form/space meets
1) residents’ needs + 2) matches desires

People-Centered Housing
Use/function
Matches
Social+Cultural
Needs
Daily life
Matches what
the residents
wantSize/ShapeBig enough forthe household,and lifestyle

People(inhabitants)

LocationCan get towork, school,
shopping,
hospital

Structure
Safe,
StrongHouse

Cost
Affordable tobuy or rent,
or repairgoal: housing recovery that supports life recovery

Housing Recovery Process•

Housing recovery phases usually described as:
1. emergency shelter
2. temporary housing
3. permanent housing reconstruction•

however, these phases can and do overlap•

no fixed time frame: recovery is long term
• temporary housing phase can usually be consideredfrom 2 months to several years after the disaster• recovery starts on day 1
7

Overlapping phases in therecovery process•

short term: emergency shelter•intermediate: temporary housing•

long-term: permanent housing

image modified based on: http://www.lpdr.org/2012/11/16/the-anatomy-of-a-disaster/8

Housing Recovery: usually 1 or 2 step
2 step housing recovery:
uses temporary housing

1 step housing recovery:
no temporary housing

Image: Transitional Shelter Guidelines,
Shelter Center, 2011

gaps

Image: Transitional Shelter Guidelines,
Shelter Center, 2011

▪ 2 step housing recovery▪ 1 step housing recovery▪ Multiple relocations▪ Critical moment is transition from
temporary to permanent housing▪ in theory, fast
▪ But can cause gaps
9

Temporary/Transitional Housing
Recently (in the last 10 years), many organizations and experts suggest
transitional housing approaches as a way to use resources efficiently andsupport a smooth transition for residents
Transitional housing is in an
incremental process.

The value put into transitional housing
is converted, not wasted

Images: Transitional Shelter Guidelines, Shelter Centre, 201110

Recent (2015) thinking on this topic

Social/ Size/
Cultural Shape
Daily
life

peopleLocation

The process of housing recovery should:• support smooth transitions, and• re-establishing stable housing quickly
11

StructureCostsmooth (quick) housing
recovery is one way to support
survivors, and part of people
centered housing recovery

Resources about housing reconstruction
Shelter after Disaster

Safer Homes,
Stronger Communties

http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Secretariat/201506/
Shelter_After_Disaster_2nd_Edition.pdf

https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr/files/publication/
SaferHomesStrongerCommunitites.pdf

12More Housing (and other) Resources
Humanitarian
Library

www.humanitarianlibrary.org

International
Recovery Platform

13

http://www.recoveryplatform.org/

Post-Disaster Housing
Reconstruction in Japan(Evacuation Center) --- Temporary Housing --- Recovery Housing
(避難所）
仮設住宅
復興住宅
evacuation center• schools, gymnasiums,
community centers, othermunicipal buildings

temporary housing• pre-fabricated temporary
structures provided by thegovernment• 2 years (by law, can beextended, in Kobe up to 5
years)

Temporary Housing• National Government: provides funding• Prefectural Government is responsible for provision:• Hires and pays construction company•Municipal (City or Town) Governments: support site selection(location); selection of residents who move in; maintenance oftemporary houses.
•Based on the Law (Disaster Relief Act)

permanent housing• residents rebuild on theirown• public subsidized rental
housing provided by thegovernment

Permanent Housing•National Government:
provides funding•Public housing built
by City, or sometimes
PrefectureHousing Recovery Process in Kobe after the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995
evacuation center• schools, gymnasiums,
community centers, othermunicipal buildings

evacuation centers

temporary housing• pre-fabricated temporary
structures provided by thegovernment• 2 years (by law, can beextended, in Kobe up to 5
years)

temporary housing

permanent housing• residents rebuild on theirown• public subsidized rental
housing provided by thegovernment

disaster recovery
public housingTemporary Housing in Kobe•

Location of temporary houses: most were far fromthe affected area and from residents’ communities

