Report of the APRU-IRIDeS Multi-Hazards Program
2016 Summer School

19-22 July 2016
Tohoku University
Sendai, Japan

IRIDeS, Tohoku University
International and Domestic Liaison Office468-1-S302 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai
980-8579 Japan
www. irides.tohoku.ac.jp/

The APRU International Secretariat
IAS Building, 3/F
3019, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, HONG KONG
www.apru.org

Edited by
Takako Izumi (Associate Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University)
Yuko Sato (International and Domestic Liaison Office, IRIDeS, Tohoku University)
Akiko Yamada (International and Domestic Liaison Office, IRIDeS, Tohoku University)
Yuriko Kikuchi (International and Domestic Liaison Office, IRIDeS, Tohoku University)

2

CONTENTS● Background....................................................................................................................... 5● Opening remarks.............................................................................................................. 7● Presentations..................................................................................................................... 11● Group work discussions................................................................................................... 43● Field trip............................................................................................................................ 55
Annex I..................................................................................................................................... 60
Annex II................................................................................................................................... 62

Background

BackgroundThe 4th APRU Multi-Hazards Summer School was held at Tohoku University on 19-22 July

2016. It brought together nearly 50 participants including students, faculty, and lecturers
from 18 universities in 11 countries to learn the lessons-learnt and experience from the 2011
Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami and discuss the role of different stakeholders to

implement the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) adopted at the UN
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (UNWCDRR) held in Sendai in March 2015.

The APRU-IRIDeS Multi-Hazards (MH) Program was initiated in April 2013 by the

Association of Pacific Rim Universities (APRU) and the International Research Institute ofDisaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University aiming at harnessing the collective capabilities

of APRU universities for cutting-edge research on disaster risk reduction (DRR) as well as

contributing to international policy making processes on DRR. The Summer School is one of
the key activities under the MH Program.

APRU is a network of 45 premier research universities from 16 economics around thePacific Rim. Currently, APRU members together have around two million students, 120,000
faculty members and research capabilities related to the key challenges facing the region.
APRU seeks to advance the aspirations of its members and contribute to global society by: 1.

Shaping Asia-Pacific Higher Education and Research; 2. Creating Asia-Pacific Global Leaders;and 3. Partnering on Solutions to Asia-Pacific Challenges.

IRIDeS in Tohoku University was established in April 2012 as a new integrated

interdisciplinary research team. Together with collaborating organizations from many
countries and with broad areas of specializations, IRIDeS conducts world leading research on
natural disaster science and disaster mitigation leaning from and building upon past lessons

in disaster management from Japan and around the world. IRIDeS also provides secretariat
services as the regional program hub to the MH Program.
⃝⃝⃝⃝

The key activities of the MH Program include:
Organization of the annual summer school

Organization of the annual APRU MH Symposium

Foster collaboration in disaster research and information/data sharing between APRU
universities

Contribute to DRR discussions at international and regional levels and to a policy making
process.

APRU and the APRU MH Program focus on strengthening the capacity of international
collaborative research and influencing the policy-making process to make the best use of

their strong technical expertise and knowledge of global and regional issues. The Program5

Coordinator of the APRU MH Program has been a member of the UNISDR Asia Science andTechnology Advisory Group (ASTAAG) since May 2015, participating in and contributing todiscussions especially on the application of science and technology in the implementationof the SFDRR. For instance, the APRU MH Program has advocated the importance and needfor disaster preparedness capacity on campus, and this recommendation was included in
the outcome document of the 1st Asian Science and Technology Conference on Disaster Risk

Reduction (ASTCDRR) as a suggestion of the Asian action by a science and technology society
to implement the SFDRR.

APRU and the MH Program will continue activities that contribute to the implementationof the SFDRR and enhance the research capacity and education of disaster science in theregion. In order to do that, international and regional collaboration with various stakeholders
is crucial, and APRU and the MH Program seek to expand their network especially throughcollaboration with UNISDR and ASTAAG.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IRIDeS as the main organizer of this summer school would like to extend a sincere

appreciation to the participants and speakers from different sectors who shared wonderfulexperiences and knowledge regarding DRR issues from different perspectives. Theirinvolvement and participation made a great contribution to the success of this event. In

addition, IRIDeS received tremendous support from the APRU secretariat based in Hong
Kong as well as Tohoku University. The organizer is also grateful for valuable suggestions

and advices provided by the faculty members of IRIDeS on the program development andplanning.

Lastly but not least, this summer school was never implemented without hard works

and considerable support by the International Exchange Division of Tohoku University, theAdministrative Office of IRIDeS, and the International Regional Cooperation Office of IRIDeS.

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OPENING REMARKSProf. Susumu Satomi
President of Tohoku University

It is a great pleasure for me to welcome you to Tohoku University for “APRU-IRIDeS Multi-

Hazards Summer School Program”. I am pleased to meet all of you who gathered from various
countries for this event.

It has been already 5 years since the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami happened

on March 11, 2011. Due to the warm support from all over the world, the recovery efforts

have greatly progressed. Tohoku University has been also playing an important role in
the recovery process. You will visit Tagajo city and Natori City on 21 July and can see theirrecovery efforts. I hope this summer school will give you an opportunity to consider anddiscuss what we can do to strengthen the disaster risk reduction capacity.

The establishment of the International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS)

under Tohoku University is one of our commitments to share our knowledge and experiences
globally. IRIDeS also launched the Multi-Hazards Program together with APRU in April 2013.

Since then, IRIDeS became the program hub and coordinates the program activities. Thissummer school is one of the major events under the Multi-Hazards Program.

In March 2015, the UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction was held in Sendai.

More than 10,000 (ten thousand) people participated in this event. Tohoku University
made significant contributions to this Conference by participating in its preparation andorganizing many events. At the end of the Conference, “the Sendai Framework for Disaster

Risk Reduction” was adopted. It will be a guideline for the implementation of disasterrisk reduction in the next 15 years. I expect that you will discuss universities’ role andcontribution in its implementation process during this Summer School.

After the World Conference, Tohoku University established the Global Center for

Disaster Statistics in collaboration with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

The objectives of the Center include: developing national systems of disaster statistics
and monitoring disaster reduction targets and indicators of the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction. Also, the World Bosai Forum will be organized in November 2017

in Sendai to share good practices and knowledge on disaster risk reduction and to discuss
the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction with various
stakeholders.

To conclude, I would like to thank the APRU secretariat for their kind support andcooperation. I wish you every success for this summer school program. Thank you.

8Prof. Fumihiko Imamura
Director, Prof. of Tsunami Engineering, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

Good morning, everybody, dear participants and distinguished guests, Professor andPresident Satomi, and Mr. Keith Wong, the Director of the APRU International Secretariat,

and dear guests. We are so happy to have the Summer School, with more than 40 participants

Opening remarks

and 10 lecturers, and many supporters, coming here to Sendai. I am Fumihiko Imamura,the Director of IRIDeS and also a Professor of Tsunami Engineering. I have been studying

the technology and sciences to reduce tsunamis for more than 30 years. But as you know,
in 2011, the earthquake generated a large-scale tsunami, which affected the coastal area ofJapan and also other areas around the Pacific Ocean. More than 20,000 people died, mostly

by the tsunami. That is why we have many issues to cope with, including the experiences
and lessons learned from the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. So, we are here to start newinterdisciplinary research at IRIDeS, to cover not only natural sciences but also human, social,and other sciences, including medicine, to save lives from disasters. Here you are in the newbuilding, just two years old, with good facilities: a seismic isolation function and 72 electric
power generating systems. I can say that this is safer than others places in Japan.

As President Satomi said, last year in 2015, we had a large conference to discuss how we

can mitigate disasters and risks, with many participants, including the Secretary-General of

the United Nations and many distinguished guests and representatives of countries; 150,000
participants were here to discuss disaster risk reduction, or DRR, and we achieved a newframework, which is the Sendai Framework for DRR. We follow this framework, and we areagain working hard to mitigate disasters. That is why this time, the Summer School aims

to achieve three goals. The first is to understand the mechanism of the international DRR
strategy. The second is to learn from the experience and recovery process of the 2011 Tohoku

Earthquake and Tsunami, through lectures and also by visiting the affected areas, Natori and

Tagajo. The last goal is to discuss the role of science and technology as well as universities
in the implementation of the Sendai Framework for DRR. I hope you enjoy the four days,

lectures, and visits to the affected areas, as well as the discussions with other participants. I

am expecting many outputs from the experiences and learning at the Summer School. Thankyou very much.

9Mr. Keith Chi-ho Wong
Director (International Secretariat), Association of Pacific Rim
Universities (APRU)

President Susumu Satomi, Vice President Toshiya Ueki, Vice President Nobuyoshi Hara,

Director Fumihiko Imamura, honourable speakers, APRU colleagues, and distinguishedguests,Good morning. On behalf of APRU Secretary General Christopher Tremewan and the APRUInternational Secretariat, I am most delighted to welcome our colleagues, fellow researchersand students, government officials, and industry practitioners from Japan and all parts of

the Asia-Pacific region to join the 4th APRU Multi-Hazard Summer School here at Tohuku
University in Sendai.

At its 4th running of the Summer School, the International Research Institute of Disaster

Science (IRIDeS) have shown their strong dedication, diligence, and professionalism insustaining international collaboration and furthering scientific research. Over the past

three years, we have seen how the APRU Multi-Hazard Program advanced so much groundon knowledge creation and experience sharing with regard to disaster management,

preparedness and recovery. And the Program has succeeded in bringing these findings to amuch broader constituency, not just through activities such as Summer Schools, Symposia
and Workshops, but also through collaborations with international organizations such as theUnited Nations and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and participation in manyother international conferences and publications.

As the new Director of the APRU International Secretariat, I am pleased to announced

that the International Secretariat has completed its relocation from Singapore to Hong Kong
with a new team of staff, and we are now ready to step up our efforts to advance APRU’s

collective efforts. And as APRU and Tohuku University take on a new 3-year partnership, we
are working very hard to explore all different angles and opportunities where we can bringmore resources from various partners, and to broaden our collective impact through different
channels and means.

Again, may I express my most sincere gratitude to Tohuku University and the IRIDeS for

putting in so much efforts to keep the Multi-Hazard Program running and making more far-reaching impacts. In particular, I would to thank Prof. Imamura, Prof. Takako Izumi, and all
the colleagues at Tohuku University and IRIDeS for their keen and continuous support to
APRU’s joint efforts.

May I convey my best wishes for a productive and successful meeting. Thank you.

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PRESENTATIONSWhy does IRIDeS take a multidisciplinary
approach to large scale disasters?
Makoto Okumura
Deputy Director / Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

The IRIDes was established in 2012, one year after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET)

in order to share our experience and lessons learned from the disaster. In Japan, there are three disasterinstitutes under major universities, namely the Earthquake Research Institute under the University ofTokyo, the Disaster Prevention Research Institute under Kyoto University, and the International ResearchInstitute for Disaster Science (IRIDeS) under Tohoku University. Such institutes are normally establishedafter a large disaster. One of the focuses of the IRIDeS is to prepare for disasters of low frequency and highconsequences (LFHCD).

IRIDeS aims to conduct interdisciplinary research. As one of the methodologies, IRIDeS actively focuses

on expanding the time scope of research to examine LFHCD drawing on different areas of research suchas history (historical documents), geology (tsunami sediments), seismology, and tsunami engineering incollaboration with various universities, institutions, and organizations all over the world.

