2015 APRU-IRIDeS
Summer School Program
21-24 July 2015 in U
Tohoku, Sendai, Japan

Disaster Risk Reduction,Resilience and Sustainability
Kuniyoshi Takeuchi
International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management
under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHARM)
Public Works Research Institute (PWRI)
Tsukuba, Japan

Contents
 Conceptual shift in Disaster RiskReduction
 Sustainability, Resilience & DRR
 Building resilient society

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030 3 World Conference on DRR, 18 Mar 2015 (A/CONF.224/CRP.1)
Priorities for Actionrd Understanding disaster risk.

 Strengthening governance andinstitutions to manage disaster risk.
 Investing in economic, social, cultural,and environmental resilience.
 Enhancing preparedness for effective
response, and building back better inrecovery and reconstruction.

Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015
World Conference on Disaster Reduction (A/CONF.206/6)
Kobe, Hyogo 2005 adopted by 168 nations

Priorities for Action
1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and alocal priority with a strong institutional basis forimplementation.
2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks andenhance early warning.
3. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build aculture of safety and resilience at all levels.
4. Reduce the underlying risk factors.
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective
response at all levels.

Some changes in emphasis
HFA New emphasis
 Pages25
 Vulnerable/-bility 40
 Resilient/-ce
20

SFDRR
S&T, Governance,Investing, BBB

25
1438

Disasters in SDGs

Open Working Group’s 17 Goals
and 169 targets



Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

1.5 by 2030 build resilience of the poor and reduce their exposure to disastersGoal 2. End hunger, achieve food security

2.4 by 2030 ensure sustainable food production that strengthen capacity forclimate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters

Goal 11. Make cities resilient and sustainable

11.5 by 2030 significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number ofaffected people and decrease by y% the economic losses relative to GDP
caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with the focus onprotecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations
11.b by 2020, increase by x% the number of cities and human settlements
adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion,
resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience todisasters, develop and implement in line with the forthcoming Hyogo
Framework holistic disaster risk management at all levels

Goal 13. Combat climate change and its impacts *

13.1 strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards andnatural disasters in all countries

Sustainability, Resilience andDisaster Risk Reduction

Sustainability
 The capacity to create and maintain conditions wherehuman and nature can exist in productive harmony
fulfilling social, economic and environmental needsof present and future generations. (modified from EPA)

human security & bio-diversity
 Sustainability  Global sustainability

sustainability• Social sustainability• Economic sustainability• Environmental sustainability

 Human

Sustainable
Development
Development
to achievesustainability

Global Sustainability Human well-being

Attributes

Freedom of choice
HealthSafety
SocialMaterial needs
CultureHealthHuman Social relation
Peace
Air
Security Almerty Sen & Ogata

Water

Bio-Diversity Land Energy
Eco-System Food Business

Environmental

Economic

Finance

ControllersRisk Reduction& Resilience

Science & TechnologyGovernance

Human Empowerment

Security is a
product ofrisk reduction& vice versa

What is disaster risk?
R=HxV
R: disaster risk
H: hazard
V: vulnerability

The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status,
livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to aparticular community or a society over some specified
future time period.
A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or
human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury,
property damage, social and economic disruption orenvironmental degradation..
.The characteristics and circumstances of acommunity, system or asset that make it susceptible
to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Vulnerability
 The characteristics and circumstancesof a community, system or asset thatmake it susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard. (UNISDR, 2009)

R = H x E x VB / C
R: disaster risk
H: hazard
E: exposure at risk area
VB: basic vulnerability
C: coping capacity

VPopulation growth & urbanization
Economic growth & globalization
Income, governance, education
Structural/nonstructuralInfrastructure development
EW, Shelter, Social capital,
Land use management

Mind broadening
exercise

R = H x E x VB x (1-C/CMax)
R: disaster risk
H: hazard
E: exposure at risk area
VB: basic vulnerability
C: coping capacity

VResilience Capacity of a system to maintain its

core function under serious
disturbances and, if the core function isdisrupted, quickly recover it under thechanged circumstances.
Resistibility and quick recovery

Resilience2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction

 The ability of a system, community orsociety exposed to hazards to resist,absorb, accommodate to and recoverfrom the effects of a hazard in a timely
and efficient manner, including throughthe preservation and restoration ofits essential basic structures andfunctions.