Total numberof temporary
housing ;48,300 units
affected16 areaTemporary Housing in Kobe, 1995
Problems• Inconvenient location• Massive numbers of housing units• Residents entered by lottery (destroy
community)• Only people with no other choice moved into
temporary housing—many elderly,
vulnerable• Solitary death• Some lived there for 5 years.

http://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/foreign/english/disaster/5year/phase1/
17
sub1-5-2.html

http://www.city.kobe.lg.jp/foreign/
english/disaster/5year/phase1/
sub1-5-2.html

Kobe, after temporary housing?
In Kobe, 2 main options for permanent housing rebuilding:•rebuild on your own, with no help••

At that time (1995), government support was notprovided for private property (law changed in 1998)

or enter Disaster Recovery Public Housing

There was a loss of affordable rental housing , as often
happens in disaster.
The most vulnerable residents suffer most, also related tohousing vulnerability
18

Main Housing Reconstruction:
Disaster Recovery Public Housing
Public Housing• High riseapartments=loss ofinteraction/community• Like temporary housing,also many in locatedoutside city center• Like temporary housing,residents entered byanother lottery (losing
community 2 times)• “Solitary death” continued
19

What happened after the March 11,2011 Great East Japan Earthquake?

•

What was different from Kobe in 1995?

•

What is the progress of recovery in the disaster
affected areas?
•

housing reconstruction•

the role of relocation20

2:46 pm, March 11, 2011••••

9.0 magnitude earthquake
tsunami-40 meters run up
fires
nuclear accident

21March 11, 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake,
Tsunami, Nuclear Accident Triple DisasterYomiuri Shinbun

•
•
•
•

•

20,000 deaths
561 square kilometers inundated
129,000 houses totally damaged
over 350,000 evacuees (inMarch 2011)
now in 2015, more than 211,000
people still living in evacuation/
displacement

http://tasukeaijapan.jp

did you see this yesterday?
In Tuskihama,in Higashi Matsushima City

Temporary Housing: various, many prefabricated, also wooden, use of private apartments•••

Some keep residents together, but many inconvenient-far from school, hospital, shopping, work
Small (less than 29m²), hot in summer, cold in winter, noisy, poor construction, uncomfortable, quality varies, notgood for 5 years. Basic limit: 2 years 3 months, extended +1 year + 1 year…
Loss of community, (residents determined by lottery)24

did yousee this?
25

Disaster Recovery Public Housing— multi-family and single family

Multifamily public housing in Ogagawa City, Miyagi

Multifamily public housing in Koriyama City, Fukushima

single family detached public housing (Left) and private reconstruction (right)

single family detached public housing in Minami Soma City,
Fukushima
single family detached public housing in Onagawa, Miyagi

Only 4,543, (15 %) of 29,517 planned units of public housing are complete as of March 26
2015big differences in Tohoku recovery•

huge devastated area, massive and varied damage•

with many different municipalities, and multiple
prefectures=different and complicated situations•

aging population, young people moving away•

declining economic condition in the region•

many fishing towns, but also varied kinds of livelihood27

in Fukushima:even more complicated recovery

as of May 2015 there are more than 112,000 evacuees from
Fukushima, over 45,000 living outside Fukushima Prefecture.

Fukushima: Designated evacuation areas
and the nuclear radiation contamination

Fukushima and Displacement
The Number of Evacuees from Fukushima Prefecture to Other Prefectures as of Feb.13,2014

Hokkaido, 1,667

Aomori, 468
Osaka, 607
Kyoto, 727
Hyogo, 601

Niigata, 4,594
Nagano, 912

Shiga, 196

Okayama, 319

Fukui, 196
Tottori, 119

Hiroshima, 237

Shimane, 93

Toyama, 207

Akita, 781

Iwate, 523

Yamagata, 5,599

Gunma, 1,432

Gifu, 218
Miyagi, 2,521

Ishikawa, 298

Fukuoka, 328
Saga, 100

Yamaguchi, 86
Tochigi, 2,920

Nagasaki, 85

Ibaraki, 3,691
Saitama, 2,750

Chiba, 3,332

Kumamoto, 106
Oita, 130
Miyazaki, 136

Kochi, 49

Tokushima, 40

Aichi, 750

Yamanashi, 644

Kagawa, 45 Wakayama, 39 Mie, 220
Ehime, 89
Shizuoka, 750
Nara, 97

Okinawa, 670

Tokyo, 6,577

Kanagawa, 2,091

Kagoshima, 130※Map modified from data provided by Fukushima Prefectural Government, extracted the number of evacuees from Fukushima from the original research data “The number of evacuees
caused by earthquake disaster based on the area for refuge” by The Reconstruction Agency