In order to manage risks for LFHCD, it is important to understand the mechanism of Hazard, Exposure,

Vulnerability, and Resilience. To reduce vulnerability, it is crucial to build facilities that are physicallystrong, i.e., with anti-seismic structure. The second strategy is to decrease exposure by using land-use

control. Thirdly, by increasing good preparedness capacity among communities, such as effective responseand disaster insurance, it is possible to increase community resilience for recovery as quickly as possible.
A combination of these strategies is required to reduce disaster risks.

For the above actions, three strategies are necessary: prevention (reducing vulnerability throughnatural science and engineering), aversion (decreasing exposure through social science, behavior science,and urban planning), and mitigation (increasing resilience through social science, economics, and medical

science). In order to implement interdisciplinary approaches and research, IRIDeS includes 7 divisions
and 37 research areas that cover broad areas of disaster science including Hazards and risk evaluation,

Disaster information management and public collaboration, Disaster medical science, Disaster science, an
Endowed research division, Regional and urban reconstruction, and Human and social response.

The projects and research that IRIDeS has been conducting include The Michinoku Shinrokuden, acollaborative archive project made up of 120 organizations from industry, government, academia, and theprivate sector. Its purpose is to document images of GEJET as it happened. Also included is The Kakeagare
Japan, which aims to habitualize evacuation behavior in preparation for a tsunami while tackling regional
problems based on the lessons learned from GEJET. Tsunami evacuation drill programs are being planned
and implemented in collaboration with various stakeholders.

IRIDeS made a great contribution to the United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction(UNWCDRR) and the preparatory process in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)
in the last three years following its establishment. The second phase of the Institute began in April 2016,

and IRIDeS identified the importance of “a needs-oriented approach” and taking a pro-active action.
For that purpose, it established six areas (5 fundamental research areas: Medical science and system
for multi-hazard disasters, Resilience engineering, Support and response technologies, Disaster archive12

and education, and Mechanism of large earthquakes and tsunamis; and 1 applicative research area:
Comprehensive disaster mitigation system implementation).

IRIDeS has been also contributing to higher education of disaster management. Tohoku University

established the Inter-graduate School Doctoral Degree Program on the Science of Global Safety withthe support of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). The Program
collaborates with different graduate schools such as Science, Engineering, and Arts as well as IRIDeS. It
AREA-UNIT STRUCTURE from 2016
Blooming a Comprehensive Mitigation System

Interdisciplinary approachto reduce total loss from a large‐scale disasterAcademics
learn fromregions

巨大災害の長期的影響を小さくする学際的アプローチ
Activity Level
社会経済活動の水準

Loss損失Damage, Impact∝Hazard×Exposure×Vulnerability
直接被害∝ハザード×暴露×脆弱性

Prevention：防災

Decrease Vulnerability
Building Facilities
physically stronger

自然科学・工学
Natural Science,
Engineering【Phase 1】
Launching
IRIDeS toenhance
LFHC-D
studies（2012-2015）

Arrival of Hazard and Exposure
ハザードの襲来と暴露
直接被害
ImpactResilience
回復力：レジリエンス

Aversion：回避

Decrease Exposure

Presentations

aims to train internationally prominent researchers in the field of disaster management.

Time
時間

Mitigation：減災
Increase Resilience

Land‐use control
Quick evacuation

Back‐up, storage,
Response, Insurance

行動科学、都市計画
Social Science, Behavior
Science, Urban Planning

社会科学，災害医学
Social Science,
Economics, Medical Science1

Collect thepreviously
existent
research
areas
relating
Disaster（Academic‐
seedsoriented）

TU Strategy⑤ Various Actions for Revival of the Tohoku Area affected in 2011
Success ofUN
Conferenceof DRR in
Sendai(2015.3)
and SFA【Phase 2】 (2016-2021)
Build International Research center for Action-based Disaster Mitigation

1 applicative research areas
Comprehensiveinter‐
national

Outputs of Project1（Facts, ）Lessens,from 2011 Disaster
Importanceofconsistency
with local
culturesandhistories

local‐based
implement

Comprehensive
Disaster
Mitigation System
Implement【Social】

Unique local‐
oriented actions

Expose outputs
and outcomes,
world‐wide

5 fundamental research areas
Medical Science andsystem for multi‐
hazard disaster【Health】
Resilience
Engineering【Technology】

Support andresponse
technologies【Response】

Mechanism ofhugeearthquake
and Tsunami
Disaster【Fields】
archive and
Education【Information】

Lessens learned from 2011 Disaster, Multidisciplinary summarize over existent research fields.

Academics take action for regions
Collaborative studies in 12 research units in 6 research areas

13

Enhancing community-based DRR and role ofschools based on lessons learnt from the 3.11
disaster
Aiko Sakurai
Associate Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

In Japan community disaster management organizations (CDMOs) are legally designated for community

disaster preparedness in the 1995 revised Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act. Though the government
has promoted increasing organization ratio of CDMOs, these CDMOs have not recently much been active

due to declining population and aging society, and they are volunteer-based. One of lessons learnt fromthe 2011 disaster showed that member of the community are primary responsible for the community’s
DRR efforts, and that school-community collaboration should be reinforced for effective community-based
disaster response.

In the 2013 revision of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act added new clauses on introducing

a system of Community Disaster Management Plan in line with the national, provincial and municipal

disaster risk management plans. One of the most important idea of the Community Disaster Management

Plan is to encourage community residents to identify issues and concerns in their own community related
to DRR according to the area’s local context, and to develop their disaster risk management plan as
possible solutions.

In that context, school has a potential to raise children as an active community member on DRR in

the future. “Reconstruction and Disaster Prevention Mapping Program”, which is composed of town-

watching and map making and have been implemented in Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture since2012, is one of approaches for the school children to understand their community’s damage by andrecovery from the 2011 disaster, and to raise their awareness toward the community’s reconstruction
and disaster preparedness. The program has a potential for school children to link damages by thedisaster to geographical features as well as history of community development including land-use if thelearning contents could be customized at each school’s local context Teachers are generally not from thelocal community and are transferred to another school regularly. For developing a resilient community
with capacities to cope with and recover from disasters, it is necessary to improve community disaster

preparedness through disaster education with the cooperation of the whole community including children,
parents, teachers, and the community disaster management organizations.

14Presentations

15

Geological and historical evidence of
paleotsunami
Kazuhisa Goto
Associate Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Mw=9.0) was extremely large and the consequent tsunami reached approx.

40 m in height along the coast. The earthquake and tsunami were indeed large but, before this event,geological and historical researches had revealed possible occurrence of large events in the past along the
Pacific coast of Tohoku. In fact, it had been well known that AD869 Jogan earthquake and tsunami wasoutstandingly large. Similar size of earthquake and tsunami might have been occurred few hundred tothousand years’ interval according to the previous works.

In order to prepare for low-frequency but large events, it is very important to recognize earthquake andtsunami histories in the past. Memories and measurement records can be useful to know the events thatwere occurred last ~100 years while information from history, archeology, geology, and geomorphology isimportant to recognize low-frequency but large events over ~1,000 to 10,000 years or more.

After the 2011 event, policy for the tsunami risk assessment in Japan was changed: the national

government issued new guideline for tsunami disaster prevention plans and they recommended toprepare for the “maximum possible earthquakes and tsunamis”. However, how to assume “maximum

possible earthquakes and tsunamis” is problematic because sizes of past events may not necessarily be themaximum in the future. Quick consideration of maximum possible earthquakes and tsunamis may indeed
require at high-risk areas but appropriate assumption with science basis is important.

The issues that arise after the 2011 event in Japan are probably not only the case in Japan but also thecase to the other countries along the subduction zones. In fact, tsunami recurrence has been investigatedalong the high-risk areas (e.g. Pacific coast of North America and Chile, and Indian Ocean countries). It

is also important to recognize that tsunami can be generated by non-seismic triggers such as submarine
landslide, volcanic eruption, and asteroid impact.

In summary, large tsunamis were occurred very low frequency with few hundred to thousand years’interval. However, once such event occur, severe damage will be generated. Geological and historicalresearches may not be practical for countermeasures against large tsunami, but knowing the past eventsfrom these researches is the basis for future preparation. The 2011 event was not an unexpected hazard
among geologists and many other regions in the world are “at-risk” in the geological sense. There are many

areas where paleotsunami history has not been studied well so that studying in such area will be very
important to further reduce the tsunami risk in the world.

16

Presentations

17

Follow up work on the Sendai Frameworkfor Disaster Risk Reduction
Yuichi Ono
Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

Japan hosted the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015 in Sendai. The

outcome, the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) was adopted by 187 countries,
and will be effective for the next 15 years.

The SFDRR set forth seven global targets.

(a) Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000
global mortality between 2020-2030 compared to 2005-2015.

(b) Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower the
average global figure per 100,000 between 2020-2030 compared to 2005-2015.

(c) Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030.
(d) Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services,among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030.
(e) Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction
strategies by 2020.

(f) Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate andsustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this framework by
2030.

(g) Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems
and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030.

Discussions on the indicators of the targets are still ongoing. The final confirmation is scheduled to
be announced later this year.

Tohoku University commits to the SFDRR through the Global Centre for Disaster Statistics,

established with UNDP in April last year. The role of this organization is to collect and analyze data,

and to provide feedback to governments. There is no such mechanism yet in the world, so we arecommitted to assisting the SFDRR in this way. Further, Tohoku University also plan to organize the“World Bosai Forum”/IDRC 2017 in Sendai”on November 25-27, 2017. The objectives of the Forum
include: promoting the implementation of the SFDRR, exploring Japanese experiences on DRR

and observing the recovery process of the Tohoku Region, and exploring and developing business
opportunities in DRR. The Forum will be a venue to spin knowledge from disasters and weave
wisdom of DRR into society.

18Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

Targets

Adopted by 187 countries at the World Conference on
Disaster Risk Reduction, 18 March 2015

17. To attain the expected outcome, the following goal must be pursued:

I.

Preamble

II. Expected outcome and goal
Seven targets

III. Guiding principles
IV. Priorities for action

The pursuance of this goal requires the enhancement of the implementation
capacity and capability of developing countries, in particular the least
developed countries, small island developing States, landlocked developing
countries and African countries, as well as middle-income countries facing
specific challenges, including the mobilization of support throughinternational cooperation for the provision of means of implementation inaccordance with their national priorities.

Presentations

Priority 1: Understanding disaster risk
Priority 2: Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk
Priority 3: Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
Priority 4: Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response,
and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of
integrated and inclusive economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural,
educational, environmental, technological, political and institutional
measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability todisaster, increase preparedness for response and recovery, and thus
strengthen resilience.