Resilience to Hazards & Disasters
Direct loss of stock (asset & property)
Indirect loss of flow (GDP)

Build back better

Well-being
Development
Bio-Diversity

Build back

Adaptability
Resistibility
Prevention
AbsorbanceVulnerability
reduction

Quick recovery different path
Small depression and/or Large Recovery ratetime

Resilience to Hazards & Disasters
Direct loss of stock (asset & property)
Indirect loss of flow (GDP)

Build back better

Well-being
Development

Build back

Adaptability
Resistibility
Prevention
AbsorbanceVulnerability
reduction

Quick recovery
Small depression and/or Large Recovery ratetimeResilience to Hazards & Disasters
Direct loss of stock (asset & property)
Indirect loss of flow (GDP)

Build back better

Well-being
Development

Build back

Adaptability
Resistibility
Prevention
AbsorbanceVulnerability
reduction

Quick recovery
Small depression and/or Large Recovery ratetimeHow do we measure resilience?
Risk: Potential Disaster Impact

Mind broadening
exercise

RI = H / ReRI: potential disaster impact
H: hazard
Re: resilience
Capacity of a system tomaintain its core function
and if disrupted quickly
recover.

Disaster impacts may include lossof life, injury, disease and othernegative effects on human physical,
mental and social well-being,
together with damage to property,
destruction of assets, loss ofservices, social and economic
disruption and environmental
degradation. (UNISDR, 2009)

Mind broadening
exercise

Disaster impact risk

RI = H / Re
= H / ((Resist+Absorv)xRecov)= ½ Ddirect loss x Trecovery time= ½ R x T (disaster risk x recovery time)Building resilient societyBanda Aceh, Nov 11, 2009

Banda Aceh, Nov 11, 2009

Kamaishi, Jan 13, 2013

Yuriage, May 13, 2014

http://yamada-cmjv.jp/

Master Plan for the Rehabilitation andReconstructionof the Regions and Communities of the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam andthe Islands of Nias, Province of North Sumatera (Republic of Indonesia, April 2005)

 Section 5.2 (16) “Reconstruction of disaster

affected cities by restoring them into theirinitial state of order” and “The cities strickenby earthquake and tsunami are to bereconstructed by immediateempowerment of the affected people,
restoring the initial physical order, social
order and economic system, …, selfrestructuring of settlements by thecommunities concerned, …”

Basic Act on Reconstruction
in response to the Great East Japan Earthquake(Heisei 23 Law 76, 2011) 24 June 2011

“2) … communities will be restored withthe vision of Japan appropriate for mid-twentyfirst century. Such will be accomplished bypromoting dramatic measures with the perspectiveof revitalizing vibrant Japan which does not limit
itself to recovery from disaster which simply
restores affected facilities to its original state,
as well are construction measures which aim tofacilitate each individual to overcome the disasterand lead prosperous lives.” Article 2

Reconstruction
principles(28 Sept 2011)

Two levels Approach
Level 1 Tsunami (Frequent scale: 50-150 years)
Life, prop & livelihood
Sea walls, highways:

Residence/disaster prevention bases

Minamisanriku-cho

Business & industry builgs
HWL L2

Cut mountainhills & develop

L1

land elevation 2nd line seawall
Evacuation shelterSeawall

Level 2 Tsunami (Maximum scale: 1000 yr) Life
Move to higher lands
Tall buildings to evacuateLanduse (park, factories, farmland; commercial/business, residential areas)

Question

Mind broadening
exercise What are the basic principles andconditions that justify the reconstruction
approaches of Banda Aceh andTohoku?

Conclusions
 Disaster triggered by natural hazards are themajor threat to sustainability.
 Sustainability needs risk reduction and resiliencebuilding Resilience is a capacity of resistibility against
hazards and quick recovery from disasters.
 Both resistibility and quick recovery are the key tobuild back better.
 In order to break the disaster risk-poverty nexus andtake off economic development, prevention against
frequent small to medium scale hazards and build
back better are indispensable.

居安思危 Be aware of risk while we are safe
思則有備 Awareness leads us preparedness
有備無患 Preparedness leaves us no regret「春秋」左氏伝
Source： Zuo Qiuming “Zuoshi Commentary”
in Confucius ed. ”Spring and Autumn”, 480BCICHARM cares people’s
empowerment and well-being!
www.icharm.pwri.go.jp
ICHARM preparedness for floods