http://fukushimaontheglobe.com/the-earthquake-and-the-nuclear-accident/situation-of-the-evacuees

“Innovative” solution in Tohoku
Fukushima Prefecture built more than 6700
wooden temporary houses(Temporary housing) + (wooden) + (local builders)Temporary housing in Iwaki City, Fukushima

Temporary housing in Aizu Wakamatsu, Fukushima

Temporary housing in Miharu Town, Fukushimapublic housing in Fukushima
Fukushima Prefecture plans to build:• 2,700 units for earthquake/ tsunami evacuees• (44% done as of 2.2015)• 4,900 units for nuclear evacuees• (5% done as of 2.2015)
source: http://newsonjapan.com/html/newsdesk/article/111718.php

32

Main Points regarding Fukushima•

Japan’s disaster recovery policies are designed for recovery after natural
disaster; need revised policy to address nuclear evacuees' situation•

Discrepancy between support available for natural disaster evacueesand nuclear evacuees•

The term “voluntary” evacuee is misleading, discrepancy in available
support for “voluntary” vs. “official” nuclear evacuees•

Disaster Recovery projects rely on rebuilding former hometowns(furusato)—need to shift to better ways to support rebuilding lives in new
locations.

•

Recovery policies in Fukushima still focus on decontamination, as if it will
eventually solve all issues—this is not the case.

•

Recovery for nuclear contaminated communities and areas will take many
years, and needs long term support and attention.

•

And, some towns in Fukushima also have tsunami damage too.

More information about Fukushima

http://fukushimaontheglobe.com/

http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/4718/
attach/web_FAIRDO_2nd_Discussion_Paper_E_130906.pdf

http://fukushimalessons.jp/en-booklet.html

organization of recovery funding after 3.11
Japan
National

State•

National government provided
a “menu” of 40 recovery
projects.
• for example: public
housing, land
readjustment, residential
relocation to high land•

Local (municipal) governments
have control over (responseand) recovery planning•

Local gov’t choses from theseprojects—feel pressure toquickly decidenational funding forspecific recovery projects

municipalities
can use thesefunds for theseprojects

Municipal
Government
residents

35

those recovery projects, including public
housing, land readjustment, relocation tohigh land areas, are used to make recovery
plans like this one we saw in the Nobiru areaof Higashi Matsushita
36

Ongoing Town and Housing Recovery• Municipalities in disaster area are implementing recovery projects.
• Most rely on physical infrastructure:• Construction of Levees/Sea Walls• Rezoning of areas near the sea

Ongoing Town and Housing Recovery•••

Municipalities in disaster area are implementing recovery projects.
Most rely on physical infrastructure:
Relocation of residential areas
to higher land
• Created by cutting
mountains, or building up
land• including lots for private
rebuilding or public
housingOnagawa Reconstruction

39

Ogatsu
40

Relocation plans for villages in Ogatsu
Naburi Area
3 households plan torebuild their own house
24 households plan tomove into public
housing

The dottedline shows
the Central
Ogatsu area

Isehata Area
16 households plan torebuild their own
house
17 households plan tomove into public
housing

Funato Area
4 households plan torebuild their own
house
2 households plan tomove into public
housing

Hara Area
1 household plans torebuild their own house
13 households plan tomove into public
housing

Myojin Area
6 households plan torebuild their own
house
5 households plan tomove into public
housing

Karakua Area
7 households plan torebuild their own
house
2 households plan tomove into public
housing