V. Role of stakeholders
VI. International cooperation and global partnership

How does it work?
1. Global Centre for Disaster Statistics
Launch of the Global Centre for Disaster Statistics
during the WCDRR in Sendai (15 March 2015)

UN

Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction

UNISDR

2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development

Contribution

UNDP
Bureau for Policy
and Programme
Support

UNDP
Country Officenational disaster damage
and loss databases• Institutional capacity
development

Countries• Develop and utilize
national disaster damage
and loss database• Archive data
• Scientific analysis• Visualization of disaster information
with GIS• Research on innovative modules• Assist generating policy
Information recommendations
Data

Global
Database

ESCAP
Economic and Social
Commission for Asiaand the Pacific

JICA

Japan International
Cooperation Agency

ICHARM

International Centre
for Water Hazard and
Risk Management

Global Centre forDisaster Statistics• Support to development of• Policy advice

IRIDeSInternational
Cooperation
Research Institute ofDisaster Science• Management(Operational support, Budget allocation)• Research and analysis

Support• Technical advice• Quality assurance

Cooperation

ADRC

Asia Disaster
Reduction Center

IRP

International
Recovery Platform

Private Sector
Support• Technical support(ICTsupport, GIStools,etc.)• Operational support

19

How to make a healthy resilient community
Shinichi Egawa
Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

Disaster and Disease have many common features. Disaster is defined as an emergency in which thehumanitarian needs are beyond local capacity to meet those needs i.e. the response and recovery

operation must be managed at the national and/or international level. Disaster risk is calculated by thefollowing equation: Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability / Capacity. Similar approach to decrease the diseaserisk can be applied to disaster risk reduction. International commitment for disaster risk reduction (DRR)

was crystalized into the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR) in the World
Conference for DRR in Sendai March 2015, in which “health” was greatly incorporated.

On Mar. 11, 2011, Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE, M9.0) and Tsunami attacked the Tohoku Area,

North-east part of Japan and killed more than 18,000 people. Japanese health professionals establishedthe disaster medicine and public health response system that includes Disaster Base Hospitals (DBH),
Disaster Medical Assistant Teams (DMAT), Staging Care Unit (SCU) and Wide Area Transportation System,
Emergency Medical Information System (EMIS) and Disaster Medical and Public Health Coordinator. Thesesystem is managed by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare after experiencing the number of crush

syndromes and preventable deaths at Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake in 1995. The medical needs of theaffected people in 2011, however, was very different from that in 1995 as a result of DRR due to Tsunami

and NPP accident. The needs for non-trauma, non-communicable disease and mental health overwhelmed.
The vulnerability of the hospitals in the affected area revealed that every hospital and health professional

should be prepared for disaster to receive support and provide the local health care in disaster. Thus, after

GEJE, the disaster medical coordinator was rapidly assigned in prefectures with nation-wide establishment
of Disaster Psychiatric Assistance Team (DPAT), Disaster Rehabilitation Assistance Team (DRAT), Disaster
Health Emergency Assistance Team (DHEAT) and oral health care support.

Disaster always exceeds the expectations, but the pre-disaster assessment and improvement ofresilience of the health-care system can save the life and the quality of life of people both mentally andphysically.

In order to promote the health aspect of Sendai Framework, Bangkok Principles were agreed in March
2016, to enhance the following seven items:
１．Health to DRR, DRR to health.

２．Cooperation between health and other stakeholders for DRR

３．Stimulate people-centered investment in DRR including health

４．Integrate DRR into health education and training, health into DRR.
５．Disaster data and health data into risk assessment.

６．Advocacy and support by science, information and technology
７．National policies and strategies for DRR and health

The scientific analysis of the relationship of health factors and disaster risk needs further advancement.
The life expectancy at birth by World Health Organization (WHO), for example, correlates well with the20disaster risk by Index for Risk Management (INFORM) as shown in the Fig. 1 and most reflects the coping
capacity as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1: WHO life expectancy and INFORM disaster risk of 182 UN member states

Presentations

INFORM disaster risk (data source: INDEX FOR RISK MANAGEMENTRESULTS 2016, http://www.bestliferates.org/blog/life-expectancy/)

WHO life expectancy at birth (data source: WHO Global Health Observatory 2016, http://apps.who.int/
gho/data/node.main.688?lang=en )Fig. 2 Life expectancy and the factors of disaster risk

INFORM disaster risk (data source: INDEX FOR RISK MANAGEMENTRESULTS 2016, http://www.bestliferates.org/blog/life-expectancy/)

WHO life expectancy at birth (data source: WHO Global Health Observatory 2016, http://apps.who.int/
21

gho/data/node.main.688?lang=en )It is important to understand the notion of SFDRR and implement it. But, at the same time, we also

have to think about what the life is and how we can manage our community to have a better, healthier life.
Collaboration, coordination and transdisciplinary approach is a key to promote mutual understanding ofcountries, clusters and each individual.

22

Repeated failure of humanitarian logistics forrecent disasters in Japan
Makoto Okumura
Deputy Director / Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

1. Kumamoto Earthquake and essential supplies for refugee

Two large earthquakes hit Kumamoto area on 14th and 16th April 2016 with interval of 28 hours andpeople in Kumamoto city and vicinities faced to difficulties for life. Full, half and partly damaged residentialbuildings were 8,184, 29,447 and 137,111, respectively. 311 public buildings including the municipality

headquarters of Uto, Yatsushiro, Mashiki, Ozu were damaged to be unusable. Total refugee in Kumamoto
Prefecture reached up to 184 thousand on 17th, at 859 designated shelters. That number is 22 percent of

total inhabitants (847 thousand) of 9 severely affected municipalities (Mashiki, Nishihara, Minami-aso,

Presentations

Aso, Kumamoto, Mifune, Kashima).

Besides the refugee in the designated shelters, many people afraid to stay in their affected house

aftershocks and chose to sleep in car instead. Those car refuge was not included in the number above.

Figure 1 gives two examples of message from the refugee in unregistered shelter, appealing emergent

delivery of food, drinking water. Similar shortage occurred for car refuge, and such situations werereported swiftly and widely through social network service (SNS) such as Facebook, LINE, and so on.

Responding to those messages, some of them were from famous TV talents, many people in other area

personally tried to send food, water and other goods for life in small lot size. Because of home delivery

services to Kumamoto Prefecture area by Yamato, Nittsu, Japan Post, and so on had suspended for weeks,senders rent truck or wagon personally and drive to Kumamoto. As a result, those individual traffic
consumed the limited highway capacity to the affected area.

Though food or other goods were not arrived to each people in the affected area, shortage did not occur

in Kumamoto Area in wider point of view. Figure 2 shows plenty of arrived goods in front of Kumamoto
Prefecture Office Building on April 19th. The real problem was not shortage of goods, but abundance ofgoods exceeding the local capacity of sorting for delivery.

Figure 1.Message from refugee ofKumamoto Earthquake (April,2016)

Characters made by chairs on the playground
April 17.
"SOS! Paper, Bread, Water needed"
Kokufu High School in Downtown Kumamoto
City (Kyodo.NP)

Characters written on parkingof a elderly care facility in
Mifune Kumamoto. April 17.
"Rice, Water, Preserve food,
HELP" (Kyodo.NP)

1

Figure 2 Plenty of goods inKumamoto (April 19)

Plenty of goods arrived in front of Kumamoto Prefecture Office(April 19)

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2. Repeated Failure of Humanitarian Logistics in Recent Disasters

If we review the recent large natural disasters in Japan after 1995, abundance of relief goods problem

and overlook of the relief for affected people at house or un-designated shelters were repeated again andagain. Only one exception was the first several weeks after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami,
where both interregional and local logistics systems faced to difficulties such as, fuel shortage, stoppageof telecommunication and shortage of goods were observed. In more recent disasters , such as Hiroshima
earth slides (2014), Kinugawa River flood (2015), and Kumamoto Earthquake (2016), relief goods wereabundant in distribution center inside the affected area. Figure 3 shows an example of Hiroshima case(2014).

Figure 4 summarizes relief logistics flows in Japan. Until GEJE,2011, Japanese Act of Disaster

Management, consider that relief goods supply work be under the responsibility of municipality

government (black arrows in Figure 4). Prefectural government takes role instead only when municipal

government is severely affected and lost the management ability (orange arrows in Figure 4); freighttransportation is still delivered in type of cargo to the Municipal Depots, where sorting work should bedone in order to match them to local needs. However, in many disasters before 2011, function of municipal

depot could not sustained and cargos inflated fast there. In GEJE, 2011, Prefectural government decided
to place Prefectural Depots for sorting work (orange dashed arrows in Figure 4). However sooner, theNational government found that affected prefecture government cannot sustain their role to control theorders, then part of the Cabinet Office settled a special team for logistics and conduct the ordering work

instead the prefectures (red arrows in Figure 4). The nationally ordered goods transportation was also
headed to Prefectural Depots, but most of them were filled up by the arrived cargo, in weeks.

In the reviews of the National government after GEJE, they understand the limit of sorting capacityof both municipal and prefectural depots in the affected area. As a preparation for the possible large
earthquake in Tokyo, the Cabinet Office began to investigate a push logistic system, where arranging

facility will be placed outside the affected area, and the sorted goods will be directly transported to the
refugee camps, shelters and hospitals in the affected area. That new system (double lines arrow in Figure4) was introduced firstly after the Kumamoto earthquake (2016), using logistics centers of Nittsu in Tosu
city, Saga prefecture, and of Yamato in Hisayama town near Fukuoka Highway interchange in Fukuoka
prefecture as the sorting facility outside. The Cabinet office disclosed a short report of the system inKumamoto in July, and evaluate the trial as successful one.

24

Figure 3. Hiroshima Earth Slide(2014)

Figure 4. Relief Logistic Flows in Japan
National Cabinet Office【External Area】（Factories Warehouses）

OrdersGoods Supply Facility

Orders1) Arranging Facility

When prefectural
government is severely
affected and lost functions,【Disaster Area】

Transportation
type of cargo

2) Prefecture Depot（unpack the large lot anddivide the destination）

Problems in many disasters
Orders3) Municipal Depot（unpack the large lot anddivide the destination）

Push：Send goods withoutorders from disaster area

Pull：Send goods based onordersPresentations

物

避難場所には、大量の 資が・・・。

Report by a School Principal in Hiroshima
Really needed:
3
High Pressure Cleaner, Sand bag kit

Estimation
Refuge Camps, Shelters, Hospitals（Where more than 500 people are located）

They could not grasp the undesignated refuge.

4

3. Discussion

Many people including specialists indicated the difficulties in local transportation using "The last

mile problem." It is true the last mile needs much of transportation resource such as trucks, vans, drivers,
fuel, and so on. But even there were sufficient transportation resources, the last mile problem could not

be solved, because the essential difficulty is lack of information. We cannot easily get information for theneeds of individuals, even in ordinal situation. Then we rely on the individual choice at stores and thelast mile transportation is usually done by individual customers. Considering this, we must be modest to
rely the relief logistics system, and permit qualitative mismatches to the people's needs. We should givepriority on speed, not on equality. We can make piles of undelivered goods in several locations and permit
the taking outs freely; it means we rely the personal transportation for the last mile transportation part.

Secondly, many people also highly evaluate the performance of professional logistics specialists inmanagement of sorting facilities and depots. They can use special machines such as forklift, and arrange

the place efficiently (as shown in Figure 5). However, their good performance is based on prior information

especially from upstream actors, concerning on what, how much and when the cargos arrives next, andwhen that cargo will go out from the facility. based on those information, they can make a location plan

(Figure 6). Not only the information from downstream, that is information of local needs, but also theinformation from senders should be collected. Good-will sending good and voluntary donations usuallylacks the "upstream information", then may increase the confusion of the local depots.

At last, continuation of ordinal commercial logistics is much more important than relief logistics.

In Kumamoto case, the evacuated people are only 20% of the residents in the affected area. It means,

80% of the residents relied on the ordinal commercial service. Basically speaking, commercial businesscan more efficiently correspond to the diversified and sophisticated needs of people. It is important tofacilitate a return to the commercial based supply, from the distribution of relief supplies. Swift recovery ofcommercial logistics is the first priority.