Wakehama Area
9 households plan torebuild their own house
0 households plan tomove into public
housingOjima Area
4 households plan torebuild their own
house
5 households plan tomove into public
housingMizuhama Area
6 households plan torebuild their own
house
16 households plan tomove into public
housing

Namita Area
1 household plan torebuild their own house
7 households plan tomove into public
housing

Funakoshi Area
9 households plan torebuild their own
house
19 households plan tomove into public
housing

Ohama Area
6 households plan torebuild their own
house
3 households plan tomove into public
housing

Tachihama Area
11 households plan torebuild their own
house
3 households plan tomove into public
housing

Osu Area
3 households plan torebuild their own
house
1 household plans tomove into public
housingKumazawa Area
0 households plan torebuild their own
house
5 households plan tomove into public
housing

Hazaka/Kuwahama
Area
3 households plan torebuild their own house
3 households plan tomove into public
housing4. Relocation: Early recommendation patterns for
Tohoku from the national government’s Council
Type 1: urban functions in low-lying
areas completely damaged

Type 2: low-lying areas damaged,
high land areas escaped damage
urban areaindustrial
functionsindustrial functions

prepareevacuation
towers, etc.

breakwaters, levees,
storm surge barriers, etc.

Cut into mountains tomake buildable land,
relocate residential use
to higher land area.
breakwaters, levees,
storm surge barriers, etc.

Type 3: build on hills, fewer functions in
low areas

raised area

prepareevacuation
towers, etc.

existing urban area

Land raising by artificial
ground or embankments

Type 4: coastal plainssettlements

disater-prevention
forests

fishery facilities

breakwaters, levees,
storm surge barriers, etc.

prepareevacuation
towers, etc.

farmlandCut into mountains nearcoastal areas to make buildable land, relocate residential
use to higher land area.
prepare storm
surge barriers

43

urban area
settlements

Preparation of dual embankments
for flood prevention

Current relocation concept in Tohoku
concept image of different relocation strategies in Miyagi
Prefecture:①high land relocation, ② multiple defenses, andcombination (grey area in between)high land relocation

source: http://watari2011.exblog.jp/13393902/
multiple defenses

44

Historic Post-Tsunami
Relocation in the Sanriku Coast

map ofpast highgroundrelocationcollective relocationcollective relocation• http://www.kahoku.co.jp/img/news/201109/20110915_syo01.jpg
partialrelocation
partial relocation
areas,and theirsituation
after theGEJE in2011

2011 GEJE
Relocation after
1896 Meiji Tsunami

Relocation after
1933 Showa Tsunami

no damage
45

Multiple relocations, repeated disaster loss

damageTohoku-historic
examples of relocation(successful andunsuccessful fromfuture disasterprevention standpoint)46

4. Principles to Guide Relocation
relocation: a process whereby a community’s housing, assets, andpublic infrastructure are rebuilt in another location.
-­‐	
  Safer	  Homes,	
  Stronger	
  Communi2es,	
  The	  World	  Bank	  Guidelines for Relocation from Safer Homes, Stronger Communities:•

Avoid relocation if at all possible.

•

If relocation is unavoidable, include the community in the decisionmaking processes. (people)•

Use the relocation plan to define how people will restore thelivelihood activities. (location)•

Design, budget for, and implement measures to prevent the returnof the relocated communities or others to the site from whichrelocation took place. (land use)47

Relocation for DRR
Post-disaster Housing Relocation towards Disaster Mitigation
can also be seen as
Disaster Risk Reduction as the Basis for Recovery Planning

Relocation is a balance between:✴

relocation fordisaster mitigation/
safety✴

continuity oflife and livelihood
without disruption

relocation
Note: Residential relocation tends to focus on homeowners, leaving out renters.
48

People-Centered Housing Relocation?
people centered housing recovery in relocation:
especially related to location, and related to other daily life needs

Social/Culturalneeds

Daily life

Size/
Shape

peopleStructure

Cost

Location49

3 International Cases of Post-disaster Relocation:

1. 2010 Eruption of Mt. Merapi, Indonesia
2. 2012 Hurricane Sandy Storm Surge, New York3. 2013 Typhoon Haiyan (local name: Typhoon Yolanda) in
the Philippines