25

Figure 6. Information from upstream

Figure 5. Professional depot management【Depot in disaster area】（★ineffective Handling ）Handling by non‐professional① No carrying instruments② No space for transport③ Naïve Place allocations④ Unclear signage

Handling by Professional transporters① Rolling boxes② Wide space and aisles③ Frequency based space allocation④ Signs and plates（By Prof. Kuwahara, Tohoku University）

26

5• For a smooth operation of
distribution depots, it isnecessary to get information
about in what timing, what
goods and how much beingbrought in, in advance.
• In the normal time logistics, theadministrator obtain suchinformation from information
systems such as POS systems,
and arrange personnel andspace necessary on the basis ofthem.
6Restoration and Challenge of Sendai
Towards a Disaster-Resilient andEnvironmentally-Friendly City
Akira Takahashi
Director, Disaster-Resilient and Environmentally-Friendly City Promotion Office, City
Planning Policy Bureau, City of Sendai

Overview of Damage from The Great East Japan Earthquake

On March11, 2011, Sendai City was struck by a tremendous earthquake with a magnitude 9.0, which is thelargest earthquake in Japan’s recorded history and the 4th largest earthquake in the world since 1900. A
huge tsunami followed, for the first time in 400 years in this area.
Sendai City incurred the following damage.
-Around 900 people lost their lives in the earthquake and tsunami-

1
 .37 million tons of debris from the earthquake and 1.35 million tons of debris deposited by the-Around 30,000 buildings in the city completely collapsed

Cost of damage is approximately 1.3829 trillion yen ($12.6 billion $1=\110 )Presentations-

tsunami. (The disposal of debris was completed in December 2013)

Overview of Restoration

Sendai created a minimum five-year restoration plan for its disaster-affected areas. Our main mission

is to rebuild housing for those who lost their homes during the earthquake and to develop a safe urban
infrastructure that will stand-up to another tsunami.
-Collective relocation for those people who had their homes damaged by the tsunami
Restoration of inland areas damaged by landslides

Cleaning debris, desalinization and reclamation of the land for the restoration of agriculture
Overview of Damage from The Great East
Japan Earthquake

Restoration of Essential Utilities and the Evacuee Count(Miyako City , Iwate)

M９.０
Epicenter

Source: Fire and Disaster Management Agency

Tsunami Levels

July 8July 29

July 1

July 15

June 3June 24

June 17

June 10May 6

May 27

May 20July 31:All evacuation
centers closed
May 13

April 8

April 29

April 22

April 1

April 15

March 31

March 30

March 29

March 28

March 27

March 24

March 23

1

March 22

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency

March 21

121,805

March 20

19,301

April 11: Started taking applications
for temporary housing

March 19

4

July 22

Earthquake
Struck at 2:46
20,000p.m. on March
11
040,000March 18

Nationwide

March 28: Construction of prefabricatedtemporary housing started

60,000March 17308 Yamagata

Number of evacuees

March 26

15,171March 16

3

82,9993,592

March 15

Aomori10,45980,000March 14

Fukushima

100,000

March 13

Miyagi

19,597

March 12

5,128

March 11Iwate

10% of the city
population made their
way to evacuation
centers (over 100,000
people)Evacuee Count

Source:Completely National Police Agency (death toll and building damage as of Mar. 10, 2016)
Collapsed Reconstruction Agency (Quake-related deaths as of Sep. 30, 2015)
Homes

March 25

Damage
Death
Toll

2

Strengthening Disaster Prevention Measures

Sendai combined the following three measures to create a plan to prepare in case another tsunami was tohit.
-(1)Multiple defenses (2) Evacuation to save lives (3) Relocation

In addition, based on the lessons learned from the earthquake, we have implemented several disaster27

prevention measures.
-

Volunteer disaster prevention organization at community level-

More practical drills and disaster prevention education-

Introduction of solar power generators and storage batteries in evacuation centers
Strengthening our infrastructure

Passing on Experiences and Lessons of the Disaster

Along with the initiatives carried out during this period, Sendai aims to thoroughly convey the experiences

and lessons learned from the disaster to people in Japan and abroad, and to contribute to the prevention
and reduction of disasters globally as the city that produced the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction 2015-2030.
-

Developing memorial facilities

Sending out the civic cooperation initiatives for disaster prevention(e.g. holding “Sendai Symposium for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Future)

Aiming to Make Sendai a Disaster-Resilient and Environmentally-Friendly City

Based on the three pillars of our concept, Sendai aims to build a disaster-resilient city, bracing for threatssuch as natural disasters and climate change.
-

Urban development

Human capacity building

Contributing to world’s disaster prevention culture and establishing a city brandTsunami Prevention Measures[Today]Passing on Experiences and Lessonsof the DisasterSea/river embankments and otherredevelopments
Regrowth of coastal forests (scheduledarea)
Elevated roads

Tsunami evacuation facility—Sendai aims to become a disaster-resilient andenvironmentally-friendly city that can contribute to theworld—

Evacuation road development
Development of tsunami evacuation
facilities

Certified as a Role Model City for Disaster Risk Reduction (2012)

Stairs along Sendai Tobu Road forevacuating to higher ground【現在】

Sendai 3/11 Memorial
Community Center

Recognition of civic
cooperation initiatives andcitizen power

Disaster hazard areas (relocate inland)
Inland relocation sites
Collective relocation movements

Tozai Subway Line

Coastalembankment

The Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015)

Evacuation stairs

This memorial site and the disaster remains it housespass on lessons from the earthquake
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction was adopted

Elevated roads

2016 Sendai Symposium

3

28

As a leader in disaster prevention, Sendai contributes to theprevention and reduction of disasters around the world

Arahama Elementary School4

Aiming to Make Sendai a‘Disaster-Resilient andEnvironmentally-Friendly City’

Community Initiatives for Disaster Prevention andDisaster Risk Reduction2016 Sendai Symposium for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Future
March 12, 2016 Sendai

Disaster recovery
efforts

Experiences and lessons
learned from post‐disasterrecovery

History of building anenvironmental city of
Sendai –the City of Trees

Disasterresilience

Disaster‐Resilientand Environmentally‐
Friendly city fora secure future
Low Carbon

Global environment•Restoring the livelihood of people
affected by the disaster•Multiple defenses against tsunamis•Agricultural rehabilitation and green
regeneration

Resilience
Recoverycapacity

Disaster prevention andenvironment‐focusedurban development
Ease oflivingLiving environment
Natural environment
Urban environment•Developing resilient infrastructure•A city with self‐sustaining energy•Building a low carbon city

Disaster prevention andenvironment‐focused‘human capacity building’•Educating people on disaster prevention•Improving community resilience•Disaster recovery memorial

Presentations

Sharing information throughout
Japan and the world

Promotion of exchange activities andeconomic investments

Contributing to world’s disaster prevention culture
and establishing a city brand29

Towards disaster risk reduction city: A disasterresilient Tagajo City
Takumi Fujimura
Bureau of Reconstruction Promotion, Office of Mayor, Tagajo City

Tagajo City is located in the eastern region of Miyagi Prefecture near Sendai City, about 12 kilometers awayfrom central Sendai, with a population of 62,000. Tagajo City was greatly damaged by the Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami in 2011. The tsunami hit the city approximately one hour after the earthquake.

The highest wave reached 4.6 meters. One-third (662 ha) of the city was inundated by water, and about
12,000 people fled to evacuation sites such as schools.

A severe and inconvenient evacuation life started. As a result of the tsunami, a total of 188 precious lives

were lost, and over 11,000 houses were destroyed in the city. Factories and offices in the industrial area
were almost totally destroyed. Before the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, it was estimated that
there was a 99% probability of an earthquake within 30 years off the coast of Miyagi Prefecture. Therefore,

citizens were relatively prepared for earthquakes, and most were aware of how terrifying tsunamis were.
At the same time, however, most people knew that Tagajo City was never affected by tsunamis in thepast, and thus adopted the mentality that Tagajo would be unaffected even after the large-scale tsunami

warning was issued. As a result, some people did not evacuate quickly, and others who evacuated by cars
were caught in traffic jams, causing many injuries and loss of lives.
There are four major points in the DRR city strategy.

１．“D eveloping a disaster-resilient city.” Four strategies have been drawn up, centering on theconstruction of infrastructure.

２．“I ncreasing DRR capability based on self-help and mutual help.” Two strategies have been
implemented so that citizens and local communities can cope with disasters by themselves, rather
than depending fully on local administrations.

３．“Sharing disaster experience.” The aim of this strategy is to pass on the experience of disasters
accurately to future generations so that they are not forgotten.

４．“DRR technology.” This is a strategy that enables companies to maximize their strength and be
involved in projects that only regions damaged by the disaster can engage in, enabling these areas toturn the disaster experience into something productive and positive.

Under the four goals, eight implementation strategies were established.
Strategy 1: “Building multiple barriers for tsunami.”

Although sea walls will be constructed along the coast as a result of the damages seen in the 2011 disaster,these are only sufficient to cope with tsunamis that will strike once in 100 years. Therefore, when a hugetsunami that occurs once in 1,000 years strikes, overflow and flooding will result. This strategy aims to
overcome this situation by considering evacuation as the basic policy, even though multiple barriers will

be built. Specifically, main projects include the development of evacuation announcement facilities to send

information accurately and swiftly, the construction of evacuation roads, the designation of temporary30

escape buildings to rescue people who are unable to evacuate, and the building of barriers to reduce theforce and speed of tsunamis.

Strategy 2: “Developing earthquake-resilient city.”This strategy aims to increase earthquake-resistant roads and bridges, and to promote the retrofit ofwooden buildings to make them earthquake-resistant.

Presentations

Strategy 3: “Minimizing flood damage.”

There is a higher risk of flooding due to the fact that the ground has sunk after the Great East Japan

Earthquake and Tsunami, and due to a recent trend of heavy rain in a short period of time. To overcome

this problem, projects such as the development of a rainwater draining system and the construction of new
rainwater drain pumps have been planned.

Strategy 4: “Developing a disaster response system.”During the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, the number of people who evacuated was far greaterthan previously estimated. Thus, evacuation support was insufficient. By reflecting on that experience, wehave reviewed our disaster response system.
Strategy 5: “Enhancing self-help ability.”

The aim of this strategy is to enable citizens themselves to prepare for disasters. Paired with Tohoku

University’s International Research Institute of Disaster Science, we have developed the DRR handbookthat outlines measures on how to cope with and prepare for disasters. We have been holding classes for
citizens making use of this handbook.

Strategy 6: “Strengthening community DRR capacity.”This strategy aims for the improvement of DRR capacity, as well as mitigation of local communities by suchtactics as voluntary emergency drills.

Strategy 7: “Sharing disaster experience.”

Many pictures of the 2011 disaster were taken, and it is crucial to preserve and compile those records
carefully, and to share it with future generations.
Strategy 8: “DRR Research Park Program.”

This strategy seeks to promote DRR technology development as well as the accumulation and creation ofindustries using DRR technology by utilizing space created from factories damaged by the earthquake.

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As well as to promote the DRR city strategy, the city felt the need to enhance urban development toaccomplish recovery and reconstruction. For this reason, the Tagajo City Library was built, combining
restaurants, a book store, childcare center and a parents’ support center. The aim is to create the best
cultural hub in the Tohoku region.