2010 Volcanic Eruption
Mt. Merapi, Indonesia

51

photo: Dr. Ikaputra, UGM2010 Mt. Merapi Eruption Damage
Eruptions between Oct.-Nov. 2010, including massive Oct. 26 eruption• Ash: 7.5 kilometers in the air• Pyroclastic flow traveled 25 km down Merapi• Evacuation zone: 15 km → 20 km (after Nov. 5)• Killed 277 people in Yogyakarta Special District and 109 people in Central
Java Province• Heavily damaged 2,682 houses in Yogyakarta Special District and 165
houses in Klaten Regency, Central Java Province.
Source: UNDP. 2014. Institutionalizing Post-Disaster Recovery: Learning from Mentawai Tsunami
and Merapi Eruption: Recovery Framework Case StudyIn the following weeks and months, heavy rains carried massive amounts of
volcanic material downstream, causing cold lava/flooding disasters that
destroyed a further:• 341 houses in Slemen Regency in Yogyakarta Special District; 746 houses in
Magelang Regency, Central Java
Source: Ministry of Public Works/ Rekompak, 2013. "Building Livable and Sustainable Settlement:
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Post Merapi Eruption
2010. Oct. 2013.
52

Temporary Housing•

huntara (from huntian sementara, temporary housing)collective “temporary housing settlements” created atvarious scales with various sources of support•

with support for livelihood recovery•

attempt to keep communities together through temporary
and permanent housing recovery phases

Reconstruction by REKOMPAK
Government’s housing reconstruction program:
REKOMPAK (Proyek Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Masyarakat dan Permukiman
Berbasis Komunitas, Community-Based Settlement Rehabilitation andReconstruction Project (CSRRP))
Based on previous experience of community-based housing recovery after the2006 Central Java Earthquake• REKOMPAK had also been used in Aceh post-tsunami, in Jojga post-earthquake,and was similar to previous community-based development programs• Administered by the Ministry of Public Works, with technical and community
facilitators.
•

In total, 2608 houses built through REKOMPAK• Largest number of REKOMPAK beneficiaries in Slemen Regency:• 2132 houses built, (444 on individual lots; 1688 in collective resettlement sites
called huntaps)• Within Slemen Regency, the largest number in Cangkringan District:• 1596 houses built in in 5 villages within Cangkringan•

Source: Ministry of Public Works. 2013. “Rekompak Program,” http://merapi.rekompakciptakarya.org,
accessed 2/8/2015
54

Recovery Incorporating Hazard Risk
Central Java
Province
Magelang
RegencySlemenRegency

KlatenRegency In IMDFF-DR. 2011. "Merapi, Build Back Safer:

Yogyakarta Special District(like Province)

The Action Plan for Rehabilitation andReconstruction:”“Hazard Zone III= Not recommended for humansettlement ”

Final Reconstruction Policy became:“Reconstruction of houses not supported in ATL”

Yogyakarta City
Map created using from hazard risk maps after 2010 eruption of Merapi from BNPB (2011).

Housing Reconstruction with REKOMPAK:
standard support/ multiple options
Land: outside hazardous area
• House build on individual
lots• former lot is in safe area
• lot newly acquired byhousehold in safe area
• House in collective
resettlement site (huntap)• Built on collectively
owned village land
(TKD)
• Using private landacquired collectively• And/or combined withother sources of private
funding56

early goal:
most would
be this typereality:mostbecamethis typeCollective sites: include site development
Planning and construction by community group.

Standard support:
Core house- 30,000,000 Rupiah (around$2400 at 2015 exchange rates) to constructa x 6 meter 36m2 reinforced core house foreach household.
Can choose from 5 floor plan options
LandIn collective site: receive 100m2 lot w/house
On individual site: receive compensation for
100m2 lot. (7,000,000 Rupiah-around $520)

House Variety

Resettlement Sites in Cangkringan District, Slemen Regency
Collective
Resettlment(huntap-basic
type)

Independent
Collective
Resettlement
Site(huntap-mandiri)Combined Support
Collective
Resettlement Type(huntap subtype)

NumberofHouses

1. Kerang Kendal- combined multiple
types of land, including TKD, private

81

land,
and sultan’s land
2. Plosokerup

84

3. Ganbretan

10
3b Ganbretan

4. Batur204

5. Pajurjurang301
6. Bulaksusukan

20

7. Gondong 2

84

8. Gondong 3

36

9. Dongelsari

147
10. Cancangan (Q-Tel) 58

11. Gading62

12. Jetis Sumur81

13. Banjarsari

178

14. Kuwang

138

15. Randusari

122

Total houses in resettlement sites in Cangkringan(from REKOMPAK program data)

1596

Typologies of movement
to huntap resettlement sites

pe

ty
3

1

2

pe

pe

ty

ty

2012 Superstorm Sandy
Storm Surge, New York,USA• Struck on October 29, caused storm surge and flooding.
• Killed at least 159 people in the United States: 72 directly,

87 indirectly• more than 650,000 homes damaged; in NY State 305,000

housing units were damaged or destroyed.
Photo: Red Cross http://www.redcross.org.uk/What-we-do/Emergency-response/Current-emergency-appeals/
61
Hurricane-Sandy-Appeal

Flooding in New York State and New
Jersey Stateafter Hurricane Sandy, 201262

Land Use Planning and Flood Maps in New Yorkafter Hurricane Sandy, 2012•

There are 2 main buyout programs:

Building (elevation)requirements in flood zones,
according to flood maps;
No areas prohibited;no relocation required
64

Residential Buyouts after Sandy•

there are several different buyouts and acquisitions
happening now in areas affected by Sandy•

one example: “enhanced buyouts” in Staten Island•

pays homeowners pre-storm value, plus 10%
bonus in target areas•

land will be kept as buffer zone (future rebuilding
forbidden)*all buyouts are voluntary in the U.S.

65

Enhanced Buyout Areas: Staten Island

66

Enhanced Buyout Areas: Staten Islandin Feb. 2013

Figure 9. Oakwood Beach, State Island, New YorkMap: New York Times; Photo: author

Enhanced Buyout Areas: Staten Islandin Dec. 2013

Photo: Tamiyo Kondo

Enhanced Buyout Areas: Staten Island in Dec. 2014

June 2015

Typhoon Yolanda, Philippines, 2013•

Damages•

housing need
Tacloban71

2013 Typhoon Yolanda (Typhoon
Haiyan) in the Philippines• Haiyan caused over 7,000 casualties, displaced over 4

million people, and damaged or destroyed over 1 million
houses due to remarkably high wind speed, storm surge
and large waves.
•in Tacloban City:• 54, 231 houses were reported damaged• 30, 513 structures reported totally damaged and• 23, 718 partially damaged• 14,433 hardest hit families in coastal zone, need

relocation (in City’s recovery plan)72

Housing recovery after Yolanda•

No national housing recovery project, but some non-disasterprograms for housing reconstruction, resettlement, are also used
after Yolanda (especially by the National Housing Authority)•

Many temporary, transitional housing, and building materials
provided directly by various NGOs.

•

Current situation: many people living in temporary housing(bunkhouses, or transitional shelter) or staying in their former
communities in temporary, light-weight structures.

•

The focus of housing reconstruction is the construction of new
housing units in resettlement areas. (in cities using resettlement
projects, for example: Tacloban City).

•

The first permanent houses are being built in relocation areas.
73

Tacloban City•

“No build zone” created by the
City•

Many informal settlements incoastal area•

Planned relocation toresettlement areas

74

75

76
Tacloban City Shelter
Report Nov. 2014

informal settlements

stage 2a:bunkhousestage 1: tent

stage 2b: transitional housing
78

stage 3: permanent
housing inresettlement site

Relocation? (Is it a good idea?)• Experts Say: “avoid relocation if possible”• Balancing Risk and Livelihood (how?)• There is a reason people are living in

informal settlements• Relocation is part of regular housing

provision/urban upgrading programs in
the Philippines.
Relocation? (Will it work for the residents?)79

80

Role of relocation within overall
housing recovery support policies
Merapi:• Residents receive support for rebuilding on site (if not is a hazardous zone), or

rebuilding a new house in relocation area.
• Most relocation areas are created using village land (close by); relocation

areas are a primary portion of recovery.