Tagajo City experienced tremendous loss due to the tsunami. To change the way of thinking fromnegative to positive to promote urban development, the city will go on with strong determination to carryout DRR measures and reconstruction.
１. Damage by “the Great East

Tagajo, Miyagi
Tagajo, Miyagi

Japan Earthquake & Tsunami”【Disaster public housing in Sakuragi area

Before construction】

Tagajo City

Miyagi Pref.

【Disaster public housing in Sakuragi area

Oct. 20, 2014】

Sendai City･･flooded downtown area･･flooded non-downtown area
Takajo City
12km fromdowntown Sendai◆Population: 62,000◆Area:
19.69 km²
◆Density:
approx. 3,100/km²
top in Tohoku area
◆Traffic:
76,000cars／day◆Location:

Sendai Port

【Features of Sakuragi area】
Pilotis structure on the first floor
Evacuation site & stockpile facility on
the rooftop
Support facility for the elderly & childcare facility (also used as meeting places)
Each second floor is connected bypassageways to make meeting space

Damage◆Max. seismic intensity: 5+◆Flooded area:
662ha(1/3 of the city) → 90% downtown◆Max. height of flood: 4.6m
◆Number of Deaths:
188 ( citizen 97, non-citizen 91）◆Destroyed houses:over 11,000（including full, half , partial）◆Approx. 1,400 family have escaped to temporary housing◆Approx. 8,500 cars were floated into the city
◆Volume of rubble :353 kiloton

1

６ ．Effort based on DRR strategy⑪
Increasing DRR
capacity basedon self andmutual help
Sharingdisasterexperience

5

Enhancing self-help ability

6

Strengthening community
DRR capacity

7

Sharing disaster experience

Creation of the best cultural hub in the
Tohoku region
Collaboration between the city and Culture
Convenience Club Co., Ltd. to create a “Place forpeople to come together”

Placing “tsunami indication
board” by students of Tagajo
High School

1.2 million
people gather
annually<Building B><Building A>
1-3 F Book store,cafe, restaurant

Combinationof public
services andcommercial
facilities
Creation of a
new cultural
hub<Outside area>
Parking lot on
rooftop

Parents
support center
1-3 F
Library

Dental Clinic

1-5 F
Parking lot

North stationsquareJR Senseki Line
Walkway

Construction of apartment and stores planned

3, 4 F
Residence forthe elderlyChildcare centerDay service centerfor the elderly

JR Senseki Line
Walkway

Overhead walkway
Tagajo Sta.

Park

South station square

Tagajo Station north urban redevelopment area

32

ParkinglotRoles of different stakeholders in Disaster
Risk Reduction
Takako Izumi
Associate Professor, IRIDeS, Tohoku University

Stakeholders in disaster risk reduction (DRR) include UN agencies, NGOs, regional organizations, donor

agencies, governments, communities, academia, media, and the private sector. Each stakeholder has adifferent role in each disaster management phase: response, recovery, mitigation, and preparedness.

Specifically, what are the expected roles and actions of academia and universities in DRR? The Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) adopted at the UN World Conference on Disaster Risk

Reduction (UNWCDRR) in March 2015 calls for “Academia, science and research entities and networks to:
focus on the disaster risk factors and scenarios; increase research for regional, national and local application;

Presentations

support action by local communities and authorities; and support the interface between policy and science fordecision-making.” Two important events for the APRU Multi-Hazards Program generated recommendations
for academia and universities to take actions to strengthen their involvement in DRR:
Recommendations from the UNWCDRR Public Forum session by APRU

１．Collaboration, especially between the private sector and academia, should be enhanced;

２．Multi-stakeholder collaboration, including with local schools and communities, is necessary formaking data and technology useful, usable, and accessible;

３．Social science elements as such as psychology, cultural studies, communications, ethics, and history

must be incorporated because most problems are currently considered to involve social rather than
engineering aspects.

Recommendations from the APRU Multi-Hazards Symposium as the Kyoto Declaration:

１．Strengthen the capacities of the scientific community by fostering young researchers and encouraging
multi-disciplinary/trans-disciplinary implementation research;

２．Continue our support for science and technology (S&T) innovations to be included in national policy/
decision-making on DRR;

３．Foster greater collaboration with local institutions and local governments for S&T-based decisionmaking;４．Learn from the experiences of good practices in the region and foster further collaboration withvarious stakeholders;

５．Contribute to organizing/supporting periodic S&T conferences/events on DRR at national/regional
levels.

The APRU Multi-Hazards Program that organized the above two events has two major objectives: 1)

Contribute to international and regional discussions and DRR-related policy making; and 2) Strengthen
DRR research and education in collaboration with APRU member universities. The Program supports theabove recommendations and works to implement these actions among academic society through various
activities.

33

Role of academia/universities

Challenges and Needs
in Science and Technology(from the UNISDR Science and Technology Conference on DRR)

• SFDRR calls for “Academia, science andresearch entities and networks to: focus on
the disaster risk factors and scenarios;
increase research for regional, national andlocal application; support action by local
communities and authorities; and support
the interface between policy and science fordecision-making”

1. Scientific findings should be framed andpresented in a concise and understandable
fashion;
2. Assumptions and uncertainties need to be better
clarified and communicated;
3. There is a need for translating scientific findings
into concrete actionable steps and tools forscience-based decision-making;4. There is a need for enhancing the role of social
science to better understand the governance ofdisaster risks.

UNWCDRR APRU session

APRU Multi-Hazards:
Kyoto declaration• Enhance collaboration, especially between the private sector andacademia;• Multi-stakeholder collaboration including with local schools andcommunities is necessary for making data and technology useful, sable
and accessible;• Social science elements as such as psychology, cultural studies,
communications, ethics and history must be incorporated because
most problems are currently considered to involve social rather than
engineering aspects.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Key objectives and goal of
the MH program
Contribute to developing a disaster
resilient society

1. Contribute to international and regional
discussions and DRR related policy making
process; (Participated in the discussions at the Asian Ministerial

Conference on DRR and the UN World Conference on DRR and being a memberof UNISDR-Asia Science, Technology and Academia Advisory Group (ASTAAG)

2. Strengthen DRR research and education incollaboration with APRU member universities.
(Summer school, Annual symposium, campus safety program)

34

Strengthen capacities of scientific community through fostering young
researchers and encouraging multi-disciplinary / trans-disciplinary
implementation researchContinue our support to S-T innovations to be included into national
policy / decision making on DRR
Foster greater collaboration with local institutions and local
governments for S-T based decision making
Learn from the experiences of good practices in the regional and tofoster further collaboration with various stakeholders
Contribute to organizing/supporting periodic Science and Technology
conferences/events on DRR at national/regional levels.

MH Program Website

CONTENTS• What’s new?
• About
MH Program
IRIDeS
APRU
Core Group Members• Annual Events
Summer School• Activities
Special events(UNWCDRR)
Campus safety program
Statement

http://aprumh.irides.tohoku.ac.jp/app-def/S102/apru/

The Power of Partnership
Takeshi Komino
General Secretary, Church World Service（CWS）Japan

The presentation highlighted the necessity of maximizing the potential of partnership with various

stakeholders in disaster risk reduction. The world is facing the worst humanitarian crisis since theWorld War II, and this is also due to increasing disasters due to climate change impacts. At the 3rd World

Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDRR), the world acknowledged over 1.5 billion people being

affected by disasters each year, and the necessity to proactively capture and understand existing andemerging risks, and to invest in mitigating impacts from such risks. Our economy globally is suffering
USD 300 billion from disasters each year, and this poses a good rationale for private sector to engage more

Presentations

proactively in disaster risk reduction.

Among many stakeholders in disaster management field, the strengths of local civil society was

highlighted with examples such as Road to Sendai Campaign that mobilized 7 million people from 55

countries, the World Humanitarian Summit (WHS) consultations that mobilized more than 20,000
stakeholders (many come from civil society), and bottom up strategy creation process from Afghanistanthat led to creation of national DRR platform as well as Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) on DRR andClimate Change Adaptation.

However, just like any other stakeholders, there are weakness within civil society such as linkages with

regional/global system, capacity to handle monetary resources, and creating multi-stakeholder alliance forinnovative solutions.

Understanding both strengths and weakness of stakeholders is a key for next generation leaders. These

leaders should be able to ‘maximize the strengths’, and to ‘minimize/compliment the weakness’, whichlead to creation of strong partnership that can deliver optimal results. Innovation starts from accurate

assessment of social issues (the root causes) and partnership that can overcome such problems. This is
not where companies are the strongest. Such value creation through partnership is definitely a core skill
required from next generation leadership.

The Power of Partnership@ APRU Multi-Hazard Summer School
Takeshi Komino
General Secretary, CWS Japan
SG/Executive Committee, Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network
Regional Steering Group, World Humanitarian Summit Asia
Co-Chair, Humanitarian Policy and Practice Advisory Group at ACT AllianceInterim Board Member, Core Humanitarian Standard

Sendai Framework for DRR 20152030• 1.5 billion people were affected bydisasters in various ways.
• At Technical Hazard working session
at WCDRR, participants called forproactive risk assessment, andtransparent disclosure of risks.
• Sendai Frameworkʼs priority of areas:• 1. Understanding disaster risk;• 2. Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disaster risk;• 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction forresilience;• 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for
effective response, and to “Build Back
Better” in recovery, rehabilitation andreconstruction.

• Clear focus on risk identificationand mitigation.

35

World Humanitarian Summit Consultations• Nearly 70 million people, half of them children, have been forced from their homes due to
conflict and violence.
• In the last two decades, 218 million people each year were affected by disasters; at anannual cost to the global economy that now exceeds $300 billion.
• Build hope and solutions by investing in preparedness, managing and mitigating risk,
reducing vulnerability, finding durable solutions for protracted displacement, and adapting
to new threats.

Itʼs Time to Re-examine
Partnership
Why…?
• Weʼll need to do more withless
• Weʼll need to solve theunsolved• Weʼll need to makesolutions constant andsustainable

1+1=3• Business as usual is not going to address humanitarian needs.
• Increase in disasters →More risks to industrial sites.

Bridging policy and practice- strengths demonstrated in DRR

Challenges for Local Organizations• Road to Sendai campaign• World Humanitarian
Summit consultations• Strategic National Action
Plan (SNAP) for DRR in
Afghanistan• Knowledge – the ʻsystemʼ• Resources –monetary
resources andadministrative capacity oflarge grants• Capacity and innovation –not much incentives forchanging

Always think about
operationalizing whencreating policies!

Create Enabling Environment• Knowledge – A platform that…

• One can feel at home for meaningful participation• Can learn from each other• Think about and act on collaboration

Key Lessons from HIF Japan 2016
SocialBenefits

Government

Empathy• Resources – Support mechanism that…

• Allows more programmatic funding towards local organizations• Integrate capacity support for those elements that are not strong• Intentionally involve from preparedness stage

Sustainable framework thatencompasses both social andeconomic benefits andrationality

NGO’s Vision• Innovation facilitation that…

• Captures innovative elements• Amplify best practices to regional/global learning• Fosters cross/mutual learning for enhancing capacity

Economic
Benefits
Corporates’ Vision

As local as possible, as international as necessary….
Agenda for Humanity – SG Report

36

NGO

Companies

Common Vision,
Same Language,
Shared Understandingof issues that needs to be solved

Private sector engagement towards disaster
resilient societies
Yoshiko Abe
Sustainability Strategist, Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.