New York:• Residents receive support for repair or rebuilding on site (may require elevation

depending on flood map). Or may select buyout (options vary based on
location).
• After buyout, no resettlement support. Residents find new housing on theirown.

Tacloban• Official support for housing reconstruction is ONLY provided in relocation sites
81are relocation projects reducing risk?
• Merapi: Yes, for MOST people• Using village land means that relocation distance is small. However, formultiple reasons, some people (especially elderly) chose to stay inhazardous area. Some residents also received support from NGO to rebuildin hazardous areas.
• The program (called REKOMPAK) tried to encourage livelihood activities in
relocation villages—to encourage people to stay there.
• Younger families benefit more (more likely to stay in their relocation
housing)• New York: Yes, for SOME people, only in SOME areas• Only a small number of the overall disaster survivors households,

concentrated in a small area benefits from the buyout program.
• The small scale of the buyouts, and acquisitions, mean that the regional risk
reduction effect is also minimal.
• Tacloban: Maybe they will, for some people?
• Unclear…will people really relocate? will they be able to live in resettlement

areas? will other people move into the no-build zones left behind?
82

Characteristics and Challenges for the Tohoku
Area-different from other international examples• Disaster area is not uniform, made up of• large cities and small towns,• areas that have merged with other municipalities: creating political power

imbalance; center/periphery recovery gaps
• Aging population in an area where population was already declining (disaster is
speeding up the process)• In the disaster area, most households lived in large single family detached homes

especially for elderly, difficult to rebuild similar on their own. (similar to Indonesia)• Livelihood is connected to the sea—(Similar to Indonesia, Philippines)• relocation is difficult• relocation must involve not just housing, but also shops, etc.

• Relocation also involves the provision of new land in the target relocation area, nojust zoning/buybacks (Unlike US, similar to other countries)• Infrastructure investment in relocation (mountaintop cutting, land preparation)

disproportionate to future residential population (infrastructure is EXTREME in Jap• Nuclear contamination means long-term relocation (unprecedented—unique casethe world, we have no good plan for this)83Relocation related to overall recovery
MerapiUse designation of
hazardous area (land use Yes
approach)
Do residents have thechoice to stay or move?

Officially no, in
actuality, yes.

New YorkNo
Yes. All
relocation
buyouts
voluntary

Philppines

TohokuYes, “no-build” or“danger zone”

Yes

Not clear yet.

No. Can not stay inan area designatedas hazardous

Reducing future risk: for
Yes, for some.
participating households?

Yes, Land andYes (land preparedhouse provided. for sale or rent),
Most residents
public housing inwill have to pay
relocation area
small amount in
futureYes, some new
housing provided Yes, public housing
in relocation
areas
Yes, for those who
Yesparticipate

Reducing future risk: forregion?

Yes, in a smallarea

Yes (house andHousing or land provided
land provided No
in a resettlement areafor free)
Build public housing or
new houses?

Yes, newhousingprovidedNo

Yes, forthose who
participate
Yes, depending No, verysmall
on long term
impactoutcome.
area.

Yes

Relocation Benefits
Residents✴

continuity oflife and livelihood
without disruption

How much does relocation Increase
Individual/Household Safety?

?

Merapi

Japan
Japan
US
Tacloban?
US
TaclobanJoinedproject?

Possible
Outcome✴

relocation fordisaster mitigation/
safetyDon’t join
project

size of dot: how 85many people involved?

Relocation Benefits Residents✴

continuity oflife and livelihood
without disruption

How much does Relocation Increase
Regional Resilience?
Merapi

?
Japan

?

US

Tacloban86✴

relocation fordisaster mitigation/
safety