The Sendai Framework stresses the importance of engaging the private sector in disaster risk reduction,with private sector mentions found throughout the document. Private sector engagement is presented as anecessary element toward its implementation. The presentation discussed why the private sector has beenrecognized as a key actor; the role of UNISDR and Global Assessment Reports in building and disseminating
this understanding; and examples of what the private sector can do. Businesses are community-embedded

resources, providers of innovative products and services, partners to governments, and both victims
and sometimes cause of disaster economic loss. Mainstreaming DRR into the business community and a

Presentations

business’s central strategy is thus a key focus of the Sendai Framework that aims to mainstream DRR as afundamental, expected, and desired element of our society to build community resilience through an all-ofsociety approach.

33 mentions of private sector in the Sendai Framework✔
✔
✔

Private sector engagement towards
disaster resilient societies

✔

✔

✔

✔

Businesses’role aspartners togovernments
andgovernment
actions
described

APRU Multi-Hazards (MH) Summer School, 20 July 2016, IRIDeS, Tohoku University✔

Yoshiko Abe

Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
Member of UNISDR Private Sector Alliance for Disaster Resilient Societies (ARISE)✔

Stakeholderroledescribed✔ = mentions

1

Source of Sendai Framework graphic: White Paper on Disaster Management 2015, Cabinet Office, Japan

3rd UN World Conference on DRR, Sendai, Japan• Adoption of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030• UNISDR private sector groups re-organized towards implementation

PSAG Advisory GroupPSP Membership
R!SE Initiative & Projects

2

Google > “Private Sector Strengths Applied”
Publication date 2013. English and Japanese versions

337

Today’s topics• How did Kokusai Kogyo get involved in the
UNISDR private sector group, and what has the
UNISDR private sector group been doing?
• Why is DRR by the private sector so important?
• ARISE (UNISDR Private Sector Alliance forDisaster Resilient Societies )and private sector
engagement
http://www.preventionweb.net/arise/38

5Natural Disasters: Forecasting and Nowcasting
John B. Rundle
Distinguished Professor and Senior Advisor to APRU MH Program, Departments ofPhysics and Geology, University of California Davis

Given a seismically active local region, a problem of interest is to determine how much stress and strain
has accumulated since the last major earthquake. In other words, we would like to determine the levelof progress of the region through the "earthquake cycle". This earthquake cycle problem is complicatedbecause the absolute stress and strain since the last major earthquake cannot be determined from direct
observations at locations of interest. However, we propose that a new method, "nowcasting", is available
that may provide an answer to this problem.

Nowcasting is a term originating from economics and finance. It refers to the process of determining

Presentations

the uncertain state of the economy or markets at the current time by indirect means. We apply this idea

to seismically active regions, where the goal is to determine the current state of the fault system, and its

current level of progress through the earthquake cycle. In our implementation of this idea, we use theglobal catalog of earthquakes, using "small" earthquakes to determine the level of hazard from "large"
earthquakes in the region. Our method does not involve any model other than the idea of an earthquake
cycle.

Rather, we define a specific region and a specific large earthquake magnitude of interest, ensuring that

we have enough data to span at least ~20 or more large earthquake cycles in the region. We then computethe current level of hazard, and assign a number between 0% and 100% to every region so defined, thus

providing a unique measure. Physically, the current hazard computed in this way corresponds to an
estimate of the level of progress through the earthquake cycle in the defined region at the current time.

We use the accumulation of small earthquakes since the last large earthquake in a defined region toestimate the current hazard level in the region. Event counts that are used as a measure of “time”, rather

than the clock time, are known as “natural” time. Natural time has at least two advantages when applied
to seismicity:••

It is not necessary to decluster the aftershocks. The natural time count is uniformly valid whenaftershocks dominate, when background seismicity dominates, and when both contribute.

Natural time statistics are independent of the level of the seismicity as long as the b-value isapproximately constant. In computing nowcasts, the concept of natural time, counts of small

earthquakes, is used as a measure of the accumulation of stress and strain between large earthquakes
in a defined geographic region.

Note that nowcasting, which describes the present state of a system, is distinct from the idea offorecasting, which looks forward in time. Forecasting is the calculation of probabilities for the future.
Nowcasting is the calculation of the current state of the system. Nowcasting can be used as a basis forforecasting if a method is used to project the current state into future states. In fact, nowcasting should bea prerequisite to forecasting, the estimation of the future state of the system. The current state must be
known, at least approximately, before the future state can be accurately estimated.

Global earthquake forecasts can be obtained from the web site http://www.openhazards.com/viewer.

39

An example of several Nowcasts are shown in the table below for several global megacities as of April,2016. Data we used correspond to cycles of earthquakes having magnitude larger than 6.0, within 100 kmof the designated city. The term "EPS" corresponds to the "Earthquake Potential Score", on a scale of 0% to
100%. The table shows that Santiago, Chile was at that time the city that had progressed the most throughthe earthquake cycle, being 86.3% towards the occurrence of the next M6 event.

City

RegionSantiago, Chile

57oS to 18oS

33.45oS, 70.66oE

83oW to 56oW

14.60oN,120.98oE

116oE to 129oE

35.69oN,139.68oE

125oE to 155oE

25.o3oN,121.63oE

117oE to 124oE

Manila, Philippines
Tokyo, Japan

Taipei, Taiwan

Jakarta, Indonesia
6.17oS,106.82oE

40

5oN to 20oN

25oN to 50oN

19oN to 27oN

12.25oS to 6.25oN
90oE to 115oE

Population

Number ofRegional

EPS(Millions)

Earthquake(Highest=100)

5

313

86.3

1.6

196

74.0

39

659

68.7

2.6

95

47.4

32

235

38.3

CyclesTable 1: EPS values for 5 global megacities

A Textual Analysis of the SFDRR 2015-2030 in terms of Disaster
Risk Factor Management
B. M. Pacheco
Professor, University of the Philippines Dilman

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is a landmark document which, while
crucial to implement, is equally crucial to analyze further. Having emerged as a consensus document it is
now imbued with a multitude of meanings to all the stakeholders who contributed, coming as they werefrom a multitude of cultures worldwide.

A textual analysis is really about making sense of the world, aside from making sense of the words. As

for the SFDRR, while it is 25-page long in words it banners the singular goal to “[p]revent new and reduce

existing disaster risk through the implementation of … measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure

Presentationsand vulnerability to disaster…” I prefer to refer to HAZARD, EXPOSURE and VULNERABILITY as the genericunderlying disaster risk factors. I suggest to operationalize disaster risk management as disaster risk
factor management.

To illustrate the overlap of disaster risk factors to create a disaster risk product, I frequently use a

Boulder and Monkey Parable in a general education course for undergraduates in my university. First, eachdisaster risk factor may or may not be possible to reduce. For example, if the hazard (boulder) and exposed

element (monkey approaching a banana tree) have to be there, a structure (shed) may protect the exposed
element (monkey) and thus reduce the latter’s vulnerability. Second, usually a disaster risk factor may only
be reduced, not eliminated. For example, the vulnerability-reducing structure (shed) itself is vulnerable

to damage, and the original exposed element (monkey) is partly and not totally protected from the hazard(boulder). There may even be created, unwittingly, a new hazard (such as the shed falling on the monkey).
Evolving through time like the plot of a story unfolding, such is the reality of disaster risk.

Reducing disaster risk, as the SFDRR declares, is a shared responsibility between governments andrelevant stakeholders. Just as there are multiple hazards, and in fact multiple disaster risk factors, weinvolve multiple stakeholders – public and private – including civil society, academia, business, and media.
What could be the specific role or responsibility of the academia?

The SFDRR exhorts “academia, scientific and research entities and networks to focus on the DISASTERRISK FACTORS and scenarios, including emerging disaster risks, in the medium and long term; increase

research for regional, national and local application; support action by local communities and authorities;
and support the interface between policy and science for decision-making.” I have added the emphasis.

While the SDFRR mentions “risk factors” four times without enumerating, it happens that the National

DRRM Framework of the Philippines of 2011 recognizes the underlying disaster risk factors are hazards,
exposures, vulnerabilities and capacities. I regard capacities as the inverse of social vulnerabilities.

Believing that risk is better understood and better reduced through the underlying risk factors, I

advocate implementing the SFDRR through hazard reduction and management, exposure management,
vulnerability management and capacity management.

41

42

GROUP WORK DISCUSSIONS

Group work 1: Role of various stakeholders in disaster management

Stakeholders in disaster risk reduction (DRR) include UN agencies, NGOs, regional organizations, donor

agencies, governments, communities, academia, media, and the private sector. Each stakeholder has adifferent role in each disaster management phase: response, recovery, mitigation, and preparedness.

Specifically, what are the expected roles and actions of academia and universities in DRR? The Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) adopted at the UN World Conference on Disaster Risk

Reduction (UNWCDRR) in March 2015 calls for “Academia, science and research entities and networks to:
focus on the disaster risk factors and scenarios; increase research for regional, national and local application;

support action by local communities and authorities; and support the interface between policy and science fordecision-making.” Two important events for the APRU Multi-Hazards Program generated recommendations
for academia and universities to take actions to strengthen their involvement in DRR:
Recommendations from the UNWCDRR Public Forum session by APRU

１．Collaboration, especially between the private sector and academia, should be enhanced;

２．Multi-stakeholder collaboration, including with local schools and communities, is necessary formaking data and technology useful, usable, and accessible;

３．Social science elements as such as psychology, cultural studies, communications, ethics, and history

must be incorporated because most problems are currently considered to involve social rather than
engineering aspects.

Recommendations from the APRU Multi-Hazards Symposium as the Kyoto Declaration:

１．Strengthen the capacities of the scientific community by fostering young researchers and encouraging
multi-disciplinary/trans-disciplinary implementation research;

２．Continue our support for science and technology (S&T) innovations to be included in national policy/
decision-making on DRR;

３．Foster greater collaboration with local institutions and local governments for S&T-based decisionmaking;４．Learn from the experiences of good practices in the region and foster further collaboration withvarious stakeholders;

５．Contribute to organizing/supporting periodic S&T conferences/events on DRR at national/regional
levels.

The APRU Multi-Hazards Program that organized the above two events has two major objectives: 1)

Contribute to international and regional discussions and DRR-related policy making; and 2) Strengthen
DRR research and education in collaboration with APRU member universities. The Program supports theabove recommendations and works to implement these actions among academic society through various
activities.
44

GROUP A

LOCAL GOVERNMENTSTRENGHT
1)Immediate response in limited time

WEAKNESSES＊Keep stocks/resources＊Good connection with neighboring cities &central government3)Trust and Vision

Monetary
Pre disaster contracting
logistics
with private sector
equipments
medical facility2)Lack of communication & umbrella vision

4)Local knowledge

3)Limited legal responsibility

Other than Central Gov.

2)Accessibility to local resources and community

1)Lack of resources(Large disasters)＊Establish communication system & processes＊Establish clear decision making process4)Lack of authority to mobilize resources from other local＊Formalize a systematic process to obtain resources

How to＊Draw the list of expertise for activation during disaster

Group work discussions

1.Establishment of a local DRR
2.
〃
Handbook for residents(A Education)
Tech
3.Enhance communication with central government
Pieces
4.Active establishment of multi‐stakeholder
5.Establishment of monitoring mechanisms through Key performance indicators

5)Limited expertise45

GROUP B

Private Sector
SectorPrivateS

Response

Safe
warehouse
Food Supply
promise toproviderwRoaddamageWarehouse notprotected

Telecommunications

Response
S・BCP

Preparation &Recoveryw
・Equipment
failureS
w
・Knowledge ・Building
about
quality
local areas
・Temporary ・Transportation
shelterof construction
・Workforce
materials

・Finding
remoteareas

Pre‐disaster& Preparedness
S・Time①Manufacturing②Warehouse③Retailers④Energy⑤Telecommunication

46

w
・Real‐timedata

・Important
outputs for ・Uncertainty
D‐making
about
the output

GROUP C

ACADEMIA
Resources

What we can do

S
Finances‐can receive
funds from diffsectorimprovesourcing‐ Intellectual
resources

connect DRR
needs to pureresearchW
demand for
gov’t support
diversity
sources‐high/mismatch
expectation for help

leveling off of
expectation

Othersenjoys the trustof all/most
sectors of society,especially of local
peoplein best position
to influencesocietal changes

keep thetrust
improve on
the delivery
of societal
servicesleveling offofexpectation•

mismatched
expectations

bettercommunicationof capabilities

sectors
cooperation•

ivory towercomplexcome down to“earth”translate ideas
to useful forms

expandinterests in
DRR

Change the style of engagement

Group work discussions‐dependent on
govt‐not enoughman power(HR),knowledge‐takes long time
while societyneeds areurgent‐freedom to doresearch in any
field/interest‐serve as an
information hub‐bridge/influence
policy making‐freedom to workwithstakeholders/sector
s in society‐generateinnovation, makecontribution tosociety

GROUP D

Civil Society Organization
MAXIMIZESTRENGTH‐ Familiar with local knowledge/condition
Frontline

Engage CSOs in disaster preparedness
activities(e.g. : information dissemination)‐ Quick response for emergencies
MAXIMIZE‐ Trust & Respect

Plan with defined roles & responsibilities＋
Factors differences

47

GROUP E

MEDIA
Accessibility & Visibility
Un‐filter, Dependent on services
Influence – misinformation, trust
Awareness, Teaching, Information
Early warning & well being
Trust, guidelines for media

Print media –Newspaper,
Magazines
Electronic media – TV, RadioSocial media

FB, Twitter, etc
Phone, Apps, emails

Database
Authenticity, Contradiction
Sense of community

48

Early Warning

R&R (Relief & Response)• Technology• Reliable source

Content warning

Preparedness & mitigation

Recovery & Reconstruction• Redundancy• Ethics, Legal system• Education

Better allocation & organization
Audit & monitor

Group work 2: How we can pass on lessons learned to the next generation

The five groups discussed the following topics:-

Share proverbs and saying on disasters in your culture
List any actions already taken in your country

Address new ideas on passing on the lessons learned to the next generation

Different countries have their own provers on disasters to draw attention to the need for evacuation, etc.,
and their own activities such as building museums and monuments, conducting evacuation drills, and setting

up disaster risk reduction days. In addition, ideas such as using SNS and internet for awareness raising andinformation sharing and organizing educational events on DRR were also proposed.

Group work discussions

GROUP A

Proposed Initiative
2.C

GeneralpublicDisaster Data Infrastracure(DDI）

Governments

Way to Leave lessons
1. Proverbs/Sayings
2. Collect Database
3. Teach in Schools
4. Build Museums/Memorials
2.C→ Film/Photos of Disaster

SchoolchildrenBusiness
logic layer

DB

Olderly

Crowed Sourcing

Cartoons for kids

5. Experience through VR
6. Public Forum about disasters
7. Holding memorials for big disasters

PrivateSectorMuseums

Local
National

Regional

49

Proverbs

Actions

1.Japan: Disaster comes when we forget.
災害は忘れた頃にやってくる

1.China①Build a disaster museum②Set an anniversary called”Disaster Risk Reduction day”

2.USA:Better safe than sorry.
3.China:Hold umbrella when sunshine, Bring food when full.
晴带雨伞，饱带干粮

2.USA
Practice Drills in school & historytaught+3.LaosPublic information center (May 12)

4.Laos:Never blame the nature, blame your own unreadiness.
5.Iran:Hold your hat hard, so the wind does not take it!
‫کالھت رو بگير باد نبره‬.

Monument in
Remembrance ofthe 2004 tsunami(Kedah)Eg : murals inschools

Fire drills
Flood(Northern states)
Tsunami(East Malaysia)

Malaysia
Campaigns in schools‐ By universities/NGOs (Red Crescent society)‐ By Malaysian Meteorological Department

GROUP B
Fire/Tornado/
Earthquake drills
DisasterMoviesUSA

Annualremembrance
through television& newspapers

Destroyed area
protection for
education purpose

Open nature course inPrimary School

China
Museum Exhibits
about past disasters

Legends
Stories
Make documentary
TV shows

Stand in silent tribute forpeople who died ofdisasters on memorial day

Ideas
・Organize summer school/camps
to raise awareness among school
children・Use interactive computer softwareto educate on disasters

50

・Associating monuments/remembrancewith future safe practices
・Community Event to learn Evacuation
Routes・Get emergency agency staff involvedin teaching program
・Use virtual reality equipment's for drill
training
・Use special social media channels tointeractively distribute and collect realtime info.
・Set a national holiday for disastereducation/remembranceProverbs/Sayings
USA・A stitch , in time, saves nine.
・ You reap what you sow.

China：

Taiwan
日日防火、 夜夜防盗Prevent the fire everyday
beware the thief every night

China①生于忧患，死于安乐Hardships died of happiness②多难兴邦
Much distress regenerates a nation③祸福相依
Fortune and misfortune are
two buckets in a well

一方有难 八方支援⇒one gets into trouble, all other help
蚂蚁搬家蛇过道 明日必有大雨到⇒If ants move home and snakes comeacross the road, tomorrow will rain heavily
大难不死、必有后福⇒If you survive from a disaster, you will
get fortune
Group work discussions

Malaysia
・Sediakan payung sebelum nujan
Prepare an umbrella before it rains
・ Malang tidak berbau
Trouble can’t be smelled・ Bersusah‐susah dahulu, bersenang‐senang kemudian
Hardship now, Pleasure later

未雨綢謬

GROUP C

Indonesia

Jangan biarkan bencana terjadi berulang‐ulang
The same tragedy must never be repeatedJapan
天災は忘れたころにやってくる
Disasters come back when you forget themPhilippines
Walang mahirap na gawa “pag dinaan sa tiyaga”“ Nothing’s hard to do if you pursue it throughperseverance”

51

TaiwanCommunity
program for elderly & kids

Hawaii (Waikiki)☆Education‐Adults’‐K‐12☆Inundation Map

China☆Monument (memory)/Wenchuan☆Drills (fire/campus)

Indonesia‐Assessing the hazard areas‐Building a local culture ofdisaster awareness＊Gathering a local wisdom andmotivation from past disaster＊Doing contingencies plan/act

Philippines＊National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Plan（NDRRMP)→Local＊Fire and earthquake drill＊Disaster readiness & risk
reduction→ core subject for seniorhighs in the K‐12 basic
education curriculum＊Institutional mechanisms fordisaster response operations

52

TaiwanBetter idea
10‐course Banquet menu
chicken 危機 + bubble tea 珍珠奶茶risk
(bubbles pearl)Hawaii (Waikiki)☆Education①Public②Private sector③Academia

Collaboration,
Expertise,
Leadership

China① School education② Bridging the gap between regions③ More academic research(a. humanities b. social science)

Indonesia＊Case : Mentawai Island
Upper part :(earthquake prone areas)
Wooden‐ Have only one floor building
Lower part :Cement↓
The community has informal
commitment＊Case: Aceh & Jogjakarta
Build a museum to remember and learn
from the previous disaster

Philippines＊Development & establishment of several
early warning systems＊Development of tools on risk assessment＊Conduct multi‐stakeholders dialogues＊Conduct more DRR/DRM researches＊Regular review of contingency plans＊Development of information and databasegeneration＊Mainstreaming of DRR in social, economic& human settlements development plans

GROUP D

Films, Documentaries “The Impossible” , ”San Andreas”
TV Shows (Cartoons)Computer Games (＊make more popular)＊Global Day For Disaster Awareness (22nd July) (including drills)
Documentation of traditional knowledge of disaster management for future generation
Capacity building of local executives on DRR
Set up ＊network of institutes for DRR
In Japan : Live with the memory of the disaster (e.g. The monument @Natori City,
the sinage telling disaster @Tagajo City)

T‐shirt＊High level Disaster science

Handbagand technology education

Map on Handkerchief

Disaster Service Learning

Street art: Paint it for the safety ・ ・Govt. to provide free emergency kitsGroup work discussions

DRR
Festival

TsunamiHeightDisaster music & danceJAPAN : 天災は忘れた頃にやってくる

Disaster comes when you’ve forgotten it禍福はあざなえる縄の如し
Tomorrow is another day
CHINA: 防患于未然
居安恩危
Be prepared against want Be prepared for danger in the time of peace
INDIA :
Live according to the surroundings
Keep yourself safe by own
Save the environment, save the life

SHINGAPORE : 人算不如天算

Human proposes, nature disposes

PHILIPPINES : Pagkatapos ng bagyo, may liwanagAfter a storm, there is sunshine

SPAIN : Lluvia de levante no deja nada delante

Rain from the east doesn’t leave anything standing
En abril aguas mil
In April thousand rains

53

PROVERB/SAYINGACTION TAKEN

BETTER IDEAS!!

INDIA: 1+1=11

Documentation of indigenous knowledge!!

① Bring DRR into religious context for wider
acceptance

PHILLIPPINE: Those who don’t look back totheir PAST won’t get to their FUTURE!!

・ Mainstreaming DRR into education!!

② Study religious text in context of DRR
best practices③ Ecosystem‐based DRR approach・ Popular media: documentaries about thedisasters

CHINA: ・ Time is an arrow
・ Pigs are running;cocks are shouting;birds are flying everywhere,an earthquake is coming

・ Museum・ Memorial monument④ Build on traditional knowledge for early
warnings/DRR practices⑤ Start them younger

MYANMAR: When huge amount of ants arefound at the house, flood is coming!!

Memorial monument of Cyclone Nargis!!

⑥ Use academia & social media

PAKISTAN: Wishing won’t keep you safe, butsafety will!!

Up to community!!

National initiatives?
‐
‐
‐

54

GROUP E

Laws
Projects
Education

Local actions?
‐‐‐‐

Academia
Industries
Civic groups
CulturalFIELD TRIP

Field trip to Natori City and Tagajo City on 21 July 2016

The participants joined the field trip to the areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.
The places include Hiyoriyama Mountain, memorial monument, sea wall at Kitagama beach, disaster public
housing and Tagajo High School.

Dr. Yiqun Chen
Research Fellow, The University of Melbourne
This program had been professionally organized by IRIDeS, Tohoku University. It contained 3 days seminars
and 1 day field trip. Invited speakers came from both local governments and international disaster research

institutes, covering broad topics such as disaster risk reduction, humanitarian logistics, community resilience,roles of NGO, disaster forecasting and so on. The summer school provided an excellent platform to sharepractical experiences and leading research activities in disaster related field and offered a great opportunity

to meet people and build connections. We had very good discussions with the teams from Sichuan University,
Osaka University and Kyoto University, etc. and will definitely continue our collaborations in future.

Besides all the excellent academic and cultural experiences provided by the organisers, the one day field

trip impressed me the most. It was my first time to step into a disaster destroyed area and was absolutely

shocked by the mighty of nature as well as the durability of Japanese people. The trip started from a Shinto

Shrine in Yuriage, Natori city. A memorial has been erected on the hill for the remembrance of the 3.11 Great
East Japan Earthquakes, which triggered huge tsunami that swept the entire area. A local city council staff
accompanied us throughout the trip, who extensively explained how this area was destroyed and how it now

is being reconstructed and answered all sorts of questions. Then we moved to new tsunami prevention dike,a giant construction which utilises local tsunami debris as major filling materials. The dike was designed andbuilt based on the research findings of IRIDeS and it demonstrates a great example of how disaster scienceand research can be directly applied to save lives in the real world. We also visit the resettlement areas andhave a real good face-to-face discussion with tsunami victims and survivors. Lives had been totally disrupted

after that calamity and many of them lost families and homes for ever, but they were so attached to their landand still stayed optimistic for their future. To them, “build-back-better” is more than just a slogan, it is a belief

and they take it into actions. The afternoon trip to Tagajo city was also full of discoveries. In particular, wevisited the Tagajo Senior High School. Students presented their recent work and activities for dealing withdisasters and it is amazing that how well they are prepared. The round table discussion with them was alsoloads of fun and we really liked the brilliant idea of printing safety instructions on a handkerchief.

APRU summer school literally offers everything that required by researchers or students who workin disaster management field, it includes such as leading disaster science and research trends, real world56

catastrophe best practices, visiting disaster relic sites, face-to-face communicating with victims, building

international connections and even cultural experience. It absolutely expanded my knowledge andunderstanding about disasters and how people should cope with nature. I highly recommend this program.

New sea wall in Natori

Noor Diyana Fazan Ahmad
PhD Student, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Field trip

First and foremost I would like to thank the organizers of the APRU-IRIDeS Multi-Hazards Program 2016
for the opportunity for me to attend this program. It is a good programme for anyone who is interested in

the field of disaster management to be exposed to all the areas of study related to disaster preparedness,management and mitigation.

The summer school is a good platform to enhance networking between different fields of research which

provide an exchange of ideas as well as the sharing of experience. All the topics during the seminar was very
fascinating and expanded the view of research in disaster.

During the field trip, the visit to all the areas affected by the tsunami in 2011 gave me a whole new experience

to see the devastating effects of the tsunami. However, the most valuable experience was learning thecommunity’s resiliency towards a disaster during the visit to Sakuragi Public Housing. This is very importantas they saw the importance of moving forward after a disaster no matter how devastating the effects were.
Additionally, the recovery efforts done by the local council such as the the recovery of the industries prior

to the housing quarters to ensure that the community had income before acquiring a permanent home is adifferent approach to recovery which is not common after a disaster.

Apart from that, I was amazed to learn Japanese culture of recording history and persevering it by keeping

the remains of the only house to survive the impact of the tsunami and similarly in the town of Yuriage

by placing a monument which is as high as the tsunami wave that hit the city, to ensure that the future
generation can learn from the past.

57

The visit to the Tagajo Senior High School was also very beneficial as we got to enjoy the students’presentation and discuss with the students by sharing our experiences as well as learning about othercountries’ disaster. I was very impressed with the work the students have been involved in preparing for the
next disaster by meeting with the local council to place the tsunami signage in the area. It was inspirational tosee that the students also contributed to the preparedness efforts by actively participating in the process andthat they also have a course on disaster management in their school.

As a whole the important value that was emphasized during the duration of the program was to neverforget about the past and to learn from it. It was a good experience for me personally as it was my first timein Japan and it was a good first experience which I can never forget. All the participants learnt something

new and was able to share their experiences based on their country as well as make new friends from all over

the world. I highly recommend this program to anyone interested in the field of disaster management andresearchers in the field of disaster risk reduction.

A house damaged by tsunami

Tagajo High School

58

Disaster public housing in Tagajo

ANNEX I : APRU-IRIDeS Summer School Program
19-20 and 22 July: Seminar at the IRIDeS building on the Aobayama New Campus,
Tohoku University
21 July: Field trip to Natori City and Tagajo City

July 19
09：00 － 09：20 Opening

Opening remarks by President Susumu Satomi (Tohoku University)
Welcoming address by Prof. Fumihiko Imamura (Director, IRIDeS)
Opening remarks by Mr. Keith Wong (Director, APRU Secretariat)

09：20 － 09：30 Group photo

09：30 － 10：00 “Why does IRIDeS take a multidisciplinary approach to large scale disasters?” Prof. Makoto
Okumura (Deputy Director, IRIDeS)

10：00 － 10：40 Movie [Great Tsunami]

10：40 － 11：00 Coffee break / moving to the Seminar room

11：00 － 12：00 	“Enhancing community-based DRR and role of schools based on lessons learnt from the 3.11
disaster” Assoc. Prof. Aiko Sakurai (IRIDeS)

12：00 － 13：00 Lunch / self-introduction

13：00 － 14：00 “Geological and historical evidence of paleotsunami” Assoc. Prof. Kazuhisa Goto (IRIDeS)
14：00 － 15：00 “Follow up work on the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction”
Prof. Yuichi Ono (IRIDeS)

15：00 － 15：15 Coffee break

15：15 － 16：15 “How to make a healthy resilient community” Prof. Shinichi Egawa (IRIDeS)

16：15 － 17：15 “Repeated failure of humanitarian logistics for recent disasters in Japan” Prof. Makoto
Okumura (Deputy Director, IRIDeS)

July 20
Experience sharing by different stakeholders: towards implementation of the Sendai Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction
09：00 － 10：00 “Restoration and Challenge of Sendai - Towards a Disaster-Resilient and EnvironmentallyFriendly City” Mr. Akira Takahashi (Sendai City)

10：00 － 11：00 “Towards disaster risk reduction city: A disaster-resilient Tagajo City” Mr. Takumi Fujimura
60

(Tagajo City)

11：00 － 11：15 Coffee break

11：15 － 12：15 “Roles of different stakeholders in Disaster Risk Reduction” Assoc. Prof. Takako Izumi(IRIDeS)

12：15 － 13：15 Lunch

13：15 － 14：15 “The Power of Partnership” Mr. Takeshi Komino (Church World Service (CWS) Japan)

14：15 － 15：15 “Private sector engagement towards disaster resilient societies” Dr. Yoshiko Abe (Kokusai
Kogyo Co., Ltd.)

15：15 － 15：30 Coffee break

15：30 － 16：30 Group work: Roles of various stakeholders in disaster management
16：30 － 17：15 Group presentation/discussion

July 21: Field trip
Natori City and Tagajo City

July 2209：00 － 10：00 “Natural Disasters: Forecasting and Nowcasting" Prof. John Rundle 			(University of California Davis)

10：00 － 11：00 "A textual analysis of the SFDRR 2015-2030 in terms of disaster risk factor management"
Prof. Benito M. Pacheco (University of Philippines)
11：00 － 11：15 Coffee break

11：15 － 12：15 “Disaster Resilience: From Science to Action” Prof. Denise Konan (University of Hawaii
Manoa)
12：15 － 13：15 Lunch

13：15 － 14：45 Group work: How we can pass on lessons learned to the next generation
14：45 － 15：00 Coffee break

15：00 － 16：00 Group presentation/discussion
16：00 － 16：15 Closing

61

ANNEX II : List of Participants

NameCountry

University

1

Yiqun Chen

Research Fellow

Australia

The University of Melbourne

3

He Peng

Under Graduate

China

Beijing institute of technology

Lecturer

China

Sichuan University

Ph.D. Student

China

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Arash Kaviani Arani

Shiyan Li

Bingwei Tian

Ruoyu LuoTingxi Liu

Kaiqi Lin

Priyanka Tyagi

Rahmat Aris Pratomo

Chatterjee Ranit

Ph.D. Student

M.A. Student

M.A. Student

China

Tsinghua University

LecturerIndonesia

Ph.D. Student

Kumaun University

Ph.D. Student

Japan

Kyoto University

Ph.D. Student

Japan

Kyoto University

Rohaya Abdul Malek

Ph.D. Student

17

18

Japan

Japan

Machi Ashina

Japan

Miyagigakuin Women's University

Thinn Hlaing Oo

Jing Li

M.A. Student

Under Graduate

Japan

Japan

Osaka University

M.A. Student

Japan

Osaka University

Yixuan Chen

M.A. Student

Japan

Under Graduate

Japan

Yasuaki Wadasaki

Ben Epstein

Alessandro Massazza

25

Alma Rossana Aldea Gutierrez Ph.D. Student

Noor Diyana Fazan Ahmad Ph.D. Student

26

Tariq Alam Siddiqui

28

Maria Victoria Ortega Espaldon Professor

29

30

31

32

Japan

Special Research Student Japan

23

Decibel Faustino Eslava

Kyoto University

M.A. Student

21

27

Kyoto University

Kyoto University

Ph.D. Student

24

Kyoto University

Japan

Xin Gao

22

Tadulako University

Souphaysone Manodharm M.A. Student

19
20

Sichuan University

India

14

16

Fudan University

Ph.D. Student

M.A. Student

15

China

The University of Melbourne

Sichuan University

Kaiwei Zhang

Nadia Binti Kamaruddin

Australia

China

12

13

62

Status

Ph.D. Student

Associate Professor

Malaysia

Osaka University

Osaka University

Tohoku University
Tohoku University

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Philippines Philippine School of Business Administration
Philippines Philippine School of Business Administration
Philippines University of the Philippines Los Banos

Philippines University of the Philippines Los Banos

Bi Jurong

M.A. Student

Singapore

National University of Singapore

Quek Ser Tong

Professor and Acting Head Singapore

National University of Singapore

Ignacio Barranco Granged Ph.D. Student
Chiung-wen Hsu

Professor

Singapore
TaiwanNational University of Singapore
National Cheng Chi University

Name
33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

John Wilson

Status
Ph.D. Student

Molly Luginbuhl

Ph.D. Student

Nori Tarui

Associate Professor

Ivy Yeung

Shintaro Taniguchi

Keith Chi-ho Wong

Christina Schonleber

USA
USA

University of Hawaii

Director

USA

Hong Kong APRU Secretariat

Japan
Japan

Japan

44

Fumihiko Imamura

Professor

Japan

46

47

48

49

Tagajo City

Chureh World Service (CWS) Japan

Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd.

Makoto Okumura

Professor

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)

Kazuhisa Goto

Associate Professor

Aiko Sakurai

Shinichi Egawa

Japan

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)

Professor

Japan

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)

Associate Professor

Japan

Yuichi Ono

Professor

Takuya Ito

Co-Researcher

52

Benito M. Pacheco

Professor

54

Denise Konan

Professor

John Rundle

Japan

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)

Associate Professor

Takako Izumi

53

Sendai City

Sustainability Strategist Japan

50

51

University of Hawaii

Hong Kong APRU Secretariat

General Secretary

45

University of California Davis

Ph.D. Student

USA

Takeshi Komino
Yoshiko Abe

University of California Davis

University of Hawaii

42

43

University

Director of International Cooperation USA

Akira Takahashi

Takumi FujimuraCountry

Professor

Japan

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)Japan

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)Japan

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)

Tohoku University (IRIDeS)

Philippines University of Philippines
USA

USA

University of California Davis

University of Hawaii

63